157 Sentences With "deicing" | Random Sentence Generator

Delta has also spent $12.4 million on an automated aircraft-parking guidance and jet-bridge positioning system and is purchasing 20 additional deicing trucks and planning additional deicing pads at Atlanta.

Penguin life would be pretty rough without some built-in deicing capabilities.

The plane veered right off the runaway before colliding with vehicles and a tank of deicing fluid.

There is now a heavy-lifting, water-spraying drone by Aerones that will make power washing and deicing wind turbines a lot easier.

Urea/carbonyl diamide is probably the safest option for pets and the environment, but it isn&apost very effective when used for deicing.

"Delta has spent millions to invest in new technologies to increase efficiency of aircraft movement during irregular operations and additional deicing capacity at its Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport hub," the company added.

Airline delays and flight cancellations related to deicing operations and poor visibility are likely at the major hubs from Cincinnati and Pittsburgh to Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City and Boston, AccuWeather said.

Out at the McMurdo ice runway, firefighters stand by for every incoming flight with special deicing foam made with ethylene glycol and "purple K" or potassium bicarbonate—that are smother engine fires or dripping oil.

But several groups of researchers are working on innovative solutions to icy conditions, and both Japanese researchers and a team at the University of Michigan announced projects in the past week that could eventually make deicing a thing of the past.

Aircraft deicing. Excess deicing fluid may contaminate nearby water bodies, if not properly recovered.

Ground deicing of aircraft is commonly performed in both commercial and general aviation. The fluids used in this operation are called deicing or anti-icing fluids. The initials ADF (Aircraft Deicing Fluid), ADAF (Aircraft Deicer and Anti-icer Fluid) or AAF (Aircraft Anti-icing Fluid) are commonly used.Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON (2016).

The black rubber deicing boot on the wing of a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 passenger aircraft is inflated with air, producing ridges to crack and dislodge any accumulated ice Operation of deicing boots Beechcraft 350 A deicing boot is a type of ice protection system installed on aircraft surfaces to permit a mechanical deicing in flight. Such boots are generally installed on the leading edges of wings and control surfaces (e.g. horizontal and vertical stabilizer) as these areas are most likely to accumulate ice and any contamination could severely affect the aircraft's performance.

Examples of the factors directly related to management are the type and frequency of maintenance or cleaning and deicing approaches in the winter. Using too much of deicing salt can exacerbate the corrosion problem especially in concrete pavement.

A report on the conference by the FAA read: > A better understanding of airplane ground deicing and anti-icing issues is a > crucial prerequisite to the implementation of feasible and effective safety > improvements. To achieve this goal, the FAA sponsored a conference at which > the international aviation community could exchange thoughts and offer > recommendation on a variety of issues concerning safe winter operations. [At > the conference] more than 750 participants discussed the problems posed by > aircraft deicing and examined possible solutions. It was reported that discussions over different types of deicing fluid were discussed, along with different deicing equipment and techniques.

Investigators also focused on deicing practices at LaGuardia. They found that the airport was using only Type I deicing fluid, not Type II. Type I fluids are used for the actual deicing of the jet, while Type II fluids are used for preventing buildup of ice. At the time of the accident, LaGuardia had prohibited the use of Type II deicing fluid because tests suggested that if it fell onto runways it reduced friction. Investigators noted the change had been made because of LaGuardia's shorter runways and the fact that if an aircraft left the vicinity of the runway, it would come to rest in the cold water surrounding Runway 13.

250pxDeicing fluids work best when they are diluted with water. For example, undiluted Dow UCAR Deicing Fluid (Type I ethylene glycol), has a freezing point of −28 °C. Water freezes at 0 °C. However, a mixture of 70 percent deicing fluid and 30 percent water freezes below −55 °C.

Following the completion of this process, one of the two deicing trucks delayed the pushback of the jet when it experienced mechanical problems. The vehicle was immobilised for 20 minutes in such a position that it prevented the aircraft from taxiing to the runway following the flight crew's return. After the deicing truck was repaired, the pilot requested a second deicing, though the flight crew did not perform a walkaround of their airplane, and USAir procedures did not require them to do so.

Compass Minerals operates two business segments, Salt and Plant Nutrition. Compass Minerals’ Salt Segment mines, produces, processes and distributes sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in North America and the U.K. The segment’s largest business is highway deicing, which primarily sells bulk rock salt to states, provinces, counties, municipalities and road maintenance contractors for ice control on public roadways. The highway deicing product line also includes flake and liquid magnesium chloride used for deicing and dust control; treated rock salt treated for deicing in very low temperatures; and rock salt for the chlor-alkali industry. The salt segment also includes consumer and industrial product lines, which includes pure sodium chloride and blended products containing magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium chloride for applications such as consumer and professional deicing, water conditioning, culinary salt, animal nutrition, swimming pool minerals, and industrial applications. Compass Minerals’ Plant Nutrition Segment produces sulfate of potash fertilizer.

Since runway 3 (01R/19L) is located at a distance from the terminals a deicing area is placed close to the runway to avoid too long time between deicing and take off in winter conditions. Another deicing area is located in connection with the southern ramp area close to take off positions at runway 01L. There are high speed taxiway exits from all runways, except runway 08, to enable aircraft to exit the runways quickly after landing. That increases runway capacity during rush hours.

An American Airlines MD-80 aircraft being deiced at Syracuse Hancock International Airport In the years that followed the accident, airlines started using Type IV deicing fluid, which is more effective than both Type I and Type II fluids. Type IV fluids stick to aircraft for up to two hours. Chicago O'Hare International Airport was the first to introduce deicing facilities at the runway, something which has now become commonplace. Aircraft themselves now have more sophisticated deicing systems that can be used on the ground and in the air.

Operation of deicing boots William C. Geer (1876 – 9 September 1964) was a B.F. Goodrich chemist and eventual Vice President of Research known for inventing the aircraft Deicing boot. Geer began working on the deicing problem in 1927. By 1929 the work showed enough promise that he won support from the Guggenheim fund, and by 1930 he had made the first flight test. He was able to persuade C. W. Leguillon of the B. F. Goodrich Tire and Rubber Company that his system worked, and a commitment to develop the device.

Manufacturers of aviation deicing fluids must certify that their products conform to the AMS 1424 and 1428 standards using the defined High Speed Ramp Test, Low Speed Ramp Test, and Water Spray Endurance Test.SAE International (2007). "Standard Test Method for Aerodynamic Acceptance of SAE AMS 1424 and SAE AMS 1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids.". The objective of these standards is to ensure acceptable aerodynamic characteristics of the deicing/anti-icing fluids as they flow off aircraft lifting and control surfaces during the takeoff ground acceleration and climb.

Ground deicing technologies are also developing, and a newer technology is infrared deicing. This is the transmission of energy by means of electromagnetic waves or rays. Infrared is invisible and travels in straight lines from the heat source to surfaces and objects without significantly heating the space (air) it passes through. When infrared waves strike an object, they release their energy as heat.

Cox and Company, Inc. of Plainview, NY has developed multiple versions of Hybrid EMED systems referred to as Thermo-Mechanical Expulsion Deicing System (TMEDS).

With the development of non-glycol deicing fluids these standards are evolving to address additional factors such as corrosion, foaming, thickening, residue formation, slipperiness, and mold formation.

Freezing ice on aircraft wing. Freezing rain is considered to be an extreme hazard to aircraft, as it causes very rapid structural icing. Most helicopters and small airplanes lack the necessary deicing equipment to fly in freezing rain of any intensity, and heavy freezing rain can overwhelm even the most sophisticated deicing systems on large airplanes. Icing can increase an aircraft's weight but not typically enough to cause a hazard.

