1000 Sentences With "consuls" | Random Sentence Generator

The Allied consuls have been invited as special guests of honor.

Four Colombian consuls have returned from Venezuela, Colombian immigration officials said Sunday.

The building's residents now are more likely to be consuls general and businesspeople.

Mr. Phillips said that the consuls general of Argentina and Belgium attended the event.

It was a regular overseas posting for customs officers, steamboat captains, traders and consuls.

"He knew the Russian ambassadors and consuls of every country," this former business partner said.

He gave the Colombian ambassadors and consuls 24 hours to get out of the country.

In public, Romans also encountered public inscriptions with lists of consuls and also calendars, called fasti.

They included the mayor of Genoa, Italy, and the general consuls from Italy, Canada and Switzerland.

The Gymkhana Golf Club, established in 1, has hosted royalty, consuls and the novelist W. Somerset Maugham.

On this occasion friends gave the consuls messages to read to him (handing over letters is banned).

There was not a Spartacus to be found but, instead, an overabundance of would be Roman consuls.

Roman judicial officials, called praetors, also had lictors — but only half as many, since consuls outranked them.

An island filled with the colonnaded 19th-century houses of Western merchants and consuls draws millions of Chinese tourists annually.

The two consuls whom Sulla left in command of Rome clashed, and the Senate declared one of them a public enemy.

Russia's foreign ministry said it was angered by the move to strip most of its U.S. honorary consuls of their accreditation.

Ancient Rome's government featuring two consuls lasted for centuries, but it led to rivalries and the occasional knife in the ribs.

Honorary consuls are typically U.S. citizens or green card holders who perform consular services outside Washington on behalf of a foreign government.

Washington stripped five of the six Russian honorary consuls of credentials in January to retaliate for harassment of its diplomats in Moscow.

Senator Risa Hontiveros, one of Mr. Duterte's most vocal critics, called for the government to immediately recall its ambassador and consuls from China.

On Saturday he told supporters he was breaking all diplomatic relations with Colombia and calling for its ambassadors and consuls to leave Venezuela.

The number of women consuls can be counted on one hand; Zakharova is the only woman to head a department at the Foreign Ministry.

"At midnight last night, letters for the recall of our ambassador and consuls to Canada went out," Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin said on Twitter.

They sketch a plan to raise the situation with the Italian and Malagasy consuls, and they both send letters to which no answers come.

The Winter Consuls are those brave and foolhardy individuals tasked with ensuring the safety and well-being of the other 99 percent of humanity.

Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland also named new consuls general in San Francisco, Seattle and Atlanta, as well as a new deputy ambassador in Washington.

The Foreign Ministry called back all the Mexican consuls general serving in the United States for meetings to discuss how to respond to the incoming administration.

America's constitution says presidents "shall nominate...judges of the supreme court", along with "ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls...and all other officers of the United States".

Since this was the date on which the city's newly elected consuls began their tenure, it marked a shift in calendric emphasis from agrarian cycles to civil rotations.

Implemented under the George W. Bush administration, the Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program established U.S. embassies and consuls as places of asylum for these victims of the regime.

Both countries have recalled ambassadors and consuls in an escalating tit-for-tat, and ministers have joined the fray with saber rattling in interviews with the news media.

Lam also met representatives in the education and religious sectors, senior civil servants as well as foreign consuls to exchange views on the "current social situation," it said.

Those who ran the ministry's Department of Information and Print saw it as a short stopover in their diplomatic careers as they worked toward becoming consuls or deputy ministers.

Scores of Canadian officials subsequently fanned out across America, from cabinet ministers to consuls general, meeting with more than 300 members of Congress and 65 governors and lieutenant governors.

While traveling outside the city limits, lictors would add a double-headed axe to the bundles to represent the consuls' ability to punish even Roman soldiers for various offenses.

In the Republican period (509–31 BCE), the highest elected political officials, called consuls, were elected yearly and given attendants called lictors who carried the fasces while following the magistrate.

In response, Washington has expelled two Russian diplomats, revoked the credentials of five of six honorary Russian consuls in the United States and tightened control over the movements of Russian diplomats.

The threatening equipment visually projected the imperium (the Latin word for power that gives us our modern word "empire") of the consuls during the pageantry of processions that often wound through the city.

RELATED: Sanctions hit Russian oil and banks The Putin-Kerry conversation came after Washington in January stripped five of six Russian honorary consuls of credentials to retaliate for harassment of its diplomats in Moscow.

Foreign Minister Marise Payne, who replaced Julie Bishop, announced six new foreign diplomatic appointments on Saturday including High Commissioners to South Africa, Nigeria and New Zealand; and Consuls-General to Shenyang, China, and Bali, Indonesia.

Honorary consuls are typically U.S. citizens or green card holders who perform consular services on behalf of a foreign government, a U.S. official said, saying the five were located in California, Florida, Minnesota, Utah and Puerto Rico.

A friend in the diplomatic corps duly set up a meeting at the ministry, but when an official ran through a list of capitals in need of Chilean consuls, Neruda could only make out a single name.

President Enrique Pena Nieto said in a recorded message that he "disapproves" of Trump's order on the border wall and in response ordered Mexico's fifty U.S. consuls to extend legal help to citizens living in the United States.

It provides: [The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States.

WASHINGTON/MOSCOW (Reuters) - The United States said on Friday it had revoked the credentials of five of six honorary Russian consuls to retaliate for what it said was Russia's harassment of U.S. diplomats, prompting an angry response from Moscow.

Mexico recently revamped its North American diplomatic corps, replacing Miguel Basáñez Ebergenyi — head of the Washington embassy for only seven months — 26 out of 49 consuls in the United States, and the undersecretary of foreign relations for North America.

And it says -- UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States.

The text has been composed in a special way so as to support official statements made by British authorities, and at the same time to exclude every possibility of Yulia's contacts with the outer world — consuls, journalists and even relatives.

Mr. Trump's declaration of his genius was of a piece with the sycophants rodeo in the White House cabinet room last June, when his consuls and lictors took turns lavishing praise on him in terms to make even Caesar blush.

On Friday, the Japanese government temporarily recalled its ambassador and one of its consuls to South Korea in response to Korean protestors' unsanctioned installation of the bronze figure of a young woman, sitting next to an empty chair, outside the Japanese Consulate in Busan.

Dr. Rieth, who was Germany's Minister to Austria at the time of the unsuccessful putsch in 1934, arrived in Rio de Janeiro on March 6 from Rome, and called a conference of German consuls from many parts of South America to plan greater Axis penetration.

And he recently shuffled his diplomatic corps in the United States, replacing Mexico's ambassador to Washington and installing new consuls general around the country, in part to strengthen his administration's response to the rise of Mr. Trump and what it reflects about American sentiment toward Mexico.

Mexico overhauled its representation in the United States in April, changing the ambassador and most of its consuls, in response to "a group within the U.S. population with a negative perception of Mexico and the Mexicans," said Paulo Carreño King, Mexico's newly appointed undersecretary for North American affairs and architect of the new strategy.

"Canada is disappointed by this decision to recall the Philippines ambassador and consuls general" the Global Affairs statement said, On May 7, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issued an ultimatum to reclaim the waste and threatened "if they cannot get that, then we will be shipping them out and throw them into the shores or beach of Canada," Panelo said.

The Japanese government recalled its ambassador and one of its consuls to South Korea after protestors installed a sculpture commemorating the thousands of Korean women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese imperial military during World War II. The Limbach Commission recommended that the Sprengel Museum return Karl Schmidt-Rottluff's 1922 watercolor, "Marsh Landscape With Red Windmill," to the grandchildren of Jewish businessman Max Rüdenberg.

Consuls were appointed to Genoa from 1950 until 1995; since when all consuls have been honorary.

Consuls-general had , consuls . Vice-consuls on cuffs, and front half of collar only. All wore white breeches and stockings, patent leather court shoes with gilt buckles for full dress, or trousers with silver lace stripes and patent leather military boots for levée dress. Consuls' stripes were , others' were .

The Venetians appointed principal consuls to important commercial centers like Aleppo and Alexandria because this was where there was a large nation of their merchants. They also appointed vice-consuls to less important areas where they had less commercial interest. The principal consuls were in contact with their home country's authorities, while the vice-consuls had a more informal position. The consuls were Venetian nobility and appointed on a three-year contract which for the most part was strongly adhered to.

The bailo was in charge of all Venetians in the Ottoman territory, but he would appoint consuls and vice consuls where he thought it was necessary.

But the consuls told the senate that the disturbances were more serious and more advanced than the senate realised, and invited the senators to attend the forum to observe the difficulties faced by the consuls in enrolling the levies. The consuls, accompanied by some senators, then returned to the rostra, and again called for the enlistment of one man who, the consuls knew, was most unwilling to agree. The man, surrounded by his supporters, did not respond. The consuls sent a lictor to seize the man, but the man's supporters threw the lictor back.

A consul of the highest rank is termed a consul-general, and is appointed to a consulate-general. There are typically one or more deputy consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls, and consular agents working under the consul-general. A country may appoint more than one consul-general to another nation.

Outside the walls of Rome, the powers of the consuls were far more extensive in their role as commanders-in-chief of all Roman legions. It was in this function that the consuls were vested with full imperium. When legions were ordered by a decree of the Senate, the consuls conducted the levy in the Campus Martius. Upon entering the army, all soldiers had to take their oath of allegiance to the consuls.

He commanded, for example, the quaestorium, or warehouse, of a camp. The Senate would decide what needed to be done, and allocate specific mandates to the Consuls. The Consuls would look to the Quaestors for ways and means. In war the Consuls became the joint heads of the armed forces in the field.

In the last quarter of the 13th century Barcelona consuls they started naming the great men of the Ribera (seaside), which in 1282 were named "consols de mar" ("consuls of sea").

The consuls were required to attend, leaving a praefectus urbi in charge of the city. If the consuls had to be absent (if, for instance, they were waging war), a dictator was appointed to oversee the festival. Consuls were not supposed to depart for their provinces until after the festival.Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 95.

Igor Lyman, Victoria Konstantinova. The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth - Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), 630 p.

From the 13th century the Assier community had the right to elect consuls. Every year on the first Sunday of September, all heads of household paid tax to one or more elected consuls.

Taylor, 85 The president of the Centuriate Assembly was usually a Consul (although sometimes a Praetor). Only Consuls (the highest-ranking of all Roman Magistrates) could preside over the Centuriate Assembly during elections because the higher-ranking Consuls were always elected together with the lower-ranking Praetors. Consuls and Praetors were usually elected in July, and took office in January. Two Consuls, and at least six Praetors, were elected each year for an annual term that began in January and ended in December.

Canada also has Honorary Consuls in Perth, WA, and Melbourne, VIC.

However, news of their plans got out, and at Rome the sitting consuls for 341 were ordered to leave office before the expiry of their term, so that the new consuls could enter office early in preparation for the major war that was brewing. The consuls elected for 340 were Titus Manlius Torquatus, for the third time, and Publius Decius Mus.Livy, viii.3.1-5 The annually elected consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and responsible for commanding Rome's armies in times of war.

The short-lived Bolognese Republic, proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i.e., chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls. Bologna already had consuls at some parts of its Medieval history.

These were worn with black beaver cocked hats, black cockade, silver bullion loops, and gold tassels. For consuls-general there were treble loops and a border of black ostrich feathers, for consuls double loops, and for vice-consuls single loops. A blue greatcoat or cloak, blue detachable cape was for outdoors use. The sword accessories were the same as for standard court uniform.

When the consuls were absent from Rome, leading their armies in campaign against the Aequi and the Volsci, Terentilius, tribune of the plebs, proposed a law creating a special commission charged with regulating consular power. Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, named Praefectus urbi in absence of the consuls, opposed drafting the law and deferred the vote until the return of the consuls.

For when the Romans fought the Carthaginians in Spain and Africa for their lands, the commands were given to the consuls of 218 BC. One of the consuls, Sempronius Longus, was provided with 160 ships and the other consul, Cornelius Scipio, was provided with a fleet of 60 ships.Bleckmann p. 93 Both consuls had previously gained wealth during the First Punic War.Bleckmann p.

Certain U.S. military personnel also have statutory authority to act as consuls for its military administration purposes,Title 10 U.S.C. § 936 more broadly for its military personnel and dependents,Title 10 U.S.C. § 1044a and for its merchant seamen in a port lacking an accredited U.S. consul.Title 10 U.S.C. § 5948 The US assigns a military-equivalent rank to its Honorary (Vice) Consuls (General). Its honorary consular Officers rank immediately after Naval Lieutenants, Captains, and Flight Lieutenants; Honorary Vice Consuls after Lieutenant Commanders, Majors, and Squadron Leaders; Honorary Consuls after Naval Captains, Colonels, and Group Captains; and Honorary Consuls General after Rear Admirals, Major Generals and Air Vice Marshals. This is done in order to "cut to the chase", i.e.

The Fasti Potentini consists of two sections, the first covering AD 86 to 93, and the second 112 to 116. The consuls are given in two columns, in keeping with the principle that there should always be two consuls. The right-hand column is more heavily damaged, so that all of the consuls on this side beginning with AD 93 are inferred from other sources. The list is partial, omitting some of the suffecti from extant years, and frequently giving consuls who may not have been colleagues on the same line.

