New Vector: decentralised, secure communication for governments, businesses and individuals
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TRON says its goal is to establish a decentralised internet.
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Bitcoins are created by mining and was the first decentralised cryptocurency.
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Some functions that required centralised power will shift to decentralised collaboration.
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Freenet paved the way for decentralised websites, email and file sharing.
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Wage bargaining in Germany, by contrast, was decentralised soon after unification.
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XR is a decentralised, autonomous movement, with hundreds of groups worldwide.
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Both the public employment service and responsibility for skills training are decentralised.
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By building decentralised alternatives, the power of those monopolies could be broken.
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For now, conventional payment services appear more efficient than their decentralised counterparts.
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Equally important, governments must make it easier for decentralised alternatives to emerge.
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Violence is often decentralised; the line between private and state is blurred.
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He thinks that such decentralised organisations could one day disrupt the tech giants.
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USV has invested in decentralised alternatives, such as OpenBazaar, an e-commerce marketplace.
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The blockchain provides open, decentralised networks on top of verifiable ledgers of record.
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Less famously, StatusNet (now called GNU Social) provides a decentralised alternative to Twitter.
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The Russian system is run from Moscow, whereas the continental one is decentralised.
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Fixing this with federal policy is difficult, since planning laws are so decentralised.
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"They managed to get things done in a decentralised way," says Mr Benkler.
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Then there is the question of how decentralised services will earn their keep.
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"The challenge is (UBS's) decentralised client base," Pande said in an interview with Reuters.
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KR1: crypto token Investment company supporting early stage decentralised and open source blockchain projects
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Predictably, the first attempt to create such a "decentralised autonomous organisation" ended in disaster.
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The Libra Association's goals specifically say that ability will encourage "decentralised forms of governance".
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Cryptocurrencies evade such folly through two unique features: being decentralised and in finite supply.
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Inrupt is using the money to build an open source decentralised platform called Solid.
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They fizzled out mainly because no one knew how to build a robust decentralised database.
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This should help reduce execution risks given the decentralised nature of the Belgian political system.
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But Charlemagne's creation proved sufficiently flexible and decentralised to survive wars, plagues and religious upheavals.
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Blockchains are by their nature decentralised; quantum computing could reorient the tech world toward China.
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Outlier Ventures: invests and partners with tokenised communities that will create the new decentralised economy
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Aragon wants to use blockchain tools to manage entire organisations, complete with decentralised arbitration courts.
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Myki plans to expand its U.S. operations with its "decentralised Identity Management" solution for enterprise.
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There are three fundamental areas that the Decentralised Web necessarily champions:privacy, data portability and security.
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Nobody seriously thinks that the internet could ever return to its first, totally decentralised beginnings.
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Decentralised services, then called "peer-to-peer", briefly flourished in the late 1990s and early 2.03s.
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This is a secure, decentralised ledger that everyone can inspect but that no single user controls.
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By doing so, he decentralised the revolution, making it virtually impossible for the authorities to quash.
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The Ugandan nation was thrown together from a jumble of pre-colonial kingdoms and decentralised societies.
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Not least, a decentralised bureaucracy is accustomed to pursuing breakneck local growth—and damn the consequences.
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Consensus, achieved by distributing power, made the empire's decentralised structure an advantage rather than a weakness.
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The country recovered only after it decentralised, deregulated its economy and lowered its punishing tax rates.
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Digital, decentralised, flexible and secure, the birth of programmable money gives us control of our currency.
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Currently the issuance of debt securities is decentralised and can lead to inefficiencies, the fund said.
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His "data democracy" has decentralised a lot of decision-making and speeded up the flow of parts.
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America's education system is decentralised: federal money makes up just under 9% of funding for secondary schools.
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One example is Storj, a service for decentralised file storage, which has issued tokens on bitcoin's blockchain.
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As decentralised list-keeping grows stronger, the list of worries about it is sure to grow longer.
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A blockchain records transactions on a decentralised register in a way that is difficult to tamper with.
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Germany is also politically decentralised, which Philip McCann at Sheffield University says keeps regional inequality in check.
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Some think his withdrawal was a matter of principle, to underline the point of a decentralised currency.
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It forms the core of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies by maintaining a decentralised record of all transactions.
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Correction: An earlier version of this piece misstated the full form of DAO as Decentralised Anonymous Organisation.