The control tower services are operated by Avinor. The tarmac has eleven aircraft stands. Deicing is available. Widerøe Ground Handling is the only handling agent at the airport.

This heat is either absorbed or reflected by the cooler surface. Infrared energy is continually exchanged between "hot" and "cold" surfaces until all surfaces have reached the same temperature (equilibrium). The colder the surfaces, the more effective the infrared transfer from the emitter. This heat transfer mechanism is substantially faster than conventional heat transfer modes used by conventional deicing (convection and conduction) due to the cooling effect of the air on the deicing fluid spray.

Network Rail have purchased four units, 489102, 489105, 489106 and 489109. They were stored for several years, but were returned to use in early-2006 as deicing and load-bank vehicles.

Orchardists spray water onto budding fruit to simulate glaze as the ice insulates the buds from even lower temperatures. This saves the crop from severe frost damage. Glaze from freezing rain is also an extreme hazard to aircraft, as it causes very rapid structural icing. Most helicopters and small airplanes lack the necessary deicing equipment to fly in freezing rain of any intensity, and heavy icing can overwhelm even the most sophisticated deicing systems on large airplanes.

Deicing an aircraft during a snow event. Dash 8 aircraft treated with anti- icing fluid in March during normal spring weather in England to prevent ice buildup. Deicing fluids come in a variety of types, and are typically composed of ethylene glycol (EG) or propylene glycol (PG), along with other ingredients such as thickening agents, surfactants (wetting agents), corrosion inhibitors, colors, and UV-sensitive dye. Propylene glycol-based fluid is more common because it is less toxic than ethylene glycol.

The crash was featured on National Geographic Channel in an episode of the television program Mayday (Air Crash Investigation/Air Emergency) entitled Cold Case, where the accident was compared with Air Ontario Flight 1363, which crashed in Dryden, Ontario, after the crew did not deice their jet. The program opened by saying that Canadian investigators were "stunned" to hear of the USAir accident, as it mirrored the Air Ontario flight which had occurred three years earlier. The report on the crash in Dryden criticised approaches to deicing. It made several points, including recommending the use of Type II deicing fluid rather than Type I, deicing trucks near the runway rather than at the gate, and that the crew should inspect their wings not only from the cockpit, but also the cabin.

Vehicle Maintenance Areas, Equipment Cleaning Areas, or Deicing Areas Located at Air Transportation Facilities 20. Sewage treatment plants 21. Food and Kindred Products Facilities 22. Textile Mills, Apparel, and Other Fabric Products Manufacturing Facilities 23.

" Research Results Digest 9. This is proving to be challenging due to the many performance and safety factors that need to be considered.SAE International (2011). "Issues and Testing of Non- Glycol Aircraft Ground Deicing Fluids.

The wing incorporates inflatable rubber deicing boots for the removal of accumulated inflight ice. The horizontal stabilizer is mounted nearly halfway up the fin to keep it clear of the engines' jet blast. One feature is that the horizontal stabilizer is trimmable by pivoting the entire tail fin and stabilizer assembly, which has a distinctive unpainted area at the base of the fin that is noticeable in most pictures. The JetStar does not have any tail deicing capability, nor was it required for certification.

Investigators determined that 27 minutes elapsed between the conclusion of de- icing and Flight 1713's attempt to take off, seven minutes longer than should have been allowed to elapse before takeoff. The NTSB concluded that a build-up of ice on the wings of Flight 1713 had contaminated the surfaces of both of the wings prior to departure, based on reports from surviving passengers that they had seen "patches" of ice on the wings after deicing was complete. Investigators also concluded that enough wet snow landed on Flight 1713 after deicing was complete to melt and dilute the deicing fluid, which allowed ice to reform on the wings. According to the aircraft's manufacturer, even a modest amount of ice contamination on the upper wing could impair the lifting performance of the wings and lead to loss of roll and pitch control.

Gordon, p. 189 They drove four-blade AV-16NM-95 variable pitch propellers. Electro-thermal deicing boots were fitted on the leading edges of the wings, horizontal and vertical tail, driven by four engine-driven electric generators.

On 10 March 2004, Miłosz was criminally charged with violating flight safety rules and causing the crash. Specifically, the pilot was blamed for not manually turning on the deicing equipment during the flight. The pilot argued that the meteorologic information available to him at the time did not indicate that icing was likely, and hence he was not required to turn on the deicing equipment. He was consulting a thermometer during the flight, but it suffered from a systematic measurement error and hence was unable to warn of icing.

In cold climates, the use of deicing fluids can also cause water pollution, as most of the fluids applied to aircraft subsequently fall to the ground and can be carried via stormwater runoff to nearby streams, rivers or coastal waters. Airlines use deicing fluids based on ethylene glycol or propylene glycol as the active ingredient. Airports also use chemical deicers on runways, taxiways and other paved surfaces, which tend to run off to nearby water bodies. Pavement deicers may contain potassium acetate, glycol compounds, sodium acetate, urea or other chemicals.

For a time after its completion, through at least part of the 1990s, the log cabin served as a visitors' information center. It is currently used by the Cathedral of Learning grounds maintenance staff to store salt for winter deicing.

The Detroit salt mine is a salt mine located below Detroit, Michigan. The mine opened in 1910 and covers underground. In the beginning, the leather and food industries were the primary customers. Today, road deicing salt is the primary product.

At the base of each mast is a star-shaped network of cables suspended a few feet above the ground, extending out hundreds of feet, called a counterpoise, which serves as the bottom plate of the "capacitor". The climate in Maine results in severe icing of the antenna wires during the winter, resulting in unacceptably large loads on the supporting structures. Therefore, the antennas have a deicing system which runs large 60 Hz electric currents through the wires, heating them, to melt the ice. The power required for deicing is 3 MW, higher than the transmitter output power.

This is known as the eutectic concentration, where the freezing point of the mixture is at its lowest point, and lower than either of the component substances. Depending on the manufacturer, deicing fluids may be sold in concentrated or pre-diluted formulations. Dilution, where necessary, must be done according to ambient weather condition and the manufacturer's instructions in order to minimize costs while maintaining safety. The dilution of a particular sample of fluid (and hence its freezing point) can be easily confirmed by measuring its refractive index with a refractometer, and looking up the result in the deicing fluid manufacturer's tables.

He eventually held 40 patents on the deicing boot. He also developed golf ball cover materials and adhesives for bonding rubber to various substrates. Geer was a native of Ogdensburg, New York. He received his doctorate in Chemistry from Cornell University in 1905.

These are surface treatments for metallic components which impart super hydrophobicity, self-cleaning, antifouling, deicing and corrosion resistance to alloys, including brasses, irons, aluminum alloys and Hastelloy used in water industry and will be of interest to other industries including food processing and aircraft industry.

Maniitsoq Airport () is an airport located on Maniitsoq Island, northwest of Maniitsoq, a town in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland. It can serve STOL aircraft, although there is no deicing equipment at the airport, which is costly and problematic in Greenlandic winter.

Aasiaat Airport () is an airport located in the Disko Bay, northeast of Aasiaat, a town in the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland. It can serve STOL aircraft, although there is no aircraft deicing equipment at the airport, which is costly and problematic in Greenlandic winter.

Wing ice protection is another new system; it uses electro-thermal heater mats on the wing slats instead of traditional hot bleed air."787 No Bleed Systems". Boeing Aero magazine, Quarter 4, 2007.787 integrates new composite wing deicing system. Composites World, December 30, 2008.

