He erodes consonants, turns simple vowels into unpredictable diphthongs, and takes each new sentence as an opportunity for rococo improvisation.
|
|
There's a tendency to take shorter vowels on some words, and draw them out by turning them into diphthongs—which is one way we place emphasis.
|
|
Australian English also has a lot of diphthongs and triphthongs — "multiple vowels within the same space," said Howard Manns, a lecturer in linguistics at Monash University.
|
|
Opera singing in English can often sound muddled because our language, with its abundance of diphthongs and schwa vowels, does not lend itself naturally to sustained notes.
|
|
In Common Eldarin the diphthongs could be either primary or secondary. The primary diphthongs were two: ai and au. There were 8 secondary diphthongs: ei, ai, oi, ui; ou, au, eu, iu.
|
|
The vowel sequences and are almost certainly diphthongs. The Osage script has letters to represent each of the diphthongs.
|
|
These occur in words like near, square and cure. Present-day RP, then, is normally analyzed as having eight diphthongs: the five closing diphthongs , , , , (of face, goat, price, mouth and choice) and the three centering diphthongs , , . General American does not have the centering diphthongs (at least, not as independent phonemes). For more information see English phonology (vowels).
|
|
The conversions of monophthongs to diphthongs (diphthongization), and of diphthongs to monophthongs (monophthongization), are major elements of language change and are likely the cause of further changes. In some languages, due to monophthongization, graphemes that originally represented diphthongs now represent monophthongs.
|
|
The diphthongs ia, ua and ui as well as the triphthong uai are falling diphthongs, i.e. the stress is always on the first vowel.
|
|
Short-element diphthongs , and are pronounced rather accurately as , , , but at least some websites recommend the less accurate pronunciation for . Short- element diphthongs and are pronounced like similar-looking French pseudo- diphthongs au and eu: ~ and ~, respectively. The is not pronounced in long- element diphthongs, which reflects the pronunciation of Biblical and later Greek (see iota subscript). As for long-element diphthongs, common Greek methods or grammars in France appear to ignore them in their descriptions of the pronunciation of Ancient Greek.
|
|
In the Lavongai language, there are 7 diphthongs: /au/, /oi/, /ai/, /ei/, /ao/, /eu/, and /ua/. The diphthongs /au/, /oi/, /ai/ have the same pronunciation as "how", "high", and "boy" from the English language. However,the other diphthongs do not have a perfect sound.
|
|
As a phonological phenomenon, the original diphthongs denoted by are traditionally called "long diphthongs".; They existed in the Greek language up into the classical period. From the classical period onwards, they changed to simple vowels (monophthongs), but sometimes continued to be written as diphthongs. In the medieval period, these spellings were replaced by spellings with an iota subscript, to mark former diphthongs which were no longer pronounced.
|
|
The three rhotic vowels are: /ɑɹ/, /əɹ/, and /oɹ/. There are also six diphthongs, three rising and three falling. The three rising diphthongs are /iɛ/, /iɑ/ and /uɑ/. The three falling diphthongs end with a less prominent front vowel /i/, but begin with a more prominent vowel.
|
|
Other less frequent diphthongs, such as oi and ai, are called closing diphthongs. A closing diphthong refers to a syllable that does not end in a consonant.
|
|
Languages differ in the length of diphthongs, measured in terms of morae. In languages with phonemically short and long vowels, diphthongs typically behave like long vowels, and are pronounced with a similar length. In languages with only one phonemic length for pure vowels, however, diphthongs may behave like pure vowels. For example, in Icelandic, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long before single consonants and short before most consonant clusters.
|
|
Vowel coalescence occurs in Owari Japanese. The Diphthongs and change to , and change to and changes to . E.g. > , > , > . Younger speakers may vary between Standard Japanese diphthongs and dialectal monophthongs.
|
|
Diphthongs of the Maastrichtian dialect, from Diphthongs in Maastrichtian are having closer starting points than the equivalent three in Standard Dutch. The start point of is rounded unlike standard Dutch .
|
|
Wadiyari possesses eight distinct oral monophthongs coupled with five nasal monophthongs, in addition to five oral diphthongs and two contrastive nasal diphthongs. Oral vowels are also assimilated before nasal consonants.
|
|
The status of diphthongs in Persian is disputed. Some authors list , others list only and , but some do not recognize diphthongs in Persian at all. A major factor that complicates the matter is the change of two classical and pre- classical Persian diphthongs: and . This shift occurred in Iran but not in some modern varieties (particularly of Afghanistan).
|
|
Angami has six vowels, (phonetically ). Diphthongs occur, but are rare.
|
|
Hawaiian has five short and five long vowels, plus diphthongs.
|
|
Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in the language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel.
|
|
Monophthongal vowels are , diphthongs are . and may be and word-initially. () is written and () is written . Only and the diphthongs occur word-initially, apart from the quotative particle, which is variably /a~e~o~ö/.
|
|
Nefamese has six vowel phonemes, eighteen consonant phonemes and six diphthongs.
|
|
In some English works these are referred to as "improper diphthongs".
|
|
The diphthongs became the long monophthongs and before the Classical period.
|
|
Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman mode.
|
|
Centring diphthongs are the vowels that occur in words like ear, beard, air and sheer. In Western Australia, there is a tendency for centering diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to pronounce "fear" and "beer" without any jaw movement, while Western Australians tend pronounce them more like "fe-ah" and "be-ah", respectively.
|
|
Vowels are . Diphthongs are . The only coda is eng, in and syllabic .
|
|
The diphthongs in Oroha are ae, ai, ao, au, ei, and ou.
|
|
In the acute cases of the diphthongs starting in i, u (i, u + l, m, n, r; ui), the first element does not lengthen and tense in a standard language, but an emphasis remains. Since it does not lengthen, the acute accent is marked by a grave. The first element of acute mixed diphthongs e, o + l, m, n, r of a foreign origin, does not lengthen as well: hèrbas – coat of arms, spòrtas – sport. In eastern and southern Aukštaitian, dialects these acute diphthongs are lengthened similarly to a, e starting diphthongs.
|
|
The nucleus is the only mandatory part of a syllable (for instance, a 'to, at' is a word) and must be a vowel or a diphthong. In a falling diphthong the most common second elements are or but other combinations such as idea , trae may also be interpreted as diphthongs. Combinations of with vowels are often labelled diphthongs, allowing for combinations of with falling diphthongs to be called triphthongs. One view holds that it is more accurate to label as consonants and as consonant-vowel sequences rather than rising diphthongs.
|
|
Narrow diphthongs are the ones that end with a vowel which on a vowel chart is quite close to the one that begins the diphthong, for example Northern Dutch , and . Wide diphthongs are the opposite - they require a greater tongue movement, and their offsets are farther away from their starting points on the vowel chart. Examples of wide diphthongs are RP/GA English and .
|
|
Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs. In some languages, such as Old English, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two morae, respectively. Languages that contrast three quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of; Northern Sami is known to contrast long, short and "finally stressed" diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a long second element.
|
|
Bavarian and , Ripuarian and (however the Colognian dialect has kept the original [ei] diphthong in ), Yiddish ' and ' . The Middle High German diphthongs , and became the modern Standard German long vowels , and after the Middle High German long vowels changed to diphthongs. Most Upper German dialects retain the diphthongs. A remnant of their former diphthong character is shown when continues to be written in German (as in 'love').
|
|
Also, like Japanese, modern Korean lacks diphthongs (ancient diphthongs have all developed into monophthongs). Likewise, foreign diphthongs are broken down and distributed among two syllables. For example, English eye is transcribed into Korean as 아이 a-i (compare Japanese アイ a-i), wherein the diphthong /aɪ/ is rendered as a-i. Korean has a larger phoneme inventory than Japanese, which allows broader coverage when transcribing foreign sounds.
|
|
The diphthongs of Western Subanon are /au/, /ua/, /io/, /oi/, /ai/, and /ia/.
|
|
In some languages like Portuguese, they form a second element of nasal diphthongs.
|
|
Within the Mal Paharia Devanagari language, diphthongs included are: /ai/, /aʊ/ and /oʊ/.
|
|
Source: . Close-mid vowels are transcribed as diphthongs according to the same page.
|
|
Diphthongs can be a combination of any vowel with or , as well as , , , .
|
|
Twi contains the diphthongs /ao/, /eɛ/, /ei/, /ia/, /ie/, /oɔ/, /ue/, and /uo/.
|
|
There are no triphthongs, although diphthongs can be followed by schwas in some languages. If, for instance, Rheinische Dokumenta was used in writing Westphalian, triphthongs would be written in a manner analogous to the diphthongs, using three adjacent letters of vocals.
|
|
Some languages do not have diphthongs, except sometimes in rapid speech, or they have a limited number of diphthongs but also numerous vowel sequences that cannot form diphthongs and so appear in hiatus. That is the case of Japanese, Bantu languages like Swahili, Lakota, and Polynesian languages like Hawaiian and Māori. Examples are Japanese () 'blue/green', Swahili 'to purify', and Hawaiian 'to rise up', all of which are three syllables.
|
|
By around 150 BC Egyptian Greek had monophthongized diphthongs and lost vowel length distinction.
|
|
Both vowels in the groups are separate syllabic nuclei and do not form diphthongs.
|
|
This is identical to the except that the half rhymes must use the , , , and diphthongs.
|
|
Sinte Romani is a non-tonal language with 25 consonants, 6 vowels, and 4 diphthongs.
|
|
Nepali has ten diphthongs: /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/.
|
|
MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings: , , , and , , , having the approximate values of , , , , , , and , respectively.
|
|
Bagri distinguishes 31 consonants including a retroflex series, 10 vowels, 2 diphthongs and 3 tones.
|
|
Hajong phonology has diphthongs which are iotized vowels with j(y) and w. Diphthongs are usually combinations of i or u with other vowel phonemes. Common examples of diphthongs are ya, as in Dyao which is the combined form of i and a; wa, as in khawa which is the combination of u and a; yuh, as in muh'yuh, combination of i and uh, and wuh, as in tuhwuhi, combination of u and uh.
|
|
In Late West Saxon (but not in the Anglian dialects of the same period) io and īo were merged into eo and ēo. Also, the earlier West Saxon diphthongs ie and īe had developed into what is known as "unstable i", merging into in Late West Saxon. For further detail, see Old English diphthongs. All of the remaining Old English diphthongs were monophthongized in the early Middle English period: see Middle English stressed vowel changes.
|
|
Lojban has 16 diphthongs, vowels that change quality during their emission but always being single syllable nuclei like pure vowels. Unlike English and similarly to languages such as Spanish, diphthongs are not distinct phonemes by themselves but are analyzed as a combination of "semi- vowel + vowel" (or the inverse order). The combinations , , and , for instance, are all realized as the corresponding falling diphthongs. Triphthongs exist as combinations of a rising and a falling diphthong, e.g. .
|
|
Some English sounds that may be perceived by native speakers as single vowels are in fact diphthongs; an example is the vowel sound in pay, pronounced . However, in some dialects (e.g. Scottish English) is a monophthong . Some dialects of English make monophthongs from former diphthongs.
|
|
In that interpretation, Italian has only falling diphthongs (phonemically at least, cf. Synaeresis) and no triphthongs.
|
|
Tyap has seven vowels (, which may be short or long monophthongs) and five (or six) diphthongs: .
|
|
Monophthongs of Mandarin Chinese as they are pronounced in Beijing (from ). Part 1 of Mandarin Chinese diphthongs as they are pronounced in Beijing (from ). Part 2 of Mandarin Chinese diphthongs as they are pronounced in Beijing (from ). Standard Chinese can be analyzed as having five vowel phonemes: .
|
|
Classical Arabic has two diphthongs, realised as the long vowels and , respectively, which developed further into and , respectively, in urban North African dialects. Some notable exceptions to this monophthongization are some rural Lebanese dialects, which preserve the original pronunciations of some of the diphthongs. Other urban Lebanese dialects, such as in Beirut, use the mid vowels and . Another exception is the Sfax dialect of Tunisian Arabic, which is known mostly for keeping the Classical Arabic diphthongs and .
|
|
In the southern parts of Skåne, many diphthongs also have a pharyngeal quality, similar to Danish vowels.
|
|
Like the Hawaiian taught in universities, ʻŌlelo Niʻihau has five short and five long vowels, plus diphthongs.
|
|
The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants (including two semivowels).
|
|
Standard Latvian and, with some exceptions in derivation and inflection, all of the Latvian dialects have fixed initial stress. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone, regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs", composed of a short vowel followed by a sonorant.
|
|
The orthography is a Latin- script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, and for the most part each grapheme corresponds to a single phoneme and vice versa. Vowel length and consonant length are distinguished, and there are a range of diphthongs, although vowel harmony limits which diphthongs are possible.
|
|
In Attic, some cases of long vowels arose through contraction of adjacent short vowels where a consonant had been lost between them. came from contraction of and through contraction of , , or . arose from and , from , and from and . Contractions involving diphthongs ending in resulted in the long diphthongs .
|
|
The vowels are divided into: Simple vowels: /i u a o/ Diphthongs: aa ai (sometimes pronounced /e/) ii oi uu Forschner (1978) notes for the Rungus dialect that the phoneme /e/ is a contraction of the diphthongs /ai/ or /oi/. Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: ao ia iu ui ue. In some words aa is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: a’a.
|
|
A vowel coalescence from Ancient Greek to Koine Greek fused many diphthongs, especially those including . E.g. > ; > ; and > and > .
|
|
It is permitted to use й instead of и in Chinese diphthongs ai and ei (e.g. синдзитай, сэйнэн).
|
|
It had diphthongs that no longer exist in Modern English, which were , with both short and long versions.
|
|
The vowels are written , and . Other letters represent diphthongs: represents , or , or , represent or or and represents or .
|
|
Sasak has the diphthongs (two vowels combined in the same syllable) /ae/, /ai/, /au/, /ia/, /uə/ and /oe/.
|
|
Russian diphthongs all end in a non-syllabic , an allophone of and the only semivowel in Russian. In all contexts other than after a vowel, is considered an approximant consonant. Phonological descriptions of may also classify it as a consonant even in the coda. In such descriptions, Russian has no diphthongs.
|
|
The sound , which had been a post-vocalic allophone of , became vocalized to . This occurred around the year 1200. A new set of diphthongs developed from combinations of vowel+ (either from or from pre-existing ) or vowel+ (from pre-existing ), and also due to borrowing from French – see Diphthongs above.
|
|
In the circumflex cases, articulation is like in a, e starting diphthongs: the second element is emphasized and lengthened.
|
|
The vowel sequences , and in foreign words are not diphthongs. They are pronounced with an epenthetic between the vowels: .
|
|
The first part of diphthongs are subject to the same allophony as their constituent vowels. Examples of words with diphthongs: ('egg'), ('her' dat.), ('effective'). , written or , is a common inflexional affix of adjectives, participles, and nouns, where it is often unstressed; at normal conversational speed, such unstressed endings may be monophthongized to .
|
|
In Old English, short diphthongs and monophthongs were monomoraic, long diphthongs and monophthongs were bimoraic, consonants ending a syllable were each a mora, and geminate consonants added a mora to the preceding syllable. In Modern English, the rules are similar, except that all diphthongs are bimoraic. In English, and probably also in Old English, syllables cannot have more than four morae, with loss of sounds occurring if a syllable would have more than 4 otherwise. From the Old English period through to today, all content words must be at least two morae long.
|
|
Back slang is not only restricted to words spoken phonemically backwards. English frequently makes use of diphthongs, which is an issue for back slang since diphthongs cannot be reversed. The resulting fix slightly alters the traditional back slang. An example is trousers and its diphthong ou, which is replaced with wo in the back slang version reswort.
|
|
Morphological analysis also supports the view that the alleged Persian diphthongs are combinations of the vowels with and . The Persian orthography does not distinguish between the diphthongs and the consonants and ; that is, they both are written with and respectively. becomes in the colloquial Tehran dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Iranian Persian.
|
|
Monophthongization led to the disappearance of certain diphthongs such as and which were leveled to and , respectively, though Colin hypothesizes that these diphthongs remained in the more mesolectal registers influenced by the Classical language. There was a fair amount of compensatory lengthening involved where a loss of consonantal gemination lengthened the preceding vowel, whence the transformation of ("nest") into .
|
|
Vastese also uses several diphthongs not used in italian such as , , and . The influence of , , , or upon , turns it into either or .
|
|
Even then, certain groups, particularly those affiliated to the Literary Movement 1950, used the Congress graphemes for diphthongs in their own publications.
|
|
Vowel breaking sometimes occurs only in stressed syllables. For instance, Vulgar Latin open-mid and changed to diphthongs only when they were stressed.
|
|
Dulong has seven vowels, /i, ε, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɯ, u/, and three diphthongs, /əi, ɑi, ɯi/, which only appear in open syllables.
|
|
For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables—for example, in the English word re-elect—the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong. (The English word hiatus is itself an example of both hiatus and diphthongs.) Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds (phonemes).
|
|
Before the German orthography reform of 1996, ß replaced ss after long vowels and diphthongs and before consonants, word-, or partial-word endings. In reformed spelling, ß replaces ss only after long vowels and diphthongs. Since there is no traditional capital form of ß, it was replaced by SS when capitalization was required. For example, (tape measure) became in capitals.
|
|
In addition, the segmental elements must be different in diphthongs and so when it occurs in a language, it does not contrast with . However, it is possible for languages to contrast and . Diphthongs are also distinct from sequences of simple vowels. The Bunaq language of Timor, for example, distinguishes 'exit' from 'be amused', 'dance' from 'stare at', and 'choice' from 'good'.
|
|
In acute complex diphthongs (i.e., uo), the first element is more tensed and closed and the second element more closed, but less tensed than in the circumflex cases, but the two elements do not differ much. The acute long vowels, similarly, are much more closed and more tensed than the circumflex, but the contrast is lesser than in the complex diphthongs.
|
|
There are altogether eighteen diphthongs and six triphthongs. The diphthongs are ai, ao, ei, eo, ia, ie, ii, io, iu, oi, oo, ua, ue, ui, uo, ūa, ūe, ūi, and ūo. The triphthongs are ioa, ioo, io(w)an, io(w)en, ioi (which is pronounced as ), and i(y)ao, and they exist in Chinese loanwords. The diphthong oo is pronounced as .
|
|
Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs and are monophthongs and or even the reverse diphthongs and (e.g. bay and boat pronounced and ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced and "wind" .
|
|
The number of diphthongs in Scottish Gaelic depends to some extent on the dialect in question but most commonly, 9 or 10 are described: .
|
|
Hints to wrong spellings are terms containg hua and hui (instead of wa and wi), "e", "o", "ca", "cu", "qu" or diphthongs among others.
|
|
In some languages, diphthongs are single phonemes, while in others they are analyzed as sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and a semivowel.
|
|
Semivowels and approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and in the English and Italian languages, among others, many phoneticians do not consider rising combinations to be diphthongs, but rather sequences of approximant and vowel. There are many languages (such as Romanian) that contrast one or more rising diphthongs with similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonetic inventory (see semivowel for examples).
|
|
Dutch has an extensive vowel inventory consisting of thirteen plain vowels and at least three diphthongs. Vowels can be grouped as front unrounded, front rounded, central and back. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness. The vowels are included in one of the diphthong charts further below because Northern SD realizes them as diphthongs, but they behave phonologically like the other long monophthongs.
|
|
There are also five diphthongs, ey , ay , aw , ɔy , and ɔw . The diphthongs and , which had already collapsed in closed accented syllables to and in the classical language, have collapsed in all accented syllables in the dialects of Ahwāz and Khorramshahr, apart from those in words of foreign origin. The collapse of diphthongs appears to be further advanced in the dialect of Ahvāz; compare Khorramshahr gɔw ‘in’ with Ahwāz gu id. Closely tied to the collapse of the diphthong in open accented syllables is the breaking of its outcome, to in the same environment. For example, classical baita ‘house’ has become bieṯɔ in Neo-Mandaic.
|
|
The number of diphthongs existing in a dialect is far less than each possible combination of two vowels, thus there are not very many ambiguities when taking syllable structure into account. Assimilation and coarticulation are predominant in most of the languages written using Rheinische Dokumenta, thus diphthong articulation may deviate somewhat from the articulation of the isolated monophthongs. Also, depending on languages, the lengths of their diphthongs may vary considerably between the extremes of as short as a typical short monophthong to longer than the sum of two long monophthongs. Varying lengths of diphthongs are not noted in Rheinische Dokumenta, which at least does not create ambiguities within a dialect.
|
|
Similarly, the Middle Welsh diphthongs ei and eu have become ai and au in final syllables, e. g. Middle Welsh = modern "seven", Middle Welsh = modern "sun".
|
|
The following edition of 1961 specified its policy by stating that: All diphthongs should be eliminated.International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966). Nomina Anatomica. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.
|
|
Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117. is still kept separate in Hazara. Diphthongs include , , and (cf.
|
|
Kēlen has the same five monophthongs as in Spanish, with the addition of vowel length and diphthongs making it similar to the system found in Hawaiian.
|
|
The final feature is the lack of diphthongs where they are present in German words: German bauen to Pomattertitsch büwe 'build', German schneien to Pomattertitsch schnie 'snow'.