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Some saw the Soviet collapse as making an allied point about politics; that decentralised freedom worked better.
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Because of its decentralised nature, a blockchain will always be slower and more cumbersome than a standard database.
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It was set up to operate independently of any single authority, instead relying on a decentralised global network.
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Senegal's decentralised health-care system helps, says Ibrahima Traoré of the Social Polytechnic Institute of Hygiene in Dakar.
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Iraq needs a decentralised state that gives its minorities safety, and a fair share of power and resources.
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He advocates decentralised decision-making, with financial aid disbursed at the local level rather than by central governments.
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"The challenge is that it's a completely decentralised environment," said Obi Nwosu of the London-based Coinfloor exchange.
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The public is broadly seen as behind the reforms to build a greener economy and a decentralised power system.
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The country's political system is in theory decentralised, but in reality the money flows through Juba, the national capital.
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Europe has a shot at developing a more decentralised alternative, in which data are traded or shared between firms.
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But as long as Islam remains decentralised and the Koran ambiguous, it is unlikely that Muslims will ever agree.
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Git is wildly successful as an entirely decentralised version control system – almost entirely replacing centralised systems such as Subversion.
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But crypto-currencies' intrinsically decentralised nature means that eventually the benefits of being part of a cluster may weaken.
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The group wants the Syrian conflict to end with a decentralised system that secures rights for minorities, including Kurds.
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Though left out of peace talks, Kurdish leaders say Rojava could act as a model for a decentralised Syria.
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The second is that the technology to build decentralised applications, which is still in its infancy, will get better.
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As would be expected in a decentralised economy, Berlin is gradually ceding ground as the hub of the startup scene.
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XMPP was built to provide a decentralised alternative to the messaging silos of AOL Instant Messenger, ICQ, MSN, and others.
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He says modern warfare requires decentralised decision-making because cyber and electronic warfare can sever communications between commanders and units.
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Bitcoin, their argument goes, is immune to the impact of geopolitical tensions or government interference because of its decentralised nature.
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These may recede as the currency grows bigger and more decentralised, only to be replaced by worries about financial stability.
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The big hope is that ICOs will give rise to decentralised organisations that could one day disrupt the tech giants.
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Its developers should stay out of debates on its traceability or risk undermining its decentralised nature, Francisco Cabanas told Reuters.
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The Kurds want to safeguard their autonomous region inside a decentralised state when U.S. troops currently backing them pull out.
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Then they became grander: the Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO), for instance, founded in 2016, was designed as an automated investment fund.
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A free, decentralised society allocated resources better than planners, who could only guess at the knowledge dispersed among millions of individuals.
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The group's decentralised structure in any case means the bosses of its operating companies have no experience outside their particular silo.
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The group's decentralised structure in any case means the bosses of its operating companies have no experience outside their particular silos.
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The real step change in the current momentum came in June at the Decentralised Web Summit organised by the Internet Archive.
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"The idea of decentralised growth needs to be institutionalised and there need to be deliberate efforts to ensure investments," he said.
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With such decentralised applications, or "dapps", users could also interact directly with other users without an information-hoarding intermediary in the middle.
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Even after the dotcom bubble collapsed in the early 2000s, this decentralised activity continued unabated, for instance in the form of blogs.
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Fans hope that they will give rise to decentralised upstarts taking aim at today's oligopolistic technology giants, such as Amazon and Facebook.
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The Federalists, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas, a bloodstained autocrat, fought for decentralised government with strong provinces under dark-blue colours.
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Outlier Ventures: invests and partners with tokenised communities that will create the new decentralised economy The Europas Awards — Hottest A/A+ Investors
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In Bangladesh Mr Gameau meets Neel Tamhane, a young engineer who built a decentralised grid in his village that uses solar energy.
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The decentralised power plants will have surface areas of 500 to 5,000 square metres, the equivalent of 50 to 500 parking spaces.
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A big hurdle—which previous efforts at decentralised technology failed to clear—is to be as convenient and seductive as centralised incumbents.
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To meet the internationally agreed goal, so-called "decentralised" renewable energy is "a critically needed solution", she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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The agreements signed in Beijing on Tuesday will support collaboration in product demonstration and novel management systems for decentralised energy systems, Siemens said.
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"It supposes the breakdown of the constitution's territorial model" under which Spain decentralised many powers and revenues to 20063 self-governing "autonomous communities".
