Belakovskiite is associated with other sulfate minerals: meisserite, blödite, ferrinatrite, kröhnkite, and metavoltine. This association is found as efflorescences on a sandstone associated with uranium mineralization.
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The mineral is also known as nitrammite. It was first described in 1996 for an occurrence in Gcwihaba Caves (Drotsky's Cavern, type locality), Maun, North- West District, Botswana. It occurs as incrustations and efflorescences on cave surfaces formed by bacterial action on bat guano.
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Aplowite is a very rare mineral with the formula CoSO4•4H2O, a naturally occurring cobalt(II) sulfate tetrahydrate. It is the lower hydrate when compared to bieberite (heptahydrate) and moorhouseite (hexahydrate), and a higher hydrate when compared to cobaltkieserite (monohydrate). It occurs together with moorhouseite within efflorescences.
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Moorhouseite is a rare mineral with the formula CoSO4•6H2O, a naturally occurring cobalt(II) sulfate hexahydrate. It is the lower-hydrate-equivalent of bieberite (heptahydrate) and aplowite (hexahydrate). It is also hydrated equivalent of cobaltkieserite. It occurs together with moorhouseite within efflorescences found in the Magnet Cove Barium Corporation mine in Walton, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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The geothermal energy output at Kambalny is about . Fumarolic activity along with the emission of , and occur in the area of Kambalny. These fumaroles have left efflorescences that are derived from compounds leached from rocks and which have yielded novel minerals. The geothermal field is subdivided into three sectors, Severo-Kambalny ("North-Kambalny"), Central'no Kambalny ("Central Kambalny") and Yuzhno-Kambalny ("South-Kambalny").
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Calclacite is an organic compound with chemical formula Ca(CH3COO)Cl·5H2O. It forms crystals in the monoclinic system, with silky hairlike efflorescences up to 4 cm long. According to the Nickel-Strunz classification, calclacite is an organic acid salt and occurs with formicaite, acetamide, dashkovaite, paecite and hoganite.Handbook of Mineralogy It is white and its hardness on the Mohs scale is 1.5.
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In what has been described as "primary efflorescence," the water is the invader and the salt was already present internally. Some people describe a reverse process, where the salt is originally present externally and is then carried inside in solution, as "secondary efflorescence." However, others would give this latter phenomenon another name entirely. Efflorescences can occur in natural and built environments.
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Epsomite forms as encrustations or efflorescences on limestone cavern walls and mine timbers and walls, rarely as volcanic fumarole deposits, and as rare beds in evaporite layers such as those found in certain bodies of salt water. It was first systematically described in 1806 for an occurrence near Epsom, Surrey, England, after which it was named. It occurs in association with melanterite, gypsum, halotrichite, pickeringite, alunogen, rozenite and mirabilite.
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Pascoite from the Gypsum Valley District, San Miguel County, Colorado, United States Crystals of pascoite, which occur in granular crusts, are minute and lath-like with oblique terminations. The mineral is dark red-orange to yellow-orange in color and dirty yellow when partially dehydrated. It occurs as efflorescences in mine tunnels or as a product leached out of surficial vanadium oxides by ground water. Pascoite has been found in association with carnotite.
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Meridianiite is the mineral consisting of magnesium sulfate undecahydrate, . It is colorless transparent crystalline salt that precipitates from solutions saturated in Mg2+ and SO42− ions at temperatures less than 2 °C. The synthetic compound was formerly known as Fritzsche's salt. Meridianiite is a naturally occurring mineral species found on Earth in a variety of environments including sea ice, crusts and efflorescences in coal/metal mines, cave systems, oxidized zones of sulfide deposits, salt lakes/playas and Antarctic ice-cores.
