These structures are unprecedented among troodontids. Like Sinorthoides, the bottom end of the anterior caudal chevrons are long, plate-like, and directed backwards.
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The pistol grip is also located higher than on many other submachine guns, causing recoil to be directed backwards to the user rather than upwards, eliminating muzzle climb and making the weapon more controllable when being fired one-handed.
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The free cheeks (or librigenae) are very short. The cephalic angle carries a slender spine of almost equal length as the glabella, directed backwards and outwards at about 45°. The thorax is unknown. Pygidium with axis of six rings plus terminus.
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The Assam macaque has a yellowish-grey to dark brown pelage. The facial skin is dark brownish to purplish. The head has a dark fringe of hair on the cheeks directed backwards to the ears. The hair on the crown is parted in the middle.
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In birds with anisodactyl or heterodactyl feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching. While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all primates. In humans, the most derived digital feature is the hallux.
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The pterygoid bone had a ridge at the underside, pointing obliquely to the front and the outside. Hongshanopterus was in 2008 placed in the Istiodactylidae, in a basal position. It was less derived than other istiodactylids by having a tooth row that extended beyond the first third of the skull, and by having some teeth that were directed backwards.
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Tristram's woodpecker, with its 46 cm length, is among the largest of all woodpeckers. Both the tuft and the cheek patches are crimson red; its upper parts are black, which contrast with its white underparts, wing tips and a white rump. It has four toes, of which two are directed backwards. Its tail feathers are firm.
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Though Erlikosaurus largely lacks body remains, as a therizinosaurid it would have had a strong arm build with large claws, a broad and bulky torso, and an opisthopubic (directed backwards) pelvis. It is known that therizinosaurs were feathered animals based on the preserved feather impressions in specimens of Beipiaosaurus and Jianchangosaurus, so it is likely that Erlikosaurus was feathered as well.
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It tapers forward and touches the border furrow. The border is convex, and it carries pair of small marginal spines at approximately ⅓ of the cephalic length from the front, and large genal spines, that are directed backwards and slightly outwards (±15°). Pygidium is the same shape as the cephalon. The pygidial axis is tapering backwards and touches the border furrow.
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Each pseudotentacle is formed by a broad simple fold of the anterior margins of the body. Also pharynx is formed by highly elaborated folds. This species is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, so it can make cross fecundation. There is a single male reproductive organ, that penetrates in any part of the mate's body, and the females have a short vagina directed backwards.
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Unlike those two, the inner face of the astragalus has one flat surface instead of two. The calcaneum has a "sliding" articulation with the fibula like Turfanosuchus and other pseudosuchians. There is a notch on the back of the bone, like in Turfanosuchus, Aetosauroides, Fasolasuchus, Dromicosuchus, Protosuchus, and Caiman. The tuber beside the notch is directed backwards and is wider than high, like Turfanosuchus and aetosaurs.
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Yukoniidae are typically isopygous, belonging to the Superfamily Eodiscoidea. The narrow glabella is usually parallel sided, anteriorly rounded and separated from smooth anterior border by broad (sag.) preglabellar field which occupies about 25% of cephalic length excluding occipital spine. Posterior glabellar furrows are reduced to a pair of slits low on sides of glabella and directed backwards. Occipital ring bears a strong backwardly directed spine.
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This species is found in warm shallow waters, often at the mouths of rivers where it seems to tolerate low salinity levels. It eats small fish and crustaceans. In order to move, water inside the mantle cavity is expelled through the funnel by muscular contraction of the mantle walls. To catch fast moving prey, the contraction is vigorous, sending a jet of water through the funnel which is directed backwards.
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The glenoid is directed backwards, and overlies a strongly developed knob-like process on the coracoid. The shaft of the humerus is straight and only slightly twisted. Several aspects of the humerus, such as the small deltopectoral crest connected to the humeral head by a thick ridge, do not resemble the situation in dinosaurs. Many of the joint surfaces at the shoulder and elbow are roughly textured and well-delineated.
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Females bear eggs from March to August around the British Isles, and from February to September in the Mediterranean Sea. Young Pisidia longicornis go through two zoeal (larval) stages before reaching the megalopa (post-larval) stage. The zoea larvae bear "exceptionally long" spines on the carapace, one directed forwards, and two directed backwards. The second zoeal stage may reach a length of , while the megalopa has a carapace width of .
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Reddish brown; head crimson with darker sutures; the first two somites with long white forwardly directed hair arising from pale tubercles; the other somites with dorsal and lateral brushes of pinkish and brown hair; some lateral yellow marks; the terminal somite with some long white hair directed backwards, and a pair of yellow brushes. Cocoon and pupa brown. Food plant, Inga vera.Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum v.
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The flagella have a beating action and are used for rapid movement. The proximal part of the long flagellum may adhere to the pellicle, which causes it to trail posteriorly. The trailing flagellum is always directed backwards and is attached to the body for a considerable distance (6-9μm) by an accessory filament called a funis. There are one to four funises (rib-like strictures) extending backwards beneath the body surface.