The report found that the flight crew were aware that the poor weather was likely to cause ice buildup, however neither of them took any action to check the condition of the wing leading edge and upper surface. The aircraft was evaluated by ground crew and was deiced. After the mechanical failure of the deicing truck, the investigators reported that, as the captain requested another deice, there was an indication he was: > ... concerned about the continuing exposure to precipitation, and the > request was prudent and in accordance with USAir guidance. Following the > second deicing, the flight crew was most likely satisfied that the airplane > was free of adhering contamination.

Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT) is the lowest temperature at which a de/anti-icing fluid will adequately flow off aircraft critical surfaces and maintain the required anti-icing freezing point buffer which is 7 °C (13 °F) below outside air temperature (OAT). In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publishes official Holdover Time and Lowest Operational Use Temperature tables for all approved deicing fluids, and revises them annually.U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C. "Aircraft Ground Deicing." For Type I fluids, the Holdover Time listed in the FAA tables ranges from 1 to 22 minutes, depending on the above-mentioned situational factors.

Mammoth Yosemite Airport has a terminal development master plan that will expand operations, and will be able to accommodate bigger aircraft. The new terminal facilities will include a new terminal building itself, airline parking apron, a deicing apron, access roads, automobile parking facilities, maintenance facilities, and airport offices.

Electro-mechanical Expulsion Deicing Systems (EMEDS) use a mechanical force to knock the ice off the flight surface. Typically, actuators are installed underneath the skin of the structure. The actuator is moved to induce a shock wave in the protected surface to dislodge the ice. Cox and Company, Inc.

De-icing chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate groundwater and pollute surface waters;Charles Seawell and Newland Agbenowosi (1998). "Effects of Road Deicing Salts on Groundwater Systems." Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering. and road salts can be toxic to sensitive plants and animals.

The 400's maximum take-off weight is 3600 lbs (1633 kg) and the maximum landing weight is 3420 lbs (1551 kg). A typical empty weight without deicing equipment is 2575 lbs (1168 kg). With a full fuel load this leaves 413 lbs (187 kg) for crew and baggage.

The pressurization provides a cabin altitude at its FL410 ceiling. The leading edge deicing boots allow flying in icing conditions. The prototype is powered by a single JT15D-5 taken from a Beechjet, but production versions will use a PW535E for 22-27% more high altitude thrust and 15% better TSFC.

A second larger shaft was completed in 1925. The first shaft was relegated to hauling workers and materials. By the late 1950s, the company operated through both shafts, which are about 1100 feet deep. The mine was closed from 1983 to 1998, when production was restarted to produce road deicing salt.

Much of the creek has been channelized or culverted. Significant sources of pollution, such as the wastewater treatment plants for Brook Park and Middleburg Heights have been decommissioned. Deicing runoff from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport has been significantly contained. Still, runoff from residential and commercial properties remain as a significant pollution source.

The runway has eight exit taxiways leading to five parking aprons where up to 18 middle-sized aircraft (e.g. Boeing 737 or Airbus 321) can be parked. The airport also has an extra apron used in winter for de-icing of aircraft. The deicing pad has been constructed in a way which allows keeping up ecological standards.

Both percentages are well beyond the reach of the extended deicing boots installed in compliance with the FAA ADs. Those tests limited the size of the droplets to 40 micrometres, near the maximum limit of the FAA design certification rules for Transport Category aircraft (Part 25, Appendix C), still in effect at that time of the Roselawn crash.

To avoid the weight of rivets, the wings were assembled with a special glue. The wing skin was waxed for aerodynamic smoothness. With a surface skin of only 0.010 inch thick, dropping a small tool on the wing could damage the skin. Even deicing fluid used on the aircraft could potentially cause the glue used to lose strength.

Traction sand filled shoulder rumble strip. The sand is "cemented" in-place and is not easily removed by truck traffic. Climate is another factor that affects the success of a rumble strips installation. If they are installed in a northern climate, they may be filled or partially filled with a deicing salt and traction sand mixture.

The company manufactures ProCharger superchargers and supercharger systems for a variety of applications, including automotive, truck, motorcycle, UTV (utility terrain vehicle) and marine. ProChargers are distributed primarily through a network of dealers who have installation and calibration capabilities. The company also designs aircraft deicing compressors and industrial blowers, blower packages and compressors through its Inovair division.

In January 2002, a winter storm blew through Atlanta the day after New Year's Day. The airport's drainage system overflowed, resulting in deicing fluid leaking into the river. Although the antifreeze entered the drinking water of some residents, no one became seriously ill. The airport changed its drainage system to prevent the problem in the future.

It is also used as an additive in airplane deicing solutions. In organometallic chemistry it is commonly used for the synthesis of Vaska's complex and related compounds such as carbonylchlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II). During these reactions the alcohol acts as a source of hydride and carbon monoxide. 2-Methoxyethanol is toxic to the bone marrow and testicles.

These ice formations on the propeller and fuselage surfaces of a test unit installed in the Icing Research Tunnel at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Cleveland, Ohio, show what may happen to an aircraft in flight under certain atmospheric conditions. Following the crash of Flight 405 and the Air Ontario accident in Dryden, the FAA began to research methods of improving deicing practices at airports to minimise the number of accidents caused by a buildup of ice. Described by the FAA as a "sharply focused effort", experts convened on May 28 and 29, 1992, in Reston, Virginia for the International Conference on Ground Deicing. At the conference, industry methods were discussed and agreed upon for actions that should be taken in the long term and short term.

While the jet encountered a delay of up to 35 minutes, they found that the deicing fluid that was being used at the airport, and by the majority of commercial airlines across the United States, was effective for only fifteen minutes. The accident led to a number of studies into the effect that ice has on aircraft, and several recommendations into prevention techniques.

" While taxiing, the flight crew discussed deicing procedures. The first officer suggested to the pilot that the aircraft ahead of them in the queue "might keep our wings clear for us." The pilot replied that "it can cause us to re-freeze too ... I don't want to be very close to him." Later, the first officer remarked "look at all that stuff.

Fabricated geomembranes can be used for a variety of applications including in alphabetical order: aquaculture, baffle curtains, canals, decorative ponds, deicing fluid ponds, drill pad liners for oil and gas development, exposed or floating covers, fertilizer containment, golf course ponds, hydrocarbon containment, landfill liners and covers, mine tailings ponds and heap leach pads, reservoirs, sewage lagoons, tank liners, and wastewater ponds.

They may also be filled with ice. This is a particular concern in regions with freeze-thaw cycles requiring frequent deicing. Furthermore, strips filled with water, snow, slush, and ice may cause or aggravate occasional accidents. Generally, air turbulence and vibration from passing large trucks keep rumble strips clear of debris and ice, but this process may take several days.

Potassium acetate can be used as a deicer to remove ice and prevent its formation. It is a substitute for chloride salts such as calcium chloride or magnesium chloride in deicing applications. It offers the advantage of being less aggressive on soils and much less corrosive, and for this reason, is preferred for airport runways. It is, however, more expensive.

A Vanguard Boeing 737-200 deicing at Denver International Airport. MD-82 at Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport. In 2000, the airline began a program to change itself from a Low- cost, low-fare airline to the more sustainable Low-cost carrier model. This type of airline had lower costs than the major carriers, but competed on more than just price.

Bulk CaCl2 for de-icing in Japan By depressing the freezing point of water, calcium chloride is used to prevent ice formation and is used to de-ice. This application consumes the greatest amount of calcium chloride. Calcium chloride is relatively harmless to plants and soil. As a deicing agent, it is much more effective at lower temperatures than sodium chloride.