|
|
Medial are neutralized with . The short can be either similar in quality to the long , or it can be as high as , with possible intermediate pronunciations (). ; Diphthongs: .
|
|
Romanian has two true diphthongs: and . There are, however, a host of other vowel combinations (more than any other major Romance language) which are classified as vowel glides. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), the two true diphthongs appear only in stressed syllables and make morphological alternations with the mid vowels and . To native speakers, they sound very similar to and respectively.
|
|
English diphthongs have undergone many changes since the Old and Middle English periods. The sound changes discussed here involved at least one phoneme which historically was a diphthong.
|
|
Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect.
|
|
The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which had centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open- mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after it had diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well. Instead, he argues that the development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century in which lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and were accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, he thinks that the newly-affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech.
|
|
American English pronunciation of no highway cowboys, showing five diphthongs: A diphthong ( or ; from Greek: , diphthongos, literally "double sound" or "double tone"; from δΐς "¨twice" and φθόγγος "sound"), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase no highway cowboys has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable. Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound.
|
|
Romanian has seven vowels: , , , , , and . Additionally, and may appear in some borrowed words. Arguably, the diphthongs and are also part of the phoneme set. There are twenty-two consonants.
|
|
He then subdivided each dialect into three sub-dialects – Samogitians based on the pronunciation of diphthongs ie and uo and Aukštaitians based on diphthongs am, an, em, en and letter l before ė. Jaunius did not separate out the Dzūkian dialect. While he was not always consistent in his classification, he clearly identified the criteria for separating local variations into sub-dialects. His observations and rules for accents remain relevant and authoritative.
|
|
Iota participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, with both long and short vowels as the first element. Where the first element was long, the iota was lost in pronunciation at an early date, and was written in polytonic orthography as iota subscript, in other words as a very small ι under the main vowel. Examples include ᾼ ᾳ ῌ ῃ ῼ ῳ. The former diphthongs became digraphs for simple vowels in Koine Greek.
|
|
Before compounding, however, diphthongs are reanalyzed as a monomoraic syllable, and stress is assigned again to the penultimate syllable of the whole compound: [keˈrakae̯] "finger", from /kera/ "hand" and /kae̯/ "digit".
|
|
There are no perfect minimal pairs to contrast and , and because doesn't appear in the final syllable of a prosodic word, there are no monosyllabic words with ; exceptions might include voal ('veil') and trotuar ('sidewalk'), though Ioana Chițoran argues that these are best treated as containing glide-vowel sequences rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the semivowels and can be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguablySee for a brief overview of the views regarding Romanian semivowels forms additional diphthongs and triphthongs, only and can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in broască ('frog') and dreagă ('to mend'), implying that and are restricted to the syllable boundary and therefore, strictly speaking, do not form diphthongs.
|
|
The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels. There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction, which is unusual amongst the various dialects of English.
|
|
The contrast between the accents in diphthongs starting in a, e (au, ai, ei; a, e + l, m, n, r) is based on the quantity and quality. In acute accented cases, the first element is emphasized: it lengthens, is more tensed, open than the respective element in the circumflex cases. The second element of acute simple diphthongs is more open and less tensed than the respective element of the circumflex diphthongs.Vaitkevičiūtė (2004), Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas, p.
|
|
In Cantonese, the simple vowels i u iu o a e are , apart from and after velars, which open to diphthongs, as in ci and ciu . Diphthongs may vary markedly depending on initial and medial, as in cau , ceau , ciau , though both ceu ~ cieu are , following the general pattern of before a coda (cf. cen vs can ). Cantonese does not have medials, apart from gw, kw, though sometimes it is the nuclear vowel which drops: giung , xiong , but giuan .
|
|
In grammars, textbooks, or dictionaries, are sometimes marked with macrons () to indicate that they are long, or breves () to indicate that they are short. For the purposes of accent, vowel length is measured in morae: long vowels and most diphthongs count as two morae; short vowels, and the diphthongs in certain endings, count as one mora. A one-mora vowel could be accented with high pitch, but two-mora vowels could be accented with falling or rising pitch.
|
|
Syllables consist minimally of a vowel. They may include a single onset consonant and/or a single coda consonant. Diphthongs and triphthongs are attested. The template is (C)(V)V(V)(C).
|
|
A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. . The open vowel component of the diphthongs changes to a mid vowel ([ʌ], [ɐ], [ɛ] or [ə]).
|
|
The two types of syllables that occur are V (vowel) and CV (consonant-vowel). Sequences of vowels are interpreted as glides rather than diphthongs. No closed syllables or consonant clusters are present.
|
|
During the Old French period, l before a consonant became u, producing new diphthongs, which eventually resolved into monophthongs, e.g. "false" > fausse . See the article on phonological history of French for details.
|
|
The Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect has a vowel system characterized by ie and uo-type diphthongs, like the Lower Carniolan dialects, but unlike these dialects it has stress accent rather than a pitch accent.
|
|
In Romagnol, e̥ is used to represent /ə/ in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig [aˈməig] 'friend', ne̥ud [ˈnəud] 'naked'. In Emilian, e̥ can be used to represent unstressed /ə/ in very accurate transcriptions.
|
|
Sonsorolese has 5 vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. There are also diphthongs, including /ae/, /ai/, /ao/, and /au/. An example of the diphthong /ae/ is mae, which means "breadfruit" (Capell, 1969).
|
|
In Old Prussian, the acute was reflected probably as a rising tone and circumflex as a falling tone. The marks on long vowels and diphthongs in Abel Will's translation of Martin Luther's Enchiridion point to that conclusion. It is the only accented Old Prussian text preserved. Diphthongs that correspond to a reconstructable Balto-Slavic acute are generally long in the second part of the diphthong, and those corresponding to a Balto–Slavic circumflex are generally long in the first part.
|
|
Oscan written with the Greek alphabet was identical to the standard alphabet with the addition of two letters: one for the native alphabet's H and one for its V. The letters η and ω do not indicate quantity. Sometimes, the clusters ηι and ωϝ denote the diphthongs and respectively while ει and oυ are saved to denote monophthongs and of the native alphabet. At other times, ει and oυ are used to denote diphthongs, in which case o denotes the sound.
|
|
Standard Latvian and, with a few minor exceptions, all of the Latvian dialects, have fixed initial stress.On the possible origins of fixed initial stress in Latvian, in contrast to Lithuanian, see Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman, Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, p. 122. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone, regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs", composed of a short vowel followed by a sonorant.
|
|
In Modern Greek, where original diphthongs are pronounced as monophthongs, synaeresis is the pronunciation of two vowel sounds as a monophthong, and diaeresis is the pronunciation of the two vowels as a diphthong (αϊ ).
|
|
Monophthongs of Afrikaans on a vowel chart, from Afrikaans has an extensive vowel inventory consisting of 17 vowel phonemes, among which there are 10 monophthongs and 7 diphthongs. There are also 7 marginal monophthongs.
|
|
Vowel breaking is sometimes not assimilatory and is then not triggered by a neighboring sound. That was the case with the Great Vowel Shift in English in which all cases of and changed to diphthongs.
|
|
Before /n/, it becomes ; before /k/, , and word-finally, it becomes . is pronounced /u/ in Michigan and /o/ elsewhere. When it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced . There are also four diphthongs, , spelled .
|
|
Some vowels become glides in diphthongs, e.g. , > and , > . and are 'weaker' than and , so that the syllable becomes and not According to Turner, is more and more often realized as , while some older speakers have .
|
|
In most dialects, the vowel only occurs in loan words. In the Guntur dialect, is a frequent allophone of in certain verbs in the past tense. Telugu has two diphthongs: ఐ ai and ఔ au .
|
|
Diphthongs are ai (pronounced like aisle [aɪ]), ei (day [ɛɪ]), ui (ruin [ʊɪ]), and au (cow [aʊ]). If the last diphthong finishes a word, it is spelt aw. There are also diphthongs ae and oe with no English counterparts, similar to pronouncing a or o respectively in the same syllable as one pronounces an e (as in pet); IPA . Tolkien had described dialects (such as Doriathrin) and variations in pronunciations (such as that of Gondor), and other pronunciations of ae and oe undoubtedly existed.
|
|
Romant de la Rose, 14th century During the Middle French period (c. 1300–1600), modern spelling practices were largely established. This happened especially during the 16th century, under the influence of printers. The overall trend was towards continuity with Old French spelling, although some changes were made under the influence of changed pronunciation habits; for example, the Old French distinction between the diphthongs eu and ue was eliminated in favor of consistent eu, as both diphthongs had come to be pronounced or (depending on the surrounding sounds).
|
|
These five long vowel phonemes share the same phonetic quality as their standard vowel counterparts, however are longer in duration. In Wuvulu, there are 20 possible diphthongs of the five basic vowels discussed above. There are eight falling pairs /ia/, /ie/, /io/, /ea/, /ua/, /uo/, /ue/, and /oa/, eight rising pairs /ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, /oi/, /ou/, /ae/, and /ao/, and four level pairs /iu/, /eo/, /ui/, and /oe/. The terms rising, falling and level refer to the rise or fall of sonority of the diphthongs.
|
|
Buhutu language has 19 letters (Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Ss, Tt, Uu, Ww, Yy), glottal stop and 7 diphthongs (bw, fw, gw, hw, kw, mw, pw).
|
|
It seems that the second element of diphthongs was always a closed vowel, as in ai (śaitabi), ei (neitin), and au (lauŕ). Untermann observed that the diphthong ui could only be found in the first cluster.
|
|
The original Esperanto lexicon contains 23 consonants, including 4 affricates and one, , which has become rare; and 11 vowels, 5 simple and 6 diphthongs. A few additional sounds in loan words, such as , are not stable.
|
|
Certain sound changes relate to diphthongs and monophthongs. Vowel breaking or diphthongization is a vowel shift in which a monophthong becomes a diphthong. Monophthongization or smoothing is a vowel shift in which a diphthong becomes a monophthong.
|
|
Proto- Polynesian had five simple vowels, , with no length distinction. In a number of daughter languages, successive sequences of vowels came together to produce long vowels and diphthongs, and in some languages these sounds later became phonemic.
|
|
While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs are not the same phonologically as a combination of a vowel and an approximant or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are fully contained in the syllable nucleus while a semivowel or glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the onset or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetically by a greater degree of constriction, but the phonetic distinction is not always clear. The English word yes, for example, consists of a palatal glide followed by a monophthong rather than a rising diphthong.
|
|
The contrast between the two accents in vowels and complex diphthongs is disappearing, because the opposition between the two accents is not present in all the dialects. The base dialects of a standard language (western Aukštaitian) cover a smaller area. The standard language is being affected by different dialects, where speakers pronounce the two accents differently. The mixed diphthongs starting in i, u and a simple diphthong ui are commonly pronounced without noticeable intensifying of one of the appropriate elements in both acute as well as circumflex cases.
|
|
Initial morae of two adjacent words are exchanged, which is spoonerism by definition. :Mikkelin kittaajat ('chuggers of Mikkeli', a town in Finland) → kikkelin mittaajat ('measurers of weenie') The "extra length" of a long vowel is a full mora, and thus stays in its original position, making the new vowel long. :sanan m _uu_ nnos [sa-nan mu- ːnnos] → [mu-nan sa-ːnnos] → munan s _aa_ nnos If necessary, stilted diphthongs are converted into allowed diphthongs as per phonotactics. The first vowel is the determinant for choosing the diphthong.
|
|
These features have the common Dalecarlian in common with the older Uppland dialects. A pair of ancient Nordic diphthongs remain in the western Dalecarlian dialects in Lima and Transtrand. The diphthong au, which in the Swedish state has pronounced ö, has in these areas a slightly changed form, ôu, for example dôu (Swedish död, English death). The ancient Swedish diphthongs ei and öy (which in Swedish became e and ö respectively) have been pronounced äi, for example skäi (Swedish sked, English Spoon) and here (Swedish hö, English hay), respectively.
|
|
In English spelling, the five letters A E I O and U can represent a variety of vowel sounds, while the letter Y frequently represents vowels (as in e.g., "gym", "happy", or the diphthongs in "cry", "thyme");In wyrm and myrrh, there is neither a vowel letter nor, in rhotic dialects, a vowel sound. W is used in representing some diphthongs (as in "cow") and to represent a monophthong in the borrowed words "" and "" (sometimes cruth). Other languages cope with the limitation in the number of Latin vowel letters in similar ways.
|
|
Monophthongization is a sound change by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong, a type of vowel shift. In languages that have undergone monophthongization, digraphs that formerly represented diphthongs now represent monophthongs. The opposite of monophthongization is vowel breaking.
|
|
These changes are part of a process to promote and preserve the indigenous languages. Hints to wrong spellings are terms containg hua and hui (instead of wa and wi), "e", "o", "ca", "cu", "qu" or diphthongs among others.
|
|
The long diphthongs (or 'double vowels') are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of or : . Both and tend to be pronounced as , but they are spelled differently: the former as , the latter as .
|
|
The Kozjak subdialect has the typical Styrian diphthongs ei and ou as well as two open glides as reflexes of old acute yat and neoacute e and o.Zorko, Zinka. 1999. "Štajerska narečja." In: Dušan Voglar (ed.) Enciklopedija Slovenije vol.
|
|
For instance, Mong Njua lacks the voiceless/aspirated of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their names) and has a third nasalized vowel, ; Dananshan has a couple of extra diphthongs in native words, numerous Chinese loans, and an eighth tone.
|
|
Luyana has five simple vowels: a, e, i, o, and u.Jacottet, E. 1896 o is almost always open and is rarely closed. Wherever there may be hesitation between o and u, u should be used. There are no diphthongs.
|
|
Basic stems consist of one to four syllables (with four being rare) and always end in a vowel. Monosyllabic stems have long vowels or diphthongs, e.g., bií, 'stone, rock'; bía, 'woman'. The vast majority of nouns in Crow are derived stems.
|
|
In Bonda, primary stress is placed on the last syllable in a word, syllables with diphthongs, glottal stops, or checked consonants. However, Plains Remo primarily stresses the second syllable in a word. Bonda words can have a maximum of 5 syllables.
|
|
British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between.
|
|
Within Wuvulu, there are three vowel pairs that do not exist that are common in other languages. Eo, oe, and ae are three pairs that do not occur in Wuvulu. Previous research suggests that diphthongs are not phonemic in Wuvulu.
|
|
Palatalization is a part of the Estonian literary language and is an essential feature in Võro, as well as Veps, Karelian, and other eastern Finnic languages. It is also found in East Finnish dialects, and is only missing from West Finnish dialects and Standard Finnish. A special characteristic of the languages is the large number of diphthongs. There are 16 diphthongs in Finnish and 25 in Estonian; at the same time the frequency of diphthong use is greater in Finnish than in Estonian due to certain historical long vowels having diphthongised in Finnish but not in Estonian.
|
|
The letters at the ends of words without additional niqqud are silent and not transliterated. The letter at the end of a word with ẖolam ֹ is also silent and not transliterated. The letter at the end of a word after ẖiriq ִ is also silent and not transliterated. The situation of the letter at the end of a word after ẕere ֵ or seggol ֶ is more complicated, as they are silent in Classical Hebrew and in Hebrew Academy prescription and not transliterated in those systems, but they form diphthongs (ei) in Israeli Hebrew--see the vowels and diphthongs sections further down.
|
|
There are six additional vocalic diacritics in the miśra alphabet. The two diphthongs are quite common, while the "syllabic" ṛ is much rarer, and the "syllabic" ḷ is all but obsolete. The latter are almost exclusively found in loanwords from Sanskrit.Matzel (1983), p.
|
|
Intonation, palatalization of consonants, and accentuation are also different. The diphthongs au or ou (unknown in standard Slovene but found in various dialects) are also widespread. Examples include Baug or Boug 'God' (standard Sln. Bog ), and kaus or kous 'piece' (standard Sln.
|
|
Surigaonon has 25 consonant clusters (br, bl, bw, by, dr, dy, dw, gr, gw, kr, kl, kw, mw, my, nw, pr, pl, pw, py, sw, sy, tr, tw, ty, hw) and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, iw, uy), which is similar to Cebuano.
|
|
Old English had a moderately large vowel system. In stressed syllables, both monophthongs and diphthongs had short and long versions, which were clearly distinguished in pronunciation. In unstressed syllables, vowels were reduced or elided, though not as much as in Modern English.
|
|
The subsequent edition monophthongized the diphthong, resulting in locus ceruleus,Donáth, T. & Crawford, G.C.N. (1969). Anatomical dictionary with nomenclature and explanatory notes. Oxford/London/Edinburgh/New York/Toronto/Syney/Paris/Braunschweig: Pergamon Press. as they proclaimed that: "All diphthongs should be eliminated".
|
|
At least the following diphthongs were present: , , , . # was later rounded to due to u-mutation. # eventually underwent breaking to become the triphthong (as in Proto-Balto-Slavic). This was preserved in Old Gutnish, but simplified to a long rising or in other areas.
|
|
It is a version of ITC Galliard with characters that support Central European languages. OpenType features include case sensitive forms, numerators/denominators, fractions, ligatures, lining/old style/proportional/tabular figures, localized forms, ordinals, scientific inferiors, superscript, small caps, diphthongs, stylistic alternates (set 1).
|
|
Mantsi (autonym: '; also called Lolo, Flowery Lolo, or Red Lolo, is a Lolo- Burmese language spoken the Yi people of China, and the Lô Lô people of Vietnam. Mantsi has 40 initials, 27 vowels (11 monophthongs and 13 diphthongs), and 6 tones (Lama 2012).
|
|
Defaka has two tones, and . On long vowels and diphthongs, as well as disyllabic words, and contours occur. In addition, there is a downstep that may appear between high tones, and which is the remnant of an elided low tone. However, Shryock et al.
|
|
These forms from the 11th-12th centuries have been preserved in some Slovak dialects until the modern age (Orava, Gemer and Sotak dialects). The central Slovak dialects preserved only the short form ä. In other dialects, they changed to wide range of monophthongs and diphthongs.
|
|
Vowels are more likely to be affected than consonants. Vowel errors include an increase in vowel tensing, monophthongization of diphthongs, and vowel fronting and raising. There is evidence of both vowel shortening and lengthening. Consonantal anomalies include cases of changes in articulation, manner, and voicing.
|
|
The raised variant of typically becomes , while the raised variant of varies by dialect, with more common in Western Canada and a fronted variant commonly heard in Central Canada. In any case, the open vowel component of the diphthongs changes to a mid vowel (, , or ).
|
|
Until the 19th century, was used instead of in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. is also used to render in dialect, e.g. Romanesco dialect (garlic; cf. Italian aglio ).
|
|
The syllabic nucleus is usually formed by vowels or diphthongs, but in some cases syllabic sonorants ( and , rarely also and ) can be found in the nucleus, e.g. ('wolf'), ('neck'), ('eight'). Vowel groups can occur in the morpheme boundaries. They cannot include more than two vowels.
|
|
In many ways, Brazilian Portuguese (BP) is conservative in its phonology. That also is true of Angolan Portuguese, São Tomean Portuguese, and other African dialects. Brazilian Portuguese has eight oral vowels, five nasal vowels, and several diphthongs and triphthongs, some oral and some nasal.
|
|
The first pronunciation is the preferred one: :a – /a/ or /æ/ :o – /ɔ/ or /o/ :e – /e/ or /ɛ/ :u – /u/ or /ʌ/ :i – /i/ or /ɪ/ There are no diphthongs in Glosa. Where two or more vowels occur together they are pronounced separately.
|
|
These changes are part of a process to promote the indigenous languages and to reassert the rights of the indigenous peoples. Hints to wrong spellings are terms containg hua and hui (instead of wa and wi), "e", "o", "ca", "cu", "qu" or diphthongs among others.
|
|
Increased education levels, higher use of mass media and higher social mobility help towards this development.Arild Leitre, Einar Lundeby, Ingvald Torvik: Språket vårt før og nå. Oslo, Gyldendal, 1994 A-endings ("gata"), diphthongs ("aleine", "blei"), the thick l and stress on the first syllable ("bannan") are traditional signs of the East End language. The West End language, based on educated bokmål, has the utrum and en-endings (masculine endings on feminine words, such as "gaten" rather than "gata"), significantly fewer diphthongs ("alene", "ble") and other expressions and also a partially different vocabulary than the East End language, basically a language that is more like Danish in most of the districts.
|
|
For example, in the case of várna 'crow' - var̃nas 'raven', the r would probably usually be emphasized in var̃nas, but in a case of var̃das 'name', where there is no relative acute word, there can be no feeling for a speaker, that he / she should emphasize a sound r. But in these cases the distinction can be understood through quantity of a sound – the acute variant has lengthened a, and the circumflex – not lengthened. So, in diphthongs, the problematic leave i, u starting diphthongs, where a standard language speaker have no means to hear, directly know what type of the accent they should have (if they are stressed).
|
|
The letter ŭ is called non-syllabic u (romanised: u nieskładovaje) in Belarusian because it resembles the vowel u but forms no syllables. It is an allophone of that forms the diphthongs aŭ, eŭ, oŭ and is equivalent to . Its Cyrillic counterpart is ў.S. Young (2006) "Belorussian".