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The size of the yellow predators is variable, reaching a body length of 12 to 25 millimeters and are strongly built. They have dense hairs, which are coloured yellow and black making it resemble a bumblebee. The anterior part of the chest is covered with short, yellow hair; the posterior part of the chest has a dense, long hairs of the same colour, which are directed backwards. The back and legs are also hairy.
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Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. budgetti has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. budgetti, the humeral process is times as long as it is broad, with three spines directed backwards.
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Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. omias has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. omias, the humeral process is as long as it is wide, and has two or three spines directed backwards.
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At those points, half the lines will be directed forward in time and half will have looped round and be directed backwards. Wheeler suggested that these backwards sections appeared as the antiparticle to the electron, the positron. Many more electrons have been observed than positrons, and electrons are thought to comfortably outnumber them. According to Feynman he raised this issue with Wheeler, who speculated that the missing positrons might be hidden within protons.
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Albert Günther, in his treatise "The Reptiles of British India", described Salea as follows: > The tympanum naked. Back and sides covered with strongly keeled scales of > moderate size; several larger scales are intermixed with the others on the > side; the scales form longitudinal series, and their tips arc directed > backwards; bead without any spines. A crest on the back; gular sac: none. > Tail slightly compressed at the base, with keeled scales below, which arc > almost as broad as long.
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In the tail, the transition point - the point where the sides of the caudals become more compressed such that they are sub-triangular instead of rectangular - occurs at the seventh caudal, further forward than Sinornithoides and Mei (where it occurs at the ninth). The longest of the caudals is the fourteenth, which is almost twice the length of the sixth. On the underside of the caudals, the chevrons are slightly curved and directed backwards, as is seen in Deinonychus.
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As in Dicraeosaurus, it was twice as high as long, while its (or vertebral body) was twice as long as high. The (sidewards projecting processes) were small and directed backwards as in Suuwassea rather than downwards as in Dicraeosaurus and Amargasaurus. The neural spine of the axis was narrow and not bifurcated; it differed from other sauropods in being vertically oriented (an autapomorphy of the genus); triangular in cross-section; and tapering towards its apex. Only a single vertebra is known from the remainder of the neck.
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In Sahitisuchus, it is low and smooth, running from the middle part to the posterior portion the frontal. As in all sebecid species and some other not closely related taxa, the quadratojugal forms a "double articulation" by participating in the cranio-mandibular articulation. As in the peirosaurids Hamadasuchus and Lomasuchus, Sahitisuchus possesses a squamosal prong which is directed backwards and does not form a horn. Such sculptured dorsal posteriorly pointed lobe is also present in Sebecus, but with a more squared-shape rear end.
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Pipe shelving supports rest on the floor with floor flanges (these need not be attached) and attaches to the wall with flanges that are directed backwards. Many different designs exist and some companies make these shelves for commercial and residential applications and others make these shelves as diy projects. Pipe shelving is mainly attached to a wall but some companies have designed free standing units. Pipe shelving has even been used in reclamation projects such as shipping container architecture and was used by Marriott hotels in a bar project.
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This vertebra sported the most prominent feature of the genus, an extremely elongated neural spine that was deeply bifurcated into a left and right rod-like element. This pair of rod-like elements measures in length and made the vertebra four times taller than long. Among sauropods, it was only comparable to those of the related Amargasaurus, but, unlike in the latter, the spine was not directed backwards but curved toward the front. Their base was triangular and compressed sideways; their cross-section along most of their length was egg-shaped.
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It also bears a pair of stalked compound eyes, as well as a sessile median eye, two pairs of antennae, and the mouthparts. The mouthparts comprise a labrum, directed backwards over the mouth and pairs of mandibles, paragnatha, maxillules and vestigial maxillae. The thorax is made up of twelve body segments, the last of which is fused to the first segment of the abdomen. There is no carapace, but each of the eleven free segments bears a pair of phyllopodia, which have a series of bristles pointing along the animal's midline.
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The pelvis was shortened at the front, a feature found among bird-like theropods but uncommon among theropods as a whole. The pubic bone was directed backwards and down in parallel with the ischium; this backwards orientation of the pubic bone is known as the condition. This feature is only known from birds and their closest coelurosaurian relatives while other theropod dinosaurs had forwards-directed pubic bones. The pubic bone was elongated, flattened sideways, and had an ellisoid projection or "boot" at the front of its lower end.
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The skull of the Stanocephalosaurus has key features characteristic to the temnospondyl order, with the most apparent being its flattened shape. The dorsal as well as ventral surfaces of the Stanocephalosaurus skull have well ornamented honeycombed patterns throughout. Palatal views of skulls in this genus show narrow interpalatal vacuities due to their thin skulls, as well as paired palatal tusks alternately functioning on the vomer and palatine, with the vomerine tusks directed backwards. Stanocephalosaurus shows an increased expansion of the pterygoids and palatines, as well as narrow posterior nares.