Hoffman-Taff was a Missouri chemical company founded in 1946 most well known for its role in the Times Beach Hazmat Incident. During the years it operated the company produced several products, including Agent Orange for the Vietnam War, Prist, a fuel additive for deicing, and Pantoplex, an animal feed fortifier. In 1969 Syntex Agribusiness bought the company and its assets.

In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings. Many airports are built near open fields or wetlands. These tend to attract bird populations, which can pose a hazard to aircraft in the form of bird strikes.

Following the second deicing, LaGuardia ground control granted Flight 405 permission to taxi to Runway 13. The flight crew completed the pre-flight checklist during the taxi. Engine anti-ice was turned on for the two engines during taxi. The captain announced to passengers that the flaps would remain up during taxi, and they should not be worried seeing them in the retracted position.

The already rough cleansed water is then sent to a purification plant. For the necessary winter de-icing of the airport, used deicing chemicals such as glycol are collected together with the contaminated melted water, and then either purified or reused. The cleaning is done in the degradation system area, where soil bacteria decompose the glycol into harmless components of water and carbon dioxide.

Deer Lake Regional Airport has a modern terminal, which opened in 1991 and is equipped with many amenities (restaurant, gift shop, etc.). A large long-term parking lot is located on-site. The airport is equipped with seven aircraft gates which are able to stand aircraft from the Beech 1900 to the Airbus widebody aircraft. Throughout the year the airport is equipped with deicing facilities.

Deicing of aircraft. All U.S. airports are required to obtain stormwater permits In the United States, facilities that discharge industrial stormwater to surface waters must obtain a permit under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), pursuant to the Clean Water Act.United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972. Pub.L. 92-500, October 18, 1972; as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987, Pub.

A range of glycols are employed. Thickeners are also used to help the deicing agent adhere to the airplane body. Ethylene glycol (EG) fluids are still in use for aircraft de-icing in some parts of the world because it has a lower operational use temperature (LOUT) than propylene glycol (PG). However, PG is more common because it is less toxic than ethylene glycol.

The snowstorms were responsible for the most December snowfall in Portland, Oregon in 40 years NOAA. "Public Information Statement" 22 December 2008 (however, the snowiest December in Portland was 1884, with over of snow). The City of Portland reported spending an estimated $2.17 million on snow removal, deicing of roads, and employee overtime due to the record levels of snowfall. Portland Bureau of Transportation.

Langmuir estimated the fly's speed at 25 miles per hour. After observing windrows of drifting seaweed in the Sargasso Sea he discovered a wind-driven surface circulation in the sea. It is now called the Langmuir circulation. Langmuir's house in Schenectady During World War II, Langmuir worked on improving naval sonar for submarine detection, and later to develop protective smoke screens and methods for deicing aircraft wings.

These operated the South Shields service until 17 May 1955 when they were replaced by British Rail built Class 416 units. Three trailers that had been converted to take prams on summer weekends continued until 1962. The two 1904 parcel vans were converted into deicing vans and withdrawn in 1966. one of these vans is in the National Railway Museum collection and on loan to the Stephenson Railway Museum.

Retrieved 28 June 2011. The C-124C was next, featuring more powerful engines, and an APS-42 weather radar fitted in a "thimble"-like structure on the nose. Wingtip-mounted combustion heaters were added to heat the cabin, and enable wing and tail surface deicing. The C-124As were later equipped with these improvements. One C-124C, 52-1069, c/n 43978, was used as a JC-124C,Baugher Joe.

Each line is designed to produce 100 cords per shift of high quality, bark-free chips. Fir is fed through the softwood line and debarked in a 12-foot by 68-foot debarking drum. Equipment has been added for log washing and deicing prior to the drum to facilitate debarking. After debarking, the wood flows through a log inspection and sorting system where individual sticks may be recycled to the drum.

A deicing boot consists of a thick rubber membrane that is installed over the surface to be deiced. As atmospheric icing occurs and ice builds up, a pneumatic system inflates the boot with compressed air. This expansion in size cracks any ice that has accumulated, and this ice is blown away into the airflow. The boots are then deflated to return the wing or surface to its optimal shape.

'Ice bridging' is the theory that activating deicing boots early may lead to a condition where slushy ice is pushed into a hollow shell around the inflated boot, then freezes in place. This shell can then no longer be dislodged by any further operation of the boot. Bridging was described by the aviation writer Ernest Gann in his memoir Fate Is the Hunter. The bridging theory is now disputed.

Deicing fluid performance is primarily measured by Holdover Time (HOT), and Lowest Operational Use Temperature (LOUT). Holdover Time (HOT) is the length of time an aircraft can wait after being treated prior to takeoff. Holdover time is influenced by the fluid dilution, ambient temperature, wind, precipitation, humidity, aircraft skin material, aircraft skin temperature, and other factors. If the Holdover Time is exceeded the aircraft must be re-treated before takeoff.

Their studies on electrical discharges in gases helped lay the foundations for plasma physics. Blodgett was issued eight U.S. patents during her career. She was the sole inventor on all but two of the patents, working with Vincent J. Schaefer as co-inventor. Blodgett published over 30 technical papers in various scientific journals and was the inventor of poison gas adsorbents, methods for deicing aircraft wings, and improving smokescreens.

Aircraft cargo loader A FMC Technologies' Tempest deicing unit on an airport tarmac. FMC Technologies was a provider of systems and solutions to the oil and gas industry. The company was divided into three business areas: Subsea Technologies, Surface Technologies and Energy Infrastructures. FMC Technologies designed, manufactured and serviced systems and products such as subsea production and processing systems, surface wellhead systems, high pressure pumps and fluid control equipment, measurement solutions and marine loading systems.

Its complexity requires knowledgeable maintenance personnel and also contributes to the aircraft's high operating costs. The optional weather radar pod is smoothly blended into the left wing tip. All Extra 400 aircraft have been retrofitted with the Flight Into Known Icing modification. Deicing equipment consists of Teflon boots, a heated prop, a heated pilot side windscreen, dual heated pitot tubes and static ports, and a heated stall sensor connected to the autopilot.

A confusion sometimes reigns between calcium oxychlorides and calcium hypochlorite. Indeed, the name calcium oxychloride (or calcium hydroxychloride) does not immediately refer to calcium hypochlorite, but is only applicable to the mixed calcium basic chloride compounds remaining unreacted in the bleaching powder, such as, e.g. CaCl2 · 2 Ca(OH)2. Calcium oxychloride may also be formed in concrete in roads and bridges when calcium chloride is used as deicing agent during winter.

Jain, J., Olek, J., Janusz, A., and Jozwiak-Niedzwiedzka, D., "Effects of Deicing Salt Solutions on Physical Properties of Pavement Concretes", Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2290, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 69-75. . It should be noticed that the amount of magnesium chloride is supposed to be controlled when it is used for de-icing as it may cause pollution to the environment.

Other prospective improvements include the adoption of a glass cockpit, deicing equipment, and air conditioning systems. Early production aircraft are intended to be compatible with the retrofitting of these improvements later on. According to Dornier Seawings, for surveillance missions the Seastar's flight endurance can be extended to around 11 flight hours by cruising on only a single engine. It is also claimed that the Seastar is one of the fastest flying boats on the market.

A U.S. Gulfstream G550 gets de-iced before departing Alaska in January 2012 A WestJet 737-700 deicing in Toronto On the ground, when there are freezing conditions and precipitation, de-icing an aircraft is commonly practiced. Frozen contaminants interfere with the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle. Furthermore, dislodged ice can damage the engines. De-icing fluids typically consist of a glycol-water solution containing a dye and agents to protect the metal surface.