|
|
Contraction of e + o or o + e leads to ou, and e + e to ei, which are in this case spurious diphthongs. In general, the accent after contraction copies the accent before contraction. Often this means circumflex accent. But for nouns, accent follows the nominative singular.
|
|
Glottal stops occur rarely and inconsistently. Kriol makes use of eleven vowels: nine monophthongs, three diphthongs, and schwa . The most frequently occurring diphthong, , is used in all regional varieties. Both and can occur, but they are new additions and are viewed as a sign of decreolization.
|
|
It is possible that Iberian had the semivowels (in words such as aiun or iunstir) and (only in loanwords such as diuiś from Gaulish). The fact that is lacking in native words casts doubt on whether semivowels really existed in Iberian outside of foreign borrowings and diphthongs.
|
|
Semigallian shares some phonological similarities to Curonian and, to a lesser extent, Latvian. The Common Baltic , consonants became , in their soft varieties in Semigalian. All long vowels and diphthongs at the end of the word in Common Baltic were reduced to simple short vowels in Semigallian.
|
|
The close back rounded vowel is almost identical featurally to the labio-velar approximant . alternates with in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
|
|
When the elided consonant was n, it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. ' ("hand"), ' ("frog"), ' ("good"), Old Portuguese ', ', ' (Portuguese: ', ', '). This process was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem, ' and ' became ' in most cases, cf. Lat.
|
|
For the purpose of determining accent in Ancient Greek, short vowels have one mora, and long vowels and diphthongs have two morae. Thus long ē (eta: η) can be understood as a sequence of two short vowels: ee.The Inflectional Accent in Indo-European. Paul Kiparsky. Language. Vol.
|
|
The Great Vowel Shift was a fundamental change in late Middle English (post-Chaucer) and Early Modern English that affected the pronunciation of all of the long vowels. The high vowels and were diphthongized, ultimately producing the modern diphthongs and , and all other vowels were raised.
|
|
The Phake language is similar to those of Shan. They have their own separate scripts and also have preserved manuscripts. Most of them are religious scriptures. The Tai Phake language has 10 vowel phonemes, 15 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowels, a few diphthongs, and 3 consonant clusters.
|
|
It is easy to intentionally intensify the second part in the circumflex accent, but it is common too, that it is impossible to extract, hear out them from the standard language, the sounds are pronounced without an attention on emphasizing some accentual oppositions. In a case of the mixed diphthongs starting in a, e the opposition can be understood at least by different quantity of these sounds: lengthened in the acute case, and not lengthen in the circumflex. Such lengthening helps to hold the two accents in the simple diphthongs (au, ai, ei) too (for example, in an ui case, where the first element is short, the opposition between accents is usually lost in a standard language), but in this case the lengthening, emphasis of the second element in the circumflex accentuation (similarly to the emphasis of the first element in the acute accentuation) is characteristic, not unusual. Among the reasons of unification of accents in, for example, mixed diphthongs, there possibly is the absence of necessity to distinguish between them.
|
|
Specifically, Epsilon- iota () initially became in classical Greek, before later raising to () while, later, omicron-iota () and upsilon-iota () merged with upsilon (). As a result of eta and upsilon being affected by iotacism, so were the respective diphthongs. In Modern Greek, the letters and digraphs (rare), are all pronounced .
|
|
Gregg, 1929 Manual, 52. In "Anniversary," short and long vowel sounds for e, a, o and u may be distinguished by a mark under the vowel, a dot for short and a small downward tick for long sounds.Gregg, 1929 Manual, 4. There are special vowel markings for certain diphthongs.
|
|
Monophthongs of Kenyan English on a vowel chart.From . Like English in southern England, Kenyan English is non-rhotic. Major phonological features include the loss of length contrast in vowels, the lack of mid central vowels as with British English, the monophthongisation of diphthongs and the dissolving of consonant clusters.
|
|
Bokmål, the written language of 80-90% of the Norwegian population, is based on Riksmål, although it differs in terms of genders, lexicon, counting system, a tendency to permit concrete noun endings in abstract situations and diphthongs versus single vowels. Riksmål was officially changed to Bokmål in 1929.
|
|
Their vowel system includes seven basic vowels, three rhotic vowels, six diphthongs, and one triphthong. Ersu does not have nasalized vowels, however, there are nasalized vowels in loan words from Chinese. There are no long vowels. The seven basic vowels are: /i/, /y/, /u/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /ɑ/ and /o/.
|
|
Voiceless vowels occur in three contexts: “as finals, after a consonant, after a full, generally long vowel, and before a consonant, when they are acoustically similar to falling diphthongs, after non-final consonants a furtive /i/ or /u/ produces palatalization or velarisation (respectively) of the consonants” (Capell, 1969).
|
|
Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a vowel quality of higher prominence (higher pitch or volume) and end in a semivowel with less prominence, like in eye, while rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, similar to the in yard. (Note that "falling" and "rising" in this context do not refer to vowel height; for that, the terms "opening" and "closing" are used instead. See below.) The less prominent component in the diphthong may also be transcribed as an approximant, thus in eye and in yard. However, when the diphthong is analysed as a single phoneme, both elements are often transcribed with vowel symbols (, ).
|
|
In Lithuanian, the distinction between acute and circumflex is not preserved in unstressed syllables. In Standard Lithuanian, based on the Aukštaitian dialect, the acute becomes a falling tone (so-called "Lithuanian metatony") and is marked with an acute accent, and the circumflex becomes a rising tone, marked with a tilde. In diphthongs, the acute accent is placed on the first letter of the diphthong while the tilde marking rising tone (the original circumflex) is placed on the second letter. In diphthongs with a sonorant as a second part, the same convention is used, but the acute accent is replaced with a grave accent if the vowel is i or u: Lithuanian acute pìlnas 'full' < PIE ) vs.
|
|
In some words, the accent moves forward even without the addition of a syllable. For example, (, "human") but , and . This is due to historical reasons: long vowels and diphthongs occupied two morae which had the same effect as the addition of a syllable. Portal for the Greek Language: νόμος της τρισυλλαβίας.
|
|
Catalan is characterized by final-obstruent devoicing, lenition, and voicing assimilation; a set of 7 or 8 phonemic vowels, vowel assimilations (including vowel harmony), many phonetic diphthongs, and vowel reduction, whose precise details differ between dialects. Several dialects have a dark l, and all dialects have palatal l () and n ().
|
|
Vowel sounds are presented as [i, ɨ, u, e, o, a] and [œ] which is written out as a double vowel oe. Nasal vowels are pronounced as [ɐ̃, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ] along with nasalized double vowels oê and aê, not pronounced as diphthongs, but as nasalized monophthongs [œ̃, æ̃].
|
|
There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate descriptions of liquid consonants become a challenge within Kanakanavu. It also contains 6 vowels plus diphthongs and triphthongs. Vowel length is often not clear if distinctive or not, as well as speakers pronouncing vowel phonemes with variance.
|
|
In contrast to the generally large consonant inventories of Northeast Caucasian languages, most languages in the family have relatively few vowels, although more on average than the Northwest Caucasian Languages. However, there are some exceptions to this trend, such as Chechen, which has at least twenty-eight vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs.
|
|
Sequences ending in a high vowel () are pronounced more quickly than others (), more like diphthongs and long vowels than like vowel sequences in hiatus. The tones are realised as contours. CVCV words tend to have the same vowel sequences, though there are many exceptions. The two tones are also more distinct.
|
|
Diffloth, Gérard (1989). "Proto-Austroasiatic creaky voice." Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis.
|
|
Mewari is one of the major dialects of Rajasthani language of Indo-Aryan languages family. It is spoken by about five million speakers in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan state of India. It has SOV word order. There are 31 consonants, 10 vowels, and 2 diphthongs in Mewari.
|
|
Examples are "nothing", "chin", "25 cents" (from English "pound"). In diphthongs, nasalization shows up primarily on the second element of the vowel. Vowel length is not distinctive, apart from phonesthesia (as in "nothing"), morphemic contractions, and shortened grammatical words, such as the modal "will" (compare its likely lexical source "get").
|
|
Unlike many languages, Icelandic has only very minor dialectal differences in sounds. The language has both monophthongs and diphthongs, and many consonants can be voiced or unvoiced. Icelandic has an aspiration contrast between plosives, rather than a voicing contrast, similar to Faroese, Danish and Standard Mandarin. Preaspirated voiceless stops are also common.
|
|
Indeed, in many Korean dialects, including the standard dialect of Seoul, some of these may still be diphthongs. For example, in the Seoul dialect, may alternatively be pronounced , and . Note: as a morpheme is ㅓ combined with ㅣ as a vertical stroke. As a phoneme, its sound is not by i-mutation of .
|
|
The phonology of Bengali, like that of its neighbouring Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, is characterised by a wide variety of diphthongs and inherent back vowels (both and ). corresponds to and developed out of the Sanskrit schwa, which is retained as such by almost all other branches of the Indo-Aryan language family.
|
|
2006; Charles Boberg, "The Canadian Shift in Montreal"; Robert Hagiwara. "Vowel production in Winnipeg"; Rebecca V. Roeder and Lidia Jarmasz. "The Canadian Shift in Toronto." Increasing numbers of Canadians and Northwestern Americans have a feature called "Canadian raising", in which the nucleus of the diphthongs and are more "raised" before voiceless consonants.
|
|
Tsou has six vowels, . Vowel sequences occur, including sequences of like vowels ( etc.), but these are separate moras rather than long vowels or diphthongs. Vowels, especially back vowels, are centralized when flanked by voiceless alveolar consonants (). This may involve a central offglide, so that is pronounced as a diphthong or in this environment.
|
|
Here, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of the Southern dialect, spoken in Kansas. There are 5 vowel phonemes, 4 diphthongs, and 19 consonant phonemes. , which is often written as , represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel, . represents the schwa, , which has several allophonic variants.
|
|
Double vowels are pronounced separately. For example, "kapaar" is pronounced as . The final sound in diphthongs and "W" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "W". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe , which is currently spelled as "Y".
|
|
Prevalent in Batangan but missing from other dialects are the sounds ei and ow. Unlike their English counterparts, these diphthongs are sounded primarily on the first vowel and only rapidly on the second; this is similar to the e in the Spanish word educación and the first o in the Italian word Antonio.
|
|
In Mandarin pinyin it is used for in initial position, whereas in Cantonese Jyutping it is used for in non-initial position. (See jyu.) is used for in Arrernte and for doubly articulated in Yélî Dnye. It is used in Cornish for the diphthongs , , or . in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .
|
|
The process preserves opening and closing diphthongs, e.g. the opening 'ie' is reflected as an opening 'uo'. :vieno huntti [vi-eno hu-ntti] → [h _u-e_ no vi-ntti] → h _uo_ no vintti If necessary, vowel harmony is applied. As per vowel harmony, the initial syllable controls the kind of vowel selected.
|
|
In the phonology of the Romanian language, the phoneme inventory consists of seven vowels, two or four semivowels (different views exist), and twenty consonants. In addition, as with all languages, other phonemes can occur occasionally in interjections or recent borrowings. Notable features of Romanian include two unusual diphthongs and and the central vowel .
|
|
However, some accents, in the north of England and in Scotland, for example, retain a monophthongal pronunciation of this vowel, while other accents have a variety of different diphthongs. Before (historic) /r/, in words like square, the vowel has become (often practically ) in modern RP, and in General American.Wells (1982), p. 141, 155.
|
|
The following letters can then occur in standard Corsican orthographies: : À/à, È/è, Ì/ì, Ò/ò, Ù/ù. In addition, Corsican includes vocalic diphthongs, that count as a single syllable. If that syllable is stressed, the first vowel is softened or reduced, and the second vowel holds the stress mark which must be written (IÀ/ià, IÈ/iè, IÒ/iò, IÙ/iù). However, in other unstressed syllables, the default orthography considers vowel pairs as unstressed diphthongs counting for a single syllable (IA/ia, IE/ie, IO/io, IU/iu); if the two vowels need to be separated, and none of them are stressed, a diaeresis mark may sometimes be used on the first vowel (ÏA/ïa, ÏE/ïe, ÏO/ïo, ÏU/ïu).
|
|
Historically, the practice of using matres lectionis seems to have originated when and diphthongs, written with the yod and the waw consonant letters respectively, monophthongized to simple long vowels and . This epiphenomenal association between consonant letters and vowel sounds was then seized upon and used in words without historic diphthongs. In general terms, it is observable that early Phoenician texts have very few matres lectionis, and that during most of the 1st millennium BCE, Hebrew and Aramaic were quicker to develop matres lectionis than Phoenician. However, in its latest period of development in North Africa (referred to as "Punic"), Phoenician developed a very full use of matres lectionis, including the use of the letter ayin , also used for this purpose much later in Yiddish orthography.
|
|
During their time performing locally in Austin, they toured with various local Texas musicians, including Robert Earl Keen. Young's voice was noted for its "dreamy, haunting quality". In a review of Viridian, Embo Blake of Hybrid Magazine noted Carol Young's vocal skill, as she "effortlessly diphthongs cadence" on the track "Waiting on the Night".
|
|
Some cases of the open-mid vowels developed from Proto-Greek . In other cases they developed from contraction. Finally, some cases of , only in Attic and Ionic, developed from earlier by the Attic–Ionic vowel shift. In a few cases, the long close-mid vowels developed from monophthongization of the pre- Classical falling diphthongs .
|
|
Syllables in Latin are signified by the presence of diphthongs and vowels. The number of syllables is the same as the number of vowel sounds. Further, if a consonant separates two vowels, it will go into the syllable of the second vowel. When there are two consonants between vowels, the last consonant will go with the second vowel.
|
|
Long segments in Lithuanian can take one of two accents: rising or falling. "Long segments" are defined as either long vowels, diphthongs or a sequence of a vowel followed by a sonorant if they are in a stressed position. Pitch can serve as the only distinguishing characteristic for minimal pairs that are otherwise orthographically identical, e.g., kar̃tų 'time:gen.
|
|
Unlike the consonants, CE's vowels are significantly different to Received Pronunciation. Many vowels in this accent have a more centralised articulation, as well as the starting points of most diphthongs, as seen below. Like mentioned above, at least the broad varieties seem to lack labialisation. However, if they are labialised, they are articulated with tight lips.
|
|
Children who had almost two years experience with cochlear implants were able to generate diphthongs and sound out most vowels. They develop skills to understand more information as well as put together letters. Cochlear implants give deaf individuals the chance to understand auditory messages. Progress was analyzed after several groups of children were given vocabulary and language tests.
|
|
Upper Tanana shows near mutual-intelligibility with neighboring Tanacross but differs in several phonological features. In particular, Upper Tanana has low tone as a reflex of Proto-Athabaskan constriction, where Tanacross has high tone. Upper Tanana also has an extra vowel phoneme and has developed diphthongs through loss of final consonants. Traditionally, five main dialects have been recognized.
|
|
Phonotactically, this sound does not occur after long vowels, diphthongs or . It differs from a true labiodental affricate in that it starts out bilabial but then the lower lip retracts slightly for the frication. The sound occurs occasionally in English, in words where one syllable ends with "p" and the next starts with "f", like in "helpful" or "stepfather".
|
|
The letter e vanishes while talking, for example, "çuditshe" instead of "çuditeshe" and "skuqshe" instead of "skuqeshe". The letter ë is only used before some consonants and in the accusative case. Other notable features are nasalization and denasalization, which means that nasal vowels predominate. Diphthongs are used with the exception of the "oe" which is not heard at all.
|
|
However, they have other realizations as well, including monophthongal ones. Once again, the pronunciations vary from accent to accent. The same happens to diphthongs followed by r, but they may be considered to end in rhotic speech in , which reduces to schwa, as usual, in non-rhotic speech. Thus, in isolation, tire, is pronounced and sour is .
|
|
Stenography represents various sounds of a language in a formal system of shorthand, so differences within the sets of sounds that emerge in other languages require an alternative system of shorthand transcription. For example, the presence of many diphthongs and triphthongs in Spanish requires certain sounds to be distinguished that would not be present in transcribing English into shorthand.
|
|
Vowel elision is allowed with the grammatical suffix -o of singular nominative nouns, and the a of the article la, though this rarely occurs outside of poetry: de l’ kor’ ('from the heart'). Normally semivowels are restricted to offglides in diphthongs. However, poetic meter may force the reduction of unstressed and to semivowels before a stressed vowel: kormilionoj ; buduaro .
|
|
Therefore, the Kapingamarangi language is composed of ten vowels (Lieber & Dikepa, 1974). ex. ʻʻduliʻʻ bird ʻʻduliiʻʻ small, little Kapingamarangi vowel phonemes have diphthongs because in Kapingamarangi language, it is possible to have any two vowels next to each other. For example, the word eidu which means "spirit" has a diphthong with the letters /e/ and /i/ (Lieber & Dikepa, 1974).
|
|
Archaic and Classical Greek vowels and diphthongs varied by dialect. The tables below show the vowels of Classical Attic in the IPA, paired with the vowel letters that represent them in the standard Ionic alphabet. The earlier Old Attic alphabet had certain differences. Attic Greek of the 5th century BC likely had 5 short and 7 long vowels: and .
|
|
The close and open short vowels were similar in quality to the corresponding long vowels . Proto-Greek close back rounded shifted to front early in Attic and Ionic, around the 6th or 7th century BC (see below). remained only in diphthongs; it did not shift in Boeotian, so when Boeotians adopted the Attic alphabet, they wrote their unshifted using .
|
|
The syllables in Maidu follow a basic CV or CVC structure. The majority of words consist of alternating consonants and vowels, while combinations such as CVCVCCV also occur. In all cases, the syllables are consonant initial, and diphthongs do not occur in the coda. The syllables in Maidu display pitch in conjunction with the stress in the word.
|
|
The letters representing and look like a ح with three dots above and an hamza (ء) above; څ and ځ. Pashto has ی, ې, ۀ, and ۍ for additional vowels and diphthongs as well. Pashto uses all 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, and shares 3 letters (چ, پ, and ژ) with Persian and Urdu in the additional letters.
|
|
In the Standard Written Form of the Cornish Language, it represents the and of Revived Middle Cornish and the and of Revived Late Cornish. It can also represent Tudor and Revived Late Cornish and and consequently be replaced in writing with . It is also used in forming a number of diphthongs. As a consonant it represents .
|
|
According to other tales, Rejang script is referred to as rikung due to its cornering angles. There are 19 main consonants (buak tu'ai) in Rejang script, changes in vowel sound (tando ketikeak) and 9 doubling consonants (buak ngimbang). These 28 alphabets are assigned single or double diacritic marks to produce sounds other than "a" and also produce diphthongs.
|
|
The neighbouring languages are Chinali, Pangwali and Chambeali to the south-east, Padri to the north-east, Kishtwari to the north-west, Sarazi to the west, and Bhadarwahi to the south. Features that distinguish Bhalesi from the other Bhadarwahi dialects include the preponderence of diphthongs, and the dropping of between vowels (e.g. Bhalesi vs. Bhadarwahi 'black').
|
|
The syllable structure in Wuvulu is (C)V. This means that the vowel is the nucleus of the syllable and can be either a standard vowel, long vowel or a diphthong. The consonant, on the other hand, is optional. All vowels hold one mora of weight; however, long vowels and diphthongs hold two moras of weight.
|
|
Hausa vowel chart, from . The short vowels have a much wider range of allophones than what is presented on the chart. Hausa has five phonetic vowel sounds, which can be either short or long, giving a total of 10 monophthongs. In addition, there are four joint vowels (diphthongs), giving a total number of 14 vowel phonemes.
|
|
The most significant changes during the Koine Greek period concerned vowels: these were the loss of vowel length distinction, the shift of the Ancient Greek system of pitch accent to a stress accent system, and the monophthongization of diphthongs (except and ). These changes seem widely attested from the 2nd century BC in Egyptian Greek, and in the early 2nd century AD in learned Attic inscriptions; it is therefore likely that they were already common in the 2nd century BC and generalized no later than the 2nd century AD. Another change was the frication of the second element of diphthongs and . This change likely took place after the vocalic changes described above occurred. It is attested in Egyptian Greek starting from the 1st century AD, and seems to have been generalized in the late Roman period.
|
|
Ancient Greek had a broader range of vowels (see Ancient Greek phonology) than Modern Greek does. Eta () was a long open-mid front unrounded vowel , and upsilon () was a close front rounded vowel . Over the course of time, both vowels came to be pronounced like the close front unrounded vowel iota () . In addition, certain diphthongs merged to the same pronunciation.
|
|
The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs—with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones used in the language: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tone is apparent and quite common.
|
|
Gǀui has five modal vowels, , three nasal vowels, , and two pharyngeal vowels, . There are diphthongs and , but they are allophones of . Gǀui also has breathy-voice vowels, but they are described as part of the tone system. Only the five modal vowels occur in monomoraic (CV or V) roots, which except for the noun χò 'thing, place, case' are all grammatical morphemes.
|
|
The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes,See e.g. is written in place of , even though the former symbol denotes an extra- short in the official IPA.
|
|
The key phrase she used throughout the course was "sing a song of sixpence, a pocketful of rye", which contains what she described as the worst elements in the New York dialect, the "ng" sound and the mispronunciation of single vowels as diphthongs.Carey, Bernadette. "A Course to Improve Blemished Diphthongs", The New York Times, January 12, 1966. Accessed January 3, 2008.
