Cowlings never said publicly if he believed Simpson committed the murders.
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Cowlings and Simpson still feel like they can't leave the Bronco.
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Cowlings, the metal coverings of an engine, are made into beds.
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They call it into authorities, who try to get Cowlings to pull over.
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On Sunday workers had looked at the inlet, exhaust, cowlings, and fairings, Southwest said.
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She even wants to add in a charge for aiding and abetting for A. C. Cowlings.
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Nothing was packed in, nothing was covered in plastic cowlings, hidden away and out of sight.
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Southwest said in an email that on Sunday workers had looked at the inlet, exhaust, cowlings, and fairings.
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Kardashian goes straight to Rockingham to open the garment bag in question with A.C. Cowlings (Malcolm-Jamal Warner).
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Al COWLINGS, who drove the white Ford Bronco that helped O.J. Simpson avoid the police in 1994. 31A.
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Simpson and Cowlings eventually made their way back to Simpson's mansion in L.A.'s Brentwood neighborhood later that night.
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"The panel thickness, materials and construction conformed to the applicable drawings for Boeing 777 engine cowlings," the report states.
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Cowlings calls 911 and tells them to clear the freeway so they can go to Brentwood to accomplish this.
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A. C. Cowlings (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) shows up at Kardashian's house with the infamous white Bronco during the chaos.
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When Cowlings tries to leave the Bronco, he feels threatened by the SWAT team and police presence on the property.
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Cowlings is worried his character in the series -- played by Malcolm-Jamal Warner -- will be untrue and damaging to his reputation.
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Clark's prophecy comes true, and some eagle-eyed drivers recognize the white Bronco with Cowlings behind the wheel and Simpson in the backseat.
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As we previously reported ... Juice's BFF, Al Cowlings, has already threatened to file a lawsuit if he's portrayed in a negative way on the show.
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Additionally, repairs that don't properly replace screws or cowlings might leave behind loose parts that could damage the battery, cause overheating, or result in injury.
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After the Bronco incident — for which he was charged with aiding and abetting a fugitive — Cowlings continued to support his friend quietly, away from the spotlight.
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Al Cowlings "despises the media" ... his rep tells TMZ, and he feels like he's being targeted 20 years after O.J. killed Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman.
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The documentary also includes interviews with Mike Albanese, the SWAT commander who waited at Simpson's Rockingham estate for Al Cowlings and Simpson to return in the Bronco.
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Simpson's childhood friend and former teammate, A.C. Cowlings, was at the wheel, leading a phalanx of squad cars on a 60-mile low-speed chase across Southern California.
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The Simpson case transcended sports news to become a nationwide cultural phenomenon, and the jumping off point was Al Cowlings slowly driving that white Ford Bronco with police in pursuit.
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Additionally, repairs that do not properly replace screws or cowlings might leave behind loose parts that could damage a component such as the battery, causing overheating, or resulting in injury.
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As one of Simpson's childhood friends explains in O.J.: Made in America, Simpson and Whitley met in high school, when Whitley was dating another one of O.J.'s friends, A.C. Cowlings.
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But nearly 30 years ago, when they were both in high school, Simpson enraged Cowlings after the latter asked him to act as a go-between with a girl named Marquerite Whitley.
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That's when Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings led police on a surreal slow-speed chase in a white Ford Bronco as crowds lined a Los Angeles freeway to cheer them on.
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Al Cowlings, for example, has remained his close friend and may well have saved Simpson's life last week as he drove the apparently suicidal O.J. into the waiting embrace of the L.A. police.
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He's really with A. C. Cowlings (Malcolm-Jamal Warner), who they call "a former linebacker, kind of like a fourth-rate O. J." The LAPD is mortified that it let Simpson slip through its hands.
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When a couple recognizes the white Bronco on the highway, they practically crash their car trying to get a good look at Al Cowlings, before using a call box to phone it in to the police.
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Warner, 45, currently stars as O.J. Simpson's friend Al Cowlings – who sat behind the wheel during the infamous Bronco chase – on American Crime Story but found fame as Theo Huxtable on The Cosby Show from 1984-92.
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TMZ released some footage from the upcoming History Channel Pawn Stars episode that will air on Monday: Harrison originally purchased the vehicle from Al Cowlings, the original owner of the Bronco at the time of the chase—O.
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O.J.'s former sports agent, Mike Gilbert, owns the Bronco -- he bought it from A.C. Cowlings -- and sources close to him tell us he's never really been interested in selling, but only because the offers weren't good enough.
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Childhood friend Joe Bell describes an incident where he, A.C. Cowlings, and Simpson were caught by the principal playing craps in the bathroom; Simpson abandoned them to their punishment, claiming he was "just trying to help" turn his friends in.
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"Repairs that do not properly replace screws or cowlings might leave behind loose parts that could damage a component such as the battery, causing overheating or resulting in injury," Apple said when asked why it stops third party repair stores from receiving official parts and information.
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His staff spent about a week prepping for his visit to the facility here, a six-story factory hangar with four massive Dreamliners under construction, cowlings peeled back to expose the inner workings of the engines, signs affixed to their bodies to indicate their purchasers — in one case, Aeroméxico.
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Cowlings is a member of the 2009 USC Athletic Hall of Fame class along with Junior Seau, Rodney Peete, and John Robinson. USC's Cowlings Residential College is named in his honor. In 2012, Fox News examined the lives of key individuals in the Simpson case and found that Cowlings was reportedly working as a handbag sales representative. In 2014, an ex-teammate told USA Today that Cowlings worked for B. Wayne Hughes, founder of Public Storage.
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After leading police on a low-speed chase, Cowlings drove Simpson back to his home where he was arrested. Cowlings himself was arrested for aiding Simpson in the chase, but charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.
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Simpson said that close friends and former teammates, including Cowlings, also struggle with the symptoms of CTE.
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Exhaust manifolds and other pipework including gas turbine tailpipes; cowlings and other presswork; alloy seats and harnesses.
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After tests in 1932 proved the effectiveness of NACA cowlings, almost every radial-engined aircraft were equipped with them.Full-Scale Testing of N.A.C.A. Cowlings (Theodore Theodorsen, M. J. Brevoort, and George W. Stickle, NACA Report # 592. Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory: 1937) The engine cowling on a Porsche Carrera GT.
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Seven built. ;PH-3 :Improved version for Coast Guard. Long Chord NACA cowlings. Revised enclosed canopy for pilots. Seven built.
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The NACA engine cowling on a Curtiss AT-5a. A cowling is the removable covering of a vehicle's engine, most often found on automobiles, motorcycles, aircraft, and on outboard boat motors. On planes, cowlings are used to reduce drag and to cool the engine. On boats, cowlings are a cover for an outboard motor.
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Navy Department. Bureau of Aeronautics, 1955. p. 4-15 The cowlings and the fairings are similar, as both streamline airflow, except that cowlings are usually removable (to permit engine inspections and repairs), whereas fairings are bolted in place. Aviation Machinist's Mates' Manual. Navy Department. Bureau of Aeronautics, 1955. p. 4-15 Engine-facing sides of the cowling must be made of metal. Aviation Machinist's Mates' Manual. Navy Department. Bureau of Aeronautics, 1955. p. 4-15 On jets, they are used as an air intake for jet engines. Cowlings may also be used for decorative purposes.
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In addition to protecting the engine, outboard motor cowlings need to admit air while keeping water out of the air intake.
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Cowlings' first film role was in the 1985 film Bubba Until It Hurts, starring Bubba Smith. He had a recurring minor role as Coach Nabors in the HBO football sitcom 1st & Ten, which also starred Simpson. Cowlings also served as a technical football advisor on the football scenes in the 1991 Tony Scott film, The Last Boy Scout.
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Six months later, USA Today quoted retired tennis player and friend of Cowlings, Joe Kolkowitz, saying that Cowlings had retired and is still living in Southern California. According to TMZ in 2016, Cowlings had reportedly threatened to sue FX if he was portrayed negatively in the critically acclaimed series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, in which he is portrayed by Malcolm-Jamal Warner. In March 2018, O.J. Simpson (after his parole for armed robbery and kidnapping) stated that he may have chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease common in athletes that have suffered numerous head wounds or concussions.
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Allen Cedric "A.C." Cowlings (born June 16, 1947) is a former American football player and actor. He played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1970 to 1979 for the Buffalo Bills, Houston Oilers, Los Angeles Rams, Seattle Seahawks, and San Francisco 49ers. Cowlings was taken fifth overall in the first round by the Buffalo Bills in the 1970 NFL Draft.
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Information from both sites retrieved 31 August 2007. Excalibur aircraft are easily distinguishable from standard Twin Bonanzas and Queen Airs by the landing gear doors and the more rectangular engine cowlings of the Excaliburs compared to the rounded cowlings of the originals. The Excaliburs led to the first Swearingen design, the SA26 Merlin, which could be described as a pressurized Excalibur.
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However, instead of also copying a scarlet nose from them, the other squadrons each sported their own hue on the cowlings. Jagdstaffel 12 had white cowlings; Jagdstaffel 13 had dark green ones; Jagdstaffel 19 settled on yellow. To these markings, pilots added their own personal insignia. On the night of 12 April, French artillery directed by a reconnaissance aircraft began shelling the Jagdgeschwader 2 airfield.
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The engine mountings were steel tube structures supported by the longerons; the engine cowlings were most prominent above the wings. The main legs of the track landing gear, with fairings mounted on the front of, them retracted rearwards into the cowlings. The undercarriage was completed with an oleo mounted, steerable tailwheel. There were fuel tanks in the central section of the wings between both the engines and the longerons.
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It was a low wing cantilever monoplane. All its flying surfaces were straight tapered and square tipped; the vertical tail was tall and broad. The first prototype had Wright Cyclone nine cylinder radial engines mounted ahead of the wing leading edges, with cowlings, largely above the wing, projecting beyond the trailing edge. On the second prototype the Cyclones were replaced with Turbomeca Bastan turboprops in much more slender cowlings on the top of the wings.
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One built. ;PH-1 :Production version for U.S. Navy. Partly enclosed cockpit for pilots. Two 620 hp (463 kW) Wright R-1820-86 engines in short-chord Townend ring cowlings.
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Simpson 1991, p. 47. The following year the F90-1 was put into production with redesigned engine cowlings, upgraded PT6A-135A engines, hydraulic landing gear, and triple-fed electrical bus; only 33 were built by the time production terminated in 1985. The C90-1 was soon followed by the Model C90A, which featured the redesigned engine cowlings of the F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being certified to 10,100 lb (4,580 kg).
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Visible differences included NACA-type long-chord cowlings. Three were used on the record-breaking flight. ;Type 294 : Prototype with strengthened wing for cutting barrage balloon cables. ;Type 402 : Three-seat experimental aircraft.
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Their engine cowlings incorporated the original pattern of integrated exhaust manifolds, which, after relatively brief flight time, had a troublesome habit of burning and blistering the cowling panels.Thirsk 2006, pp. 60, 269–270.
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The engines were cooled by counter-rotating fans positioned just inside the engine cowlings. Defensive armament included power-operated nose, dorsal, ventral and tail turrets along with two free-swiveling machine guns at the beam positions.
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The prototype was promptly returned to the manufacturer for adjustments prior to the resumption of evaluation flights. In July 1938, the prototype, fitted with the new Mercier-designed cowlings, attained 500 km/h (270 knots, 311 mph).
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Both cockpits were over the wing. The engines used by Primers, the 145 hp (108 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 and the 155 hp (116 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Major 3 were inverted in-line engines and ran in similar cowlings.
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Sgarlato, Nico: "Leo 451", Aerei nella Storia magazine, Westward editions, Parma, n.14 (10/2005), pp. 28–29. A LeO 45 with NACA cowlings in 1938. Mercier also used his patented type of fairing for the LeO 45's radial engines.
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The transmission was a conventional unsynchronized three-speed sliding gear manual with a single speed reverse. The Model A had four-wheel mechanical drum brakes. The 1930 and 1931 models were available with stainless steel radiator cowlings and headlamp housings.
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Fuel was held in wedge shaped tanks within the cowlings, their horizontal rear edges visible from behind. Each held . Both upper and lower wings carried ailerons, which were not balanced. The fuselage of the C.33 was rectangular in section.
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The information on the propeller-cowling-nacelle combinations, presented in NACA Report No. 592, NACA Report No. 593, NACA Report No. 596, and NACA Technical Note No. 620 is applied to the practical design of NACA cowlings. The main emphasis is placed on the method of obtaining the dimensions of the cowling; consequently, the physical functioning of each part of the cowling is treated briefly. A practical method of designing cowlings and some examples are presented. When the radial air- cooled engine was first introduced, the engine cylinders were cooled by exposing them to the air stream.
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It was a single bay biplane with V-form interplane struts leaning outward strongly from the lower wing below the engines to the upper wings at about 55% span. It was powered by two Wright R-790 Whirlwind nine cylinder radial engines, mounted in streamlined cowlings with the cylinder heads protruding for cooling. They were fed from fuel tanks in the upper wing; oil tanks were in the cowlings. Each engine was bolted to a frame formed of the interplane struts, a nearly horizontal V-strut to the upper fuselage and an N-form strut from the lower wing to the upper fuselage.
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The aircraft was built in three series, the Series I was the initial production variant which did not have trailing-edge flaps, seventeen built. Thirteen Series II variants were built with split flaps and the Series III (19-built) was similar but had detailed improvements. Each series of the Envoy was sold with a choice of engines including the Wolseley Aries, Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah V or Armstrong Siddeley Lynx IVC radial engines. These different engines were housed under a variety of cowlings, mostly short chord Townend rings but also wider chord cowlings with and without blisters for cylinder heads.
