73 Sentences With "decentralising" | Random Sentence Generator

Similarly, there is no single solution for decentralising the internet.

Any lasting solution will require decentralising power to the provinces.

The company veteran (pictured above) came up with fairly radical plans for downsizing and decentralising the troubled conglomerate.

Jansa told a news conference that his government will focus on improving the inefficient national health system, cutting red tape and decentralising the country.

Indeed, the new council and the tax it will administer go against a recent trend for decentralising power from New Delhi to the various state capitals.

The party's platform of reforming the army, decentralising government and breaking up business monopolies won it support from young Thais but enmity from the ruling elite.

Growing Policy Lending Role: Indonesia has been decentralising infrastructure investment decisions to LRGs, which makes SMI increasingly important in supporting LRGs' infrastructure investments, although this is a gradual process.

Europe's biggest automaker will next week unveil a new business roadmap aimed at improving accountability and decentralising product planning and sales operations, with greater investment in electric cars and mobility services.

Volkswagen will on Thursday present a new business strategy to move beyond its emissions scandal, with the focus on decentralising operations, improving accountability and expanding electric-car offerings as well as mobility services.

But instead of decentralising this treasure trove, as the Web 3.0 movement hopes to do in the West, China's plan seems to be to centralise them even further to make the most of them.

Indicated 3.13 percent lower VW Chief Executive Matthias Mueller will present the carmaker's post-Dieselgate strategy for the coming decade aimed at improving accountability and decentralising product planning and sales operations, with greater investments in electric cars and on-demand mobility services.

Instead, as Minxin Pei, a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California, writes in "China's Crony Capitalism", decentralising the rights of control over state property without clarifying the rights of ownership gave those who rule "maximum advantage to extract wealth from society".

Harvard University Press; 365 pages; $35 and £25.95How decentralising the rights of control over state property, without clarifying the rules of ownership, offered those who rule China the greatest chance in history to grow rich, by a professor of government now based in California.

CHAD IDEN Columbus, Georgia One of the suggestions in your special report on decentralising the internet is that big companies should let startups and small firms have access to their data (without identifying users) so that they can analyse the data for themselves (June 30th).

In the wider conversation we've been having about how the tech world is still too weighted in favor of Silicon Valley, it's nice to see this example of how it's gradually decentralising, and strong startups founded far from the Bay Area are getting the recognition they deserve.

When Francis became pope, liberalisers' hopes were high that he would make change in four areas: by instigating a financial clean-up of the Vatican, long criticised for lacking transparency and aiding tax evasion; by tackling the long-running scandal over clerical child-abuse; by breaking the grip of traditionalists—notably, with regard to the position of women in the church; and by decentralising the church's administration.

In July 2013, the Scottish Government made the Lerwick Declaration, establishing a ministerial working group to examine decentralising powers to the three island council areas.

The Bamako Initiative proposed decentralising health decision making to local levels and establishing realistic national drug policies to enhance the provision of essential drugs for Sub-Saharan Africans.

With the start of production of the Fiat Uno in 1988, a new parent company called Automakers SA Ltd. was founded.Rechard Noor: Systems approach to decentralising power for organisational effectiveness, Kapstadt 1997. This company was located in Sandton.

The Collegium of Justice (also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717. It was de-established during the decentralising reforms of Catherine II of Russia. Its first President was Andrey Matveev.

The Collegium of State Income (Kamer-kollegiia; or Revenue, also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717. It was de-established during the decentralising reforms of Catherine II of Russia. Its first President was Dmitry Golitsin.

Thus for Pareto efficiency, : MRT Coconuts, Fish = MRSCoconuts, Fish (for both Crusoe and Friday) This can be achieved in a competitive market by decentralising production and consumption decisions, i.e. Crusoe and Friday will both solve their own problems of how much to consume and produce independently.

The Collegium of Accounting (Revizion-kollegia, or of Revision or of Auditing; also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717. It was de-established during the decentralising reforms of Catherine II of Russia. Its first President was Vasily Dolgorukov.