|
|
Iota subscripts in the word , ("ode", dative) The iota subscript is a diacritic mark in the Greek alphabet shaped like a small vertical stroke or miniature iota placed below the letter. It can occur with the vowel letters eta , omega , and alpha . It represents the former presence of an offglide after the vowel, forming a so‐called "long diphthong". Such diphthongs (i.e.
|
|
Icelandic has very minor dialectal differences phonetically. The language has both monophthongs and diphthongs, and consonants can be voiced or unvoiced. Voice plays a primary role in the differentiation of most consonants including the nasals but excluding the plosives. The plosives b, d, and g are voiceless and differ from p, t and k only by their lack of aspiration.
|
|
The Third Mesa dialect of Hopi has developed tone on long vowels, diphthongs, and vowel + sonorant sequences. This dialect has either falling tones or level tones. The falling tone (high- low) in the Third Mesa dialect corresponds to either a vowel + preaspirated consonant, a vowel + voiceless sonorant, or a vowel + h sequence in the Second Mesa dialect recorded by Whorf.
|
|
In Anuki alphabet are 26 letters and 8 diphthongs: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz, Gh gh, aa, ch, ee, gw, ii, kw and sh. Letters c, f, h, j, l, q, x and z are used only in loanwords and foreign names.
|
|
In the Slavic languages, two palatalizations took place. Both affected the Proto-Slavic velars . In the first palatalization, the velars before the front vowels and the palatal approximant changed to . In the second palatalization, the velars changed to c, dz or z, and s or š before the Proto-Slavic diphthongs , which must have been monophthongized to by this time.
|
|
In other positions, etymological seems to be in free variation with (etymological , however varies only with ). Vowel phonemes come in two series: long and short. The long vowels are the same as in Classical Arabic , and the short ones extend this by one: . The classical diphthongs and may be realised in many different ways, the most usual variants being and , respectively.
|
|
Linguist K. R. Lodge published several articles on the speech of Stockport (1966, 1973, 1978). In , a comparison of a teenager with an older resident, he noted the movement away from monophthongs , and in face, goat and price (still common in other areas of the North) towards diphthongs. He also noted an increase in T-glottalisation and a reduction in definite article reduction.
|
|
Modern Standard Arabic has six pure vowels (while most modern dialects have eight pure vowels which includes the long vowels ), with short and corresponding long vowels . There are also two diphthongs: and . The pronunciation of the vowels differs from speaker to speaker, in a way that tends to reflect the pronunciation of the corresponding colloquial variety. Nonetheless, there are some common trends.
|
|
Vowels may be long or short, but long vowels may be sequences rather than distinct phonemes. The other vowel quality sequences—better known as diphthongs—disregarding the added complexity of phonation, are . All plain vowels may be nasalized. No other phonation may be nasalized, but nasalization occurs in combination with other phonations as the second vowel of a sequence ("long vowel" or "diphthong").
|
|
In phonetics, a triphthong ( or ) (from Greek τρίφθογγος, "triphthongos", literally "with three sounds," or "with three tones") is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement of the articulator from one vowel quality to another that passes over a third. While "pure" vowels, or monophthongs, are said to have one target articulator position, diphthongs have two, triphthongs three, and tetraphthongs four.
|
|
That includes the differentiation between short and long vowels and between the various accents; the pronunciation of the spiritus asper as /h/ and the pronunciation of β, γ and δ as plosives and of diphthongs as such. However, there is often no mention of the ancient aspirate pronunciation of θ, φ and χ, which are different from the modern fricative pronunciation.
|
|
Crasis (; from the Greek , "mixing", "blending"); cf. , "I mix" wine with water; kratēr "mixing-bowl" is related. is a type of contraction in which two vowels or diphthongs merge into one new vowel or diphthong, making one word out of two (univerbation). Crasis occurs in Spanish, Portuguese, French and Arabic as well as in Ancient Greek, for which it was first described.
|
|
The Classical Latin is heard in the Southern German greeting Servus ('hello' or 'goodbye'). In Dutch, became a labiodental approximant (with the exception of words with -, which have , or other diphthongs containing -). In many Dutch-speaking areas, such as Flanders and Suriname, the pronunciation is used at all times. In Finnish, is seen as a variant of and not a separate letter.
|
|
For the most part, consonants are pronounced as in English, while the vowels are like Spanish. Written double consonants may be geminated as in Italian for extra clarity or pronounced as single as in English or French. Interlingua has five falling diphthongs, , and ,Gopsill, F. P., Interlingua today: A course for beginners, Sheffield, UK: British Interlingua Society, 1994. although and are rare.
|
|
What follow are the rules of stress of reformed academic pronunciation of Latin (intended to approximate the stress rules of ancient spoken Latin). Words of Greek origin are generally pronounced according to the same rules; native ancient Greek rules of stress are not used. Generally in Latin each vowel or diphthong belongs to a single syllable. Classical Latin diphthongs are ae, au, and oe.
|
|
Although it belongs to the late classical period rather than the Koine Greek period, Boeotian phonology is shown here as it prefigures several traits of later Koine phonology. By the 4th century BC, Boeotian had monophthongized most diphthongs, and featured a fricative . In contrast with Ionic-Attic and Koine, had remained a back vowel in Boeotian (written ). Long and short vowels were still distinguished.
|
|
Diphthongal attraction often trumps -Vna, drawing stress further left, while two successive diphthongs often have the stress on the rightmost one (counterintuitively). Syllables reduced morphophonetically generally lose whatever stress they might have carried. The vast majority of 'irregular' stress renderings in Bridges' original dictionary manuscript seem to arise from just these five sources. It may be that these effects help to preserve morpheme boundary and identity information.
|
|
The earliest stage of Early Modern English had a contrast between the long mid monophthongs (as in pane and toe respectively) and the diphthongs (as in pain and tow respectively). In the vast majority of Modern English accents these have been merged, so that the pairs pane–pain and toe–tow are homophones. These mergers are grouped together by Wells as the long mid mergers.
|
|
Vowel phonemes of Connacht Irish Vowel phonemes of Munster Irish Vowel phonemes of Ulster Irish The vowel sounds vary from dialect to dialect, but in general Connacht and Munster at least agree in having the monophthongs , , , , , , , , , , and schwa (), which is found only in unstressed syllables; and the falling diphthongs , , , and . The vowels of Ulster Irish are more divergent and are not discussed in this article.
|
|
The close front rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the labialized palatal approximant . The two are almost identical featurally. alternates with in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips ('exolabial').
|
|
The Tehrani accent (), or Tehrani dialect (گویش تهرانی), is a dialect of Persian spoken in Tehran and the most common colloquial variant of the Western Persian. Compared to literary standard Persian, the Tehrani dialect lacks original Persian diphthongs and tends to fuse certain sounds. The Tehrani accent should not be confused with the Old Tehrani dialect, which was a Northwestern Iranian dialect, belonging to the central group.
|
|
They are: /ui/, /ɛi/, and /ɑi/. All of the diphthongs besides /uɑ/ are not frequently found in Ersu, only in a few individual words. /uɑ/ is found in a large number of words, following a variety of consonant initials such as /kh/, /k/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /tsh/, /ʂ/, and /x/. /uɑo/ is the only triphthong found in Ersu, and only to exist in one word [zuɑo] 'bowl'.
|
|
There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong ai is pronounced before a long consonant, (or , in the dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before or , and elsewhere is pronounced in the Blood Reserve dialect or in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong ao is pronounced before and elsewhere. The third diphthong oi may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as elsewhere.
|
|
The most important difference compared to other types of English is the limited repertoire of consonants, vowels (do 6) and diphthongs (3) used. This produces a lot of homophones, like thin, thing and tin which are all three pronounced like . This circumstance gives a high importance to the context, the tone, the body language, and any other ways of communication for the distinction of the homophones.
|
|
In the orthography of many languages it represents either , , , or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, represents a mid-central vowel . Digraphs with are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as or for or in English, for in German, and for in French or in German.
|
|
Dialects of Thuringian German: Central Thuringian in pale pink Central Thuringian () is a Thuringian dialect, that is spoken in the region of central Germany covered by the districts of Gotha, Sömmerda and Ilm-Kreis as well as in the southern part of Unstrut-Hainich district and the city of Erfurt. A feature of the dialect are "falling diphthongs" (fallende diphthonge) (e. g. "Voater" instead of "Vater" (father)).
|
|
The two approximants and can appear before or after any vowel, creating a large number of glide-vowel sequences which are, strictly speaking, not diphthongs. In final positions after consonants, a short can be deleted, surfacing only as the palatalization of the preceding consonant (e.g., ). Similarly, a deleted may prompt labialization of a preceding consonant, though this has ceased to carry any morphological meaning.
|
|
In Interslavic, the diphthongs /au/ and /eu/ are generally written as av and ev, which is common in Slovene, Sorbian and (usually) the Slavic languages that use Cyrillic. Thus, the Interslavic word for "euro" is evro, which is an indeclinable neuter noun. It can both be pronounced or . The word for "cent" is cent (pronounced ), which is declined like an inanimate masculine noun: gen.sg.
|
|
His vocal style is intriguing and unique, particularly in the early stages of Cog's development, alternating between a bizarre high-pitched semi-falsetto sung from the throat and more masculine timbres. His formation of words is also fairly unusual, drawing out diphthongs to extremes. Over the course of Cog's history, the semi-falsetto has been replaced with more conventional singing, but remaining is the odd word formation.
|
|
If a syllable in Wuvulu contains a long vowel or diphthong, it is considered “heavy”. Therefore, long vowels and diphthongs always carry stress. Similarly, stressed is considered to be linked to vowel length. If a syllable ends with a vowel that is short in length, then they have penultimate stress. So, lolo ‘sink’ has penultimate stress because its final vowel is short in length.
|
|
Iotacism (, iotakismos) or itacism is the process of vowel shift by which a number of vowels and diphthongs converged towards the pronunciation () in post-classical Greek and Modern Greek. The term "iotacism" refers to the letter iota, the original sign for (), with which these vowels came to merge. The alternative term itacism refers to the new pronunciation of the name of the letter eta as after the change.
|
|
Khwe has 70 phonemic consonants, including 36 clicks, as well as 25 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs and nasalised vowels. Khwe's tone system has been analysed as containing 9 syllabic tones (3 register and 6 contour), although more recent proposed analyses identify only 3 lexical tones, high, mid and low, with the mora as the basic unit of phonological structure. Tone sandhi processes are common in Khwe and related languages.
|
|
Avane is characterized phonetically in comparison to Maipure, showing some large differences. Avane uses the dental stop /[d]/, which is not seen in Maipure but is native to Yavitero and Baniva. It uses the glottal fricative /[h]/ (/[x]/) before /[i]/ and/or /[a]/, where Maipure would use /[t]/, /[k]/, and /[j]/. Also unlike Maipure, the Avane diphthongs /[ai]/ and /[au]/ do not appear to be contracted in stressed syllables.
|
|
Roger Bagnall, 2009:262. The Oxford handbook of papyrology In Modern Greek, and represent the diphthongs and , and the disyllabic sequence , whereas , , and transcribe the simple vowels , , and . The diacritic can be the only one on a vowel, as in (, 'academic'), or in combination with an acute accent, as in (, 'protein'). Ÿ is sometimes used in transcribed Greek, where it represents the Greek letter υ (upsilon) in hiatus with α.
|
|
Ugaritic was an augmented abjad. In most syllables only consonants were written, including the and of diphthongs. However, Ugaritic was unusual among early abjads in also writing vowels after the glottal stop. It is thought that the letter for the syllable originally represented the consonant , as aleph does in other Semitic abjads, and that it was later restricted to with the addition, at the end of the alphabet, of and .
|
|
The pride–proud merger is a merger of the diphthongs and before voiced consonants into monophthongal occurring for some speakers of African American Vernacular English making pride and proud, dine and down, find and found etc. homophones. Some speakers with this merger, may also have the rod–ride merger hence having a three–way merger of , and before voiced consonants, making pride, prod, and proud and find, found and fond homophones.
|
|
Words like futuro, Sofia are actually pronounced fu-tu-, su-fi- and not fe-tu-, Se-fi- like in Portugal. ## Unstressed , , Speakers from the Northern Islands frequently delete these vowels. Nevertheless, either what is mentioned in this point as what was mentioned on point 5 are considered pronunciation errors by Cape Verdeans themselves. ## Diphthongs In standard European Portuguese the orthographical sequence “ei” is pronounced , while the sequence “ou” is pronounced .
|
|
Sometimes "P" sounds more like "F" in English, so when learning English, Ngakarimojong speakers sometimes confuse these sounds. On the other hand, Karimojong speakers are generally not prone to confusing "L" and "R", unlike native speakers of many other East African languages. There is a tendency to mouth a silent "O" or "U" on the end of some words ending with consonants. Adjacent vowels are usually pronounced without diphthongs.
|
|
Like Frisian, Old English underwent palatalization of the velar consonants and fronting of the open vowel to in certain cases. It also underwent vowel shifts that were not shared with Frisian: smoothing, diphthong height harmonization, and breaking. Diphthong height harmonization and breaking resulted in the unique Old English diphthongs , , , . Palatalization yielded some Modern English word-pairs in which one word has a velar and the other has a palatal or postalveolar.
|
|
For the object, the initial consonant is suffixed: tu "I", tut "me"; ki "he", kik "him". To form the plural, the consonants are voiced: du "we", dud "us", gi "they". The effect of the language is staccato. There are ten vowels, five long and five short, transcribed short a e i o u and long aa ey ee oa oo; diphthongs are ao (as in how) and ay (as in high).
|
|
Vowel length was phonemic: some words are distinguished from each other by vowel length. In addition, Classical Attic had many diphthongs, all ending in or ; these are discussed below. In standard Ancient Greek spelling, the long vowels (spelled ) are distinguished from the short vowels (spelled ), but the long-short pairs , , and are each written with a single letter, . This is the reason for the terms for vowel letters described below.
|
|
The first Bible translation was the Hussite Bible in the 1430s. The standard language lost its diphthongs, and several postpositions transformed into suffixes, including reá "onto" (the phrase utu rea "onto the way" found in the 1055 text would later become útra). There were also changes in the system of vowel harmony. At one time, Hungarian used six verb tenses, while today only two or three are used.
|
|
The transcription system for British English (RP) devised by the phonetician Geoff Lindsey and used in the CUBE pronunciation dictionary also treats diphthongs as composed of a vowel plus or . The fullest exposition of this approach is found in Trager and Smith (1951), where all long vowels and diphthongs ("complex nuclei") are made up of a short vowel combined with either , or (plus for rhotic accents), each thus comprising two phonemes: they wrote "The conclusion is inescapable that the complex nuclei consist each of two phonemes, one of the short vowels followed by one of three glides". The transcription for the vowel normally transcribed would instead be , would be and would be . The consequence of this approach is that English could theoretically have only seven vowel phonemes, which might be symbolized , , , , , and , or even six if schwa were treated as an allophone of or of other short vowels, a figure that would put English much closer to the average number of vowel phonemes in other languages.
|
|
Rhymes: Baima rhymes are very similar to the Kham Tibetan dialect but its vowel system is much more complex. Codas have essentially been lost and vowels show considerable differentiation, with the appearance of many back diphthongs. In general, the number of tones in Baima is also similar to Kham Tibetan. But the correspondences between Baima tones, onsets, and rhymes with written Tibetan are not as clear as those between Khan Tibetan and written Tibetan.
|
|
It is common for stressed and unstressed syllables to behave differently as a language evolves. For example, in the Romance languages, the original Latin short vowels and have often become diphthongs when stressed. Since stress takes part in verb conjugation, that has produced verbs with vowel alternation in the Romance languages. For example, the Spanish verb has the form in the past tense but in the present tense (see Spanish irregular verbs).
|
|
Knowledge of the vowel system is very imperfect because of the characteristics of the writing system. During most of its existence, Phoenician writing showed no vowels at all, and even as vowel notation systems did eventually arise late in its history, they never came to be applied consistently to native vocabulary. It is thought that Phoenician had the short vowels , , and the long vowels , , , , . The Proto-Semitic diphthongs and are realized as and .
|
|
Languages written with Latin script may indicate nasal vowels by a trailing silent n or m, as is the case in French, Portuguese, Lombard (central classic orthography), Bamana, Breton, and Yoruba. In other cases, they are indicated by diacritics. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasal vowels are denoted by a tilde over the symbol for the vowel. The same practice can be found in Portuguese marking with a tilde in diphthongs (e.g.
|
|
Buryat has the vowel phonemes /i, ɯ, e, a, u, ʊ, o, ɔ/ (plus a few diphthongs),Poppe 1960: 8 short /e/ being realized as [ɯ], and the consonant phonemes /b, g, d, tʰ, m, n, x, l, r/ (each with a corresponding palatalized phoneme) and /s, ʃ, z, ʒ, h, j/.Svantesson, Tsendina and Karlsson 2008, p. 146.Svantesson et al. 2005: 146; the status of [ŋ] is problematic, see Skribnik 2003: 107.
|
|
Westphalian or Westfalish/Westphalish (Standard German Westfälisch) is one of the major dialect groups of West Low German. Its most salient feature is its diphthongization (rising diphthongs). For example, speakers say ieten () instead of etten or eaten for "to eat". (There is also a difference in the use of consonants within the Westphalian dialects: North of the Wiehengebirge, people tend to speak unvoiced consonants, south of the Wiehengebirge they voiced their consonants, e.g.
|
|
Every vowel is pronounced, except diphthongs, which are treated as single long vowels. > In classical Latin words of several syllables the stress falls on the > syllable next to the last one (the penultimate) when this syllable is long > ... e.g., for-mō'-sus, or when two consonants separate the two last vowels, > e.g., cru-ěn'-tus ... on the last syllable but two (the antepenultimate) > when the last but one is short, e.g. flō-ri-dus.
|
|
In much of Newfoundland, the words fear and fair are homophones. A similar phenomenon is found in the Norfolk dialect of East Anglia and in New Zealand English. The merger of diphthongs and to (an example of the line–loin merger) is extensive throughout Newfoundland and is a significant feature of Newfoundland English. Newfoundland English traditionally lacked Canadian raising; however in the generations since Newfoundland's 1949 merger with Canada this has changed to some extent.
|
|
Many diphthongs had begun their monophthongization very early. It is presumed that by Republican times, had become in unstressed syllables, a phenomenon that would spread to stressed positions around the 1st century AD. From the 2nd century AD, there are instances of spellings with instead of . was always a rare diphthong in Classical Latin (in Old Latin, oinos regularly became ("one")) and became during early Imperial times. Thus, one can find penam for .
|
|
117; but for a different interpretation of this, see Old English diphthongs. Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non- Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars.Magennis (2011), pp. 56–60.
|
|
Dida has a number of diphthongs, which have the same number of tonal distinctions as simple vowels. All start with the higher vowels, , and except for , both elements are either contracted or non-contracted, so the pharyngealization is here transcribed after the second element of the vowel. Examples are "bottle" (from English), "get stuck", and "little bone". Dida also has nasal vowels, but they are not common and it is not clear how many.
|
|
The phenomenon of -u metaphony is uncommon, as are decrescent diphthongs (, usually in the west). Although they can be written, ḷḷ (che vaqueira, formerly represented as "ts") and the eastern ḥ aspiration (also represented as "h." and corresponding to ll and f) are absent from this model. Asturian has triple gender distinction in the adjective, feminine plurals with -es, verb endings with -es, -en, -íes, íen and lacks compound tenses (or periphrasis constructed with "tener").
|
|
The following excerpt, the beginning of the Gospel of John, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era.Horrocks (1997: 94). Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization, transition to stress accent, and raising of to . Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs and , loss of initial , fricative values for and , and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops.
|
|
In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as (in both languages), pronounced , and , pronounced (Faroese only). In French orthography, is pronounced as when a vowel (as in the words cycle, y) and as as a consonant (as in yeux, voyez). It alternates orthographically with in the conjugations of some verbs, indicating a sound. In most cases when follows a vowel, it modifies the pronunciation of the vowel: , [wa], [ɥi].
|
|
Mewati is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about three million speakers in the Mewat Region (Alwar and Bharatpur, districts of Rajasthan, Nuh district of Haryana). While other people groups in the region also speak the Mewati language, it is one of the defining characteristics of the Meo culture. There are 9 vowels, 31 consonants, and two diphthongs. Suprasegmentals are not so prominent as they are in the other dialects of Rajasthani.
|
|
As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as and . In informal writing, the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. For example, becomes or , becomes , becomes . In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when becomes (the basic word is ).
|
|
Apart from , simple vowels have better preserved their ancient pronunciation than diphthongs. As noted above, at the start of the Koine Greek period, pseudo- diphthong before consonant had a value of , whereas pseudo-diphthong had a value of ; these vowel qualities have remained unchanged through Modern Greek. Diphthong before vowel had been generally monophthongized to a value of and confused with , thus sharing later developments of . The quality of vowels , , and have remained unchanged through Modern Greek, as , , and .
