PDVSA said this week on state TV that it had received two new desalting units for Puerto la Cruz, with joint capacity of 80,000 barrels-per-day.
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PDVSA documents detail the company's struggle to meet the supply quotas of desalted crude to Phillips 66 because of low output at its Puerto la Cruz refinery, the facility charged with desalting crude for exports.
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Desalting and buffer exchange are methods to separate soluble macromolecules from smaller molecules (desalting) or replace the buffer system used for another one suitable for a downstream application (buffer exchange). These methods are based on gel filtration chromatography, also called molecular sieve chromatography, which is a form of size-exclusion chromatography. Desalting and buffer exchange are two of the most common gel filtration chromatography applications, and they can be performed using the same resin. Desalting and buffer exchange both entail recovering the components of a sample in whatever buffer is used to pre- equilibrate the small, porous polymer beads (resin).
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Water treatment is realizing by the chemical water treatment with the productivity on Na-cationiozated water of 100 t/hour, on desalted water — 340 t/hour. Demineralizing plant works according to the scheme: liming and coagulation in clarifiers, filtration in mechanical filters, single-stage desalting for replenishment of heating system, triple-stage desalting for the filling of water and steam in cycle of GRES. A condensate of turbines is purified on modular demineralizing systems according to the schema: deironing through electromagnetic filter with the following filtration on mixing action filters – prefilter and general.
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Desalting occurs when buffer salts and other small molecules are removed from a sample in exchange for water (with the resin being pre-equilibrated in water). Buffer exchange occurs when the buffer salts in a sample are exchanged for those in another buffer.
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The district, which covers is headquartered in Camarillo. Camrosa completed the Round Mountain Water Treatment Plant, a desalting facility, in 2015. It cleans up brackish groundwater and produces of drinking water a year. The facility was the first paying customer for the Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project.
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16, No. 7, 1971. Static mixers can be used in the refinery and oil and gas markets as well, for example in bitumen processing or for desalting crude oil. In polymer production, static mixers can be used to facilitate polymerization reactions or for the admixing of liquid additives.
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1000 MWe. The waste heat, in turn, can be used for desalting the seawater. The resulting fresh water can be used to irrigate the arid areas around the Dead Sea. The idea was revived during the 1980s for the purpose of power generation following the 1973 oil crisis.
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Desalting is used to remove salts from protein solutions, phenol or unincorporated nucleotides from nucleic acids or excess crosslinking or labeling reagents from conjugated proteins. Buffer exchange is used to transfer a protein solution into a buffer system appropriate for downstream applications such as ion exchange, electrophoresis or affinity chromatography.
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Work undertaken for habitat improvement and development in the Chandoli National Park include removal of invasive species, soil conservation and water conservation, vaccination of cattle, research, fire prevention, providing salt licks, demarcation of boundary, erection of watch towers, maintenance of nature trails, desalting water holes, development of grasslands, and procurement of wireless two-way radios.
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Thus, T-RFLP is different from ARDRA and RFLP in which all restriction fragments are visualized. In addition to these steps the TRFLP protocol often includes a cleanup of the PCR products prior to the restriction and in case a capillary electrophoresis is used a desalting stage is also performed prior to running the sample.
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Analytica-World: From Sephadex to GE Healthcare , accessed on June 1, 2009 After patenting had been initiated, Porath and Flodin published their discoveries in Nature on 13 June 1959.Gel filtration: a method for desalting and group separation, Nature, vol. 183 (1959), s. 1657-1659 A short time thereafter, Pharmacia offered the product Sephadex (Separation Pharmacia Dextran) on the market.
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The focus of Balaban's research career has been desalination. In 1966, Balaban founded Desalination, the first international journal for desalting and purification of water, serving as its editor-in-chief from 1996 to 2009. She was succeeded as editor by Nidal Hilal. In 2009 Balaban established and became editor-in- chief of the monthly Desalination and Water Treatment Journal, to accommodate the expanding field.
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The bulk of the water and sediment is usually separated at the field to minimize the quantity that needs to be transported further. The residual content of these unwanted impurities is measured as BS&W.; Oil refineries may either buy crude to a certain BS&W; specification or may alternatively have initial crude oil dehydration and desalting process units that reduce the BS&W; to acceptable limits, or a combination thereof.
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No significant separation of molecules larger than the exclusion limit occurs. In order for the desired macromolecules to remain in the void volume, resins with very small pores sizes must be utilized. For typical desalting and buffer exchange applications choosing a resin with a molecular weight cut off between 5 and 10KDa is usually best. For other applications, such as separating peptides from full-sized proteins, resins with larger exclusion limits may be necessary.
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The DTT removal procedure is often called "desalting." Generally, DTT is used as a protecting agent that prevents oxidation of thiol groups. DTT is frequently used to reduce the disulfide bonds of proteins and, more generally, to prevent intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds from forming between cysteine residues of proteins. However, even DTT cannot reduce buried (solvent-inaccessible) disulfide bonds, so reduction of disulfide bonds is sometimes carried out under denaturing conditions (e.g.