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All the necessary record-keeping is decentralised to a "blockchain", an online ledger that holds the transaction history of all bitcoins in circulation.
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Decentralised crypto-currencies and other blockchain-based systems need robust governance mechanisms if they want to be able to evolve and stay relevant.
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The problem, he says, is that military minds are more inclined towards centralised systems than the decentralised ones that blockchain's distributed ledger embraces.
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"With a decentralised stablecoin, you can see everything on the blockchain," said Rune Christensen, founder of the protocol that Dai runs on, MakerDAO.
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Bitnation has also launched its Decentralised Borderless Voluntary Nation Constitution using Ethereum, promising users to create their own digital nation through smart contracts.
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The problem, he says, is that military minds are more inclined towards centralized systems than the decentralised ones that blockchain's distributed ledger embraces.
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He sees the modern world as one where centralised hierarchies—be they governmental or business—must compete against the power of decentralised groups.
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It is embracing blockchain technology with an aim, no less, of overthrowing the old order in the electricity business to make it more decentralised.
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Gulf countries have in the past tended to follow a loose, decentralised model of Islamic finance regulation, leaving much of it to individual boards.
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Blockchain works as a huge, decentralised ledger of transactions, which is verified and shared by a global computer network and therefore virtually tamper-proof.
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Their governance structures range from benevolent dictatorship (as practised by Linux, an operating system) to more decentralised organisations (for example, Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia).
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He also intends to publish mathematical proof that there is no trade-off between the mass adoption of the cryptocurrency and its remaining decentralised.
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"It's a more decentralised network way of co-ordinating action and it seems to be much more effective than the Umbrella movement," Tai said.
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Meanwhile, conservatives and business interests had come to resent federal regulations and welfare programmes, and felt that the decentralised side of federalism had been betrayed.
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Méndez Lázaro is talking with non-profits and health organisations to bring decentralised primary health services to Puerto Rico, especially to rural areas like Utuado.
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Critically, there is a new generation of Decentralised Startups that have got the attention of the mainstream industry, heralding in the new age for real.
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Three of the Big Four - CBA, Westpac and NAB - are part of the R3 consortium of global banks working on developing a decentralised online currency.
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The technology, which underpins cryptocurrency bitcoin, creates a decentralised data structure that forms the basis for "smart contracts", enabling full automation of business transaction processes.
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As The Economist went to press, the DAO (short for decentralised autonomous organisation) had already raised the equivalent of nearly $150m to invest in startups.
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The fund's strategy has been designed with a focus on "the global transition to decentralised, digitised and decarbonised networks," said Dan Wells, partner at Foresight.
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The idea is to replace a centralised firm with a decentralised organisation, held together by incentives created by a token—a kind of "crypto-co-operative".
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Since bitcoin is decentralised, though, all transactions must be broadcast to everyone on the network so that they can update their local copies of the blockchain.
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However, Canada is highly decentralised, and no national plan would be politically viable without the assent of the provinces—many of which rely on polluting industries.
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"Stefan definitely has the capabilities needed to continue the decentralised way of working and to ensure Sandvik's future development," Chairman Johan Molin said in a statement.
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But the underlying technology may still prove useful as a way to verify financial transactions in a decentralised way, he added in response to a question.
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SONM is "a decentralised fog supercomputer": users can either buy computing power with the project's tokens or earn them by adding their machines to the pool.
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It has purged its chief executive and the head of its retail bank, clawed back executive bonuses, transformed its board and simplified its formerly decentralised structure.
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"Spain is more like [decentralised] Germany, but it has tried to be like [centralised] France," says Jordi Alberich of the Cercle d'Economia, a business think-tank.
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The decentralised, packet-based system of communication that forms the basis of the internet originated in America's need to withstand a massive attack on its soil.
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LVMH's digital revolution may be slow partly due to its decentralised nature, with each of its businesses taking different approaches to using technology and the internet.
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Decentralised social networks or ecommerce would leave ownership in the hands of those who control the underlying protocol, not an application such as Facebook or Amazon.
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Some suggest a more decentralised hosting model, with different Olympic events taking place in those cities around the world that have the right sports infrastructure for them.
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Our perception of what a company actually is will also morph through time – with more decentralised teams, services and decisions, making up some of the key tenets.