|
|
In Itelmen orthography, it is used for Ӑ, О̆ and Ў. The traditional Cyrillic breve differs in shape and is thicker on the edges of the curve and thinner in the middle, compared to the Latin one. In Latin types, the shape looks like ears. Russian-Nenets dictionary In Emilian, ĕ ŏ are used to represent in dialects where also long occur. In Esperanto, u with breve (ŭ) represents a non-syllabic u in diphthongs , analogous to Belarusian ў.
|
|
Some roots, particularly those with doubled consonants, exhibit stress on both vowels flanking the doublet. Diphthongs appear to attract stress when they are morphophonetic in origin, sometimes removing it from vowels on both sides that would otherwise be stressed. The first vowel -V- (influenced by the preceding terminal root vowel) in -Vna '(be) in a state' also appears to attract stress, while -ata 'attain' repels stress to the left. Thus the combination -Vnata 'get into a state' is harmonious.
|
|
In the 18th century or later, the monophthongs (the products of the pane–pain and toe–tow mergers) became diphthongal in standard English. This produced the vowels and . In modern-day RP, the starting point of the latter diphthong has become more centralized, and the vowel is commonly written . RP has also developed centering diphthongs , , , as a result of breaking before /r/ and the loss of when not followed by another vowel (see English-language vowel changes before historic ).
|
|
Since tongue and jaw position, nasalization and pharyngealization are all significative in this model, the vowel space is crowded indeed, with from 19 to 22 possible vowels, not counting diphthongs or long vowels.Hasselbring and Johnson claim nine vowels for most "Kru" languages (p. 48). The emphatic consonants of Jabo were once thought to be an example of the emergence of an implosive consonant series. There currently does not seem to be any evidence to suggest this.
|
|
"Af" represents the "a" sound with a "high" tone, "ar" represents the same vowel sound but with a "shouting" tone, "ax" is the "a" sound with the low falling tone. A "y" or "w" indicates a high tone "i" and "u", respectively, while certain diphthongs, such as "ie" and "uo", are treated as "shouting" tones. The basic tone is represented by a normal, simple vowel (or voiced consonant—e.g. the nasals, "m" or "ng") without any special spelling modification.
|
|
In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996, the following orthography was used: # The digraph "ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel . However, analysis by Lobel (2009, 2013) showed that this may actually be an allophone of /ə/ after hard consonants. # They also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. # Diphthongs were spelled with vowels, such that [aw, aj, oi] were spelled "ao, ai, oi".
|
|
In Icelandic, Ý is the 29th letter of the alphabet, between Y and Þ. It is read as /i/ (short) or /iː/ (long). In Turkmen, Ý represents the consonant /j/, as opposed to Y, which represents the vowel sound /ɯ/. In Kazakh, Ý was suggested as a letter for the voiced labio-velar approximant (as well as the diphthongs /ʊw/ and /ʉw/); the corresponding Cyrillic letter is У. The 2020 revision promoted by President Tokayev proposed W instead.
|
|
Kuršaitis, in his "Grammar of the Lithuanian language" (Grammatik der littauischen Sprache, 1876) called the two accents "sudden" (gestossene Betonung) and "continued" (geschliffene Betonung). He described them as different variations (rise and fall) of tone and illustrated them with notes. The circumflex tone is described as a rise of a minor third interval and for the mixed diphthongs as a rise of a perfect fourth interval. The acute tone is described as a fall of a perfect fifth interval.
|
|
The sounds and appear often in Papiamentu. To reduce the excessive appearance of the grave accent, it is not required to use it in the diphthongs and , nor is it incorrect to omit the accent when the letters are capitalised, e.g. Kòrsou, KORSOU (Curaçao). The orthography of the Aruban dialect makes no use of accents or diaeresis and while the spelling of loan words is adjusted when possible, often it is retained as in their original language.
|
|
Hajong has 23 consonant phonemes, 8 vowel phonemes, and 2 approximants which have some characteristics of consonants namely /w/ and /j/ which act as diphthongs. The vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɔ/ and /ɯ/ (close, back, unrounded). Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, Hajong language has only one 'i' and 'u'. It is somewhat t ambiguous whether the final vowel is a phoneme or an allophone of [a] in the environment of other close vowels.
|
|
Scanian dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian Uvular trill, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken Standard Swedish. They are very similar to the dialect of Danish spoken in Bornholm, Denmark. The prosody of the Scanian dialects has more in common with German, Danish and Dutch (and sometimes also with English, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.Gårding, Eva (1974).
|
|
In Cantonese, after coronal stops and sibilants, rounded finals such as -on and -uan produce front rounded vowels, as in don , and after velars, iung and iong lose their . Min dialects are similar, but in certain tones and become diphthongs rather that their usual . For example, in Fuzhou, even-tone 星 sieng is but departing-tone 性 sieq is . In Yunnan Mandarin, is pronounced as , so that the name of the province, yunnom, is rather than as in Beijing.
|
|
However, the features are not necessarily imparted as secondary articulation. Superscripts are also used iconically to indicate the onset or release of a consonant, the on-glide or off-glide of a vowel, and fleeting or weak segments. Among other things, these phenomena include pre-nasalization (), pre-stopping (), affrication (), pre-affrication (), trilled, fricative, nasal, and lateral release (), rhoticization (), and diphthongs (). So, while indicates velarization of non-velar consonants, it is also used for fricative release of the velar stop ().
|
|
A vowel sound whose quality does not change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong. Monophthongs are sometimes called "pure" or "stable" vowels. A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another is called a diphthong, and a vowel sound that glides successively through three qualities is a triphthong. All languages have monophthongs and many languages have diphthongs, but triphthongs or vowel sounds with even more target qualities are relatively rare cross-linguistically.
|
|
Local languages of all three groups are usually not understood at once by Colognian speakers, but comparatively easily learned. Other languages almost always spoken by Colognian speakers today are the Rhinelandic and Standard varieties of German. Mixed language use is common today, so that in an average speakers awareness, Colognian lexemes are contrasting the two kinds of German ones as well. Colognian has about 60 base phonemes and some 22 double consonants and diphthongs, depending on analysis.
|
|
According to 1993 statistics, approximately 69,000 people, or 2.5% of the population, spoke Standard Liberian English as a first language. However, due to the other forms of English being prevalent throughout Liberia, each variety of language has an effect on the others, thereby creating common traits that extend beyond language variety. The vowel system is more elaborate than in other West African variants; Standard Liberian English distinguishes from , and from , and uses the diphthongs , , and . Vowels can be nasalized.
|
|
Its phonology is heavily similar to Rioplatense Spanish, including its characteristics of the speaking syllabic rhythm, use of L-vocalization in the syllable coda, and little use nasal vowels, basically restricted to the monophthong and the diphthongs . In the western and some central variations there is the absence of vowel reduction with word-final and (for example, is instead of and is instead of ). In some other cities of the region, the nasal monophthong is heightened to .
|
|
These two digraphs respectively represent mergers of the letters ae and oe (diphthongs, as are Greek αι and οι) and are often written that way (e.g., Caesar, phoenix). However, since in A-L both ae and oe represent a simple vowel, not a diphthong, the use of the single letters æ and œ better represents the reality of A-L pronunciation. Despite being written with two letters, the Greek sequences ch, ph, rh, th represent single sounds.
|
|
Notwithstanding its traces of etymology, the 1911 orthography aimed to be phonetic in the sense that, given the spelling of a word, there would be no ambiguity about its pronunciation. For that reason, it had certain characteristics which later produced inconsistencies between the European and the Brazilian orthographies. In unstressed syllables, hiatuses were originally distinguished from diphthongs with a trema. For instance, writing saüdade, traïdor, constituïção, so that they would be pronounced sa-udade, tra-idor, constitu-ição.
|
|
Wait developed a keen interested in raised letters and tried to devise a tangible printing and writing system. He later developed the New York Point System in which points were used to represent letters or their sound. This system contained “twenty-six capitals, twenty-six small letters, numerals, punctuation marks and short forms for diphthongs, triphthongs, syllables and for words and parts of words in common use.” He was awarded medals at the Chilean Exposition and International Exposition in 1873 for these accomplishments.
|
|
Diphthongs from Greek can include oi, eu, ei, and ou, and ui also occasionally occurs in botanical Latin. Syllables end in vowels, unless there are multiple consonants, in which case the consonants are divided between the two syllables, with certain consonants being treated as pairs. In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. Words that contain three or more syllables have stresses accorded to their syllables by the quality and location of the different vowels in the words.
|
|
The South Pohorje dialect is characterized by a non-tonal stress accent with different reflexes of old long vowels and vowels with a neocircumflex accent. It has long diphthongs of the type ei and ou, a characteristic e pronunciation of the old semivowel, open pronunciation of newly accented e and o, an o pronunciation of long a, nasalized j and nj as reflexes of soft n, and ar for syllabic r. Some new nasalized vowels have developed. Neuter nouns have become feminine.
|
|
Maltese has five short vowels, , written a e i o u; six long vowels, , written a, e, ie, i, o, u, all of which (with the exception of ie ) can only be known to represent long vowels in writing if they are followed by an orthographic għ or h (otherwise, one needs to know the pronunciation; e.g. nar (fire) is pronounced ); and seven diphthongs, , written aj or għi, aw or għu, ej or għi, ew, iw, oj, and ow or għu.
|
|
Ligatures are also sometimes used to further lengthen these vowel sounds or represent the monophthongized diphthongs AI (E) and AU (O). A glyph with a diacritical mark or ligature attached to it is an Anak Súlat or "offspring" character. A consonant can lose its following vowel if written at the right side of the preceding consonant. The recital order of the Indûng Súlat characters are A, I, U, E, O, GA, KA, NGA, TA, DA, NA, LA, SA, MA, PA, BA.
|
|
Most languages of the world allow syllables without consonants, and monosyllabic words may therefore consist of a single vowel. Examples in English are a, O, I, eye (all of which are diphthongs at least when stressed: ). A smaller number of languages allow sequences of such syllables, and thus may have polysyllabic words without consonants. This list excludes monosyllables (see instead List of words that comprise a single sound) and words such as English whoa and yeah which contain the semivowels y and w.
|
|
In RP and many other non-rhotic accents card, fern, born are thus pronounced , , or similar (actual pronunciations vary from accent to accent). That length may be retained in phrases and so car pronounced in isolation is , but car owner is . However, a final schwa usually remains short and so water in isolation is . In RP and similar accents, the vowels and (or ), when they ate followed by r, become diphthongs that end in schwa and so near is and poor is .
|
|
The script resembles Western Slavic Latin alphabets but uses circumflexes instead of carons for the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, and ŝ. Also, the non-Slavic bases of the letters ĝ and ĵ, rather than Slavic dž and ž, help preserve the printed appearance of Latinate and Germanic vocabulary such as ĝenerala "general" (adjective) and ĵurnalo "journal". The letter v stands for either v or w of other languages. The letter ŭ of the diphthongs aŭ and eŭ resemble the Belarusian Łacinka alphabet.
|
|
Of Djinang's 24 phoneme set, only 3 are vowels, /a/, /i/, and /u/. In addition to the low vowel count, or because of it, there are also no instances of diphthongs or triphthongs. Moreover, there is no distinction of vowel length; however there are instances of vowel lengthening when certain conditions are met, but they do not warrant a unique designation (Waters 1979). Syllable structure The syllable structure of the Djinang language would be classified as moderately complex (Maddieson 2013).
|
|
The English language uses a rather large set of 13 to 21 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs, although its 22 to 26 consonants are close to average. Some languages, such as French, have no phonemic tone or stress, while Cantonese and several of the Kam–Sui languages have nine tones, and one of the Kru languages, Wobé, has been claimed to have 14, though this is disputed. The most common vowel system consists of the five vowels . The most common consonants are .
|
|
Verbs that begin with a vowel rather than a consonant are called I-weak. Verbs beginning with the approximants n and y, which were susceptible to assimilation in Classical Mandaic, have been reformed on the analogy of the strong verbs. When they appear as the second or third radical of a consonantal root, the liquids w and y are susceptible to the general collapse of diphthongs described above. The verbs that are thus affected are known as II-weak and III-weak verbs.
|
|
The southwestern variant of Chinese Korean retains the pronunciation for ㅚ and for (ㅟ), which have been simplified into [we] and [ɥi] in standard Korean. The southeastern variant of Chinese Korean does not differentiate the respective pronunciations for (ㅐ) and (ㅔ). Additionally, in the northeast and the southeast regions of this dialect, pitch accent is used. Chinese Korean also simplifies diphthongs in loanwords into single vowels, such as in the word 땐노 (ddaen-no, "computer"; from Chinese 电脑, diànnăo).
|
|
New Zealand Journal of Archaeology, 1, 123–138. Southern Māori contains almost all of the same phonemes as other Māori dialects (), along with the same diphthongs but lacks ("ng"), a sound that merged with in prehistoric times: becomes ). The change did not occur in the northern part of the Ngāi Tahu area, and the possible presence of additional phonemes () has been debated. Nonstandard consonants are sometimes identified in the spellings of South Island place names, such as g (as distinct from k, e.g.
|
|
Old Saxon did not participate in the High German consonant shift, and thus preserves stop consonants p, t, k that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricatives and affricates. The Germanic diphthongs ai, au consistently develop into long vowels ē, ō, whereas in Old High German they appear either as ei, ou or ē, ō depending on the following consonant. Old Saxon, alone of the West Germanic languages except for Frisian, consistently preserves Germanic -j- after a consonant, e.g. "savior" (, , ).
|
|
The Western Aukštaitian dialect, unlike other dialects of Lithuanian, preserves the mixed diphthongs an, am, en, em and the ogonek vowels ą and ę. The dialect is subdivided into Kaunas and Šiauliai sub-dialects. The Kaunas sub-dialect, in contrast to the Šiauliai sub-dialect, in most cases separates long and short vowels and stresses word endings in the same way as standard Lithuanian. Since they had close economic contacts with East Prussia, people from Suvalkija borrowed a number of German words.
|
|
Old English (OE) had an open back vowel , written , as well as a front vowel , written . These had corresponding long vowels and but were not normally distinguished from the short vowels in spelling although modern editions of Old English texts often mark them as and . In the low vowel area, there was also a pair of short and long diphthongs, and , written (the long one also in modern editions). In Middle English (ME), the short became merged into a single vowel , written .
|
|
On the other hand, Labov discovered that young inhabitants, who left the island for work or study, showed an increase of centralizing diphthongs after they returned, which was explained by social factors. In fact, the study can rather be seen as a further point of intersection, where the apparent-time hypothesis comes across with the controversy of the hypothesis of age-graded variation, in which "individuals change their linguistic behavior throughout their lifetimes, but the community as a whole does not change.".
|
|
Mono-Alu language has been studied extensively by Joel L. Fagan, a researcher for the Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies at Australian National University. Their publication, "A Grammatical Analysis of Mono-Alu (Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands)," is one of the first and only translations and analysis of Mono-Alu language. Joel L. Fagan identified the Mono-Alu language as having twenty eight phonemes. They are made up of nine diphthongs, and five vowels and fourteen consonants that make up the alphabet.
|
|
The Sahel dialect is known for the use of the singular first person ānī instead of ānā. It is also known for the pronunciation of wā as [wɑː] and the pronunciation ū and ī as respectively [oː] and [eː] when it is a substitution of the common Classical Arabic diphthongs /aw/ and /aj/. For example, jwāb is pronounced as [ʒwɑːb] and lūn is pronounced as [lɔːn]. Furthermore, when ā is at the end of the indefinite or "il-" definite word, this final ā is pronounced as [iː].
|
|
When augmented from in verbs, diphthong had been altered to from the 4th century BC., note 70 Other long- first-element diphthongs (, and ) had become monophthongal from the 1st century BC, as they were written as , and ; the first was probably pronounced , while the two later may have been pronounced and at first if openness distinction had not been lost yet ( and otherwise), and were eventually pronounced and at any rate (look up discussions of single vowels and and single vowel below for details).
|
|
The first derivative Valyrian language to be featured in the series was Astapori Valyrian, a variety from the city of Astapor in Slaver's Bay. It appeared in the third-season premiere episode "Valar Dohaeris". Peterson created the Astapori dialogue by first writing the text in High Valyrian, then applying a series of regular grammar and sound changes to simulate the changes in natural languages over a long period of time. For example, Astapori Valyrian has lost all long vowels (designated with a macron) and most diphthongs.
|
|
The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word- initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing (ῤῥ) leading to the transliteration rrh. The vowel letters carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called iota subscript, which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, (i.e.
|
|
Irish-Latin-English phrase book compiled by Sir Christopher Nugent for Elizabeth I of England. Delvin was the author of: 1\. A Primer of the Irish Language, compiled at the request and for the use of Queen Elizabeth. It is described by John Thomas Gilbert as a 'small and elegantly written volume,' consisting of 'an address to the queen in English, an introductory statement in Latin, followed by the Irish alphabet, the vowels, consonants, and diphthongs, with words and phrases in Irish, Latin, and English.
|
|
The spelling of Portuguese is largely phonemic, but some phonemes can be spelled in more than one way. In ambiguous cases, the correct spelling is determined through a combination of etymology with morphology and tradition; so there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters or digraphs. Knowing the main inflectional paradigms of Portuguese and being acquainted with the orthography of other Western European languages can be helpful. A full list of sounds, diphthongs, and their main spellings is given at Portuguese phonology.
|
|
In a review of Viridian, Embo Blake of Hybrid Magazine noted Carol Young's vocal skill, as she "effortlessly diphthongs cadence" on the track "Waiting On The Night". According to the WFAA-TV in Dallas/Fort Worth, the album has a traditional bluegrass core, with a worldly flavor. Bruce Elder of The Sydney Morning Herald called Viridian a "tour de force". In the wake of Viridian, The Greencards have been internationally referred to as one of the most popular Americana musical acts in the United States.
|
|
Diphthongization occurred since Early Modern English in certain -al- and -ol- sequences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme. In these sequences, became and then , while became and then . Both of these merged with existing diphthongs: as in law and as in throw. At the end of a word or morpheme, this produced all, ball, call, fall, gall, hall, mall, small, squall, stall, pall, tall, thrall, wall, control, droll, extol, knoll, poll, roll, scroll, stroll, swollen, toll, and troll.
|
|
Like most dialects of Swedish, Gotlandic is under great influence of the Swedish standard language, both through speaker contact and through media and (perhaps most importantly) written language. As a result, Gotlandic has become much closer to the Swedish standard language. There are also many Gotlanders who do not learn the dialect, but speak a regionally colored variant of the standard Swedish. This is characterized mainly by its intonation, but also by diphthongs and triphthongs, some lexical peculiarities as well as the infinitive ending -ä.
|
|
Hiatus is the separate pronunciation of two adjacent vowels, as opposed to diphthongs, which are written as two letters but pronounced as one sound. These two vowels may be the same or be different ones. Hiatus typically occurs across morpheme boundaries, such as when a suffix ending with a vowel comes before a root beginning with that same vowel. It may also occur, rarely, within monomorphemic words (words that consist of only one morpheme) as a result of the elision of a historical intervocalic consonant.
|
|
Schuxen (also Schuchsen or Schuxn) is an elongate fried dough pastry made from rye flour and yeast that is popular in Upper Bavaria. It is similar to Krapfen with the difference that it is not sweet. The name possibly derives from its elongated oval shape that resembles a shoe sole (the German word is "Schuh") but this theory is questionable, as the local dialect deforms diphthongs in another way. This name for the pastry appears in the books of Johann Andreas Schmeller, a Bavarian linguist.
|
|
12Stundžia (1996), Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas: mokytojo knyga, p. 27 In the circumflex cases the second element is emphasized and lengthened. But for the mixed diphthongs, the circumflex variant can also be pronounced without an emphasis and be understood only as shortness of a first element of a diphthong (in contrast to the acute, where the first element lengthens) in a standard language. In some cases, like in a word oppositional to várna 'crow': var̃nas 'raven', the r would occur more likely emphasized, than not.
|
|
As in many other Polynesian languages, e.g., Hawaiian, the rendering of loanwords from English includes representing every English consonant of the loanword (using the native consonant inventory; English has 24 consonants to 10 for Māori) and breaking up consonant clusters. For example, "Presbyterian" has been borrowed as Perehipeteriana; no consonant position in the loanword has been deleted, but /s/ and /b/ have been replaced with /h/ and /p/, respectively. Stress is typically within the last four vowels of a word, with long vowels and diphthongs counting double.
|
|
In the traditional orthography, ß is always used at the end of a word or word- component, or before a consonant, even when the preceding vowel is short. For example, ('foot') has a long vowel, pronounced , and so was unaffected by the spelling reform; but ('kiss') has a short vowel, pronounced , and was reformed to . Other traditional examples included ('loss of appetite'), and ('watery'), but ('water'). As in the reformed orthography, traditional orthography uses ß after long vowels and diphthongs, even when followed by a vowel.
|
|
Feminine plurals end in -as, and the falling diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are maintained. Central Asturian is spoken between the Sella River and the mouth of the Nalón River in Asturias and north of León. The model for the written language, it is characterized by feminine plurals ending in -es, the monophthongization of /ou/ and /ei/ into /o/ and /e/ and the neutral genderXulio Viejo Fdz. Univerdad de Oviedo Based on a work of ANDRÉS DIAZ, R. 1993: "Emplegu del neutru n'asturianu", Lletres Asturianes 49, págs.