However the senate was so outraged that the consuls had not used the authority of their office to prevent these meetings that it was not at first possible to hold any vote. The senators rebuked the consuls for failing to act, and the consuls enquired as to the will of the senate. In response, the senate decreed that the army levies should be enrolled as quickly as possible, in order to distract the people from their sedition.Livy, 2.28 The consuls therefore ascended the rostra, and summoned young men by name to enlist.

233, 234. Cassiodorus, who relied on Livy for his list of consuls, describes Asina as the consul prior, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Rufus.Cassiodorus, Chronica.Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6.

Technically they outranked all other ordinary magistrates (including consuls and praetors). This ranking, however, was solely a result of their prestige, rather than any real power they had. Since the office could be easily abused (as a result of its power over every ordinary citizen), only former consuls (usually patrician consuls) were elected to the office. This is what gave the office its prestige.

The Constitution provided for Sieyès and Roger Ducos, the outgoing second and third consuls, to become ex officio members of the Senate. In consultation with Cambacérès and Lebrun (the new second and third consuls directly designated by the Constitution), it also granted the outgoing consuls the privilege of choosing the majority of the Senate (i.e. 29 other senators). This majority then picked the rest of the members.

The Fasti Potentini is a list of consuls from Potentia in Lucania, and probably dating to the early second century. The Potentini gives a partial record of the consuls from AD 86 to 93, and from 112 to 116.

Honorary consuls for numerous other nations may also be found within the CBD.

Chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls.

In 1127 the building that housed the curia (court) he ceded to the consuls.

Through Lucius Bruttius Quintius Crispinus, she would have further descendants who would become consuls.

This made bribery a more competitive affair as candidates attempted to outbid each other, either by holding lavish games and feasts or by directly promising money to voters. Despite the expansion in voter freedom, the ballot laws did not reduce the aristocratic dominance of elections. The list of consuls and other elected officials is not any less aristocratic after the laws than before. In the last two centuries of the republic, more than half of the consuls were sons or grandsons of former consuls, and a third of consuls had at least one son who would become a consul.

After the expulsion of the kings and the establishment of the Republic, all the powers that had belonged to the kings were transferred to two offices: that of the consuls and the Rex Sacrorum. While the Rex Sacrorum inherited the kings’ position as high priest of the state, the consuls were given the civil and military responsibilities (imperium). However, to prevent abuse of the kingly power, the imperium was shared by two consuls, each of whom could veto the other's actions. The consuls were invested with the executive power of the state and headed the government of the Republic.

For the most part, power was divided between civil and military spheres. As long as the consuls were in the pomerium (the city of Rome), they were at the head of government, and all the other magistrates, with the exception of the tribunes of the plebeians, were subordinate to them, but retained independence of office. The internal machinery of the Republic was under the consuls’ superintendence. In order to allow the consuls greater authority in executing laws, the consuls had the right of summons and arrest, which was limited only by the right of appeal from their judgment.

Under the Republic, consuls and proconsuls had raised and commanded armies loyal to themselves. Augustus, Rome's first emperor, replaced these essentially private armies with a standing imperial army. The consuls and proconsuls lost their military authority, but the titles retained considerable prestige.Lord, pp.

17 and when the consuls of 162 BC abdicated on account of some fault in the auspices in their election, he and Cornelius Lentulus were chosen consuls in their stead.Cicero, De Natura Deorum ii. 4, De Divinatione ii. 35Valerius Maximus, i. 1.

Consuls and praetors, as well as censors and curule aediles, were regarded as "curule magistrates". They would sit on a curule chair, which was a symbol of state power. Consuls and praetors where attended by bodyguards called lictors. The lictors would carry fasces.

16–17 Justinian discontinued the regular appointment of Consuls in 541Vasiliev (1952), p. I 192..

This same manuscript contains a list of Florentine consuls and podestà from 1196 to 1267.

For each year, the Ostienses provide a list of the consuls, including both of the ordinares, the consuls who entered office at the beginning of January, and traditionally gave their names to the year, followed by all of the suffecti, consuls who took office following the resignation or death of their predecessors in the course of the year.Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd Ed., p. 286 ("Consul").Bruun, "Civic Rituals in Imperial Ostia", pp. 134–135.

This impasse, and an increased level of sedition and secret meetings, continued until the conclusion of the consuls' term of office. Beginning in March 494 BC, the elected consuls were Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus. Meanwhile the people held regular nightly meetings, sometimes on the Esquiline Hill and other times upon the Aventine Hill. The consuls got wind of these meetings, and put the matter before the senate.

The consuls of Marseille reacted to this threat by forcing David Caze to leave the fort.

And this grant he sent to the consuls to Rome, to be engraven in the capitol.

The English consuls were appointed by and affiliated with the Levant Company. The consuls were not in any way a representative for the crown, but merely representing the interests of the Company. It is interesting that if any issues arose with the Ottoman officials, the nation of merchants would meet with the consul to reach a decision on what to do and the company would never interfere in the decisions of the nation. It was not until 1605 that the Company gained the formal right to appoint consuls and vice consuls which were solely concerned with the nation of merchants who were members of the Company.

They fought and defeated the Veii, Falerii and Fidenae, and Aemilius was granted a triumph.Livy, iv, 17.9, 18.5Broughton, vol i, pp.58-59 In 428 or 427 BC he held the consulship together with Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. This consulship is dubious as it is only mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and is placed in-between the consuls of 428, Aulus Cornelius Cossus and Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus, and the consuls of 427 BC, Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala and Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.It is possible that they were suffect consuls replacing the college of 428 BC or that all four consuls mentioned in 428 were consular tribunes.Diodorus, xii, 77.1Broughton, vol i, pp.

194 The consul was the highest ranking ordinary magistrate.Balot, 2009, p. 216 Consuls had power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government and they would preside over the Senate and the assemblies.

Consuls had extensive powers in peacetime (administrative, legislative and judicial), and in wartime often held the highest military command. Additional religious duties included certain rites which, as a sign of their formal importance, could only be carried out by the highest state officials. Consuls also read auguries, an essential step before leading armies into the field. Two consuls were elected each year, serving together, each with veto power over the other's actions, a normal principle for magistracies.

Under the Republic, consules suffecti were elected only if one of the ordinares died, or was forced to resign. But in imperial times, it became common for the emperors to appoint two, four, or even six pairs of consuls during the course of a year. Part of the reason for increasing the number of consuls was to show favour to the Roman aristocracy, for whom holding the consulship for even a short period was a great honour; but the more practical reason was to fill the large number of important positions in the imperial bureaucracy that were traditionally held by ex-consuls. Typically, each pair of consuls would enter office at the beginning, or Kalends, of a month, although sometimes consuls would take office on the Ides or Nones, or on rare occasions between these dates.

In 428 or 427 BC Sempronius held the consulship together with Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. This consulship is dubious as it is only mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and is placed in-between the consuls of 428, Aulus Cornelius Cossus and Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus, and the consuls of 427 BC, Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala and Lucius Papirius Mugillanus. It is possible that they were suffect consuls replacing the college of 428 BC or that all four consuls mentioned in 428 were consular tribunes.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, xii, 77.1Broughton, vol i, pp.65-66, note 1 All events described by other ancient authors are ascribed to the ordinary consuls of 428 BC. Sempronius would be elected as consular tribune in 425 BC together with (possibly his former consular colleague) Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, Lucius Furius Medullinus and Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

This celebration used to validate the emperors' imperium, but later on the festival validated the consuls imperium.

Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy for his list of consuls—describes him as the consul prior, which means the centuriate assembly elected him before Figulus.Cassiodorus, Chronica.Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6. Corculum was assigned the province of Corsica, while Figulus departed to Gaul.

Consular powers included the kings' former "power to command" (imperium) and appointment of new senators. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies.

The French had success in the Ottoman Empire notably through their political and diplomatic initiatives rather than their commercial ones. The consuls were responsible for promoting French trade in the Levant through persuasion (gifts, donations, favours etc..) The French consuls were not allowed to participate in trade and commerce themselves, but they were to report political and economic information back to the French government. However, the consulate was frequently headed by corrupt consuls and many of them did engage in commerce.

The selection of 16,800 men must have taken several days. If the circumstances of the state required it, the complement could be expanded to include more men, or the consuls could draft as many as four legions each. Additional forces could be drafted under ad hoc commanders called proconsules, who served "in place of consuls." In the later republic, the relatively small number of legions commanded by the consuls (2-4) resulted in their power being overshadowed by the proconsuls, the provincial governors.

Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.16 Livy also says that the consuls celebrated a triumph, however the Fasti Triumphales record that an ovation was celebrated by Postumius and a triumph by Menenius, both over the Sabines. In the following year the consuls were Opiter Virginius and Sp. Cassius. Livy says that they attempted to take Pometia by storm, but then resorted to siege engines. However the Aurunci launched a successful sally, destroying the siege engines, wounding many, and nearly killing one of the consuls.

The appointment of a dictator involved three steps: first, the Senate would issue a decree known as a senatus consultum, authorizing one of the consuls to nominate a dictator. Technically, a senatus consultum was advisory, and did not have the force of law, but in practice it was nearly always followed. Either consul could nominate a dictator. If both consuls were available, the dictator was chosen by agreement; if they could not agree, the consuls would draw lots for the responsibility.

Diodorus Siculus, xii. 65. On one thing Mento and Cincinnatus could agree: they did not want to appoint a dictator. However, the clamor to do so was widespread, and at last the tribunes of the plebs threatened to imprison the consuls if they refused to do so. Even as they complained bitterly about the oppression of the masses compelling the action of the consuls by threat of jail, the consuls preferred to yield to popular demands than to the senate.

A plan was then proposed by which the senate would accede to the illegal re-election of several of the tribunes, if the consuls should also be re-elected. The object of this scheme was to discredit both the tribunes and the consuls, who had previously earned the people's trust. However, the president of the elections, Marcus Duilius, himself a former tribune, secured the pledge of the consuls not to accept a second year in office.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita iii. 65.

It would declare "videant consules ne res publica detrimenti capiat" ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm"). In effect, the consuls would be vested with dictatorial powers. After the establishment of the Principate, the old magistracies (consuls, praetors, censors, aediles, quaestors and tribunes) lost the majority of their actual powers, effectively being reduced to municipal officers in charge of various games and holidays. The vast majority of actual political and administrative work was transferred into the emperor.

Honorary consuls do not accept passport applications nor do they handle matters pertaining to visas or residence permits.

Three honorary Consuls, in Port Elizabeth, East London and Saint Helena depend on the Consulate of Cape Town.

In 162, the presiding magistrate, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, even cancelled the elections of the consuls Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum and Gaius Marcius Figulus because he found he had not conducted the auspices correctly; the consuls were forced to abdicate and new elections were organised.Plutarch, Marcellus, 5.Broughton, vol. I, pp.

As a result, both Roman consuls marched on Samnium and concentrated their operations there. Quintus Fabius defeated the Samnites at the Battle of Tifernum and Publius Decius defeated a Samnite force from Apulia near Maleventum. The two consuls then spent four months ravaging Samnium. Fabius also seized Cimetra (location unknown).

Estonia has 4 Honorary Consuls in Australia (Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Perth) and 1 Honorary Consul in New Zealand (Wellington).

Modern honorary consuls fulfill a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution.

Based on their filiations, he was probably the father of the consuls Spurius Postumius Albinus and Aulus Postimius Albinus.

The Elmon M. Williams Leadership Academy is a multi-day leadership program that occurs each August (in conjunction with the National Convention in even-numbered years) and is funded in large part by the Foundation. The academy allows for undergraduate KDR brothers to learn more about being an effective leader in their chapter and in the professional world. The Consuls Academy is a three-day leadership program held every January for incoming chapter consuls (presidents). This intensive academy prepares consuls for the responsibilities of running a chapter.

During his consulship, Verginius and his colleague Veturius were faced with the popular unrest which led to a secession of the plebs. The two consuls brought the matter before the senate; however, the senators were critical of the consuls for not using their authority to prevent the growing sedition. The consuls were instructed to enrol the army levies from the populace; however, the people refused. The senate, beginning to realise the seriousness of the situation, debated the crisis and chose to appoint Manius Valerius Maximus as dictator.

The Romans elected two men each year, known as consuls, as senior magistrates, who at time of war would each lead an army; on occasion their term was extended. A large Roman army landed at Utica in 149 BC under both consuls for the year, Manius Manilius commanding the army and Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus the fleet. The Carthaginians continued to attempt to appease Rome, and sent an embassy to Utica. The consuls demanded that they hand over all weaponry, and reluctantly the Carthaginians did so.

Gaining the advantage over Britain in the region was a key part of Pierce's expansionist goals.See , p. 26–27.See , p. 139–140. British consuls in the United States sought to enlist Americans for the Crimean War in 1854, in violation of neutrality laws, and Pierce eventually expelled minister Crampton and three consuls.

36 Following the defeat and suicide of Otho, Sabinus submitted to Vitellius.Tacitus, Histories, ii.51 As the brothers Sabini had already begun their nundinium as suffect consuls when the decisive First Battle of Bedriacum was fought, Vitellius allowed the brothers to complete their term of office.Townend, "Consuls of A. D. 69/70", pp.

Gaius Atilius Regulus (killed 225 BC at Telamon in battle) was one of the two Roman consuls who fought a Celtic invasion of Italy in 225-224 BC; he was killed in battle and beheaded. Atilius came from a prominent family of consuls for four generations; the family originally hailed from southern Italy.