The Collegium of State Expenses (Schtats-kontor, or of the Treasury; also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717. It was de-established during the decentralising reforms of Catherine II of Russia. Its first President was Ivan Musin-Pushkin.

Hundreds were led by a 'hundred-man', and had their own 'hundred' courts. The members of the hundreds (or tithings, etc.) were collectively held responsible for each individual's conduct, thereby decentralising the administration of justice upon the people themselves. Hundreds were used as administrative units for the raising of armies, collection of taxes and so forth.

This project heavily influenced development of Zambian Government policy on water resources and in February 2010, the Zambian Cabinet approved a revised National Water policy that "aims to improve water resources management by establishing institutional coordination, engaging in modern methods of integrated water resource management while decentralising government policy to address diverse interests within the water sector".

Following the previous elections in 1996, a political crisis had led to Anjouan and Mohéli seeking to secede from the Union. A 1999 coup led to Azali Assoumani taking power. A new constitution was introduced in 2001, decentralising power by granting autonomy to the three islands. Azali subsequently won presidential elections in 2002, which were boycotted by the opposition.

The recommendations included decentralising power, from central government to local government, replacing the first-past-the-post electoral system with a more responsive one, reducing the voting age to 16, and giving citizens the right to initiate legislative processes. "Power 2010" is an attempt to carry forward the concepts behind the Power Inquiry into the UK 2010 General Election.

The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide. The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography. These are Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre.

"The socialist revolution," explains the Red Book, "is the only choice possible for us in order to achieve rapid economic and cultural development in an autonomous, humane, and harmonious manner." The Red Book advocated a new foreign policy based on the principle of nonalignment, and domestic policies focused on renovating the fokonolona (community members), decentralising the administration and fomenting economic development through planning and popular input.

It also supports decentralising services to villages. It has begun announcing candidates for the 2021 Samoan general election. On 28 August 2020 party leader Laauli Leuatea Polataivao Schmidt was re-elected to Parliament in the 2020 Gagaifomauga No. 3 byelection. On 2 September 2020 the party announced it would join forces with the Samoa National Democratic Party and Tumua ma Puleono parties to contest the 2021 election.

Aside from decentralising its operation, Young Enterprise also introduced new programmes during the 1990s. Project Business was launched in 1995, International Trading and Entrepreneurship Masterclass in 1997, and a Graduate Programme in 1998. In the 2000s, Young Enterprise continued to launch new programmes and reorganise its regional structure. The Primary Programme, originally run in Northern Ireland, was introduced the rest of the UK in 2000.

The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context. Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends. For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration.

All found that any smaller state, centred on the New England region, could not be self-sufficient nor provide adequate infrastructure. Under the plans for the new state Armidale would become the educational centre and a university was seen as a prerequisite for statehood. While plans for a state of New England failed, pressure did begin the process of decentralising services, allowing a greater portion of the NSW population to access higher education.

During the early 1960s party leaders were increasingly desperate to slow down or even reverse the widening gap in economic performance and general prosperity between socialist East Germany and capitalist West Germany. One response was to try and restrict economic emigration from east to west. Another involved economic reforms at home which would focus more on profitability and decentralising decision making. The so- called New Economic System was formally launched in 1963.

Reforms decentralising government and greater powers for the republics were enacted after the Ranković era and Tito changed his view and stated that recognition of Muslims and their national identity should occur. Serb nationalists within the communist party warned Tito that the removal of Ranković was an unforgivable offense to Serbs in the country as he represented Serbia. Ranković thereafter for the duration of his life kept a low profile until his death.

In the pre-genocide era before 1994, Rwanda's healthcare was supported by the Bamako Initiative which was sponsored by UNICEF and WHO and adopted by African ministers of health in 1987."Bamako initiative" Archived from the original on 2006-11-28. Retrieved 2006- 12-28Caroline Kayonga towards universal health coverage in Rwanda. Summary notes from briefing Brookig Institution Washington D.C 2007 Progress was started towards decentralising the health management system, first to the Province level and then to the district level.

