The new garden villages, including Bailrigg in Lancaster, Long Marston in Stratford-on-Avon, Welborne in Hampshire and Culm in Devon, would each have 1,500-10,000 properties.
|
|
Women making culm bombs A culm bomb (also culm ball, depending on location in Ireland) is a compressed ball of culm mixed with yellow clay as a binding agent. For roughly 400 years, culm bombs were used in Irish industry (e.g. blacksmith's forge's and grain drying) and for domestic use around the major coal mining areas of Ireland (e.g. Castlecomer and Ballingarry).
|
|
Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm.
|
|
Culm is green with purple patches when young, which becomes purplish black when mature turns greyish purple when drying. Surface is smooth and glossy. Young shoots are purplish pink in color with green blades on culm sheaths. Culm is straight.
|
|
The hardiness zone is 6a. It's also home to the world's largest man made culm bank – the Cameron/Glen Burn Colliery Culm Bank.
|
|
In domestic use, culm bombs were often hand made by those who used them as coal finings could be bought (or found) more cheaply than buying coal. The yellow clay used to bind the culm could be dug up in a field, being common to the areas in which culm bombs were made. Man "dancing the culm" When large quantities of bombs were being made the process was somewhat mechanised by using a culm crusher drawn by a horse. Otherwise, for smaller batches used by a single family the process was entirely manual, with a person wearing a strong pair of boots trampling the culm and clay mixture, which was known as "dancing the culm" as it required a person to tread the culm and clay together until it was ready to be made into bombs.
|
|
Walls are very thin. Aerial roots absent. Branching from mid-culm to top. Culm sheath is green in young plants, where the become straw colored when mature.
|
|
Culm is bright green when young, which becomes yellowish green in mature and turns yellowish brown when drying. Young shoots are purplish green in color. Culm is straight. Branching only at top.
|
|
Nodes are not prominent. Branching occurs only at the top and no aerial roots can be seen. Culm sheaths are green in young plants, becoming straw-colored when mature. Culm sheath blades are flame-shaped.
|
|
268 A series of deeds relating to Culm Davy dating from 1612 to 1778 are held at the Somerset Heritage Centre. In the early 19th century Culm Davy was the property of Mr. Henry Pook.
|
|
Lesions may enlarge and coalesce to kill the entire leaf. Symptoms are observed on all above-ground parts of the plant.Rice Blast at the Online Information Service for Non-Chemical Pest Management in the Tropics Lesions can be seen on the leaf collar, culm, culm nodes, and panicle neck node. Internodal infection of the culm occurs in a banded pattern.
|
|
Internode length is 15–46 cm, and diameter is 3.0–20 cm. Culm walls are 2.5–5.0 cm thick. Nodes are prominent and rootstock is stout. Culm sheaths are dark brown when mature, elongated, and cylindrical.
|
|
Branching occurs only at top. Internode length is 45–60 cm, and diameter is 5–10 cm. Culm walls are thick. Culm sheath is purplish pink with green blades in young plants turns dark brown when mature.
|
|
The culm coloration inspires this bamboo's common name of "yellow groove bamboo" and botanical name of aureosulcata. The all-green cultivar 'Alata' is also known as "crookstem bamboo" due to its characteristic culm bends common to this species.
|
|
Its habit is a perennial grass. Culms are erect; 38–63.25–100 cm long. Culm-nodes are constricted or swollen. Leaves are differentiated into sheath and blade, or with blades commonly suppressed, transferring photosynthetic function to sheath and culm.
|
|
This hairy sheath is open and surrounds the culm. The culm is pilose (long, soft, hairy), and typically has 4 to 5 nodes. The ligules are blunt, long. The grass has drooping narrow long spikelets of flowers on very short pedicels.
|
|
The Bishopric of Culm (; ) was a Roman Catholic diocese in Chełmno Land (Culm land), founded in medieval Prussia in 1243 and disbanded in 1992."Diocese of Pelplin" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016"Diocese of Pelplin" GCatholic.org.
|
|
Some 92 percent of Culm grassland has been lost in the past 100 years, 48 percent being lost between 1984 and 1991 alone. There are a number of organisations trying to halt the decline including Devon Wildlife Trust with its Culm Natural Networks project, Butterfly Conservation, and Natural England with its Environmental Stewardship Scheme. Culm soils have traditionally been used for grazing as they are heavy to work and acidic.
|
|
Very fine dry culm was sometimes separated from the heavier culm by forced air and blown through tubes to a separate pile. Wet culm was generally held in settling tanks or behind a coal slurry impoundment dam to allow particulate to settle out of the water. The "clean" coal, emerging from the coal breaker already sorted into its respective sizes, was collected primarily by rail cars and then delivered to market.
|
|
Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes 147\. Blackdowns 148\. Devon Redlands 149\. The Culm 150\.
|
|
Axminster Rural, Axminster Town, Beer and Branscombe, Canonsleigh, Castle, Clare and Shuttern, Coly Valley, Cranmore, Cullompton North, Cullompton Outer, Cullompton South, Dunkeswell, Feniton and Buckerell, Halberton, Honiton St Michael’s, Honiton St Paul’s, Lower Culm, Lowman, Newbridges, Otterhead, Seaton, Tale Vale, Trinity, Upper Culm, Westexe, Yarty.
|
|
The Devon village of Meddon lies to the north-east of the moor. The Meddon Moor SSSI is noted for its biodiversity, and sits on the Carboniferous Culm Measures of North Cornwall. It contains the largest single area of remaining Culm grassland in Cornwall.
|
|
In Devon and Cornwall it is known as culm grassland, after the Culm Measures on which it is predominantly found. In East Anglia it is known as litter meadow due to the practice of cutting it for bedding. In Wales it is known as rhôs pasture.
|
|
Lateral branches are dendroid. Buds or branches are present on the lower quarter of culm. Culm-sheaths deciduous and reach upwards of 12–22 cm in length. Leaf-blades persistent, or deciduous at the ligule; They are lanceolate, reaching 16–22 cm long and 20–30 mm wide.
|
|
The manor called by Pole (d.1635) Culm Sachvill and Culm Reigny was said by him to have been "neere the river of Culme",Pole, p.194 from which the nearby town of Collumpton is named, "the chiefest place on her stream that beareth her name" (Risdon).Risdon, p.
|
|
Tailings are also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, tails, refuse, leach residue, slickens, or terra-cone (terrikon).
|
|
Almost all of the watershed is in the Coal Region. In the early 1900s, fine culm was carried into Coal Run via waste water streams from collieries. However, there were no large culm deposits on the stream below the Hickory Ridge Colliery. Trash and sewage entered the stream at Shamokin.
|
|
Aerial roots reach up to few nodes above the ground. Internode length is 25–50 cm, and diameter is 2.0–10 cm. Culm walls are 0.8–1.5 cm thick. Culm sheaths are green in young plants and turn brown when mature, and are elongated and cylindrical with narrow, lanceolate blades.
|
|
Culm sheath is triangular and broad at base, curved downwards at the tip. Sheath small and narrow-length of sheath proper 10–15 cm long and 4–8 cm wide. Auricles are small and sickle- shaped. Upper surface of the culm sheath is hairy and lower surface is without hairs.
|
|
However, its banks were lined with culm from the Racket Brook Colliery to a point downstream. Culm deposits were also found in the streambed. Additionally, municipal waste was discharged into the stream in its lower reaches. The city of Carbondale has had a permit to discharge stormwater into the stream.
|
|
A total of and of the creek's length are on coal measures. A culm dump known as the Rose Pile is situated on the floodplain at the mouth of Grassy Island Creek. This culm dump is high and covers an area of . It has a volume of 200,000 cubic yards.
|
|
Culm, Pomesania, Graudenz, Balga, Schonsze, Stargard, Sambia, Tuchel, Stuhm, Nessau, Westphalia, Rogasen, Elbing, Engelsburg, Strasburg, Chełm, Brettchen and Neumark, Braunsberg.
|
|
When the culm was sufficiently prepared it was hand formed into bombs, about the size of a hand grenade (hence the term bomb), and left out to dry in the Sun. Bombs were then stacked on a fire started with kindling in much the same way a coal fire is sustained. Horse pulling a culm crusher so as to grind coal nuts into a fine culm The use of culm bombs started lasted well into the middle of 20th century Ireland by which time Ireland's coal seams were becoming depleted and affordable alternatives for heating the house (e.g. mass-produced peat briquettes for ranges, oil and natural gas for hot water boilers) and cooking facilities improved with natural gas and the electricity grid.
|
|
The headwaters of the creek are on seeps and mine drainages. Downstream of its headwaters, it initially flows through a litter-affected ditch and eventually meanders through some culm piles and strip pits. Downstream of the strip pits, the creek's banks are still lined with culm. Still further downstream, it flows through a wide floodplain filled with silt deposits.
|
|
Karl Johann Kiessling (February 6, 1839 – July 22, 1905) was a German physicist, mathematician, and botanist born in Culm; today Chełmno, Poland.
|
|
The novel Perlycross by R.D. Blackmore is based on the Upper Culm Valley. Perlycombe is Hemyock, Perlycross is Culmstock and Perliton is Uffculme.
|
|
Ballistae and crossbows were used by the crusaders to capture the Prussians' forts. Under Balk's leadership, castles were built at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), Culm (Chełmno), Elbing (Elbląg), and Thorn (Toruń). The master encouraged the settlement of German colonists near Teutonic Ordensburg castles; the municipal privileges granted to Culm and Toruń on 28 December 1233 by Balk and Grand Master Hermann von Salza became the basis for Culm law, which was later applied to other developing towns in Prussia. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a German military order active in Livonia, were crushed by Samogitians in the 1236 Battle of Saule.
|
|
Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm. Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage.
|
|
Pond at Meddon Green Meddon Green is a 1.7 hectare (ha) Local Nature Reserve, located at Meddon, near Bideford in Devon. It consists of culm grassland surrounded by hazel coppice. The reserve is owned by Hartland Parish Council and was declared in 2007. The site contains many typical culm grassland plants including Southern Marsh Orchid and Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil.
|
|
Mistelgau is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. It consists of the following 41 districts: Äußerer Graben, Außerleithen, Böhnershof, Braunersberg, Culm obere, Culm untere, Engelmeß, Eschenmühle, Frankenhaag, Friedrichsruh, Geislareuth, Gollenbach, Göritzen, Gries, Hardt, Harloh, Hundshof, Kammer, Klingenmühle, Kreckenmühle, Laimen, Lenz, Mengersdorf, Mistelgau, Moosing, Obernsees, Ochsenholz, Pensenleithen, Plösen, Schnackenwöhr, Schobertsberg, Schobertsreuth, Schöchleins, Seitenbach, Sorg, Streit, Striegelhof, Tennig, Truppach, Wohnsgehaig.
|
|
Leaking sewer pipes also drain into the stream in this reach. In the early 1900s, the mouth of the stream was free of culm. However, its flow was colored white by sulfur-contaminated water from the Coal Brook Colliery. A stream of mine water entered the stream at one point and culm banks in its vicinity were subject to wash.
|
|
Within the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, the Bishopric of Culm was created in 1243 by William of Modena. In 1257 the town became a property of the church and the seat of the bishops of Culm (Chełmno). In 1268 the castle was destroyed. Between 1301 and 1326 a new castle was built of stone by the local bishop named Arnold.
|
|
Adjacent natural regions are the Cornish Killas to the west of the Tamar Valley, The Culm to the northwest and the Devon Redlands to the northeast.
|
|
In the early 1900s, the creek had no culm at its mouth, but did have high concentrations of sulfur. The creek also historically carried some silt.
|
|
The Exe, the Culm, the Yeo, the Dalch, the Little Dart, the Taw, the Dart, the Brockley, the Creedy and the Spratford Stream flow through the district.
|
|
The Culm Valley Light Railway, which opened in 1876, had two stations in the village; Coldharbour Halt and Uffculme railway station. The railway, operating between Tiverton Junction railway station and Hemyock closed to passenger traffic in 1963, and completely in 1975. Maggs, C.G. (2006) The CULM VALLEY LIGHT RAILWAY: Tiverton Junction To Hemyock. The Oakwood Press A path on the route to Coldharbour Mill takes in the old railway bridge.
|
|
Rew grew up on her family's dairy farm in Devon, where she developed her love of wild swimming in the River Culm. She attended the University of Oxford.
|
|
It flowers from June to July. The main distinguishing characteristics from H. lanatus are the presence of rhizomes, and the bearded nodes or 'hairy knees' on the culm.
|
|
The diocesan area outside of Ducal Prussia remained Catholic and on 1601.04.19 joined the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno (Bishopric of Kulm=Culm in German; now Peplin in Polish).
|
|
Spores of M. grisea The pathogen infects as a spore that produces lesions or spots on parts of the rice plant such as the leaf, leaf collar, panicle, culm and culm nodes. Using a structure called an appressorium, the pathogen penetrates the plant. The pathogen is able to move between the plant cells using its invasive hyphae to enter through plasmodesmata. M. grisea then sporulates from the diseased rice tissue to be dispersed as conidiospores.
|
|
The larvae of the Asian rice gall midge irritate the tissues of the rice plant which forms a gall commonly known as a "silver shoot" or "onion shoot". This is a pale cylindrical, hollow tube with a green tip replacing the normal culm (stem). The gall is formed from the walls of the leaf sheath growing together, after which the culm stops developing. The stem is stunted and the seed-head does not develop.
|
|
' A sport of spectabilis called 'Argus' shares the same robust growth qualities and color as spectabilis but with additional green vertical stripes scattered around the whole circumference of each culm. The all green form 'Alata' lacks any yellow culm coloring. In spring, yellow portions of new aureosulcata culms that receive direct sunlight during the early cool hours of the day can develop a red tint or magenta blush that lasts for a couple months.
|
|
Natives of Southeast Yunnan use this species for the making of gao- sheng, a kind of native rocket used in festivals. The culm of this species is good for weaving.
|
|
Aerial roots absent. Internode length is 15–30 cm, and diameter is 3–8 cm. Culm walls are very thick which is almost solid with a very small lumen. Node prominent.
|
|
Culm is pale green in color, which is becoming brown on drying. Surface is rough. Culms straight. Internodes are about 20–25 cm in length and 0.6–2 cm in diameter.
|
|
An offset is the lower part of a single culm with the rhizome axis basal to it and its roots. Planting of these is the most conventional way of propagating bamboo.
|
|
A potential giant even in cooler areas, this bamboo grows with an average height of reaching up to or more with a maximum culm diameter of . New culms are dark green, paling with age, with a white ring appearing under each node. Branches are short and leaves are small for a bamboo of the genus Phyllostachys. Culm sheath colors of purple-red or brown fade or stripe into light colors of tan or yellow-white further up.
|
|
This bamboo grows with an expected height to 9 m (30 ft) with a culm diameter to 5 cm (2 in). New culms are green, paling with age, with all green internodes that later develop white powdery rings at maturity. Culm sheath colors appear grey-green with burgundy or purple margins with larger sheaths sparsely strewn with small spots. Similar to Phyllostachys atrovaginata, rubbing the culms of this bamboo may release an aroma reminiscent of sandalwood.
|
|
This bamboo grows to an expected height of 9 meters (35 feet) with a culm diameter of 4 cm (2.25 inches). In areas where the average winter minimum temperature is above -15°C (5°F), it may grow to a maximum height of 14 meters (46 feet) with a diameter of 6.5 cm (2.6 inches). The typical form of this species has dark green culms with a yellow groove. Culm sheath colors appear purple-green usually striped with yellow.
|
|
The species is perennial with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. They are also erect and connate.
|
|
Parry's grama is annual grass that grows tall, although sometimes to . Flowers are born in inflorescences which consist of three to seven spicate branches per culm. They are blue-violet at maturity.
|
|
Aerial roots reach up to a few nodes above the ground. Internode length is 20–30 cm, and diameter is 2.5–12 cm. Culm walls are very thick. Nodes are not prominent.
|
|
Branching occurs from the base to top. Aerial roots reach up to few nodes above. Internode length is 30–60 cm, and diameter is 0.8–1.2 cm. Culm walls are very thick.
|
|
Sir Henry probably built the present Pynes House, a typical Queen Anne house, enlarged in 1851. The Pyne family also gave their name to the villages of Culm Pyne and Washford Pyne.
|
|
Shedding the motorway to the south of Hele, the river and the railway continue together into Exeter, although by then the Culm has joined the River Exe - just below Stoke Canon (picture 4).
|
|
Older Scots became vocalised to by the Middle Scots period, for example Modern Scots: fou (full), pou (pull) and oo (wool) from full, pullian and wull. Similarly Romance coum (culm) and poupit (pulpit).
|
|
Internode length is 25–40 cm, and diameter is 10–35 cm. Culm walls are thin, branching only at the top. Aerial roots occur up to the eighth node. The rootstock is stout.
|
|
The nitrogen concentration in Sunbury ranged from . The concentration of sodium was , while the phosphorus concentration was and the chloride concentration was . In 1917, the Water Resources Inventory Report referred to Shamokin Creek as the worst stream in the Coal Region due to the mine water, culm deposits, and other problems. During this time period, the culm deposits were so extensive that it was one of the few creeks where it was commercially viable to recover coal from its streambed.
|
|
The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly and has a lower population density than many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England, at ; its moorland extends across a large expanse of granite bedrock. To the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is more fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart and the Otter.
|
|
Culm sheaths are greenish in young plants, and turn brown when mature. The sheath proper is 7–15 cm long and 2.5–15 cm wide. Blade length is 10–30 cm. The auricles are equal.
|
|
The villages in the novel, Perlycombe, Perlycross and Perliton, represent the real villages of Hemyock, Culmstock and Uffculme respectively.Colin G Maggs, The Culm Valley Light Railway - Tiverton Junction to Hemyock, The Oakwood Press, Usk, 2006, .
|
|
In the same year an advertisement was placed in the Somerset County Gazette announcing that "coal, culm, lime corn, flour, manure, building materials and other goods" would be carried on the railway at reduced rates.
|
|
The species is perennial with short rhizomes. Its culms are erect and are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. They are also erect and connate.
|
|
In the main Culm Basin and north Devon the succession is nowadays divided into an upper Holsworthy Group and an underlying Teign Valley Group (formerly and popularly, the 'Lower Culm'). By way of contrast, in south Devon the entire supergroup is represented by the Chudleigh Group. The Holsworthy Group is itself divided into an upper Bude Formation and a lower Crackington Formation though a Bideford Formation intervenes in the Bideford area. In the Launceston area the entire group is represented by the Bealsmill Formation.
|
|
Culms are green with white blooms when young, which become greyish-green when dry. Young shoots are yellowish-green in color with shiny black hairs. Culm is straight. Branches spread out from the midculm to top.
|
|
The culms are straight; branching occurs from the base, and branches are many, short, loose, and open. Internode length is 25–50 cm, and diameter is 1.5–15 cm. Culm walls are thin. Nodes are prominent.
|
|
26 Czapski was Chamberlain of Rynkówka in 1752, then Castellan in 1762 and in 1766 became Governor of the Chełmno Voivodeship (1466–1793) until his death in 1802. He was the last Voivode in Chełmno (Culm).
|
|
The SSSI is sited on a geological formation of Upper Carboniferous Culm Measures, which support a variety of habitats including maritime grassland, woodland, maritime heath, scrub, bodies of water as well as rocky foreshore and cliffs.
|
|
Nodes are prominent. Culm sheaths are triangular with a conical blade, and straw-colored. The sheath proper is asymmetrical and 15–32 cm in length and 25–34 cm wide. Blade length is 5–10 cm.
|
|
Extensive deposits of culm and silt occur in the watershed of Saint Johns Creek. The deposits are left over from mining activity. Mine sheet XI and mine sheet XIII are in the vicinity of the creek.
|
|
Culm sheaths are green in young, and turn brown when mature, and are cylindrical. The sheath proper is 18–22 cm in length and 10–17 cm wide. Blade length is 3.5–6.5 cm. Auricles are absent.
|
|
Maximum height can reach 10 m (33 ft) with a maximum culm diameter of 7.0 cm (2.7 in). This bamboo grows in areas ranging from subtropical to temperate and tolerates winter temperatures down to -23 °C (-10 °F), being a more cold-hardy bamboo. Like water bamboo, the rhizomes and roots of this species also have air canals as an adaptation for living in wet soil. The specific epithet atrovaginata or "dark-sheathed" is inspired from the dark green and deep red wine colors of the culm sheaths.
|
|
Chevron folding in the cliffs at Millook Haven, North Cornwall The Culm Measures are a thick sequence of geological strata originating during the Carboniferous Period that occur in south-west England, principally in Devon and Cornwall, now known as the Culm Supergroup. Its estimated thickness varies between 3600 m and 4750 m though intense folding complicates it at outcrop. They are so called because of the occasional presence in the Barnstaple–Hartland area of a soft, often lenticular, sooty coal, which is known in Devon as culm.Dewey (1948); p.
|
|
At this level, the use of conveyor belts (with or without paddles or scoops) was necessarily in order to move the smaller grades of coal, with most belts moving at about 33 feet per minute for pea coal and 50 feet per minute for larger grades. Multiple sorting and picking levels might exist in a single coal breaker, depending on the amount of coal to be processed. Coal and culm were received at the ground level. Dry culm was taken away from the coal breaker by conveyor belt or rail car and dumped nearby.
|
|
In the early 1900s, Price Creek was a clear stream until it arrived at the Johnson Colliery, where mine water and waste water was drained into it. From this point downstream to its mouth, the creek's streambed was full of a type of anthracite known as culm. The tributary Pancoast Creek is unaffected by culm, but it was affected by streams of surface water and sewage. A mid-20th-century report estimated the volume of surface seepage into mine workings at Price Creek was 4.22 gallons per minute per inch of rainfall.
|
|
The estate's name derives from it having been held by the Culme family, whose own name was taken from its landholdings in the vicinity of the River Culm,Pole, p.170 which flows through the Columb John estate.
|
|
The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are scabrous and tubular with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and is lacerate.
|
|
Culms are green, covered with whitish brown hair, and become brownish green when drying. Young shoots are greenish brown in color. Branching occurs from the mid-culm to the top. Aerial roots reach up to few nodes above ground.
|
|
The first recorded occasion of a Gentlemen of Somerset side playing comes five years previously however, when a Somerset side travelled down to Culm Vale to take on the Gentlemen of Devon, this match also resulting in a draw.
|
|
Culms are dark green when young, and become yellowish-green when mature and brownish-green when dry. Young shoots are also green. Internode length is 60–80 cm and diameter is about 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Culm walls are very thin.
|
|
At the Capouse Shaft, the creek washed an ash bank and a culm bank and was contaminated with some sulfur. More dirty waste materials drained into the creek at the Archbald Colliery and a fertilizer plant also discharged waste into it.
|
|
The species is perennial and caespitose with caulined leaves. Its culms are long while its culm-internodes are smooth. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. Its eciliate membrane is long and is truncate.
|
|
Phyllostachys aureosulcata, the yellow groove bamboo, is a species of bamboo native to the Zhejiang Province of China. It is a running bamboo with a distinctive yellow stripe in the culm groove (or sulcus) that is often grown as an ornamental.
|
|
Young shoot of Phyllostachys aureosulcata cv. 'Lama Temple' Several forms and cultivars of this species exist in a variety of culm color patterns. P. aureosulcata f. spectabilis reverses the colors of the typical form with yellow culms and a green sulcus.
|
|
Boggy moorland near Hatherleigh The Culm Measures give their name to The Culm national character area and natural area of England, a component of a landscape classification system co-ordinated by the public body Natural England. The Culm NCA covers a large part of north Devon, and contains 3,831 ha of the Dartmoor National Park, 9,009 ha of the North Devon Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and 7,814 ha of the Cornwall AONB, as well as the North Devon Heritage Coast. The area is especially known for Culm grassland (nationally known as rhos pasture): species-rich pastures, typical of poorly drained acid soils, which support a suite of purple moor-grass and rush communities, forming a mosaic of vegetation communities with heathland, other species-rich grassland and wet woodland. This is a habitat unlike any other in England, which supports distinctive and often attractive plant species, including heath spotted- orchid, southern marsh-orchid, bogbean, and saw-wort; a number of characteristic butterflies, including the marbled white, and marsh, heath, silver-washed and high brown fritillaries; and a number of typical bird species including grasshopper warbler and willow tit, as well as breeding Eurasian curlew and reed bunting, and overwintering snipe and woodcock.
|
|
The River Culm flows through the Devon Redlands in Devon, England and is the longest tributary of the River Exe. It rises in the Blackdown Hills at a spring near RAF Culmhead in Somerset, and flows west through Hemyock, then Culmstock (in the Culm Valley) to Uffculme. The river turns south, through Cullompton (and alongside the M5 motorway), skirting the northern boundary of Killerton Park to join the River Exe on the north-western outskirts of Exeter. The name of the river is thought to mean 'knot' or 'tie', in reference to the river's twists and loops.
|
|
Old stone bridge with pedestrian refuges over River Culm at CulmstockCulmstock is a village and civil parish in Mid Devon, England, centred 10 miles from Tiverton and 6 NE of Cullompton. It is laid out on both sides of the River Culm; the village is joined by a single old narrow stone bridge across the river. The population of the parish at the 2011 Census was 554. The northern boundary of the parish forms part of the Devon – Somerset border and clockwise from there it is surrounded by the Devon parishes of Hemyock, Uffculme, Burlescombe and Holcombe Rogus.
|
|
Hemyock railway station The Culm Valley Light Railway was a standard gauge branch railway that operated in the English county of Devon. It ran for just under from Tiverton Junction station on the Bristol to Exeter line, through the Culm valley to Hemyock. It was intended as a very low-cost scheme, but by the time it opened in 1876 had cost more than twice the originally anticipated budget and taken five times the expected time to complete. It was operated from the start by the Great Western Railway, who purchased the line outright in 1880.
|
|
Earthworks at Dolbury Dolbury is another local name for the Iron Age hill fort or enclosure at Killerton Park in Devon. It is referred to as such in several books and websites on Iron Age sites. The hill fort is situated on a hilltop some 128 Metres above Sea Level, the hilltop has a flat promontory jutting out northwards, still some 100 metres above sea level, around which the River Culm bends. The situation of the hill in the Culm Valley makes it very significant, although that can be hard to appreciate from the views afforded of it from the M5 motorway.
|
|
Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3: 745. 1843. The stem or culm has a prominent groove, called a sulcus, that runs along the length of each segment (or internode). Because of this, it is one of the most easily identifiable genera of bamboo.
|
|
Young culm sheaths are greenish, which become yellowish brown when mature. Sheaths of growing shoots are golden yellow color, with cup-shaped blades. The sheath proper is 20–25 cm in length and 28–35 cm wide. Blade length is 5–10 cm.
|
|
Culm sheath is yellowish green in young plants turns straw colored when mature. It is cylindrical with a triangular blade. Length of the sheath proper is 12.5–17 cm in length and 10–13 cm wide. Blade length is 3–5 cm.
|
|
The village was served by a station on the Culm Valley Light Railway which connected to one of two main lines leaving the south-west peninsula, at Tiverton Junction. The Light Railway ran from 1876 to 1975 though the last passengers were carried in 1963.
|
|
Pevsner, Nikolaus & Cherry, Bridget, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, p.279 "Gateway at Columb John", 1800 watercolour by Rev. John Swete (d.1821) The site of the former mansion house at Columb John, by the chapel on the bank of the River Culm.
|
|
There was 66 micrograms per liter of aluminum, less than 4.0 of arsenic, and less than 1.0 of lead. In the early 1900s, Clarks Creek was free of mine water and culm pollution as far downstream as the confluence of the tributary "Trout Creek".
|
|
The culm sheath is greenish when young, becoming dark brown when mature. Sheaths are large and broad, length of sheath proper 24–30 cm, and width is 40–60 cm. The blade is triangular, 7–10 cm long. The top of the sheath is rounded.
|
|
Old stone bridge with pedestrian refuges over River Culm at Culmstock The River Culm rises at a spring () near Culmhead and flows west through Hemyock, then Culmstock to Uffculme before joining the River Exe on the north-western outskirts of Exeter. The name of the river is thought to mean 'knot' or 'tie', in reference to the river's twists and loops; or is derived from a Celtic river-name meaning winding stream. The River Otter rises near Otterford, where a stream feeds the Otterhead lakes: (). It then flows south for through East Devon to the English Channel at the western end of Lyme Bay.
|
|
In the case of hill cane, these are leptomorph, meaning they spread horizontally, but they typically do not reach very far before turning up to form a new culm. The rhizomes vary somewhat morphologically in that they sometimes have hollow centres and air canals The culms have internodes that are terete (i.e. smooth and cylindrical, but slightly tapering), while the culm sheaths are usually persistent (meaning they are not shed), but they may fall late in winter. These sheaths are 5.5 to 11 cm in length with oral setae (i.e. bristles where the sheath meets the blade) that are very short at 1 to 4.6 mm.
|
|
The river meanders a lot here and is prone to flooding. Shortly prior to reaching Hele - near Kensham House - the small River Weaver flows into the Culm from the east. It passes under a paper mill at Hele. North of Stoke Canon the river has many meanders.
|
|
Nodal infection causes the culm to break at the infected node (rotten neck).Rice Blast at Factsheets on Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents It also affects reproduction by causing the host to produce fewer seeds. This is caused by the disease preventing maturation of the actual grain.
|
|
Stoke Canon Bridge, which stretches over two arms of the River Culm, was already built in the late 13th century. Bishop Stapeldon left money in his will (1326) for its upkeep. It contains some old work but has been much widened to carry the main road.
|
|
Sterry Creek experiences total flow loss. It begins to lose flow by the time it reaches the Mid Valley Industrial Park. There are also deposits of culm and silt from mining operations along the creek's banks and floodplain. Sterry Creek is considered to be an impaired stream.
|
|
In 1996, the creek's channel failed, causing it to wash more than 30,000 cubic yards of culm into the Lackawanna River. In the 2000s, various channel repair efforts were carried out. A proposed natural gas-fired power plant intends to dump waste water into the creek.
|
|
The sheaths are short apex obtuse and bluntly mucronate with woolly hairs. The culm is approximately 0.50 mm with a diameter of 0.75-1.75 mm.Morris D, Restio hookeri (Restionaceae), a new name for a familiar Tasmanian species, and reinstatement of Gahnia rodwayi F. Muell. ex Rodway (Cyperaceae).
|
|
Emerging leaves are rolled in the bud with no prominent ligule. Note that most grasses are folded not rolled, which make this a key identification feature on tall fescue. The auricles are usually blunt but occasionally may be more clawlike. The culm is round in cross- section.
|
|
William Bourman, a priest and sub-dean and canon of Wells Cathedral in Somerset. The Kerslake family acquired Culm Davy in about 1700 and then a Mr. Marsh of Wellington acquired it from the Kerslake family.Lysons, Daniel & Lysons, Samuel, Magna Britannia, Vol.6, Devonshire, London, 1822. p.
|
|
4-6-0 camelback locomotive, complete with Wootten firebox. The Wootten firebox is a type of firebox used on steam locomotives. The firebox was very wide to allow combustion of anthracite waste, known as "culm". Its size necessitated unusual placement of the crew, examples being camelback locomotives.
|
|
Downstream of US Route 6, the creek contains sediment, stormwater, and runoff from culm piles and parking lots. This reach is described in the Lackawanna River Watershed Conservation Plan as "a sediment-choked, storm water ditch". A permit was once requested to discharge stormwater into the creek.
|
|
Exmoor has been designated as a national character area (No. 145) by Natural England, the public body responsible for England's natural environment. Neighbouring natural regions include The Culm to the southwest, the Devon Redlands to the south and the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes to the east.
|
|
The sheath proper is 9–12 cm long and 6–9 cm wide. Auricles are equal, small, and wavy, continuous with the blade, which is situated on top of the sheath. Upper surfaces of the culm sheaths are covered with light brown hairs. Under surfaces are not hairy.
|
|
These areas lie mainly on Devonian sandstone and slate. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in several other locations.
|
|
29–31Balchin, W. G. V. (1967) Cornwall. British Landscapes Through Maps. Sheffield: the Geographical Association Culm grassland on the formation's slates and shales is composed of purple moor grass and rush pasture. It is noted for a wide diversity of species, some extremely rare including the marsh fritillary butterfly.
|
|
This has resulted in a less commercially attractive material known locally as culm. Due to its high elevation, melting snow in the Slievardagh region intermittently resulted in large volumes of flood-water with a short 'Time of Concentration'. This sometimes threatened to overwhelm the mines ordinary pumping capacity.
|
|
Culms of sugarcane Use for building roofs in Ethiopia A culm is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from Latin 'stalk', and it originally referred to the stem of any type of plant.MacGillavray, William A Manual of Botany London 1840. p. 36.
|
|
The coal companies left behind a scared landscape (e.g., culm banks) when they pulled out of the region. Today, Jenkins Township's economy is composed of an expanding warehousing industry. On September 25, 1982, George Banks killed thirteen people in a shooting rampage in Jenkins Township and Wilkes-Barre City.
|
|
The stream flows through a "spectacular" ravine downstream of the Brace Brook Reservoir. There is an above-ground water pipeline in the vicinity of Brace Brook. Part of the watershed of Brace Brook is located upstream of the coal measures. However, there are culm piles at the stream's mouth.
|
|
The fungus grows on the senescent culms of Juncus roemerianus. Because the fruit bodies are found on the middle and upper parts of the culm, typically between above the rhizome, it is considered a terrestrial organism. M. carolinensis is found on the Atlantic Coast of the United States.
|
|
Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the sap are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of pest infestation. Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to the following cycles: ;Life cycle of the culm :As each individual culm goes through a 5-7 year life cycle, culms are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity 3-4× that of an unharvested wild clump.
|
|
Stephens recognised that there would soon be an urgent demand for building materials, and saw a way in which he could make more lime by using anthracite waste (culm) shipped from England, than the Portuguese could by using wood which was in short supply. As an unknown Englishman, he succeeded in getting an interview with Carvalho who was immediately enthusiastic about the idea. There was a difficult start as his English contact first sent the wrong sort of coal, and then the cargo ships were captured by the French. However Stephens rode these difficulties and was also helped by the passing of the Culm Act by the British Parliament in 1758 which exempted the material from duty.
|
|
Kyllinga melanosperma is a species of sedge, covered with dark brown scales that culm together to form rhizomes that are about long. The rhizomes are thick with a purple-brown sheath at the bottom. Kyllinga melanosperma is found in tropical Africa, southern and southeastern Asia. Kyllinga melanosperma propagates by seed.
|
|
It is high with the leaves being strongly keeled, Y-shaped and are wide. The species culmes are erect, smooth on the bottom and scabrous above. They are in length and are circa in diameter. It has drooped inflorescence which are in length and are usually longer than the culm.
|
|
Its common name comes from the colorization of the margins of the newly sprouted culm sheaths, exhibiting a reddish stripe. It was classified by the Smithsonian's Floyd McClure in 1940. In China, it is named hongbian zhu or nuer zhu (maiden's bamboo).Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Das Bambus-Lexikon, at Bambus-Informationszentrum.
|
|
Each stem has 1-6 racemes at the tips of the culm or from the axils of the upper leaves, pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers in different spikelets on the same plant.Zuloaga, F. O. & E. J. Judziewicz. 1993. Agnesia, a new genus of Amazonian herbaceous bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae).
|
|
The disease is characterized by small, pale green spots or streaks which soon appear water-soaked. The lesions expand and then appear as dry dead spots. The lesions elongate into linear streaks which may eventually extend the full length of the leaf. Lesions rarely occur on the leaf sheath or culm.
|
|
The pH of the creek was 6.99, and the concentration of salinity was 100 parts per million. In the early 1900s, Eddy Creek lacked culm deposits at its mouth. However, its water was colored yellow by sulfur at that location. Further upstream, two pipes discharged mine water into the creek.
|
|
Donna Marianna was the American vessel Orion,Cameron & Crooke (1992), p.62. which Samuel Macdowall & Co. of Liverpool purchased in 1809. They appointed a man named Vauralst as master, and sent her to Madeira with a cargo of culm. From Madeira she sailed to Pernambuco with a cargo of wine.
|
|
In 1925, Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) and surroundings, before part of Culm Diocese, were attached to Ermland, while the Klaipėda Region was dissected in 1926 as territorial prelature of its own. The diocese of Ermland remained an exempt see until 1930, when it became suffragan to the Breslau See within the Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province.
|
|
According to Lewis, the population of the parish in 1833 was 725. He described the area as good arable and pasture land, which was enclosed, and considerable supplies of coal and culm on the estate of Sir John Owen, which was shipped from a specially-constructed quay at Landshipping on the Eastern Cleddau.
|
|
One of his older sons, Tiedemann Giese, became the Bishop of Chełm (Culm) and later, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland), while one of the younger sons, Georg Giese became a merchant and who is noted for having his portrait painted by Hans Holbein the younger. Albrecht Giese died in 1580 in Danzig.
|
|
From Dundaff Road to a point downstream, the stream flows through areas of culm, waste rock, and strip pits from the old Coal Brook Colliery. Small bogs, ponds, and wetlands are in the stream's watershed. Its headwaters are in mountain springs. Upon reaching the Carbondale Nursing Home, Coal Brook enters an underground culvert.
|
|
Its course is not exactly known in this reach. However, it discharges into the Lackawanna River via a pipe. Some reaches of Coal Brook have been entirely destroyed either by historic mining or by post-mining development. Additionally, substantial deposits of culm and silts from mining operations line occur in the stream's vicinity.
|
|
The alkalinity concentration ranges from 6.4 to 9.4 milligrams per liter. Grassy Island Creek experiences measurable flow loss. At one point, it lost all of its base flow to deep mines except during storm events. Additionally, culm and silt from mining operations have accumulated along the creek's banks and in its floodplain.
|
|
The defecting captain then tricked Pipin into being captured by the Knights, ending Prussian resistance in the Culmerland.Wyatt, pp. 92–93 By 1232, the Knights had established or rebuilt fortresses at Culm (Chełmno) and Thorn. Pope Gregory IX called for reinforcements, which included 5,000 veterans under the leadership of the Burgrave of Magdeburg.
|
|
Price Creek (also known as Price's Creek) is a tributary of the Lackawanna River in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Dickson City. The watershed of the creek's main stem has an area of . Culm was historically discharged into the creek at the Johnson Colliery.
|
|
It also has extensive deposits of culm and silt left over from mining. The creek is considered to be impaired by flow alterations. The likely source of the impairment is abandoned mine drainage. Eddy Creek used to have flow, but has turned into a "leaky slow trickle" that carries acid mine drainage.
|
|
This was 12% of the anthracite yield of the state of Pennsylvania in that year. In the 1910s, there were 40 washeries and collieries that drained into the creek. Large amounts of culm also flowed into it during this time. The layer of coal silt on the banks of the creek was by 1940.
|
|
A coal breaking plant, depicted on a postcard in 1907. A coal breaker is a coal processing plant which breaks coal into various useful sizes. Coal breakers also remove impurities from the coal (typically slate) and deposit them into a culm dump. The coal breaker is a forerunner of the modern coal preparation plant.
|
|
The under roofing is of bamboo culm. Wooden boards laid over thick hardwood joists form the floors. Nowadays, zinc roofing sheets and nails are increasingly used. In larger Tana Toraja villages, houses are arranged in a row, side by side, with their roofs on a north-south alignment with the front gable facing north.
|
|
Carex brevior forms dense tufts with short-prolonged rhizomes, the clumps sometimes appearing elongated. The flowering culms are tall with 3 to 5 leaves per culm. Few vegetative culms are produced and unlike some other sedges, they are not strikingly 3-ranked. The leaf sheaths are white and papery and the ligule is long.
|
|
In the early 1900s, the creek was clear in its upper reaches. However, pollution at the Sunnyside Colliery turned it black and filled it with culm. More mine water was discharged into the creek at the Dolph Colliery. Slush from the Sterrick Creek Colliery and the North American Washery also discharged into the creek.
|
|
U.S. Route 11 runs through the southern portion of the borough. Hughestown is served by the Pittston Area School District. Robert Yaple Memorial Park is located in central Hughestown. Most of the homes and businesses are located in the western portion of the borough, while the eastern section consists of mostly forests and culm banks.
|
|
In the early 1900s, Meredith Brook was clear in its lower reaches. However, water from some culm banks at the Forest City Colliery drained into the stream. Mine water from a borehole was also pumped directly into the stream. However, the stream was free of pollution of any variety upstream of the No. 2 Shaft.
|
|
The elevation near the mouth of Meredith Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. In the early 1900s, Meredith Brook was troughed under mining railroad tracks or rock and culm banks in some reaches. However, its streambed was in good condition and free of debris.
|
|
A sawmill and a gristmill were built on the creek in 1802 and 1804, respectively. Several bridges have also been constructed over it. The creek was historically polluted by culm near its mouth, but agriculture was the main industry in the watershed in the early 1900s. It was historically used as a water supply.
|
|
The River Culm begins in a marshy field near Culmhead (picture 1). Four and a half miles from its source the river (OS ST17501455) it is 1.5m wide (picture 2). At Gladhayes the river passes under a two-arched bridge (picture 3). About half a mile further the river is joined by the waters of Madford River.
|
|
There is also some coal in the lower reaches of the watershed. There are some culm dumps along the stream between Pennsylvania Route 502 and US Route 11. Spring Brook flows across the Pocono Plateau and passes through the Moosic Mountains via a water gap known as the Spring Brook Gap. Its mouth is in the Lackawanna Valley.
|
|
At this time he is listed as living on Bernard Street in Leith. In 1777 he published a pamphlet on Considerations on the Nature, Quality and Distinctions of Coal and Culm which successfully helped to obtain relief from excise duty on carrying small coal. In 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
|
|
The economic gains of this formation have been exploited to their greatest potential in years past. The peak year of anthracite production was in 1917 when nearly 100 million tons were mined. Anthracite production has declined every year since then. Recently, the old spoils of the mining operations (culm) have been refined to extract more coal for power production.
|
|
Uffculme railway station was the station closest to the centre of the Culm Valley Light Railway in Devon and as such contained the passing loop. The line ran approximately 9 miles from the Bristol to Penzance main line at Tiverton Junction to Hemyock on the Somerset border. Since closure the station area has been totally redeveloped.
|
|
Art criticism interpreted the picture as planning the break with Cassirer. In fact, the depicted persons Hermann Struck, Emil Pottner, Ernst Bischoff-Culm, Max Neumann and Herstein, along with Corinth, were the members who remained loyal to the Secession.Die Berliner Secession in neuem Hause. Bei: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg Although Lovis Corinth took over again, the break was unstoppable.
|
|
Bambusa lako grows to in height, with culms reaching a maximum of in diameter. The culms are initially green before maturing to a shiny black, sometimes with scattered green stripes; they grow vertically, though may droop at the top. The culms are initially covered with culm-sheaths which have dark brown-black hairs. Shoots grow rapidly in warmer weather.
|
|
The leaves of Carex comprise a blade, which extends away from the stalk, and a sheath, which encloses part of the stalk. The blade is normally long and flat, but may be folded, inrolled, channelled or absent. The leaves have parallel veins and a distinct midrib. Where the blade meets the culm there is a structure called the ligule.
|
|
Willand is a major part of Lower Culm electoral ward. The ward population at the 2011 Census was 5,808. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Halberton, Uffculme and Cullompton. Willand has probably had a settlement since the Iron Age but is first recorded in 1042 as having "belonged to Ethmar".
|
|
Water from culm banks also drains into the creek, carrying sediment with it. Part of the Moosic Mountains are in the eastern part of the creek's watershed. The O'Conner Dam is in the watershed of Sterry Creek in Jessup. This dam is in the creek's upper reaches and impounds a water supply reservoir with an area of .
|
|
The culms bear 2–3 lateral female spikes, each long, and on half-ensheathed peduncles up to twice the length of the spike. There are 2–3 male spikes at the end of the culm, each long. The hairy utricles, male glumes and leaves make it hard to confuse Carex hirta with any other Carex species.
|
|
The Prussians also received help from Lithuanians and Sudovians. In summer of 1262 Treniota and Shvarn attacked Masovia, killing Duke Siemowit I, and raided Culmerland, provoking Pogesanians to join the uprising. However, assassination of Mindaugas and subsequent dynastic fights prevented Lithuanians from further campaigns. Skalmantas, leader of Sudovians, raided Culm (Chełmno) in 1263 and in 1265.
|
|
One species of lizard beetle Doubledaya bucculenta (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Erotylidae) has mycangia on the tergum of the eighth abdominal segment. This ovipositor- associated mycangia is only present in adult females. Before Doubledaya bucculentnta deposit their eggs and inject the symbiotic microorganisms on a recently dead bamboo, they will excavate a small hole through the bamboo culm.
|
|
Bishop Heidenreich received permissions for his undertakings directly from the pope. Later, in 1255 the four dioceses of Prussia, including the Bishopric of Culm were put under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Riga as metropolitan. In the 1250s Jutta von Sangerhausen came to live in Prussia and settled at Bielczyny. In 1256 she founded the St. George church.
|
|
The pendulous spikes in bloom. The spike in the center has three spikelets visible, and the lowest spikelet is blooming, with orange stamens hanging below and feathery stigmas protruding horizontally. Sideoats grama is a warm-season grass. The culms (flowering stems) are tall, and have alternate leaves that are concentrated at the bottom of the culm.
|
|
The annual or short-lived perennial grass has a tufted habit and typically grows to a height of . The culms are erect or geniculately ascending and have two to four nodes. The internodes mid-culm are glabrous and have branched lateral branches. It can have smooth or scaberulous leaf-sheaths with a glabrous or hairy surface.
|
|
Tiverton and Honiton: Axminster Rural, Axminster Town, Beer and Branscombe, Canonsleigh, Castle, Clare and Shuttern, Coly Valley, Cranmore, Cullompton North, Cullompton Outer, Cullompton South, Dunkeswell, Feniton and Buckerell, Halberton, Honiton St Michael's, Honiton St Paul's, Lower Culm, Lowman, Newbridges, Otterhead, Seaton, Tale Vale, Trinity, Upper Culm, Westexe, Yarty. Torbay: Clifton-with-Maidenway, Cockington-with- Chelston, Ellacombe, Goodrington-with-Roselands, Preston, Roundham-with-Hyde, St Marychurch, Shiphay-with-the-Willows, Tormohun, Watcombe, Wellswood. Torridge and West Devon: Appledore, Bere Ferrers, Bideford East, Bideford North, Bideford South, Bridestowe, Broadheath, Buckland Monachorum, Burrator, Clinton, Clovelly Bay, Coham Bridge, Forest, Hartland and Bradworthy, Holsworthy, Kenwith, Lydford, Mary Tavy, Milton Ford, Monkleigh and Littleham, Northam, Orchard Hill, Shebbear and Langtree, Tamarside, Tavistock North, Tavistock South, Tavistock South West, Three Moors, Thrushel, Torrington, Two Rivers, Waldon, Walkham, Westward Ho!, Winkleigh.
|
|
Archcathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Bernard in Oliva, Danzig The 36 Catholic parishes in the territory of the Free City in 1922 used to belong in equal shares to the Diocese of Culm, which was mostly Polish, and the Diocese of Ermland, which was mostly German. While the Second Polish Republic wanted all the parishes within the Free City to form part of Polish Culm, Volkstag and Senate wanted them all to become subject to German Ermland. In 1922 the Holy See suspended the jurisdictions of both dioceses over their parishes in the Free State and established an exempt apostolic administration for the territory. The first apostolic administrator was Edward O'Rourke who became Bishop of Danzig on the occasion of the elevation of the administration to an exempt diocese.
|
|
The top of a hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) flower spike, showing the flattened rachis Bouteloua includes both annual and perennial grasses, which frequently form stolons. Species have an inflorescence of 1 to 80 racemes or spikes positioned alternately on the culm (stem). The rachis (stem) of the spike is flattened. The spikelets are positioned along one side of the spike.
|
|
The site's habitat mainly consists of moorland and culm grassland that is relatively untouched by agriculture, being one of only a few such sites remaining in Cornwall. The nationally scarce wavy St John's-wort (Hypericum undulatum) can be found on the site. A colony of marsh fritillary butterflies (Eurodryas aurinia), a nationally scarce species, is also found on the site.
|
|
However, the defense was soon broken and the camp was ravaged. According to Cronica conflictus, more Knights died there than on the battlefield. The battle lasted for about ten hours. The Teutonic Knights attributed the defeat to treason on the part of Nikolaus von Renys (Mikołaj of Ryńsk), commander of the Culm (Chełmno) banner, and he was beheaded without a trial.
|
|
However, other reaches of the watershed are either developed and impervious surfaces or mining lands. Some reaches of the creek lack a floodplain. Deposits of culm and silts have been spread out across the floodplain of Powderly Creek and/or deposited in piles along its banks. Recommended uses of reclaimed mining land in the watershed include commercial land and conservation.
|
|
Culm and cinder piles form many of the uplands in the lower reaches of the creek's watershed. A major underground coal fire is burning on a ridge to the west of Powderly Creek. Office of Surface Mines has cut a monitoring trench measuring by by in the area. As of the early 2000s, they hope that the fire will burn itself out.
|
|
However the Chew and the Frome flow into the Avon which forms most of the northern county boundary with Gloucestershire.Landranger Map 172: Bristol & Bath. Published in 2006 by the Ordnance Survey The Cale flows into Dorset through the Blackmore Vale, while the Exe flows into Devon. The (Dorset) Axe, the Culm and the Otter rise in Somerset but flow into Dorset.
|
|
The peak annual discharge has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching per second. In the early 1900s, waste water from Murrins Colliery was discharged into Fall Brook. However, most of the stream's length was fairly clear at that time, despite having one culm deposit in its vicinity. The city of Carbondale has had an NPDES permit to discharge stormwater into Fall Brook.
|
|
Clumping bamboos, such as the B. chungii, are noninvasive bamboos (sympodial or pachymorph). They have short roots and form discrete clumps. Some types of clumping bamboos clump more tightly than others – meaning, the culms (canes) grow closely together, omitting light from being seen through the other side of a mature species. Each new culm that shoots up is larger than the last.
|
|
Bambusa barpatharica is a perennial, caespitose species with short rhizomes. It is considered a pachymorph. Its culms allow it to grow up to 1500–2000 cm in height with much credit due to its 80–100 mm diameter woody stem. Its culm-internodes are terete; often they are hollow and grow 30–50 cm long, displaying a dark green distally pruinose sheen.
|
|
All species of Carex are perennial, although some species, such as C. bebbii and C. viridula can fruit in their first year of growth, and may not survive longer. They typically have rhizomes, stolons or short rootstocks, but some species grow in tufts (caespitose). The culm – the flower-bearing stalk – is unbranched and usually erect. It is usually distinctly triangular in section.
|
|
Oregon State University. Corn (Zea mays L.) . Retrieved 5 December 2013. More commonly grown to a height of 2–3 meters (6–9 feet), Zea mays typically grows with a single, hollow main stem often called a stalk (or culm) which exhibits internodes that are cylindrical in the upper part and alternately grooved in the lower part with a bud in the groove.
|
|
Mine spoil and pits occur in the upper reaches. Although mining only occurred in the upper third of the creek's watershed, south of Big Mountain, iron precipitate lines the creek for much of its length. The channel of Shamokin Creek is sinuous and flows through rock formations consisting of sandstone, shale, and extensive anthracite deposits. There are some culm deposits along the creek.
|
|
This is a perennial grass growing about , forming short, lateral branches along the central culm. It usually sprawls across the ground or onto neighboring vegetation. It has a yellow bloom, which in Texas, occurs from March to May. In Illinois, however, the blooming period occurs during late summer to autumn, lasting around 1-3 weeks for one colony of plants.
|
|
The elevation near the mouth of Mill Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The floodplain of Mill Creek has extensive deposits of culm and silt left over from former mining operations. The upper reaches of Mill Creek are in the vicinity of Suscon Mountain, a mountain in the Moosic Mountain range.
|
|
The leaves are light green to blue-green in color, and up to across. Alternately arranged spikes in a raceme The flowers bloom in summer and autumn. They consist of compact spikes that hang alternately in a raceme along the top of the culm. The spikes often fall to one side of the stem, which gives the plant its name.
|
|
Zoysia japonica has smooth, stiff, vertical leaf blades that roll in the bud. It grows to around 0.5 mm in width, and is hairy near the base and exhibits short inflorescences. The pedicles grow to about 1.75 mm, while the ascending culm internodes measure to roughly 14 mm long. Z. japonica has a very coarse texture, compared to others of its genus.
|
|
The valley of the River Culm was an attractive, but remote and declining area in the early nineteenth century, containing the villages of Uffculme, Culmstock and Hemyock. The Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER;) opened its main line in 1844 with a station at Tiverton Road (later Tiverton Junction), and local people observed the improvements in the local economy of places effectively served by the railway, and the decline of places that were by-passed. The small communities in the Culm Valley fell into the latter category. An engineer, Arthur Cadlick Pain, born 1844, had become interested in the concept of a low-cost railway on his return from working overseas, following the enactment of the Railway Construction Facilities Act, 1864, which authorised railway construction without the necessity of an Act of Parliament if no affected landowner objected.
|
|
The Regulation of Railways Act 1868 authorised the construction of a light railway—the first use of the term—subject to conditions that might be imposed by the board of Trade.Colin G Maggs, The Culm Valley Light Railway - Tiverton Junction to Hemyock, The Oakwood Press, Usk, 2006, He discussed the idea of a light railway with Henry S Ellis, a director of the B&ER; Pain suggested a low-cost line as a steam—or possibly horse operated—tramway running in or alongside the roadway, to serve the Culm Valley settlements. There were to be no stations, but the train would simply stop at road crossings. Such a line might be narrow gauge if the business was expected to be light; and by securing the enthusiasm of local people for the improvement of the district, land acquisition costs might be low.
|
|
He had at least six older siblings, whose names are not entirely clear. Tiedemann Giese, who became the Bishop of Culm (Chełmno), was an older brother.Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543), p. 179; these authors suggest that Georg and his brother, Tiedeman, may have been first cousins to Copernicus At the time of his birth, Danzig was an important Hanseatic town.
|
|
Some reaches of Keyser Creek experience total flow loss and there is no regular flow in the watershed's lower reaches. There are also extensive piles of culm and silts piled up in the creek's floodplain, left over from the coal mining era. There is at least one sanitary sewer overflow in the watershed. As of 2013, there are an estimated four stormwater detention facilities in the watershed.
|
|
In its headwaters, its gradient is steep and it passes through several small cataracts. In its lower reaches, it is in a shallow floodplain. The creek begins in springs and wetlands on a mountain known as Bald Mountain, which has an elevation of above sea level. At some locations, Keyser Creek has experienced significant erosion, causing sediment and red ash (burned culm) to enter the creek.
|
|
Leopold Cohn (January 14, 1856 in Zempelburg – November 18, 1915 in Breslau) was a German author and philologist. He received his education at the gymnasium at Culm, West Prussia, and at the University of Breslau, whence he was graduated as doctor of philosophy in 1878. In 1884 he became privatdozent at the Breslau University, in 1889 was appointed librarian, and in 1897 received the title of professor.
|
|
The arboretum belongs geologically to the Upper Harz. The southern and western parts are in the Clausthal Culm fault zone (Kulmfaltzone) consisting of greywacke and slate from the Carboniferous period. The northeastern part is in the territory of the Corallian limestone block of the Iberg complex. The soils that have developed from the geological source materials, are mainly base-poor, silty and loamy silicate-weathered soils.
|
|
Culms are erect and long, with grey-green leaf-blades filiform and involute, ranging from long by wide, i.e. bristle like. The ligules of basal leaves are long and blunt, while those of culm leaves are longer, up to , and more pointed. The roots and shoots are very closely packed together at the base of the plant producing a white, tough, highly reflective feature.
|
|
These consisted of ten wooden bridges totalling , three stone bridges totalling , six iron bridges totalling , and six wooden trestles totalling . The D.H. & W.B. was laid on white oak ties and had stone cinder and culm ballast. As of 1888, the railroad had 32 at-grade highway crossings, one highway that went over the railroad, and two that went under it. None of these crossings were gated.
|
|
Merrivale straddles the western edge of the Dartmoor granite outcrop. The hamlet, quarry and Staple Tors to the north are on the granite, while Cox Tor immediately to the west is on the metamorphic aureole, with altered Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Culm Measures lower down and calc-silicate hornfels and intrusive dolerite at the summit.British Geological Survey (1995), Dartmoor Forest. England and Wales Sheet 338.
|
|
Following a 1735 Act of the Irish Parliament which provided for hospitals being funded by a local tax on coal and culm, (a type of coal known as Anthracite), weigh-house fines, carriage car licenses and penalties on drivers of same, it was decided to establish a foundling hospital in Leitrim Street.Lewis, Samuel. A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. S. Lewis & Co, 1837, 'Cork' Section.
|
|
The digitate clusters to have a diameter of around with leaf-like bracts the lowest of which is erect and looks like a continuation of the culm and has alength exceeding that of the inflorescence. There are two to eight flattened spikelets cluster containing 20 flowers. After flowering a broad ovoid shaped brown nut will form that is in length with a diameter of about .
|
|
It is a creeping, bright green, leafy, rhizomatous sedge which forms large patches of turf. The culms (10.0–80.0 by about 0.5 mm) are a bright green above, but red-brown towards the base. There are up to 6 leaves per culm, and the leaves are usually longer than the culms. The sheaths are often streaked with red, and sometimes entirely a dark red-purple.
|
|
Dams such as the Aylesworth Dam and the Edgerton Dam are also in the watershed of the creek in Archbald. In its upper reaches, the creek's watershed contains wetlands and ravines. The creek flows over coal measures and sees its first mining impacts between the Edgerton Reservoir and the Aylesworth Reservoir. In the lower reaches of the creek, its bank is encroached by overburden and culm.
|
|
The gap is cut through the West or Lackawanna Mountain Range by the creek. There have been some culm banks along the creek and historic mining operations such as those at the Marvine #6 Colliery have affected it. The creek's headwaters are in wetlands surrounded by residential development. There is riprap on the creek in Leggetts Gap as it flows near major highways in this stretch.
|
|
Within a few hundred feet of its headwaters, it flows through coal measures. Downstream of US Route 6, Wildcat Creek is impacted by piles of culm on one of its banks and commercial land on the other bank. A stable streambank does not occur in this reach. The final mile (two kilometers) of the creek is in an open concrete box culvert surrounded by lawns and houses.
|
|
In 1819 the Pelplin monastery was suppressed. After the monastic buildings had been modified, they were utilized since 1824 as the seat of the Bishopric of Chełmno (Culm), which was moved to Pelplin. By that time Pelplin had remained a small village with several pubs. Since 1824 it begun to develop rapidly due to the accommodation of a number of ecclesiastical and clerical institutions.
|
|
The leaves dry up after the growing season and persist at least until the next spring. Each inflorescence (flower cluster), at the end of a culm, has one staminate (male) spike above two to three pistillate (female) spikes, each enclosed at the base by a tubular bract. There are 3 to 10 florets in each pistillate spike. The scales under the florets are white and translucent.
|
|
In the early 1900s, Shickshinny Creek was a clear stream until from its mouth. At this location, the Salem Breaker of the E.S. Stackhouse Coal Company drained into it via the abandoned Pennsylvania Canal. The creek contributed some culm to the Susquehanna River. In April 1965, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the waters of Shickshinny Creek was once measured to be milligrams per liter.
|
|
It is generally accompanied by culm, which was used extensively for burning lime. The natural environment and resources of County Kilkenny includes its rivers, wildlife (mammals, birds, plants), woodlands, hedgerows, and diverse landscapes and geological features. The main land use is grassland, dairy farming and tillage farming especially around Kilkenny City and in the fertile central plain of the Nore Valley. Conifer forests are found on the upland areas.
|
|
With its tributaries, the River Ottery forms a major sub-catchment of the Tamar system, draining of north Cornwall. The River Ottery's catchment area is within the Carboniferous geological formation known as the Culm Measures which stretches from Dartmoor to north Devon and across northeast Cornwall as far west as Bodmin Moor. English Nature website. Retrieved April 2010 The infant river initially flows north until it reaches the hamlet of Trengune.
|
|
R.D. Blackmore lived in Culmstock for six years while his father, John Blackmore, was curate-in- charge of the parish and he based his novel Perlycross on the Culm Valley. Octavius Temple, father of Frederick Temple and grandfather of William Temple (both Archbishops of Canterbury), purchased Axon Farm, near the settlement. Octavius went to be Governor of Sierra Leone where he died in 1834. The family had, however, remained at Culmstock.
|
|
Coat of arms of Lubawa The coat of arms of Lubawa () in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland, depicts a bishop of Chełmno or Culm, generally identified as the first bishop, Christian of Oliva (who according to the 1216 bull by Pope Innocent III baptised the local duke of the Prussians, Surwabuno), with his right hand raised in benediction. He stands between a lime tree and a fir tree.
|
|
Some culm was still shipped through Kidwelly. Major users in 1863 consisted of two collieries at Pwll y Llygod and one at Pontyberem. Success was short-lived, however, as railways started to appear in the region. Faced with the threat of the Carmarthenshire Railway building a branch to Pontyberem, the Canal Company obtained a new Act of Parliament, and became the Kidwelly and Burry Port Railway Company in 1865.
|
|
29 The word culm may be derived from the Old English word for coal col or from the Welsh word cwlwm meaning knot (due to the folding of the beds in which the coal is found). Most of the succession consists of shales and thin sandstones, but there are also occurrences of slate, limestone and chert.Dewey, Henry (1948) British Regional Geology: South-west England, 2nd ed. London: H.M.S.O.; pp.
|
|
According to the geomorphological structure of the Czech Republic these small-scale specially protected territories are a part of the Maleník section of the Silesian- Moravian Foothills. Maleník is a rugged highland composed of culm greywacke, sandstones and shales, Devonian limestones and Miocene sediments. The highland is characterized as a cutting horst dipping to the SE with internal block structure. Valleys are short, mostly based on fault lines.
|
|
Culm and silt are deposited in the creek's vicinity and it flows through a large silt basin known as the Bushwick silt basin. A major underground coal fire is burning on a hill near the creek. The watershed of Powderly Creek is mainly forested, but open fields, abandoned mine land, and residential development occur as well. The creek is a first-order stream, but has a small reservoir.
|
|
The creek has been channelized near its mouth. A report from the early 1900s noted that the streambed of Wilson Creek was rocky in certain reaches, with culm deposits of up to in area. The report also stated that the creek was fairly large, with banks high enough to avoid overflowing in most reaches. The uplands of the watershed of Wilson Creek lie on poorly-drained, rocky soil.
|
|
Plaque at Oliwa Cathedral Carl Maria Splett (17 January 1898 – 5 March 1964) was a German Roman Catholic priest and Bishop of Danzig (Gdańsk); his role during World War II, especially as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Culm, is controversial. After World War II he was put on trial and imprisoned in Poland for his alleged collaboration with the Nazi regime, and later deported to West Germany.
|
|
The Academic Gymnasium Danzig (, , Latin: Gymnasium Dantiscanum), was a school founded in Gdańsk (Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth). It was founded in 1558 by Johann Hoppe (1512–1565), who had previously worked at schools in Culm (Chełmno) and Elbing (Elbląg) until Catholic Prince-Bishop Stanislaus Hosius closed them. For most of its existence it had a character similar to that of a university, and after 1580 it was named Akademisches Gymnasium Danzig.
|
|
Tiedemann Giese, who became the Bishop of Culm (Chełmno), was an older brother. Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), p. 179; these authors suggest that Georg and his brother, Tiedemann may have been cousins to Copernicus Documentary sources suggest that Giese worked at the family's London branch in the 1520s and 1530s, for at least 12 years. He may originally have assisted an older brother, Francis.
|
|
Dry inflorescence Brachypodium sylvaticum is a tall tufted perennial bunchgrass that grows up to about a high. The drooping leaf blade of the plant is dark green, or bright-yellow green, flat and up to 12 mm wide with a fringe of hairs surrounding the edge of the leaf. The leaves do not have auricles. The leaf blade is joined to the hollow culm by the leaf sheath.
|
|
Kwidzyn Gate (Brama Kwidzyńska) In 1236, the Teutonic Knights under Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, destroyed an Old Prussian fortress between the lakes Dzierzgoń and Liwieniec. The settlement was first mentioned in 1250 as Riesenburg. The village grew around the castle and received Culm law city rights on 30 October 1330 from bishop Rudolf of Pomerania (1322–1332). In 1379 the town was visited by Lithuanian duke Švitrigaila.
|
|
742–771, here after the German translation Die Kirche in Klein Litauen (section: 5. Die Pfarrer und ihre Ausbildung; ) on: Lietuvos Evangelikų Liuteronų Bažnyčia, retrieved on 28 August 2011. While the composition of the nobility changed little in the transition from the monastic state to the duchy, the control of the nobility over the dependent peasantry increased. Prussia's free peasants, called Kölmer were holders of free estates according to Culm law).
|
|
The ligule is long, blunt, and hairy. This species can be distinguished from H. mollis by the beardless nodes on its culm, the absence of rhizomes, and the awn becoming hooked when dry and not projecting beyond the tips of the glumes. It has been known to hybridize with H. mollis, producing a male sterile hybrid with 2n = 21 chromosomes. Hybrids tend to resemble H. lanatus in their morphology.
|
|
Coaldale's elevation is 1050 feet above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all of it land. Coaldale is served by U.S. Route 209 which runs through neighboring Lansford's business district, serving both municipalities as their main thoroughfare. The borough's terrain is mostly hilly, many of those ancient mine tailings or culm piles, and when not developed, its lands are mostly forested.
|
|
A Prussian counterattack to reclaim the fort failed, and the local Prussian leader Piopso was killed.Wyatt, p. 152 Seasonal reinforcements led by Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg consolidated Teutonic control over Natangia and Bartia. In a bull of October 1, 1243, Pope Innocent IV and William of Modena divided Prussia into the Dioceses of Culm, Pomesania, Ermeland, and Samland, although the territory of the last had not yet been conquered.
|
|
Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop. October 6-14, 1985 1985, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China. The Chinese Academy of Forestry, People’s Republic of China. International Development Research Centre, Canada Having elegant leaves that are lanceolate shaped, 9-25 x 1-2.5 cm long, and greenish blue-hued culm that is glossy and leathery, its long green internodes, 35-60 cm, change to yellow during prolonged sunlight exposure.
|
|
However, the system eventually entered a state of disrepair and in 2006 it was replaced by an anoxic limestone drain for $191,000. As of the early 2000s, a restoration project known as the Aylesworth Creek Restoration has been planned for Aylesworth Creek. This project will regrade culm and mine waste, reduce erosion, and increase alkalinity. The Lackawanna Valley Conservancy maintains an area of at the creek's confluence with the Lackawanna River.
|
|
Chordifex abortivus, commonly known as Manypeaks rush, is a species of rush in the genus Chordifex. It is an erect, slightly spreading perennial herb typically growing to a height of . The culms are hollow jointed with a diameter of and olive green in color. The culm sheaths are flared with no lamina present, they have numerous branches, with each branch divided again into branchlets and terminating in spikelets.
|
|
The castle is located in the Culm valley in the Blackdown Hills, on the west side of the village of Hemyock.; The site belonged to the Hidon family in the 11th and 12th centuries, passing by marriage into the Dynham family in the 13th. In the 13th century a building was constructed on the current site, protected by a spring-fed moat. Sir William Asthorpe married Margaret Dynham in 1362.
|
|
1997–2010: The District of Mid Devon except the wards of Taw, Taw Vale, and West Creedy, and the District of East Devon wards of Broadclyst, Clystbeare, Clyst Valley, Exe Valley, Honiton St Michael's, Honiton St Paul's, Otterhead, Ottery St Mary Rural, Ottery St Mary Town, Patteson, and Tale Vale. 2010–present: The District of Mid Devon wards of Canonsleigh, Castle, Clare and Shuttern, Cranmore, Cullompton North, Cullompton Outer, Cullompton South, Halberton, Lower Culm, Lowman, Upper Culm, and Westexe, and the District of East Devon wards of Axminster Rural, Axminster Town, Beer and Branscombe, Coly Valley, Dunkeswell, Feniton and Buckerell, Honiton St Michael’s, Honiton St Paul’s, Newbridges, Otterhead, Seaton, Tale Vale, Trinity, and Yarty. The constituency is in east Devon, covering the towns of Tiverton and Honiton and their surrounding villages (which include extensive farmland, rivers popular with kayakers and part of the Blackdown Hills) These settlements are in the Mid Devon and East Devon districts.
|
|
E. B. Gover, A. Mawer, F. M. Stenton, The Place-Names of Devon, English Place-Name Society Volume VIII, Part I (Cambridge University Press, 1931), p. xviii and was also supported by the landscape archaeologist Della Hooke in 1994.Della Hooke, Pre- conquest charter-bounds of Devon and Cornwall (Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1994, , p. 1 Todd's other suggestion was Hele in the Culm Valley in east Devon.
|
|
The annual grass-like or herb sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. In Australia it blooms between February and August and produces green-brown flowers. It has slender culms slender with a length of that are four or five-angled and quite flattened. The leaves are up to a length of and are wide with stiff and threadlike basal leaves that are about half the length of the culm.
|
|
Chełmno Land (dark green) on the map of Poland Chełmno land (, or Kulmerland, Old Prussian: Kulma, ) is a historical region, located in central-northern Poland. Chełmno land is named after the city of Chełmno (historically also known as Culm). The largest city in the region is Toruń; another bigger city is Grudziądz. It is located on the right bank of the Vistula river, from the mouth of the Drwęca (southern boundary) to the Osa (northern).
|
|
Joannes Dantiscus Episcopus Culmensis Poeta Laureatus Johannes Dantiscus, (; ; 1 November 1485 – 27 October 1548) was prince-bishop of Warmia and Bishop of Chełmno (Culm). In recognition of his diplomatic services for Polish kings, the bishop and poet is also known as the "Father of Polish Diplomacy." Johannes Dantiscus' personal seal, a depiction located at Stanford University Libraries, identifies him as Ioannes De Curiis, Pruss. Varmien with St. Katherine, St. Jacob and St. Peter crests.
|
|
Water supply would be derived from proposed reservoirs, one on the River Tone and two on the River Culm, and from any other available sources within of the line of the canal. The canal company was also authorised to improve the River Tone near Taunton, and to raise £220,000, plus an additional £110,000 if required. Navigation onwards from Taunton was via the River Tone and the River Parrett. Construction did not start immediately.
|
|
Furthermore, S. riparius has darker reddish-brown culm bases, inflorescences and spikelets compared to S. crassus. Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other. Due to a lack of evidence, it is unclear whether S. riparius forms hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species.
|
|
In 1813 Kinnaird travelled with his friend John Cam Hobhouse on the continent, and was present at the battle of Culm. In the autumn of 1814 he travelled home from Paris with William Jerdan After his return to England he took an active share in the business of Ransom & Morland's bank, and on the dissolution of the partnership with Sir Francis Bernard Morland in 1819, assumed the chief management of the new firm.
|
|
C. arctogena has short rhizomes which grow new shoots and roots, allowing it to grow in a cespitose (tufted or turf-like) manner. This means that it can be found growing in dense tufts amongst its habitat. This species produces vegetative shoots which become leaves; these are made up from a leaf sheath covering a culm. These will grow to be 1 mm wide and have parallel veins running through the sheath.
|
|
Pape was born in Berlin and educated in Culm, where his father was stationed as an officer. He studied theology and classical philology at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Under the influence of scholars such as August Boeckh and Karl Lachmann, he turned primarily to the study of philology. After graduating in 1828, he became a teaching assistant at the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Berlin, one of the oldest high schools in Germany.
|
|
The leaves are not septate-nodulose and usually half the length of the culm with a width of . The simple inflorescence has three to eight primary branches with a length of about that is often bent under the weight of the spikelets. The spikes have an ovoid shape and a length of around and a diameter of around . The spikelets are flattened with 3 to 15 on each spike containing around 40 flowers.
|
|
At the end of 1245 Heidenreich of the Bishopric of Culm became the bishop of diocese. He picked Łoza as place of his stay. It was during that time that Łoza received its new name Culmense and became part of the residence of the bishop who resided and governed in Warmia from 1245 to 1263. In 1251 (before July 22) Bishop Heidenreich bestowed city rights to Łoza and renamed it Culmsee (Kulmsee).
|
|
The first culm from a seedling will not get much taller than a few inches at most, and may be as thin as 2mm, but with every new season of culms sent up from developing rhizomes, the grove of plants will grow in height and cane diameter. Polyporus phyllostachydis (Sotome, T. Hatt. & Kakish.), is a fungus species known from Japan, that grows on the ground on the living or dead roots of the bamboo.
|
|
When other clans tried to resurrect the uprising in 1276 Theodoric, vogt of Sambia convinced the Sambians not to join the insurrection; Natangians and Warmians followed the Sambian lead and the uprising was crushed within a year. The Bishopric of Samland became one of four Prussian dioceses, the other three dioceses being Pomesania, Ermland, and Culm as arranged by the papal legate William of Modena. At the end of the 13th century, Sambians numbered only about 22,000.Gimbutas, Marija.
|
|
On 8 December 1886 Rover a 71 ft schooner carrying a cargo of culm from Saundersfoot to Wexford was deliberately beached on Marros Sands in a Force 11 gale to avoid sinking. Its wreckage was further exposed by the storms of early 2014 and subsequently surveyed. Due to its seclusion and quietness the beach is sometimes used by naturists. Along with Pendine Sands the beach forms part of the Marros-Pendine Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest.
|
|
The first of the creek are largely unimpacted, with an intact stream corridor. However, it eventually begins to flow alongside Pennsylvania Route 171, where it receives impacts from stripping pits and waste rock piles left over from past mining operations. The creek is also impacted by Pennsylvania Route 171 itself in this reach. Around the time that it begins flowing alongside Pennsylvania Route 171, it passes through the Richmondale Pile, an area of disturbed mining land with some culm.
|
|
The West of England Main Line passes through the southern part of the hills between Axminster and Honiton, including a tunnel section east of Honiton. The Culm Valley Light Railway opened in 1876, having been built by local enterprise. The line was purchased by the Great Western Railway, which had operated it from the start, in 1880. The line closed to passengers in 1963 but served the milk depot at Hemyock until its closure in 1975.
|
|
Freynestown townland was the site of the old monastery of St. Scuithin from whom Tiscoffin-(Tigh Scuithin) drives its placename. The parish comprises 7128 statute acres; Culm (coal) has been found within its limits, and was formerly worked. It is a rectory, in the Diocese of Ossory (Roman Catholic), constituting the corps of the prebend of Tascoffin in St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, and in the patronage of the Bishop. The church was built 1796 in Ireland.
|
|
Aleksander Jan Alojzy Majkowski was born into a farming family on July 17, 1876, in Kościerzyna (then Berent, West Prussia), the eldest child of two sisters and three brothers. In Berent, he completed primary school (Volksschule) and in 1885-90 attended a German progymnasium. He was given a scholarship of Towarzystwo Pomocy Naukowej (Society of Educational Aid), based in Chełmno (then Culm). In 1891, he began his education in gymnasium in Chojnice (Konitz), living in a convent there.
|
|
Crispy lotus stem garnished with chives ; Asparagus : The edible portion is the rapidly emerging stems that arise from the crowns in the ; Bamboo : The edible portion is the young shoot (culm). ; Birch : Trunk sap is drunk as a tonic or rendered into birch syrup, vinegar, beer, soft drinks, and other foods. ; Broccoli : The edible portion is the peduncle stem tissue, flower buds, and some small leaves. ; Cauliflower : The edible portion is proliferated peduncle and flower tissue.
|
|
Schoenus calceolus often grows in close proximity, but its flattened culm base and straight leaves differ from those of S. prophyllus, whose leaves curl with age. Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other. It is not clear whether Schoenus prophyllus forms hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species.
|
|
A mid-20th-century report found that of the watershed of Hull Creek was on coal measures. A total of of the creek's length was on coal measures. The banks of the creek contain glacial drift, with culm pile debris and eroded material. These materials are picked up by the stream, but the load is too heavy for it to carry, leading to the material to be deposited further downstream, reducing the capacity of the channel.
|
|
Jan Konopacki (born ? - died April 23, 1530 in Lubawa) was Bishop of Culm (Chełmno) (1508-1530), Treasury of the King of Poland, Provost of Malbork. He was nominated as bishop by Pope Julius II on February 23, 1508 and was consecrated in Lubawa on October 29 by the ordinarius of the diocese of Warmia, Łukasz Watzenrode. On April 18, 1518, he served as a witness in the marriage ceremony of king Zygmunt Stary and Bona Sforza.
|
|
Its USDA plant hardiness zone is 5 through 9 which is not desirable in climates with high heat and humidity such as southeastern states. The leaves are longer than they are wide, have pointed ends, and are arranged singly along the leaf stem. It quickly forms a dense clump of closely spaced canes that are hard to see under a mass of foliage. The new shoots are light blue with tan culm sheaths, aging to a yellowish-green.
|
|
Large relief-sculpted stone tablet displaying the royal arms of one of the Tudor monarchs (1485-1603) with other heraldic elements, formerly at Moor Hayes, now displayed in Tiverton Museum (item TIVMS: 1977.727) The estate covered much of the unusually flat low ground of the basin of the River Culm, between various hilly regions of Devon. The former mansion house is today represented by Higher Moorhayes Farm,For location see map in Listed building text "Higher Moorhayes Farmhouse Including Front Garden Wall, Cullompton" situated about 4 miles north-east of the town of Cullompton, from which it is separated by the River Culm, and 6 miles south-east of the town of Tiverton, and by Lower Moorhayes, situated about 2 miles north-east of the town of Cullompton. Higher Moorhayes Farm is a grade II listed building, possibly incorporating a 15th century core structure, extensively remodelled in the 19th century. It incorporates fragments of a medieval chapel, which identifies it as the residence of a family of high social status.
|
|
The diocesan cathedral chapter constituted in 1260. While in the 1280s the Teutonic Order succeeded to impose the simultaneous membership of all capitular canons in the Order in the other three Prussian bishoprics, Ermland's chapter maintained its independence. So Ermland's chapter was not subject to outside influence when electing its bishops. Thus the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV names the bishops as prince-bishops, a rank not awarded to the other three Prussian bishops (Culm (Chełmno), Pomesania, and Samland).
|
|
On 28 October 1925 the Holy See - by the Bull Vixdum Poloniae unitas - seceded the Pomesania deanery from the Diocese of Culm and assigned it to Ermland,Cf. . while Memelland was dissected from the diocese, so that it territorially comprised all the Prussian province of East Prussia in its altered borders of 1922. In 1930 the diocesan exemption ended and Ermland, then led by Bishop Maximilian Kaller, became part of the Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province () under the newly elevated Archdiocese of Breslau (Wrocław).
|
|
This bridge has been slated for preservation as part of the state of Pennsylvania's "Decade of Investment". A project to remove waste rock piles in the watershed of the creek was carried out in 2006 and 2007. The goal of the project was to improve the water quality of several Operation Scarlift discharges in the watershed, thus reducing mine pollution to the creek. In the early 1900s, the old channel of the creek was occupied by rocks and culm banks.
|
|
The leathery aquamarine fruit bodies, or ascomata, of A. speciosa are roughly spherical, measuring 225–345 μm high and 240–360 μm in diameter. The ascomata have a long neck 165–345 μm long by 60–110 μm wide; the neck and lower part of the spherical head are immersed under a hard cortex. The heads have an ostiole (opening) that appears as a small dot on the culm surface. The ascomata contain paraphyses, which are unbranched hyphae that line the inner cavity.
|
|
Orcuttia californica spikelet Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground).
|
|
The inflorescence is open, brown, up to long with between 3 and 7 distant, distinct spikes per culm. Each spike is ovoid or ellipsoide, typically attenuate at the base and acute or rounded at the tip, with 15–40 lenticular perigynia. The perigynia are green to reddish brown, orbiculate to broadly ovate, and typically long and across (1.2–1.8 times as long as wide). Carex brevior flowers in mid-May and early June, fruiting in the early to mid summer.
|
|
Unexpectedly, it also contains a eulogy of Prussia. In it, the origins, flora, and fauna of the country are discussed as well as descriptions for several of its cities, regarding their commerce and history, demonstrating that his travels frequently served a twin purpose.Burmeister, 1969 While in Danzig, Rheticus interviewed maritime pilots to learn about their problems in navigation. Rheticus also visited Copernicus' friend Tiedemann Giese, who was Bishop of Chełmno (Culm) and further encouraged him to publish the former's work.
|
|
Stoke Canon Post Office Stoke Canon is a small village and civil parish near the confluence of the rivers Exe and Culm on the main A396 between Exeter and Tiverton in the English county of Devon, and the district of East Devon. At the 2001 census it had a population of 660. The population was unchanged in 2011 but the village forms the major part of the Exe Valley electoral ward. The population of this ward was 2,041 at the 2011 Census.
|
|
The watershed of Shamokin Creek is in the Appalachian Mountains section of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province. The lower reaches of the watershed are in the Northern Shale Valleys and Slopes Ecoregion, while the upper reaches are in the Anthracite Coal Ecoregion. In the early 1900s, vast culm deposits along the creek's banks caused it to lack a defined channel until Snydertown. Rocks stained with iron precipitate on Shamokin Creek The topography of the watershed of Shamokin Creek is "broken and mountainous".
|
|
Most of the land along the upper reaches of Shamokin Creek is commercial and industrial, with trash lining the streambanks. Further downstream, the creek flows through a broad floodplain, but remains impacted by development and has culm lining its cobble bars. Downstream of Snydertown, the landscape through which the creek flows is no longer impacted by development or mining and consists of forests and agricultural land. Pennsylvania Route 61 follows the main stem of Shamokin Creek for much of the creek's length.
|
|
Finally the pile is sealed airtight with a mix of ash and charcoal pieces (possibly known as 'culm' or 'brusque'; German: Lösche, Stübbe, Stibbe or Gestübe) and earth, with the exception of the central chimney. A support made of logs and planks is then built around the base of the pile. Then the pile is ignited via the chimney which is then also sealed. A sure sign that the charring has started is the so-called 'knocking' of the pile.
|
|
In the early 1900s, White Oak Run was clear as far downstream as one of its tributaries. However, flow from a slush bank owned by the Archbald Coal Company turned the stream black below the confluence. The stream was black from that point downstream to its mouth and had culm deposits on its streambanks and in its streambed. The peak annual discharge of White Oak Run upstream of its confluence with the Lackawanna River has a 10 percent chance of reaching per second.
|
|
The Olyphant Reservoir Number Two was breached by the Pennsylvania Gas and Water Company in 1994, partly for dam safety reasons. During a January 19, 1996 ice flood, the channel of Grassy Island Creek failed. This failure contributed to a washout of the Rose Pile, which caused more than 30,000 cubic yards of culm to erode into the Lackawanna River. In the early 2000s, a trail project known as the Grassy Island Creek Greenway was proposed in the Lackawanna River Watershed Conservation Plan.
|
|
Freight also made a significant part of the traffic on the canal. Basin dues were set at 2 pence per ton. Stone, dung and earth were charged at 2 pence per mile per ton; coal, coke culm and lime were 3 pence per mile per ton; Bricks, tiles, slates, ores, iron and metal were rated at 5 pence per mile per ton; and all other goods were charged 2 pence per mile per ton. In 1840, the canal handled of goods.
|
|
Receipts and dividends rose steadily, reaching £10,522 and 14 per cent in 1840, while in 1860 they were £13,800 and 18 per cent. There are few records of how much traffic was carried, but estimates based on the amount of coal and culm shipped from Swansea Docks suggest around 386,000 tons in 1839. The opening of the Tennant Canal to Swansea Docks in 1824 resulted in the Swansea Canal's riverside wharfs being improved, and tolls were reduced to maintain trade levels.
|
|
As in other nearby communities, the coal was often mined directly under the town itself. Remnants of strip mines and culm banks still litter the landscape to this day. After the Knox Mine Disaster (1959), which occurred only several miles outside of Duryea, the mining industry in the Wyoming Valley collapsed. After the death of coal and the loss of the silk mill, the town encouraged the likes of Schott Optical and Topps Bubble Gum to establish medium-sized plants in the town.
|
|
The village is three miles north-east of Hatherleigh and eight miles north of Okehampton. It is roughly in the centre of its parish, on the B3217 road that runs from Okehampton to Atherington, near the A377. The parish, which covers about 2,900 acres on the Culm Measures, has its southern border along the River Okement and its western along the River Torridge. Clockwise from the north, it is bordered by the parishes of Dowland, Winkleigh, Broadwoodkelly, Monkokehampton, Hatherleigh and Meeth.
|
|
The Lime kiln from above. Annery had three burning chambers constructed of brick, each with an air inlet (the "eye") at the base. Crushed limestone and coal unloaded from a boat on the nearby tidal River Torridge or possibly the Rolle Canal, were hauled up the single ramp and emptied into the kiln chamber. Successive dome-shaped layers of culm coal and limestone would have been built up in the kiln on grate bars across the eye at the base.
|
|
In the early 1900s, Pancoast Creek was clear of culm from its source downstream to its mouth unlike Price Creek, into which it flows. However, Pancoast Creek was discolored by streams of surface water and sewage. The borough of Dickson City once applied for a permit to discharge stormwater into the creek. A mid-20th-century report estimated that the rate of surface water seepage into mine workings at Pancoast Creek was 6.24 gallons per minute per inch of rain.
|
|
Meredith Brook is a tributary of the Lackawanna River in Susquehanna County, Lackawanna County, and Wayne County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Forest City and Clifford Township in Susquehanna County, Vandling in Lackawanna County, and Clinton Township in Wayne County. In the early 1900s, the stream was clear in its lower reaches despite receiving water from a borehole and culm banks. There are two shallow lakes in the watershed: Lake Erie and Kennedy Pond.
|
|
From that point downstream, culm in the water deposited on the banks and streambed. In 1948, the creek was found to lose between 968 and 1319 gallons of water per minute to mines. At its mouth, the peak annual discharge of Leach Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 430 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 1000 cubic feet per second and a 1 percent chance of reaching 1360 cubic feet per second.
|
|
The surficial geology along the lower reaches of the creek mainly consists of urban land, Wisconsinan Till, and surface mining land. The upper reaches of the creek are near urban land, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of coal, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. A small wetland pond forms the headwaters of Leach Creek. In its lower reaches, the creek is culvertized by a stone arch culvert in one reach and flows through a tall, narrow stone channel under a culm pile in one reach.
|
|
There are 10–50 spikes per culm, and in each spike there are three to six spikelets, or rarely as many as 10. Each spikelet is long and consists of two glumes and two florets. One of the florets is fertile, and has colorful orange to brownish red anthers and feathery white stigmas during the blooming period, which contrasts with the pale green, pale red, greenish-red, or purple color of the spikes themselves. After blooming, the spikes become straw-colored.
|
|
From here the river continues to Culmstock, a village straddling both sides of the river where the river is shallower. At Uffculme the river flows in a straight course and flows more slowly. The Spratford Steam, whose waters have flowed in a southerly direction, meets the Culm near Willand, and thereafter the river shares its valley with the present main railway line (former Great Western Railway) from Taunton to Exeter. The M5 motorway runs beside the railway, and all three continue past the market town of Cullompton.
|
|
Rewe is a village and civil parish in the county of Devon in England. It lies on the river Culm, north of the city of Exeter and south of the town of Tiverton. Rewe is a linear village, with most of its buildings lying along the A396 road about north of the larger village of Stoke Canon. The Reading to Plymouth railway line also passes through the village, but there has never been a station here; the nearest operating station () is Exeter St Davids.
|
|
Coldharbour MillMill pond at the Coldharbour Mill Uffculme (, ) is a village and civil parish located in the Mid Devon district, of Devon, England. Situated in the Blackdown Hills on the B3440, close to the M5 motorway and the Bristol–Exeter railway line, near Cullompton, Uffculme is on the upper reaches of the River Culm. The 2001 census recorded the population of the parish as 2,631. It is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Culmstock, Hemyock, Sheldon, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Willand, Halberton and Burlescombe.
|
|
Before the Furness Railway was built, Furness was cut off by the mountainous Lake District on its only landward side; the region was accessed only by crossing the sands of Morecambe Bay, which was often dangerous. A passenger ferry to Liverpool from Ulverston Canal started in 1835, and it was later complemented by a service from Barrow-in-Furness to Fleetwood. A junction was formed with the Lancaster Canal. Coal, culm, and cinders from the Lancaster Canal to the Ulverston Canal were not liable to sea duty.
|
|
In Prussia, which was still mainly inhabited by heathen Old Prussians, the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia had been created in 1243 by the papal legate William of Modena, along with bishoprics of Culm, Pomesania, and Samland. These four dioceses came under the rule of the appointed Archbishop of Prussia. Several bishops at that time, including Anselm, were priests of the Teutonic Order which undertook the ongoing Prussian Crusade in the East. Heinrich of Strateich, the first elected Bishop of Warmia, was unable to claim his office.
|
|
89 The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coastEnfield, M. A. [et al.] (1985) Structural and sedimentary evidence for the early tectonic history of the Bude and Crackington Formations, north Cornwall and Devon, Proceedings of the Ussher Society 6(2), 165-172. near Crackington Haven, spectacularly at the Whaleback Pericline on the beach just south of Bude and at several other locations.
|
|
The low quality of the clay on the island meant that these too were weak and easily crumpled. The difficulty of producing tile locally meant the richer nobles and religious buildings were covered in tile, while poorer homes were framed in culm and covered with hay or straw. The elevated hardness of the basalt stone made working the material difficult, creating rounded surfaces that were fragile to masonry. These factors, combined with the elevated weight of the walls, resulted in constructions that were vulnerable to seismic activity.
|
|
Maraekākaho is a rural settlement in the Hastings District and Hawke's Bay Region of New Zealand's North Island. The main village was developed by Sir Douglas Maclean in the early 20th century, on a pastoral station established by his father, Sir Donald McLean, during the 19th century. The surrounding area includes lifestyle blocks, vineyards and wineries, orchards and pastoral farms. Maraekākaho is a Māori name, translating as the area (marae) of the culm of the toetoe (kakaho); the grasses were once very common in the area.
|
|
The revenues of the Diocese were little, and therefore he asked the Pope for the right to reap revenues from the Bishopric of Poznań. Again, the opposition of King Władysław II prevented him from obtaining the rich benefices. In 1398 Jan was named Bishop of Chełmno (Culm), whose territory in medieval Prussia lay entirely within the Teutonic Order. In 1399 Jan returned to Poland, but in Kalisz he was stopped by partisans of King Władysław II, who forced him to take the oath of loyalty.
|
|
The peak annual discharge has a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 300 cubic feet per second. The borough of Archbald once requested a permit to discharge stormwater into Laurel Run and a number of other streams. In the early 1900s, the stream was clear of culm and other forms of pollution as far downstream as the Olyphant Water Company's dam. Near the dam, two streams of mine water from the Humbert Coal Company discharged into the stream, but this had little effect on its water quality.
|
|
Sandstones and shales were deposited in North and South Devon beneath tropical seas. In shallower waters, limestone beds were laid down in the area now near Torquay and Plymouth. This geological period was named after Devon by Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick in the 1840s and is the only British county whose name is used worldwide as a geological time period. Devon's second major rock system is the Culm Measures, a geological formation of the Carboniferous period that occurs principally in Devon and Cornwall.
|
|
Should the quick lime become wet during transport by the farmer to his farm, it would corrode its container and damage the wagon or pack-animal on which it was being transported. Culm, a form of imperfect anthracite, was mined in Devon at Tavistock and Chittlehampton as well as being imported from South Wales via Bideford. The limestone largely came from Caldey Island off the South Wales coast,Hadfield, Charles (1967), The Canals of South West England. Pub. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. p. 137.
|
|
Malfatti's studies began in Mackenzie College in São Paulo, but the limited world of art in Brazil was not enough to satiate her curious mind and so she left for Berlin in 1912. Europe still remained an extremely important agent in defining artistic tendencies during this era. Hence, when Anita Malfatti went to Germany and studied with important artists Fritz Burger-Muhlfeld (1867–1927), Lovis Corinth (1858–1925) and Ernst Bischoff-Culm her influences and creative exposure were inflated. During this period she studied German Expressionism.
|
|
The canal terminates beyond "Rowes Moor" (modern: Rosemoor) at a group of lime kilns designed by James Green. These consist of five large pots, each one 14 ft in diameter and 20 ft deep, arranged consecutively in a straight line along a wharf. Railway tracks led from the canal up a ramp to the top of the pots where a flat area existed for the storage of lime and fuel (culm/anthracite) pending burning. An office for the site forman was situated at the upper level.
|
|
The kiln is lined with red shale or slate and would have reached a temperature of 1000 °C in its hottest point, the burning zone. Limestone and fuel (coal or culm) were placed in alternating layers at the top of the kiln. The limestone would have come from the adjacent quarry and it is likely that the fuel was from South Wales, transported via the Chard Canal. The burnt "lump lime" (quicklime) fell through a grate at the bottom of the kiln and was removed from below.
|
|
Ermland's first bishops were appointed by Polish and Teutonic Knights' officials and were mostly Germans, however, unlike the other Prussian bishoprics (Culm, Pomesania, and Samland), Ermland's diocesan chapter, established in 1260, maintained independence. Its members were not simultaneously members of the Teutonic Order, as was the case in the other Prussian chapters since the 1280s. Thus the chapter could repel influencing by outside powers. In 1356 the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV designated the bishop as Prince-Bishop of Ermland, a rank not awarded to the other Prussian bishops with their dependent chapters.
|
|
On 25 March 1992 Warmia was elevated to a metropolitan archdiocese and given two new suffragans, the Diocese of Ełk and the Diocese of Elbląg. The Diocese of Ełk comprised territory taken from the dioceses of Warmia and Łomża. The Diocese of Elbląg comprised territory taken from Warmia and the former dioceses of Culm (now Diocese of Pelplin) and Gdańsk (now Archdiocese of Gdańsk). Today the see comprises an area of 12,000 km² with 694,000 Catholics, 33 deans, 260 church districts, 422 diocese priests, 124 order priests, and 244 order nuns.
|
|
The city's name Chełmno comes from chelm, the old Polish word for hill.Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici: Nauki humanistyczo-społeczne, Issues 22-28 Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, 1967, page 6Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski Maria Malec Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2002, page 56 After the arrival of the Teutonic Knights in 1232 the Latin name Colmen was used. During the Middle Ages, the Germanized name Culm was used in official documents regarding the town, as the city was a member of the Hanseatic League and part of the State of the Teutonic Order.
|
|
North Devon's Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO biosphere reserve in North Devon. It covers and is centred on Braunton Burrows, the largest sand dune system (psammosere) in England. The boundaries of the reserve follow the edges of the conjoined catchment basin of the Rivers Taw and the Torridge and stretch out to sea to include the island of Lundy. The biosphere reserve is primarily lowland farmland, and includes many protected sites including 63 Sites of Special Scientific Interest which protect habitats such as culm grassland and broadleaved woodlands.
|
|
The partnership organises landscape projects and works closely with the inhabitants of the reserve. Within the reserve's core area are the sand dune system and culm grassland. To the west in Bideford Bay (visible from the beach element of the dunes, Saunton Sands which is a due-west facing surfing beach) is a coral reef with a diversity of coral and marine life seen nowhere else in Britain. The sand dunes have a rich habitat of hundreds of flowering plants while the Taw- Torridge estuary is an important feeding area for long-journey migratory birds.
|
|
North Devon's Biosphere Reserve contains many nationally important habitats including culm grassland (Molinia caerulea and Juncus spp.), broadleaved woodlands, estuaries, and coastal heathland. A 10-year Biodiversity Action Plan for the reserve identifies actions that can be carried out by the partnership to help nature conservation, learning, and research. It also contains 63 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), 671 County Wildlife Sites, a Special Area of Conservation, and six Local Nature Reserves. The Braunton Burrows core area consists of fixed and mobile sand dune systems with geomorphological and successional processes.
|
|
Mibora is a genus of very small to small annual grasses with erect or sometimes quickly ascending stems (often called culms) between 2 and 13 cm long, growing in tufts. As in all grasses the leaves consist at its base of a sheath closely enveloping the culm, a free standing blade at its tip and a ligule at the inside/upside where sheath and blade meet. The sheaths are tender, shallowly grooved rounded at their back, 0.2–1 mm long. The ligule is membranaceus and lacks fine hairs (or cilia).
|
|
In the UK there are a number of initiatives to help prevent deterioration and to restore these sites. These include designation as Site of Special Scientific Interest, national nature reserves, voluntary entry into the Environmental Stewardship Scheme by landowners, or work by voluntary conservation organisations such as the Devon Wildlife Trust. The largest area of Culm grassland in Devon is Hare's Down, Knowstone & Rackenford Moors near Rackenford and is owned by Devon Wildlife Trust. Their management regime includes controlled burning in winter and light grazing by cattle in the summer.
|
|
It runs from the hamlet of Steart on the Steart Peninsula, and passes through the villages of Kilve, West Quantoxhead, Williton, Watchet, Blue Anchor, and Dunster beach to Minehead. The beach at Kilve was described by William Wordsworth, the Romantic poet, as "Kilve's delightful shore". Kilve Pill, where the stream from Holford runs into the sea, was once a tiny port, used for importing culm, an inferior type of coal which was used in the limeburning process. It was also the site for "glatting" which was the hunting of conger eels by dogs.
|
|
Newport, 22 In the early 1900s, mine water and culm were discharged into Black Creek. Between 1965 and 1967, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, the United States Bureau of Mines, the United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the United States Geological Survey, and the Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries conducted a joint study on the watershed of Black Creek. The purpose of the study was to deal with water pollution due to acid mine drainage. Geological field work was carried out in the area between October 1965 and December 1965.
|
|
In 1234, the Teutonic Order assimilated the remaining members of the Order of Dobrzyń and, in 1237, the Order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The assimilation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in Livonia in 1202) increased the Teutonic Order's lands with the addition of the territories known today as Latvia and Estonia. In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics: Culm (Chełmno), Pomesania, Ermland (Warmia) and Samland (Sambia). The bishoprics became suffragans to the Archbishopric of Riga under the mother city of Visby on Gotland.
|
|
Frequent revolts, including a major rebellion in 1286, were defeated by the Teutonic Knights. In 1283, according to the chronicler of the Teutonic Knights, Peter of Dusburg, the conquest of the Prussians ended and the war with the Lithuanians began. In 1243, papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics — Culm, Pomesania, Ermland, and Samland — under the Bishopric of Riga. Prussians were baptised at the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, while Germans and Dutch settlers colonized the lands of the native Prussians; Poles and Lithuanians also settled in southern and eastern Prussia, respectively.
|
|
The Prussian estates (, ) were representative bodies of Prussia, first created by the Monastic state of Teutonic Prussia in the 14th century (around the 1370s)Daniel Stone, A History of Central Europe, University of Washington Press, 2001, , Google Print, p.18-19 but later becoming a devolved legislature for Royal Prussia within the Kingdom of Poland. They were at first composed of officials of six big cities of the region; Braunsberg (Braniewo), Culm (Chełmno), Elbing (Elbląg), Danzig (Gdańsk), Königsberg (Królewiec) and Thorn (Toruń). Later, representatives of other towns as well as nobility were also included.
|
|
The Bristol Channel Fault Zone or Central Bristol Channel Fault Zone is a major south-dipping geological fault, or zone of faulting, running approximately west-east in the Bristol Channel between England and Wales. It makes landfall just south of Weston-super-Mare and the Mendip Hills. It forms a divide between the late Palaeozoic age South Wales basin to the north and the Culm Basin to the south. It marks a major change in the pre-Variscan geology of the United Kingdom, juxtaposing very different sequences of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks.
|
|
Large parts of the Lackawanna River watershedincluding its upper reaches, the Moosic Mountains, West Mountain, and the North Pocono Plateauare largely forested. However, large areas of urban and suburban development occur in the river's valley from Pittston to Carbondale, with some urban sprawl reaching as far as halfway from the river to the ridge tops. Abandoned mining land lies between many of the developed areas in this part of the watershed. Such land contains at least of culm banks, overburden piles, silt basins, non-vegetated soil, and degraded waterways.
|
|
It essentially killed the industry in Northeastern Pennsylvania. On January 22, 1959, the ice-laden Susquehanna River broke through the roof of the River Slope Mine of the Knox Coal Company in nearby Port Griffith (in Jenkins Township). This allowed for billions of gallons of river water to flood the interconnected mines. It took three days to plug the hole in the riverbed, which was done by dumping large railroad cars, smaller mine cars, culm, and other debris into the whirlpool formed by the water draining into the mine.
|
|
The top of the kilns was flat and large enough to allow for some storage of culm and limestone. Like Lord Rolle's kilns at Rosemore, Great Torrington and his nearby Town Mills they were at a late date crenellated with castle-like battlements,the History of Weare Giffard. an eccentric decorative feature probably added by John Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (d.1842), of Stevenstone, lord of the manor of Great Torrington, builder of the Rolle Canal and partner in the building of Half-Penny Bridge with Mr Tardrew of Annery.
|
|
Some southern South Island populations produce dense tussock-like plants without extensive stolons. Numerous tough, roughly textured leaves are borne in dense tufts on well- spaced, short, upright stems (tillers), along the length of stolons. The narrow leaves are 2–5 mm wide, with colour ranging from bright green when young through golden yellow to a deep orange on mature plants. Small, dark brown flowers appear in spring and are arranged spirally in tight clusters around the upper 10–30 cm of the upright stem (culm), interspersed with leaf- like bracts.
|
|
The main cargoes were coal and stone. Traffic for the first three years rose from 25,835 tons to 33,284 tons, about two thirds of which was coal or culm (anthracite). Competition started immediately, with the railway arriving at Taunton in 1842, and the Westport Canal being completed in 1840. Attempts were made to convert the canal to a railway, and an Act of Parliament obtained in 1847 changed the name of the Company to the Chard Railway Company, but successive plans were thwarted by the inability of the Company to repay its debts.
|
|
The districts of Graudenz, Konitz, Culm, Löbau, Schwetz, Strasburg in West Prussia, and Thorn became part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland. On 26 October 1939, following the Wehrmacht's conquest of the Polish Corridor at the beginning of World War II, the Region of West Prussia was transferred from East Prussia to the newly created Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. It was also given back its original name of Marienwerder Region and included besides of German districts also occupational district authorities on Polish territory. The Marienwerder Region was dissolved in 1945 following Nazi Germany's defeat in the war.
|
|
A station known as "Tiverton Road", was opened with the railway to Exeter on 1 May 1844, although it was actually located at Willand, which was the nearest that the railway came to Tiverton. It was renamed "Tiverton Junction" on 12 June 1848, when Tiverton railway station, at the end of a branch from the Junction station, opened. A second branch, the Culm Valley Light Railway, opened on 29 May 1876. The station was widened to four tracks in 1932; two new platforms being built facing the new loop lines but the centre tracks were only used for non- stopping trains.
|
|
The land constituted the base of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, and its later conquest of Prussia. Banner of Land of Chełmno in battle of Grunwald (1410) The Teutonic Order obtained an Imperial bull from Emperor Frederick II before entering Prussia. In 1243 the papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four dioceses under the archbishop of Riga, one of which was the Diocese of Culm (Chełmno). Coat of arms of the former Chełmno Voivodeship In 1440 the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation was founded, and among its founders were cities of the Chełmno Land, including Toruń, Chełmno, Grudziądz and Brodnica.
|
|
A clause in the peace treaty stated that it was guaranteed by the Prussian states, which would gain the right to defy the Teutonic Order if it broke the treaty. In the succeeding wars the Prussian estates opposed any conflict, and pushed the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights to make peace. On February 21, 1440, a group made up of individuals from the Prussian cities, nobility, and clergy, formed the Prussian Confederation. The main contributors were from the nobility of Culmerland (Chełmno Land), Thorn, Culm (Chełmno), and from the Hanseatic cities of Elbing (Elbląg) and Danzig.
|
|
In the typical coal breaking plant at the beginning of the 20th century, the coal entered the plant at the upper floor and slid down a gently inclined "picker table" where breaker boys removed obvious impurities such as rocks and large pieces of slate and threw them down chutes to the culm pile. The breakers also removed obviously clean lumps of coal and sent them down a separate "clean coal" chute for crushing. Lumps intermixed with impurities would go down a third chute for crushing and further cleaning. On the second level of a typical breaker, coal would be roughly sorted.
|
|
242 which has since disappeared, creating a small harbour for fishing vessels. In the 18th century this was used for the import of culm, a mixture of anthracite and limestone which was burnt in kilns to produce fertiliser. The remains of two of the lime kilns can be seen on either side of the beach access. In the 18th and 19th centuries many of the residents of Bucks Mills and the surrounding villages were related to the Braund family and King Cottage within Bucks Mills was once the home of Captain James Braund who was informally known as the "King of Bucks".
|
|
The Platt in Wadebridge looking at the Clock Tower The motte at Launceston Castle The Rumps, on Pentire Point, North Cornwall, site of Iron Age cliff fortifications North Cornwall has a stretch of coastline that borders the Celtic Sea to the north. The Carboniferous sandstone cliffs that surround Bude (and stretch down as far south as Crackington Haven) were formed during the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago. They are part of what are known to geologists as the Culm Measures which continue eastwards across north Devon. The folded and contorted stratification of shale and sandstone is unique in southern England.
|
|
Dixon studied psychology and philosophy at Oxford University before studying medicine at Guy’s Hospital. He is Senior Partner at College Surgery in Cullompton, Devon, where he has practiced as a GP since 1984. In 2007 he and his GP partners in Cullompton, Devon created the “Culm Valley Integrated Centre for Health”, which has been seen as a model for the future of general practice and was rated outstanding by the Care Quality Commission in 2015. His national appointments have included membership of the National Leadership Network for Health and Social Care, the National Stakeholder Forum and National Steering Group for GP Commissioning.
|
|
Broad Mountain or Broad Ridge in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in Carbon County and Schuylkill County in Eastern Pennsylvania is a steep-faced, anthracite-bearing barrier ridge just south of both Beaver Meadows and Weatherly, north of Nesquehoning and west & south of the Lehigh River basin (so the west of the SW-border of the Poconos). The Mountain ridge line is mostly flat and looks very similar to the man made piles of culm in the region from the roads and towns looking up; being a natural mountain, it is quite different when under one's feet.
|
|
An extensive system of railways transported the stone from the quarries to the top of the kilns, where it was burned by being mixed with culm or fine coal, and then passed by a series of descents through the various stages of manufacture till it arrived in barrels at the wharf ready for shipment. As the cement manufactured often exceeded 1,000 barrels per day, the deficiency in barrels was supplied from the stock accumulated during the season when navigation was closed, and the manufacture of cement necessarily suspended. The number of men employed varied from 250 to 300.Child, Hamilton.
|
|
The boats were long, wide and carried 22 tons of cargo when fully laden. The last narrowboat built on this canal was 'Grace Darling' in 1918 at the Godre'r Graig boat yard. The opening of the canal caused an increase in industrial activity along the valley, with a number of manufacturing companies setting up works by its banks. Four short branch canals were constructed, and a network of tramways gradually linked mines and quarries to the canal. In 1804, 54,235 tons of coal and culm were carried, and profits were sufficient to enable a dividend of 3 per cent to be paid.
|
|
Alexanderwohl Church families trace their roots to the Dutch Anabaptists of the 16th century. From 1600 to 1650, these families, now called Mennonites, migrated to West Prussia, settling in the Danzig area between the Vistula and Nogat Rivers. The Przechówko church in West Prussia, the mother church of Alexanderwohl, was composed of Mennonites who settled near Schwetz and Culm on the Vistula River. Because of growing Prussian militarism and ongoing discrimination against Mennonites, a large portion of the Przechówko Church migrated in 1820-21 under the leadership of Peter Wedel to the Molotschna Mennonite colony in South Russia.
|
|
Detail of a painting by Anton von Werner General Douay after the victory at Weisenburg. Leonhardt von Blumenthal is the short man standing directly behind the Crown Prince. Von Blumenthal was born in Schwedt, Brandenburg, on 30 July 1810, the son of Captain Ludwig von Blumenthal, who was killed in 1813 at the Battle of Dennewitz. Brought up on his grandfather's estate at Reddentin, where his uncle Gustav von Below was founding what would become the Pentecostal movement, von Blumenthal was educated at the military schools of Culm and Berlin. He entered the Guards as 2nd lieutenant in 1827.
|
|
The seeds of any culm of bamboo that might flower off- cycle are all eaten by rodents, thus reinforcing the rhythm of this extreme version of a mast year. Some experts believe that the flower has a positive effect on the fertility of the rats, as well as on increasing the viable size of a rat litter. All available explanations point to the fact that the increase in their numbers during the peak year is a natural after-effect of the flowering of the bamboos. However, once they exhaust this temporarily abundant food supply, the rats turn their attention to cultivated crops.
|
|
A short distance further is Tiverton Loops, the site of the former Tiverton Junction railway station. The motorway service station on the left marks the site of Cullompton railway station, and then the line passes the remains of and stations. At the old Exe Valley Railway used to join from the right, and then the railway sweeps through the valley of the River Culm to where it joins the River Exe near Cowley Bridge Junction. Here the Tarka Line from Barnstaple joins on the right and the line then passes (on the same side) Riverside Yard and an old transhipment shed.
|
|
Key diagnostic characters of this sand-loving species include reddish-brown leaf sheaths and relatively narrow flowering heads (inflorescences) with generally three to six spikelets. The leaves of this species are usually less than half the length of the culm and the nutlet beak is continuous with the body of the nutlet. Schoenus arenicola is most similar to Schoenus compar; however, the former species has shorter leaves and reddish-brown leaf sheaths compared to the longer leaves and ivory leaf sheaths of S. compar. Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify.
|
|
Spoil pile in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Iizuka City, Japan, in the 1950s A spoil tip (also called a boney pile, gob pile, culm bank, waste tip or bing) is a pile built of accumulated spoil – waste material removed during mining. These waste materials are typically composed of shale, as well as smaller quantities of carboniferous sandstone and various other residues. Spoil tips are not formed of slag, but in some areas, such as England and Wales, they are referred to as slag heaps. The term "spoil" is also used to refer to material removed when digging a foundation, tunnel, or other large excavation.
|
|
Y Felinheli has its origins in two hamlets, Tafarngrisiau near St Mary's Church and Aberpwll to the north-east where there was a mill on the Afon Heulyn. The mill was rebuilt closer to the sea in 1633 and gave its name to the settlement. The area was largely agricultural until the area was transformed by slate quarrying in the 19th century. A new dock was built in 1828 when lime was extracted at Brynadda and slate and lime were loaded and culm (coal dust or anthracite slack) was brought in to fire the lime kilns.
|
|
The estate of Cumbe is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as one the 27 Devonshire holdings of Theobald FitzBerner,Thorn, Part 1, 36:7; Part 2, 36:7 an Anglo-Norman warrior and magnate, one of the tenants-in-chief in Devon of King William the Conqueror. His tenant was Oliver,Thorn, Part 1, 36:18 who held three of FitzBerner's Devonshire manors, the others being Widworthy and Marwood.Thorn, 36:16; Part 2, Index of Names, "Oliver" The manor subsequently became a possession of the feudal barony of Great Torrington. The 13th century Book of Fees records that the manor was held from the feudal barony by David de Wydworth (fl. tempore King Henry III (1216–1272)Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.202 (alias de Widworthy), and was called after him either "Culm Davy" or "Culm Wydeworth". He lived chiefly in Wales and was a younger son of Sir William de Widworthy of Widworthy, in Colyton hundred, also a Domesday Book possession of Theobald FitzBerner tenanted by Oliver.Thorn, Part 2, 36:26 Following the de Widworthy tenure, the manor was held by Sir John Wogan (during the reign of King Edward I [1272–1307]), then by Roger Corbet (during the reign of King Edward III [1327–1377]).
|
|
This new settlement, Altstadt, received Culm rights in 1286. Löbenicht, a new town directly east of Altstadt between the Pregel and the Schlossteich, received its own rights in 1300. Medieval Königsberg's third town was Kneiphof, which received town rights in 1327 and was located on an island of the same name in the Pregel south of Altstadt. Within the state of the Teutonic Order, Königsberg was the residence of the marshal, one of the chief administrators of the military order. The city was also the seat of the Bishopric of Samland, one of the four dioceses into which Prussia had been divided in 1243 by the papal legate, William of Modena.
|
|
By the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466, Pomerelia and the Prussian Culm (') and Marienburg (Malbork) lands as well as the autonomous Prince- Bishopric of Warmia (') became the Polish province of Royal Prussia, which received special rights, especially in Danzig ('). The province became a Land of the Polish Crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (') by the 1569 Union of Lublin. Parts of the local population objected to the Union as being a biased and unlawful interpretation of the incorporation privilege of 1454. East Prussia around Königsberg, on the other hand, remained with the State of the Teutonic Knights, who were reduced to vassals of the Polish kings.
|
|
Goods traffic was withdrawn on 8 May 1967, the Tiverton branch closed for passengers in 1964 and for freight in June 1967. The Culm Valley line had closed to passengers on 7 September 1963, although the line remained in use for goods trains until 31 October 1975. The Junction station continued to be served by a couple of trains each day for about twenty years but was then closed on 11 May 1986 to be replaced by the better sited Tiverton Parkway. The location is now known as "Tiverton Loops" and platforms can still be seen alongside the now extended loops; engineers use the remaining sidings on the down side.
|
|
The landscapes of the North Devon AONB encompass a fantastic habitat resource for wildlife. These include the culm grasslands around Hartland, the coastal woodlands near Clovelly, the heathlands around Hartland and Morte Point and the extensive sand dune systems at Braunton and Northam Burrows. From the floral orchids of the sand dunes, the bluebells of the coastal combes, to the birds and insects of the coastal heaths these varied habitats support a rich variety wildlife. The AONB also contains a wealth of historic and archaeological sites with buildings and old field patterns that reflect the progress of man from pre- historic times to the present day.
|
|
72 the daughter of Pagan (or Payne) Peverel of Sampford Peverell in Devon, a knight who fought in the First Crusade. The priory was valued at £2 1s 8d in the Taxatio Ecclesiastica of 1291–1292Gentleman's Magazine when it held land in Kerswell, Monk Culm and Sampford Peverell.Dugdale During the 14th and 15th centuries as an alien priory it was seized by the crown during a period of wars in Aquitaine but was restored to the monks in 1312."the first year of the reign of King Edward III" (Dugdale) In 1374 it was recorded that prior did not actually live at Kerswell Priory.
|
|
Aquamarina speciosa grows on the culms (stems) of the saltmarsh Juncus roemerianus, typically in an area between above the rhizome. The culms are about long, and in age will start dying back from the tip of the plant. The lower part of the culm is covered with sediment, algae, and fungi which are exposed to salt-water twice in a 24-hour period owing to the action of tides; any species growing on this area are considered obligate marine. A. speciosa is found on the Atlantic Coast of North America, and is one of over 100 species of fungi that grow on J. roemerianus.
|
|
Although they were unable to take Wehlau (Znamensk) and Schippenbeil (Sępopol), the two Polish-controlled castles that were the initial target of the offensive, they again defeated the Polish army in September 1457. With the assistance of the town's burghers, Teutonic forces under the command of Bernard von Zinnenberg, who had been released from service with the Poles, took Marienburg by surprise on September 28, 1457; only the castle commanded by Czerwonka remained in Polish control. Lubieszowski was able to stop some further advances of the Teutonic army. However, they recaptured Eylau, which again pledged allegiance to the Teutonic Order, Culm, and Preußisch Stargard (Starogard Gdański).
|
|
The fuel would move over sorting bars, with the various sizes of coal going down different chutes. Each type of roughly sorted coal would next pass over a "slate-picker screen" (sometimes called a "mud screen"), with the generally round coal falling through the screen and the flat slate passing over the screen to fall down a chute to the culm pile. Coal passing through the slate- picker screen would then be sorted by additional screens. Some of these second screens were composed of flat iron perforated by holes of larger size toward the rear (where the coal entered) and smaller holes toward the front.
|
|
Magnaporthe salvinii (teleomorph), also known as Sclerotium oryzae (anamorph) and Nakataea sigmoidae (anamorph), is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that affects several rice and grass species, including: Echinochloa colona, jungle rice Oryza satvia, common rice Zizania aquatica, annual wild rice Zizaniopsis miliacea, giant cutgrass various turf grasses The first symptom that typically appears is a small, black, irregular lesion on the leaf sheath. Next, the lesion grows and penetrates the inner sheath until the leaf sheath becomes partially or totally rotted. The culm of the plant then shows black or brown discoloration and begins to shrivel. When the plant reaches maturity, the stem breaks due to the weakened, rotted stem.
|
|
He managed to enclose and soon sold these, but many of the hedges and fences were removed during the English Civil War. This was followed by further attempts at enclosure in 1658 but again only about a third was successfully enclosed, which remained the situation until 1833 when the rest of the hills were enclosed. Wellington Monument Coldharbour Mill was built around 1800 to exploit the available water power of the River Culm and was used for wool and yarn production until its commercial closure in 1981. It is now managed by an educational trust and plays a role in telling the industrial history of the area.
|
|
Jan Kropidło (1360 or 1364 – 3 March 1421), was an ecclesiastic leader in Poland during the late Middle Ages. Jan was the eldest son of Duke Bolko III of Strzelce and his wife Anna. Jan was titled Duke of Strzelce (1382–96, with his brothers) and Duke of Opole (from 1396, with his brothers but only formally). His vocation, however, was the Roman Catholic Church, and Jan was appointed as Bishop of Poznań (1382–84), Bishop of Włocławek (1384–89), nominate Archbishop of Gniezno (1389–94), Bishop of Kamień (1394–98), Bishop of Chełmno (Culm) (1398–1402), and again Bishop of Włocławek from 1402 until his death.
|
|
The measures are so called either from the occasional presence of a soft, sooty coal, which is known in Devon as culm, or from the contortions commonly found in the beds. This formation stretches from Bideford to Bude in Cornwall, and contributes to a gentler, greener, more rounded landscape. It is also found on the western, north and eastern borders of Dartmoor. The sedimentary rocks in more eastern parts of the county include Permian and Triassic sandstones (giving rise to east Devon's well known fertile red soils); Bunter pebble beds around Budleigh Salterton and Woodbury Common and Jurassic rocks in the easternmost parts of Devon.
|
|
In the eastern, rather newer parts of the province, in the districts of Bütow and Lauenburg (Pommern), which had not been part of the Duchy of Pomerania during the Reformation, the Catholic faith had survived. These districts, however, belonged to the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Culm (until 1922). In 1821 the rest of Pomerania was disentangled from the Vicariate Apostolic of the North and subordinated to a new jurisdiction of the Diocese of Breslau. This jurisdiction was titled the Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania (, ), since Emanuel von Schimonsky was invested to Breslau's see under the new honorary rank of prince-bishop in 1824.
|
|
Urban, William. The Prussian Crusade, p. 284. This army broke the Siege of Königsberg but as soon as the army returned home, the Sambians resumed the siege and were reinforced by Herkus Monte and his Natangians. Herkus was later injured and the Natangians retreated, leaving the Sambians unable to stop supplies reaching the castle and the siege eventually failed.Urban, William. The Prussian Crusade, pp. 285–287. Prussians were more successful capturing castles deeper into the Prussian territory (with an exception of Wehlau, now Znamensk), and the Knights were left only with strongholds in Balga, Elbing, Culm, Thorn, and Königsberg. Most castles fell in 1262–1263, and Bartenstein fell in 1264.
|
|
Combsatchfield House, pre-1905 photograph of a pre-1839 painting, published in The Story of a Devonshire House (1905) by Bernard Coleridge, 2nd Baron Coleridge, whose grandfather as a child was a frequent visitor there to his "Aunt Brown" The house was built on the site of the early Georgian manor house of Combe Satchfield, anciently Culme Sachville,Culm Sachvill per Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John- William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.194; Culme sachvile per Risdon, Tristram (d.1640), Survey of Devon, 1811 edition, London, 1811, with 1810 Additions, p.
|
|
Culm Rengy was later held by John de Humfravill,Thorn, part 2, 52:17 whose Anglo-Norman family (alias de Umfraville, etc.) was tenant of several other manors from the Honour of Gloucester, including Down UmfravilleThorn, part 2, 52:19 in the hundred of Axmouth, which had been held by Godwin the thane both before and after the Norman Conquest. Sir Gilbert Umfraville of Penmark was one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, the legendary followers of Robert FitzHamon (d.1107), the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan and first Norman feudal baron of Gloucester. Culme does not appear to have taken for suffix the name of this family.
|
|
Extensive deposits of culm and silts from mining operations occur in the watersheds of at least seven tributaries, including Saint Johns Creek, Mill Creek, Keyser Creek, Eddy Creek, Sterry Creek, Grassy Island Creek, and Coal Brook. The watersheds of at least 16 tributaries of the Lackawanna River contain waterfalls or morphologic sites such as water gaps and escarpments. The watershed of the tributary Roaring Brook contains seven such sites, though two are in the sub-watersheds of Rock Bottom Creek and Little Roaring Brook. There are also dozens of named ponds and lakesboth natural and manmade in the watersheds of more than 15 of the tributaries.
|
|
Folinsbee resorted to bartering his works for services, including dentistry for his daughters. Portraits - for which he typically charged $400 to $500 for a head-and-bust and $1,000 for a three-quarter-length - became a larger part of his output. Edward Beatty Rowan, assistant chief of the Public Buildings Administration's Section of Painting and Sculpture, offered him a commission for a post office mural in Freeland, Pennsylvania. Completed in 1938, Folinsbee's mural is both pastoral and industrial: depicting the town's church spires peeking out from among the autumnal-colored hills, but also featuring the town's massive coal breaker and its long culm dump.
|
|
A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is , depending on species. Anji County of China, known as the "Town of Bamboo", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide. Unlike all trees, individual bamboo culms emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single growing season of three to four months. During this time, each new shoot grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached.
|
|
Further Polish areas were annexed in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, now including the cities of Danzig (') and Thorn ('). Some of the areas of Greater Poland annexed in 1772 that formed the Netze District were added to West Prussia in 1793 as well. After the defeat of Prussia by the Napoleonic French Empire at the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, West Prussia lost its southern territory in the vicinity of Thorn and Culm (Chełmno) to the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, it also lost Danzig, which was a Free City from 1807 until 1814. After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Danzig, Kulm, and Thorn were returned to West Prussia by resolution of the Vienna Congress.
|
|
The River Slope Mine, an anthracite coal mine owned by the Knox Coal Company, flooded when coal company management had the miners dig illegally out under the Susquehanna River. Tunneling sharply upwards toward the river bed without having drilled boreholes to gauge the rock thickness overhead, the miners came to a section with a thickness of about — was considered the minimum for safety. The insufficient "roof" cover caused the waters of the river to break into the mine. It took three days to plug the hole in the riverbed, which was done by dumping large railroad cars, smaller mine cars, culm, and other debris into the whirlpool formed by the water draining into the mine.
|
|
In 1849 he became the dean of the Pelplin Diocese and Bishop of Culm (Chełmno) in 1857. Throughout the Kulturkampf Marwitz was one of only three catholic bishops - out of a total of twelve - in Prussia, who remained in office and only evaded imprisonment because of his age. Under his tenure the Collegium Marianum in Pelplin was upgraded to a Progymnasium and catholic schools and teacher’s seminaries were founded in Konitz (Chojnice) and Graudenz (Grudziądz). He determined the binding knowledge of Polish for any priest within his diocese and took care for the usage of Polish in liturgy, his pastoral letters were published bilingual Marwitz died in Pelplin and was buried at the Pelplin Cathedral.
|
|
In 1892, after the death of Jan Komorowski, Katarzyna married a wealthy farmer Jan Fankidejski (1866–1934), with whom she had three more children. Bronisław Komorowski was raised with the Fankidejski family, and among his stepfather's friends, there were local Polish activists of Eastern Pomerania, patriotic Roman Catholic priests, Jakub Fankidejski (1844–1883), who also was a historian and teacher at Collegium Marianum in Pelplin, and Feliks Bolt (1864–1940), who became a senator in the Second Polish Republic. Bronisław attended a high school in Culm, and after graduation (1910), he joined a seminary in Pelplin. He was ordained in 1914, and sent to a parish in the village of Langenau, near Praust.
|
|
The Bristol to Exeter railway line was completed in 1844 and a station, called Tiverton Road, was opened in Willand to serve the nearby town of Tiverton; this was renamed Tiverton Junction railway station when a branch line reached the town, and also became the junction for the Culm Valley Light Railway in 1876. Both branch lines had closed by 1975, and the station closed in 1986 when Tiverton Parkway was opened. The M5 motorway bypasses the village; junctions are at Cullompton and Tiverton Parkway. Adjacent to the railway line there is a large poultry processing factory, part of the 2 Sisters Food Group, which purchased it from Lloyd Maunder in 2008.
|
|
The NYO&W; Railroad, which depended heavily on its Scranton branch for freight traffic, was abandoned in 1957. Mine subsidence was a spreading problem in the city as pillar supports in abandoned mines began to fail; cave-ins sometimes consumed entire blocks of homes. The area was left scarred by abandoned coal mining structures, strip mines, and massive culm dumps, some of which caught fire and burned for many years until they were extinguished through government efforts. In 1970, the Secretary of Mines for Pennsylvania suggested that so many underground voids had been left by mining underneath Scranton that it would be "more economical" to abandon the city than make them safe.
|
|
State of the Teutonic Order, 1410 Along with Culm (Chełmno), Pomesania, and Samland (Sambia), Warmia was one of four dioceses in Prussia created in 1243 by the papal legate William of Modena. All four dioceses came under the rule of the appointed Archbishop of Prussia Albert Suerbeer who came from Cologne and was the former Archbishop of Armagh in Ireland. He chose Riga as his residence in 1251, which was confirmed by Pope Alexander IV in 1255. Heinrich of Strateich, the first elected Bishop of Warmia, was unable to claim his office, but in 1251 Anselm of Meissen entered the see of Warmia, which resided at Braunsberg (Braniewo) until it moved to Frauenburg (Frombork) in 1280 after attacks by heathen Old Prussians.
|
|
As a younger son, Bogisław possibly had prepared for an ecclesiastical career and suspiciously eyed the appointment of John Brun, chancellor of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, then king of Germany, as Bishop of Cammin in 1386. To defend the bishopric's autonomy, he concluded an agreement with the cathedral chapter the next year, granting him the rights of a diocesan administrator. Though rigorously opposed by the bishop, Bogisław prevailed and could assume the episcopal ministry himself upon John Brun's death in 1394, however, he resigned four years later in favour of the Culm bishop Nicholas. The reign of Bogisław and his brothers in Pomerania was influenced by the ongoing conflicts between his eastern neighbours, the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order.
|
|
This was originally done primarily by hand, but hand picking was gradually supplanted after 1910 by improved screens and jigs. Although breaker boys worked at all levels of the coal breaker, most of the removal of impurities by hand occurred on this level. (Some picking did occur on the ground level of the coal breaker, where boys would locate good pieces of coal in the culm and return it to the "clean" coal stream.) Some coal might travel to this level directly from second level, if small enough, as at this level the screens and jigs were only capable of handling egg-grade coal and smaller. This area of the coal breaker was also where most dry screens and wet jigs operated.
|
|
Only merchants from the six Prussian Hanseatic cities of Braunsberg (Braniewo), Culm (Chełmno), Danzig, Elbing, Königsberg and Thorn (Toruń) were considered fully fledged members of the league, while merchants from other Prussian cities had a lesser status.Cf. Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XIIe-XVIIe siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, p. 123. . The Teutonic Order's possession of Danzig was disputed by the Polish kings Władysław I and Casimir the Great—claims that led to the Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) and, eventually, lawsuits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333. A peace was concluded at Kalisz in 1343, where the Teutonic Order agreed that Poland should rule Pomerelia as a fief and Polish kings, therefore, retained the right to the title Duke of Pomerania.
|
|
Geological map of Wales & Southwest England. A geological dividing line cuts across Devon roughly along the line of the Bristol to Exeter line and the M5 motorway east of Tiverton and Exeter. It is a part of the Tees-Exe line broadly dividing Britain into a southeastern lowland zone typified by gently dipping sedimentary rocks and a northwestern upland zone typified by igneous rocks and folded sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The principal geological components of Devon are the Devonian (in north Devon, south west Devon and extending into Cornwall); the Culm Measures (north western Devon also extending into north Cornwall); and the granite intrusion of Dartmoor in central Devon, part of the Cornubian batholith forming the 'spine' of the southwestern peninsula.
|
|
Bangfai Meun showing wooden nozzle Jaruat () is the proper term for rockets used as missiles or weapons, but Bang Fai () skyrockets are gigantic black-powder bottle rockets. Tiny bottle rockets are so-called because they may be launched from a bottle. In the case of the similar appearing Bang Fai, also spelled 'Bong Fai' (), the 'bottle' is a bong (), a section of bamboo culm used as a container or pipe (and only colloquially as a pipe for smoking marijuana.) Related to the Chinese Fire Arrow, Bang Fai are made from bamboo bongs. Most contemporary ones, however, are enclosed in PVC piping, making them less dangerous by standardizing their sizes and black-powder charges (which contest rules require be compounded by the rocketeers, themselves).
|
|
It has been implied that the new castles of the Knights were competing with his lands over the trade routes along the Vistula River. While some historians embrace the Swantopolk–Prussian alliance without hesitation, others are more careful. They point out that the historical information came from documents written by the Teutonic Knights and must have been ideologically charged to persuade the Pope to declare a crusade not only against the pagan Prussians but also against the Christian duke. Statue for Swantopolk II of Pomerania in a park in Oliwa Prussians besieged Teutonic castles and managed to capture all except for Elbing (Elbląg) and Balga in the eastern regions of Natangia, Barta and Warmia; Thorn (Toruń), Culm (Chełmno), and Rehden (Radzyń Chełmiński) in the western parts.
|
|
In mature individuals, the culms in young plants grow taller and wider in diameter as the general plant reaches maturity, but once the individual culm stops growing it will not grow again. P. edulis also flowers and produces seed, and it does so every half century or so, but it has a sporadic flowering nature rather than the synchronous blooming seen in some other bamboo species. The seeds fall from the mature culms in the hundreds of thousands and are quick to germinate. Mice, field rats and other rodents take notice of the bounty of seed, this results in the loss of many of the seeds, but within a few weeks the surviving few seeds would have germinated (see Predator satiation).
|
|
Following the death of Pyott, ownership of the navigation was bought by James D'Arcy, by then married to the widow of one of Pyott's sons. There were still mortgages of £4,666 outstanding, all of them owned by members of Pyott's family, on which interest had to be paid. He appears to have leased the tolls to the proprietors, according to a local newspaper report of the time, and then to Edward Knapp, before taking over again in 1794. Around 1802, the navigation was carrying of freight, of which were coal and culm, were salt, tons were chalk, and the remaining tons were made up of other goods. The average annual income was quoted as £3,735, but this probably included freight charges as well as tolls, since D'Arcy managed both.
|
|
The company recovered strongly positing excellent growth in passengers and a steadily improving financial position underlined by innovative marketing, engaging in community activities, promotions including telemarketing. The company has also been a significant winner in the 'Kickstart competition', a directly government funded initiative to provide and upgrade to services which should eventually become self-supporting. Stagecoach Devon won three such bids, the Culm Valley connect services in September 2004, the 12A South Devon College services in September 2005, and the upgrade of Exeter City services in spring 2006. The company won tenders outside the traditional boundaries of the Devon General area and has had buses based in Yeovil since 2005, and from September 2006 opened depots at Barnstaple, Bude and Torrington after gaining tenders in the County Council tender round.
|
|
Splett held the position as Bishop of Danzig also after the German annexation of the Free City during World War II. On 4 September, Splett issued a letter to churches where he praised the German invasion of Poland and Nazi annexation of the city, and recommended his flock to pray for God's blessing on Adolf Hitler.Rocznik Gdański, Volume 59, page 157 Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1999 Immediately after the invasion, the Nazi gauleiter Albert Forster demanded the Vatican appointment of Splett as Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Culm. The Polish bishop Wojciech Okoniewski was forced to flee in the face of the Nazi invasion and his auxiliary Konstantyn Dominik was interned by Nazis. The Vatican had its doubts, but Pope Pius XII on 6 December 1939 agreed to the Nazi demands.
|
|
Von Wetzhausen supported Nicolaus von Tüngen, a candidate for Bishop of Warmia, in the War of the Priests, which had started as a dispute in 1467 when King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland did not accept his candidature. In 1478, after having gained international support from King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, but hardly any support from within Prussia, von Wetzhausen took a military stance against Poland and captured Culm (Chełmno), Strasburg, and Starogard Chełminski. The Polish army under the command of Jan Biały and Jan Zieleziński, supported by Royal Prussia and Danzig, defeated the Order's army quickly and the Grand Master had to paid the homage to the Polish king on 9 October 1479 in Nowe Miasto Korczyn. Afterwards, von Wetzhausen focused on internal policy within the Order and its problematic financial situation.
|
|
Stone, from which the cement was made, was quarried from the hill immediately in the rear of the factory, and was obtained by tunneling and sinking shafts, from which extend galleries in the stratum of cement rock, which inclines to the north-west. An extensive system of railways transported the stone from the quarries to the top of the kilns, where it was burned by being mixed with culm or fine coal, and then passed by a series of descents through the various stages of manufacture till it arrived in barrels at the wharf ready for shipment. As the cement manufactured often exceeded 1,000 barrels per day, the deficiency in barrels was supplied from the stock accumulated during the season when navigation was closed, and the manufacture of cement necessarily suspended. The number of men employed varied from 250 to 300.
|
|
Before the Prussians and their neighbors to the west, the Pomeranians, were finally brought to heel, Polish rulers and the Duchy of Masovia, both by then Christianised peoples, would be continually frustrated in their attempts at northern expansion. Aside from minor border raids, major campaigns against the Prussians would be launched in 1219, 1220, and 1222. After a particularly sound defeat by Prussian forces in 1223, Polish forces in Chełmno, the seat of Christian of Oliva and the Duchy of Masovia, were forced onto the defensive. In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia summoned the Teutonic Knights for assistance; by 1230 they had secured Chełmno (Culm) and begun claiming conquered territories for themselves under the authority of the Holy Roman Empire, although these claims were rejected by the Poles, whose ambition had been to conquer Prussia all along.
|
|
The bull also assigned the Prussian-annexed parts of the Apostolic Prefecture of Meissen in Lower Lusatia (politically part of Prussian Brandenburg since 1815This included – among others – Cottbus, Crossen, Guben, Neuzelle, Schwiebus and Züllichau etc.) and eastern Upper Lusatia (to Silesia province as of 1815) to Breslau diocese. With the exception of the districts of Bütow and Lauenburg (Pommern), until 1922 both part of the Diocese of Culm, the rest of Brandenburg and Pomerania province were, since 1821, supervised by the Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania (, ). Schimonsky retained for himself and his successors the title of prince-bishop, although the episcopal rule in the Principality of Neisse had ended by its secularization. However, the rank of prince-bishop later included the ex officio membership in the Prussian House of Lords (since 1854) and in the Austrian House of Lords (since 1861).
|
|
Six left bank tributaries enter the stream below Hauto Dam from State Game Lands No. 141 before and west of the summit on Broad Mountain, the uppermost named 'Broad Run', the lower 'Deep Run' being the largest and named, the other four being short and relatively insignificant rills. The heavily forested, relatively steep slopes of Broad and Nesquehoning Mountains and the occasional culm piles characterize the land within the watershed. All travel is channeled in the area by the terrain, so north-south oriented highways are rare and need a saddle pass such as at the streams headwater area for such to cross the valleys. Consequently, Hometown, a small high-elevation outlier of Tamaqua sits in such a pass astride the junction of PA-54 and U.S. Route 309 and contains railroad switch junctions as well that connect trackage to the Wyoming Valley, points south and the Panther Creek Valley via Tamaqua of the Blue Mountain and points west through the Mahanoy Creek valley.
|
|
Accordingly, without much enthusiasm the Great Western Railway now owned the little railway. Pain's dream of a very low-cost branch line with minimal station facilities and light track and rolling stock had been frustrated by the Board of Trade (personified by Yolland) and the GWR's attitude, which was that the line was defective in falling short of proper GWR standards for a branch line. They soon replaced the original locomotives with two 2-4-0T locomotives that had been built as broad gauge machines for the South Devon Railway, but not actually put into service. Completed at Swindon as standard gauge engines, they were numbered 1298 and 1300. Refrigeration became a practical process in the 1870s and it had the result of enabling cheap imported butter, undercutting what could be produced in home dairies. This had the effect of spurring mechanical production methods and the Culm Valley Dairy Company was established at Hemyock in 1884.
|
|
The Versailles treaty had stipulated that Germans in the part of German Reich territory to be ceded to Poland, the Polish Corridor, had until 1922 to make the choice for Polish or German citizenship. The book, Orphans of Versailles, states that as result of disloyalty of German citizens, who openly expressed their joy at Polish defeats in Polish-Soviet war, "Other places witnessed violent demonstrations against the minority; in Chełmno/Culm, the Starost reportedly encouraged Poles, 'If a German or Jew dares to say anything against the Polish State, [to] tie him up and drag him through the streets to the starost's office or to the court.' Although the Versailles Treaty gave Germans until January 1922 to make their choice for Polish or German citizenship, many were compelled to declare right away, either for Germany (and expulsion) or for Poland and induction into the Polish army." In one village, four Germans were killed in mob violence and numerous others arrested on basis of denunciations by Polish neighbors.
|
|
This was followed by a more conventional railway scheme taking advantage of the Regulation of Railways Act 1868 which, among other things, authorised the construction of a light railway—the first use of the term—subject to conditions that might be imposed by the board of Trade.Colin G Maggs, The Culm Valley Light Railway - Tiverton Junction to Hemyock, The Oakwood Press, Usk, 2006, Peter Bosley, Light Railways in England and Wales, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1990, Regulation of Railways Act 1868 An attempt to get an authorising Act failed in the 1881 session due to objections over level crossings, but a revised scheme with a shorter route and fewer level crossings was submitted for the 1883 session, and obtained its authorising Act on 2 August 1883. The Lambourn Valley Railway Company was incorporated, capital £100,000. It was to be a single line built on the standard gauge; the estimated cost of the infrastructure was £80,530; it was authorised as an ordinary railway, not a light railway.
|
|
Steele, Setting All the Captives Free, 66. Additionally, it is unlikely that Braam was involved in a French affair, more likely are that the weather conditions hampered the conditions of the document and perhaps hampered Van Braam's (Already questionable) ability to translate; see further: Culm Villiers, "Washington's Capitulation at Fort Necessity, 1754," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 6, no. 3 (January 1899), 268-270 The terms agreed to at Fort Necessity provided a nascent notion of Jumonville as an innocent Frenchman, killed brutally (and unnecessarily) by the British. Early research by Marcel Trudel and Donald Kent in the 1950s has demonstrated how the notion of Jumonville's brutal killing by the British gained currency in France, with Bishop de Pontbriand in a pastoral letter (1756) declaring: Trudel and Kent go on to demonstrate how pamphleteer Francois-Antoine Chevrier's 1758 mock-heroic poem L'Acadiade; Ou, Prouesses Angloises En Acadie, Canada and Antoine-Leonard Thomas' epic 1759 poem Jumonville further lamented the noble Jumonville's death at the hands of the brutal British.
|
|