British Consul in Berdyansk Cumberbatch, Great-great- grandfather of Modern Sherlock Holmes, in Scriptorium nostrum, 2017, № 2 (8), p. 198-199 Igor Lyman, Victoria Konstantinova. The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth - Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), p.

During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. Intimidated by this act, the next day the consuls and over two-hundred senators still in support of Antony fled Rome and joined his side. Antony established his own counter Roman Senate.

Hungary has an embassy in Jakarta and honorary consuls in Bandung and Denpasar, while Indonesia has an embassy in Budapest.

In place of the king, the comitia centuriata resolved to elect two consuls to hold power jointly. Lucretius, the prefect of the city, presided over the election of the first consuls, Brutus and Collatinus.Livy, i. 60. When word of the uprising reached the king, Tarquin abandoned Ardea, and sought support from his allies in Etruria.

Before any foreign ambassadors reached the Senate, they met with the consuls. The consul would introduce ambassadors to the Senate, and they alone carried on the negotiations between the Senate and foreign states. The consuls could convene the Senate, and presided over its meetings. Each consul served as president of the Senate for a month.

The consuls served for only a year (a restriction intended to limit the amassing of power by individuals) and could only rule when they agreed, because each consul could veto the other's decision. The consuls would alternate monthly as the chairman of the Senate. They also were the supreme commanders in the Roman army, with each being granted two legions during their consular year. Consuls also exercised the highest juridical power in the Republic, being the only office with the power to override the decisions of the Praetor Urbanus.

The Valerio-Horatian Laws (leges Valeriae Horatiae) were three laws which were passed by the consuls of Rome for 449 BC, Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus. They restored the right of appeal to the people and introduced measures which were favourable to the plebeians. The consuls' actions came after a plebeian rebellion, the second plebeian secession, which overthrew the second decemvirate, which had ruled tyrannically. The two consuls had shown sympathy towards the plebeians and, as a result, had been chosen to negotiate the resolution of the rebellion.

The Fasti Antiates maiores consist of two fragments of the thirteen month calendar and the List of Roman consuls. The 1.16 m high and 2.5 m wide calendar contains the leap month Mensis Intercalaris in addition to the twelve months. The list of consuls was the same height as the calendar, but 1.36 m wide. The names of the consuls span the period from 164 BC to 84 BC. According to the restoration of the lacunae at both ends, the list originally extended from 173 BC to 67 BC.

At the time only Patricians could be chosen as Consuls, but both Patricians and Plebeians could be elected as tribunes with consular authority. Instead of the usual two consuls, between four and six military tribunes were elected for the year. The reasons for this choice are obscure, though Livy often cast the decision according to the class struggles he saw as endemic during this period, with patricians generally favoring consuls and plebs the military tribunes. The office of "consular tribune" eventually fell out of use after 366 BC.

273 These reforms included the Leges Genuciae which stated that no one could be reelected to the same office within less than ten years, and it is clear from the list of consuls that, except in years of great crises, this law was enforced. It also became a firm rule that one of the consuls had to be a plebeian.Forsythe (2006), pp. 270, 273 Livy writes that in 341 BC one of the Roman consuls, Lucius Aemilius Mamercus, entered Samnite territory but found no army to oppose him.

Caesar's rapid advance forced Pompey, the Consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece, and Caesar entered the city unopposed.

The Senate in special session declared war on Mithridates, formulating a mandate to be given to the consuls of the year.

They even gave the consuls orders to fight the enemy without delay, so great was their confidence in the gasconading Varro.

This makes Gaeta one of the "more precocious cities" by Daniel Waley's criteria.Daniel Waley (1978), The Italian City-Republics (London: Longman), 35. The use of consuls may have been the result of Genoese or Pisan influence, though consuls from Rome were recorded participating in Gaetan affairs in 1127.Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 312, prefers the Genoese answer.

The Samnites took their most important treasures to the Cranita hills. The consuls tried to climb these hills, but they failed because they were overgrown with shrubbery, and so were defeated. Many of them died and many were taken prisoner. After this, the two consuls, blaming each other for the reverse, did not carry on the war together.

This is a list of Roman consuls, individuals who were either elected or nominated to the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, or a high office of the Empire, but for whom an exact date of when they served in office is absent. Most are reckoned to be suffect consuls, but occasionally it encompasses an ordinary consul.

Nevertheless the senate remained struck by indecision. One of the consuls, Appius, because of his harsh temper, called for the uprising to be quelled by the authority of the consuls. The other consul, Servilius, who was of a more mild disposition, called for some concession to be granted to the populace to convince them to retire from the forum.

Additionally, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO; often commonly known simply as the Foreign Office) also maintains consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco, headed by consuls-general. There are also British Consulates called (instead) the UK Government Offices in Denver, and in Seattle, headed by consuls.

When the kings were replaced by two annually-elected Consuls in c. 500 BC, the standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the Consuls, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men. It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set- piece battles.

The terms for all annual offices would begin on New Year's Day, and end on the last day of December. The two highest ranking ordinary magistrates, the consuls and praetors, held a type of authority called imperium (Latin for "command"). Imperium allowed a magistrate to command a military force. Consuls held a higher grade of imperium than praetors.

It is probably that increased Norman oversight of Gaetan affairs is responsible for the eclipse of both the consuls and the pirates.

Holmes, pg. 158 Gathering their shattered forces, both consuls gave chase but were once again defeated at a battle near Picenum.Holmes, pgs.

332 His son, Gaius Antistius Vetus, served as consul in 6 BC. Two of his grandsons also went on to become consuls.

Veturius then complained to the consuls, who took the complaint to the senate. Plotius was jailed. See Cantarella, pp. 104–105Williams, pp.

At the end of 91 BC he ran for the consulship and was elected one of the two consuls for 90 BC.

In Rome, there were primarily two kinds of praetor, the praetor urbanus and the praetor peregrinus, in charge of suits involving citizens and foreigners, respectively. They were also assigned, in the late Republic, to various permanent courts with specific criminal jurisdiction. When the consuls were away, the praetors were empowered to command armies and serve in the place of the consuls, and thus also held authority to call assemblies and introduce legislation Over time, as Rome's empire grew, the two annual consuls ceased to be enough to command its many armies in the field or administer its many provinces. To solve this problem, it became normal to prorogue the authority of current consuls and praetors beyond their normal terms so they could continue to command in the field.

Honorary consuls are also appointed in Calgary, Guelph, Halifax, Hamilton, Kelowna, London, Niagara Falls, Regina, Sarnia, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Windsor (ON) and Winnipeg.

He was the father of the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and of one of the consuls for 50 BC Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus.

The consular tribunes were obliged to resign their authority, and consuls were elected in their place.Dionysius, xi. 62.Broughton, vol. I, p. 53.

During the same year, the consuls were retained by the inhabitants of two Latin cities, Ardea and Aricia, to mediate a territorial dispute.

Sulpicius was elected consul or consular tribune in 434 BC. Livy, basing his account on the writings of Valerius Antius and Aelius Tubero, lists Sulpicius together with Marcus Manlius Capitolinus Vulso, as the consuls of 434 BC. This Livy writes next to a secondary and contradictory tradition based on the writings of Licinius Macer, which places Gaius Julius Iulus and Proculus Verginius Tricostus as being re-elected as consuls after having held the consulship the previous year. Diodorus Siculus provides a third narrative which includes both Manlius and Sulpicius together with a third individual, Servius Cornelius Cossus, but as consular tribunes, not consuls. Modern consensus generally favor either of traditions including Manlius and Sulpicius, with the classicist Broughton commenting that the re-election of the consuls of 435 remains the least likely version.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita iv, 23.1-23.3Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, xii, 53.1Broughton, vol i, pp.61-62, (62:note 1) In either case, the actions of the consuls or consular tribunes of 434 BC is not well documented and they relinquished their imperium in favor of the appointment of a dictator.

The Capitoline Brutus, an ancient Roman bust from the Capitoline Museums is traditionally identified as a portrait of Lucius Junius Brutus To replace the leadership of the kings, a new office was created with the title of consul. Initially, the consuls possessed all of the king's powers in the form of two men, elected for a one-year term, who could veto each other's actions. Later, the consuls’ powers were broken down further by adding other magistrates that each held a small portion of the king's original powers. First among these was the praetor, which removed the consuls’ judicial authority from them.

A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the cursus honorum (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Each year, the citizens of Rome elected two consuls to serve jointly for a one-year term. The consuls alternated in holding imperium each month when both were in Rome and a consul's imperium extended over Rome and all its provinces. There were two consuls in order to create a check on the power of any individual.

In the following year the consuls were Opiter Virginius and Spurius Cassius. Livy says that they attempted to take Pometia by storm, but then resorted to siege engines. However the Aurunci launched a successful sally, destroying the siege engines, wounding many, and nearly killing one of the consuls. The Romans retreated to Rome, recruited additional troops, and returned to Pometia.

This posed problems for the Dutch consuls, and there are many reports of cases where consuls exerted their authority over the nations members who did not want to pay consulate and embassy dues. Despite internal struggle within the Dutch nation, it had a good relationship with the Ottomans and in 1804 Sultan Selin III (1789–1807) appointed the first resident representative to Amsterdam.

A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the cursus honorum (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Consuls were elected to office and held power for one year. There were always two consuls in power at any time.

Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 136 Where the family of Cerialis originated is a mystery; Paul Leunissen, in his prosopography of Roman consuls and other officials, includes him in a list of four consuls whose family origins are unknown,Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 107 n.

Titus and Fulvius were sent north against the Boii, a Celtic tribe at war with Rome since 225. The consuls led the first Roman army to cross the Po river, then defeated the Boii there.Polybius, ii. 31. The Celts lost 23,000 men and 5,000 of them were captured, but the consuls had to retreat because of poor weather and deaths among their troops.

Orosius, iv. 13 § 11. Orosius writes that the consuls fought Insubres, not Boii, but Polybius should be followed here as he lived not so long after the events. De Sanctis thought this victory as well as the crossing of the Po were later inventions, since the Fasti Triumphales do not record this victory, which should normally have won a triumph for the consuls.

Forsythe, pp. 177, 178. At this point, the fury of the mob drove the consuls and their lictors from the forum; the lictors were manhandled, and their fasces broken; the consuls took refuge in the senate house, as the senate deliberated its response. Over the objections of the hard-liners, the senior members prevailed, and took no further actions against the people.

Initially, the consuls held vast executive and judicial power. In the gradual development of the Roman legal system, however, some important functions were detached from the consulship and assigned to new officers. Thus, in 443 BC, the responsibility to conduct the census was taken from the consuls and given to the censors. The second function taken from the consulship was their judicial power.

This power of punishment even extended to inferior magistrates. As part of their executive functions, the consuls were responsible for carrying into effect the decrees of the Senate and the laws of the assemblies. Sometimes, in great emergencies, they might even act on their own authority and responsibility. The consuls also served as the chief diplomat of the Roman state.

In the next month, the consuls would switch roles with one another. This would continue until the end of the consular term. Another point which acted as a check against consuls was the certainty that after the end of their term they would be called to account for their actions while in office. There were also three other restrictions on consular power.

The Senate, however, having an extreme distaste for the Sidicini people for constantly pursuing hostilities against Rome in the past, were slighted by the decision of their consuls to allow the Sidicini to retreat. Therefore, the next year the Senate elected Marcus Valerius Corvus, a renowned military commander, to deal with the Sidicini in a way that the previous consuls had not.

During the Roman Republic, the office of Consul was the highest elected magistracy in the Roman state, with two consuls elected annually. With the arrival of the Principate, although all real power was invested in the emperor, the consuls were still in theory the head of state, and the calendar year was identified by the two ordinary consuls who began in office at the start of the year.Bury, J. B., A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (1893) p. 38 Throughout the Principate, the imperial consulate was an important position, albeit as the method through which the Roman aristocracy could progress through to the higher levels of imperial administration – only former consuls could become consular legates, the proconsuls of Africa and Asia, or the urban prefect of Rome.

For example, Emperor Honorius was given the consulship at birth. Cassius Dio states that Caligula intended to make his horse Incitatus consul, but was assassinated before he could do so.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 59:14:7 The need for a pool of men to fill the consular positions forced Augustus to remodel the suffect consulate, allowing more than the two elected for the ordinary consulate. During the reigns of the Julio-Claudians, the ordinary consuls who began the year usually relinquished their office mid-year, with the election for the suffect consuls occurring at the same time as that for the ordinary consuls. During reigns of the Flavian and Antonine emperors, the ordinary consuls tended to resign after a period of four months, and the elections were moved to 12 January of the year in which they were to hold office.

Until 1753, Great Britain appears only to have had consuls at Naples and Messina, and no permanent diplomatic mission.The National Archives Catalogue, class SP 93.

Philo belonged to the patrician gens Curtia. A few Curtii held lesser magistracies during the Republic, and there were two consuls suffectus in imperial times.

His daughter Appuleia may have married well despite the family disgrace, and was perhaps the mother of two consuls, including the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

Such dating was, however, never widespread. After the consuls waned in importance, most Roman dating was regnal. or followed Diocletian's 15-year Indiction tax cycle.

On July 1, 2007, the first two Consuls in the history of the Principality were appointed to represent Liechtenstein in the United States of America.