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It was fitted with interconnected Handley Page slots and ailerons as well as split flaps. It was powered by six four-cylinder inverted inline air-cooled Train 4T engines, each producing driving three blade, variable-pitch propellers. The engines were mounted on the wing underside, housed in long, narrow cowlings intended to mimic those around the Hispano-Suiza 12Ydrs water-cooled V-12 engines of the full scale aircraft. The little flying boat had a conventional stepped hull and was stabilized on the water by a pair of floats, attached under the outboard engines and retracting into their cowlings.
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The superstructure was rebuilt, with the primary aim to enclose the open bridge area, along with modernisation of the ship's galleys and installation of more air conditioning. Redesigned masts and funnel cowlings were fitted. Vampire reentered active service on 4 March 1972.
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The aircraft are highly customized in order to achieve superior aerobatic performance. Both have custom wings, tails, cowlings, engines, propellers, landing gear, instrument panels, fuel tanks and even seat belts. The only stock components on the two aircraft are the horizontal stabilizers.
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Gunn was a 1969 All-American defensive end at the University of Southern California. Also was All-Pac-8, and in USC's Hall of Fame. In 1969, he teamed with All- Americans Al Cowlings and Charlie Weaver, Tody Smith, and Bubba Scott to form a defensive front that powered the Trojans to 10-0-1 record and a win over the University of Michigan in the 1970 Rose Bowl. Coach John McKay credited a six- man front on defense for the victory, big Tony Terry was added to the group known as the "Wild Bunch" consisting of Jimmy Gunn, Charlie Weaver, Al Cowlings, Tody Smith and Bubba Scott.
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Weaver was a 1970 All-American defensive end at the University of Southern California. He was also All-Pac-8, USC's Most Inspirational Player in 1970. In 1969, he teamed with Al Cowlings and Jimmy Gunn, and the late Tody Smith and Bubba Scott to form a defensive front that powered the Trojans to 10-0-1 record and a win over the University of Michigan in the 1970 Rose Bowl. Coach John McKay credited a six-man front on defense for the victory, big Tony Terry was added to the group known as the "Wild Bunch" consisting of Jimmy Gunn, Charlie Weaver, Al Cowlings, Tody Smith and Bubba Scott.
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They were retracted by lever-operated cables into the engine cowlings, with the axle and drag strut lying on the wing underside. In the cockpit there were pointers indicating the undercarriage position and a quick release to lower it. The mainwheels had brakes and the tailwheel castered.
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Marcin (1971), p. 56. Ebony (Nov 1974), p. 170. Ebony (Nov 1977), pp. 170–172. Cowlings is most famous for his role in aiding his close friend O. J. Simpson in fleeing from the police on June 17, 1994, after Simpson's ex-wife and her friend were found murdered.
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Squadron B-24H at PantanellaAircraft is Consolidated B-24H-15-CF Liberator, serial 41-29347. The red markings on the engine cowlings identify the plane as assigned to the 780th Squadron. Watkins, pp. 114–115. This plane was lost on 28 July 1944, on a mission over Yugoslavia.
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The high noise level was due to design and space restrictions in the engine cowlings, which resulted in the exhaust "stacks" protruding directly from the cowling ring and partly covered by a small triangular fairing. This arrangement directed exhaust and noise directly at the pilot and crew compartments.
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Mondey 2006, p. 76. The wing was high-mounted, roughly elliptical, and made of wood and steel. The undercarriage was spatted and fixed. The aircraft was powered by three engines, one in the nose, and one under each wing mounted in faired nacelles, with NACA cowlings, supported by steel tubes.
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Early streamlining was often unsuccessful resulting in instability. Handlebar fairings, such as those on Harley-Davidson Tourers, sometimes upset the balance of a motorcycle, inducing wobble. Originally the fairings were cowlings put around the front of the bike, increasing its frontal area. Gradually they became an integral part of the design.
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Since in the M.68 the equivalent section might not be present, a different layout was required and the M.68 used long fixed rearward sloping legs passing upwards through the inner engine cowlings. These each carried a pair of small landing wheels. Miles M.68 Flight 18 September 1947 p.
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The 55th Squadron joined the rest of the group at King's Cliffe in April 1944. In England, the group was assigned to the VIII Fighter Command. The group was under the command of the 67th Fighter Wing. Aircraft of the 20th were identified by a black/white stripes along their cowlings and tails.
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The fuselage cross section was based on the Heath Parasol design. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tubing, with wooden wing spars from a J-3 Cub, the ailerons were made from 1929 Douglas O-38 rudders and the engine cheeks cowlings were made from Fairchild 24 wheelpants. The cockpit is enclosed.
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AeroPearl, used for checking navaids in Australia on behalf of Airservices Australia The 200 series proved so popular that Beechcraft began work on a successor, with the Beechcraft designation Model 300 and marketed as the "Super King Air 300". The B200's airframe was "cleaned up" and more powerful engines (PT6A-60A, rated at ) were installed in redesigned cowlings (known as "pitot cowlings" due to the reshaped engine air intakes), with MTOW increased to . A Model 200 (c/no. BB-343) was modified to develop the updated systems to be used on the new model and flew in this configuration on October 6, 1981. The first flight of the prototype Model 300 took place on September 3, 1983 and deliveries commenced the following year.
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In the development of the Bristol Badger in 1919, Bristol's chief designer Frank Barnwell had noted discrepancies between wind tunnel model tests and full-size aircraft, particularly in the failure to predict the Badger's lateral instability. He had responded by building the Badger X which had standard Badger wings combined with a very simple fuselage, intended to look like a scaled-up wind tunnel model for comparison. The Badger went on to become a testbed for Bristol's Jupiter radial engine in a variety of cowlings. Once again, it was difficult to extrapolate from wind tunnel measurements on cowling aerodynamics and engine cooling to the full scale, so that the cooling behaviour of cowlings that were aerodynamically efficient was hard to predict.
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Two small inlet scoops for additional cooling of the spark plugs were added on both sides of the forward engine cowlings. A less obvious difference was the omission of the boundary layer bypass outlets, which had been a feature of the F-series, on the upper radiator flaps.Prien and Rodeike 1995, pp. 49, 66.
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Cowlings was born on June 16, 1947, in San Francisco, and was raised in its Potrero Hill neighborhood. There, he was a member of the Superiors social club, which held meetings at the Booker T. Washington Community Center. He attended Galileo High School, where he played football with O. J. Simpson. He and Simpson became friends.
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When the modern goaltender went into a deep "butterfly" position, to see between the players in front of him, the cowl would lift the blade off the ice. The new goaltender skate is made out of newer materials, allowing the boot itself to provide the needed protection. The cowlings are being phased out of professional play.
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The twin engine aircraft was designed by Boeing engineer Jim Wickham in order to fly safely on one engine over the Seattle area. The model B is a high-wing, fixed tricycle landing gear, twin engine aircraft. The aircraft uses all aluminum construction with fiberglass cowlings, nose cone and wheel pants. The wings are configured with Fowler flaps.
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The lower engine cowlings were omitted to allow for more cooling air flow over the engine. Second, the A-2 was more heavily armed than the O-2. The A-2 had six forward- firing .30-caliber Browning machine guns - two in the nose forward of the cockpit, and two each in the mid-upper and lower wings.
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The company will prioritize providing support for the existing fleet of more than 7,000 Mooney aircraft. Future priorities are anticipated to include increasing the aircraft useful loads by providing lighter parts, such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer engine cowlings. The company will then assess future design changes, including fitting ballistic parachutes, adding auto-landing capabilities and designing larger cabins.
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Excessive wing flutter was identified and a speed limit of imposed. Returning to Eastleigh, the rudder balance, air intake and engine cowlings were modified, the aircraft given the blue paint scheme described above and the undercarriage doors fitted. These included a second door, hinged off the main one, to close over the outer half of the wheel when in flight.McLelland 2013, p.
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The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and was dismantled on site. Additional damage to the airplane included damaged and dented horizontal stabilizers, both of which had been struck by flying debris. Some of the metal debris had also struck the aircraft's vertical stabilizer, causing slight damage. The leading edges of both wings and both engine cowlings had also sustained damage.
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Piaggio designed the P.23R specifically to break speed records for commercial transport aircraft. It was a three-engine low-wing cantilever monoplane with twin tail fins and rudders. The three 671-kilowatt (900-horsepower) Isotta Fraschini Asso ("Ace") XI R V-12 engines were mounted in aerodynamically clean, sleek cowlings and each drove a three-bladed propeller. The fuselage was pencil-shaped.
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The intention was to power the Type 02 operationally with either a Gnome 9N or a Le Rhône 9R engine, though for about fours months of initial testing it was fitted with a Le Rhône 9Jb. All of these engines were nine cylinder rotaries. Photographs show neat, close fitted cowlings. Behind the engine the fuselage maintained a circular cross-section.
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Experimentation in piston engines continued. Six B-29s (redesignated YB-29J) Baugher's Encyclopedia YB-29J of various designation were upgraded to R-3350-79 engines. Other engine-associated items were also upgraded, including new Curtiss propellers, and 'Andy Gump' cowlings, in which the oil coolers have separate air intakes. Two were later converted to aerial refueling tanker prototypes, and redesignated YKB-29J.
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As all four cylinder Menascos were named Pirate, these two variants were designated Osprey PB and PC respectively. All were enclosed in neat cowlings. Both the rectangular cross-section fuselage and tail had welded Cr/Mo steel tubes structures and were fabric covered. The cabin accommodated six including a crew of one or two in the front row of side-by-side seats.
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Bodie 1991, p. 20. The Spitfire's airframe was complex. The streamlined, semi-monocoque, duralumin-skinned fuselage featured a number of compound, vertical curves built up from a skeleton of 19 formers, also known as frames, starting from frame number one, immediately behind the propeller unit, to the tail unit attachment frame. The first four frames supported the glycol header tank and engine cowlings.
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In late May 1918, Jagdgeschwader II replaced its D.IIIs with the older Fokker Dr.I.VanWyngarden 2005, p. 44. The remaining D.III aircraft were returned to the Siemens-Schuckert factory, where they were retrofitted with new Sh.IIIa engines, an enlarged rudder, and cutaway cowlings that provided improved airflow. A further 30 new production D.IIIs incorporated these modifications. Total production amounted to 80 aircraft.
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Part two of the engine installation and Mark takes on the fitting of the ducting, oil and water cooling, radiators, cowlings and finally the propeller. Safety is the theme in Mark's next visit to flying school as he takes us through the A-Check, vital before any flight, while this programme's homebuilder is Lincoln Summers with his motorbike-engined Avid Speedwing.
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He attended Michigan State University, before transferring to the University of Southern California after his sophomore year, where he became a standout defensive tackle and a member of the original "Wild Bunch". Smith teamed in the defensive line with Al Cowlings, Jimmy Gunn, Willard "Bubba" Scott, and Charlie Weaver to form in 1969 "The Wild Bunch," which was key for USC to compile a 10-0-1 record and a No. 3 ranking after a victory over the Michigan Wolverines in the 1970 Rose Bowl. The Wild Bunch was a hit movie in 1969 and it was Cowlings who dubbed the defensive line 'The Wild Bunch' for their reckless abandon and hard-nosed style of play. Playing in an era of powerful running games, they allowed just 2.3 yards per carry and a league-low 95.6 rushing yards a game.
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1 V-12 engines. They were water-cooled with oval radiators immediately behind the propeller disc and were mounted well ahead of the leading edge, enclosed in cowlings which extended a little way aft of the leading edge. Their fuel was in centre section tanks. It had an oval section fuselage formed by a series of frames and bulkheads, joined by longerons and covered in stressed Vedal.
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The mainwheels were spatted; the tailwheel was not. The first flight was in April 1932, piloted by Roger Baptiste. The second prototype, designated Bernard 161 flew in July 1932, powered by three 300 hp Lorraine Algol 9-cylinder radials. Its engines had short chord cowlings; it was 75 kg (165 lb) heavier than the first prototype but otherwise had the same specifications, including performance.
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This all-Canadian flight was commanded by the ace Raymond Collishaw. Their aircraft, named Black Maria, Black Prince, Black George, Black Death and Black Sheep, were distinguishable by their black-painted fins and cowlings. Black Flight claimed 87 German aircraft in three months while equipped with the Triplane. Collishaw scored 34 of his eventual 60 victories in the aircraft, making him the top Triplane ace.
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The boot does not have a tendon guard, which is the piece of a regular hockey skate that extends up the back of the ankle to protect the Achilles' tendon. Finally, the boot used to be inside a rigid cowling to protect the foot from direct impact. The current trend is to remove the cowling. Cowlings made the skates wider, especially at the bottom of the boot.
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A production decision for the Tu-12, as it was to be known, would be made after testing. To speed up construction of the prototype, a number of components were utilized from two B-29s. These included the outer wing panels, the engine cowlings, the flaps, the undercarriage, the tail assembly and some of the internal equipment. The wing center section was redesigned and its span increased.
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The company announced plans for a multitude of replicas that shared the basic layout. The geared Volkswagen engine width required aircraft with larger cowlings to accommodate the size of the engine and radial engine designs were selected for this reason. Molded foam blocks were offered for the following aircraft, however, not all remained in later production. The Corsair and Stuka designs required more complex bent- wing spars.