Infratek is a system for removing ice from aircraft using heat (infrared radiation). Infrared panels powered by natural gas are installed inside a big hangar-like tent with openings in both ends. When the aircraft is inside, the infrared rays will melt the ice off its wings and body. The advantage is that no chemical deicing fluids such as glycol, which is harmful to the environment and very expensive, need to be used.

After the winter settled, the front between Color Air and Braathens grew colder following Braathens' denying Color Air to use their deicing equipment at Ålesund, resulting in the plane being stuck at the airport. In November, Color Air transported 102,544 passengers. From mid-December, the company had a time-limited offer of tickets for NOK 200. Color Air Boeing 737-300 at Trondheim Airport, Værnes In September, the ownership of Color Air was rearranged.

Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing).White, Richard P. (2000) "Infrared deicing system for aircraft" Infrared can be used in cooking and heating food as it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent objects, rather than the air around them.

Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2 June 2018. In April 1996 the FAA issued 18 Airworthiness Directives (ADs) affecting 29 turboprop aircraft which had the combination of unpowered flight controls, pneumatic deicing boots and NACA "five-digit sharp-stall" airfoils. They included significant revisions of pilot operating procedures in icing conditions (higher minimum speeds, non-use of the autopilot, different upset recovery procedures) as well as physical changes to the coverage area of the de-icing boots on the airfoils.

In November 2013 Calspan Air Services became the fixed-base operator for the airport, including refueling, ramp assistance, deicing, transportation & maintenance services. On August 4, 2014, an Air France Boeing 747-428 flight AF356 from Paris Charles-de-Gaulle was diverted from Toronto due to the temporary closing of Toronto Pearson International Airport. Landing and take-off was on Runway 28R. Niagara Falls gets a large number of Toronto’s diversions due to its location and long runways.

Ethylene glycol is a high-production-volume chemical; it breaks down in air in about 10 days and in water or soil in a few weeks. It enters the environment through the dispersal of ethylene glycol- containing products, especially at airports, where it is used in deicing agents for runways and airplanes.(CDC ToxFAQs). While prolonged low doses of ethylene glycol show no toxicity, at near lethal doses (≥ 1000 mg/kg per day) ethylene glycol acts as a teratogen.

Acid rain and soil acidification are some of the primary contributing factors to maple decline. Also, the increased use of salt over the last several decades on streets and roads for deicing purposes has decimated the sugar maple's role as a street tree. The mushroom Pholiota squarrosoides is known to decay the logs of the tree. In some parts of New England, particularly near urbanized areas, the sugar maple is being displaced by the Norway maple.

The deicing equipment is powered by a pair of large alternators (100 and 85 amps) that also feed the AC compressor located in the tail. The cockpit is unusually wide and comfortable with good forward and lateral visibility. Avionics are conventional with a full set of instruments for each of the two crew and a central stack. STCs for upgrades to modern GPS navigators and "glass cockpit" displays are available, but the only autopilot certified is the STEC 55X.

Cats can succumb quickly from ethylene glycol poisoning, after ingesting as little as one teaspoon. The primary source of ethylene glycol is automotive antifreeze or radiator coolant, where concentrations are high. Other sources of antifreeze include windshield deicing agents, brake fluid, motor oil, developing solutions for hobby photographers, wood stains, solvents, and paints. Some people put antifreeze into their cabin's toilet to prevent it from freezing during the winter, resulting in toxicities when animals drink from the toilet.

Deicing with salt (sodium chloride) is effective down to temperatures of about . Other compounds such as magnesium chloride or calcium chloride have been used for very cold temperatures since the freezing-point depression of their solutions is lower. At low temperatures (below ), black ice can form on roadways when the moisture from automobile exhaust condenses on the road surface. Such conditions caused multiple accidents in Minnesota when the temperatures dipped below for a prolonged period of time in mid- December 2008.

The new facility, which replaced previous FBO Atlantic Aviation, offers a full range of services to private aircraft owners. Fort Wayne Aero Center also supplies Avfuel-branded aviation fuels and deicing services to both private and commercial airline customers. U.S. Customs will relocate to a new location near the Aero Center in 2016; although the facility will be larger, it is unclear if a passenger FIS will be included. The master plan also calls for a larger Transportation Security Administration security area.

In 2013, an estimated 14M tons of salt were used for deicing roads in North America. De-icing of roads has traditionally been done with salt, spread by snowplows or dump trucks designed to spread it, often mixed with sand and gravel, on slick roads. Sodium chloride (rock salt) is normally used, as it is inexpensive and readily available in large quantities. However, since salt water still freezes at , it is of no help when the temperature falls below this point.

While there were initially many customers, the lack of sufficient deicing caused low regularity and fewer customers through the season. The route was not reopened the following year.Hovd (2000): 308–309 The air traffic control at Værnes was established in 1946, after the air force had sent personnel to the United Kingdom for training. The Telecommunications Administration took over the responsibility for the radio installations, and the responsibility for the meteorological services became the responsibility of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.

SAE International (formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers) publishes standards (SAE AMS 1428 and AMS 1424) for four different types of aviation deicing fluids: # Type I fluids have a low viscosity, and are considered "unthickened". They provide only short term protection because they quickly flow off surfaces after use. They are typically sprayed on hot (130–180 °F, 55–80 °C) at high pressure to remove snow, ice, and frost. Usually they are dyed orange to aid in identification and application.

The main component of deicing fluid is a freezing point depressant (FPD), usually propylene glycol or ethylene glycol. Other ingredients vary depending on the manufacturer, but the exact composition of a particular brand of fluid is generally held as confidential proprietary information. Based on chemical analysis, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified five main classes of additives widely used among manufacturers: # Benzotriazole and methyl-substituted benzotriazole, used as corrosion inhibitor. # Alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates, nonionic surfactants used to reduce surface tension.

The first officer described the snowfall as "not heavy, no large flakes." He told authorities that snow was sliding off the jet and the nose of the airplane was coated in a watery layer. He used a light positioned on the wing of his jet to check for signs of ice several times before they attempted to take off. Neither he or the pilot saw any evidence of contamination on the wing or on the black strip and therefore decided against a third deicing.

241 The Yak-16-II passed its manufacturer's trials in April 1948 and was submitted for the State acceptance trials shortly afterwards. These revealed several deficiencies that caused the horizontal tail area to be increased and deicing equipment to be fitted on the leading edges of the wings and tail. It was resubmitted for another round of State acceptance trials which approved it for production. However, it was not selected for production as the Antonov An-2 was thought to be more versatile in both roles.

In Fall 2015, PSA Airlines opened a maintenance base at CVG in the old PIMCO hangar and a crew base beginning in January 2016. Terminals 1 and 2 were torn down in early 2017 to construct an overnight parking and deicing area. Work began in 2018 on a new consolidated rental car facility and it is scheduled to open in 2021. Both concourses, the customs facility, baggage claim, and ticketing areas were renovated in late 2017 to mid 2018 under a $4.5 million plan.

Three were built for the Coast Guard.Donald 1995, p. 145. ;JRF-4 :Similar to the JRF-1A, these could carry two depth bombs under wing. Ten were built for the Navy. Grumman JRF-5 ;JRF-5 :A major production version, these incorporated bomb racks from the JRF-4, target towing and camera gear from the JRF-1A, and deicing gear from JRF-3; 184 were built. In 1953, a modified JRF-5 was used to test the landing and takeoff characteristics of hydroskis for the U.S. Navy.