For more on the consuls of 49 BC in regard to the lex curiata, see Jerzy Linderski, "Q. Scipio Imperator," in Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic (Franz Steiner, 1996), pp. 166–167. On the consuls of 54, see G.V. Sumner, "The coitio of 54 BC, or Waiting for Caesar," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 86 (1982) 133–139.

The Republic's constitutional organization of powers was heavily influenced by that of the French Constitution of 1795, which itself was inspired by and loosely based on that of the ancient Roman Republic. Executive authority was vested in a Consulate consisting of five consuls. The legislative branch was composed of two chambers, a 60-member Tribunate and a 30-member Senate, which elected the consuls.

Under this law, military tribunes with consular power were abolished, and one of the consuls elected each year was to be a plebeian. Although this law was occasionally violated by the election of two patrician consuls, Sextius himself was elected consul for 366, and Licinius in 364. At last, the plebeian tribunes had broken the patrician monopoly on the highest magistracies of the state.

Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2:16 The triumphs are recorded on the Fasti Triumphales, albeit with some of the details lost. In the following consular year hostilities increased. The consuls elected were Publius Valerius Poplicola (for a fourth time) and Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus (for a second). According to Livy, the threat of war with the Sabines led to the election of these experienced consuls.

32 and, eventually, began to act as chief judges over the courts. Praetors usually stood for election with the consuls before the assembly of the soldiers, the Centuriate Assembly. After they were elected, they were granted imperium powers by the assembly. In the absence of both senior and junior consuls from the city, the Urban praetor governed Rome, and presided over the Roman Senate and Roman assemblies.

The first two "Roman Consuls" in a given year, the consules ordinarii, were appointed by the Emperor, and their term now ended on April 21, while all other Consuls in a given year (the less-prestigious consules suffecti) were elected by the Senate. The Senate also elected "Praetors" and "Quaestors"', although the approval of the Emperor was required before any election could be certified.

Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates, and all consuls and tribunes. This, in effect, transformed the magistrates from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the dictator.

Octavian's colleague in the consulate that year, his cousin (and nephew of Caesar), Quintus Pedius, died before the proscriptions got underway. Octavian himself resigned shortly after, allowing the appointment of a second pair of suffect consuls; the original consuls for the year, Caesar's legate Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, had died fighting on the Senate's side of the first civil war to follow Caesar's death, that between the Senate and Mark Antony himself. This became a broad pattern of the Triumvirate's two terms; during the ten years of the Triumvirate (43 BC to 33 BC), there were 42 consuls in office, rather than the expected 20.

During the transition from republic to empire, no office lost more power or prestige than the Consulship, which was due, in part, to the fact that the substantive powers of republican Consuls were all transferred to the emperor. In addition, the fact that one had to be nominated by the emperor before they could run for any office weakened the independence, and thus the prestige, of the Consulship. In addition, the Consulship lost further prestige from the fact that Consuls usually resigned before their terms ended. Imperial Consuls could preside over the senate, could act as judges in certain criminal trials, and had control over public games and shows.

Livy, 2.27 Meanwhile the consuls were unable to decide upon which of them should dedicate a new temple to Mercury. The senate referred the decision to the popular assembly, and also decreed that whichever consul was chosen should also exercise additional duties, including presiding over the markets, establishing a merchants' guild, and exercising the functions of the pontifex maximus. The people, in order to spite the senate and the consuls, instead awarded the honour to the senior military officer of one of the legions named Marcus Laetorius. The senate was outraged at this turn of events, as was one of the consuls in particular.

An early and common practice was Roman 'consular' dating. This involved naming both consules ordinarii who had taken up this office on 1 January (since 153 BC) of the relevant civil year. Sometimes one or both consuls might not be appointed until November or December of the previous year, and news of the appointment may not have reached parts of the Roman empire for several months into the current year; thus we find the occasional inscription where the year is defined as "after the consulate" of a pair of consuls. The use of consular dating ended in AD 541 when the emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls.

Their appeal to their supporters succeeded, for on the day of the trial Genucius was found murdered in his house. The new consuls, Lucius Aemilius Mamercus and Vopiscus Julius Iulus, were ordered to levy troops as a distraction from the murder, and the other tribunes were too fearful to intervene. When a former centurion named Volero Publilius refused to be enlisted as a common soldier, the consuls had him arrested and ordered him to be scourged by the lictors. Breaking free, Publilius appealed to the crowd for protection, and suddenly the tables were turned against the consuls, who fled for their lives and took refuge in the Curia Hostilia.

It is thought that originally only patricians were eligible for the consulship. Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which had an aristocratic bias in its voting structure which only increased over the years from its foundation. However, they formally assumed powers only after the ratification of their election in the older Comitia Curiata, which granted the consuls their imperium by enacting a law, the "lex curiata de imperio". If a consul died during his term (not uncommon when consuls were in the forefront of battle) or was removed from office, another would be elected by the Comitia Centuriata to serve the remainder of the term as consul suffectus ("suffect consul").

Officers from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) are graded into four broad bands (BB1 to BB4), with the Senior Executive Service (SES Band 1 to SES Band 3) following above. Ambassadors, High Commissioners and Consuls-General usually come from the Senior Executive Service, although in smaller posts the head of mission may be a BB4 officer. Generally speaking (and there are variations in ranking and nomenclature between posts and positions), Counsellors are represented by BB4 officers; Consuls and First and Second Secretaries are BB3 officers and Third Secretaries and Vice Consuls are BB2 officers. DFAT only posts a limited number of low-level BB1 staff abroad.

Holmes, pg. 158 Gathering their shattered forces, both consuls gave chase but were once again defeated at a battle near Picenum.Holmes, pgs. 386-387; Broughton, pg.

Ronald Syme, Tacitus (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), p. 646 His mother is considered a daughter of Gnaeus Caecilius Simplex, one of the suffect consuls of 69.

I fr. 77. which was then acted out mainly by Catulus, now a proconsul, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, not by the consuls themselves.App. civ. I, 107.

But flush with their apparent victory, the senate called for a levy of troops, which the consuls immediately undertook.Livy, ii. 54, 55.Dionysius, ix. 37–41.

This consul general is a diplomat and a member of the ambassador's country team. Consul General is abbreviated "CG", and the plural form is 'consuls general'.

The census was first instituted by Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, c. 575–535 BC. After the abolition of the monarchy and the founding of the Republic in 509 BC, the consuls had responsibility for the census until 443 BC. In 442 BC, no consuls were elected, but tribunes with consular power were appointed instead. This was a move by the plebeians to try to attain higher magistracies: only patricians could be elected consuls, while some military tribunes were plebeians. To prevent the possibility of plebeians obtaining control of the census, the patricians removed the right to take the census from the consuls and tribunes, and appointed for this duty two magistrates, called censores (censors), elected exclusively from the patricians in Rome. The magistracy continued to be controlled by patricians until 351 BC, when Gaius Marcius Rutilus was appointed the first plebeian censor.

Manlius was elected consul or consular tribune in 434 BC. Livy, basing his account on the writings of Valerius Antius and Aelius Tubero, lists Manlius together with Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus, as the consuls of 434 BC. Livy writes this next to a secondary and contradictory tradition based on the writings of Licinius Macer, which places Gaius Julius Iulus and Proculus Verginius Tricostus as being re-elected as consuls after having held the consulship the previous year. Diodorus Siculus provides a third narrative which includes both Manlius and Sulpicius together with a third individual, Servius Cornelius Cossus, but as consular tribunes, not consuls. Modern consensus generally favor either of traditions including Manlius and Sulpicius, with the classicist Broughton commenting that the re-election of the consuls of 435 remains the least likely version.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita iv, 23.1-23.3Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, xii, 53.1Broughton, vol i, pp.

Seven years later, as Rome was emerging from one of its periodic epidemics, word arrived from Rome's neighbors, the Hernici, that the Aequi and Volsci were rising in arms, and fortifying a position on Mount Algidus. According to some of Livy's sources, the consuls, Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus Pennus and Gaius Julius Mento, engaged the Aequi and Volsci at Mount Algidus and were defeated. Either because of this, or the general state of disarray at Rome, in which the consuls were in perpetual disagreement, a group of moderates urged the tribunes of the plebs to pressure the consuls to name a dictator. The Senate was opposed to this plan, but even as they railed against the presumption of the tribunes to compel the consuls to take action or face imprisonment, Quinctius and Mento preferred to throw in their lot with the people than with the Senate.

A portion of the Fasti Capitolini, running from 264 to 172 BC. In the upper left corner are Appius Claudius Caudex and Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, consuls in 264, at the beginning of the First Punic War, and in the lower right are Gaius Popillius Laenas and Publius Aelius Ligus, the first pair of plebeian consuls, in 172. Due to the fragmentary condition of the Fasti Capitolini, it is not entirely certain whether they began with the first year of the Republic, or with the kings, as did the related Fasti Triumphales. The first year which is partially extant is 483 BC. The last surviving year is AD 13, and the fasti probably ended the following year. The extant years include the names of the consuls, who gave their names to each year, as well as consuls suffecti, who replaced those who resigned or died during their year of office.

In theory, proconsuls held delegated authority and acted on behalf of the consuls. In practice, a proconsulship was often treated as an extension of a consul's term.

The Romans were led by two consuls, Tiberius Minucius Augurinus and Lucius Postumius Megellus. The result was a Roman victory and end of the Second Samnite War.

Egerius was the father of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, one of the first Roman consuls in 509 BC.Livy, i. 57–60.Dionysius, iv. 64, 76.Ovid, Fasti, ii.

The Latin and Campanian armies were stationed in Capua. Since the Romans saw this as a legitimate threat, they sent both consuls to Campania to work together.

Lucius Vipstanus Gallus (died AD 17) was a Roman senator who is the first documented member of the gens Vipstana. His descendants and relatives include several consuls.

As the chain started hotels in various locations, the Consuls moved around the country, saving money with the intention of starting their own restaurant. However, the Great Depression intervened, wiping out the Consuls' savings. In 1930, they moved to Esther's hometown of Republic, and opened the Highway Lunch Restaurant on a shoestring. At that time, M-95 ran through Republic, and the restaurant was visible from the highway.

The first apparition occurred near a fountain while she was looking after a herd of sheep in Monléon. The Virgin Mary asked Anglèse to tell her father she wanted the local consuls to build a church next to the fountain. While her father told the consuls, the request was rejected. Shortly after, Anglèse talked to the Virgin Mary again, who asked her to tell her father a second time.

The last king of Rome had been expelled in 509 BC and the Roman Republic had been established. In the place of the kings, the city-state was governed by two consuls, elected annually and serving in office for twelve months. Other government institutions included the senate and various assemblies of the people. At this time, the consuls were elected from amongst the patricians, who were the upper class in Rome.

109 Chart Showing the Checks and Balances in the Constitution of the Roman Republic Every five years, two censors were elected for an eighteen-month term. Since the censorship was the most prestigious of all offices, usually only former consuls were elected to it.Lintott, p. 116 Censors were elected by the assembly of Roman Soldiers, the Centuriate Assembly, usually after the new consuls and praetors for the year began their term.

His great-grandfather, Henry Arnold Cumberbatch, was a diplomat who served as consul in Turkey and Lebanon, and his great-great-grandfather, Robert William Cumberbatch, also was a British consul in Turkey and the Russian Empire. Igor Lyman, Victoria Konstantinova. The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth – Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), p.

Britain had maintained consuls on the Island of Mozambique since 1856, mainly to monitor and combat the slave trade. Two of these Mozambique-based consuls, Elton in 1877 and O'Neill in 1882, visited the European missions and settlements in the Shire Highlands. O'Neill's visit was made in the aftermath of the Blantyre atrocities, and he recommended that a consul should be appointed for the Lake Nyasa area.M Newitt, (1995).

68, 69. The 208x208px During the early republic, senators were chosen by the consuls among their supporters. Shortly before 312, the Lex Ovinia transferred this power to the censors, who could only remove senators for misconduct, thus appointing them for life. This law strongly increased the power of the Senate, which was by now protected from the influence of the consuls and became the central organ of government.

The auspicia maxima were reserved primarily for consuls and censors, but these were two different types of auspices. Consuls and censors were not colleagues, and the censors lacked military auspices (auspicia militiae). Praetors, however, held a form of auspicia maxima and could also lead an army, though their imperium was lesser than that of the consuls.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), vol.

The Senate was ordered to make restitution immediately. Received and read, this epistle dropped chaos on Italy. The Consuls for the year, Lucius Cornelius Cinna and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, both Populares, had been in the field recruiting against the day of Sulla's return. The Senate decreed that they should cease these activities, and they agreed, but illegally declared themselves Consuls for 84, to avoid returning to Rome for any elections.

Szemler, Priests of the Roman Republic, p. 46. The new consuls were Lentulus—Corculum's former colleague in 169 and 165—and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus.Broughton, vol. I, p. 442.

The various sets of Fasti constituted a record of the names of consuls, and other magistrates or high officials, and also of the triumphs accorded to conquering generals.

Germany maintains consulates general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco. There are honorary consuls in more than a dozen U.S. cities.

The Sri Lankan High Commissioner to India is concurrently accredited as Ambassador to both Bhutan and Afghanistan. Sri Lanka also maintains two Consuls-General in Chennai and Mumbai.