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Triumph Processing in Lynwood, California specializes in the manufacture of titanium and aluminum parts such as wing skins, fuselage skins, spars, stringers, spar webs, longerons and formed components such as engine cowlings in addition to detailed machined parts for the commercial, military and aerospace industries. Triumph Processing is capable of manufacturing parts up to 110 feet (33.5 meters) in length and 14 feet (4.3 meters) deep.
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The Hipp's J-3, J-5 and Reliant are all very similar aircraft developed from the original J-4 and differing only in fuselage design and wingspan. All aircraft in the series have a 4130 steel tube fuselage and tail assembly. The wings are built from wood and both the fuselage and wings are covered with doped aircraft fabric. The engine cowlings are composite.
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The B.E.2b which followed the original production standard benefitted from various improvements. It featured revised cockpit coamings, which afforded better protection from the elements, along with revised controls to both the elevator and rudder.Bruce 1966, p. 8. Some aircraft ordered as B.E.2bs were completed as B.E.2cs, and others were built with some of the B.E.2c modifications, such as sump cowlings and "V" undercarriages.
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Grey 1972, p. 303c The T-840 was powered by two 420 hp (313 kW) Wright R-975 9-cylinder radial engines, mounted well forward and above the wing leading edge and enclosed in wide chord NACA cowlings. Behind them, fairings extended almost to the trailing edge of the wing. Between the fuselage and engines the wings had steel tube frames and were aluminium covered.
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The stub wings held external fuel tanks. First flown on 27 June 1963, the Bell 207 demonstrated improved manoeuvrability over the Bell 47/OH-13, derived from the stub wings. A variety of different wings, cowlings and tail surfaces were tested on the 207 before it was turned over to the Army pilots at Fort Benning, Georgia for further testing at the end of 1963.
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This increased weight by over and increased the MTOW. Slightly redesigned engine cowlings and new Curtiss Electric propellers were also introduced. Lockheed also offered a L-749 to L-749A conversion kit. The first civil customer for the L-749A was South African Airways but its largest customer was TWA, which had 26 L-749As; the last of these were not retired until 1967.
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It had a number of improvements over the TsKB-26, notably an all-metal structure, an extended nose, an aft-sliding canopy with a fixed windscreen and improved engine cowlings. It passed the State acceptance trials and was ordered into production in August 1936 as the DB-3, although some sources refer to this initial series as the DB-3S for seriynyy (series- built).Gordon, p.
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Gunston 1995, p. 470. 788 of the basic variant were produced, including military observation planes, some Yak-12S air ambulances, Yak-12SKh agricultural aircraft and Yak-12GR floatplanes. A distinguishing feature of the basic Yak-12, just like Yak-10, were engine cylinders with individual cowlings. It was a plane of a mixed construction and could take 1 or 2 passengers, apart from a pilot.
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The central engine was mounted above the wing, driving a four-blade propeller, while the wing engines were lower, with three-blade propellers. The pre-production prototypes and the BV 138 A-01 to BV 138 A-06, were powered by various makes of engines ranging from 485–746 kW (650–1,000 hp). The first standardized version, BV 138 B-1, was powered by three 880 PS (868 hp, 647 kW) Junkers Jumo 205D two-stroke, opposed-piston aircraft diesel engines. The engine cowlings also had an atypical appearance, due to the unique nature of the vertical orientation of the six-cylinder opposed-piston Jumo 205 diesel engines, and resembled the cowlings of 4 or 6-cylinder inverted inline engines found on smaller civil and utility aircraft from the Jumo 205's propshaft placement, emerging forward at the uppermost front end of the powerplant.
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Other recommended engines include the Rotax 447 and 2si powerplants, both also out of production. Kit options include brakes and a long-range fuel tank. The initial aircraft in the line is a scale replica of the First World War SPAD XIII. The same basic airframe has been developed, though the use of different rudders, wingtips, cowlings and other minor cosmetic differences, into replicas of other First World War fighter aircraft.
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The test conclusions resulted in almost every radial-engined aircraft being equipped with this cowling, starting in 1932.Full-Scale Testing of N.A.C.A. Cowlings (Theodore Theodorsen, M. J. Brevoort, and George W. Stickle, NACA Report # 592. Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory: 1937) The test aircraft, a Curtiss AT-5A Hawk biplane, featuring a Wright Whirlwind J-5 radial engine, reached an airspeed of equipped with the NACA cowling compared to without it.
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At the time of his death the propeller and engine cowlings still needed to be fitted and the aircraft had not been flown. Gere's father, George Gere, Sr., with some of his son's friends, completed the aircraft. The Sport first flew in 1932 from Wold-Chamberlain Airport, piloted by Elmore Wall, a test pilot for the Mohawk Aircraft Company. Although underpowered with the Chevrolet, it was reputed to have flown well.
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The forward sweep may also promote a spanwise airflow inwards towards the root, thereby reducing the likelihood of a wingtip stall. The ARV's tapered fibreglass wingtips help to reduce drag from wingtip vortices. The ARV is constructed mainly of aluminium alloy, with fibreglass wingtips, cowlings and canopy frame."Pilot" magazine, June 1985 pages 5–6 The cockpit is a stiff monocoque of "Supral" alloy for lightness and improved crash protection.
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It was a low wing cantilever, almost all-metal monoplane. The wing tapered with a nearly straight trailing edge that carried outboard balanced ailerons and split trailing edge flaps over the whole of the centre section. The four Mars small diameter (950 mm or 3 ft 1½ in) 14-cylinder radials were conventionally mounted of the front wing spar, neatly enclosed with wide chord cowlings and large spinners.
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The Porter Cab, with its peculiar cowlings around the headlights carried an instantly recognizable "surprised" appearance. In 1970 new doors were developed, with the original sliding windows exchanged for roll-down items, incorporating a quarter window. A ventilation vent was also added to the front. Like the Porter, the Porter Cab received the Chantez-derived AA engine in April 1973, which offered at 6000 rpm, five less than in the Chantez.
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Two Wright R-1820-E1 Cyclone engines were located close below the top wing and had narrow-chord cowlings. A third similar engine was mounted on a strut along the centerline above the wing, but was removed after the first test in April 1932. The Navy ordered 23 P2Y-3s as production models similar to the P2Y-2s that were modified from the original batch of P2Y-1s.
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Although they were all in the power range, their layouts required very different cowlings and resulted in a range of lengths. Otherwise the C.101-7 variants all had the same dimensions, though the weights varied. They all were fitted with two way radio and had generous fuel capacity for a good range; the tank of the C.103 at least could be released in an emergency to prevent it catching fire.
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The BMW 801 radials were mounted on welded steel tube mountings at the extremities of the wing centre section. The oil coolers were integral to the front lower section of the BMW-designed cowlings, as used in all twin and multi-engined aircraft that used BMW 801 radials for power. The machine had two oil and five fuel tanks to "feed" the engines, and they were protected with rubber and self- sealing coverings.
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Long, narrow-chord ailerons filled most of the straight part of the trailing edges. It was entirely wooden, built around two box spars and plywood covered. The Arc-en-Ciel was powered by three Hispano-Suiza 8Ac water-cooled upright V8 engines. One was in the nose and the other two ahead of the wing leading edge, all within cowlings that followed the V8's cylinder heads and cooled with Lamblin radiators.
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Tractors tailored to use in fruit orchards typically have features suited to passing under tree branches with impunity. These include a lower overall profile; reduced tree-branch-snagging risk (via underslung exhaust pipes rather than smoke-stack-style exhaust, and large sheetmetal cowlings and fairings that allow branches to deflect and slide off rather than catch); spark arrestors on the exhaust tips; and often wire cages to protect the operator from snags.
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215x215px 181x181px Aquitania was designed by Cunard naval architect Leonard Peskett. Peskett drew up plans for a larger and wider vessel than Lusitania and Mauretania (about longer). With four large funnels the ship would resemble the famous speed duo, but Peskett also designed the superstructure with "glassed in" touches from the smaller , a ship he also designed. Another design feature from Carmania was the addition of two tall forward deck ventilator cowlings.
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Many composite layup designs also include a co-curing or post-curing of the prepreg with various other media, such as honeycomb or foam. This is commonly called a sandwich structure. This is a more common layup for the manufacture of radomes, doors, cowlings, or non- structural parts. Open- and closed-cell-structured foams like polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyethylene or polystyrene foams, balsa wood, syntactic foams, and honeycombs are commonly used core materials.
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On the same day he spent another six figure sum on Mark Yeates and news broke that England legend Teddy Sheringham would be donning a blue and white shirt. Robbie Cowlings move from owner to Chairman prompted an about turn where agents were concerned. He admitted that if Colchester were to compete then they would have to use agents. Peter Heard stepped down after 16 tremendous years as Chairman to become Life President.
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The Vellore I and II were the single-engined examples of the marque. The Vellore III was a twin-engined development intended to carry greater payloads. The engines, a pair of 525 hp (390 kW) Jupiter XIFs were mounted in nacelles with NACA cowlings midway between the wings, their struts replacing the inner interplane struts of the earlier variants. The lower wing was slightly decreased in span so the outboard interplane struts now leaned outwards.
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The engines were mounted on a constant chord central section but the outer panels were tapered, with ailerons interconnected to Handley Page slots near the wing tips. The trailing edges carried split flaps. The flying boat's wing stabilizing floats retracted vertically to the outer engine cowlings. The tail unit was of the twin endplate fin type with the tailplane, mounted with marked dihedral, on a fuselage pedestal and externally braced from below.
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The left engine did not exhibit any signs of pre-impact damage or failure The NTSB also stated that, although the explosion caused serious damage to the engine cowling, the cowlings were all latched. None blew outwards, which would have caused a massive drag force on the plane. This, in turn, could have affected the controllability of the plane. Small portions of the cowling did blow outwards, but the NTSB concluded that these parts caused very little drag force.
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In 1994, Cowlings' 1993 Ford Bronco from the low-speed chase was purchased by Simpson's former sports agent Mike Gilbert and two other men, then ended up sitting in a parking garage for the next 17 years (1995-2012), where it was rarely used. As of 2017, the vehicle was on loan to the Alcatraz East Crime Museum where it was put on display as part of an exhibit on the O. J. Simpson murder trial.
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It had a high wing of trapezoidal plan, built in three parts: a short central section which joined the fuselage and two outer panels occupying the great majority of the span. The wings were constructed around four spars and, like the rest of the aircraft were duralumin skinned. There were high aspect ratio ailerons over more than half the span. The LH.70 was powered by three Lorraine 9Na Algol nine cylinder radial engines with narrow chord ring cowlings.
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After the first few flights K5054 was returned to the factory, reappearing about 10 days later with an overall gloss pale blue-grey finish. The engine cowlings had been altered and the angled fin tip had become straight topped with the rudder balance correspondingly reduced in size. Undercarriage fairings had now been fitted to the legs. An improved propeller was fitted and, with performance at last satisfactory, the machine was handed over to the RAF for service trials.
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Each engine was provided with its own duplicated fuel pumps and separate fuel and oil tanks; the tanks were composed of welded aluminium and mounted in cradles housed within the wing. The engine cowlings were intentionally designed to have a reduced diameter in order to reduce their negative impact upon external visibility, which was considered to be valuable to the type's reconnaissance function. These engines drove two-bladed Fairey-built metal propellers.Flight 30 January 1936, p. d.
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Bayfield 25 Gozzard continued designing and building cruising yachts, in the early days also repairing canoes, building fibreglass cowlings for snowmobiles and the odd “OK” Dinghy. In 1970 Gozzard founded Bayfield Boat Yard Ltd. (BBY) in Bayfield, Ontario. The Bayfield 23/25 was the first model produced. Gozzard designed by carving a wooden hull model, believing that while computers are capable of a great deal, they can’t predict exactly how a hull will perform once built.
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Its two spar wing was braced to the lower longerons of the rectangular section fuselage by parallel pairs of streamlined struts at about mid-span. Its liquid cooled V-12 Renault 12Jb engines were mounted on the wing, exhausting over the wing and with radiators attached to the lower front of their cowlings. Engine oil was carried and cooled in wing leading edge tanks. The tailplane was placed just above the fuselage and braced to it from below.
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Chord was also large at the root, where the wing was generously faired into the fuselage. The plan became trapezoidal outboard with long, approximately elliptical tips. The straight part of the trailing edges were filled with long, narrow-chord ailerons carrying ground-adjustable trim tabs. Two of the 101's three , seven-cylinder Pobjoy R radial engines, enclosed in NACA cowlings, were mounted ahead of the leading edges on steel frames isolated on rubber blocks and toed outwards.
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Its low cantilever wing was tapered to rounded tips and had aspect ratio of 10 and noticeable dihedral. Renault 6Q six cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engines were mounted on the wing undersides in deep long cowlings. The rubber disc sprung hinges began immediately outboard of the rear engine cowling on the wing trailing edge and ran forward and outward to the leading edge at about 45° to the chord. Black sealing strip shows their position in photographs.
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It was a wooden high wing twin engine aircraft. The cantilever wing had a parallel chord centre section in which fuel was carried and trapezoidal outer sections. The 740 hp (550 kW) Gnôme-Rhône 14 Kdrs radial engines, fitted with long-chord cowlings, were mounted to the underside of the wing in long housings, into which the main undercarriage members, each with a single mainwheel, retracted. The F.420 had a conventional undercarriage with a small tailwheel.