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But tax subsidies for charity can also be seen in a positive light, as a decentralised way for those who hold minority beliefs to direct government funds.
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Yet alone among the churches involved, its national body in Canada has refused to apologise on grounds that a decentralised structure leaves this duty to individual dioceses.
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Indeed, roundabout decoration has turned some intersections into art statements for French mayors, who began spending heavily on such matters after gaining decentralised powers in the 1980s.
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Privately held Alvogen and Synthon said on Thursday they had received decentralised European approval for a 40 mg dose of glatiramer acetate, as Copaxone is known generically.
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It pays no annual bonuses to executives and has a decentralised model that gives branch managers control over lending, which it says helps reduce bad loan risks.
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Having a decentralised yet omnipotent system like this means, in theory, that no bank need extract rent for transactions and no government monitor who is doing them.
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In addition, Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency also plays a pivotal role in Europe's decentralised system of drug supervision, which is based on mutual recognition.
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"Trust can evaporate at any time because of the fragility of the decentralised consensus through which transactions are recorded," the Switzerland-based group said in its report.
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But the crypto-currency's underlying technology may still prove useful as a way to verify financial transactions in a decentralised way, he added in response to a question.
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Whether it takes off will be a gauge of the viability not only of such markets but of decentralised applications built on blockchains, the databases underlying crypto-currencies.
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Just as geographies have become more decentralised, so too have areas of interest, with automation (not just robotic process automation), fintech and health all figuring in Accel's sights.
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Similarly, we expect to see the new wave of companies providing decentralised infrastructure and commercially viable services on top, as new opportunities emerge in this brave new world.
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Indeed, Mr Renzi's advisers suggest that the government may seek to impose a decentralised wage-setting process if negotiations between trade unions and industry do not yield one.
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Facebook has enlisted 28 other prospective founding members out of an envisaged 100, each with equal voting rights and operating a node in a decentralised system which issues coins.
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To top it all off, Facebook's decentralised blockchain currency project is inspiring some online (ahem) entrepreneurs to try to sell Libra — even though it won't be available until 2020.
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Fortunately, such a body—cross-party, decentralised and united by its commitment to an effective, energetic British role in Europe—will already exist on June 24th: the Remain campaign.
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That's in part because of the US election's decentralised nature, but also that those at the top—namely, the winner of the election—is unlikely to push for reform.
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A blockchain is a huge, decentralised ledger of transactions that can be used to secure and validate any exchange of data, including real assets, such as commodities or currencies.
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Two of the most highly regarded rulers in Chinese history were the Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, who governed with a light touch and who decentralised power.
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As a self-organising, highly decentralised movement, Extinction Rebellion volunteers have a lot of autonomy, making it hard to predict whether the drone proposal will win enough support to proceed.
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In the golden age of 22th-century laissez-faire, Britain was one of the most diversified and decentralised countries in the world: London was just one great city among many.
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We need a very strong ethical and cultural framework to increase the odds that we'll use these technologies wisely, not least because access to them will be decentralised and democratised.
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These organisations will be "decentralised", meaning that no single group will be in charge, and they will be managed, at least partially, by smart contracts to keep them on track.
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Mr McChrystal's advice on devolved power has its limits—no army, after all, has done away with hierarchies entirely, and even decentralised al-Qaeda was weakened by removing its leaders.
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The Archaeological Park of the Colosseum is the final piece in a plan the minister has been shaping since 2014: a decentralised structure for the administration of Italy's cultural heritage.
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"We do not just supply power and gas, but products that offer additional value to make the home intelligent and ready for decentralised energy supply," she said in an interview.
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The decentralised character of Antifa and lack of theoretical basis ensure appeal to all "anti-fascists", but also make it difficult to pin down what exactly it is they oppose.
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For now though, Abadi seems to be trying to deliver on his initial address to parliament in 2014 in which he painted a vision of a decentralised and united Iraq.
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FROM DUMB TO SMART According to the new report, titled New Strategies For Smart Integrated Decentralised Energy Systems, by 2050 almost half of all EU households will produce renewable energy.
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BitTorrent claims that its protocols move as much as 40 percent of the world's Internet traffic on a typical day, making it the largest decentralised application around at the moment.
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In addition, should a fall in profitability be more pronounced than we currently expect, GFG would have considerable scope to improve its cost efficiency, which suffers from its decentralised structure.