After the successful campaign of consuls Publius Furius Philus and Gaius Flaminius in 223 BC against the Insubres, the latter sent out ambassadors begging for peace to the Roman senate. The new consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus however strongly urged that no peace should be granted to them. On meeting with a refusal, the Insubres decided to fight to the last and hired a force of thirty thousand Gaesatae mercenaries to aid their cause. The Roman consuls, when the war season came, invaded the territory of the Insubres with their legions, and laid siege to the city of Acerrae, nowadays in the area of Pizzighettone, between Cremona and Lodi (south of Milan).

Following the end of the First Punic War, in which Marcellus fought as a soldier, the Gauls of northern Italy declared war on Rome in 225 BC. In the fourth and final year of the war, Marcellus was elected consul with Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. The previous consuls had pushed the Insubrians, the primary Gallic tribe involved, all the way up to the Po River. Following such terrible defeats, the Insubrians surrendered, but Marcellus, not yet consul, persuaded the two acting consuls not to accept the terms of peace. As Marcellus and his colleague were ushered into office as the new consuls, the Insubrians mustered 30,000 of their Gallic allies, the Gaesatae, to fight the Romans.Polyb. 2.34.

The rioting was quelled by Lebanese Druze troops under the orders of Ibrahim Pasha following the intervention of foreign consuls. The instigators were arrested and later executed in Acre.

The praefectus urbi no longer held the power to convoke the Senate, or the right of speaking in it, and was appointed by the Consuls instead of being elected.

As consul in 197, Minucius fought against Gauls and Ligurians. Both consuls of this year were assigned military commands in Italy, and coordinated strategically.Polybius 18.11.2 and 12.1; Livy 32.28.8.

He sailed her from Toulon to Algiers with M. Vallière, France's consul general in Algeria. She also carried dispatches for the naval station and French consuls in the Levant.

The French appear to have kept most intact the medieval tradition of the consul—a representative of the nation of merchants. When the state assumed control of the consuls in the later sixteenth century they diminished the privileges of the nation of merchants. The primary function became financial. However, the state then lost control again over the consuls and the position became a personal one that could be succeeded by an heir.

While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical.Abbott, 341 By virtue of his proconsular powers, the emperor held the same grade of military command authority as did the chief magistrates (the Roman consuls and proconsuls) under the republic. However, the emperor was not subject to the constitutional restrictions that the old consuls and proconsuls had been subject to.

From exile, the Tarquins plotted the assassination of the consuls, together with some disaffected members of the Aquillii and Vitellii, who had benefited from the deposed regime. Valerius was informed of the plot by a slave, Vindicius. He personally investigated the conspiracy, sneaking into the Aquillius estate and finding incriminating evidence, based on which the consuls held a public trial. The conspirators, including two of Brutus' sons, were found guilty and executed.

I, p. 35. Both consuls died of the plague however, and—according to Livy and Dionysius—between a quarter and half of the Senate. Lucius was the first consul to die; his colleague Servilius might have died as late as July 462, soon before the end of his term. One or two interreges were appointed to conduct the election of the new consuls, which was a bit delayed to 11 August because of the plague.

Abbott, 382 Under the empire, the power that the emperor held over the senate was absolute.Abbott, 385 The two consuls were a part of the senate, but had more power than the senators. During senate meetings, the emperor sat between the two consuls,Abbott, 383 and usually acted as the presiding officer. Senators of the early empire could ask extraneous questions or request that a certain action be taken by the senate.

Both the ordinary consuls, Quintus Sosius Senecio and Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus, were military men, each going on to enjoy the exceptional honor of a second consulate. Of the possibly as many as ten suffect consuls for that year, five are known; of these, two are provincials, two Italians, all of them active in government; the fifth, Afer's colleague Lucretius Barba, is only a name.Grainger, Nerva, pp. 100f Afer fades from history after his consulship.

"The First Circassian Exodus". Pages 47-49 British consuls became involved with relief patterns and the organization of resettlement for Circassians, with various British consuls and consular staff catching illnesses from plague-ridden Circassian refugees, and a few died from such illnesses.Rosser-Owen, Sarah A. S. Isla. "The First Circassian Exodus". Pages 49–52 In the initial stages of the process, relief efforts were also made by the Ottoman population, both by Muslims and Christians.

Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 15. Modern historians have questioned the traditional account of plebeian emancipation during the early Republic (see Conflict of the Orders), noting for instance that about thirty percent of the consuls prior to Sextius had plebeian, not patrician, names. It is possible that only the chronology has been distorted, but it seems that one of the first consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, came from a plebeian family.Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed.

Election of the consuls were transferred to the Senate during the Flavian or Antonine periods, although through to the 3rd century, the people were still called on to ratify the Senate's selections.Michael Gagarin, Elaine Fantham; The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1 (2010), pgs. 296-297 The proliferation of suffect consuls through this process, and the allocation of this office to homines novi tended, over time, to devalue the office.

As the son and grandson of consuls, he attained the consulate without necessarily having served as military tribune, legate of a legion, or provincial governor, unlike his colleague Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus.X. Loriot, "Les consuls ordinaires de l'année 240 de notre ère", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 12 (1973), p. 258 Loriot has traced the origins of his family. The gens Ragonia had their origins in Opitergium in Venetia et Histria.

There, the French and German consuls had been murdered by the local Ottomans. On arriving there on 15 May, Medusa joined an international fleet that eventually included twenty-nine warships; Medusa was initially the only German vessel in the fleet. Her commander and a detachment from the crew went ashore to participate in the funeral for the consuls, after which the captain negotiated with the Ottoman government in Salonika for an indemnity for the murders.

Saturninus contributed to the drafting of the Roman army for war with Dacia under Trajan. One of the consuls of 174, Quintus Volusius Flaccus Cornelianus, may have been his grandson.

The only one that did not was a large red flag flying from Khalid's palace. Cave also informed the consuls not to recognise Khalid as sultan, to which they agreed.

In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 18, 2007. pp. 115–140. Available at . Accessed 27 January 2016 In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year.

The most powerful magistrates, such as the extraordinary magistrates, consuls, and praetors, held a kind of authority known as imperium, the authority to command in a military or judicial sense.

Cassiodorus, Chronica. Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6.Sestertius of Nero, circa AD 65, showing on the reverse the Temple of Janus with its gates closed.

Several European countries have honorary consuls and hold informal honorary consulates in the island. The Honorary Consulate of the French Republic is based at Victor Hugo's former residence at Hauteville House.

The patricians did not recognize the validity of the Plebiscitum Ovinium, but nevertheless did not attempt to prevent the lectio senatus being carried out by the censors rather than the consuls.

This was a Byzantine honorary title which roughly meant first among the consuls. During his government there was a violent clash between the town of Heraclia and neighbour and rival Equilium.

The feminine form of the term was hypatissa (). The creation of ordinary consuls in Late Antiquity was irregular, and after their division in 395, the two halves of the Roman Empire tended to divide the two consulships between them; the office, which had become both effectively honorary and quite expensive, sometimes lay vacant for years. The emperors were often ordinary consuls, and after 541, with the exception of the emperor, who assumed the office on his accession, no ordinary consuls were appointed. From that point on, only honorary consulships were granted, and the title declined much in prestige.. Throughout the 6th to 9th centuries there is ample sigillographic evidence of functionaries bearing the title, usually attached to mid-level administrative and fiscal posts.

The (Second) Latin War (340–338 BC)The Romans customarily dated events by noting the consuls who held office that year. The Latin War broke out in the year that Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus and Publius Decius Mus were consuls and ended in the year that Lucius Furius Camillus and Gaius Maenius were consuls. When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology, those years become 340 and 338 BC. However, modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the Latin War four years too early because of inclusion of unhistorical "dictator years". Despite that known inaccuracy, the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in academic literature and so is also the chronology used in this article.

Little Caesar and the Consuls are a Canadian rock music group, originally active in Toronto from 1956 to 1971, originally as simply The Consuls. In 1959 the five-piece group split in two, with three members (Robbie Robertson, Gene MacLellan and Peter Deremigis) forming The Suedes, and Bruce Morshead and Norm Sherrat, after a time, putting a new band of Consuls together. The new group soon added Little Caesar to their name, supposedly after a number of fans commented that lead singer Bruce Morshead resembled Edward G. Robinson in the film Little Caesar.Canadian Pop Encyclopedia The core of the group was pianist Morshead, guitarist Ken Pernokis, bassist Tom Wilson, drummer Gary Wright (who'd replaced Wayne Connors in 1963) and saxophonist Norm Sherratt.

However, it is very likely that the optimates would have opposed this in the senate, making it unlikely that this measure could have been passed if the two consuls had opposed each other on this issue. Livy’s Periochae (a short summary of Livy's work) recorded that "Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey were made consuls ... and reconstituted the tribunician powers."Livy Periochae, 97.6 Similarly, Suetonius wrote that when Caesar was a military tribune, "he ardently supported the leaders in the attempt to re-establish the authority of the tribunes of the commons [the plebeians], the extent of which Sulla had curtailed."Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 5 The two leaders must obviously have been the two consuls, Crassus and Pompey.

The States-General was responsible for appointing the consul, but the Levant merchants in these cases were closely consulted. The poor payment system for the consuls disrupted the potential successes of the relationship between consul and merchant community. The merchants requested changing to the Venetian fixed salary payment, but the States-General went against their wishes and tried to find other means of income. This posed problems for the Dutch consuls, and there are many reports of cases where consuls exerted their authority over the nations members who did not want to pay consulate and embassy dues. Despite internal struggle within the Dutch nation, it had a good relationship with the Ottoman’s and in 1804 Sultan Selim III (1789–1807) appointed the first resident representative to Amsterdam.

Born Vladimir Aaronovich Mordecai Wolf Chavkin (), the fourth of five children of Aaron and Rosalie (daughter of David-Aïsic Landsberg) in a family of a Jewish schoolmaster in Berdyansk, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), he received his education in Odessa, Berdyansk Igor Lyman, Victoria Konstantinova. The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth - Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), p. 117-118, 316-317 and St. Petersburg.

The praetor was, in an English sense, the chief justice, and yet more than that. The consuls were his peers; he was elected by the same electorate and sworn in on the same day with the same oath. (The Comitia Centuriata elected consuls and praetors.) Until 337 BC the praetor was chosen only from among the patricians. In that year eligibility for the praetura was opened to the plebeians, and one of them, Quintus Publilius Philo, won the office.

31, 32 ff. The Decemvirate failed to bring about the reconciliation of the orders, and was itself abolished, as the consulship was re-instituted in 449. A plan was then proposed by which the senate would accede to the illegal re-election of several of the tribunes, if the consuls should also be re-elected. The object of this scheme was to discredit both the tribunes and the consuls, who had previously earned the people's trust.

His function was to call a meeting of the Comitia Curiata which would elect a new king.see e.g. Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:32 Under the Republic, interreges were appointed to hold the comitia for the election of the consuls when the consuls, through civil commotion or other cause such as death, had been unable to do so during their year of office. Each interrex held the office for only five days, as under the kings.

None responded. Instead, a crowd of the people gathered, and told the consul that nobody would do so until the public rights and liberties were restored. The consuls were at a loss, and fearing some great disturbance if the issue were pressed, instead returned to the senate for further guidance. Upon their return, the younger senators were highly critical of the consuls for what they said was a lack of courage, and called on them to resign.

The last ordinary dictator was appointed in 202 BC. After 202 BC, extreme emergencies were addressed through the passage of the senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate") which suspended civil government, and declared something analogous to martial law.Abbott, p. 240 It declared "videant consules ne res publica detrimenti capiat" ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm") which, in effect, vested the consuls with dictatorial powers. There were several reasons for this change.

Marcus Arruntius Aquila was a Roman senator who flourished during the Flavian dynasty. Although he was a suffect consul for the nundinium of September- October 77 with Gaius Catellius Celer, Ronald Syme notes that like the other consuls who came from Patavium (modern Padua), Aquila "failed to play a role in political life."Syme, "Eight Consuls from Patavium", Papers of the British School at Rome, 51 (1983), p. 118 His father was Marcus Arruntius Aquila, suffect consul in 66.

In 461 BC, he was consul with Publius Volumnius Amintinus Gallus. Their terms occurred during a period of political tensions between the tribunes of the plebs, who demanded that the rights of the consuls be written down (drafted in the lex Terentilia) and the conservative patricians who opposed limitations to the consular power. The consuls tried to raise troops against the Aequi and the Volsci, traditional enemies of Rome. The tribunes used their veto to block the levy.

Consul in BC 431 with Titus Quinctius Pennus Cincinnatus, Mento quickly found himself in perpetual disagreement with his colleague. During their year of office, the Aequi and the Volsci fortified a position on Mount Algidus, and at least some ancient chroniclers report that the consuls attempted to dislodge them, but were defeated. Owing to this situation, as well as the unease caused by an ongoing epidemic at Rome, the senate directed the consuls to appoint a dictator.Livy, iv. 26.

The consuls for 296 BC were Appius Claudius Caecus and Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens. The previous consuls were given a six-month extension of their command as proconsuls to carry on the war in Samnium. Publius Decius ravaged Samnium until he drove the Samnite army outside its territory. This army went to Etruria to back up previous calls for an alliance, which had been turned down, with intimidation and insisted on the Etruscan council being convened.

While Hamilcar won no large-scale battle or recaptured any cities lost to the Romans, he waged a relentless campaign against the enemy, and caused a constant drain on Roman resources. However, if Hamilcar had hoped to recapture Panormus, he failed in his strategy. Roman forces led by the consuls Marcus Otacilius Crassus and Marcaus Fabius Licinus achieved little against Hamilcar in 246 BC, and the consuls of 245 BC, Marcus Fabius Bueto and Atilius Bulbus, fared no better.