Gordon, p. 112 The forward portion of the fuselage was redesigned with an airliner-style stepped windscreen and the fuselage was lengthened by almost which allowed the bomb bays and their doors to be lengthened. The radar and its operator were moved into the forward pressurized compartment and the radar itself was located in the "chin" position in a new streamlined fairing. The wings were enlarged to a total of and the rubber deicing boots were replaced by more efficient and aerodynamic bleed air deicers.

The United States was dominant in this industry for several reasons, including a large domestic market for these planes. The market also worked in the United States' favor as the American companies began to build pressurized airliners. During the postwar years, engines became much larger and more powerful, and safety features such as deicing, navigation, and weather information were added to the planes. Lastly, the planes produced in the United States were more comfortable and had superior flight decks than those produced in Europe.

Competing with heavier aircraft and MALE UAVs, it benefits from its short field performance and speed, offers six hours of surveillance and can be reconfigured for other duties. It was validated with a 110-pound (50-kg) camera and a multi-sensor optronics retractable turret, SAR/ground MTI radar, communication interception system, and secure transmission with a quick-change console for tactical situation monitoring. In March 2019, Daher introduced the $4.13 million TBM 940 with autothrottle and automatic deicing, to be certified for the April AERO Friedrichshafen.

They also found that the pilot in command was the ultimate authority for take off decisions, but that all operators had to provide proper training and criteria for the pilot in command to base a proper decision on. The conference concluded with an amendment to FAA regulations which air carriers operated under. The new regulations stated that airlines should put in place FAA- approved ground deicing or anti-icing procedures anytime weather conditions of ice, snow or frost prevailed. The new rules went into effect on November 1, 1992.

Further delays were caused by the weather at airports that did not possess de-icing equipment. At O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, the jet fuel and deicing fluids froze, according to American Airlines spokesman Matt Miller. Amtrak cancelled scheduled passenger rail service having connections through Chicago, due to heavy snows or extreme cold. Three Amtrak trains were stranded overnight on January 6, approximately west of Chicago, near Mendota, Illinois, due to ice and snowdrifts on the tracks. The 500 passengers were loaded onto buses the next morning for the rest of the trip to Chicago.

Blue Canyon–Nyack Airport is an airport in Emigrant Gap, Placer County, California. The airport is served by a single, short, asphalt runway. The airport, in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, is surrounded by trees and is closed during winter because there are no deicing or snow removal facilities at the airport.Blue Canyon - Nyack Airport CTAF/MULTICOM: 122.90 MHz Weather Data Services: (ID)BLU / (Type) WX ASOS / 120.075 MHz Runway length = 3,300 feet, width = 50 feet Airport elevation = 5284.0 feet, 1611 meters (above sea level) During major fires the airport is used as a helipad.

After Northwest announced the withdrawal of their service, the Gothenburg service was also terminated. In November 1998, Color Air introduced a new cheapest ticket for NOK 345. After the winter settled, the ice front between Color Air and Braathens grew colder following Braathens' denying Color Air to use their deicing equipment at Ålesund, resulting in the plane being stuck at the airport. By the end of 1998, it became clear that Braathens had increased capacity with 20%, but only achieved a 5.2% ridership increase after the opening of Gardermoen.

Sifto Canada, Sifto Salt, or simply Sifto Salt Canada is a salt mining and marketing company based in Canada, with its primary products being table salt, fine evaporated salt, water conditioning salt, agricultural salt, and highway deicing salt. Sifto Canada is wholly owned by Compass Minerals. Sifto was founded by Sam Platt who was prospecting for oil in 1866, and instead of oil encountered rock salt in Goderich Harbour on Lake Huron. Sifto Canada was formed in 1950 and the company was acquired by the United States chemical company Compass Minerals in the 1990s.

However, there is some historical evidence that would seem to contradict this statement. In 1959, over 10,000 people in Morocco were paralyzed or otherwise affected after ingesting small quantities of tricresyl phosphate in their cooking oil. Unlike tricresyl phosphate, hydraulic fluid — although non-toxic in small quantities — is extremely irritating to the eyes and skin, which creates a hazard to pilots during a fume event but causes no lasting damage. Deicing fluid has a strong smell but is not very irritating or toxic if inhaled (as opposed to the significant toxicity when ingested).

The next year, the XBLR was dropped and the Boeing prototype was once again the XB-15. Unusual features that the XB-15 pioneered included an autopilot, deicing equipment, and two gasoline generators used as auxiliary power units (independent of the main engines) to power the 110-volt electrical system. The main engines were serviceable in flight using an access tunnel inside the wing. The aircraft contained a sizable crew compartment with bunkbeds, a galley and a lavatory. Finally, in September 1937 construction was finished, and on 15 October it first flew.

"Percepto!" was a gimmick where Castle attached electrical "buzzers" to the underside of some seats in theaters where The Tingler was screened. The buzzers were small surplus airplane wing deicing motors left from World War II. The cost of this equipment added $250,000 to the film's budget. It was used predominantly in larger theaters. During the climax of the film, The Tingler was unleashed in the movie theater, while the audience watched Tol'able David (1921), in which a young woman escapes the unwanted advances of her boyfriend and is targeted.

By late 1940, two Vickers K machine guns had been added to new hatches that were inserted into the upper sides of the fuselage just aft of the wing, with appropriate slipstream deflectors. A second gun was added to the nose turret. New constant speed propellers and deicing boots were installed as well during 1940. The Sunderland had difficulty in landing and taking off from rough water, but, other than in the open sea, it could be handled onto and off a short chop, by a skilled pilot.

This ice disrupted airflow over the jet, increasing drag and reducing lift, which prevented the jet from lifting off the runway. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the flight crew were unaware of the amount of ice that had built up after the jet was delayed by heavy ground traffic taxiing to the runway. The report also listed the fact that the aircraft had begun its takeoff rotation too early at a lower speed than was standard as a contributing factor to the accident. Investigators also found that the deicing procedures at LaGuardia were substandard.

Moist traction sand tends to cake together or freezes, and is not easily dislodged by truck traffic. This is problematic on low-volume highways with frequent deicing, and can significantly reduce the effectiveness of rumble strips in winter months. When rumble strips are installed on a very narrow paved shoulder, sometimes sand and gravel can fill the rumble strip which is usually a problem in the winter and early spring. If the snow-cover is substantial, then the shoulder (including the rumble strip) is usually partially snow-covered as the snowplow's wing-blade doesn't clear the entire shoulder.

Deicing salt-filled and stained rumble strip. The rock salt has been "cemented" in place Wildlife-vehicle collisions can be a significant problem when large animals are involved such as moose, elk, and deer, which can cause serious vehicle damage, injury, and fatalities.Update of Data Sources on Collisions Involving Motor Vehicles and Large Animals in Canada, Transport Canada, June 2006 Separate studies in New Hampshire (US) and Quebec (Canada), of radio-collared moose found that home ranges were associated with salt licks formed by road salt runoff. These roadside salt licks were thought to increase moose-vehicle collisions.

Compass Minerals International, Inc is a public company that, through its subsidiaries, is a leading producer of minerals, including salt, magnesium chloride, sulfate of potash and other plant nutrition products. Based in Kansas City, the company provides bulk treated and untreated highway deicing salt to customers in North America and the United Kingdom and plant nutrition products to growers worldwide. Compass Minerals also produces consumer de- icing and water conditioning products, consumer and commercial culinary salt, and other mineral-based products for consumer, agricultural, and industrial applications. In addition, Compass Minerals provides records management services to businesses throughout the United Kingdom.