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The first prototype rolled out of Filton in mid-1938. Problems immediately arose with the Taurus engines continually overheating during ground testing. New, more conventional engine cowlings, with circumferential cooling gills, had to be designed and installed, delaying the first flight, which took place on 15 October 1938. As flight testing progressed, it was found that the large apron- type undercarriage doors, similar to those on the Blenheim, were causing the aircraft to yaw on landing.
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They were attached at three points on the front and rear spars by a system of duralumin plates and steel tubes and were enclosed in teardrop cowlings with their cylinder heads exposed for cooling. Its flat-sided fuselage was dural framed, with all sides covered in corrugated dural sheet. The upper- and undersides had rounded deckings. The nose was semi-cylindrical in plan and contained an open cockpit for the navigator, who was provided with a flexibly mounted pair of machine guns.
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Park Royal was also responsible for many other coachworks besides London buses. It had a vast array of vehicles to its name including the first diesel London Taxi, a number of railcars and railbuses (e.g. the British Rail Class 103 and one of the British Rail Railbuses) and World War II vehicles. During World War II it also played a part in the production of Halifax bombers as the outer wings and engine cowlings were built at the Park Royal site.
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Based on a prototype with the factory designation 4A15, the G.I and its successors were built to a conventional bomber design for their time, two-bay biplanes with unstaggered wings of unequal span.The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, p.2834 The pilot sat in an open cockpit just forward of the wings, and open positions were provided in the nose and amidships for a gunner and observer. The engines were mounted pusher-fashion in nacelles atop the lower wings and enclosed in streamlined cowlings.
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After World War II, much of the Normandy region was littered with discarded military hardware. Local scrap dealers purchased this hardware off the landowner (on whose property the hardware was on) and scrapped the vehicles. This Tiger I was sold to a scrap dealer called M. Morat, who removed easily accessible parts of the tank such as the transmission gearbox, various hatches, among other smaller fittings and exhaust cowlings, etc. Over time, souvenir hunters also removed other small items off the tank.
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These were conventionally mounted ahead of the leading edge in long cowlings with their propeller shafts, driving two-blade airscrews, centred above the wing upper surface. There were fuel tanks in the thin wings, with more fuel in wing tip tanks. Unusually, the Flamingo was fitted with both flaps and airbrakes. The flaps were of the camber changing type, to increase lift at low speed; they were split into three sections on each wing and slid rearwards and downwards on concealed rails.
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The undercarriage had also been cleaned up with streamlined legs and wheels in long cowlings. The nose was further complicated, retaining the upper, open gunner's position but now with double underhanging windowed positions, though the conical probe had gone. Trials of an airborne sideways-firing 75 mm gun were carried out with the AB-20 prototype modified as the AB-22. Firing trials were halted after damage was caused to the lower wing skin by blast from the gun muzzle.
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The aircraft was composed almost entirely of wood, the limited use of metal being confined to high-stress components, such as the engine bearers and undercarriage, and to complex curved fairings such as the engine cowlings and wing root fairings. The sheet metal parts comprised a lightweight magnesium-aluminium alloy. Manually-actuated split flaps were fitted beneath the wing's inboard rear sections and lower fuselage, while the Frise ailerons were mass-balanced by lead strips within the aileron's leading edges.NACA 1935, p. 4.
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They were of constant chord out to gently curved tips, each carrying two ailerons. The three 400 hp (298 kW) V-12 water-cooled Hispano Suiza 12 Jb engines were mounted close together on top of the wing and out of the spray in well-streamlined cowlings; those of the forward-facing outer engines slimmed finely to the trailing edge. Each engine drove a two- bladed propeller. Flat radiators were placed on the underside of the upper wing, beneath each motor.
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The Aleks-251 is mostly constructed of metal, only using composites in the nosecone, engine cowlings and fin tip. It has a parallel chord, square tipped wing with a full-span combination of slotted ailerons and flaps. The parasol configuration allows the twin 127 kW (170 hp) LOM 332S inverted inline engines to be mounted forward of and under the wing, close together. The wing is braced to the fuselage with a pair of inverted V-struts to the engine mountings.
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The Supermarine S.5 was designed by Reginald Mitchell for the 1927 Schneider Trophy. Following the earlier loss of the S.4 before the 1925 Schneider Trophy event Mitchell designed a new all-metal monoplane racer. Unlike the S.4's all- wood structure, the S.5 featured composite construction with the semi- monocoque fuselage mainly duralumin including the engine cowlings. The S.5 had a low, braced wing with spruce spars and spruce-ply ribs and a plywood skin.
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It was powered by two Mikulin AM-34 liquid-cooled V12 engines in close-fitting cowlings driving 3-bladed propellers and cooled by radiators mounted inside the wings inboard of the engines, which were fed by narrow ducts on the leading edge of the wing.Gunston 1995, p. 407.Gunston Tupolev Aircraft since 1922 1995, p. 97. A long (6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)) weapons bay under the fuselage could hold two torpedoes, or a single torpedo or an equivalent weight in bombs.
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Design of this machine was by SAF-Avions Dewoitine but owing to over work at that companies plant at the time, manufacture of the D.37/01 was transferred to Lioré et Olivier. They were high-wing monoplanes of all-metal construction with valve head blisters on their engine cowlings. The first prototype flew in October 1931. Flight testing resulted in the need for multiple revisions in both engine and airframe, so it was February 1934 before the second prototype flew.
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The first three Model 53s were modified B-2s on which only the lower wing was set with dihedral (5°); the three built from scratch had dihedral on both wings. There were ailerons on both upper and lower wings, externally connected. Its two Curtiss Conqueror pressurized water-cooled V-12 engines were mounted on top of the lower wing in long cowlings. Geared down from an engine optimum 2,400 rpm by a factor of two, they drove three-bladed propellers.
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The Lastochka is designed for a wide range of utility work, such as fire and geological surveys, freight transport and passenger carrying. It is a low wing monoplane constructed largely of composites, with straight tapered wings tipped with winglets. Their trailing edges carry slotted ailerons and slotted flaps. Two Rotax 912 ULS air-cooled flat four engines are mounted in pusher configuration on pylons over the wings in short cowlings, positioned with their propeller discs as close as possible to the fuselage.
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The E.F.B.7 first flew in August 1915, being passed to the Central Flying School for testing. Sometime early in its career, it was fitted with large cowlings to catch oil from the engines.Bruce 1969, p. 82. An order for a further twelve aircraft was placed on 20 August 1915, which were to have a modified fuselage allowing the pilot to sit closer to the gunner, and owing to a shortage of Monosoupapes, powered by two 80 hp (60 kW) Renault 80 hp air-cooled V8 engines.
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Trent 500 on wing, cowlings open The Trent 500 exclusively powers the larger A340-500/600 variants. It was selected in June 1997, first ran in May 1999, first flew in June 2000, and achieved certification on 15 December 2000. It entered service in July 2002 and 524 engines were delivered on-wing until the A340 production ended in 2011. Keeping the three spool architecture of the Trent family, it has the Trent 700's 2.47 m (97.5 in) fan and a Trent 800 core scaled down.
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Two of the three nine- cylinder radial Lorraine 9Na Algol engines were mounted under the wings at the inner-outer panel junctions, enclosed in narrow-chord cowlings on frames inside streamlined nacelles. These were suspended on a group of three short struts from the forward wing spar, two attached to a ring at the middle of the nacelle and a third to its rear. Another strut joined the nacelle rear to the rear spar. The third engine was in the nose of the fuselage.
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The two 1,125 hp (840 kW) Hispano-Suiza 14Aa engines were conventionally mounted on the forward wing spar with long- chord cowlings, driving variable-pitch propellers of opposite handedness. The engine fairings extended further rearwards below the wing than above to house the retracted undercarriage legs with their single wheels. The tailplane and elevator narrowed only slightly, ending with vertical surfaces that extended only upwards, unlike the typical endplate fins of the period which also reached below the tailplane. Both rudders and elevators had trim tabs.
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His flight back to RAF Lakenheath, with at intermediate stop at Gibraltar for fuel, was uneventful until he reached the airspace near Lakenheath. As he circled, waiting for other planes in the area to clear the flight path for his landing, his aircraft began to experience engine trouble – possibly due to icing in the engine cowlings due to the frigid winter conditions over Lakenheath – and he was forced to parachute from the aircraft. He landed awkwardly in a sheep farmer's field adjacent the runway, breaking both legs.
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Mechanics report ice present on the inlet guide vanes, engine cowlings and engine bullet noses, but no ice was found on the aircraft surfaces. A mechanic recommended that the engine anti-icing system be used, but no maintenance was performed on the aircraft in Anchorage. Investigators suspected that ice on the airfoil or transducer may have caused the stall warning to fail. The ice present on the surface of the wings and leading edges could have reduced the angle of attack needed to produce a stall.
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On April 19, 1973, the Bills traded linebackers Edgar Chandler and Jeff Lyman and fullback Wayne Patrick to the New England Patriots for linebacker Jim Cheyunski and offensive linemen Halvor Hagen and Mike Montler. Although Patrick had been the Bills' Fullback, he lost the starting job to Jim Braxton in 1972. The Bills also acquired of the Miami Dolphins' top draft selection Mike Kadish in exchange for offensive lineman Irv Goode. The Bills traded defensive tackle Al Cowlings to Houston in exchange for defensive end Earl Edwards.
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In 1929, the Townend ring appeared, improving the airflow but open enough not to impede cooling; in 1928-9, NACA was releasing and applying the results of very successful tests on closely cowled engines in the diameter Propeller Research Tunnel (PRT). The PRT's ability to test full scale cowlings meant that they could be developed under ground-based laboratory conditions, rather than flying them on a laboratory aircraft, and the difficult problems of trying to scale low Reynolds number model data to realistic values were avoided.
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Further fuel tanks were situated in the thin wings both inboard and outboard of the engines, giving a total fuel capacity of 1,490 L (328 imperial gallons). The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26s, were housed in close fitting cowlings developed by the Aeronautical Research Institute of the Tokyo Imperial University to reduce drag and improve pilot view. Mitsubishi Ki-46-III white painted with a green cross on the rear fuselage as a sign of surrender, captured by KNIL forces on October 3, 1945. Menado, Celebes.
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One real-life example of hubless wheels are those used in the replica Tron: Legacy light cycle. The illuminated, street-legal motorcycle was sold through Hammacher Schlemmer, inspired by the computer-animated vehicle from the 2010 film Tron: Legacy. Designed for casual cruising and slow ride-bys at shows, it is made from a steel frame covered by a fiberglass cowling that replicates the sleek look of its computer-generated imagery counterpart. Electroluminescent wire strips built into the tire cowlings, wheel rims, and body illuminate the cycle.
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The Voltigeur had tricycle gear with main legs that retracted backwards into under-engine cowlings; the nose wheel retracted into the fuselage. Each main leg carried a pair of wheels to assist with take-offs and landings on rough strips. The Voltigeur had a conventional, multi-panel, glazed cabin and a glazed nose offering good ground views. Behind the wing trailing edge the fuselage carried perforated airbrakes for ground attacks; the Voltigeur was fitted with two guns and six underwing attachment points for bombs and rockets.
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All its flying surfaces were straight tapered and square tipped; the wing carried flaps. Its Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp nine cylinder radial engines were mounted ahead of the wing leading edges, with cowlings which extended rearwards, both above and below the wing, nearly to the trailing edge. Its main wheels retracted backwards into the lower cowling and the tail wheel also retracted. Its crew compartment was in the extreme nose of a deepened forward fuselage, with multiple transparencies to provide good sideways and downward vision.
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Typically the fluid is a coolant carrying waste heat from an internal combustion engine.Becker, J.; "The high-speed frontier: Case histories of four NACA programs, 1920-1950," SP-445, NASA (1980), Chapter 5: High-speed Cowlings, Air Inlets and Outlets, and Internal-Flow Systems: The ramjet investigation. The duct must be travelling at a significant speed with respect to the air for the effect to occur. Air flowing into the duct meets drag resistance from the radiator surface and is compressed due to the ram air effect.
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The PRT was also used to develop a way to reduce the drag produced by the exposed pistons of radial turbine engines. By testing various cowlings on full-scale models in the PRT, NACA was able to produce the NACA cowl, which won the Collier Trophy in 1929 for its impact on aeronautics. It was predicted that the cowling, by reducing drag and increasing engine cooling, would save the American aircraft industry upwards of $5 million, and the cowling and its variants were quickly adopted by plane manufacturers.
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The Excalibur Queen Air can be recognized by the noticeably smaller engine cowlings and lower-set engines. This STC was originally designed and produced by Ed Swearingen who was well known for his work on the Twin Bonanza, Queen Air, and later Swearingen aircraft (Merlin and Metro). The ownership of this STC has changed hands many times over the years. The current owner is Bemidji Aviation which operates a fleet of Excalibur Queen Airs as well as other aircraft in the charter and freight role in the upper mid-west of the United States.
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During the late 1960s Dr Forrest Bird and his Bird Corporation developed a conversion for the PBY Catalina to improve performance. The Catalina was modified by adding two 340 hp (254 kW) Lycoming GSO-480-B2D6 engines positioned outboard of the original Pratt & Whitney radials to increase range and performance. (These engines and cowlings had originally been installed on the McKinnon four engine Grumman Goose. When they were removed by McKinnon to convert the Goose to twin turboprop power, they were purchased by Dr. Bird for his PBY Innovator conversion.