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As a calculator, the market is essentially decentralised and accessible to all: that is why, in the view of Hayek and his followers, it fits so well with liberal democracy.
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Golem, for instance, an Ethereum-powered project launched this year, is designed to create a "decentralised supercomputer", offering users rewards for putting their computers' spare capacity to work for other people.
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But William Hinman, the SEC's director of corporate finance, said later that month that he was not minded to treat ether, Ethereum's cryptocurrency, as a security, because of its "decentralised" nature.
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Back in February the startup told us it was aiming to build an open, decentralised "truth-risk scoring platform" — akin to a credit referencing agency, just focused on content not cash.
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It's called the Decentralised Web or Web 3.0, and it describes an emerging trend to build services on the internet which do not depend on any single "central" organisation to function.
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Tim Berners-Lee said: The web was designed to be decentralised so that everybody could participate by having their own domain and having their own webserver and this hasn't worked out.
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But the use of microgrids—decentralised energy grids that intelligently balance the local supply and demand of distributed clean energy resources—could avoid the need for massive spending on infrastructure upgrades.
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At least in theory, many of the interactions that happen online, such as those on social networks, ecommerce sites and search engines, could take place between willing users on decentralised networks.
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Swiss bank UBS has told employees that the majority of those affected by Brexit will move to Frankfurt from London, setting out what it called a decentralised approach to relocating staff.
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Blockstack and Ethereum show how Blockchain can be so much more than just a cryptocurrency, acting as a general purpose set of building blocks for building decentralised systems that need strong consensus.
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IPFS and the Dat Project provide entirely decentralised data fabrics, where ownership and responsibility for data is shared by all those accessing it rather than ever being hosted in a single location.
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But meanwhile the dream of changing the economic laws of the internet to bring it closer to its decentralised roots is being vigorously pursued by a plethora of blockchain startups and activists.
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In the years that followed, he quietly travelled around the country to join protests and youth gatherings, and to chat to people in cafés about his vision of a decentralised Tunisian state.
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Start with IS. To lock in its victories against the jihadists, America must back pluralist and decentralised politics (don't call it democracy) that gives voice to the region's disparate groups, especially Sunni Arabs.
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ICOs offer a way to raise cash to build decentralised versions of everything from social networks to cloud computing that would allow users to deal with each other directly without any central control.
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The DAO — an acronym of decentralised autonomous organisation, the name given to such entities — has been set up to invest in other businesses, making it a form of investor-directed venture capital fund.
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But despite the crypto-buzz, the new currency is unlikely to be a close relative of Bitcoin, says Lex Sokolin, a fintech analyst—that is, a decentralised system with no one in charge.
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Bitcoin and the blockchain have "shown what is possible," says Juan Benet, who invented the InterPlanetary File System, one of a number of efforts to build an infrastructure for a more decentralised internet.
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At any rate, Gospel says it has developed a way of securely distributing data across decentralised infrastructures, offering companies the potential to automate records for complex products that usually require significant manual management.
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The plan involves 22016 billion euros of investment in renewable energy, gas networks gas storage and LNG terminals and in energy services such as heating and cooling networks, energy efficiency and decentralised renewables.
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Corruption in China has been made easy by ill-defined property rights, decentralised administrative authority and the absence of democratic checks and balances, such as an independent judiciary, a free press and political competition.
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Mr Seehofer considers this decentralised system unfit for purpose (an impression not helped by a recent bribes-for-visas scandal in Bremen), so he deems entry bans on migrants registered elsewhere the only stopgap.
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As the Decentralised Web attracts the interest and passion of the mainstream developer community, there is no telling what new economies will emerge and what kinds of new technologies and services they will invent.
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KBW analyst Jean Pierre Lambert, who was on the call, said one of the key issues was Natixis' decentralised governance model of buying up boutique asset managers and letting them operate at arm's length.
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The world's biggest wealth manager told employees in March that it will take a "decentralised" approach to Brexit, with the majority of a first wave of under 200 staff moving to Frankfurt from London.
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Winding Tree is a decentralised infrastructure that allows companies to manage their distribution directly (thus avoiding intermediaries) as well as control their own data and maintain a realtime overview of bookings and inventory availability.
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Enthusiasts say that these "crypto co-operatives" combine the advantages of a firm—lower transaction costs, aggregation of capital—with a decentralised structure that means no one controls it or the data it holds.