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Cádiz, Spain Claudio was a dominant figure in determining Catholic policy on labour relations. A workers section of Catholic Action was set up under his influence in 1894, followed in 1919 by a women's, and in 1924 by a youth section. They were firmly under hierarchical and magnate control, 'associations of leaders with few followers.' The most characteristic efflorescences of Catholic Action at this time were words and gestures rather than purposeful organisations, - congresses and processions rather than flourishing workers' associations.
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Distilled water was used wherever possible to remove soot and dissolve water-soluble gums. Retouching and repainting that had been part of previous later restorations were removed with a gelatinous solvent, applied in several stages for measured times, and washed with distilled water. Salt efflorescences of calcium carbonate were treated by the application of a solution of dimethylformamide. The final step was the application of a weak solution of acrylic polymer to consolidate and protect the surface, and further washing.
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In Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies edited by S. Siegesmund (ed.), Thomas Norbert Weiss, Axel Vollbrecht. In addition, white crusts and efflorescences appear on the lower sections of these walls. White crusts are formed by halite, or rock salt, depositions because of an increase in soil salinity. The rising, salt-loaded water table in the Nile Delta, where Cairo is located, deposits salts in foundation stones of monuments that rise up buildings through capillary action and are left behind as the water evaporates.
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The Alum Shale Formation (also known as alum schist and alum slate) is a formation of black shale of Middle Cambrian to Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) in age found predominantly in southern Scandinavia. It is shale or clay slate containing pyrite. Decomposition of pyrite by weathering forms sulfuric acid, which acts on potash and alumina constituents to form alum, which often occurs as efflorescences on the rock outcrop. As the formation contains kerogen originated from algae, it is also classified as marinite-type oil shale.
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When pH slowly drops due to the progress of the silica dissolution reaction, solubility of calcium hydroxide increases and the alkali gel reacts with ions. Its viscosity increases due to gelation process and its mobility (fluidity) strongly decreases when C-S-H phases start to precipitate after reaction with calcium hydroxide (portlandite). At this moment, the calcified gel becomes hard, hindering therefore the alkali gel transport in concrete. When the C-S-H gel is exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide, it undergoes a rapid carbonation and white/yellow efflorescences appear at the surface of concrete.
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When the relatively fluid alkali gel continue to exude below the hardened superficial gel layer, it pushes the efflorescences out of the crack surface making them to appear in relief. Because the gel drying and carbonation reactions rates are faster than the gel exudation velocity (liquid gel expulsion rate through open cracks), in most of the cases, fresh liquid alkali exudates are not frequently encounterered at the surface of civil engineering concrete structures. Decompressed concrete cores can sometimes let observe fresh yellow liquid alkali exudations (viscous amber droplets) just after their drilling.
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Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O), which is the main component in historical natron.webmineral.com, "Natron", retrieved 5 July 2008 Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic crystal system, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations. The term hydrated sodium carbonate is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (Na2CO3·H2O), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (Na2CO3·7H2O), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only.
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An Italian expedition in 1990–1991 discovered heated ground and fumaroles at the caldera, implying that molten magma exists underneath the volcano. The fumarolic activity occurs at a wide and high face with sandy-gravelly soil; another warm area is reported from the lower slopes. The vents of the fumaroles are centimetres wide and surrounded by efflorescences formed by hydrothermally altered rocks. The most important component of the fumarolic gases is probably carbon dioxide; there is no smell of sulfur and analyses of its composition carried out in 1990-1991 indicated that their composition resembles that of air.
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The maturation process of the fluid alkali silicagel found in exudations into less soluble solid products found in gel pastes or in efflorescences is described hereafter. Four distinct steps are considered in this progressive transformation. 1\. dissolution and formation (here, explicitly written in the ancient industrial metasilicate notation (based on the non-existing metasilicic acid, ) to also illustrate the frequent use of this later in the literature): :2 NaOH + -> · (young N-S-H gel) :this reaction is accompanied by hydration and swelling of the alkali gel leading to the expansion of the affected aggregates. The pH of the fresh alkali gel is very high and it has often a characteristic amber color.
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