|
|
The Prlekija dialect often has short vowels corresponding to long acute vowels in the standard language. Accentual retraction (in comparison to standard Slovene) is common. The dialect does not have diphthongs and is characterized by a: > ɔ, u > ü, vocalic ł > u, unaccented ě/i/u > i, word-final m > n, hardening of soft l, nʲ > j, and v > f before voiceless consonants and in word-final position. Salient lexemes in the dialect include dère (= ko 'when'), ka (= da 'that' or ker 'because'), and te (= tedaj 'then').
|
|
In Rheinische Dokumenta, diphthongs are simply denoted as a sequence of the two monophthongs heard and spoken jointly. For instance, the English word "boy" would be spelled: "bǫi" in Rheinische Dokumenta. There are occasions, when two monophthongs need to be written together without forming a diphthong; that means they are pronounced separately with either a glottal stop or an intervocalic joiner consonant "j" in between. There is no written distinction between these cases, although it is not forbidden to write the character "j" for clarity.
|
|
In one variation of the ballad published in Flanders's The New Green Mountain Songster and collected by C.M. Cobb, it is sung with melisma on the last syllable of each verse, which is drawn out over two nonsense diphthongs vowels. In addition, this variation features a four- bar refrain at the end of each verse. This later development of the ballad uses characters Tommy Blake and Molly Bland in place of Timothy and Sarah. Molly attempts to suck out the poison and dies in the process.
|
|
Bangalah in Note that despite Bangladesh being majority Muslim, it uses the Bengali alphabet rather than an Arabic-based one like the Shahmukhi script used in Pakistan. However, throughout history there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in Perso-Arabic. The use of the Sylheti Nagari script also emerged in the Sylhet region of the Bengal. The Bengali script is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs, and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers.
|
|
The following papyrus letter from 100 AD is again transcribed in popular Koine pronunciation. It now shows fricative values for the second element in diphthongs αυ/ευ and for β, except in transliterations of Latin names,However, the pronunciation suggested by Horrocks is more advanced than the pronunciation indicated by the table above since αυ/ευ have fully transitioned to [av, ev]. but aspirated plosives remain plosive. Monophthongization and loss of vowel length are clearly seen in the graphic interchanges of ι/ει, υ/οι, and ω/o.
|
|
There may be evidence for fricative in 2nd century AD Attic, in the form of omission of the second element in the diphthongs (which were pronounced ) before .e.g. for , Horrock (2010:171), citing Konrad Meisterhans (1900), Grammatik der attischen Inschriften Armenian transcriptions transcribe as until the 10th century AD, so it seems that was pronounced as aspirate by at least some speakers until then. There is disagreement as to when consonants , and , which were originally pronounced , , , acquired the value of ,An intermediate stage of has been proposed by some, cf.
|
|
It is assumed that most of the developments leading to the phonology of Modern Greek had either already taken place in Medieval Greek and its Hellenistic period predecessor Koine Greek, or were continuing to develop during this period. Above all, these developments included the establishment of dynamic stress, which had already replaced the tonal system of Ancient Greek during the Hellenistic period. In addition, the vowel system was gradually reduced to five phonemes without any differentiation in vowel length, a process also well begun during the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, Ancient Greek diphthongs became monophthongs.
|
|
POJ was one of the candidate systems, along with Daighi tongiong pingim, but a compromise system, the Taiwanese Romanization System or Tâi-Lô, was chosen in the end. Tâi-Lô retains most of the orthographic standards of POJ, including the tone marks, while changing the troublesome character for , swapping for , and replacing in diphthongs with . Supporters of Taiwanese writing are in general deeply suspicious of government involvement, given the history of official suppression of native languages, making it unclear whether Tâi-Lô or POJ will become the dominant system in the future.
|
|
The traditional Boston accent is non- rhotic, particularly in the early 1900s. Recent studies have shown that younger speakers use more of a rhotic accent than older speakers from the Boston region. The phoneme does not appear in coda position (where in English phonotactics it must precede other consonants, see English phonology - coda), as in most dialects of English in England and Australia; card therefore becomes "cahd" and color "culluh". Words such as weird and square feature centering diphthongs, which correspond to the sequences of close and mid vowels + in rhotic AmE.
|
|
The word Morlach is derived from Italian Morlacco and Latin Morlachus or Murlachus, being cognate to Greek Μαυροβλάχοι Maurovlachoi, meaning "Black Vlachs" (from Greek μαύρο mauro meaning "dark", "black"). The Serbo-Croatian term in its singular form is Morlak; its plural form is Morlaci [mor-latsi]. In some 16th-century redactions of the Doclean Chronicle, they are referred to as "Morlachs or Nigri Latini" (Black Latins). Petar Skok suggested it derived from the Latin maurus and Greek maurós ("dark"), the diphthongs au and av indicating a Dalmato-Romanian lexical remnant.
|
|
The oldest Germanic languages all share a number of features, which are assumed to be inherited from Proto- Germanic. Phonologically, it includes the important sound changes known as Grimm's Law and Verner's Law, which introduced a large number of fricatives; late Proto-Indo-European had only one, /s/. The main vowel developments are the merging (in most circumstances) of long and short /a/ and /o/, producing short /a/ and long /ō/. That likewise affected the diphthongs, with PIE /ai/ and /oi/ merging into /ai/ and PIE /au/ and /ou/ merging into /au/.
|
|
Several languages use diaeresis over the letter U to show that the letter is pronounced in its regular way, without dropping out, building diphthongs with neighbours, etc. In Spanish, it is used to distinguish between "gue"/"güe" / and "gui"/"güi" /: nicaragüense ("Nicaraguan"), pingüino ("penguin"). Similarly in Catalan, "gue~güe" are ~, "gui~güi" are ~, "que~qüe" are ~ and "qui~qüi" are ~, as in aigües, pingüins, qüestió, adeqüi. Also, ü is used to mark that vowel pairs that normally would form a diphthong must be pronounced as separate syllables, examples: Raül, diürn.
|
|
Mummerset is a fictional English dialect supposedly spoken in a rustic English county of the same name. Mummerset is used by actors to represent a stereotypical English West Country accent while not specifically referencing any particular county. The name is a portmanteau of mummer (an archaic term for a folk actor) and Somerset, a largely rural county. Mummerset draws on a mixture of characteristics of real dialects from the West Country, such as rhoticism, forward-shifted diphthongs, lengthened vowels, and the voicing of word-initial consonants that are voiceless in other English dialects.
|
|
In French, some diphthongs that were written with pairs of vowel letters were later reduced to monophthongs, which led to an extension of the value of this diacritic. It often now indicates that the second vowel letter is to be pronounced separately from the first, rather than merge with it into a single sound. For example, the French words maïs and naïve would be pronounced and , respectively, without the diaeresis mark, since the digraph ai is pronounced . The English spelling of Noël "Christmas" (French ) comes from this use.
|
|
One blurry area is in segments variously called semivowels, semiconsonants, or glides. On one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic, but form diphthongs as part of the syllable nucleus, as the i in English boil . On the other, there are approximants that behave like consonants in forming onsets, but are articulated very much like vowels, as the y in English yes . Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel , so that the English word bit would phonemically be , beet would be , and yield would be phonemically .
|
|
The Congress Spelling System did not seem to gain acceptance of people in general. The reason was that it was not practical for use by the ordinary people and certain graphemes proposed by the system were not represented in the typewriters. Even then, certain groups, particularly those affiliated to the Literary Movement 1950 used the Congress graphemes for diphthongs in their own publications. This group even reverted to the Wilkinson style of writing the vowels in closed final syllables which was, similar to the Republican style in Indonesia.
|
|
The iota subscript is today considered an obligatory feature in the spelling of ancient Greek, but its usage is subject to some variation. In some modern editions of classical texts, the original pronunciation of long diphthongs is represented by the use of iota adscript, with accents and breathing marks placed on the first vowel. The same is generally true for works dealing with epigraphy, paleography or other philological contexts where adherence to original historical spellings and linguistic correctness is considered important. Different conventions exist for the treatment of subscript/adscript iota with uppercase letters.
|
|
The South Midland dialect (now considered the upper portion of the Southern U.S. dialect and often not distinguished phonologically) follows the Ohio River in a generally southwesterly direction, moves across Arkansas and some of Oklahoma west of the Mississippi, and peters out in West Texas; it also includes some of North Florida, namely around Jacksonville. It most noticeably has the loss of the diphthong , which becomes . It also shows fronting of initial vowel of to (often lengthened and prolonged) yielding ; nasalization of vowels, esp. diphthongs, before ; raising of to ; can't → cain't, etc.
|
|
See also P. Fronzaroli, 1980, pp. 65-89 in Studi Eblaiti 1 As for the existence of diphthongs, this remains questionable. The diphthong /ay/ seems to be conserved in Eblaite as illustrated by the form /ʿayn-ʿayn/. However, the reality of this phoneme is heavily discussed by I. Gelb: "The main difference between Fronzaroli’s treatment of the diphthong /aj/ at Ebla and mine is that Fronzaroli believes (...) that the original diphthong /aj/ was preserved in Eblaite (even though not written), while I take it to have developed to /ā/."I.
|
|
Portuguese behaves similarly with pairs as vim /vĩj̃/ "I came" and vi /vi/ "I saw", except /ĩj̃/ and /i/ are of same vowel height. Portuguese also allows nasal diphthongs that contrast with their oral counterparts, like the pair mau /ˈmaw/ "bad" and mão /ˈmɐ̃w̃/ "hand". Although there are French loanwords into English with nasal vowels like croissant [], there is no expectation that an English speaker would nasalize the vowels to the same extent that French or Portuguese speakers do. Likewise, pronunciation keys in English dictionaries do not always indicate nasalization of French loanwords.
|
|
The latest update of the Indonesian spelling system was issued on 26 November 2015 by Minister of Education and Culture decree No 50/2015.Minister of Education and Culture Decree No: 50/2015, Jakarta, 2015. It was the first time the term of "Indonesian spelling system" was used; previously it was "Enhanced Indonesian spelling system". There were only minor changes compared to the previous update, including the addition of new diphthong of "ei", whereas previously there were only 3 diphthongs, "ai", "au" and "oi", and new rules on the usage of bold letters.
|
|
A monophthong ( or Greek μονόφθογγος from μόνος "single" and φθόγγος "sound") is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthongs, where the vowel quality changes within the same syllable, and hiatus, where two vowels are next to each other in different syllables. A vowel sound whose quality does not change over the duration of the vowel is called a pure vowel.
|
|
In some cases phonetic vowel reduction may contribute to phonemic (phonological) reduction, which means merger of phonemes, induced by indistinguishable pronunciation. This sense of vowel reduction may occur by means other than vowel centralisation, however. Many Germanic languages, in their early stages, reduced the number of vowels that could occur in unstressed syllables, without (or before) clearly showing centralisation. Proto-Germanic and its early descendant Gothic still allowed more or less the full complement of vowels and diphthongs to appear in unstressed syllables, except notably short /e/, which merged with /i/.
|
|
Latgalian speakers can be classified into three main groups – Northern, Central and Southern. These three groups of local accents are entirely mutually intelligible and characterized only by minor changes in vowels, diphthongs and some inflexion endings. The regional accents of central Latgale (such as those spoken in the towns and rural municipalities of Juosmuiža, Vuorkova, Vydsmuiža, Viļāni, Sakstygols, Ūzulaine, Makašāni, Drycāni, Gaigalova, Bierži, Tiļža and Nautrāni) form the phonetical basis of the modern standard Latgalian language. The literature of the 18th century was more influenced by the Southern accents of Latgalian.
|
|
The Rosen Valley dialect has pitch accent and is distinguished by the preservation of the accent on short syllables following short e and o. The dialect has diphthongs of the type iə < long jat and uə < long o, akanye of e, and development of velar k, g > uvular q, χ, and palatalization of k, g, h > č, ž, š before front vowels. The dialect lacks standard the Slovene morphophonemic alternation between [l] and [w]; for example, , instead of , 'drank' (masc., fem.), a phenomenon known as švapanje in Slovene.
|
|
The volume contains an array of scholarly investigations into American social anthropology as well as one more article in the Nacirema series, by Willard Walker of Wesleyan University: "The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and the ti'ycir Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture" which laments the corrosive and subjugating ritual of attending sguwlz. On phonology, the anthropologist notes: This refers to the conceptualization of the English vowel system based on orthography (with 5 vowels), which is in stark contrast to the actual system (with nine vowels and several diphthongs).
|
|
Torcimany cannot be confidently dated beyond the final third of the century. It is divided into three sections, the first on the basic concepts of grammar, the second (del trobar, "on composition") on the genres (dictats) of poetry, and the third on more difficult aspects of grammar and rhetoric, such as compàs (rhythm).In part one, Averçó discusses letters, graphics, diphthongs, syllables, and accents, among other things. He lists eleven main genres in the second: the vers, canso, sirventes, dansa, descort, tenso, partimen, pastorela, retroencha, planh, and escondig.
|
|
The syllabic structure of Aguaruna is quite complex because the language contains many clusters of consonants and vowels. A nucleus may consist of short vowels, long vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs, and processes like synaeresis and other vowel elisions further complicate it. The underlying syllable structure is (C)V(N): a vowel as the nucleus, an optional consonant as the onset, and an optional nasal segment as the coda, which may either be a nasal or a nasalized vowel. There are several processes that occur when producing the phonetic syllable.
|
|
The Tamil conception of metrical structure includes elements that appear in no other major prosodic system. This discussion is presented in terms of syllables, feet, and lines (although syllables are not explicitly present in Tamil prosodic theory). Similarly to classical Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit prosody, a syllable is long if its vowel is (1) long (including diphthongs) or (2) followed by two or more consonants. Generally other syllables are short, though some syllables are considered "overshort" and ignored in the metrical scheme, while "overlong" syllables are variously dealt with.
|
|
A vowel at the end of a word was represented by a dot in the appropriate position, while there were additional symbols for initial vowels. This basic system was supplemented by further symbols representing common prefixes and suffixes. One drawback of Shelton's system was that there was no way to distinguish long and short vowels or diphthongs; so the b-a-t sequence could mean "bat", or "bait", or "bate", while b-o-t might mean "boot", or "bought", or "boat". The reader needed to use the context to work out which alternative was meant.
|
|
Koine, the form of Greek spoken during the Hellenistic period, was primarily based on Attic Greek, with some influences from other dialects. It underwent many sound changes, including development of aspirated and voiced stops into fricatives and the shifting of many vowels and diphthongs to (iotacism). In the Byzantine period it developed into Medieval Greek, which later became standard Modern Greek or Demotic. Tsakonian, a modern form of Greek mutually unintelligible with Standard Modern Greek, derived from the Laconian variety of Doric, and is therefore the only surviving descendant of a non-Attic dialect.
|
|
The canonical syllable structure in Bororo is (C)V: that is, a mandatory vowel nucleus (or diphthong), optionally preceded by a single onset consonant. Aside from unmodified loanwords from Portuguese (which are quite common, and becoming more so), Bororo syllables never have onset consonant clusters or codas. Stress in Bororo occurs generally (again with the exception of unmodified Portuguese loanwords) on the penultimate mora. Since diphthongs contain two morae, this means that a diphthong in either penultimate or final position will generally be stressed: [ˈbai̯ɡa] "bow", [kaˈnao̯] "pimple, scale".
|
|
Dutch underwent none of these sound changes and thus occupies a central position in the West Germanic languages group. Standard Dutch has a sound inventory of 13 vowels, 6 diphthongs and 23 consonants, of which the voiceless velar fricative (hard ch) is considered a well known sound, perceived as typical for the language. Other relatively well known features of the Dutch language and usage are the frequent use of digraphs like Oo, Ee, Uu and Aa, the ability to form long compounds and the use of slang, including profanity. The Dutch language has many dialects.
|
|
Since Malaysian English originates from British English when the British Empire ruled what is now Malaysia, it shares many of the features of British English. However, it also has components of American English, Malay, Chinese, Indian languages, and other languages in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. Malaysian English shows a tendency towards simplification in its pronunciation and grammar, a feature also found in other new Englishes. For example, in pronunciation, diphthongs tend to become monophthongs in Malaysian English, stops may be used instead of dental fricatives and the final consonant clusters often become simplified.
|
|
Like Gregg shorthand, Pitman shorthand is phonemic: with the exception of abbreviated shapes called logograms, the forms represent the sounds of the English word, rather than its spelling or meaning. Unlike Gregg it is also partly featural, in that pairs of consonsant phonemes distinguished only by voice are notated with strokes differing only in thickness.Daniels, Peter T. "Shorthand", in Daniels, Peter T. and Bright, William, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, p. 818. . There are twenty-four consonants that can be represented in Pitman's shorthand, twelve vowels and four diphthongs.
|
|
As was the case in Greek, Korean has vowels descended from diphthongs that are still written with two letters. Those digraphs, ㅐ and ㅔ (also ㅒ , ㅖ ), and in some dialects ㅚ and ㅟ , all end in historical ㅣ . Hangul was designed with a digraph series to represent the "muddy" consonants: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ , ㆅ ; also ᅇ, with an uncertain value. Those values are now obsolete, but most the doubled letters were resurrected in the 19th century to write consonants that did not exist when hangul was devised: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ .
|
|
In Brazilian Portuguese, the vowels in question are pronounced just like any other unstressed vowels, and, since there is no phonetic ambiguity to undo, the words are simply spelled objeção, fator, and so on. The orthography distinguished between stressed éi and stressed ei. In Brazilian Portuguese, these diphthongs are indeed different, but in most dialects of European Portuguese both are pronounced the same way, and éi appears only by convention in some oxytone plural nouns and adjectives. This led to divergent spellings such as idéia (Brazil) and ideia (Portugal).
|
|
In fact, central and western Tunisian Arabic speakers began using the voiced velar stop [ɡ] instead of the voiceless uvular stop [q] in words such as "he said". Main linguists working about Hilalian dialects like Veronika Ritt-Benmimoum and Martine Vanhove supposed that even the replacement of the diphthongs /aw/ and /aj/ respectively by /uː/ and /iː/ vowels was a Hilalian influence. Furthermore, the phonologies brought to the new towns speaking Tunisian Arabic are those of the immigrants and not Tunisian phonology. The Sulaym even spread a new dialect in southern Tunisia, Libyan Arabic.Miller, C. (2004).
|
|
Scanian realizes the phoneme as a uvular trill in clear articulation, but everyday speech has more commonly a voiceless or a voiced uvular fricative , depending on phonetic context. That is in contrast to the alveolar articulations and retroflex assimilations in most Swedish dialects north of Småland. The realizations of the highly variable and uniquely Swedish fricative also tend to be more velar and less labialized than in other dialects. The phonemes of Scanian correspond to those of Standard Swedish and most other Swedish dialects, but long vowels have developed into diphthongs that are unique to the region.
|
|
In Belgian Dutch, there are also fewer vowels pronounced as diphthongs. When it comes to spelling, Belgian Dutch language purists historically avoided writing words using a French spelling, or searched for specific translations of words derived from French, while the Dutch prefer to stick with French spelling, as it differentiates Dutch more from the neighbouring German. For example, the Dutch word "punaise" (English: Drawing pin) is derived directly from the French language. Belgian Dutch language purists have lobbied to accept the word "duimspijker" (literally: thumb spike) as official Dutch, though the Dutch Language Union never accepted it as standard Dutch.
|
|
As stated above, an internal rural–urban split is emerging within Texan English, meaning that most traditionally Southern (or stereotypically Texan) features remain strong in rural areas but tend to disappear in large urban areas and small cities. The urban-rural linguistic split mainly affects Southern-style phonological phenomena like the pen-pin merger, the loss of the offglide in /aɪ/, and upgliding diphthongs, all of which are now recessive in metropolitan areas. Meanwhile, some traditional grammatical features like y'all and fixin' to are expanding to non-natives in metropolitan areas as well as to the Hispanic population.
|
|
Both Queens' College (where the influence of Erasmus remained) and St John's fostered Reformist principles which Cheke and Smith embraced.J. Strype, The Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, Kt., D.C.L., New Edition with corrections and additions by the author (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1820), pp. 8-9. During the early 1530s Cheke and Smith studied together privately to restore proper definition to the pronunciation of ancient Greek diphthongs, which by custom had become obscured. The language itself, its cadences and inflexions of meaning, thereby gained new life and the works of the ancient scholars and orators were freshly received and understood.
|
|
With vowel letters, a short stroke connected to the main line of the letter indicates that this is one of the vowels that can be iotized; this stroke is then doubled when the vowel is iotized. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, "light" (top or right) or "dark" (bottom or left). In the modern alphabet, an additional vertical stroke indicates i-mutation, deriving , , and from , , and . However, this is not part of the intentional design of the script, but rather a natural development from what were originally diphthongs ending in the vowel .
|
|
Its vocabulary may use words from Slovak language. Standard a is substituted with a short á, while standard á is substituted by a vowel closer to standard ó. Its best known distinguishing characteristic is the use of diphthongs (au in place of standard o, ie in place of é). It is one of the few dialects that still pronounce ly, the palatalized version of l which, in other dialects, has already merged into another consonant (in standard and in most dialects into j, in some dialects into l.) ;Tisza-Körös dialect or eastern dialect Formerly called Tisza dialect.