The bridge was officially rededicated on November 11, 1991, sixty-five years after its original dedication. Due to its deteriorating state as a result of corrosion from salt used for deicing in the winter, in April 2002 a major restoration of the span commenced. Costing $1.17 million and completed by spring 2003, the restoration included the replacement of corroded elements, removal of the original Roanoke Street Railway Company streetcar tracks from the roadbed and a resurfacing of the pavement. Additionally, the restoration project incorporated traffic calming principles in reducing the number of vehicular travel lanes from four to two.

Sodium (symbol Na) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride. Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

It is also extremely tolerant of seaside salt spray and storms, commonly being the first shrub in from the coast. It is widely used in landscaping, being relatively tough and trouble- free. Needing little maintenance due to it being very disease resistant, it is suitable for planting in large numbers; its salt-tolerance makes it useful for planting beside roads which need deicing with salt regularly. Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, with flower colour varying from white to dark red-purple, and with semi-double to double flowers where some or all of the stamens are replaced by extra petals.

By creating hierarchical surface, the interdroplet freezing wave propagation can be suppressed whereas the ice/frost removal can be promoted. The enhanced performances are mainly owing to the activation of the microscale edge effect in the hierarchical surface, which increases the energy barrier for ice bridging as well as engendering the liquid lubrication during the deicing/defrosting process. The ability of packaging to fully empty a viscous liquid is somewhat dependent on the surface energy of the inner walls of the container. The use of superhydrophobic surfaces is useful but can be further improved by using new lubricant-impregnated surfaces.

In a television interview, one of the NTSB investigators suggested that "the captain was faced with quite a problem. If he wanted to be deiced a third time, he would have had to get out of the line [of jets waiting to take off] and taxi all the way back to the parking area and meet up with a deicing truck again. That would have put him very, very late and it may have even caused the cancellation of the flight." The NTSB carried out tests to discover why the first officer was unable to see the ice buildup on the wing of the jet.

The airport is accessible from Highway 20 or from Highway 520, a spur off Highway 40 that leads directly towards the airport. Eastbound Highway 20 leads to the Dorval interchange, the exit which drivers must take for the airport. From the north, Côte-Vertu Boulevard that runs parallel to runways 24L and 24R provides access to the Air Canada Base and hangars, Air Transat hangars, Air Inuit hangars, Bombardier Aerospace assembly facility and the deicing facility. When drivers pick up or drop off guests at Trudeau, they are permitted to stop momentarily outside the Arrivals and Departure areas at both the Canada and International departures as well as the Transborder Jetty.

By comparison, the average in the Willamette River at the Hawthorne Bridge in downtown Portland was 74 during the same years. Measurements of water quality at the Landfill Road site during the years covered by the DEQ report showed high concentrations of phosphates, ammonia and nitrates, fecal coliform bacteria, and suspended solids, and a high biochemical oxygen demand. High temperatures enhanced extreme eutrophication in the summer. The Port of Portland began efforts in 1997 to reduce the flow of aircraft deicing chemicals from the airport into the waterway, though it still diverted concentrated chemicals (mostly glycol) directly into the slough during rare times of reservoir overflow.

In wet and cold climates, reinforced concrete for roads, bridges, parking structures and other structures that may be exposed to deicing salt may benefit from use of corrosion-resistant reinforcement such as uncoated, low carbon/chromium (micro composite), epoxy-coated, hot dip galvanised or stainless steel rebar. Good design and a well-chosen concrete mix will provide additional protection for many applications. Uncoated, low carbon/chromium rebar looks similar to standard carbon steel rebar due to its lack of a coating; its highly corrosion-resistant features are inherent in the steel microstructure. It can be identified by the unique ASTM specified mill marking on its smooth, dark charcoal finish.

However, by 2019, the jet was FAR part 135 approved for air taxi operators. Early versions were certified for and later ones to . The design has urethane deicing boot and an optional lavatory, a single-piece carbon shell will contain cabin pressurization and it should fit in a usual US Tee hangar. The wing spar is made of pure pre-preg carbon fiber plies, cured in a high-pressure, high- temperature autoclave, while most of the other major airframe parts are made of low-pressure, low-temperature cured carbon fiber sandwich construction, around a honeycomb core, including hand layup of outer pre-preg carbon fiber plies.

Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, such as security CCTV systems, and automatic incident detection or stopped vehicle detection systems; to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; weather information; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of these technologies are described in the following sections.

In 1991, withe the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Magadan Airport received international status. the town gained exposure to the outside world with the inauguration of Alaska Airlines flights to the United States using McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jets. In 1992, Aeroflot inaugurated nonstop service to Anchorage using Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft, and in 1994, this route was extended to provide same-plane 1-stop service to Seattle. According to an anecdotal story published in the New York Times, the first Alaska Airlines flight needed deicing services, which were unavailable, so the flight crew acquired a quantity of vodka and sprayed it onto the wings.

A study performed by the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) in 2012 examined Abram Creek by sampling at 3 locations as well as in the Rocky River just upstream and downstream of its confluence with Abram Creek. Assessments were made of water chemistry, habitat assessment, electofishing, and benthic macroinvertibrates. The narrative noted that two wastewater treatment plants that discharged into Abram Creek were closed in the 1990s and deicing waste from the airport had been diverted to NEORSD in the early 2000s. The assessments generally indicated some improvement in most metrics from previous assessments, but still had non-attainments, particularly for upstream sample locations.

It began State trials on 23 August 1948 which lasted until 30 November 1948. The report of the NII VVS (Russian: Научно-Исследовательский Институт Военно-Воздушных Сил Nauchno- Issledovatel'skiy Institut Voyenno-Vozdushnykh Sil – Air Force Scientific Test Institute) was unfavorable: > The performance was not commensurate with the directives stated in the > Government Directive for the development of the aircraft. The machine was > unstable at all the normal center of gravity positions, the wings and > undercarriage were insufficiently strong, the defensive armament proved to > be less than fully effective due to the inadequate power provided to the gun > mounts by the generators, and the deicing and lighting equipment were > inadequate, thus restricting the aircraft's operations in bad > weather.Gordon, p.

The investigation following the crash, especially regarding the failure of the pilot to respond to crew concerns about the deicing procedure, led to a number of reforms in pilot training regulations. Partial blame was placed on the young, inexperienced flight crew, who had a combined age of only 65 and had begun their careers as commercial pilots less than five years earlier. Typical of upstart low-cost carriers, Air Florida frequently hired youthful pilots who worked for less money than veterans and were for the most part seeking to gain flight experience prior to joining a major airline. It became a widely used case study for both air crews and rescue workers.

A development of the kit-built Epic LT, the E1000 aircraft features a cantilever low-wing, a 6.5 psi pressurized cabin with an airstair door just ahead of the rear seats, retractable tricycle landing gear and a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6-67A turboprop aircraft engine, de- rated to engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft is predominantly made from carbon fiber and its span wing mounts flaps and winglets. The E1000 will have deicing boots and a heated windshield for certification in known icing conditions. The aircraft has a goal empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of and a full-fuel payload of , allowing the fuel tanks and seats to all be filled.

A bleed air deicing system was fitted for the cockpit glazing and propeller blades. The first flight of the Il-18 was made on 18 August 1946, in a sixty-passenger configuration, even though the turbosuperchargers for its engines had not been fitted. To save time Sergey Ilyushin gave the order to commence flight tests without them. However, this proved to be in vain because the manufacturer's flight tests were not concluded until 30 July 1947 as the turbo-superchargers were not delivered in a timely manner. Other problems were the short time between overhauls for the ASh-73TKs, initially only 25 hours, and the disintegration of one engine on 25 June 1947.