El Ciclo De La Ilusión y El Desencanto, by Pablo Gerchunoff and Lucas Llach, Editorial Ariel, 2003 After Perón was deposed by the Revolución Libertadora in 1955, the investments decreased abruptly, leaving the preventive maintenance behind. From then on, only urgent works were carried out, resulting in a deterioration of the service, also affected by the rampant inflation in the country. Since the 1960s, OSN associated with local cooperative companies that supply services to small cities (less than 50,000 people each), decentralising operations.

A new stairway from here lead to the Telegraph and Postal Inspector and Clerk's offices on the upper floor. From 1927 until 1981 no major alterations were carried out at Kempsey, other than ongoing maintenance. In 1981 Kempsey was rearranged to become a Distributing Post Office, as part Australia Post's decentralising plan. As a DPO, Kempsey was to act as a focal point for the redistribution of local area mail with air and rail connection to Sydney for regular next day delivery.

Despite the opposition boycott, the government proceeded. The ruling Jatiya Party won 251 of the 300 seats. The Parliament, while still regarded by the opposition as an illegitimate body, held its sessions as scheduled, and passed numerous bills, including, in June 1988, a controversial constitutional amendment making Islam Bangladesh's state religion and provision for setting up High Court benches in major cities outside of Dhaka. While Islam remains the state religion, the provision for decentralising the High Court division has been struck down by the Supreme Court.

This resulted in the emergence of many political parties, and 48 would go on to compete in the 1999 legislative election. In May 1999, the Habibie administration passed the Regional Autonomy Law, which was the first step in decentralising Indonesia's government and allowing provinces to have more part in governing their areas. The press became liberated under Habibie, although the Ministry of Information continued to exist. Political prisoners such as Sri Bintang Pamungkas, Muchtar Pakpahan, and Xanana Gusmão were also released under Habibie's orders.

By 1910, 14 capital cities of Argentina had a running water system, with four of them also including sewer system. After Perón was deposed by the Revolución Libertadora in 1955, the investments decreased abruptly, leaving the preventive maintenance behind. From then on, only urgent works were carried out, resulting in a deterioration of the service, also affected by the rampant inflation in the country. Since the 1960s, OSN associated with local cooperative companies that supply services to small cities (less than 50,000 people each), decentralising operations.

Biya initially did not campaign in the election and only made his first campaign stop within the last week before polling day. Biya described his opponents as inexperienced and said that he was only person who could prevent anarchy in Cameroon. He also pledged to improve education, health and women's rights, as well as decentralising and developing industry and tourism. One of Biya's campaign slogans was "Free mosquito nets for pregnant mothers" but there was significant scepticism over the pledges made by Biya after the failure to achieve ones made in previous elections.

Kosygin would prove to be a very competent administrator, with the Soviet standard of living rising considerably due to his moderately reformist policy. Kosygin's moderate 1965 reform, as with Nikita Khrushchev's thaw, radicalised the Soviet reform movement. While Leonid Brezhnev was content to maintain the centralised structure of the Soviet planned economy, Kosygin attempted to revitalise the ailing economic system by decentralising management. Following Brezhnev's death in 1982, the reform movement was split between Yuri Andropov's path of discipline and control and Gorbachev's liberalisation of all aspects of public life.

ICLEI initially operated a top-down governing approach of the CCP program, coordinated from the ICLEI's international base, Toronto. In an attempt to introduce a multi- level governance approach toward the delivery of the CCP program, national and regional campaigns were formed, decentralising the program. The UK, US, Australia, Canada, Finland, India, Mexico and South Africa amongst others saw national campaigns, whilst regional campaigns merged throughout Europe, Asia and Latin America. Financial resources are contributed significantly by nation-state governments especially in the US, Canada and Australia toward their national campaigns.