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The metal-skinned, semi-monocoque fuselage had room for a two-person cockpit and ten passengers plus a toilet and baggage hold. The control surfaces of the tail were fabric-covered although the tail itself was metal- skinned. The two-spar metal wing was built in three sections, a rectangular center section and two trapezoidal outer panels. The main undercarriage legs retracted forward into the engine nacelles, with the wheels remaining semi- exposed, while the tailwheel was fixed. The ASh-21 engines had NACA cowlings and drove two-bladed variable-pitch VISh-11V-20 propellers.
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Initially it had the same 300 hp (224 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8F V-eight engine as its predecessor, but this was soon replaced by the USAAS-specified 440 hp (328 kW) V-twelve water-cooled Curtiss D-12. Both were enclosed by a metal cowlings, though of slightly different shapes, and drove a two blade propeller. The single, open cockpit was well to the rear, about midway down the fuselage. Its horizontal tail was braced and the fin was small, carrying a balanced rudder that extended down to the keel.
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The design and its potential for use as a long-range bomber attracted the attention of the British Royal Naval Air Service, and Dyott modified the design for military use, with an order for two prototypes placed with Hewlett & Blondeau. As completed the Dyott Bomber was a four-bay tractor biplane with equal-span wings. It was powered by two Beardmore 120 hp water-cooled six-cylinder engines which were mounted, without cowlings, between the wings. The aircraft had a fixed nosewheel undercarriage, with the nosewheel balanced by a large tailskid.
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Engineers Ilic and Sivcev at the Ikarus plant Zemun, outside Belgrade, made the conversion by the fitting of new engine bearers, cowlings and cooling systems manufactured at the Ikarus factory. The one Hurricane fitted with a DB601A engine for comparison with the Merlin-engined version was tested early in 1941. It was given the designation "LVT-1". The conversion was extremely successful, and experimental aircraft displayed better take-off performance and climb rate than either the standard Hurricane or the Bf 109 E-3 and was only slightly slower than the latter.
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Original equipment upon foundation was four Fokker E.IVs, Albatros D.IIs, Albatros D.IIIs, two Fokker D.IIs and a Halberstadt D.II. Later in the war, during the Summer of 1918, the unit operated Albatros D.Vs, Pfalz D.IIIs, Fokker D.VIIs, Fokker Dr.I triplanes, and a few Fokker D.VIIIs. The triplanes often had their cowlings painted black, with white facing. The jasta's first victory was by Paul Aue on 25 March 1917, as it began its support of 5th Armee. Jasta 10 moved to support of 4 Armee in early 1917, near Courtrai.
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An alternative was the 360 hp (270 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle IX water-cooled V-12 engine. Both drove a four blade propeller. The two engines had similar metal cowlings, differing externally only in the number and position of the exhaust pipes (3×4 on the Lion, 2×6 on the Eagle) and the lower output shaft of the Eagle. The T.III's alternative undercarriages were both fixed, with the two legs independent of each, avoiding the cross bracing which would have interfered with the bomb or torpedo release.
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Cooling difficulties were experienced with the Badger and later Jupiter-powered Bristol types like the Bullfinch and Ten-seater. Barnwell's response was again to design a full-scale aircraft which had the simplifications of a typical wind tunnel model, to which could be fitted any of several cowlings over the Jupiter engine; the Type 92 was the result. It was a two-bay biplane without stagger or sweep on the equal span, square-tipped wings. These and the tail unit, which was also very rectangular and simple, were fabric-covered steel strip and tube structures.
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The propeller shafts were at wing level, with the bulk of the engine and cowlings ahead and below the wing. Its fuselage was built around four spruce longerons and was rectangular in section. The extreme nose was a duralumin dome, the central region was ply covered and fabric covered the tapering rear section. Its three seats were in tandem, with the pilot in front over the wing leading edge, a passenger behind over the centre of gravity and a third seat, which could be fitted with dual control, in the rear.
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It was equipped with the standard blind-flying panel, incorporating an airspeed indicator, altimeter, artificial horizon, directional gyroscope, rate of climb indicator and turn indicator. Life support equipment includes three oxygen regulators, a flowmeter, three bayonet unions and three high-pressure oxygen cylinders of 750 litres capacity.Flight 30 June 1938, p. 632. The external view of the cockpit was considered to be very high for the era, superior to the majority of its contemporaries, but is unavoidably interrupted by the engine cowlings acting as blind spots.Flight 30 June 1938, p. 629.
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Simpson's mugshot, June 17, 1994 On June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were found stabbed to death outside Nicole's condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of interest in their murders. Simpson did not turn himself in, and on June 17 he became the object of a low-speed pursuit by police while riding as a passenger in the white 1993 Ford Bronco SUV owned and driven by his longtime friend Al Cowlings. TV stations interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals to broadcast the incident live.
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The Mk XVIII was armed with a Molins "6-pounder Class M" cannon: this was a modified QF 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank gun fitted with an auto-loader to allow both semi- or fully automatic fire. 25 rounds were carried, with the entire installation weighing . In addition, of armour was added within the engine cowlings, around the nose and under the cockpit floor to protect the engines and crew from heavily armed U-boats, the intended primary target of the Mk XVIII.Sharp and Bowyer 1971, p. 271.
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A220 with cowlings open At the start of its production in 2016, each GTF was costing PW $10m to build, more than the sale price, but should become less than $2m per engine. MTU provides the first four stages of the high-pressure compressor, the low-pressure turbine and other components. In October 2016, MTU started to deliver the engine assembled on its line to Airbus. In November 2016, Pratt had fixed the issue of engine start time and wanted to deliver 150 powerplants by the year-end, 50 fewer than originally planned.
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The top of the fuselage has four hoisting points, intended for use by cranes to lifting the aircraft. For ease of maintenance, only a handful of moves are required to unclip the engine cowlings to directly access the aircraft's powerplants. A starboard windscreen panel controls all mooring and anchoring operations, while full nautical riding and navigation lights are fitted. The aircraft has a total of six sealed bilge compartments, which can be pumped dry via a single hydraulic pump; reportedly, it can remain buoyant even with two compartments flooded.
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Members of the Lublin Airport Club (Lubelski Klub Lotnitczy in Polish, hence LKL) began to design a pair of parasol wing, two-seat aircraft for the Club's use in 1931. They differed chiefly in their engines and the lengths and the cowlings associated with them, though there were also undercarriage design variations. The LKL IV had a aircooled, four-cylinder upright inline engine and was first flown in the autumn of 1932. The LKL V was powered by a Warner Scarab seven-cylinder radial engine and flew a few weeks later.
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Crewmen were exposed not only to attack but to virtually incessant blowing sand and dust that continually fouled filters, breathers and lubricants. The searing sun was so intense that mechanics were unable to as much as touch the aluminum surfaces of the fuselage, wings and cowlings with exposed skin, Silliman said. The grating sand found its way not only into engine components and weapons but crewmens' bedding, footwear, clothing, hair, eyes and even their teeth. Pilots recorded some kills, but the loss ratio in air-to-air combat was even at best.
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The R.1's long ailerons were mounted outboard of the hinge, starting close to the hinge connection with the trailing edge. The rest of the R.1 was completely conventional with an oval fuselage, single seat enclosed cockpit and a second seat behind in a windowed cabin. The tailplane was straight edged and tapered with strong dihedral and carried twin vertical tails, oval in profile, at its extreme tips. It had a tailwheel undercarriage with the main wheels in spats on short faired vertical legs from the engine cowlings.
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The wings were built around two wooden box spars, with wooden ribs and plywood covering, using established glue and nail techniques suited to the high humidity and temperatures of some French colonies. Externally, the fuselage of the JG.40 was a simple rectangular section, deep, dural-skinned box, which only tapered significantly in profile just before the engine. The first example to fly was powered by a nine-cylinder Salmson 9Nc radial and the second, designated JG.41, by a five-cylinder Lorraine 5Pc. Both engines produced about and had narrow chord Townend ring cowlings.
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Each was further stabilised by a pair of struts from the upper part of the engine mounting to the wing roots. The outer engines were mounted as close together as possible, to minimize the couple resulting from the loss of power of one of them. They were housed in long, well streamlined cowlings that reached back as far as the wing trailing edge. The third engine was in the nose, as in the Latécoère 28. All the engines were 400 hp (298 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12Jb V-12 twelve water-cooled units.
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107 The tractor motors, neatly cowled, projected well clear of the leading edge; the pusher pair were placed in deep cut-outs in the trailing edge. The cowlings of the latter pair were removed after the first few flights to improve cooling. The wing centre section, between the engines, had an all-metal internal structure and the forward part of the skin was also metal, replaced by fabric further aft. The outer wing sections were slightly tapered on the leading edge only, with elliptical tips; they were entirely fabric-covered over a largely wooden structure, though the principal ribs were metal lattices.
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In this landplane configuration a small steerable tailwheel was added. The split undercarriage allowed the 550 to launch torpedoes and bombs from a longitudinally divided bay beneath the fuselage, with a maximum weapons weight of 1,500 kg (3,100 lbs) and torpedoes carried on the port side. The first flight was made from Latécoère's marine base at Biscarosse on 29 April 1933 with the 550 in seaplane form. After some modifications to engine cowlings, wings and tail it went to CEPANA at Saint- Raphaël, Var for trials in October 1933 and in November was converted, in less than four hours, into a landplane.
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Work progressed slowly, and by the time the first He 280 prototype was ready in September 1940 the engine was nowhere near ready for flight. The prototype then started glider testing while work on the engines and additional airframes continued. The engines were finally considered ready to go in early 1941, although at only 500 kg thrust instead of the planned 700 kg. The engines were later fitted and the He 280 first took to the air on 2 April 1941, although the cowlings had to be left off as the engine proved to leak fuel.
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The engine mounting was designed to accept either engine; both were similarly partially enclosed under domed cowlings with cylinder heads protruding for cooling and drove two-blade propellers. The fuel tank, placed behind the engine firewall in the lower fuselage and between the undercarriage legs, could be jettisoned in flight in case of fire. There were two separate, open cockpits in tandem, the forward one under the rear spar and cut-out and the other immediately behind, near the trailing edge. Removable dual controls were fitted and the aircraft could be flown aerobatically from either cockpit.
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Becker, J.; The high-speed frontier: Case histories of four NACA programs, 1920- SP-445, NASA (1980), Chapter 5: High-speed Cowlings, Air Inlets and Outlets, and Internal-Flow Systems: The ramjet investigation The cowling constitutes a symmetric, circular airfoil, in contrast to the planar airfoil of wings. It directs cool air to flow through the engine where it is routed across the engine's hottest parts, that is, the cylinders and heads. Furthermore, turbulence after the air passes the free-standing cylinders is greatly reduced. The sum of all these effects reduces drag by as much as 60 percent.
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Martin B-10, 25th Bombardment Squadron, Panama Canal Zone Martin B-10 during exercises over Oahu, Hawaii, 1941 Martin B-10B airplane The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design. Its all-metal monoplane airframe, along with its features of closed cockpits, rotating gun turrets (almost simultaneously with the 1933 British Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane bomber's own enclosed nose-turret), retractable landing gear, internal bomb bay, and full engine cowlings, would become the standard for bomber designs worldwide for decades. It made all existing bombers completely obsolete. Martin received the 1932 Collier Trophy for designing the XB-10.
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Koolhoven had used this gull wing arrangement on some earlier aircraft and claimed it combined the stability advantage of the mid wing layout, due to its low centre of gravity with the structural simplicity of the low wing layout. The wings were built up around two box spars, with plywood ribs and bakelite ply covering. The two 205 hp (153 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Six inverted inline engines were mounted at the junction of inner and outer wings in steel tube structures, below the wings but with cowlings faired into them. Twin bladed variable pitch, constant speed propellers rotated into the same direction.
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To reduce the aircraft's weight, no firewall had been provided, and the aft end of each DB 606 was fitted so close to the main spar — with the rear two-thirds of the component powerplants' engine blocks being placed behind the wing's leading edge — that there was insufficient space for the fuel/oil fluid lines and electrical harnesses. The engines' exterior surfaces within the cowlings were frequently saturated with fuel and oil from leaking connections. At high altitude the oil tended to foam due to a badly designed oil pump,Price 2004, p. 162. reducing its lubricating qualities.
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It incorporated several changes in response to the lengthy development trials. The wing leading edges had breaker strips added and there were new fillets in this edge at the root and on the outboard side of the engine cowlings. The ailerons were mass balanced and fitted with ground adjustable trim tabs, and the upper hinge gaps sealed with fabric. The most obvious external changes were to the empennage where the horizontal tail now had positive dihedral and the previously rounded vertical tail had been enlarged and given severe straight taper, assisted by a ventral fin to improve low speed handling.
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It is the first time the duo had worked together since the split of N.W.A. The single was released in 1994 in the United States, but was not released until March 30, 1995 in the United Kingdom. The production credits features Soopafly on the keyboards and Nanci Fletcher, Danette Williams and Barbara Wilson on vocals. The song covers such subjects as mass murder, Sarah Connor from the Terminator films, Al Cowlings' tight bond with O. J. Simpson, schizophrenia, Charles Manson, the attack on Reginald Denny during the Rodney King riots, strychnine poisoning, flagellation in Singapore, Jeffrey Dahmer, Kurt Cobain's suicide and psilocybin mushrooms.
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Under the new ICONIC regulations, all teams will compete with a core rolling chassis, called the "IndyCar Safety Cell", developed by Italian designer Dallara. Teams will then outfit the chassis with separate body work, referred to as "Aero Kits", which consist of front and rear wings, sidepods, and engine cowlings. Development of Aero Kits is open to any manufacturer, with all packages to be made available to all teams for a maximum price. ICONIC committee member Tony Purnell gave an open invitation to car manufacturers and companies such as Lockheed Martin and GE to develop kits.
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While dangerous high-speed chases along the San Diego Freeway are not uncommon, perhaps the most famous chase in its history was also one of the slowest. On the afternoon of June 17, 1994, former athlete and actor O.J. Simpson, who was accused of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and waiter Ron Goldman, took to the freeway in a white Ford Bronco (driven by former teammate Al Cowlings) with police in pursuit. A widely televised low-speed chase ensued and ended hours later when Simpson returned to his Brentwood, Los Angeles, home and surrendered to law enforcement.
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This model was equipped with a more powerful 1,030 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N-21 engine, capable of a speed of 520 km/h and equipped with a revised armament arrangement. On 15 December 1938, the MB.152.01 prototype performed its maiden flight. During January 1939, it was refitted with a more production-representative 1,000 hp Gnome- Rhône 14N-25 engine; various alternative engine cowlings and propellers were also tested to address engine overheating. To prevent further delays to the production aircraft, a large cowling was adopted, which increased drag and reduced the MB.152's flight performance.Cristesco 1967, pp. 5–6.
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26 A final PV-1 modification by Howard was the Eldorado 700, with longer wings, a pointed nose, and streamlined engine cowlings. A notable crash of a civilian version occurred on December 17, 1954, killing four, including Fred Miller, president of the Miller Brewing Company and grandson of founder Frederick Miller. The company plane was bound for Winnipeg, Manitoba, but had trouble with both engines and crashed shortly after takeoff from Mitchell Field in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Also killed were his oldest son, 20-year-old Fred, Jr., and the two company pilots, Joseph and Paul Laird.
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"Polka-dot" F4U-4 on the USS Point Cruz in 1953. Marine Attack Squadron 332 (VMA-332) was re-commissioned on April 23, 1952 as part of 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station Miami, Florida flying the F6F Hellcat and later F4U Corsairs. During the Korean War, 332 was assigned a combat role operating from the USS Bairoko. It was at this time the famous polka-dots, hat, and cane originated. Replacing the VMF-312 "Checkerboards", who had a black and white checkerboard painted around the engine cowlings, VMA-332, somewhat mockingly, adopted the red polka-dots on white background.
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The SA-32T was developed by Ed Swearingen from his Swearingen SX300 piston-engined homebuilt aircraft on behalf of the Jaffe Aircraft Corporation, who hoped to sell it as a relatively low-cost military trainer. The resulting design was a low-wing cantilever monoplane, with a mainly metal structure, but with composite engine cowlings and tips of wings and tails. Skin thicknesses were increased by 50% compared with the SX300 to make the airframe stronger. A laminar flow wing was used, which was claimed to give jet-like handling capabilities, while hardpoints could be fitted to allow weapons to be carried.
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The benefits of this latter mounting were that they could act as flaps as well as ailerons, drooping when the flaps were lowered; and that, mounted in the lower wing airstream they produced less adverse yaw than a conventional aileron. The overall effect was rather like the Junkers "second wing", familiar from the Ju-52. The Merchantman's extra power came from both the number and choice of engines: it had four 250 hp (187 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Queen inverted inline motors. These were mounted in long cowlings on the underside of the wing, with fuel tanks behind the engine firewall.
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Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) was started by Henry Berliner in 1930. Berliner was the son of Emile Berliner, who had patented numerous inventions relating to sound and acoustics, and pioneer of helicopter development with the experimental Berliner Helicopter. The younger Berliner founded ERCO to produce tools for the manufacture of metal aircraft and propellers. He founded the company in a shed at 2014 5th street NW Washington D.C. Berliner met Fred Weick, an aeronautical engineer, who worked with National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in cowlings and propellers on a 1926 while developing the propellers for the USS Akron.
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Coming into the 1978 Orange Bowl the Arkansas Razorbacks were ranked sixth in the nation with a record of 10-1\. The Oklahoma Sooners were ranked 2nd in the nation behind the rushing of Heisman Trophy winner Billy Sims. Arkansas head coach Lou Holtz had a reputation for being strict with his players, but he shocked many when he suspended his two starting running backs Ben Cowins and Michael Forrest, and a wide receiver, Donny Bobo prior to the 1978 Orange Bowl. Ben Cowlings and Donny Bobo had accounted for 78% of the points scored by the Razorbacks team in that season.
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The larger bomb-bay was designed to house a semi-recessed torpedo or an increased bomb load. Due to the increased weight the Bristol Mercury engines on the Blenheim were to be replaced by more powerful, sleeve valve, Bristol Perseus motors. It was soon determined that even with the Perseus, the Beaufort would be slower than the Blenheim and so a switch was made to the larger Bristol Taurus engine, another sleeve valve design. For these engines, chief designer Roy Fedden developed special low- drag NACA cowlings, which exhausted air through vertical slots flanking the nacelles under the wings.
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Under the new ICONIC regulations, all teams will compete with a core rolling chassis, called the "IndyCar Safety Cell", developed by Italian designer Dallara. Teams will then outfit the chassis with separate body work, referred to as "Aero Kits", which consist of front and rear wings, sidepods, and engine cowlings. Development of Aero Kits is open to any manufacturer, with all packages to be made available to all teams for a maximum price. ICONIC committee member Tony Purnell gave an open invitation to car manufacturers and companies such as Lockheed Martin and GE to develop kits.
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Its four water- cooled, Lorraine-Dietrich 12Da V12 engines were in push-pull configuration pairs sharing long, continuous, streamlined cowlings. Each pair was mounted close to the fuselage and to the lower wing on inverted V-struts and shared a rectangular radiator on the forward V-strut. All engines drove Lumière- Leitner-Watts metal propellers, two-bladed on the forward engines and three- bladed pushers behind, operating in the faster airflow from the forward engines. The three-bladed propellers are seen in a photograph from the 1922 Paris Salon, though Le Génie Civil states that the rear propellers had four blades and had a diameter of , smaller than those in front.
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This version introduced the uprated 492 kW (660 shp) Arriel 1C turboshafts, a retractable tricycle undercarriage, enlarged tail surfaces, and revised transmission, main rotor, rotor mast fairing and engine cowlings. The aircraft's initial M.T.O.W. of was later raised to . Deliveries of the production model began in 1982. ;SA 365 N1 :Incorporating many of the improvements developed for the SA 366 G1 (HH-65 Dolphin), this version introduced upgraded 526 kW (705 shp) Arriel 1C1 turboshafts, an improved 11-blade Fenestron with wider-chord blades (which reduced the AS365 N1's noise signature), movable undercarriage doors replaced by simplified fairings and a higher gross weight of .
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The forward fuselage of the P-1 and -2 was rounded with its 100 hp (75 kW) Gipsy upright inline engine in tapering cowlings, the cylinder heads under a fairing with an open front end for cooling. The forward open cockpit was under the wing and the rear one at the trailing edge which had a cut-out providing an enhanced field of view. Behind the cockpits the fuselage became more flat sided, though rounded upper and lower decking made it appear oval. A braced tailplane was attached at mid fuselage height; the fin had a rounded leading edge but the rudder trailing edge was straight and upright.
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The engines, initially four Salmson Z9 water- cooled radials were wing mounted in tractor-pusher pairs driving four-blade propellers. The water-cooled engine, with its radiator behind the propeller allowed neat, tight and well streamlined cowlings, mounted above the lower wing on a series of short struts. Each pair had two struts connecting the lower cowling to the upper fuselage and another strut ran from the upper cowling outwards to the upper wing. The main undercarriage was a divided axle type, each single bungee sprung main wheel carried on two legs immediately below the engine, with a pair of struts inboard to the lower fuselage.
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The compact Gemini is a Chris Heintz (of Zenair Co., Canada) designed twin engined two seater with a wingspan only 3 in (76 mm) greater than that of the Zenith Zodiac, with which it shares many components. Its square tipped low wings are built around a single spar and, like the rest of the Gemini, are stressed aluminium skinned. Most of the taper is on the trailing edges, which carry mass balanced ailerons over almost all the span outboard of the engines. The two Jabiru 2200 flat four engines are mounted in front of the leading edge, under long over-wing cowlings; the starboard engine is toed-out by 2.5°.
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The late 1950s saw a great leap in capability for the Chinese aviation industry with a wealth of indigenously designed aircraft projects, one of which was the Capital-1. The Capital-1 bore a close resemblance to the contemporary Antonov An-14 Ptchelka, being twin-engined, twin-tailed with strut supported monoplane wings and fixed tricycle undercarriage, stub lower wing bracing the undercarriage and wing strutsand a podlike fuselage terminating in a boom carrying the tail-unit. Powered by two M-11FR engines in helmeted cowlings, the Capital-1 had a mediocre performance with relatively short range and limited payload. Production of the aircraft was not continued past the prototype stage.
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The Z-6 has a fabric-covered steel tube fuselage and tail, with its nine cylinder radial engine in the nose. Two different engines were fitted: the original Z-6 had a Wright J-5 and carried five passengers but both the Z-6-A and the Z-6-B have Pratt & Whitney Wasp Cs, carrying six passengers. Some engines were uncowled, some had short-chord Townend ring-type cowlings and one Z-6-B had a long chord, NACA cowling. The cabin was between the wings immediately behind the engine and was illuminated with long, continuous windows; the pilot's open cockpit was above and behind it.
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The two beams were covered in smooth Alferium; behind the wing they were inverted, convex teardop-shaped in section and tapered to the tail. At the front, each had a Lorraine-Dietrich 12Db water-cooled 12-cylinder upright V-12 engine driving a two-blade propeller. The radiators were placed on both sides of the cowlings, and the fuel tanks were in the booms behind the engines, seen as a relatively safe place in case of attack. Each main wheel of the wide track, tailskid undercarriage was rubber-sprung on a V strut enclosed by a bulged and tapered continuous extension of the boom underside.
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As the twentieth century progressed, aluminum became an essential metal in aircraft. The cylinder block of the engine that powered the Wright brothers’ plane at Kitty Hawk in 1903 was a one-piece casting in an aluminum alloy containing 8% copper; aluminum propeller blades appeared as early as 1907; and aluminum covers, seats, cowlings, cast brackets, and similar parts were common by the beginning of the First World War. In 1916, L. Brequet designed a reconnaissance bomber that marked the initial use of aluminum in the working structure of an airplane. By war’s end, the Allies and Germany employed aluminum alloys for the structural framework of fuselage and wing assemblies.
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This suit was successful and the plaintiffs recovered over a million dollars (after lawyer expenses) divided 40% for Turino (the composer of the theme of the song), and 30% each for Dickey and Crook. Milian claimed that she had to spend more than $300,000 defending herself in the case, which she settled in 2006, and wanted $300,000 plus damages from Paul and his associate, Spencer Cowlings Entertainment. In November 2006, Paul countersued the Island Def Jam Music Group and its parent company, Universal Music Group. Paul alleged that Island Def Jam was "negligent in its obligation to obtain clearance and proper licensing for any copyrighted material" used on the album.
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Lancair IV on a ground engine run with the engine cowlings removed and door open The Lancair IV and IV-P were designed by Lancair around the Continental TSIO-550 - a twin turbocharged engine that is capable of developing at sea level and capable of operating altitudes as high as 29,000 feet. By the fall of 2011 110 Lancair IVs and 250 IV-Ps had been completed and were flying. In July 2016 the company announced it would sell the older Lancair lines of aircraft, including the Lancair IV, to concentrate on the Lancair Evolution instead. Once the transition was complete the company changed its name to the Evolution Aircraft Company.
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After Darden's work on the Al Cowlings case ended, Clark requested Darden join the Simpson team as case manager since she and Hodgman were bogged down by various motions and filings from the defense. Darden was also tasked by Clark to prepare the prosecution's witnesses for testimony, including preparing testimony for key witness Detective Mark Fuhrman. After Hodgman was incapacited by stress related illness in the courtroom shortly before opening statements, Darden was named co-prosecutor. Darden's friendship with Cochran, who was a prominent figure on Simpson's defense team, became heavily strained due to their clashing positions regarding the inclusion of racism in the case.
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Milian claimed that she had to spend more than $300,000 defending herself in the case, which she settled in 2006, and wanted $300,000 plus damages from Paul and his associate, Spencer Cowlings Entertainment. In November 2008, Paul countersued the Island Def Jam Music Group and its parent company, Universal Music Group. Paul alleged that Island Def Jam was "negligent in its obligation to obtain clearance and proper licensing for any copyrighted material" used on the album. In February 2009, a superior court judge ruled that Paul's attorneys had failed to file a sworn declaration in the given period of time, but allowed them to file an amended complaint.
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Its guns were test-fired to check its synchronization gear. It was painted with his personal insignia of a white-winged sword of vengeance on either side of the fuselage. By September, his entire squadron had adopted his basic scheme of royal blue fuselages and scarlet cowlings, plus additional personal insignia. On 24 March, Berthold resumed his successful air assaults and was credited with four more victories by mid-April. On 24 April he engaged a French Caudron R.9 until driven back to base by a bullet through his right shin. This wound added more chronic pain to his misery, and caused him to convalesce at home from 23 May to 15 June.
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Further development of the BICh-7A led to an enlarged twin-engined version, a model of which was tested in a wind tunnel, as the BICh-10, with two M-11 engines on the leading edge of the parabolic wing either side of the cockpit nacelle. Full scale development emerged as the BICh-14, a 2x scaled up BICh-7A, with Townend Ring cowlings and up to five seats in the cabin. Construction was of wood with plywood and fabric skin or covering, four spars and sixty ribs. Flight testing began late in 1934 piloted by Yu. I. Piontkovskii, and later in at the NII VVS by P.M. Stefanovskii, M.A. Nyukhtikov and I.F. Petrov.
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Menestrels have been powered by a variety of engines, mostly variants of the Volkswagen flat-4 engine. Early versions of these were entirely air-cooled, but more recently the cylinder heads have been water- cooled. Some early Menestrels with air-cooled engines have exposed cylinder heads for cooling but more have semi-cylindrical, bulged fairings to enclose them. The water-cooled engines used in the Menestrel II have cowlings which enclose the whole engine without additional fairings, with an air intake behind the propeller. The first HN 433 Menestrel had a 22 kW (30 hp) 1.3 L engine; later HN 433s have had engines in the 22-37 kW (30-50 hp) power range.
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They differed from later A-series Fw 190s in that they had shorter spinners, the armored cowling ring was a different shape, with a scalloped hinge on the upper, forward edge of the upper engine cowling, and the bulges covering the interior air intakes on the engine cowlings were symmetrical "teardrops". The panels aft of the exhaust pipes had no cooling slots. Several of these aircraft were later modified for testing engines and special equipment. The first unit to be equipped with the A-0 was Erprobungsstaffel 190, formed in March 1941 to help iron out any technical problems and approve the new fighter before it would be accepted for full operational service in mainstream Luftwaffe Jagdgeschwader.
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A derivative of the Hopfner HS-5/28 via the Hopfner HS-8/29, the HS.9 was a parasol wing monoplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear and room for two occupants in tandem open cockpits, and first flew as the Hopfner HS-9/32 in 1932, powered by a de Havilland Gipsy I engine. Production versions had Siemens Sh 14 engines with NACA cowlings. A single example of a refined version with an uncowled Siemens engine was flown in 1935 as the Hopfner HS-9/35, shortly before the Hopfner company went bankrupt. When Hopfner's assets were purchased by Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik, production continued of both de Havilland- and Siemens-powered aircraft under the Hirtenberg brand.
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This production block and the following P-38L model are considered the definitive Lightnings, and Lockheed ramped up production, working with subcontractors across the country to produce hundreds of Lightnings each month. There were two P-38Ks developed from 1942 to 1943, one official and one an internal Lockheed experiment. The first was actually a battered RP-38E "piggyback" test mule previously used by Lockheed to test the P-38J chin intercooler installation, now fitted with paddle-bladed "high activity" Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propellers similar to those used on the P-47. The new propellers required spinners of greater diameter, and the mule's crude, hand-formed sheet steel cowlings were further stretched to blend the spinners into the nacelles.
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It retained its "piggyback" configuration that allowed an observer to ride behind the pilot. With Lockheed's AAF representative as a passenger and the maneuvering flap deployed to offset Army Hot Day conditions, the old "K-Mule" still climbed to . With a fresh coat of paint covering its crude hand-formed steel cowlings, this RP-38E acts as stand-in for the "P-38K-1-LO" in the model's only picture.Bodie 2001, pp. 169–171. The 12th G model originally set aside as a P-38J prototype was re-designated P-38K-1-LO and fitted with the aforementioned paddle-blade propellers and new Allison V-1710-75/77 (F15R/L) powerplants rated at at War Emergency Power.
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In 1961 Jacques and Jules Godbille built a three- seat light aircraft based on the structure of the Piper PA-20 Pacer. Powered by a Lycoming O-235-C air-cooled flat four engine rather than the Pacer's more usual Lycoming O-290-D, the closest Piper variant was the PA-20S 115. The engine cowlings of the Piper and Gobille are distinct, the latter having a wide open nose and a gap at its rear rather than merging smoothly into the fuselage. The Godbille's wing tips are square and fitted with tip plates, whereas the Piper's are rounded, and the Godbille's vertical tail is taller than the Piper's and straight edged rather than curved.
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While the B-29 was still considered useful in the post World War II inventory, the numerous problems with development, (i.e. including the freezing of the design in 1942) and the fear that the postwar US Congress would not fund the purchase of a design that still had significant quantity in storage, led to the radically redeveloped B-29D being redesignated the B-50A. While the B-50A looked similar to the B-29, Boeing had redeveloped the airframe with a new stronger alloy skin, redesigned main spar, taller vertical stabilizer, and improved engine cowlings. Additionally, the engines were changed to the R-4360, which produced higher power, had better cooling, and were less prone to failure.
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The Company was founded by William Thompson as a general engineering concern in or around 1820 in Wolverhampton.Building of New Works, John Thompson (Wolverhampton) Ltd, Wolverhampton Black Country History In 1850 the business passed to William's brother, Stephen, and in 1860 it passed to William's son, John, and within ten years it was concentrating on manufacturing boilers. By 1914 it had expanded into motor pressings; during World War I it made cowlings for Sopwith aircraft and in World War II it made airscrews for Spitfire and Hurricane aircraft. In the 1950s, as part of a consortium with AEI, it was awarded a contract to supply boilers and reactor pressure vessels for Berkeley nuclear power station.
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During his tenure as a prosecutor at the CCB, Darden served in the central trials and hard-core gang units before transferring to the Special Investigation Division (SID), which investigates criminal activity by public and law enforcement officials, in February 1988. It was in this position that Darden first met Johnnie Cochran, who represented some victims of alleged police violence. Darden and Cochran became close friends, with Darden seeing Cochran as a mentor figure. Darden initially became involved in the O. J. Simpson murder case after being asked by Deputy District Attorneys Marcia Clark and William Hodgman to lead the prosecution of Al Cowlings, Simpson's friend and the driver of the white Ford Bronco during the infamous car chase.
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The Ansons were at an altitude of over the township of Brocklesby, near Albury, when they made a banking turn. Fuller lost sight of Hewson's aircraft beneath him and the two Ansons collided amid what Fuller later described as a "grinding crash and a bang as roaring propellors struck each other and bit into the engine cowlings". The aircraft remained jammed together, the lower Anson's turret wedged into the other's port wing root, and its fin and rudder balancing the upper Anson's port tailplane. Both of the upper aircraft's engines had been knocked out in the collision but those of the one below continued to turn at full power as the interlocked Ansons began to slowly circle.
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The PT-1 became the first training airplane purchased by the USAAS in substantial quantity following World War I. Aviation cadets in Texas and California flew it extensively during the late 1920s and early 1930s. It acquired the nickname 'Trusty' for their excellent ability to make a quick and effective recovery from a spin. Easy to fly, the Trusty made some students overconfident, and they received a shock when they advanced to faster airplanes with more difficult handling characteristics. The 'Trusty' was commonly flown without its cowlings in an effort to prevent overheating Whereas the TW-3 had supplemented the JN-4D, the PT-1 supplanted this wholly obsolescent type and was responsible for a radical improvement in the safety record of US Army pilot training.
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Its five-part high wing was straight-tapered to elliptical tips and had an aspect ratio of over 9, high for the time. It had a single spar at one third chord which tapered uniformly in depth outwards along the span and was reinforced with duralumin trellising. The leading edge formed a subsidiary box spar, and the trailing edge had dural tube ribs and formed a false spar for high-aspect-ratio ailerons, which occupied about half the span. The D.430's outer nine-cylinder Algol radial engines had long-chord NACA cowlings, and were mounted on bearings enclosed in long, streamlined nacelles; these were supported under the wings by four steel struts to the leading edge box spar and to the main spar.
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The centre section, over 40% of the span, was braced at its outer ends with a pair of parallel steel wing struts between the wing spars and the lower fuselage longerons, so that the R.16's wing was a semi-cantilever one. High aspect ratio ailerons occupied the whole outer panel trailing edge and camber changing flaps filled those of the centre section. The R.16 was powered by three Lorraine 9N Algol nine cylinder radial engines enclosed by long chord NACA-type cowlings. One was in the nose of the fuselage and the other were mounted under the wing centre section from the forward wing struts, aided by bracing struts rising inwards to the wing root and short vertical struts to the forward spar.
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The company designed and manufactures the Black Brant series of sounding and research rockets. Magellan (Bristol) now produces aircraft sub-assemblies and engine components for all the major aerospace companies. Some examples include but are not limited to: #Boeing 767 heat pan, Boeing 737 composite panels and Boeing 747 wing to Body Fairings #General Electric F101 engine thruster door #Airbus A330 & Airbus A380 aft engine plugs #De Havilland Canada DASH 8 engine nacelles, fairings, etc. #DHC Dash 8 Tailcone & APU Support #Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D, PW545, PW307, PW306 engine components #M1 Abrams AGT1500 tank engine housing #AgustaWestland EH101 lower fuselage and composite engine & transmission cowlings #F-35 Lightning II JSF Vertical Guide box for Rolls-Royce Lift Fan module and composite panels for fuselage.
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Unlike typical NACA cowlings, flow adjustment was not provided by flaps but by a frontal ring that moved back and forth to respectively reduce or increase flow, without change in drag. Like many other French twin-engine aeroplanes of the era, the propellers rotated in opposite directions to eliminate the undesirable effects of propeller torque. The undercarriage was fully retractable; it featured an unusually complicated mechanism for the main wheels in order to reduce the size of the engine nacelles. The two horizontal surfaces of the tail unit were constructed in two separate halves and bolted onto a short center section fixed to the upper fuselage; the twin fins and rudders, which were furnished with trim tabs, were attached at the extreme edges of the tailplane.
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It was, in part, due to the development of aerial warfare that trench fighting became obsolete. The final immersion display includes the collection's Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress housed in a large darkened room staged to appear as a winter evening at RAF Horham, home of the 95th Bombardment Group (Heavy) during World War II. The full-scale diorama, complete with ground vehicles, outbuildings, and landscaping, represents a maintenance area and one of the B-17's engine cowlings and propellers are removed to maintenance stands in front of the aircraft. Guests can enter the plane via the aft side hatch in the tail, walk through the bomb bay, visit the cockpit, and exit near the nose of the aircraft.
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Longitudinal and lateral stability were also unsatisfactory which made it suitable only for well-trained pilots. The test programme report concluded that it was not combat-capable and reliable and that flights with a bomb load could be dangerous to the crew.Gordon, pp. 133–134 A remediation program was begun which replaced the single-wheel main landing gear with two-wheeled units and the fuselage upper decking was cut down. Around the same time Factory No. 1 ceased production and Factory No. 81 in Moscow continued to work on the aircraft. Aircraft built by Factory No. 81 were of better quality because the surface finish was better and the engine cowlings and doors were more closely fitted to minimize drag.
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The original tail was also used, though the area of all the flying surfaces was increased by extending both leading and trailing edges, the monoplane carrying noticeably more fin below the tailplane than its predecessor. The H.P.51 was powered by two 750 hp (560 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Tiger IV 14-cylinder double-row radial engines mounted on the chord line and in broad-chord Townend cowlings. The aircraft was completed at Cricklewood, dismantled and taken to the newer Handley Page site at Radlett for its first flight on 8 May 1935, piloted by Major J.L.B.H. Cordes. The results were so encouraging that Handley Page decided to press ahead with a production-ready variant designated the H.P.54 (later known as the Harrow) and submit this to C.16/31 rather than the H.P.51.
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In the prevailing hot, humid climate this meant that the Merlin engines were often overheating even before combat was joined. The Spitfires were fitted with the Vokes tropical filters which reduced performance: in an attempt to increase performance the filters on several Spitfires were removed and replaced by the standard non-tropicalised air intake and lower engine cowlings which had been manufactured by the base workshops. The experiment proved to be a failure and the Spitfires were quickly refitted with the tropical filters. Two No. 79 Squadron RAAF Spitfire VCs and ground crew in April 1944 Many of the Australian and British airmen who flew in 1 Wing were experienced combat veterans, some of whom who had flown P-40s with the Desert Air Force in North Africa, while others had flown Spitfires over Europe.
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This change, giving a poorer forward view resulted from fitting the longer inline Lorraine 12 Ds in the bomber rather than the short Salmson radials of the Latécoère 4. A rectangular radiator immediately behind the two- bladed propeller provided cooling, replacing the external radiators of the transport. There was a serious dispute between the State and Latécoère about the engine choice; briefly, the former wished all BN4 machines to use more powerful Renault engines but failed to have them available, whereas Latécoère preferred the Lorraines on the grounds of a better power-to-weight ratio. The outer engines of the bomber were similarly mounted to those of the Latécoère 4 with bracing to the wing roots and fuselage, but in deeper and flatter sided cowlings which extended downward almost to the wing.
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Honeywell TFE731 and S-duct intake of a Dassault Falcon 900EX exposed during maintenance View of a TFE731-4R in maintenance with cowlings, afterbody and thrust reverser removed. The TFE731 was based on the core of the TSCP700, which was specifically developed for use as the auxiliary power unit (APU) on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. The design featured two important factors: low fuel consumption, and low noise profiles that met the newly established U.S. noise abatement regulations. The first test run of the TFE731 occurred in 1970 at Garrett's plant in Torrance, California. The first production model, the TFE731-2, began rolling off the assembly line in August, 1972, and was used on the Learjet 35/36 and Dassault Falcon 10, both of which entered production in 1973.
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Having manufactured glass-fibre cowlings for Bébé, D112 and D120 Jodels, increasing number of glass-fibre parts for their Javelot, Bijave and Super-Javelot gliders, and then Super-IV aircraft, in 1966 Wassmer first flew the glass- fibre WA-50 prototype, a single-engined four-seat cabin monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear. Originally designed as a three-seater powered by a 115cv Potez engine, engine unavailability at the time resulted in a 150cv Lycoming O-320 being used instead and the aircraft becoming a 4-seater. Using the same profile as the Super-IV but only 8.6m span, and compensated with large slotted flaps, the wings were formed from two moulded halves and contained two 70 litre fuel tanks. The fuselage was also manufactured as two halves, and featured butterfly doors.
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Using a large concrete mold, a single half of the fuselage shell was laminated in sections with glue between each layer and then a rubber bladder was lowered into the mold and inflated with air to compress the lamination into shape against the inside of the mold. The two fuselage halves were then nailed and glued over a separately constructed rib framework. With the fuselage constructed in this fashion, the wing spar couldn't cut through the fuselage, so the single spar cantilever wing was mounted atop the aircraft. Only the engine and landing gear remained essentially unstreamlined, and on the production versions the undercarriage had teardrop shaped fairings covering the wheels, while only the earliest versions lacked NACA cowlings and had the engine cylinders exposed to the airstream.
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No images of the Bristol installation are known but the German radials were cleanly cowled by the standards of their time, before either Townend rings or NACA cowlings had been introduced, and with quite large spinners but with cylinder heads exposed for cooling. One advantage of the gap between fuselage and wing was that the pilot's open cockpit could be placed under the wing leading edge rather than set into it, spoiling its aerodynamics. Entry into the plywood covered fuselage was through a port-side door under the wing; the three-seat cabin had pairs of windows on each side and a baggage space behind with its own door. At the rear the fuselage became quite slender, with a high mounted, long span, cantilever and almost rectangular plan tailplane with high aspect ratio elevators.
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In 1933 Chyetverikov had the design for a compact twin engined flying-boat ready for further development, which he proposed to the Glavsyevmorput (Glavsyevmorput – chief administration of northern sea routes) as a multi-role Arctic aircraft, and an order for a prototype was made, setting up Chyetverikov in his own OKB (design bureau). The ARK-3 was of mixed construction, with a long Duralumin stressed skin fuselage; wooden wings of MOS-27 aerofoil section; duralumin tubing tail surfaces; and ailerons with fabric covering. The dual control enclosed cockpit housed two pilots sided by side with two gunners/observers in bow and dorsal positions. Strut-supported wooden floats, at approximately half-span; and a pylon-supported engine nacelle housing tandem radial engines with Townend ring cowlings; completed the structural elements, built with a safety factor of 5.5.
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This change moved the centre of gravity (CoG) forward, a typically undesirable feature for an aircraft, thus the CoG was moved back to its proper desirable location by shortening the nose, which was possible as the space within the nose had been previously occupied by a bomb aimer, a role that was unnecessary in a fighter aircraft. The majority of the fuselage was positioned aft of the wing and, with the engine cowlings and propellers now further forward than the tip of the nose, gave the Beaufighter a characteristically stubby appearance. Navigator position In general, with the exception of the powerplants used, the differences between the preceding Beaufort and Beaufighter were minor. The wings, control surfaces, retractable landing gear and aft section of the fuselage were identical to those of the Beaufort, while the wing centre section was similar apart from certain fittings.
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The canopy structure was completely redesigned to incorporate a greater area of clear perspex; the welded framing for the three-panel Erla Haube design was reduced to a minimum and there was no longer a fixed rear portion, with the entire structure aft of the windscreen being hinged to swing to starboard when opened.Prien and Rodeike 1995, pp. 104–105. The Bf 109 G-10, AS-engined G-5s, G-6s and G-14s as well as the K-4 saw a refinement of the engine cowlings. The formerly separate, added-on Beule blisters which had earlier covered the spent shell-casing chutes of the synchronized fuselage-mount MG 131s were completely integrated into the upper cowling panels, vastly improving their streamlining and allowing them to be lengthened and enlarged to cover both the weapons and the engine bearers.
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An He 177 undergoing engine maintenance or overhaul - note the second cylinder's exposed exhaust stub being even with the leading edge, an indication of the rearwards location of the "power systems". The tendency of the twin-crankcase, -apiece DB 606 "power system" engines to catch fire became increasingly serious as the test programme progressed, and many of the He 177 A-0 series of pre-production prototypes were destroyed in accidents or engine related incidents. The DB 606 engine had first been introduced on the Heinkel He 119 and later used on other aircraft such as the Messerschmitt Me 261 where they functioned as intended, but the extremely tight cowlings on the He 177 A led to considerable problems, the most common being in-flight engine fires and engine overheating. There were several reasons for the flammability of the DB 606 engine as installed in the Greif engine nacelles.
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The full size Potez-CAMS 161 flying boat in front of the 160 In 1936 the northern French factories of Potez and of the seaplane maker CAMS, the latter owned by Potez since 1932, were nationalized along with those of Amiot, Breguet and ANF Mureaux into SNCAN. In the same year the design bureau of Potez-CAMS was beginning the development of the Potez-CAMS 161 six engine, trans-Atlantic passenger flying boat, intended to be a key component of Air France's Transatlantique fleet. To test the design they built a 5/13 scale flying scale model of it, careful not just to scale dimensions of the flying surfaces and hull, but also to copy the form the nose around the cabin, engine cowlings and retractable float housings. Control surface detail and the flaps of the 161, together with its variable-pitch propellers, were included on the resulting Potez-CAMS 160.
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Aircraft of the group were identified by yellow around their cowlings and tails. Republic P-47D-11-RE Thunderbolt 42-75452 "Tika" (B7-R) of 1st Lt Vernon R. Richards in the 374th Fighter Squadron. North American P-51D-5-NA Mustang 44-13410 "Lou IV / Athelene" (E2-C) of Lt Col Thomas J. J. Christian, Jr., CC of the 375th Fighter Squadron (KIA while attacking the Arras marshaling yards on 12 August 1944. MACR 7784) North American P-51D-5-NA Mustang 44-13763 (E9-O) of Capt Sam C. Wilkerson Jr. in the 376th Fighter Squadron (lost in this a/c on 4 Aug 44 becoming a POW. MACR 7736.) The 361st FG entered combat with P-47 aircraft on 21 January 1944 and converted to P-51's in May 1944. The unit served primarily as an escort organization, covering the penetration, attack, and withdrawal of B-17/B-24 bomber formations that the USAAF sent against targets on the Continent.
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In the UK, the Bristol "Laboratory" was built to study the drag of different cowlings for radial engines and the Parnall Parasol to measure the forces acting on wings of different section in flight. The two main problems facing Parnall when given an Air Ministry contract to produce such an aircraft were to ensure that, so far as possible the behaviour of the wing was unaffected by interference with the flow over the fuselage or by prop wash, and to devise a way of measuring lift and drag forces whilst in flight. They decided on a parasol wing design, since this would avoid complications like wing root interference, and made the wing mounting structure into a single unit with some freedom to deflect internally so that the force could be measured. A typical parasol wing aircraft has lift struts from the lower fuselage to the wing plus some upper fuselage struts to support the wing near the centre line.
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Retrieved: 22 December 2010."M-list." Aerofiles. Retrieved: 22 December 2010. These innovations included a deep belly for an internal bomb bay and retractable main landing gear. Its 600 hp (447 kW) Wright SR-1820-E Cyclone engines provided sufficient power. The Model 123 first flew on 16 February 1932 and was delivered for testing to the U.S. Army on 20 March as the XB-907. After testing it was sent back to Martin for redesigning and was rebuilt as the XB-10. The XB-10 delivered to the Army had major differences from the original aircraft. Where the Model 123 had Townend rings, the XB-10 had full NACA cowlings to decrease drag. It also sported a pair of 675 hp (503 kW) Wright R-1820-19 engines, and an increase in the wingspan, along with an enclosed nose turret. When the XB-10 flew during trials in June, it recorded a speed of 197 mph (317 km/h) at 6,000 ft (1,830 m).
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The pilot was able to safely bail out. In preparation for production, Polikarpov produced the definitive I-180-5 with several modifications and M-88A engine without reduction gear. The aircraft could also accept the new M-89 engine with 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) (up to 1,165 kW (1,560 hp) with fuel injection) which would raise its top speed to over 650 km/h (404 mph). There was also a proposal for the I-180Sh with improved main landing gear. Then, near the end of 1940, Polikarpov was suddenly informed that the I-180 was being cancelled, and that Factory no.21 would manufacture LaGG-3 fighters instead. The reason for this was a misconception of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, that radial engines in NACA cowlings were poorly suited for aircraft with top speeds of over 500 km/h (310 mph), owing to high drag. Former government officials later admitted that the fascination with liquid-cooled engines stemmed in part from attempts to imitate the then state-of-the-art Messerschmitt Bf 109.
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PA-31 Navajo cabin The 30th production Navajo, fitted with two-bladed propellers and early two-part airstair cabin entry door (without the third door, introduced later) PA-31P Pressurized Navajo, modified with winglets PA-31-350 Chieftain in service with Air South West, at Dublin Airport in 1994 1980 PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain PA-31P-350 Mojave At the request of company founder William T. Piper, Piper began development of a six- to eight- seat twin-engined corporate and commuter transport aircraft in 1962 under the project name Inca. The type, now designated the PA-31 and looking like a scaled-up Twin Comanche, was officially announced in late 1964 after its first flight on 30 September that year. It was a low-wing monoplane with a conventional tail, powered by two Lycoming TIO-540-A turbocharged engines in so-called "tiger shark" cowlings, a feature shared with the Twin Comanche and also the PA-23 Aztec. As testing proceeded two cabin windows were added to each side of the fuselage and the engines moved further forward.
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The exchange of money or other consideration in return for news information has been practiced in small and big ways, both good and bad. While chequebook journalism has historically been used by tabloid newspapers, it has more recently been used by major news organizations or agencies along with the mainstream media.Sawyer, Gary. “Herald and Review,” (Decatur, IL), 3/28/10 p. 13 It has led to the creation of a "culture of checkbook journalism," according to the Columbia Journalism Review, where some tabloid newspapers willingly pay for stories about scandals, and where some journalists now assume they should pay for gossip: "Once money enters the reporting equation, it has the potential to corrupt the whole journalist/source relationship," states the Review."Checkbook Journalism’s Slippery Slope", Columbia Journalism Review, March 2, 2012 Chequebook journalism became a national controversy in 1994 after it became public that the National Enquirer, a tabloid newspaper, had offered to pay $1 million for an interview with O.J. Simpson's friend Al Cowlings, before Simpson's murder trial.
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John G. Sprague, commanding officer of Lowry, as a backdrop. It received a wartime coat of olive drab paint for the appearance, but the chin turret was removed. Anachronistic B-29 engine cowlings line the back wall of the hangar, although B-29s were not used in the ETO. The 1958 Universal Pictures love triangle film The Lady Takes a Flyer about a woman involved with two pilots who trade in war-surplus aircraft, featured at least two B-17s. A B-17G operated by Intermountain Airlines, an actual Central Intelligence Agency front company, fitted with the Fulton recovery system, drops rescue gear to James Bond and his Bond girl in the Bahamas at the conclusion of the 1965 film Thunderball. This aircraft had actually been used by the CIA to insert and recover agents in the Arctic that had checked on an abandoned Soviet ice station under Project COLDFEET in 1963. Two DB-17P former drone-controllers and one B-17F were featured in the 1969 film The Thousand Plane Raid.
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Henschel was a German locomotive manufacturer. Soon after Hitler's rise to power, Henschel decided to start designing aircraft, one of the first being the Hs 123. The aircraft was designed to meet the 1933 dive bomber requirements for the reborn Luftwaffe. Both Henschel and rival Fieseler (with the Fi 98) competed for the production contract requirement, which specified a single-seat biplane dive bomber. The first prototype, the Hs 123V1, was cleared for its maiden flight on 1 April 1935; General Ernst Udet, a World War I ace, flew it on its first public demonstration flight on 8 May 1935. The first three Henschel prototypes, with the first and third powered by 485 kW (650 hp) BMW 132A-3 engines and the second by a 574 kW (770 hp) Wright Cyclone, were tested at Rechlin in August 1936.Air International August 1978, p. 73. Only the first prototype had "smooth" cowlings; from that point on, all aircraft had a tightly fitting cowling that included 18 fairings covering the engine valves. The Henschel prototypes did away with bracing wires and although they looked slightly outdated with their single faired interplane struts and cantilever main landing gear legs attached to smaller (stub) lower wings, the Hs 123 featured an all-metal construction, clean lines and superior maneuverability.
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Christopher, pp.35-36. When the Mission arrived, the LFA had already been stripped by Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS) teams, and was (despite being in the British Zone) effectively in U.S. hands.Christopher, p.40. At Völkenrode, the Mission examined the wind tunnels. These had been used to develop the swept wing, the forward-swept wing, the Messerschmitt Me 262, the BMW-designed cowlings used for all versions of the BMW 801 radial (used in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and a number of other important German military aircraft designs, especially in unitized engine formats), the Argus-designed pulsejet engine of the V-1 cruise missile, and other items. The members also viewed examples of the Rheinmetall-Börsig F25 Feuerlilie surface-to-air missile, named for the Fire Lily flower (though the Mission Report shows photographs of the F55), and examples of documentation concerning the competing designs for the Amerika Bomber (which is suspected to not have included any mention, nor discovered any evidence of Heinkel's entry in the program), as well as the Engine Department.Christopher, pp.42-53. While the team found evidence of trials of photoelastic lacquers for stress tests, it proved impossible to interview any of the laboratory staff to learn more.Christopher, p.52.
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