The ATR 42 has a straight wing with a wing aspect ratio, and a retractable landing gear in fairings under the fuselage, with wheel sides visible in flight. The ATR 42 is a straight high wing airliner with twin turboprops and a T-tail, certified in the transport category, and powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120s. It has deicing boots to fly in icing conditions and a retractable landing gear in fairings under the fuselage, with wheel sides visible in flight. It has no Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), but can still be autonomous in ground operations, as it has a propeller brake on the starboard engine, allowing to keep the engine running to provide power on ground.

This ice-free airplane wing uses Thermawing's Aircraft Anti-Icing System, a NASA spinoff. NASA funding under the SBIR program and work with NASA scientists advanced the development of a thermoelectric deicing system called Thermawing, a DC-powered air conditioner for single-engine aircraft called Thermacool, and high-output alternators to run them both. Thermawing allows pilots to safely fly through ice encounters and provides pilots of single-engine aircraft the heated wing technology usually reserved for larger, jet-powered craft. Thermacool, an electric air conditioning system, uses a new compressor whose rotary pump design runs off an energy-efficient, brushless DC motor and allows pilots to use the air conditioner before the engine starts.

The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause was inadequate standards for icing operations while in flight, specifically the failure of the Federal Aviation Administration to establish adequate minimum airspeeds for icing conditions, leading to a loss of control when the airplane accumulated a thin, rough accretion of ice on its lifting surfaces. A contributing factor was the decision of the crew to operate in icing conditions while near the lower end of the flight envelope while the flaps were retracted. Comair had not established unambiguous minimum airspeed values for flap configurations and for flight in icing conditions. They also, against recommendation of the plane's manufacturer, failed to activate deicing boots on the wings.

East Metro Jet Center (full and self service fuel including 100LL, Jet A1, and MoGas, deicing, GPU, lav service, potable water service, Corporate Aircraft Association (CAA) member), RC Avionics, New Richmond Aero (piston aircraft maintenance), Proto Type Machine / Aerospace Hydraulics (precision made aircraft parts), Mike Demulling Flight Instruction (primary and advanced flight training), NDT Solutions (non-destructive testing and equipment manufacturing), Engineered Propulsion Systems (advanced diesel engines for the aviation industry), New Richmond Airside Rental (rental vehicles for passengers and crew), AeroResto (aircraft hangar rental and aircraft painting), Great North AutoGyro (AutoGyro sales and training), Air Command International (autogyro manufacturer), Orion Airmotive (aircraft charter and management), and Taranis (advanced aerial imaging with drones and aircraft).

Aircraft deicing vehicles have also improved since the accident, usually consisting of a large tanker truck, containing the concentrated de-icing fluid, with a water feed to dilute the fluid according to the ambient temperature. The vehicle also normally has a cherry picker crane, allowing the operator to spray the entire aircraft in as little time as possible; an entire Boeing 737 can be treated in under 10 minutes by a single de-icing vehicle. Airport runways are also deiced by sprayers fitted with long spraying arms. These arms are wide enough to cross the entire runway, and allow de-icing of the entire airstrip to take place in a single pass, reducing the length of time that the runway is unavailable.

More recently, organic compounds have been developed that reduce the environmental issues connected with salts and have longer residual effects when spread on roadways, usually in conjunction with salt brines or solids. These compounds are often generated as byproducts of agricultural operations such as sugar beet refining or the distillation process that produces ethanol. Other organic compounds are wood ash and a deicing salt called calcium magnesium acetate made from roadside grass or even kitchen waste.The alternatives to salt for battling ice: cheese, beets and ash Additionally, mixing common rock salt with some of the organic compounds and magnesium chloride results in spreadable materials that are both effective to much colder temperatures () as well as at lower overall rates of spreading per unit area.

Freezing rain and sleet were recorded in coastal cities including Houston in southeast Texas, New Orleans in southeast Louisiana, Mobile in the Alabama panhandle, and Pensacola and Tallahassee in the Florida panhandle. Much of Interstate 10 was closed to east and west traffic, as well as others to and from inland areas. Bridges to barrier islands were also closed due to ice, and the almost total lack of deicing equipment and chemicals both for the Florida DOT and for local governments in all affected states, which had to rely entirely on sand spreaders retrofitted to dump trucks. Other states were able to move resources down from further up- state, however freeways and other state routes are generally the only roads which are treated by state governments.

Flight International describes this choice as being unusual as these engines were no longer in production, a decision that was somewhat justified by the large numbers of reconditioned units that were available during the 1960s; it was believed that a piston engine would be more durable in a maritime environment.Flight International 1968, pp. 269–270. In a standard configuration, fuel is housed across 12 tanks within the wing, although additional tanks can be installed within the outer wing. Deicing measures protect the engine's carburettors, which involves drawing heated air from the engine cylinders over them instead of ambient air; the propellers can also be fitted with electrical heating mats, while these are provisioned for, they were not fitted as standard.

Commutes that normally take minutes instead took several hours or even until the next day, with average speeds near zero and many vehicles running out of gasoline. Several people simply walked to their destination, while Georgia National Guard troops were called to join HERO units along with the Georgia State Patrol and local police in checking on stuck and abandoned cars. While only fell on the afternoon of the 28th, and many issues from the 2011 snow-then-ice storm had been addressed, the sudden rush of traffic between noon and 1pm rapidly created massive gridlock and prevented snow removal and deicing equipment from going anywhere. GDOT equipment that had been dispatched to areas further down-state based on early forecasts also lessened the response, as they could not get back north to their regular districts in time.

It retained the two fixed Nudelman- Rikhter NR-23 cannon in the fuselage nose, but the design of the fuselage was changed to give the gunner his own separate pressurized compartment and a KDU-81 tail turret armed with another pair of NR-23 guns.Gordon & Rigamant, pp. 126–127 Construction of the prototype began in August 1949, using components from the canceled Tu-73S prototypes, and was completed in October. The manufacturer's tests were conducted between 13 October 1949 and 21 January 1950. Its State acceptance trials lasted from 23 January to 27 May 1950 and it was accepted for production, provided that the problems with the KDU-81 turret were resolved and that ejection seats were provided for the pilot and gunner, a hot air deicing was to be fitted and the gun mount in the nose revised.

Sodium chloride road salt costs less than $50 per ton to produce but is corrosive to metals in highway structures and increases the concentration of sodium in drinking water, which can lead to adverse health effects. Alternative deicing substances have been sought to alleviate these problems. CMA has been found to be an effective deicer and environmentally benign, though its production cost of $650 per ton is much greater than the cost of road salt. Using estimates based on New York State Data, a 1992 report in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management concluded that $615 per ton would be saved in vehicle corrosion and that $75 per ton would be saved in aesthetic damage to roadside trees if the state highway agencies switched to using CMA as a deicer instead of sodium chloride rock salt, far outweighing its initial production cost.

Pittsburgh was the first airport (since 9/11) in the nation to allow non- passengers to pass through security to dine and shop in a post-security terminal. Participants can sign up for myPITpass on the airport's website and must pass through the alternate security checkpoint before continuing through to the Airmall in the airside terminal. The airport became one of the first in the United States to use a new TSA system called Credential Authentication Technology, which phases out the use of boarding passes at TSA security checkpoints in favor of a stronger system that verifies passengers based solely on a government-issued ID.Pittsburgh airport to phase out using boarding passes at security checkpoints In 2020, American Airlines and Republic Airways parked more than 100 planes at Pittsburgh International after the COVID-19 pandemic caused them to cut flights out of their schedules.Parked Planes Stack Up at U.S. Airports Airport officials estimated they could store about 140 planes on unused taxiways, runways, deicing pads, and other surfaces.