Based on his reputation as governor of East Flanders, Lippens was recruited in 1921 by the Minister of the Colonies Louis Franck to serve as Governor-General in the Belgian Congo. In this role, Lippens began a major series of administrative reforms, decentralising power from the colonial administration in Boma to the Congo's provinces. The colonial budget and education systems were also reformed. Monument to Lippens in Knokke-Heist, Belgium Lippens' programme of reforms led to tension between him and the Ministry of the Colonies in Belgium, with Lippens demanding greater personal autonomy.

The primary schools were put under the management of the curés. The Falloux Law created one academy for each department, decentralising the University and thus strengthening the notables' local influence. It reorganised the Superior Council of Education and academic councils, specifically by giving a large number of places to representatives of various religions, above all of Roman Catholicism. Eight University members had seats at the Superior Council of Public Instruction, alongside seven religious representatives (including four Catholics), three state counsellors, three members of the Institute, and three members representing "free" (i.e.

In his early work career as a local authority officer he was a strong influence in decentralising council services in Manchester and Rochdale in the 1980s. His career in the early 1990s was with Save The Children where he became a consultant and charity trustee, he was influential in shaping services for children and young people in the North West England region. By the middle of the 1990s he had changed his career to psychosynthesis, to address further bouts of depression, he studied and qualified and went on to build a psychotherapy practice in Didsbury.

Some states justified the criminalization process as demonstrating their concerns about safety and security, the policy of control, policing, criminal justice, and penal practice. The modern state is decentralising and privatising its functions. This is changing the character and content of the remaining institutions of the state which must now work co-operatively with other for-profit agencies. #The political order must realign so that the remaining political entities such as legislatures and judges set agreed targets for state control and then produce actual outputs of the legal order, i.e.

While Islam remains the state religion, the provision for decentralising the High Court division has been struck down by the Supreme Court. By 1989, the domestic political situation in the country seemed to have quieted. The local council elections were generally considered by international observers to have been less violent and more free and fair than previous elections. However, opposition to Ershad's rule began to regain momentum, escalating by the end of 1990 in frequent general strikes, increased campus protests, public rallies, and a general disintegration of law and order.

Since the 1990s almost all African countries have been decentralising their political powers from the centre towards local authorities: in Mali it started in 1993, in Ethiopia in 1995, in Rwanda in 2002, in Burkina Faso in 2004, ... Along with the decentralisation process, a reform of the water supply and sanitation sector has been put through. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation that came out of it differ throughout the continent. Two general distinctions can be made. A first distinction should be made between water supply and sanitation responsibilities in (i) urban areas and (ii) rural areas.

A large number of ministries were been eliminated and replaced by a network of regional and local sovnarkhoz supervised by the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy. Khrushchev's economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government after Khrushchev's ousting in 1964. The year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished. The second attempt at decentralising the Soviet economy was in 1965, with Premier Alexei Kosygin initiating a new economic reform aimed at giving enterprises more economic freedom and incentives to be profitable.

The concentration of offices in the main quarter has led to increase real estate prices due to the increased demand and reduced space. In response to this problem the commission has, since 2004, begun decentralising across the city to areas such as / in Auderghem and / in Evere. This has reduced price increases but it is still one of the most expensive areas in the city (€295 per square metre, compared to €196 per on average). Neither the Parliament nor the Council have followed suit, however, and the policy of decentralisation is unpopular among the commission's staff.

After the abolishment of control of living space in 1960, Hans Kampffmeyer, the head of the social democratic planning department developed the concept of decentralising the inner city. The adjacent boroughs were to become an extension of the Westend. The so-called Fünf-Fingerplan of 1967 designated that through the Westend five leading axles - Mainzer Landstraße, Bockenheimer Landstraße, Reuterweg, Grüneburgweg and Eschersheimer Landstraße - should be developed under an intensive construction plan. From this came a wave of property speculation, numerous nineteenth century building were demolished in the following years, their long established tenants driven out by rough methods.

College of War The College of War (sometimes War Collegium, or similar, but not to be confused with other institutions of the same name) was a Russian executive body (or collegium), created in the government reform of 1717. It was the only one of the six original and three later colleges to survive the decentralising reforms of Catherine II of Russia. Under Paul I, it became the model for a newly centralised government. The College of War contained several functional departments which operated independently, but under the overall supervision of the college and its President; after 1798 there were to be seven sections.