|
|
The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u].
|
|
Gibraltarian English (abbreviated GibE) denotes the accent of English spoken in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.Language Change and Variation in Gibraltar, David Levey, John Benjamins Publishing, 2008, page 99+, Gibraltarian English: Vowels and Diphthongs (chapter 5), Retrieved Aug. 28, 2014, (Gibraltarian English studied by linguists)A New New English: Language, Politics, and Identity in Gibraltar, Anja Kellermann, BoD – Books on Demand, 2001, Some Axioms of the Analysis of 'Gibraltarian English', Retrieved Aug. 28, 2014 The English language has been present at Gibraltar for approximately 300 years, and during these centuries English has mixed with diverse languages, particularly Andalusian Spanish.
|
|
The Atlas of North American English (2006) revealed many of the sound changes active within Atlantic Canadian English, including the fronting of and mild Canadian raising, but notably a lack of the Canadian Shift of the short front vowels that exists in the rest of English-speaking Canada. Canadian raising means that the diphthongs and are raised to, respectively, and before voiceless consonants like , , , , . In all Atlantic Canadian English, (the "short a sound") is raised before nasal consonants. This is strongly true in Nova Scotia's Sydney English specifically, which also features a merger of and (e.g.
|
|
The local dialect belongs to the group of central East-Flemish dialects but, like almost all dialects in this area, is strongly recessive because of its low prestige, greater mobility of people and the pervasive influence of both surrounding dialects, Standard Dutch and the so-called 'Verkavelingsvlaams', a mixture of Standard Dutch and Flemish sounds and words. The future of the dialect is uncertain. The current form of the dialect contains over 16 vowels and 5 diphthongs and differs especially in this respect from Standard Dutch. Its consonant system is more like Standard Dutch, although some phonemes are missing entirely.
|
|
The letter "y" is often used to begin constructions beginning with multiple vowels, like "-ious" and "-iate", thus they become "-yus" (gloryus) and "-yate" (humilyate) and when added next to consonants or diphthongs can distort the word in a way confusing to the reader (villain becomes villyan; giant becomes joynt). Some of the puns that Dunne made transcend language barriers, as when Dooley renders Émile Zola's famous admonition in the Dreyfus case, J'Accuse…! (I Accuse!), as "jackuse" (jackass). Pronouncing it at Dreyfus's trial gets Zola "thrun ... out" for "a hell of a mane thing to say to anny man".
|
|
Conventional English vocabulary remained primarily Germanic in its sources, with Old Norse influences becoming more apparent. Significant changes in pronunciation took place, particularly involving long vowels and diphthongs, which in the later Middle English period began to undergo the Great Vowel Shift. Little survives of early Middle English literature, due in part to Norman domination and the prestige that came with writing in French rather than English. During the 14th century, a new style of literature emerged with the works of writers including John Wycliffe and Geoffrey Chaucer, whose Canterbury Tales remains the most studied and read work of the period.
|
|
A notable change in pronunciation has been occurring in younger generations in the provinces of Utrecht, North and South Holland, which has been dubbed "Polder Dutch" by Jan Stroop. Such speakers pronounce , and , which used to be pronounced respectively as , , and , as increasingly lowered to , , and respectively. In addition, the same speakers pronounce , , and as the diphthongs , , and respectively, making the change an example of a chain shift. The change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes.
|
|
In course of time the Papal Chancery adopted this mode of writing as the "curial" style, still further abridging by omitting the diphthongs "ae" and "oe", and likewise all lines and marks of punctuation. The Abbreviatores were officials of the Roman Curia. The scope of its labour, as well as the number of its officials, varied over time. Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic – or Roman – Chancery was to prepare and expedite the Papal letters and writs for collation of ecclesiastical dignitaries and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Papal consistory.
|
|
The close front rounded vowels and (an evolution of and respectively) are both represented in writing by the letter upsilon () irrespective of length. In Classical Attic, the spellings and represented respectively the vowels and (the latter being an evolution of ), from original diphthongs, compensatory lengthening, or contraction. The above information about the usage of the vowel letters applies to the classical orthography of Attic, after Athens took over the orthographic conventions of the Ionic alphabet in 403 BC. In the earlier, traditional Attic orthography there was only a smaller repertoire of vowel symbols: , , , , and . The letters and were still missing.
|
|
The vowel system is not yet fully understood, complicated by differences between the Agole and Toende dialects and the system of diphthongs in Agole, which according to the most-favoured analysis, enables Agole with seven contrastive vowel segments to cover the contrasts represented in Toende with nine pure vowels. There are also lengthened or strengthened vowels 'broken' with a glottal stop bu'ud "beating" distinct from the glottal as a consonant, usually in ku'om "water". Glottal also marks some monosyllabic verbs bu' "beat". In addition some vowels are contrastively nasalised and others nasalised through the influence of nasal consonants.
|
|
Graphic representation of the Great Vowel Shift, showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted, with the high vowels i: and u: breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system.
|
|
Some languages such as Japanese, Gilbertese, Slovak or Ganda also have regular pacing but are mora-timed rather than syllable-timed. In Japanese, a V or CV syllable takes up one timing unit. Japanese does not have vowel length or diphthongs but double vowels, so CVV takes twice the time as CV. A final /N/ also takes as much time as a CV syllable and, at least in poetry, so does the extra length of a geminate consonant. However, colloquial language is less settled than poetic language, and the rhythm may vary from one region to another or with time.
|
|
In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa ( ) and gwa ( ) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage and only exist in the extended katakana digraphs for approximating foreign language words. The singular n is pronounced before t, ch, ts, n, r, z, j and d, before m, b and p, before k and g, at the end of utterances, and some kind of high nasal vowel before vowels, palatal approximants (y), fricative consonants s, sh, h, f and w. In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are today usually pronounced (long o) and (long e) respectively.
|
|
Point of interest in the Martha's Vineyard study, conducted by William Labov in 1961, were the linguistic variables (ay) and (aw) in the speech of the islanders. The findings showed that the highest rate of centralization could be seen in the group of middle- age islanders from 31 to 45. Next highest rates were to be seen within the group of 46 to 60 years old. The age-stratified variation of the analyzed variables can be seen as an indicator of language change in progress, showing that the centralization of diphthongs on the island is about to decline in younger age groups.
|
|
These were alpha, e (later called e psilon), iota, o (later called o micron), and u (later called u psilon) - <> - five letters for twelve vowel sounds. (The lost initial consonants were .) Later the [h] (from ) dropped out from the Eastern Greek dialects, and the letter heta (now pronounced eta) became available; it was used for . About the same time, the Greeks created an additional letter, o mega, probably by writing o micron with an underline, that was used for . Digraphs <> and <>, no longer pronounced as diphthongs and , were adopted for and Thus, Greek entered its classical era with seven letters and two digraphs - <> - for twelve vowel sounds.
|
|
Moreover, it is known like the Sahil dialect for the pronunciation /uː/ and /iː/ as respectively [oː] and [eː] when it is a substitution of the common classical Arabic diphthongs /aw/ and /aj/. Furthermore, this dialect is also known for the use of أنا anā instead of آنا ānā (meaning I), the use of حنا ḥnā instead of أحنا aḥnā (meaning we), the use of إنتم intumm (masc.) and إنتن intinn (fem.) instead of انتوما intūma (meaning you in plural) and the use of هم humm (masc.) and هن hinn (fem.) instead of هوما hūma (meaning they). Cantineau, J. (1960). Études de linguistique arabe (Vol. 2).
|
|
Aklanon (Akeanon), also known as Aklan, is an Austronesian language of the Bisayan subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in the province of Aklan on the island of Panay in the Philippines. Its unique feature among other Bisayan languages is the close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] occurring as part of diphthongs and traditionally written with the letter E such as in the name Akeanon (Aklanon). However, this phoneme is also present in sister Philippine languages, namely Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Sagada. The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and retained the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are often pronounced as "r".
|
|
An examination of the old documents of the Eonavian monastery of Oscos, written from the late 12th to early 14th century to 16th century, shows a clear identification of this language with the Galician-Portuguese linguistic group; while contemporary parchments elsewhere in Asturias are written in Spanish.Alvárez Castrillón, José A., Los Oscos en los siglos X-XII, prólogo Ignacio de la Peña Solar, Oviedo 2001, p. 144-234. The two most important traits of those commonly used to tell apart Galician-Portuguese and Asturian- Leonese varieties are the preservation of the mid-open vowels and , which became diphthongs in Asturian-Leonese, and the loss of intervocalic , preserved in the latter language.
|
|
For rhotic speakers, both and are + : (phonetically closer to ). The remaining centering diphthongs also disappear in the rhotic variety, so that near, cure and square are (the last one is phonetically ) instead of the traditional . A feature that Boston speakers once shared with greater London, though now uncommon, is the "broad a" of the lexical set of words, making a distinction from the set (). In particular words that in other American accents have the "short a" pronounced as , that vowel was replaced in the nineteenth century (if not earlier and often sporadically by speakers as far back as the late eighteenth century)Wood, 2010, p. 138.
|
|
214 A very homogeneous dialect exists in Western and Central Canada, a situation that is similar to that of the Western United States. Labov identifies an "Inland Canada" region that concentrates all of the defining features of the dialect centred on the Prairies, with periphery areas with more variable patterns including the metropolitan areas of Vancouver and Toronto. This dialect forms a dialect continuum with the far Western US English; however, it is sharply differentiated from the Inland Northern US English of the central and eastern Great Lakes region. Canadian English raises the diphthong onsets /ə, ʌ/ before voiceless segments; diphthongs /ai/ and /au/.
|
|
The new, double, letters are placed at the end of the consonants, just before the ' , so as not to alter the traditional order of the rest of the alphabet. : : All digraphs and trigraphs, including the old diphthongs and , are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order. The order of the final letters () is: :(none) ("None" means there is no final letter.) Unlike when it is initial, this is pronounced, as the nasal ng, which occurs only as a final in the modern language. The double letters are placed to the very end, as in the initial order, but the combined consonants are ordered immediately after their first element.
|
|
Diphthongs are normally present where long vowels would be present in standard French. There is also the usage of sontaient, sonté (ils étaient, ils ont été). Although moé and toé are today considered substandard slang pronunciations of toi and moi, these were the original pronunciations of ancien régime French used in all provinces of Northern France, by the royalty, aristocracy, and common people. After the 1789 French Revolution, the standard pronunciation in France changed to that of a previously-stigmatized form in the speech of Paris, but Quebec French continued to evolve from the historically older dialects, having become isolated from France following the 1760 British conquest of New France.
|
|
In the present tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into , (subjunctive or indicative 1st pers sing/infinitive), or (subjunctive or indicative 1st pers sing/infinitive) – depending on the vowel in question – in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized vowels (before closed syllables) stay unchanged, as well as the verbs with the diphthongs -ei, -eu, -oi, -ou; they always keep a closed-mid pronunciation; e.g. deixo (deixar), endeuso (endeusar), açoito (açoitar), roubo (roubar), etc.
|
|
A consonant-glide combination at the start of a syllable is articulated as a single sound – the glide is not in fact pronounced after the consonant, but is realized as palatalization , labialization , or both , of the consonant. (The same modifications of initial consonants occur in syllables where they are followed by a high vowel, although normally no glide is considered to be present there. Hence a consonant is generally palatalized when followed by , labialized when followed by , and both when followed by .) The glides and are also found as the final element in some syllables. These are commonly analyzed as diphthongs rather than vowel-glide sequences.
|
|
The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant . The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with (as in bite) or (as in bit), and is more commonly represented by , , , or , as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift).
|
|
In ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but Modern Greek does not have a length distinction. As an initial letter in Classical Greek, it always carried the rough breathing (equivalent to h) as reflected in the many Greek-derived English words, such as those that begin with hyper- and hypo-. This rough breathing was derived from an older pronunciation that used a sibilant instead; this sibilant was not lost in Latin, giving rise to such cognates as super- (for hyper-) and sub- (for hypo-). Upsilon participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, which have subsequently developed in various ways.
|
|
There is another characteristic found in Canadian English called Canadian Raising. This feature includes the vowel diphthongs onsets of /ay/ and /aw/ raise to mid vowels when they precede voiceless obstruents (the sounds /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, and /f/). Canadian pronunciation of "about" often sounds like "aboot", pronunciation of /aw/ is articulated with the tongue in a low position, and because it raises to a mid position in Canadian English when the vowel precedes the voiceless obstruents listed above. Speakers of other varieties of English will immediately detect the vowel raising, but will sometimes think that the vowel has raised farther than it actually does, all the way to /u/.
|
|
Like many tone languages, the Tone Bearing Unit (Goldsmith, 1990, p. 44) is the “syllable” in Zo, whose tonal rhymes consist of i) Short/lax and Long/tense vowel quality ii) Glides (diphthongs, triphthongs) which are realized as Rising(H), Mid(M) and, Falling(L) and Low tones in isolation respectively. In terms of lexical phonology, the basic tonemes or underlying tones or lexical tones or inherent tonemes either have Lax (short vowel, monophthong) or Tense vowel (diphthong, triphthong) within them as the nucleus depending upon the syntactic constructions with respect to other tonemes in phrasal phonological environments in which they occur as in morphonotonemic processes.
|
|
There are efforts to preserve, record, and promote the local dialects. Between 2003 and 2006 the Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute published a three-volume dictionary of Zanavykai sub-dialect. Since 1973, Šakiai district municipality organizes an annual Language Day to encourage preservation of the sub-dialect. Along a gradient from north (Zanavykai) to south (Kapsai and Dzūkija) the stressed first component of mixed diphthongs ul, um, un, ur, il, im, in, and ir, changes from short to semi-long to long (from kúlt to kùlt to kūlc – to thresh, from pírmas to pìrmas to pyrmas – first, from pínti to pìnti to pync – to braid).
|
|
Similarly, the graphs , , , , , , , and represent the same consonant combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures, the so- called "inherent" vowel is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent a vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used.
|
|
Here the and in words like price and mouth became diphthongized, and other long vowels became higher: became (as in meet), became and later (as in name), became (as in goose), and became and later (in RP now ; as in bone). These shifts are responsible for the modern pronunciations of many written vowel combinations, including those involving a silent final . Many other changes in vowels have taken place over the centuries (see the separate articles on the low back, high back and high front vowels, short A, and diphthongs). These various changes mean that many words that formerly rhymed (and may be expected to rhyme based on their spelling) no longer do.
|
|
At this stage, long vowels had a cross-bar, and short vowels did not ;Long vowels Ɨ /iː/, E /eɪ/, A /ɑː/, Ɵ /ɔː/, Ʉ /oʊ/?, ꭐ-bar /uː/ ;Short vowels I /ɪ/, ⵎ /ɛ/, Ʌ /æ/, O /ɒ/, U /ʌ/, ꭐ /ʊ/ (a proper was taller and without the dot, like but with the middle stem not so tall as the others, and did not have a serif at the bottom right) ;Diphthongs Ɯ /juː/, ⅄ /aɪ/, Ȣ /aʊ/? ;Reduced ('obscure') vowels Ǝ /ə/, ⵎ /ᵊ/ ;Consonants P B, T D, Є J /tʃ dʒ/, K G F V, Θ Δ /θ ð/, S Z, Σ Σ /ʃ ʒ/, L R, M N, И /ŋ/, Y W H.
|
|
Vowels (a, e, i, o, u and diphthongs such as ai) corresponded to sine tones and their combinations, plosive consonants (p, k, t) to pulses, and fricative consonants such as f, s, sh, and ch, to rushing noises . Stockhausen on the one hand subjected the recording of a child's voice to the same manipulations as the sounds and noises produced in the studio, and on the other hand tried to approximate the latter in various degrees to the vocal sounds. He wanted to achieve a continuum between electronic and human sounds . In any event, the first step had been taken towards the inclusion of materials other than sounds produced purely by electronic means.
|
|
Diphthongs were harmonized as well, although they were soon monophthongized because of a tendency to end syllables with a vowel (syllables were or became open). This rule remained in place for a long time, and ensured that a syllable containing a front vowel always began with a palatal consonant, and a syllable containing j was always preceded by a palatal consonant and followed by a front vowel. A similar process occurs in Skolt Sami, where palatalization of consonants and fronting of vowels is a suprasegmental process applying to a whole syllable. Suprasegmental palatalization is marked with the letter ʹ, which is a freestanding acute accent, for example in the word vääʹrr 'mountain, hill'.
|
|
In Estonian and Finnish, for example, these latter diphthongs have independent meanings. Even some Germanic languages, such as Swedish (which does have a transformation analogous to the German umlaut, called omljud), treat them always as independent letters. In collation, this means they have their own positions in the alphabet, for example at the end ("A–Ö" or "A–Ü", not "A–Z") as in Swedish, Estonian and Finnish, which means that the dictionary order is different from German. The transformations ä → ae and ö → oe can, therefore, be considered less appropriate for these languages, although Swedish and Finnish passports use the transformation to render ö and ä (and å as aa) in the machine-readable zone.
|
|
The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and place in the Greek alphabet (including at each case the homophonous digraphs, e.g. , that had been previously, earlier in the history of Greek, distinct diphthongs or vowels) according to a system (formerly common in many languages) called antistoichia (); namely the letters follow phonetically in order of sound, in the pronunciation of the tenth century which is similar to that of Modern Greek. The order is: In addition, double letters are treated as single for the purposes of collation (as gemination had ceased to be distinctive). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but some editors—for example, Immanuel Bekker – rearranged the Suda alphabetically.
|
|
One of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl-, hn- and hr- was lost in Old Norwegian around the 11th century, while being preserved in Old Icelandic. Thus, one has e.g. Old Icelandic hlíð 'slope', hníga 'curtsey' and hringr 'ring' vs Old Norwegian líð, níga and ringr, respectively. Many Old Norwegian dialects feature a height based system of vowel harmony: Following stressed high vowels (/i/, /iː/, /y/, /yː/, /u/, /uː/) and diphthongs (/ei/, /ey/, /au/), the unstressed vowels /i/ and /u/ appear as i, u, while they are represented as e, o following long non-high vowels (/eː/, /øː/, /oː/, /æː/, /aː/).
|
|
Some features of Gutnish include the preservation of Old Norse diphthongs like ai in for instance stain (Swedish sten, English stone) and oy in for example doy (Swedish dö, English die). There is also a triphthong that exists in no other Norse languages: iau as in skiaute/skiauta (Swedish skjuta, English shoot). Most Gotlanders do not understand Gutnish, and speak Swedish, as contemporary Gutnish, due to long mutual exposure, is much closer to Swedish than Old Swedish and Old Gutnish were to each other. There are major efforts to revive the traditional version of Modern Gutnish, and Gutamålsgillet (the Gutnish Language Guild) is organizing classes and meetings for speakers of traditional Gutnish.
|
|
However, all vowels were written overtly regardless; as in the Brahmic abugidas, the /Ca/ letter was used for a bare consonant. The zhuyin phonetic glossing script for Chinese divides syllables in two or three, but into onset, medial, and rime rather than consonant and vowel. Pahawh Hmong is similar, but can be considered to divide syllables into either onset-rime or consonant-vowel (all consonant clusters and diphthongs are written with single letters); as the latter, it is equivalent to an abugida but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Other scripts are intermediate between the categories of alphabet, abjad and abugida, so there may be disagreement on how they should be classified.
|
|
Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel (monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example, English. Diphthongs are represented by sequences of vowels, and pronounced with hiatus, as a sequence of discrete monophthongs, not a diphthong, as in ブラウン Bu-ra-u-n "Brown", ナイス na-i-su "nice", ディア di-a "dear/deer", レア re-a "rare". etc. The English spelling (phonologically /ɔː/ (RP) or /ɔːr/ (GA)) is usually "diphthongized" as o-a in Japanese (e.g. コア ko-a "core"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English.
|
|
But in some, for example, var̃das 'name', it can occur either emphasized, or not (so that it would be understood by some as vàrdas in the latter case). Such pronunciation and understanding of a circumflex diphthong being more some like without emphasis of any of its two elements, but some like a shortness of a first element, could also fit for aũ, aĩ, eĩ diphthongs, but an emphasis of the second element (similarly to the acute case, where the first element is emphasized) is characteristic for them too. The first element of circumflex cases is similar to a short unstressed vowel – not tensed, more closed. In an aũ case a vowel a receives a slight o shade (becomes narrower).
|
|
The two models of pronunciation became soon known, after their principal proponents, as the "Reuchlinian" and the "Erasmian" system, or, after the characteristic vowel pronunciations, as the "iotacist" (or "itacist" ) and the "etacist" system, respectively. Erasmus' reconstruction was based on a wide range of arguments, derived from the philological knowledge available at his time. In the main, he strove for a more regular correspondence of letters to sounds, assuming that different letters must have stood for different sounds, and same letters for same sounds. That led him, for instance, to posit that the various letters which in the iotacist system all denoted must have had different values, and that , , , , , were all diphthongs with a closing offglide.
|
|
English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong , the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong , and the vowel sounds of flower, , form a triphthong or disyllable, depending on dialect. In phonology, diphthongs and triphthongs are distinguished from sequences of monophthongs by whether the vowel sound may be analyzed into different phonemes or not. For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word flower () phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong, but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters ) and a monophthong (represented by the letters ). Some linguists use the terms diphthong and triphthong only in this phonemic sense.