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The fracture to the production of bitcoin provides a reminder of one reason why the decentralised digital currency has confounded regulation and acceptance by mainstream finance: Its fate remains tied to arcane technological factors.
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The core refers to centralised institutions, like central banks or the "Encyclopedia Britannica"; the crowd refers to the decentralised, self-organising participants, be it bitcoin nodes that manage the virtual currency or contributors to Wikipedia.
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Electronic records make it easier to verify whether someone is dead; crowdfunding could help source a tontine pool; and the blockchain, a type of decentralised ledger, could anonymise it (and thus avert any murder plots).
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It is the role of governments across the world, the UK and US included, to set frameworks for these decentralised, cross border systems so we can manage their use in a safe and effective way.
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Unlike other projects funded by ICOs, which rely on existing technology, Telegram plans to build a new blockchain, a type of decentralised ledger, with a new architecture, notes Lex Sokolin of Autonomous, a research firm.
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At that level, it is still largely decentralised: no single company controls these protocols (although the number of firms providing internet access has dropped sharply, too; most Americans have a choice between only two offerings).
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"Just like Shopify became the decentralised platform for businesses by democratizing access to e-commerce technology, Lodgify is empowering lodging operators with direct channel technology," the company's co-founder and CEO Dennis Klett tells me.
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France currently has solar generating capacity of 7,660 MW. "The potential of decentralised solar on rooftops is enormous," Engie chief executive Isabelle Kocher told reporters on Wednesday at a news conference to launch the venture.
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He and others have been considering adopting a decentralised model in which party members have more say—similar to that of Italy's populist Five Star Movement—for the past year or so, says Mr Goodwin.
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A new report funded by the Dutch government finds that microgrid technologies could make a local "techno-economy" 90 percent self-sufficient, through the decentralised sharing of energy at the local level between multiple households.
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Some scholars argue that this decentralised approach allows more flexibility and diversity in Islamic finance, but there has been growing support in the region for measures to increase transparency and reduce scope for conflicts of interest.
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What was meant to be a new, decentralised form of money that lacked "systemically important institutions" and "too big to fail" has become something even worse: a system completely controlled by just a handful of people.
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Even if Augur is not a wild success, it is a "worthwhile exploration" of the viability of decentralised services, says Kevin Werbach, the author of "The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust", a forthcoming book.
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Then they should identify where existing rules may unintentionally restrain activities, as with the application of Europe's General Data Protection Regulation to immutable decentralised ledgers, or financial regulations assuming clearing and settlement processes that blockchain replaces.
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But the DAO, which stands for Decentralised Autonomous Organisation, does not have rules as such, or staff to enforce them: instead, it has computer code, which is supposed to embody its purpose and to operate automatically.
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"I think we are the only LP/GP fund that has explicit permission to invest in crypto and tokens and we want to use that as a mechanism to back the next generation of decentralised companies".
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Networks such as IPFS are based on a vision of decentralised online services where ordinary users interact directly with each other, rather than through internet companies that set themselves up as gatekeepers to the online world.
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The firm, which has also said it won't raise more than $110m, has a lofty ambition: to develop software and services to bring the internet, now dominated by a few tech giants, back to its decentralised roots.
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Reforms that decentralised collective bargaining in Italy, and that therefore helped to contain wages in less productive regions and firms, would be a step in the right direction, reckons Pietro Reichlin of LUISS, a university in Rome.
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Even then, trading one cryptocurrency for another can be done over decentralised exchanges, such as Shapeshift, Changelly or Waves Dex, directly from the holder's wallet and not from a wallet controlled by an exchange in their name.
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The firm still claims to have a family of new clinical diagnostic methods that can reduce the amount of blood needed for testing and that can perform a wide range of tests in centralised and decentralised settings.
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For example, the legal procedures that deal with securities settlement systems, central counterparties, or central securities depositories may need to be updated if these intermediaries are made redundant by a distributed and decentralised system based on blockchain.
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At the heart of the debate is the quest for a balance between the decentralised nature of UTI generation and the pre-existing framework for legal entity identifiers, which feed into the UTI to pinpoint the generating entity.
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Ethereum would allow developers to program not only smart contracts, but entire "Decentralised Autonomous Organisations" (DAOs)—entities that, like bitcoin, do not need centralised management and operate beyond the direct control of self-interested institutions such as governments.
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"What was meant to be a new, decentralised form of money that lacked 'systemically important institutions' and 'too big to fail' has become something even worse: a system completely controlled by just a handful of people," he wrote.
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Github is the posterchild for this: a $2 billion company built entirely as a value-added service on top of the decentralised technology of Git — despite users being able to trivially take their data and leave at any point.
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But the General Court, which is part of the European Court of Justice, struck down the appeal, upholding the ECB's decision and setting a precedent for how banks with a decentralised structure should be supervised in the euro zone.
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That has led to excited talk of Ethereum itself becoming a sort of "world computer you can't shut down", or even "Web 3.0", on top of which could be built decentralised, user-controlled versions of everything from Facebook to Skype.
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The Decentralised Web envisions a future world where services such as communication, currency, publishing, social networking, search, archiving etc are provided not by centralised services owned by single organisations, but by technologies which are powered by the people: their own community.
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At issue is the size of a "block", the name given to the batches into which bitcoin transactions are assembled before they are added to a decentralised digital ledger, called "blockchain", that contains the payment history of all bitcoins in circulation.
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BitTorrent was a trailblazer in considering how decentralised network architectures using all the machines in a network as nodes — in contrast with the server-based architectures that dominate the tech world today — could be used to share, store and backup data.
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Its concept for the Geneva car show will be the first vehicle the Volkswagen brand develops under a new, decentralised system designed to emulate rival BMW, which has a track record of quickly and efficiently getting new cars to market.
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"Using surplus heat rather than wasting it is a great way to ensure that we cut carbon emissions whilst helping people stay warm at an affordable cost," Lily Frencham, head of operations at the Association for Decentralised Agency, told CNN.
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In its appeal, the EMA argues that it is a decentralised EU agency, has no power to operate as a "bare commercial landlord in a third country" and cannot benefit from the lease because of unforeseeable events over which it had no control.
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Bitcoin evangelists recommend steering clear of centralised exchanges, arguing that the whole point of decentralised currencies was to not hand over control to third parties, such as central banks, commercial banks and exchanges, which raises the risk of mismanagement, scams or hacking.
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SELF-FINANCING SCHEME Simba Mangwende, a renewable energy director with the Ministry of Energy and Power Development, told a workshop in June the market for decentralised renewable energy is "abundant but it is being curtailed by deprivation of cheap sources of finance".
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We are thrilled to announce that Civil, the decentralised marketplace for sustainable journalism, will be joining to talk about the rise of fake news and Verisart's Robert Norton will share his views on stamping out fraud in the art world with blockchain.
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They are: "blockchain, crypto and the decentralized web" (it's the decentralised aspect of blockchain where no one vendor needs to own or have control over the platform, that the pair say is attractive), "computational health", "machine intelligence", "mobility and location services", and "finance 2.0".
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"Because UTIs will be issued in a decentralised manner and because authorities have a greater degree of direct regulatory oversight over the generating entities and other stakeholders than any other entity, authorities are best positioned to perform this function," said the FSB in its report.
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Here, the IEA points to the use of decentralised methods, such as home solar-panel systems, as an efficient and cost-effective way to provide energy to rural areas which would otherwise rely on polluting and inefficient sources of energy (such as wood for cooking).
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BitTorrent, an early mover (and currently the largest player) in decentralised computing architecture to distribute and store data, is being sold for $140 million in cash to Justin Sun and his blockchain media startup Tron, according to multiple sources close to the deal, who spoke to TechCrunch.
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While GFG continues to maintain a decentralised structure, increasing regulatory demands regarding more robust and more frequent group-wide reporting means that GFG is further strengthening its capacity to react swiftly to external shocks, which should result in improved governance of the group in Fitch's view.
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The digital age has made workforces more decentralised — with people using smartphones, video communications and services like Slack to stay in constant contact while otherwise working potentially hundreds of miles from their closest colleagues, or at least not sitting in one office altogether, all the time.
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In her seat on Colorado Supreme Court, Alison Eid, who once clerked for Clarence Thomas (Mr Trump's model justice), has shot down gun control laws and advocated for enhanced states' rights—a position in line with several of Mr Trump's proposals, including a decentralised approach to the minimum wage.