The Lerwick Declaration refers to an announcement made by First Minister Alex Salmond on behalf of the Scottish Government on 25 July 2013, which revealed that a ministerial working group would examine the prospect of decentralising power to Shetland, Orkney, and the Western Isles. The declaration was made in response to the Our Islands - Our Future campaign launched in June 2013, in which the leaders of Scotland's island councilsShetland Islands Council, Orkney Islands Council, and called for greater autonomy for the islands. The campaign was designed to capitalise on discussions raised by the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, though the campaign itself is neutral on the topic of Scottish independence.

At the 19th Conference, the first party conference held since 1941, several delegates asked for the introduction of term limits, and an end to appointments of officials, and to introduce multi-candidate elections within the party. Some called for a maximum of two term-periods in each party body, including the Central Committee, others supported Nikita Khrushchev's policy of compulsory turnover rules, which had been ended by the Brezhnev leadership. Other people called for the General Secretary to either be elected by the people, or a "kind of party referendum". There was also talk about introducing age limits, and decentralising, and weakening the party's bureaucracy.

A constitutional referendum was held in American Samoa on 6 November 1973.Samoans Turn Down New Constitution The New York Times, 11 November 1973 Voters were asked to whether they approved of a new constitution,Samoans reject constitution Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1973, p6 The new constitution provided for the direct election of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, a doubling of the salaries for members of the Fono,Turning point for American Samoans Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1973, p21 issuing government bonds to raise money, and decentralising some powers to counties and villages. As with the previous referendum in 1972, the proposals were rejected, with 34% in favour and 66% against.

The new Government embarked on a modest reform program, franchising the operation of Sydney Ferries, leasing three port corporations, establishing 'one-stop shop' government service centres, abolishing car registration stickers, decentralising government offices, and reducing back-office bureaucracy by merging or abolishing a number of state agencies. At the same time, the Government embarked on a major infrastructure program, including the North West Rail Link, CBD and South East Light Rail, Newcastle Light Rail, Northern Sydney Freight Corridor, WestConnex, NorthConnex, upgrades to the Pacific and Princes highways, and preparations for a new Western Sydney Airport. In 2013, the Nationals won a by-election in Northern Tablelands after independent MP Richard Torbay resigned over corruption allegations.

UNESCO made ten recommendations for engaging in online learning: # Examine the readiness and choose the most relevant tools: Decide on the use high-technology and low-technology solutions based on the reliability of local power supplies, internet connectivity, and digital skills of teachers and students. This could range through integrated digital learning platforms, video lessons, MOOCs, to broadcasting through radios and TVs. # Ensure inclusion of the distance learning programmes: Implement measures to ensure that students including those with disabilities or from low-income backgrounds have access to distance learning programmes, if only a limited number of them have access to digital devices. Consider temporarily decentralising such devices from computer labs to families and support them with internet connectivity.

Census data suggests that Singh's education reforms had become a particularly successful aspect of his government. Those reforms included the construction of thousands of new village schools under the EGS, and may have been significant in increasing the literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh from 45 per cent in 1991 to 64 per cent in 2001. The improvement among girls was particularly high, growing from 29 per cent to 50 per cent. In his second term as Chief Minister, Singh sought to extend his decentralising, socially beneficial ideas by instituting reforms in healthcare that would guarantee a minimum level of care at panchayat level by financing the training of locally nominated healthcare professionals.

Wran, faced with his predecessors' ambitious infrastructure plans, inner-city opposition to motorway projects (including a powerful 'Green Bans' movement) and a deteriorating financial situation, halted work on inner-city projects, scaled back the under-construction Eastern Suburbs railway line and eliminated a number of the Cumberland Plan's inner- city road reservations. Though Wran's decision to sell off the M4 East corridor was later criticised, the Cumberland Plan's radial concept was anyway beginning to lose relevance. The city's passenger and freight gateway had shifted south of the CBD, with long-distance passengers increasingly arriving via Sydney Airport, not Circular Quay or Central Station; and Port Botany increasingly supplanting Sydney Harbour as the city's main shipping hub. At the same time, employment was decentralising.