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The vertebrae bear distinct condyles for articulation with other vertebrae, and the neural spines are directed backwards and upwards; the ones near the middle also have prominent zygapophyses. Further along the vertebral column, there would have been 13 dorsal vertebrae in total, followed by six sacral vertebrae that form a sacrum. These two types of vertebrae are similar, although the sideways- projecting transverse processes are more robust in the latter. In the tail were 22 caudal vertebrae, totalling to long, which is 173% the length of the humerus.
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The fibula bears a long, twisted crest for the attachment of the iliofibularis, and the front edge of the top of the bone is expanded outwards. Additional features shared by aphanosaurians, silesaurids (namely Asilisaurus and Lewisuchus), and pseudosuchians occur in the calcaneum. It has a convex-concave joint with the astragalus that allows for free movement, a tuber on its surface that is tall, broad, and directed backwards, and its articulation with the fibula is distinctly rounded. Meanwhile, lagerpetids and pterosaurs both lack the tuber (lagerpetids also lack the rounded fibular articulation), and dinosaurs lack the convex-concave joint.
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Head-scales above rather large, keeled, almost equal; two or three compressed scales behind the supraciliary edge; tympanum large, half or more than half the diameter of the orbit. Nine or ten upper and eight or nine lower labials; a row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the chin parallel to the labials. A gular sac, with large keeled scales; no fold in front of the shoulder. Nuchal crest large, its spines falciform and directed backwards, the longest about as long as the diameter of the orbit; some rows of smaller spines at the base.
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The forelimbs of Lisowicia are very distinctive amongst dicynodonts. Indeed, their construction is unique to not only the group, but to non-mammalian synapsids as a whole and shares features with the limbs of mammals and dinosaurs. The forelimbs of Lisowicia are held completely erect under the body, with an elbow joint that is directed backwards and so only allows the forearm to swing forwards and backwards in a parasagittal gait. This arrangement is found in the hindlimbs of various other large Triassic kannemeyeriiforms, but they all retain sprawling forelimbs with elbows bowed outwards and joints that allow the radius and ulna to rotate during each step in a sprawled posture.
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Skull cast of Stanocephalosaurus There is a lot of known information about the skulls of mastodonsaurids, for example, Stanocephalosaurus, one of the most well-known mastodonsaurids, has a lot of data about its skull. The skull of Stanocephalosaurus has key features characteristic to other temnospondyls, with the most apparent being the flattened shape of its skull roof. The dorsal as well as ventral surfaces of the skull of Stanocephalosaurus have well ornamented honeycombed patterns throughout. Palatal views of skulls in this genus show narrow interpalatal vacuities, as well as paired palatal tusks alternately functioning on the vomer and palatine, with the vomerine tusks directed backwards.
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The thorax bears eight pairs of uniramous appendages, the first of which are used as accessory mouthparts; the next four pairs are directed forwards, and the last three pairs are directed backwards. Gills are present on the thoracic segments, and there is an open circulatory system with a heart, using haemocyanin to carry oxygen in the haemolymph to the tissues. The uptake and excretion of salts is controlled by special glands on the antennae. The abdomen is divided into two parts: the pleosome which bears swimming legs; and the urosome, which comprises a telson and three pairs of uropods which do not form a tail fan as they do in animals such as true shrimp.
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This animal was a large bovid similar to the modern Asian buffalo (Bubalus), of which it is probably ancestral. It was characterized by elongated and non-prominent frontal bones; the bone cores of the horns did not have a neck at the base, and the angle between the horns was variable but usually between 85 ° and 110 °. Also, the orientation of the horns was variable according to the species: the species H. triquetricornis, H. acuticornis and H. galerianus possessed horns directed backwards, outwards and slightly upwards, while H. antelopinus and H. palaestinus possessed different morphologies (Martinez-Navarro and Palombo, 2004). The teeth were hypsodont, with increasing development of dental cement; the upper molars were square (Pilgrim, 1939).
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Schematic comparison of the illium of Nanshiungosaurus (in E) compared to other therizinosaurs The pelvis is represented by the well-preserved left side composed by the illium, pubis and both ischia; the right ilium and pubis were eroded though. As a whole, the pelvis is robustly built and some elements are deformed such as the left ilium, which due to taphonomical factors has been bent out of shape. Like other derived therizinosaurids, the pelvis has an opisthopubic condition where the pubis and ischium are fused and directed backwards. The ilium is stocky with an extremely well-developed and elongated preacetabular process (anterior expansion of the iliac blade), nevertheless, the postacetabular process (posterior expansion) is missing.
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A recoil compensator is designed to direct the gases upwards at roughly a right angle to the bore, in essence making it a small rocket that pushes the muzzle downwards, and counters the "flip", or rise of the muzzle caused by the high bore line of most firearms. These are often found on "raceguns" used for action shooting and in heavy, rifle caliber handguns used in metallic silhouette shooting. In the former case, the compensator serves to keep the sights down on target for a quick follow-up shot, while in the latter case they keep the heavy recoil directed backwards, preventing the pistol from trying to twist out of the shooter's grip. A muzzle brake is designed to redirect the muzzle blast backwards, and therefore counter the recoil of the bullet.
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