|
|
This case is not always followed, except for academic purpose to exhibit the absence of diphthong and the syllabic break : most writers don't use it. The diaeresis is also not needed in the more common case, where the vowel pair is stressed on the leading I/i without a diphthong, as the stress mark already marks the diaeresis (ÌA/ìa, ÌE/ìe, ÌO/ìo, ÌU/ìu). But when this vowel pair is final, the stress mark on the first vowel is most frequently not written (except for academic purpose) because such diphthongs normally don't occur on the final position. For example, zìu (uncle) is most often written just as ziu ; same thing about Bastìa most often written just as Bastia (even if it's not pronounced ).
|
|
Diphthongs and lost their ancient value of and fortified to a fricative consonantal pronunciation of or , through the likely intermediate stages of and then Horrocks 2010: 169Comparable to the modern pronunciation of (partially assimilated to before voiceless consonants , , , , , , , , and , this assimilation being undated). Sporadic confusions of with , which attest a fricative pronunciation, are found as early as 3rd century BC Boeotia and in 2nd century BC Egypt.In Egypt ῥάυδους for ῥάβδους, Gignac (1976: page 233, note 1) Further such confusions appear rarely in the papyri at the beginning of the 1st century AD. for for the early bilabial fricative stage, Buth, op. cit., page 4, note 8, citing Francis Thomas Gignac, A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods.
|
|
Toto Language consists of 25 segmental Phonemes of which 19 are consonants and 6 are vowels. The phonemes of this language are as follows: Vowels: These are 6 vowel phonemes in Toto language. They can be classified horizontally into three as front unrounded, central unrounded and back rounded vowels and vertically as close, close-mid, open-mid and open. The following minimal pairs establish the phonetics status of the vowel /i/~/u/ /Jiya/ ‘rat’ /Juya/ ‘bird’ /i/~/e/ /iŋ/ ‘brother in-law’ /eŋ/ ‘ginger’ /ciwa/ ‘tear’ /cewa/ ‘cut’ (cloth) /i/~/a/ /guJi/ ‘owl’ /guJa/ ‘pocket’ /nico/ ‘fire’ /naco/ ‘two’ /e/~/o/ /je/ ‘grass’ /jo/ ‘breast’ /e/~/a/ /lepa/ ‘brain’ /lapa/ ‘jungle betel leaf’ /kewa/ ‘birth’ /kawa/ ‘sound’ There are eight diphthongs realized in Toto language.
|
|
Nowadays, ij in most cases represents the diphthong , except in the suffix -lijk, where it is usually pronounced as a schwa. In one special case, the Dutch word bijzonder, the (old) sound is correct standard pronunciation, although is more common and is also allowed. In proper names, ij often appears instead of i at the end of other diphthongs, where it does not affect the pronunciation: aaij, eij, oeij, ooij and uij are pronounced identically to aai , ei , oei , ooi and ui . This derives from an old orthographic practice (also seen in older French and German) of writing y instead of i after another vowel; later, when y and ij came to be seen as interchangeable, the spellings with ij came to be used.
|
|
The Congress Spelling System (Malay: Ejaan Kongres) is a spelling reform of Malay Rumi Script introduced during the third Malay Congress held in Johor Bahru and Singapore in 1956. The main characteristics of the system are the use of symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, going by the dictum of one symbol for one phoneme, and the new proposition in the writing of diphthongs. The innovation was originally intended to replace the Za'aba Spelling and ultimately to become a standard orthography in the Malay speaking world, but did not seem to gain acceptance in general. It was deemed impractical for use by the masses, and certain graphemes proposed by the system were not represented in the common typewriters at that time.
|
|
Canadian raising according to the vowel chart in Canadian raising is an allophonic rule of phonology in many dialects of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points. Most commonly, the shift affects or , or both, when they are pronounced before voiceless consonants (therefore, in words like price and clout, respectively, but not in prize and cloud). In North American English, and usually begin in an open vowel [~], but through raising they shift to , or . Canadian English often has raising in words with both (height, life, psych, type, etc.) and (clout, house, south, scout, etc.), while a number of U.S. English dialects (such as Inland North and Western New England) have this feature in but not .
|
|
Belarusian seems to have also provided the model for Esperanto's diphthongs, as well as the complementary distribution of v (restricted to the onset of a syllable), and ŭ (occurring only as a vocalic offglide), although this was modified slightly, with Belarusian oŭ corresponding to Esperanto ov (as in bovlo), and ŭ being restricted to the sequences aŭ, eŭ in Esperanto. Although v and ŭ may both occur between vowels, as in naŭa ('ninth') and nava ('of naves'), the diphthongal distinction holds: vs. . (However, Zamenhof did allow initial ŭ in onomatopoeic words such as ŭa 'wah!'.) The semivowel j likewise does not occur after the vowel i, but is also restricted from occurring before i in the same morpheme, whereas the Belarusian letter i represents .
|
|
53 That being said, the overall degree of rhoticity in educated Jamaican English remains very low, with rhoticity occurring only 21.7% of the time.Rosenfelder, Ingrid (2009). "Rhoticity in Educated Jamaican English: An analysis of the spoken component of ICE-Jamaica." p. 68. Merger of the diphthongs in "fair" and "fear" takes place both in Jamaican Standard English and Jamaican Patois, resulting in those two words (and many others, like "bear" and "beer") often becoming homophones: the sound being , though often (something like "ee-air"; thus "bear/beer" as "bee-air"). The short "a" sound (, man, hat, etc.) is very open , similar to its Irish versions, while , , and all use this same sound too, but lengthened, and perhaps slightly backed;Rosenfelder, 2009, p. 146.
|
|
One was the Babylonian; another was the Palestinian; the third was the Tiberian, which eventually superseded the other two and is still in use today. In certain respects the Ashkenazi pronunciation provides a better fit to the Tiberian notation than do the other reading traditions: for example, it distinguishes between pataḥ and qamaṣ gadol, and between segol and șere, and does not make the qamaṣ symbol do duty for two different sounds. A distinctive variant of the Tiberian notation was in fact used by Ashkenazim, before being superseded by the standard version. On the other hand, it is unlikely that in the Tiberian system ṣere and ḥolam were diphthongs as they are in Ashkenazi Hebrew: they are more likely to have been closed vowels.
|
|
Esperanto typically has 22 to 24 consonants, depending on the phonemic analysis and individual speaker, five vowels, and two semivowels that combine with the vowels to form six diphthongs. (The consonant and semivowel are both written j, and the uncommon consonant is written with the digraph dz,Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) , § 17, 22 which is the only consonant that doesn't have its own letter.) Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress is always on the second-last vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel is elided, which occurs mostly in poetry. For example, ' "family" is , with the stress on the second i, but when the word is used without the final (), the stress remains on the second : .
|
|
Diphthongs in the infinitive may be preserved throughout the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is marked bold in the examples: cambiar > cambio, but enviar > envío (requiring an acute accent to indicate the resulting hiatus). The Real Academia Española does not consider either behaviour as irregular, but illustrates each with six "regular" models, one for each possible diphthong in the infinitive: anunciar, averiguar, bailar, causar, peinar and adeudar for diphthong-keeping verbs and enviar, actuar, aislar, aunar, descafeinar and rehusar for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written accent is needed anyway in rehúso.
|
|
All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as saciar, desairar, restaurar and reinar. Note that two diphthongs are kept in desahuciar > desahucio (again the -h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the anunciar and causar models. Diphthong-breaking verbs include ahincar, aislar, aunar, aullar, maullar, aupar, aliar, vaciar, contrariar, evaluar, habituar, reunir. The verbs criar, fiar, guiar, liar and piar are also diphthong-breaking (crío, guíe), but when the stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are generally considered as monosyllables and thus written without accent: crie, fie, guiais, lieis.... In spite of that, the regular accentuation rules can also be used if they are pronounced as bisyllabic: crié, guiáis.... For the verbs licuar and adecuar both options are valid: adecuo or adecúo.
|
|
The earliest method of indicating some vowels in Hebrew writing was to use the consonant letters yod , waw , he ,and aleph of the Hebrew alphabet to also write long vowels in some cases. Originally, and were only used as matres lectiones at the end of words, and and were used mainly to write the original diphthongs and as well as original vowel+[y]+vowel sequences (which sometimes simplified to plain long vowels). Gradually, as it was found to be insufficient for differentiating between similar nouns, and were also inserted to mark some long vowels of non-diphthongal origin. If words can be written with or without matres lectionis, spellings that include the letters are called malē (Hebrew) or plene (Latin), meaning "full", and spellings without them are called ḥaser or defective.
|
|
The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z, and usually Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in yoke, the vowel in myth, the vowel in funny, the diphthong in my, the r-colored vowel in myrrh, the last part of many diphthongs and/or digraphs (e.g. gu"y", sa"y", bo"y", ke"y", etc.) and numerous other phonemes. W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in growth, raw, and how, and in a few loanwords from Welsh, where it stands for , like crwth or cwm.
|
|
In any event, the shewa naẖ is placed between two adjacent consonants in all situations; if there is not even a shewa naẖ between consonants, then the first of the two consonants is silent and not transliterated--this is usually one of , but even occasionally and rarely (in the name Issachar) are encountered silent in this fashion. In Israeli Hebrew transcription, a vowel before yud at the end of a word or before yud then shewa naẖ inside a word, is transcribed as a diphthong (ai oi ui)--see the diphthongs section further down. In Classical Hebrew transliteration, vowels can be long (gāḏōl), short (qāṭān) or ultra short (ḥăṭep̄), and are transliterated as such. Ultra short vowels are always one of šəwā nāʻ ְ , ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl ֱ , ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ ֲ or ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ ֳ .
|
|
In Phoenician writing, unlike that of abjads such as those of Aramaic, Biblical Hebrew and Arabic, even long vowels remained generally unexpressed, regardless of their origin (even if they originated from diphthongs, as in bt 'house'; Hebrew spelling has byt). Eventually, Punic writers began to implement systems of marking of vowels by means of matres lectionis. In the 3rd century BC appeared the practice of using final 'ālep 10px to mark the presence of any final vowel and, occasionally, of yōd 10px to mark a final long . Later, mostly after the destruction of Carthage in the so- called "Neo-Punic" inscriptions, that was supplemented by a system in which wāw 10px denoted , yōd 10px denoted , 'ālep 10px denoted and , ʿayin 10px denoted and hē 10px and 10px could also be used to signify .
|
|
Reduction of and between vowels occurs in a number of circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC. The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic koine that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the Arabian Peninsula, who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs and into monophthongs , etc. Most of these changes are present in most or all modern varieties of Arabic.
|
|
The linguist F.W. Householder referred to this argument within linguistics as "God's Truth vs. hocus-pocus". Different analyses of the English vowel system may be used to illustrate this. The article English phonology states that "English has a particularly large number of vowel phonemes" and that "there are 20 vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation, 14–16 in General American and 20–21 in Australian English"; the present article () says that "the English language uses a rather large set of 13 to 21 vowel phonemes". Although these figures are often quoted as a scientific fact, they actually reflect just one of many possible analyses, and later in the English Phonology article an alternative analysis is suggested in which some diphthongs and long vowels may be interpreted as comprising a short vowel linked to either or .
|
|
Mid and open vowels were raised, and close vowels were broken into diphthongs. For example, the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V. Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard, developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands.
|
|
In general, Hejazi native phonemic inventory consists of 26 (with no interdental ) to 28 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker's background and formality, in addition to the marginal phoneme and two foreign phonemes ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ used by a number of speakers. Furthermore, it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long vowels , in addition to two diphthongs .. Consonant length and Vowel length are both distinctive and being a Semitic language the four emphatic consonants are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts. The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from other peninsular dialects is the pronunciation of the letters ,, and (see Hejazi Arabic Phonology), while retaining the standard pronunciation of . Another differential feature is the lack of palatalization for the letters , and , unlike in other peninsular dialects where they can be palatalized in certain positions e.g.
|
|
Codex Runicus, a vellum manuscript from approximately 1300 AD containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the Scanian Law, is written entirely in runes. As Proto-Germanic evolved into its later language groups, the words assigned to the runes and the sounds represented by the runes themselves began to diverge somewhat and each culture would create new runes, rename or rearrange its rune names slightly, or stop using obsolete runes completely, to accommodate these changes. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has several runes peculiar to itself to represent diphthongs unique to (or at least prevalent in) the Anglo-Saxon dialect. Nevertheless, that the Younger Futhark has 16 runes, while the Elder Futhark has 24, is not fully explained by the 600-some years of sound changes that had occurred in the North Germanic language group.
|
|
Although the duty of Abbreviators was originally to make abstracts and abridgments of the Apostolic letters, diplomas, et cetera, using the legal abbreviations, clauses, and formularies, in course of time, as their office grew in importance they delegated that part of their office to their substitute and confined themselves to overseeing the proper expedition of the Apostolic letters. Prior to 1878, all Apostolic letters and briefs requiring for their validity the leaden seal were engrossed upon rough parchment in Gothic characters or round letters, also called "Gallicum" and commonly "Bollatico", but in Italy "Teutonic", without lines, diphthongs, or marks of punctuation. Bulls engrossed on a different parchment, or in different characters with lines and punctuation marks, or without the accustomed abbreviations, clauses, and formularies, were rejected as spurious. Pope Leo XIII in his Constitutio Universae Eccles.
|
|
On the other hand, it is possible that the lack of a secular corpus in Tocharian A is simply an accident, due to the smaller distribution of the language and the fragmentary preservation of Tocharian texts in general. The hypothesized relationship of Tocharian A and B as liturgical and spoken forms, respectively, is sometimes compared with the relationship between Latin and the modern Romance languages, or Classical Chinese and Mandarin. However, in both of these latter cases the liturgical language is the linguistic ancestor of the spoken language, whereas no such relationship holds between Tocharian A and B. In fact, from a phonological perspective Tocharian B is significantly more conservative than Tocharian A, and serves as the primary source for reconstructing Proto-Tocharian. Only Tocharian B preserves the following Proto-Tocharian features: stress distinctions, final vowels, diphthongs, and o vs.
|
|
In scholarly contexts, disyllables may be distinguished from diphthongs by use of the diaeresis on the former vowel (as in Italian and distinct from French and English). In older writing, the acute accent is sometimes found on stressed , the circumflex on stressed , indicating respectively () and () phonemes. Corsican has been regarded as a dialect of Italian historically, similar to the Romance lects developed on the Italian peninsula, and in writing, it also resembles Italian (with the generalised substitution of -u for final -o and the articles u and a for il/lo and la respectively; however, both the dialect of Cap Corse and Gallurese retain the original articles lu and la). On the other hand, the phonemes of the modern Corsican dialects have undergone complex and sometimes irregular phenomena depending on phonological context, so the pronunciation of the language for foreigners familiar with other Romance languages is not straightforward.
|
|
For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize and , or develop rising diphthongs and , and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in Italian, Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On the other hand, it is worth noting that Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative clitics, mandatory unstressed subject pronouns (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the continuous aspect ("El xé drìo magnàr" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the absolute past tense as well as of geminated consonants. In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of the impersonal passive forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the reflexive voice (both traits shared with German).
|
|
The phonetic-phonological properties of an idiolect system are to a large degree determined by the way sound sequences combine to form more complex ones, and the way phonetic sound sequences are related to phonological ones. There is a 'connection function' on the phonological level that takes pairs of structured sound sequences and assigns to each pair another such sequence, and a 'connection function' on the phonetic level that takes such pairs and assigns to each pair a set of structured sound sequences. Both levels are connected through a 'variant relation' relating structured phonetic sound sequences to structured phonological sound sequences. While the two connection functions jointly represent the 'phonotactics' of the idiolect system, the variant relation is only partly analogous to the 'allophone' relation in structuralist phonology and avoids its problems (treatment of diphthongs, affricates etc.) by connecting structured phonetic with structured phonological sound sequences instead of connecting individual sounds.
|
|
In Latvian, long segments (the same criteria as in Lithuanian) can take on one of three pitches (intonācijas or more specifically zilbes intonācijas) either stiepta ("level"), lauzta ("broken") or krītoša ("falling") indicated by Latvian linguists with a tilde, circumflex or a grave accent respectively (in IPA, however, the tilde is replaced by a macron because the former is already reserved to denote nasalized vowels.) Some authors note that the level pitch is realized simply as "ultra long" (or overlong.) Endzelīns (1897) identifies "level diphthongs" as consisting of 3 moras not just two. Broken pitch is, in turn, a falling pitch with superadded glottalization. And, indeed, the similarity between the Latvian broken pitch and Danish stød has been described by several authors. At least in Danish phonology, stød (unlike Norwegian and Swedish pitch accents) is not considered a pitch accent distinction but, rather, variously described as either glottalization, laryngealization, creaky voice or vocal fry.
|
|
It is either pronounced as an alveolar trill (more frequent in the Southern Islands) or either as an uvular trill , voiced uvular fricative or voiced velar fricative (more frequent in the Northern Islands). ## Intervocalic , and In Portugal, these are realized as the fricatives , and . In Cape Verde they are always pronounced as plosives , and . # Vowels and diphthongs ## Unstressed open vowels In European Portuguese there are cases when the unstressed is pronounced open : \- when it originates etymologically from (sadio, Tavares, caveira, etc.); \- when a final is followed by an initial (minha amiga, casa amarela, uma antena, etc.); \- when the is followed by a preconsonantal (alguém, faltou, etc.); \- other cases harder to explain (camião, racismo, etc.) In Cape Verdean Portuguese there is the tendency to realize these as close : \- vadio, caveira, minha amiga, uma antena, alguém, faltou, are all pronounced with ; Note that in the educated register some instances of the unstressed are pronounced open : baptismo, fracção, actor, etc.
|
|
Western American English vowel formant plot The Western dialect of American English is somewhat variable and not necessarily distinct from "General American." Western American English is characterized primarily by two phonological features: the cot-caught merger (as distinct from most Northern and Southern U.S. English) and the fronting of but not (as distinct from most Southern and Mid-Atlantic American English, in which both of those vowels are fronted, as well as from most Northern U.S. English, in which both of these remain backed). Like most Canadian dialects and younger General American, allophones remain back and may be either rounded or unrounded due to a merger between and (commonly represented in younger General American, respectively, so that words like cot and caught, or pod and pawed, are perfect homophones (except in San Francisco). Unlike in Canada, however, the occurrence of Canadian raising of the and diphthongs is not as consistent and pronounced.
|
|
Since the height of the vowels a, e and o is also distinctive in stressed syllables (see Portuguese phonology), high stressed vowels were marked with a circumflex accent, â, ê, ô, to be differentiated from the low stressed vowels written á, é, ó. The choice of the acute for low vowels and the circumflex for high vowels went against the conventions of other Romance languages such as French or Italian, but it was already commonplace in Portuguese before the 20th century. (In many words, Portuguese ê and ô correspond to the Latin long vowels ē, ō.) Nasal vowels and nasal diphthongs usually appear before the orthographic nasal consonants n, m, in which case they do not need to be identified with diacritics, but the tilde was placed on nasal a and nasal o when they occurred before another letter, or at the end of a word. Although the vowel u can also be nasal before other vowels, this happens in so few words (mui, muito, muita, muitos, muitas) that marking its nasality was not considered necessary.
|
|
These traits characterise all Dalecarlian dialects. Characteristic of the vocal system in especially Upper Dalarna, with the exception of Dalecarlian proper, is the use of open and end a, which is used in a completely different way than in the national language: the open can occur as far and the closed as short, for example hara hare with open a in first, end in second syllable, katt, bakka, vagn with end, skabb, kalv with open a; open å sound (o) is often replaced by a sound between å and ö; The u sound has a sound similar to the Norwegian u; ä and e are well separated; the low-pitched vocals often have a sound of ä. Among the most interesting features of the dialects in Älvdalen, Mora and Orsa is that they still largely retain the nasal vocal sounds that were previously found in all Nordic dialects. Furthermore, it is noticed that the long i, y, u diphthongs, usually to ai, åy, au, for example Dalecarlian ais, Swedish is English ice, Dalecarlian knåyta, Swedish knyta, English tie, Dalecarlian aute, Swedish ute, English out.
|
|
The sound categories (simultaneously belonging to the phonetic and the phonological level) are uniformly construed as sets not of individual sounds but of sound sequences of the idiolect system, allowing a treatment of affricates and long consonants (elements of Consonantal-in-S), diphthongs and long vowels (elements of Vocalic-in-S) and the like alongside simple vowels and consonants. The intonation structure assigns sets of 'auditory values' (pitches, degrees of loudness, phonation modes etc.) to the syllables of a (syllabic) sound sequence identified by the constituent structure. Prosodic phenomena in both accent languages and tone languages are then treated in a unified way: differences of tone or stress are represented through sets of auditory values directly within a specific component of a phonological word, namely, the phonological intonation structure, which is properly linked to the (syntactic) intonation structures of syntactic units in which the phonological word occurs; and tone languages differ from accent languages mainly in the way phonological intonation structures are 'processed' in syntactic intonation structures. The constituents of a structured sound sequence are connected through phonological relations (p-nucleus, p-complement, p-modifier).
|
|