He also supervised all other consuls of Venice throughout the Ottoman Empire. While serving as Bailo Zane expanded the number of consuls under his direction from nine to 10. Zane lacked the degree in either theology or canon law mandated by the Council of Trent. Negotiations by Venice got this requirement waived and managed to postpone Zane's examination on theology by the Pope and panel of cardinals, as required of all Italian bishops at that time, until 1601.

In times of crisis, when Rome's territory was in immediate danger, a dictator was appointed by the consuls for a period of no more than six months, after the proposition of the Senate.Arthur Keaveney, in Sulla, the Last Republican (Routledge, 1982, 2nd edition 2005), p. 162ff online, discusses the appointment of a dictator in regard to Sulla, in which case exceptions were made. While the dictator held office, the imperium of the consuls was subordinate to the dictator.

It was increasingly felt that Norway needed separate consuls who could assist shipping and national interests abroad. Partly, the demand for separate consuls also became a symbolic one, a way to assert the growing disillusionment with the Union. In Norway, dissension on constitutional questions led to the de facto adoption of parliamentarism in 1884, after an impeachment process against the conservative cabinet of Christian August Selmer. The cabinet was accused of assisting the king in obstructing reform by veto.

Of the ordinary magistrates, there were two further divisions: the higher magistrates, composed of consuls, praetors, their prorogued equivalents and the censors; and the lower magistrates, composed of the tribunes, aediles, quaestors and other minor positions. All higher magistrates were elected by the Centuriate Assembly. The most powerful ordinary magistrate was the consul, of whom there were two, who served for the period of one year. These consuls had the authority to call assemblies of the people.

War had been declared the previous year, but due to the circumstances of Sulla's first civil war, he was unable to act on the mandate. The next year he was no longer Consul. He brokered a deal with the Consuls of that year that he should prosecute the war as Proconsul. One of the Consuls for 87 was loyal to Sulla; the other soon broke the deal and brought charges that were grounds for impeachment against Sulla.

415, notes 4 and 5. Friedrich Münzer favors the praetor of 178 in this role. It is possible that the two later are also one and the same, possibly the consuls son.

The officials were originally known as consuls () but were christened "capitouls" in 1295 as part of an effort to connect Toulouse with the greatness of such cities as Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem.

Arnaldo Momigliano, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII part 2, pp. 110, 111. The top magistrates were the two consuls, who had an extensive range of executive, legislative, judicial, military, and religious powers.

Florus, 2.5.7 Eventually, a plot was hatched by the Italians to assassinate the consuls on the Alban Mount. This was only foiled when Drusus himself caught wind of it and warned Philippus.

The two consuls then went where the main Samnite forces were stationed. Spurius Carvilius went to Cominium and engaged in skirmishes. Lucius Papirius besieged Aquilonia. Both towns were in north- western Samnium.

60 In 522, the same year his two sons were appointed joint consuls, Boethius accepted the appointment to the position of magister officiorum, the head of all the government and court services..

The consuls of the United Kingdom and France took over the protection of the non-combatants and of the fighters who had supported Karatasos from a possible Ottoman invasion of Mount Athos.

USJC has several programs, including the USJC Annual Conference, the Japanese American Leadership Delegation program, the Consuls General & Japanese American Leaders Meeting, the TOMODACHI Emerging Leaders Program, and Legislative and Business Networking Initiatives.

Syme, pg. 235 In reward for his service, in 38 BC Octavianus nominated Norbanus as consul with Appius Claudius Pulcher.Syme, pg. 243 They were the first consuls to have two Quaestors each.Broughton, pg.

Crassus and his wife Mucia had two surviving daughters, the elder of whom married a praetor Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, descended from several consuls and censors and had several children including Metellus Scipio.

This tradition dates back at least to 1243. The practice of dual heads of government (diarchy) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic, equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome.

Broughton, vol. I, pp. 108–114.Brennan, The Praetorship, pp. 59–61. Soon after, plebeians were able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship, since former consuls normally filled these senior magistracies.

After the establishment of the Empire (27 BC), the consuls became mere symbolic representatives of Rome's republican heritage and held very little power and authority, with the Emperor acting as the supreme authority.

At present, the United States has had an official presence in Thessaloniki for nearly 177 years. There have been 19 Consul Generals and 16 Consuls. For a map to the Consulate, click here.

Livy says that a Roman army led by the consuls Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and Publius Postumius Tubertus met the enemy on the frontiers and was victorious, after which Livy says the war was confined to Pometia. Livy says many enemy prisoners were slaughtered by each side.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.16 Livy also says that the consuls celebrated a triumph, however the Fasti Triumphales record that an ovation was celebrated by Postumius and a triumph by Menenius, both over the Sabines.

At the temple, each consul sacrificed a white bull to Jupiter in fulfillment of the vow made by the previous year's consuls to ask for the wellbeing (salus) of the commonwealth (vota pro salute rei publicae). New vows were then made. The senior of the two consuls next convened the senate. Among other business, he announced the date of the Feriae Latinae ("Latin Festival"), a moveable feast to be held in April and one of the oldest festivals of the religious calendar.

Lucius Ampelius made a brief reference about this conflict in which he stated that Catulus ended the fight.Lucius Ampelius, Liber Memorialis, 19.7 It can be noted that this conflict was fought the year after the consulship of Lepidus and Catulus (the consuls were elected annually). There two men had military commands as proconsuls. There is no mention of any participation in the conflict by Decimus Junius Brutus and Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, the consuls of that year (77BC), who also had military command.

The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus, by Jean Fouquet Caesar sent a detachment to Ariminum (Rimini), the first town in Italy, and took it by surprise. He then advanced towards Rome, having crossed the River Rubicon at the boundary of Italy. On hearing of this, the consuls directed Pompey to quickly recruit more troops. The Senate, still unprepared, was panicked at Caesar's unexpected speed. Cicero proposed sending messengers to Caesar to negotiate their safety, but the frantic consuls rejected this path. 2.34-35.

However, the Periochae, a short summary of Livy's work, records that "Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey were made consuls ... and reconstituted the tribunician powers." Suetonius wrote that when Julius Caesar was a military tribune "he ardently supported the leaders in the attempt to re-establish the authority of the tribunes of the commons [the plebeians], the extent of which Sulla had curtailed."Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 5 The two leaders must obviously have been the two consuls, Crassus and Pompey.

Diodorus Siculus, xi. 65. When a former centurion by the name of Volero Publilius refused to be conscripted as an ordinary soldier, the consuls ordered a lictor to arrest him. Brought before the consuls in the forum, he appealed to the tribunes of the plebs, who were too fearful to intervene. But before he could be scourged, Publilius broke free of the lictors with the help of the crowd, whose support he elicited, and whose sympathy he was able to arouse.

Gaius was nominated dictator some fifteen years after the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia, the law which opened the consulship to the plebeians, by requiring that one of the consuls should be a plebeian. But in the years that followed, the patricians had made every effort to skirt the law, and elect two patricians. Both consuls had been patricians in 355, 354, and 353 BC, and the patricians were determined to elect two of their number once more for 352.Broughton, vol.

Ancient authors tell that they were pirates that threatened navigation in the Adriatic Sea, but the consuls' campaign was part of a planned strategy of securing the northern border of the Republic. The previous consuls had indeed campaigned against the Celts of the Po Valley. This strategy may have been triggered by the fear of an incoming war with Carthage, which prompted the Senate to remove the threat of being attacked from the back while dealing with the Punic forces.

In the early republic, there were two quaestors, and their duties were maintaining the public treasury, both taking in funds and deciding whom to pay them to. This continued until 421 BCE when the number of quaestors was doubled to 4. While two continued with the same duties of those that had come before, the other two had additional responsibilities, each being in service to the one of the consuls. When consuls went to war, each was assigned a quaestor.

At the time, the Vetones and Celtiberians had united in resistance, leaving the situation for Rome in this area of Hispania somewhat precarious. Lusitanians, Vetones and Celtiberians raided the Mediterranean coasts, while, to secure their position on the Peninsula, they deployed to North Africa. It was in this year that two new consuls arrived in Hispania, Quintus Fulvius Nobilior and Lucius Mummius. The urgency of restoring dominion over Hispania made the two consuls enter into battle within two and a half months.

Tiberius Sempronius Longus, one of the consuls of 194 BC (the other being Scipio Africanus), invaded the territory of the Boii with a four-legion-strong consular army. The Boii chieftain Boiorix and his two brothers built a camp in open country to challenge the Roman army to battle. Intimidated by the numbers and confidence of the Gauls, Sempronius asked for help from Scipio.Livy, 34.46 Seeing the Romans' hesitation, the Boii decided to strike before the two Roman consuls could unite their forces.

He conquered more towns after his narrow escape from the Carthaginians, and was granted a triumph on his return. He was elected or appointed praetor in 257 in the year of his triumph. Atilius was reelected consul in 254 with Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, and the two co-consuls rebuilt the Roman fleet with 220 ships, after the earlier fleet had been lost in a storm off Cape Pachynum. Both consuls sailed to Sicily, where they captured Panormus the same year.

Family connection was another basis of power. The team of Sulla and Lucullus on campaign was brokered by Sulla in a deal with the Consuls. In such a deal it is unlikely that Sulla would choose anyone but his old teammate, Quaestor Lucullus, now to be Proquaestor. He would certainly not choose one of the current Quaestors, who would be working for the current Consuls, not for him, nor would he have any power at all to install his own Quaestor.

Elected consul in 460 with Publius Valerius Poplicola, Claudius and his colleague first had to contend with continuing arguments between Rome's aristocratic and popular interests, concerning a proposal to strictly limit the powers of the consuls. This measure had been brought forward two years earlier by Gaius Terentilius Arsa, one of the tribunes of the plebs; but its consideration had been twice postponed, first at the request of Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, the praefectus urbi, who argued that it was treasonous to consider such a law when both consuls were out of the city, and persuaded Terentilius' colleagues to intervene. The following year the law was tabled again following strange omens and a deadlock over a levy of troops by the consuls, followed by the excitement of the trial of Caeso Quinctius Cincinnatus.Livy, iii.

Upon these grounds the senate sent letters commanding both consuls to return to the city with great speed, lay down their office, and forbade them from engaging the enemy.Plutarch, "The Life of Marcellus", 4.2.3.

Gaius Atilius Regulus Serranus (fl. 250s BC) was a Roman Republican consul who twice held the consulship in the middle of the 3rd century BC. His elder brother, father, and grandfather were all consuls.

"tribuni plebis".Abbott, pp. 196, 261. In 473 BC, the tribune Gnaeus Genucius attempted to bring the consuls of the preceding year to trial for having blocked multiple attempts to bring about agrarian reform.

The name Metellus possibly means 'mercenary'. A saying attributed to Naevius stated that "it is fated for the Metelli to become consuls at Rome,"Grant, Michael. Cicero: Selected Works. London: Penguin Books. 1960. 45.

She also carried dispatches for the naval station and French consuls in the Levant.Fonds, Vol. 1, p.22. Between January and July 1793, she was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Farquharson-Stuart.

This is a list of the hypati, patricians, consuls, and dukes of Gaeta. Many of the dates are uncertain and sometimes the status of the rulership, with co- rulers and suzerain–vassal relations, is vague.

The consuls had to work with the senate, which was initially an advisory council of the ranking nobility, or patricians, but grew in size and power.Rome: The Roman Republic by Richard Hooker. Washington State University.

With 201 BC consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Aelius Paetus not yet returned from their provinces,Broughton, T. R. S. (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. II. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press. p.

Map of diplomatic missions in Guinea This is a list of diplomatic missions in Guinea. The capital Conakry currently hosts 38 embassies. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

English travellers in the region could receive mail from abroad if addressed to the care of the English consuls in Beirut, Aleppo, Jerusalem or Damascus, or alternatively to the care of a merchant or banker.

III, p. 600 ("Publicola"),Chase, pp. 110, 111. The cognomen first appears in history as the surname given to Publius Valerius, one of the consuls chosen in 509 BC to serve alongside Lucius Junius Brutus.

In this capacity, Peter worked with Albert's successor at Vercelli, Lotario Rosario, and Gerardo da Sesso, abbot of Tiglieto (a sister house of Lucedio). Together they imposed sanctions on the consuls of the city of Piacenza for having exiled their bishop, Crimerio, for unpaid debts. Sometime before March 1208, the three were in Albenga to verify accusations against Bishop Oberto. In November 1208, he was back in Piacenza with Gerardo and Archbishop Umberto IV of Milan to depose Crimerio for having given in to the consuls' demands.

Marius' repeated use of the Assemblies to overturn the Senatorial commands had significant negative effects on the stability of the state. The Senate generally used sortition to choose generals for command posts, removing the conflict of interest between consuls. In the late 120s BC, Gaius Gracchus passed a which required that commands be assigned before the election of consuls. Evans writes of this lex Sempronia: Marius' use of the Assemblies to remove Metellus from command in Numidia spelled an end for collective governance in foreign affairs.

Several other European nations (chiefly Great Britain) also maintained consuls in the Confederacy, but these were appointed previously to the United States Government; several acting consuls were, however, quietly accepted and permitted to act, before the Confederacy made an issue of this in May 1863. Many in the south saw Raven's appointment as a recognition of the Confederate States. This item appeared in several newspapers- > Our First Friend.--It may not be generally known that at least one > government has recognized the Confederate States.

This election can be explained by the influence of the Fabii, as well as the dearth of available former patrician consuls in the context of the First Punic War, as experienced commanders were needed on the field and several consuls had died in battle. Caiatinus was likely the most influential of the pair, as Atticus was a younger man. He is additionally recorded as the censor prior in the Fasti, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Atticus.Degrassi, Fasti Capitolini, pp. 56, 57.

Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential, having produced only three consuls. Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, reached the rank of praetor, the second highest of the Republic's elected magistracies, and governed the province of Asia, perhaps through the influence of his prominent brother-in-law Gaius Marius.Suetonius, Julius 1 ; Plutarch, Caesar 1, Marius 6; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54; Inscriptiones Italiae, 13.3.51–52 His mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential family which had produced several consuls.

While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him.Abbott, 138 Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome would limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law before his death which allowed him to appoint all magistrates, and later all consuls and tribunes.

Since 264 BC, when they had declared war on Carthage, there had not been much serious fighting between the two except for a small battle in the straits of Messana. The Carthaginians also made conciliatory gestures at the start of the war, but in 262 BC, they started to increase their forces in Sicily. Once the Carthaginians started increasing their forces on the island, the Romans sent consuls there. The consuls were the generals of the Roman army, and with them came several legions.

The Roman consuls, Lucius Postumius Megellus and Quintus Mamilius Vitulus focused their forces on Agrigentum. The consuls commanded a combined force of 40,000 men. Hannibal Gisco, the commander of Agrigentum and the son of Gisgo, gathered many of the people who lived in the area surrounding the city behind the city walls, swelling the population of the city to about 50,000; his garrison was relatively small. Hannibal refused to fight outside the city walls, which the Romans might have seen as a sign of weakness.

The first consuls of the commune were Petrino and Offroduccio, appointed by Frederick Barbarossa in 1177. The initial office of the consuls was later replaced with the podestà, an official coming from a different city. San Severino remained Ghibellin, swearing loyalty to Manfred of Hohenstaufen, supporting the rebellions of other cities against the Pope. At the beginning of the 14th century San Severino managed to increase its domains with other castles, such as Pitino, Gagliole, Carpignano, Aliforni, Frontale and Isola, reaching the current territorial extension.

The consuls are often recorded acting to restore merchandise to foreigners.Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 316. There is reference to a war with the city of Salerno and to apparent commercial rivalry, resulting in piracy, with Atrani.

In contrast, two Censors were elected every five years on average. Once every five years, after the new Consuls for the year took office, they presided over the Centuriate Assembly as it elected the two Censors.

Livy, ii. 30, 31.Dionysius, vi. 39–44. Soon afterward, the Senate again ordered the army into the field to meet a pretended force of Aequi, and relying on the soldiers' oaths to obey the consuls.

Australia's embassy in Timor-Leste is located in Dili, and Timor-Leste maintains an embassy in Canberra. East Timor also has consulates in every state of Australia; most of these positions are filled by honorary consuls.

In 55 BC, Crassus and Pompey served as consuls while Caesar's command was extended for another five years. Rome was effectively under the absolute power of these three men.Jallet-Huant, 2009, pp. 27–31Martin, 2003, pp.

The Plebiscitum Ovinium (often called the Lex Ovinia) was an initiative by the Plebeian Council that transferred the power to revise the list of members of the Roman Senate (the lectio senatus) from consuls to censors.

The public treasury was then exhausted, and so the consuls decided to sell the abundant spoils (praeda), which would otherwise be rewarded to the soldiery. Essentially, this limited the gains of the plebeians who had volunteered.

Eldon Griffin (1938) Clippers and Consuls: American consular and commercial relations with eastern Asia, 1845-1860. While serving as commissioner to China he was also empowered to negotiate a treaty of navigation and commerce with Japan.

I, p. 290. A great calamity befell the Roman forces when the consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Titus Quinctius Crispinus, who were scouting Hannibal's position, fell into a trap, and Marcellus was slain.Livy, xxvii. 26, 27.

74–96 Lintott disagrees with the notion that there was only one assembly based on the tribes, which was the one of the plebeians. He notes that there are examples in which laws were proposed to the comitia tributa by the consuls, who did not preside over the assembly of the plebeians. Examples of such laws are the law which increased the number of quaestors to twenty, which was attributed to Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the lex Gabinia Calpurnia de insula Delo of 58 BC and the lex Quinctia of 9 BC. Moreover, the consuls conducted the elections of the curule aediles, who were not plebeian officials, before the tribes. Therefore, it is likely that the term comitia tributa was used both for the assemblies presided over by the consuls and the praetors and the assemblies presided over by the plebeian tribunes.

Valerius was elected consul suffectus in 437 BC. Considering that both ordinary consuls of that year, Marcus Geganius Macerinus and Lucius Sergius Fidenas appear in our records at later dates, it would seem that Valerius was not elected because of one of the consuls dying, but rather that one of the consuls abdicated. Sergius won several victories during his consulship and gained his cognomen Fidenas, thus it has been suggested that Geganius abdicated. The year would see further changes as a dictator was appointed, Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, who fought and defeated the Veii, Falerii and Fidenae. Aemilius is traditionally ascribed a triumph for his victories, but some scholars have suggested that the triumph should be ascribed to Valerius, as the only remaining part of the triumphal inscription reads [-mus] (Maxi _mus_ ) and not [-nus] (Mamerci _nus_ ).

Motorcycle plates have a similar appearance but with a size of . Plates issued to diplomatic agents are colored black on white, those issued to honorary consuls are black on gray, and others are white on light blue.

Once Carthage was disarmed, the consuls made the further demand, that the Carthaginians abandon their city and relocate away from the sea; Carthage would then be destroyed. The Carthaginians abandoned negotiations and prepared to defend their city.

Michael Palairet was appointed CMG in December 1923, after the Tokyo earthquake, along with the British consuls at Kobe and Yokohama. He was knighted KCMG in the King's Birthday Honours of 1938, following his return from Vienna.

Within five days, in the presence of the quaestors at the Temple of Saturn, the consuls took an oath to obey the laws. In the Imperial period, vows for the wellbeing of the emperor were made instead.

He adds that Polybius tells little about it, just that the consuls headed a strong army and terrified the Boii, who submitted as a result.De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, vol. 3, part 1, p. 313 (note 114).

His head was packed into a sack and thrown into his brother Hannibal's camp as a sign of his utter defeat. This action was in stark contrast to Hannibal's treatment of the bodies of fallen Roman Consuls.

Local British and American consuls, also intrigued by the separatist government, published their own histories of the region. The Soviet Uyghur histories produced during its support of the ETR remain the basis of Uyghur nationalist publications today.

6 no. 26; 56. The Commissioners ordered the Officers of the diocese to administer the temporal goods of the diocese and to turn over the income to the Consuls of Pamiers to control.Lehondès, I, pp. 364-365.

Aulus Hirtius (; – 43 BC) was one of the consuls of the Roman Republic and a writer on military subjects. He was a legate of Julius Caesar's starting around 58 BCCicero. On the Orator: Book 3. On Fate.

Butler also took aim at foreign consuls in New Orleans. He ordered the seizure of $800,000 that had been deposited in the office of the Dutch consul, imprisoned the French champagne magnate Charles Heidsieck, and took particular aim at George Coppell of Great Britain, whom he suspended for refusal to cooperate with the Union. Instead, Butler accused Coppell of giving aid to the Confederate cause. U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward sent Reverdy Johnson to New Orleans to investigate complaints of foreign consuls against certain Butler policies.

T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 13. Even if the lex curiata became largely ceremonial, it retained enough force to be useful for political tactics when evoked. Tribunes could obstruct its passage; the consuls of 54 BC lacked the lex, and their legitimacy to govern as proconsuls was questioned; during the civil war, the consuls of 49 used their own lack of a lex as an excuse for not holding elections for their successors.Oakley, Commentary on Livy, pp. 493–494.

In 465 BC it was the site of a battle between Roman forces led by the consuls Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus and the Aequi, which resulted in a victory for the Romans. In 431 BC, armies from the Aequi and Volsci tribes occupied Algidus. According to some sources, Roman troops led by the consuls Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus and Gaius Julius Mento launched an attack on them soon after, but were defeated. Their defeat is said to have been the cause for Aulus Postumius Tubertus being appointed dictator.

Lucius Sempronius Atratinus and Lucius Papirius Mugillanus were both elected consul in 444 BC after the three consular tribunes, Aulus Sempronius Atratinus, Lucius Atilius Luscus and Titus Cloelius Siculus were forced to abdicate because of flaws in the auspices performed during their election. During their tenure, the consuls extended their treaty with Ardea. According to Livy this is the only reason why we know that they were consuls for that year, because they have not been found in other ancient text.Livy, iv, 7.10-12Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, ix, 21.2Dionysius, xi, 62.3Broughton, vol.

Also, it was important that they did not have commercial interests or have ties to the merchant community in the area to which they were appointed, but frequently that was not observed in practice. The consuls would have a fixed salary and no other means of income. The Venetian consul would have a council of twelve to assist him and would be responsible for approving all expenditures of the nation's treasury. Also in the event of the consuls death, the council would appoint a vice-consul until a new consul could be sent from Venice.

Before the Dutch had their own consuls in the Levant, they traded under the French Capitulations of 1569 until they sent Cornelius Haga as a Consul to Istanbul in 1611. The States-General was responsible for appointing the consul, but the Levant merchants in these cases were closely consulted. The poor payment system for the consuls disrupted the potential successes of the relationship between consul and merchant community. The merchants requested changing to the Venetian fixed salary payment, but the States-General went against their wishes and tried to find other means of income.

The office of consul was the most prestigious of all of the offices on the cursus honorum, and represented the summit of a successful career. The minimum age was 42. Years were identified by the names of the two consuls electedThat is, a suffect consul did not give his name to the year. for a particular year; for instance, M. Messalla et M. Pisone consulibus, "in the consulship of Messalla and Piso," dates an event to 61 BC. Consuls were responsible for the city's political agenda, commanded large-scale armies and controlled important provinces.

Carthaginian embassies attempted to negotiate with Rome, but when the large North African port city of Utica went over to Rome in 149 BC, the Senate and the People's Assembly declared war. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as consuls, to each lead an army. A large Roman army landed at Utica in 149 BC under both consuls for the year: Manius Manilius commanding the army, and Lucius Censorinus the fleet. The Carthaginians continued to attempt to appease Rome, and sent an embassy to Utica.

In exactly what way a praetor goes before did not survive. Livy explainsLivy, Ab urbe condita, 6.42, 7.1 that in the year 366 BC the praetura was set up to relieve the consuls of their judicial duties. The first man to be elected to the new praetura was the patrician Spurius Furius, the son of Marcus Furius Camillus,Livy, Ab urbe condita 7.1 in exchange for the election of Lucius Sextius, plebeian leader, as one of the consuls for the year. Partisan politics greatly influenced the outcome of elections.

Roman calendars originally contained lists of the days fasti, days on which public business could be transacted, and days nefasti, when business was prohibited for religious reasons. Over time the word fasti came to refer to the calendars themselves, which frequently contained lists of the annual magistrates. In Roman culture, as in many other ancient civilizations, historical events were usually dated by the names of the presiding magistrates, in this case the annually elected consuls. As a result, calendars listing the consuls over a span of years also came to be referred to as fasti.

Aulus Aternius Varus, surnamed Fontinalis, was consul in 454 BC, with Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus.Fasti CapitoliniLivy, Ab Urbe Condita iii. 31. The consuls of the previous year, Titus Romilius and Gaius Veturius Cicurinus had defeated the Aequi at Mount Algidus, but were now prosecuted for having sold the captured material and equipment in order to replenish the treasury, without having received the approval of the troops, who would otherwise have been entitled to a share of the proceeds. The former consuls were tried and fined for their misappropriation.

Each sent back regular reports to Venice on the local politics, the affairs of the colony and, most importantly, the prices and quantities of goods in the local market. He was the superior of the consuls operating in the same country. By the end of the 15th century, the office of bailo had mostly disappeared, with those operating on foreign soil being downgraded to consuls and those governing Venetian territories being termed rectors, captains or podestà. The bailates of Constantinople and Corfu, however, survived until the end of the republic in 1797.

The emperor Marcus Aurelius, his head ritually covered, offers the sacrifice of a bull at the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus In the Roman Republic, consuls entered office at the beginning of the year; from 153 BC onward, on January 1. Auspices were taken, and if favorable the two consuls went home and put on their toga praetexta, with the purple stripe signifying their status. A procession of senators and equestrians accompanied them from their home to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. The people dressed festively and watched the parade.

The Reorganization Act of 5 April 1906 regularized consular service with fixed tenures of office, fixed salaries, a system of promotion, and seven position classes including consuls general and consuls. This changed the prevailing trend, and in June 1908, the post of consular agency was raised to the rank of a consulate. In December 1908, with the recommendation by the U.S. Department of State, Nathaniel B. Stewart was appointed as the first representative of the American government with the title of Consul in Madras, who served the next two years.