David Glynn Ashby (born 14 May 1940) was the Conservative Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom for North West Leicestershire from 1983 until he stood down in 1997. Ashby was both a criminal barrister (1963-2001) and a British politician. His political career spanned over twenty years, starting in 1968 as a local Conservative councillor for Hammersmith (Greater London) where he was Chairman for Housing and then progressing as a Conservative Councillor for the Greater London Council (GLC) representing Eltham from 1977–1981. While at the GLC (subsequently dissolved under Margaret Thatcher's government in 1986), he was Chairman of Housing and Management and campaigned fervently for a fairer system of council house distribution by moving power to the boroughs and decentralising.

Midlands Gateway also known as Lake-Counties Gateway is area centered between the major Irish airports, of Dublin, Shannon, and Knock, with ever-improving ground infrastructure, the Irish government and local authorities plan to alleviate urban problems, by decentralising to growing gateways such as the Midlands Gateway of Offaly and Westmeath. According to the Irish National Development plan the Midlands gateway objectives are to reinforce and further develop strong links between these towns and the neighbouring urban centres, by means of infrastructure and services in order to maximise internal and external accessibility as a location for investment business development and tourism. The principle urban centres concerned with the Midlands Gateway are Athlone, Tullamore and Mullingar. The counties immediately concerned are those of County Offaly and County Westmeath.

Thompson voted against a Labor no-confidence motion in the new Liberal Federation government over the dismissal of 2,000 public employees, and told striking timber workers they should return to work after a disagreeable award outcome. He strongly opposed any "dole" scheme for unemployed workers, suggesting potential public works projects to create jobs instead and advocating the "one man one job" principle to free up positions. Thompson called for an overhaul of Labor Bureau policies, especially with regard to Depression ration relief, and was successful in decentralising the system and allowing local businesses to meet demand through a coupon system. He attacked perceived Communist influence on the Port Adelaide docks, claiming that "money supplied from Russian Bolshevist sources" was being used for propaganda.

Blakeley identifies as a democratic socialist and supports the use of capital controls, calling them necessary to "avoid economic blackmail by the markets" and protect the economy from financial flows. She opposes financial globalisation, arguing that it concentrates capital into financial centres that are more integrated into the global economy than they are with their own countries and leads to unfair trading practices that prevent countries from being able to protect their infant industries. Blakeley supports keeping interest rates low to prevent increased capital investment flows into financial assets and real estate, instead proposing greater public investment into the non-financial sectors to promote economic growth and raise living standards. Blakely also supports local and regional devolution across the UK, reasoning that decentralising the country's "grossly unequal" economy is the only way to rebalance it.

The funeral procession of Jean II The image of a "warrior king" probably emerged from the courage in battle he showed at the Battle of Poitiers and the creation of the Order of the Star. This was guided by political need, as John was determined to prove the legitimacy of his crown, particularly as his reign, like that of his father, was marked by continuing disputes over the Valois claim from both Charles II of Navarre and Edward III of England. From a young age, John was called to resist the decentralising forces affecting the cities and the nobility, each attracted either by English economic influence or the reforming party. He grew up among intrigue and treason, and in consequence he governed in secrecy only with a close circle of trusted advisers.

During this period the entire administration of public works was reorganised to adapt it to the increasing magnitude of the interests with which this department had to deal since its establishment by Lord Dalhousie in 1854. For this reorganisation, under which the accounts were placed on a proper footing and the forest administration greatly developed, Strachey was chiefly responsible. His work in connection with Indian finance was important. In 1867 he prepared a scheme in considerable detail for decentralising the financial administration of India, which formed the basis of the policy afterwards carried into effect by his brother Sir John Strachey under Lord Mayo and Lord Lytton. He left India in 1871, but in 1877 he was sent there to confer with the government on the purchase of the East Indian railway, and was then selected as president of the commission of inquiry into Indian famines.

