Another one of Innocent's nephews, Ottobuono, served in various deaconries before his election as in 1276.
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Unlike today, the cardinals had real jurisdiction over the dioceses, parochial churches (called tituli) or deaconries to which they were attached.Salvador Miranda General list of Cardinals: 5th Century (492-498) (note) and Guide to documents and events. Florida International University. Retrieved on August 27, 2009.
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Miranda, Salvatore. "Deaconries", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Pope Gregory IX made substantial changes to the building in 1228. In the 17th century its large bronze doors were moved by order of Pope Alexander VII to adorn the main portal of the Basilica of St. John Lateran.Lorizzo, Paul.
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Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Deaconries". On May 18, 1562 he was promoted Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere.Gulik and Eubel, p. 66. He was appointed Administrator of the Diocese of Sessa Aurunca (1565–June 27, 1566), during the vacancy caused by the death of Bishop Galeazzo Florimonte.Gulik and Eubel, p. 305.
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Close up view The church is also traditionally one of the seven original deaconries in Rome, being assigned to a deacon by Pope Agatho (ca. 678), though the first titular deacon known by name was Roberto, ca. 1073, who died before 1099. There is no definitive evidence of the church's existence before the 9th century.
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Pope Sixtus V listed it among the deaconries in his apostolic constitution Religiosa. The interior has frescoes of the Madonna, child, and Saints attributed to Antoniazzo Romano. It also has 19th-century frescoes depicting the Madonna offering the Rosary to Saints Dominic and Catherine of Siena. The main altar has a painting by Pasqualino Marini.
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The deaconry of Saint Lucy in Silice (or in Orpha) created around 300 is one of the seven original deaconries in Rome.The College of Cardinals - General Documentation -Holy See It was confirmed by Pope Saint Sylvester I ca. 314. The church was restored by Pope Honorius I ca 630 in the vicinity of the monumental fountain lacus orphei.
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Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third.
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Astenois (Latin pagus Stadunensis) was a pagus, the most basic division of territory in the Roman and Frankish empires. In the Middle Ages, it comprised the parishes of the deaconries of Sainte-Menehould and Possesse. Originally a part of Lotharingia, by the eleventh century its southern part belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and its northern part to the Kingdom of France. The original seat of its counts was at Le Vieil-Dampierre.
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These bishops (cardinal-bishops) performed the liturgical service in the Lateran Basilica.Klewitz, p. 24–36. Finally, the deacons serving in the papal household or heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city (and later attached to the churches called deaconries), also became the cardinals (cardinal-deacons).The term “cardinal-deacons” is known already in the 6th century, but in the official papal documents does not appear before the last quarter of the 11th century.
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The town had even been the deaconry seat since the 12th century. The neighbouring town of Tiengen and its environs also remained overwhelmingly Catholic, albeit with a few of Hubmaier's followers who believed in his Anabaptist teachings. As of 1821, the Catholic communities in today's Waldshut-Tiengen belonged to the Archbishopric of Freiburg, and indeed to the two deaconries of Waldshut and Wutachtal. These have been merged into three pastoral units (divisions consisting of several parishes).
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In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees, the priests in charge of the titular churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the cardinals. Accordingly, as ecclesiastics from outside Rome came to be appointed cardinals, they were assigned theoretical responsibility for certain Roman parish churches,Richardson 2009, pp. 183–234. a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome.
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In the wider sense, the term titular church is also loosely applied to the deaconries in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons. Originally, they were charitable institutions first mentioned in connection with Pope Benedict II (684–685). Pope Adrian I (772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century. Since the proliferation of cardinalates, most are serving another pastoral purpose (such as parish) with a cardinal-deacon (often (arch)bishop with a proper cathedral elsewhere) assigned as almost nominal cardinal-protector.
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The church of Saint Lucy at the Septizodium is mentioned in the Liber Pontificalis as the site of one of the most ancient deaconries of the city. That diaconia is mentioned in the biographies of Pope Leo III (795–816) and Gregory IV (827–844), and was situated next to the church. The church itself is described by Armellini as assai vasta e ricchissimamente decorata, "quite vast and most richly decorated." Even though the church survived until the time of Pope Sixtus V in a satisfactory condition, Armellini holds that was demolished during his papacy.
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Pope Innocent III served as Cardinal Deacon of the church before his election as pope in 1198, endowing the church with gifts and performing renovations both before and during his pontificate. The church was one of the ancient deaconries of the city, which were set up in order to distribute alms and food to the poor. One of the libri pontificales records that the Syrian Pope Gregory III (731–741) had performed a major expansion of the church in the early 700s, which had been up until then a small oratory. It was, however, apparently already in bad condition by the pontificate of Pope Adrian I (772–795), who rebuilt it.
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As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).
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360) from the time of the Schism including also the episcopal sees.About the transformation of the Sacred College during the Western Schism and the subsequent period see F. Bourkle-Young Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the cardinals occupying external bishoprics were generally obliged to reside in them.See Article on the Council of Trent from the Catholic Encyclopedia Today, the majority of the cardinals are simultaneously diocesan archbishops or bishops,See S. Miranda Current membership of the College of Cardinals and they have no real jurisdiction over their titular churches at Rome.Cardinal-priests and deacons finally lost the jurisditcion over tituli and deaconries when Pope Innocent XII issued the constitution Romanum decet pontificum in 1692.
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In 1750 and 1820 respectively, the branch parishes of Niederkirchen and Forst were split away from Deidesheim again and were raised to fully-fledged parishes in their own right. For a short time after the French annexation of the Rhine’s left bank, the parish of Deidesheim belonged to the Bishopric of Mainz before being ceded back to the Bishopric of Speyer. Under the new order of deaconries made in the diocese of Speyer in 1980, Deidesheim was assigned to the deaconry of Bad Dürkheim. Owing to a dearth of priests, Saint Ulrich’s parish has since 2006 formed a parish union with Saint Margaret’s (Forst) and Saint Martin’s (Ruppertsberg) whose seat is in Deidesheim. In late 2007, 2,165 of Deidesheim’s inhabitants were Catholic, which made them 56.87% of the population.
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Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose cardinal protector they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches. Likewise, the cardinal bishops are given only honorary title to one (or for the Cardinal-dean two, Ostia being granted additionally with that dignity) of the seven suburbicarian dioceses, and the cardinal deacons are given a similar relationship to the churches of their cardinal deaconries, of which there were 67 in 2015.
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Born in Whitehall, he was the third son of Joseph Phillimore, a well-known ecclesiastical lawyer. Educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where a lifelong friendship with W. E. Gladstone began, his first appointment was to a clerkship in the board of control, where he remained from 1832 to 1835. Admitted as an advocate at Doctors' Commons in 1839, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1841, and rose very rapidly in his profession. He was engaged as counsel in almost every case of importance that came before the admiralty, probate or divorce courts, and became successively master of faculties, commissary of the deans and chapters of St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Cathedral, official of the arch deaconries of Middlesex and London, and chancellor of the dioceses of Chichester and Salisbury.
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