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Liquid junction interfaces have been used for on-line desalting in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Thereby, chromatographic material such as C18 phase was directly placed in the flow path coming from a pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries were densely packed with chromatographic phase to form separation columns and act as electrospray capillaries at the same time. This method is commonly employed in many proteomics laboratories.
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In LC-MS the desalting/concentration is realised with a pre-column, in off-line measurements reversed phase micro columns are used, which can be used directly with microliter pipettes. Here, the peptides are eluted with the spray solution containing an appropriate portion of organic solvent. The resulting solution (usually a few microliters) is enriched with the analyte and, after transfer to the spray capillary, can be directly used in the MS.
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Filling of vapour and condensate losses at water-steam circuit of units is realized with desalted water by 3 steps scheme of desalting ХВО with the productivity of 280 м³/h. The source of water is river water that is engulfed back from assigned channel and got prior purification on special equipment with productivity of 300 м³/h, which includes illuminators and mechanic filters. The launching of prior purification was established in 2004. Previously the source of ХВО was deep- well water.
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Dialysis is useful for many of the same desalting and buffer exchange applications performed with gel filtration chromatography, as both methods are based on similar molecular weight cut-off limits. Gel filtration has the advantage of speed (a few minutes vs. hours for dialysis) along with the ability to remove contaminants from relatively small-volume samples compared to dialysis which is an important feature when working with toxic or radioactive substances. Dialysis, on the other hand, is much less dependent on sample size as related to device format.
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In 1930, PETRECO and Tret-O-lite merged to form the Petrolite Corporation. Petrolite continued to be an industry leader in demulsification techniques, but also expanded into other technologies. Some of these included preventative measures for sour gas corrosion in oil field wells, electrostatic desalting for the removal of contaminants during crude oil refining, recovering microcrystalline waxes from crude oil tank bottoms, and creation of the first treatment system to purify low-grade fuels used in gas turbine engines. Over the ensuing decades, Petrolite continued to expand its global presence.
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Many sample probes can be designed to have a membrane on the surface that can selectively bind the sample in question to the probe surface. The surface can then be rinsed off to remove all unnecessary salts or background molecules. The matrix of appropriate salt concentration can then be deposited directly onto the sample on the probe surface and crystallized there. Despite these negative effects of salt concentration, a separate desalting step is usually not necessary in the case of proteins, because the selection of appropriate buffer salts prevents the occurrence of this problem.
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The disadvantage of this system is reduced resolution compared to polyacrylamide systems. Elchrom Scientific sells Spreadex gels which are precast, can be high throughput and are more sensitive than standard polyacrylamide gels. Advanced Analytical Technologies Inc sells the AdvanCE FS96 dsDNA Fluorescent System which is a 96 capillary electrophoresis system that has several advantages over traditional methods; including ability to separate large fragments (up to 40kb), no desalting or precipitation step required, short run times (~30 minutes), sensitivity to 5pg/ul and no need for fluorescent labeled primers.
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The facility uses conventional capillary Sanger sequencing on Applied Biosystems 3730xl instruments, governed by a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). Additionally, next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina HiSeq 2500 and HiScan SQ instruments, Life Technologies Ion Proton and Applied Biosystems SOLiD instruments, and a 454/Roche GS-FLX Titanium instrument is performed. A key component of this facility is the use of high-performance computing and bioinformatics support for NGS analysis. The Oligonucleotide Synthesis component of this facility makes conventional, long (up to 120 bases) and modified oligonucleotides, and purifies these by desalting, cartridge or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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As well for the digestion in solution as for the in-gel digestion buffered solutions are needed, whose content in salts is too high and in analyte is too low for a successful ESI-MS measurement. Therefore, a combined desalting and concentration step is performed. Usually a reversed phase liquid chromatography is used, in which the peptides stay bound to the chromatography matrix whereas the salts are removed by washing. The peptides can be eluted from the matrix by the use of a small volume of a solution containing a large portion of organic solvent, which results in the reduction of the final volume of the analyte.
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O'Donnell bought property at the corner of Stevens Road and North Palm Canyon Drive and built a reservoir, which also acted as a desalting basin, through which Whitewater Mutual routed its pipeline to the area that was to become the golf course. O'Donnell was one of the five incorporators of Whitewater Mutual Water Company, which was incorporated on May 5, 1927. In the following years O'Donnell built the golf course, and for the next fifteen years he operated it at his own expense before, in 1944 he organized the O'Donnell Golf Club as a private, non-profit club. He gave the club a ninety-nine year lease for the golf course, the reservoir property and the seven hundred fifty shares of the Whitewater Mutual stock.
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Size exclusion chromatography applications for separating macromolecules based on subtle differences in size typically use resins with large and varied pore sizes in long chromatography columns. However, for buffer exchange and desalting applications, it is mainly the maximum effective pore size (exclusion limit or molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of the resin) that determines the size of molecules that can be separated. Molecules that are significantly smaller than the MWCO penetrate into the pores of the resin, while molecules larger than the MWCO are unable to enter the pores and remain together in the void volume of the column. By passing samples through a column resin bed with sufficient length and volume, macromolecules can be fully separated from small molecules that travel a greater distance though the pores of the resin bed.
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