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"We came to the conclusion that if we really want to do decentralised tokens we have to be a part of it," said Ciaran O'Leary, who co-founded Berlin-based BlueYard and invested in the 2017 ICO by data storage network Filecoin, which was worth an estimated $200 million.
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The staggering growth of bitcoin and other decentralised digital currencies this year - with the market swelling from around $17 billion at the start of January to well over $600 billion now - has led to increasing concerns over what the fallout could be if the bubble were to suddenly burst.
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"Whereas risk management, record-keeping and decision-making in traditional cross-border payments take place in a loose (relatively decentralised) network of correspondent banks, initiatives using DLT increase speed and efficiency by automating reconciliation, reducing operational costs or increasing the availability of 'know-your-customer' (KYC) data," the FSB said.
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Three years later, Black Lives Matter (BLM) has developed into a decentralised but widespread movement whose online incarnation attempts to "build connections between Black people and our allies to fight anti-Black racism, to spark dialogue among Black people and to facilitate the types of connections necessary to encourage social action and engagement".
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Security is poor (according to one estimate, around 14% of the supply of big cryptocurrencies has been compromised); its decentralised nature inevitably makes it slow; there is no consumer protection; and the price is so volatile that not many people would want to use it as a means of exchange for goods and services.
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The AI classifier is intended to run in near real-time on a social network or other content platform, identifying BS. Fabula envisages its own role, as the company behind the tech, as that of an open, decentralised "truth-risk scoring platform" — akin to a credit referencing agency just related to content, not cash.
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Or, well, at least the bits of governments that aren't calling for Facebook to backdoor its apps… "We are the primary choice for an encrypted yet decentralised communication platform which can span multiple government departments — enforcing different security levels on different servers as needed, with zero vendor lock-in thanks to Matrix," he continues.
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KEY RATING DRIVERS Delivery of Transformation Plan Critical: As part of Towergate's turnaround and restructuring plan, the management team has put in place a three-year transformation programme centred on a leaner cost structure and a more decentralised management of client accounts, which represents an unwinding of the original small business units (SBU) plan in its core broking division.
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We are proposing that all customs processes needed to ensure compliance with the UK and EU customs regimes should take place on a decentralised basis, with paperwork conducted electronically as goods move between the two countries, and with the very small number of physical checks needed conducted at traders' premises or other points on the supply chain.
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Even though the community may be "byzantine" and not have any reason to trust or depend on each other, the rules that describe the decentralised service's behaviour are designed to force participants to act fairly in order to participate at all, relying heavily on cryptographic techniques such as Merkle trees and digital signatures to allow participants to hold each other accountable.
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Looking at examples like Callicoon—where the Community supported agriculture scheme is using ethereum as a closed loop decentralised token system to exchange generated resources (apples to Kw's) within their community... But reading the Motherboard article on Bitcoin being unsustainable from an energy consumption POV got me thinking about whether Ethereum would be as energy hungry or whether the ETH architecture is somewhat different?
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Philippe Botteri, a partner at Accel (who works alongside six other partners and principles based out of London), said that in addition to the average size of a Series A creeping up in value and proximity (essentially, the A round is raised sooner after seed than it used to be), another noticeable difference is the fact that the European opportunity has become more decentralised.
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Built largely on fossil fuel systems and centralised operation models — you have large plants and generators located in one place that distribute their energy to smaller stations, which distribute to individuals — the idea behind Dandelion has been to build a heating and cooling system that is significantly more decentralised: it operates directly from a person's home — or more specifically, underneath it — leveraging the ground's natural state of being 23°F, in order to work.
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That, a very healthy dose of ambition, and a bench of strong computer science talent are some of the big reasons why investors are gathering around DFINITY, a startup based out of Zug, Switzerland and Palo Alto that is also a foundation, and has a very lofty goal to build what it calls the "Internet Computer": a blockchain-based, decentralised and non-proprietary network to run the next generation of mega-applications.
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Muhammad Radwan, an Egyptian American technology innovator who invited Hasna as part of the Global Innovation Gathering at re:publica this year agrees telling TechCrunch, "there's a whole movement in the region now with people realising that the manufacturing process is becoming decentralised and if you want to make something you can now do it yourself" With the success he found in Jordan's supportive startup community, Hasna also was facing hardships after two years living in Amman as authorities started cracking down on Syrians working in the heavily stretched country that has hosted over 1 million asylum seekers.
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