In 2011, Ivory Coast instituted a reorganisation of its subdivisions with the goal of further decentralising the state."Décentralisation : Le gouvernement créé 12 districts et 30 régions", abidjan.net, 29 September 2011. Immediately prior to the reorganisation, the country was divided into 19 first-level regions, 90 second-level departments, and more than 1300 third-level communes. The reorganisation was implemented in September 2011.Décret n° 2011-263 du 28 septembre 2011 portant organisation du territoire national en Districts et en Régions. First, 14 districts were created, which replaced regions as the first-level subdivision of the country. Some of the new districts had the same boundaries and names as some of the old regions, but overall the number of first-level subdivisions was decreased from 19 to 14. Second, the number of regions was increased to 30, and they were converted into second-level subdivisions.

The Michenzani apartment building near Stone Town on Zanzibar island, once the pride of East German development cooperation, illustrates the challenges to properly maintain infrastructure and leverage the current infrastructure to pave way for new and green field projects (see open manholes in the foreground) The socialist policy of Ujamaa was gradually phased out when Nyerere handed power over to Ali Hassan Mwinyi, first as President in 1985 and then as head of the ruling party in 1990. The government initiated political and administrative reforms, as part of which the first National Water Policy was approved in 1991. At the core of the reforms was the Local Government Reform Programme aimed at decentralising power by devolving resources and responsibility for service delivery to district and municipal councils, including transfers of conditional and unconditional block grants to the councils.Government of Tanzania, Water in Tanzania, retrieved February 2010 The National Water Policy emphasized community participation in the selection of projects and in operating and maintaining them through water committees that charged for water.

When several opposition MPs objected during debate on the basis of it posing a threat to the status of the University of Sydney, with one joking that it could be called "Heffron University", Heffron came to the defence of the university and dismissed the objections as "absurd". In 1950 Heffron's seat of Botany was abolished and largely replaced by Maroubra, which he was subsequently elected to and would hold until his retirement in 1968. Heffron (centre, beneath mantlepiece) at the New South Wales University of Technology council's first meeting in July 1949 Meanwhile, Heffron, who supported a general policy of decentralising tertiary education across the state, directed his Department to begin the establishment of various Teachers' Colleges in New South Wales, to provide sufficient tertiary training to the expanding numbers of teachers filling the new schools and colleges across the state. Among them was the Newcastle Teachers' College, established in 1949 and opened in 1950, which facilitated growing calls from the city of Newcastle for a more permanent University in the city.

On 25 January 1968, Law 17622 established the creation of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC, for its Spanish acronym), under the National Presidency's National Development Council (CONADE, for its Spanish acronym). Two major innovations can be identified in the Law: The creation of an Institute in charge of setting the national rules in statistical matters and of managing and coordinating the National Statistical System (NSS), as well as the traditional collecting and producing series, surveys and censuses. The inclusion of the principle to produce and centralise the necessary regulatory bases to ensure comparability and quality of the information developed by the NSS and decentralising the executive stages. The first offices were in the 8th, 9th and 12th floors of the Secretariat of State for Treasury, at 250 Hipólito Yrigoyen, Buenos Aires City. The National Director of Statistics and Censuses at that time, Enrique Compiano, relinquished his post on 2 January, but remained the Institute's ad honorem director until the new head was appointed (CONADE Resolution 2/69).

Lack of observation was remedied in part by decentralising artillery to infantry brigades and by locating the guns in the front line but this made them more vulnerable and several batteries were overrun in the fighting between Arras and Ypres. Devolving control of the guns made concentrated artillery-fire difficult to arrange, because of a lack of field telephones and the obscuring of signal flags by mists and fog. Co- operation with French forces to share the British heavy artillery was implemented and discussions with French gunners led to a synthesis of the French practice of firing a field artillery (squall) before infantry moved to the attack and then ceasing fire, with the British preference for direct fire at observed targets, which was the beginning of the development of creeping barrages. During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on Méteren, the 4th Division issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged.