77 Sentences With "crossing the Rubicon" | Random Sentence Generator

I -- you know, this is a Caesar crossing the Rubicon moment.

For Caesar, crossing the Rubicon assured two things: ultimate victory or ultimate defeat.

CROSSING THE RUBICON: Caesar's Decision and the Fate of Rome, by Luca Fezzi.

The process of dissolution of democracy is slow, and there's no one single measure that looks like the obvious point of crossing the Rubicon.

His last work, "Crossing the Rubicon: Passing the Point of No Return," addressed the plight of immigrants and was performed last year by the Etude Ensemble at the University of California, Irvine.

"We can't afford a senator who embarrasses us and reinforces the stereotypes we've worked so hard to overcome," he said, trying to flatter white voters into crossing the rubicon for a black candidate.

"Crossing the Rubicon," a large-ensemble work about the lives of refugees, is less gripping, relying too heavily on long unison phrases and what look like dilutions of classical Indian and Middle Eastern dance.

When we meet the novel's protagonist, Jen, she has "breached the threshold of 30 without yet crossing the Rubicon of 35" and has disassociated herself from her former identity as an artist when she takes a job at a feminist nonprofit.

In 1992, for instance, when he cast the deciding vote to reaffirm a woman's right to abortion, Kennedy told a reporter from California Lawyer magazine just before the case was to be announced: "Sometimes you don't know if you're Caesar crossing the Rubicon or Captain Queeg cutting your own tow line."

The tribute featured three guest troupes dancing McKayle's work: Dayton Contemporary Dance Company in "Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder" (1959), first presented by Taylor in 2016; students of the Juilliard School in "Crossing the Rubicon: Passing the Point of No Return" (2017); and Ronald K. Brown/Evidence in "Songs of the Disinherited" (1972).

The same event inspired another idiom with the same meaning, "crossing the Rubicon".

They produced two tracks on The Sounds' third album Crossing the Rubicon as well as the entire 2008 album Walk This Way by The White Tie Affair.

Crossing the Rubicon focused primarily on melodic death metal, but incorporated instrumentals and special effects pieces between each song. The album was released by the same label that released Arch Enemy's first album in Europe, but it folded soon after the release of Rubicon and the album has since become a rare find. To this day, Crossing the Rubicon has never been released outside of Europe and Japan. Following Crossing the Rubicon, Peter Wildoer and Martin Bengtsson both joined Arch Enemy, recording and releasing Stigmata in 1998. Christopher would focus on Arch Enemy for the better part of three years, and did not return to Armageddon until 2000's Embrace the Mystery, released in Japan on Toy's Factory records.

Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 143. It gained few adherents, and at a meeting of the National Security Council in October 1952, the panel's suggestions were quickly dismissed by Acheson and Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett – with Lovett even suggesting that papers on the proposal should be destroyed.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", pp. 148–149. President Truman never saw the panel's request for a test ban or delay, but if he had, there is little doubt he too would have rejected it.

For their third album, the band dropped all their producers and founded their own label, Arnioki Records, and used their own money to record Crossing the Rubicon. The band supported the album with a world tour.

Bush also argued that conducting a test would forestall the best chance of preventing that more dangerous world; instead, he and the panel favored the idea of a mutual test ban, on the grounds that it could be verified without intrusive inspections, as both nations had the ability to detect violations through atmospheric testing and other unilateral means.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", pp. 141–142. Meanwhile, with Bush and Oppenheimer as the leaders of the effort, the panel worked on a written report which would further explain its thinking.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 143n31.

Knight at the Crossroads, Viktor Vasnetsov A fork in the road is a metaphor, based on a literal expression, for a deciding moment in life or history when a major choice of options is required. Compare "crossing the Rubicon".

These keys were named by early U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey crews after the story of Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon River in Italy. The Bache Coast Survey of 1861 so names these keys. So named on U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey chart #1249 (1937).

Crossing The Rubicon suggests that Vice President Dick Cheney, the US government, and Wall Street had a well-developed awareness of and colluded with the perpetrators of 9/11. Ruppert correctly predicted the 2008 financial crisis in the US three years before it happened.

While the panel's existence was known to highly informed members of the public, its full report was not made public at the time.Hewlett and Holl, Atoms for Peace and War, p. 53. Attention to the panel by historians has been intermittent.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 134n7.

The project began as a melodic death metal band, similar in style to Arch Enemy. Armageddon released their first album Crossing the Rubicon on W.A.R. records in 1997. The album featured Peter Wildoer and Martin Bengtsson, who would also go on to record Stigmata with Arch Enemy in 1998.

Jonas Nyren is a Swedish metal vocalist. He joined In Thy Dreams Encyclopaedia Metallum: In Thy Dreams, accessed 19 May 2010 in 1996 recording an EP (Stream of Dispraised Souls) and the band's debut album, The Gate of Pleasure, but before the album's release he left the band in 1999. He also recorded the vocals for Armageddon's first album, Crossing The Rubicon.

The dynamic range is quite large and very effective. During the piece, Debussy alludes satirically to Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde. The opening bars turn the famous half-diminished Tristan chord into a jaunty, syncopated arpeggio,Marion, G. (2007, p. 41) "Crossing the Rubicon: Debussy and the Eternal Present of the Past" in Intersections 27(2), pp. 36–59.

When it became a Roman town is uncertain. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian War of 178 BC.Livy xli. i Julius Caesar took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to Dalmatia, and was enlarged by Trajan, who constructed the north quay with his Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus.

Leach, John. Pompey the Great, pp 170–172. On January 10, 49 BC, commanding the Legio XIII, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between the province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south. As crossing the Rubicon with an army was prohibited, lest a returning general attempt a coup d'etat, that triggered the ensuing civil war between Caesar and Pompey.

A review by PopMatters concluded that The Killers had been delivering the same style of music before, so Crossing the Rubicon was nothing new. The band's image of "themselves as swaggering, pioneering visionaries" meant employing a backwards perspective instead of looking forward. The Spin magazine's reviewer praised the tracks "4 Songs & a Fight" and "No One Sleeps When I'm Awake", but found the album generally too monotonous.

The Sounds acknowledged and celebrated the tenth anniversary of their album Dying to Say This to You with a U.S. tour (and two shows in Canada) from 15 November to 20 December 2016, performing the entire album live in its original track order; they also played their new single, "Thrill" (released 10 November 2016) as well as a few tracks from their earlier albums Living In America and Crossing the Rubicon.

The first boundary "separates the motivational process of the predecisional phase from the volitional processes of postdecisional phase." Another boundary is that between initiation and conclusion of an action. A self-regulatory feedback model incorporating these interfaces was proposed later by others, as illustrated in the figure. The name "Rubicon model" derives from the tale of Caesar's crossing the Rubicon River, a point of no return, thereby revealing his intentions.

Crossing the Rubicon was an album by the Swedish melodic death metal band Armageddon, released in Europe on the now defunct W.A.R. records, and in Japan on Toy's Factory records in 1997. The album features Christopher Amott of Arch Enemy, as well as former Arch Enemy members Peter Wildoer and Martin Bengtsson. The album was only released in Japan, briefly in Europe, and is extremely hard to find.

Coley is a Canadian indie rock band, from Sherbrooke, Quebec. The band is the brainchild of singer/guitarist JF Coley, joined by Jocelyn Blanchette on the drums and David Jalbert on bass. Their musical style has been referred to as a "post-grunge throwback to British 60's pop". Their latest album, Crossing the Rubicon, discusses political and social issues facing the Eastern Townships of Quebec and its community.

The Sounds acknowledged and celebrated their tenth anniversary of their album Dying to Say This to You with a U.S. tour (and two shows in Canada) from 15 November to 20 December 2016, performing the entire album live in its original track order; they also played their new single, "Thrill" (released 10 November 2016) as well as a few tracks from their earlier albums Living In America and Crossing the Rubicon.

Crossing the Rubicon is the third studio album by the Swedish new wave band The Sounds, released on 2 June 2009. On 17 April 2009, the first single "No One Sleeps When I'm Awake" was released on iTunes worldwide. The album was available to Spotify Premium customers from 29 May, and it was officially released 2 June. The second single, "Beatbox" was released on 12 January 2010 on iTunes exclusively.

Edward Kohn, "Crossing the Rubicon: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the 1884 Republican National Convention." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5.1 (2006): 19-45 online. As the Northern post-war economy boomed with industry, railroads, mines and fast-growing cities as well as prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to keep the fast growth going. The Democratic Party was largely controlled by pro-business Bourbon Democrats until 1896.

The general population, which regarded Caesar as a hero, approved of his actions. The historical records differ about the decisive comment Caesar that made on crossing the Rubicon: one report is Alea iacta est (usually translated as "The die is cast"). Caesar's own account of the Civil War makes no mention of the river crossing but simply states that he marched to Rimini, a town south of the Rubicon, with his army.

In January of 49 BC, Caesar brought the 13th legion across the river, which the Roman government considered insurrection, treason, and a declaration of war on the Roman Senate. According to some authors, he is said to have uttered the phrase "alea iacta est"—the die is cast—as his army marched through the shallow river. Today, the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is a metaphor that means to pass a point of no return.

Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz authored books debunking his claims.Evan Mawdsley. Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941. The International History Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 2003), pp. 818–865. Stable URL: A. L. Weeks, Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–41 (Lanham, 2002), pp. 2–3.Glantz, David M., Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of War, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998, p. 4.

85, 180n85. The panel had little chance of any of their pleas succeeding in Washington, where they were almost completely lacking in political allies: some of those who had opposed the H-bomb in 1949 had since left positions of influence, while many others had changed their views and now supported it.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", pp. 145–148. The panel's formal report, "The Timing of the Thermonuclear Test", was submitted around early September 1952.

Upon crossing the Rubicon, Plutarch reports that Caesar quoted the Athenian playwright Menander in Greek, saying anerrhiphthō kubos (ἀνερρίφθω κύβος; let the dice be tossed).Plutarch, Caesar 60.2 Suetonius gives the Latin approximation alea iacta est (the die has been tossed).Suetonius, Julius 32 The Optimates, including Metellus Scipio and Cato the Younger, fled to the south, having little confidence in the newly raised troops especially since so many cities in northern Italy had voluntarily surrendered.

Suetonius's subtly different translation is often also quoted as alea iacta est. The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" has survived to refer to any individual or group committing itself irrevocably to a risky or revolutionary course of action, similar to the modern phrase "passing the point of no return". Caesar's decision for swift action forced Pompey, the lawful consuls (C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus), and a large part of the Roman Senate to flee Rome in fear.

After leaving Konami, he immediately set up his own company, Blue Moon Studio, that have since released the game 10,000 Bullets (Tsukiyo ni Saraba in Japan). In January 2010, a cryptic update was posted on the Blue Moon Studio blog. Some fansites interpreted his use of the idiom "Crossing the Rubicon" and reference to a "certain company" as a possible return to Konami. Murayama later added that he was as of 2010, writing an RPG, again for a "certain company".

The Rubicon River marked its southern boundary with Italia proper. By crossing this river in 49 BC with his battle-hardened legions, returning from the conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar precipitated the civil war within the Roman Republic which led, eventually, to the establishment of the Roman Empire. To this day the term "crossing the Rubicon" means, figuratively, "reaching the point of no return". The province was merged into Italia about 42 BC, as part of Octavian's "Italicization" program during the Second Triumvirate.

In 2005 a new bass player joined the fold, Neal Gupta, a Montreal-based bass player. JF had already started work on a new album, Crossing the Rubicon, with Canadian producer Jordon Zadorozny (whose previous collaborations include Sam Roberts, Lindsey Buckingham, Courtney Love, and Billy Corgan). The album was produced at Studio French Kiss in Pembroke, Ontario. The album had a limited release in the summer of 2006, and the band toured Quebec and Ontario over two weeks with August and Wellabee.

The Sounds are a Swedish indie rock band. Formed in Helsingborg in 1998 the group's musical style has been compared to new wave acts such as Blondie, The Cars, the Epoxies and Missing Persons. Their debut album, Living in America, was released in 2002, with the follow-up Dying to Say This to You on March 21, 2006. Their third album, Crossing the Rubicon, was released on June 2, 2009, and their fourth, Something to Die For, was released on March 29, 2011.

Leibniz henceforth distinguishes two types of necessity: necessary necessity and contingent necessity, or universal necessity vs singular necessity. Universal necessity concerns universal truths, while singular necessity concerns something necessary that could not be (it is thus a "contingent necessity"). Leibniz hereby uses the concept of compossible worlds. According to Leibniz, contingent acts such as "Caesar crossing the Rubicon" or "Adam eating the apple" are necessary: that is, they are singular necessities, contingents and accidentals, but which concerns the principle of sufficient reason.

Stigmata is the second studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. The album was Arch Enemy's first to see worldwide release, in Europe and North America on Century Media Records, and in Japan again on Toy's Factory records. Stigmata features session drummer Peter Wildoer, who had also appeared in Christopher Amott's solo project Armageddon on the 1997 album Crossing the Rubicon, shortly before the recording of the album. The album was reissued on 25 May 2009, featuring a new layout, packaging, and bonus tracks.

The Sounds released their third studio album Crossing the Rubicon, on 2 June 2009, via Original Signal Recordings (US and Canada) and Arnioki Records, their independent label. They collaborated with Mark Saunders as well as James Iha and Adam Schlesinger on the album. The album was mixed by Tim Palmer (Bowie, Pearl Jam, HIM, Cure) at his '62 Studios. (They performed the song "No One Sleeps When I'm Awake" on Last Call with Carson Daly on February 12, 2009, which was the first single from the album.

However, beginning with the Teller–Ulam design breakthrough in March 1951, there was steady progress and by 1952 there were additional resources devoted to staging, and political pressure towards seeing, an actual test of a hydrogen bomb.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", pp. 137–139. Although defeated in January 1950, the opponents of the hydrogen bomb did not give up, instead continuing to fight a battle against the new weapon in different forms, and on different fronts, over the next several years.Young and Schilling, Super Bomb, pp.

Nocturne is the debut studio album by American metal band The Human Abstract. It was recorded at The Basement in Rural Hall, North Carolina and Trax East in South River, New Jersey. On the band's MySpace page, as well as in the Metal=Life compilation CD, the last 30 or so seconds of "Desiderata" are included as part of the intro to "Vela, Together We Await the Storm". Music videos were made for "Crossing the Rubicon" (directed by Darren Doane) and "Vela, Together We Await the Storm" (directed by Michael Grodner).

Dictator Julius Caesar assumed control over the Roman government by placing himself above all Republican institutions. Julius Caesar campaigned in Gaul from 59 BC to 49 BC, which granted him unmatched military power and popularity with the people of Rome. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to lay down his military command and return to Rome as a privatus ("private citizen"). Caesar refused, and marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon River at the head of his army, leaving his province and illegally entering Roman territory under arms.

It was in this situation that the senate passed the senatus consultum ultimum to break the tribunes' resistance and act against Caesar, at the same time declaring him an enemy of the state (hostis). Being warned about the fate of their predecessors in office, the two tribunes of the plebs fled the city the same night.Caes. civ. 1,5. Cass. Dio. 41,3,2. Cic. fam. 16,11,2. Caesar got word of the SCU on 10 January while in Ravenna, crossing the Rubicon and taking Ariminum the next day, where he met Antonius and Cassius.

In 49 BC, with the conquest of Gaul complete, Caesar refused to release his legions and instead invaded Italy from the north by crossing the Rubicon with his army. The following civil war eventually led to Caesar's victory over Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and the latter's assassination in Ptolemaic Egypt where he fled after the battle. In 44 BC Caesar was assassinated in Rome and the following year his adopted son Octavian (later known as Augustus) formed the Second Triumvirate with Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

Caesar's subsequent victory in Caesar's civil war ensured that punishment for the infraction would never be rendered. This took place during the time of the Roman Republic. The Rubicon to the right of Cesena, at Pisciatello After Caesar's crossing, the Rubicon was a geographical feature of note until about 42 BC, when Octavian merged the Province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italia and the river ceased to be the extreme northern border of Italy. The decision robbed the Rubicon of its importance, and the name gradually disappeared from the local toponymy.

As of February 2010, two official videos have been released off of Crossing the Rubicon. They are "No One Sleeps When I'm Awake" (directed by Michael Schmelling of A76 Productions) and "Beatbox" (directed by Manuel Concha of Concha Films). The Sounds was the special guest on the No Doubt Summer Tour in 2009, starting in May 2009 in outdoor amphitheaters and arenas across the U.S. and Canada. The Sounds also played a series of headline shows around the U.S. and Canada in late April and early May prior to joining the No Doubt tour.

Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 151. There was a separate desire voiced for a very short delay, perhaps of two weeks, in the test, for reasons related to the test date being just before the presidential election date. Truman wanted to keep the thermonuclear test away from partisan politics but had no desire to order a postponement of it himself; however he did make it known that he would be fine if it was delayed past the election due to "technical reasons" being found.Hewlett and Duncan, Atomic Shield, p. 591.

Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 133. This recommendation was not followed and the test went ahead as planned in the fall of 1952. The panel subsequently made a series of recommendations regarding U.S. policy towards nuclear weapons and relations with the Soviet Union. One recommendation, advocating that the U.S. government practice less secrecy and more openness towards the American people about the realities of the nuclear balance and the dangers of nuclear warfare, attracted the interest of the new Eisenhower administration and led to that administration's Operation Candor and Atoms for Peace initiatives during 1953.

Jean Fouquet, "Caesar Crossing the Rubicon", 15th-century MS of Histoire Ancienne jusqu'á César and Faits des Romains in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The text was written for Roger IV, the châtelain of Lille; the earlier suggestion that Wauchier de Denain was its author is no longer held. There is some debate about the dating of the text; the range of possible dates is 1208 to 1230. The Histoire ancienne is usually illuminated; the cycles of illustrations are described by Oltrogge, Die Illustrationszyklen zur 'Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César.

Upon crossing the Rubicon, Caesar, according to Plutarch and Suetonius, is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander, in Greek, "the die is cast".Plutarch, Caesar 32.8 Erasmus, however, notes that the more accurate Latin translation of the Greek imperative mood would be "alea iacta esto", let the die be cast. Pompey and many of the Senate fled to the south, having little confidence in Pompey's newly raised troops. Pompey, despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, did not intend to fight.

Formed in Halmstad, Sweden, in 1997 by Christopher Amott, Armageddon began when Arch Enemy were invited to Japan to sign a new record deal with Toy's Factory records after the release of the Black Earth album. While in Japan, Christopher secured his own record deal for a solo project, which became Armageddon. When he returned to Sweden, he recruited drummer Peter Wildoer (Darkane, Majestic), bassist Martin Bengtsson, and vocalist Jonas Nyrén (In Thy Dreams). The band released their 1997 debut album, Crossing the Rubicon, on the now defunct W.A.R. records in Europe, and on Toy's Factory Records in Japan.

Military veterans' training, skills, and experience make them well suited to disaster response while helping others can promote healing and community to alleviate some of the reintegration issues that drive a high suicide rate among veterans. The death of fellow Rubicon member Clay Hunt from suicide redoubled Team Rubicon's organizational mission towards veteran reintegration. The team's role in domestic disasters is both to provide humanitarian assistance and to provide veterans an opportunity to continue to serve. The name Rubicon is from the phrase "crossing the Rubicon," an idiom to mean passing a point of no return.

Numerous documentary films have featured Ruppert, including The End of Suburbia (2004), Liberty Bound (2004), American Drug War: The Last White Hope (2007), The 911 Report You Never Saw - The Great Conspiracy (2008), Collapse (2009), Zeitgeist: Moving Forward (2011), and Apocalypse, Man (2014). Ruppert was termed a "conspiracy theorist", to which he has said he "deals with 'conspiracy fact' rather than theory." According to The Wall Street Journal, his book Crossing the Rubicon was a "favorite among conspiracy theorists." After writing it, and subsequently moving on to peak oil, he said "I walked away from 9/11 five years ago," he says.

Rubicone river (dark blue), believed to be the same river crossed by Caesar Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon river in January 49 BC precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator and the rise of the imperial era of Rome. Caesar had been appointed to a governorship over a region that ranged from southern Gaul to Illyricum (but not Italy). As his term of governorship ended, the Roman Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome. He was explicitly ordered not to take his army across the Rubicon river, which was at that time a northern boundary of Italy.

The album received mixed professional reviews. Allmusic delivered a very positive rating and wrote that it was "the sound of a band reaching their potential as artists" and found that only few songs like "Beatbox" would not reach up to the band's standard. Pitchfork in turn compared "Beatbox" to the music of Blondie but was reluctant to praise the entire album, writing that there had been no evolution in the music of The Sounds. These two features were also noted by the German Sonic Seducer magazine although their author marked a melancholy in tracks like "Crossing The Rubicon" and "Midnight Sun" that was allegedly new for The Sounds.

On November 15, 1996, then Director of Central Intelligence John Deutch visited Los Angeles' Locke High School for a town hall meeting. At the meeting, Ruppert publicly confronted Deutch, saying that in his experience as an LAPD narcotics officer he had seen evidence of CIA complicity in drug dealing. He went on to become an investigative journalist and established the publication From The Wilderness, a watchdog publication that exposed governmental corruption, including his experience with CIA drug dealing activities. Ruppert is the author of Crossing The Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil, published in September 2004.

After she was released from Shiny Toy Guns in the summer of 2008, Carah Faye Charnow and Daniel Johansson, who produced the title track of The Sounds' album Crossing the Rubicon, formed Versant. Together they searched out bandmates Richard Ankers (no longer a member), Johan Grettve (no longer a member), and Nicholas Oja to complete the line-up. In 2009, Versant released two demos on their MySpace page; "Push Away" and "Out of Touch". On February 14, 2009, Versant released a special Valentine's Day video for their fans on Vimeo. The instrumental track in the background appears to be the "roots" of the demo "Quick Escapes", which leaked online in November 2009 but has since been removed.

Cleopatra and her forces were still holding their ground against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Gnaeus Pompeius, son of Pompey, arrived at Alexandria in the summer of 49 BC seeking military aid on behalf of his father. After returning to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing the Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar forced Pompey and his supporters to flee to Greece in a Roman civil war. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII agreed to Gnaeus Pompeius' request. They sent his father 60 ships and 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped erase some of the debt owed to Rome by the Ptolemies.

As of September 2017, Kobach was listed as "Of counsel" by IRLI, the legal arm of FAIR, which is described as a "hate group," by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).FAIR: Crossing the Rubicon of Hate Hatewatch, Southern Poverty Law Center, December 11, 2007 In August 2018, ProPublica and The Kansas City Star reported that none of the towns where Kobach helped to enact anti-immigration ordinances over a 13-year period still had those ordinances on the books. The ordinances were costly to defend in court, with some localities going bankrupt. At the same time, Kobach personally profited, earning more than $800,000 on legal work for the localities over a 13-year period, paid both by the localities and an anti-immigration advocacy group.

Although a great master of Latin rhetoric and composition, Cicero was not "Roman" in the traditional sense; he was quite self-conscious of this for his entire life. During this period in Roman history, if one was to be considered "cultured", it was necessary to be able to speak both Latin and Greek. The Roman upper class often preferred Greek to Latin in private correspondence, recognizing its more refined and precise expressions, and its greater subtlety and nuance. Knowledge about Greek culture and literature was extremely influential for upper-class Roman society. When crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC, one of the most symbolic and infamous events in Roman history, Caesar is said to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander.

Michael Craig Ruppert (February 3, 1951 – April 13, 2014) was an American writer and musician, Los Angeles Police Department officer, investigative journalist, political activist, and peak oil awareness advocate known for his 2004 book Crossing The Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil. From 1999 until 2006, Ruppert edited and published From The Wilderness, a newsletter and website covering a range of topics including international politics, the CIA, peak oil, civil liberties, drugs, economics, corruption and the nature of the 9/11 conspiracy. It attracted 22,000 subscribers. Ruppert was the subject of the 2009 documentary film Collapse, which is based on his book A Presidential Energy Policy and received The New York Times' "critics pick".

During this time he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine river. These achievements and the support of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. Leaving his command in Gaul would mean losing his immunity to criminal prosecution by his enemies; knowing this, Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. This began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near unchallenged power and influence.

Rimini's ancient harbour, portrayed in the mosaic of the boats from the domus of Palazzo Diotallevi The area was inhabited by Etruscans until the arrival of the Celts, who held it from the 6th century BC until their defeat by the Umbri in 283 BC. In 268 BC at the mouth of the Ariminus (now called the Marecchia), the Roman Republic founded the colonia of Ariminum. Ariminum was seen as a bastion against invaders from Celts and also as a springboard for conquering the Padana plain. The city was involved in the civil wars of the first century, aligned with the popular party and its leaders, first Gaius Marius, and then Julius Caesar. After crossing the Rubicon, the latter made his legendary appeal to the legions in the Forum of Rimini.

Kennedy instructed ExComm to immediately come up with a response to the Soviet threat unanimously without him present. The Joint Chiefs of Staff favored launching air strikes against the Soviet missile sites in Cuba, an opinion that McNamara did not hold and advised Kennedy against the chiefs, warning that air strikes would almost certainly be crossing the Rubicon. McNamara's relations with the hawkish Joint Chiefs of Staff had been strained during the crisis, and his relations with Admiral George Anderson and General Curtis LeMay were especially testy. Both Admiral Anderson and General LeMay had favored invading Cuba, welcomed the prospect of a war with Soviet Union under the grounds that a war with the Soviet Union was inevitable, and whose attitudes towards Kennedy and McNamara had verged on insubordination.

Most importantly, a conducted H-bomb test would represent a point of no return; whereas a test ban or delay would give everyone a chance to step back and think about whether they really wanted the world to go where it was headed (and since the United States had a big enough lead in A-bombs, it could afford to take that chance). The main argument against the panel's proposal was made to Acheson by Paul Nitze, the Director of Policy Planning in the State Department and a lead architect of the NSC 68 blueprint for the Cold War.Bernstein, "Crossing the Rubicon", p. 142. Nitze's logic was that if a test ban was to the advantage of the United States, the Soviets would use the ban to make up time in their weapons development work and then violate it by testing themselves.Young and Schilling, Super Bomb, pp. 92–93.

A Roman portrait of Pompey made during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), a copy of an original from 70–60 BC, and located in the Venice National Archaeological Museum, Italy In the summer of 49 BC, Cleopatra and her forces were still fighting against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Pompey's son Gnaeus Pompeius arrived, seeking military aid on behalf of his father. After returning to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing the Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Pompey and his supporters to flee to Greece. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII agreed to Gnaeus Pompeius's request and sent his father 60 ships and 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped erase some of the debt owed to Rome. Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes.

Sulla responded by marching his army on Rome (the first time ever this happened and an influence for Caesar in his later career as he contemplated crossing the Rubicon), reclaiming his command and forcing Marius into exile, but when he left on campaign Marius returned at the head of a makeshift army. He and his ally Lucius Cornelius Cinna seized the city and declared Sulla a public enemy, and Marius's troops took violent revenge on Sulla's supporters. Marius died early in 86 BC, but his followers remained in power.Appian, Civil Wars 1.34–75; Plutarch, Marius 32–46, Sulla 6–10; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.15–20; Eutropius 5; Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.6, 2.9 In 85 BC Caesar's father died suddenly while putting on his shoes one morning, without any apparent cause,Suetonius, Julius 1 ; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54 and at sixteen, Caesar was the head of the family.

Each year, the New Theatre takes one or more 'official' shows to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and supports any number of shows being performed and produced at the fringe by its members. In 2007, these shows included an adaptation of 'Alice Through the Looking Glass'(New Theatre ), 'Dearly Deported' by Charles Brafman (Ankle Productions) and 'Slippery Soapbox: Spotbanded Skat' (ShutYOface Productions). In 2008, the New Theatre took two shows; an ensemble devised piece ('Crossing The Rubicon', C Soco Chambers Street 12pm), and a piece of new writing by Anthony Lau ('Cross-Stitching', C Soco Chambers Street 1pm) officially. Also performing were Ribcaged Productions Ltd ('The Bear Who Paints'), Ankle Productions ('The Third Condiment'), Chimera Theatre Group ('Vivien') and Cicero Productions ('Written Off'), their casts and crew being New Theatre members and alumni. In 2009, the New Theatre took Warehouse 364, written and directed by Andy McNamee, who stepped into a role for one performance when a cast member was unable to perform.

The Stigmata album was again a success in Japan, and was the first Arch Enemy album to be released in the USA, on Century Media records. With Arch Enemy gaining ground worldwide, Amott would go on to release Burning Bridges and Burning Japan Live 1999, both in 1999, then take a break until the latter part of 2000, when Armageddon released their second album Embrace the Mystery on Toy's Factory records in Japan. This time featuring a "melodic" singer, and more of an overall power metal feel, the album was a drastic shift from the straight ahead melodic death metal of Crossing the Rubicon, and marked Christopher's desire to branch out of the "extreme metal" genre. Also in 2000, he played a guitar solo on "Suburban Me" on the album Clayman with In Flames. In 2001, Arch Enemy were joined by singer Angela Gossow, and released Wages of Sin. After completing an extensive world tour with Arch Enemy, Amott returned to his Armageddon project, and released Three in 2002 on Toy's Factory records in Japan.

Bust of Julius Caesar, posthumous portrait in marble, 44–30 BC, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican Museums. Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France). After the Roman Senate demanded Caesar to disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BC. Roman historian Titus Livius describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were concerned. The first incident took place in December 45 BC or possibly early 44 BC. According to Roman historian Cassius Dio, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large group of honours upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the Temple of Venus Genetrix.