The different ancient sources covering the year 430 BC are in disagreement in regards to the identity of both the consuls and the censors of this year. The two consuls are traditionally identified as Gaius Papirius Crassus and Lucius Julius Iulus, the praenomens varies between sources. Cicero names them Publius Papirius and Gaius Julius; Diodorus names them Gaius Papirius and Lucius Junius; and Cassiodorus names them Lucius Papirius and Lucius Julius. The majority of our other sources do not specify a praenomen and only give the cognomen of Crassus and Iulus.

The office was only open to former consuls. Around 450 BC, with the coming of the Decemvirs, the office of the custos urbis was renamed the praefectus urbi (Prefect of the City of Rome), and was stripped of most of its powers and responsibilities, becoming a merely ceremonial post. Most of the office's powers and responsibilities had been transferred to the urban praetor (praetor urbanus). The praefectus urbi was appointed each year for the sole purpose of allowing the Consuls to celebrate the Latin Festival, which required them to leave Rome.

The term fasti originally referred to calendars published by the pontifices, indicating the days on which business could be transacted (fasti) and those on which it was prohibited for religious reasons (nefasti). These calendars frequently included lists of the annual magistrates. In many ancient cultures, the most common way to refer to individual years was by the names of the presiding magistrates. The annually- elected consuls were the eponymous magistrates at Rome, and so lists of the consuls going back many years were useful for dating historical events.

Pompey was annoyed about the increasing admiration of Caesar due to his success in the Gallic Wars, feeling that this was overshadowing his own exploits. He tried to persuade the consuls not to read Caesar's reports from Gaul and to send someone to relieve his command. He was unable to achieve anything through the consuls and felt that Caesar no longer needed him. Believing himself to be in a precarious situation and thus unable to challenge Caesar on his own, Pompey began to arm himself and got closer to Crassus.

Enraged by his cousin's deed, Collatinus and his father-in-law brought news of the crime before the people. They were supported by Brutus, the king's nephew, and others who had suffered various cruelties at the hands of the king and his sons. While the king was away on a campaign, the conspirators barred the gates of Rome and established a republican government, headed by two consuls, so that one man should not be master of Rome. Brutus and Collatinus were the first consuls, and set about the defense of the city.

He proposed to give up his governorships and troops, but retain two legions and the provinces of Illyricum and Gallia Cisalpina until he should be elected consul. Pompey agreed, but the consuls refused. Curio went to Rome with a letter Caesar wrote to the senate and gave it to the two newly elected consuls, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus. Caesar proposed that both he and Pompey lay down their arms at the same time and said that if Pompey retained his he would not expose himself to his enemies.

In 315 BC, the Romans elected Lucius Papirius Cursor and Quintus Publilius Philo as consuls. These were the same consuls who were elected five years earlier to deal with the crisis that followed Rome's defeat at the Caudine Forks against the Samnites. This same year, Cursor went to Apulia to attack the Samnites at Luceria, while Philo went to Campania to attack the Samnites at Saticula. Simultaneously, another Roman force, under Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, continued to press an attack on Satricum and on the Volscian rebels in the Liris valley.

Obeying the directive, on his way to the city he issued an edict calling for the elections.Polo, Francisco Pina, The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic (2011), pg. 88 When the elections were over, Flamininus returned north to continue harassing the Boii, who soon submitted to him. Upon his return to Rome at the end of his consulship, the Senate ordered him to levy a new army, in order that the incoming consuls could have a force ready should a war begin against Antiochus III the Great.

Germany has an embassy in The Hague and consuls in Amsterdam, Arnhem, Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen, Leeuwarden, Maastricht, Noord-Beveland, Rotterdam, while the Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and consuls in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart. Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO. According to the official website of the Dutch government, relations between the two are currently "excellent", enjoying "close political, economic, social, cultural, administrative and personal ties". Germany is also by far the Netherlands’ main trading partner, both in imports and exports.

Brutus and Lucretia's bereaved husband, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, were elected as the first consuls of Rome (509 BC). However, Tarquinius was soon replaced by Publius Valerius Publicola. Brutus' first acts during his consulship, according to Livy, included administering an oath to the people of Rome to never again accept a king in Rome (see above) and replenishing the number of senators to 300 from the principal men of the equites. The new consuls also created a new office of rex sacrorum to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the kings.

The town's name is Aboriginal in origin and its meaning is not known. Deep leads were found in 1894, 1898 and 1901 and some of the mines that existed in the area were Paddington Consuls, Mt Corlic, Star of WA, and Pakeha. The Paddington Consuls mine was by far the largest and employed over 400 men at its peak until it went into liquidation in 1901. Paddington had its own municipality, the Municipality of Paddington from 1901 to 1903, which amalgamated with Broad Arrow to form the Municipality of Broad Arrow-Paddington until 1910.

Follari bearing the inscriptsions RIC CON ET DUX and †GAETA followed by either II or III are usually attributed to Dukes Richard II and Richard III, respectively, although neither duke used any numerals in their charters. This act of 1123 also presents the first appearance of consuls in Gaeta. The consuls—usually four in number, serving for terms—were a distinguishing feature of Richard's rule, and re-appeared after his death. As can be seen from his coins, Richard generally used the title Consul et Dux (consul and duke).

64–71 Normal governors of Roman territories were either praetors, propraetors or proconsuls. The latter were praetors or consuls who were assigned a governorship after their year in office and/or whose imperium (the power to command an army) was extended – the offices of the consuls and praetors conferred the power to command an army. Therefore, Lentulus and Acudinus were sent to Hispania without holding the usual public office, but they were given proconsular power so that they could command the armies in Hispania. This gave the Roman territory in Hispania a somewhat unofficial status.

Abuse of power by consuls was prevented with each consul given the power to veto his colleague. Therefore, except in the provinces as commanders-in-chief where each consul's power was supreme, the consuls could only act not against each other's determined will. Against the sentence of one consul, an appeal could be brought before his colleague, which, if successful, would see the sentence overturned. In order to avoid unnecessary conflicts, only one consul would actually perform the office's duties every month and could act without direct interference.

To solve this problem, Augustus managed to have the emperor be given the right to hold two types of imperium. The first being consular imperium while he was in Rome, and imperium maius outside of Rome. While inside the walls of Rome, the reigning consuls and the emperor held equal authority, each being able to veto each other's proposals and acts, with the emperor holding all of the consul's powers. But outside of Rome, the emperor outranked the consuls and could veto them without the same effects on himself.

In early March of 43 BC, he was one of five ex-consuls appointed by the Senate to form a second delegation to Antony, seeking to arrange a truce between Mark Antony and Decimus Brutus Albinus. However, when two of the ex-consuls decided withdraw from the delegation (Cicero and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus), the embassy was disbanded.Broughton II, p. 351 Later, after Antony had suffered a number of military setbacks, Lucius Caesar was one of the first to state that his nephew should be declared an enemy of the state.

In these circumstances it was decided to appoint a single magistrate, originally called the praetor maximus or magister populi, "master of the infantry", but afterwards known simply as the dictator, to oversee the defence of the city. The dictator held supreme authority in the exercise of his duties, and the people had no right to appeal from his decisions, as they could under the consuls. However, the command of the dictator was limited to a period of six months. The Senate directed the consuls to nominate a dictator, and Cominius chose his colleague, Lartius.

The term fasti originally referred to calendars published by the pontifices, indicating the days on which business could be transacted (fasti) and those on which it was prohibited for religious reasons (nefasti). These calendars frequently included lists of the annual magistrates. In many ancient cultures, the most common way to refer to individual years was by the names of the presiding magistrates. The annually-elected consuls were the eponymous magistrates at Rome, and so lists of the consuls going back many years were useful for dating historical events.

It is notable that one of the consuls who preceded him was the son of Emperor Valentinian and that the pair of consuls for the following year were the co- emperors Valentinian and Valens.Martindale et al, pg. 605–8 In 377 magister peditum Traianus fought a bloody and inconclusive battle against the Goths known as the Battle of the Willows. Valens accused Traianus of cowardice, but thanks to the support of Arinthaeus and Magister Equitum Victor, Traianus was able to put the blame on Valens' persecution of the Nicenians.

Wherever they went they took command by supersession. As there were only two Consuls, nowhere near enough to assume all the mandates, the Senate was allowed to appoint Proconsuls as field commanders, theoretically under the ultimate command of the current Consuls (not even the Senate always respected that chain of command). In Roman power politics, this work-around was a weak point, especially under Sulla. The Promagistrates using their influence might be able to force some degree of autonomy from the magistrates, especially if they were of a different political party.

The Embassy of Lebanon in Ottawa is Lebanon's embassy in Canada. It is located at 640 Lyon Street in Ottawa, the Canadian capital. Lebanon also operates a Canadian consulate office in Montreal and appoints honorary consuls in Halifax.

286-289; Forsythe (2005). pp. 285-288 The two Roman consuls for 343, Marcus Valerius Corvus and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, marched each their armies against the Samnites. Valerius led his into Campania and Cornelius his into Samnium.Livy, vii.

The praenomina associated with the Decii are Marcus, Publius, and Quintus, of which Publius is the most famous, due to its association with the two consuls who devoted themselves to obtain victory for the soldiers under their command.

Gaius Julius L. f. Iulus, consul in 489 BC with Publius Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus. During their year of office the Volscians under Coriolanus commenced war against Rome.Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8.1 Livy omits the consuls of this year altogether.

Secretaries of Diplomatic Missions, Consuls, lower ranking officers of the Armed Forces, other functionaries of comparable rank and station, and such persons as the Executive Council of Bophuthatswana designated as suitable recipients of this class of the Order.

Lucius was elected consul prior in 463, with Publius Servilius Priscus as consul posterior, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected Lucius before Servilius.Livy, iii. 6.Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6.Broughton, vol.

Lucius Tarquinius Ar. f. Ar. n. Collatinus was one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, together with Lucius Junius Brutus. The two men had led the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy.

Blossius freely admitted that he had done anything Tiberius had asked. The consuls asked "What? What would you do if Tiberius ordered you to burn the Capitol?" He answered that Tiberius would never have given such an order.

He served as Praetorian prefect of both the Praetorian prefecture of Italy and the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, c. 382–383. An inscription of Gortyn, Crete praises him as the most illustrious of the consuls and praetorian prefects.

Plutarch termed the opposition "the secret disease from which the state had long been suffering." The tribunes were primarily populares. They relied for their authority on the laws of the assemblies. The consuls and praetors were primarily optimates.

The Jamaican High Commissioner in London is also concurrently accredited as non-resident Ambassador to Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Ireland. The appointment of Honorary Consuls in these countries has helped to facilitate the Mission's management of bilateral relations.

Before 1995, Canada's ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire also represented the country's interests in Burkina Faso. In 1995 Canada established an embassy in Ouagadougou. Burkina Faso maintains an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Montreal, Toronto, Caraquet and Vancouver.

There were two consuls every year; either consul could block military or civil action by the other. The tribunes had the power to unilaterally block any action by a Roman magistrate or the decrees passed by the Roman Senate.

The Roman army supported Brutus, and the king went into exile. Despite a number of attempts by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus to reinstate the monarchy, the citizens established a republic and thereafter elected two consuls annually to rule the city.

Map of diplomatic missions in Saint Lucia This is a list of diplomatic missions in Saint Lucia. At present, the country hosts 9 embassies/high commissions. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

Both relatives died or were killed during the Social War. The family Mucii gained several consulships between 175 BC and 95 BC, including no less than three consuls who became Pontifex Maximus (including Crassus Mucianus who was adopted out).

When the Roman consuls Manius Manilius and Lucius Marcius Censorinus made their beachhead at Carthage, they deployed separately in two different locations; Manilius set up his camp on the isthmus leading up to the city, directly facing the citadel of Byrsa, while Censorinus made his encampment on the shore of Lake Tunis, opposite the western wall of Carthage. Manilius planned to fill the ditch facing the southern wall and from there scale it, while Censorinus intended to raise ladders to the western wall from the ground and the decks of the ships. Two initial assaults were enacted, with the consuls thinking the Carthaginians were without arms, but they were surprised to find the citizens re-armed and were subsequently repelled on both attempts. Fearing the approach of Hasdrubal the Boetharch, who was encamped on the other side of Lake Tunis, both consuls fortified their camps.

Sallust, Bellum Catilinae XVIII.2 Thus, the two other leading candidates, Lucius Manlius Torquatus and Lucius Aurelius Cotta, were elected in a second election and were to enter office on January 1, 65 BC. Supposedly, Catiline, incensed because he was not allowed to stand for the consulship, conspired with Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and the former consuls-designate to slaughter many of the senators and the new consuls the day they assumed office. Then they would name themselves the consuls for the year and then Piso would have been sent to organize the provinces in Hispania.Sallust, Bellum Catilinae XVIII.5; Asconius 92C; Dio Cassius XXXVI.44.3 Alternatively, Suetonius claims that Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus directed the conspiracy, but he fails to mention Catiline's involvement. Instead of assuming the consulship, Crassus is accused of planning to become dictator and intending to name Caesar magister equitum.

Abbott, 382 The Emperor always outranked all of his fellow Senators and was followed by "Consuls" (the highest-ranking magistrate) and former Consuls, then by "Praetors" (the next highest ranking magistrate) and former Praetors, and so on. A senator's tenure in elective office was considered when determining rank, while Senators who had been elected to an office did not necessarily outrank Senators who had been appointed to that same office by the EmperorAbbott, 382 Members of the senatorial order were distinguished by a broad reddish-purple stripe edging their togas – the formal dress of all Roman citizens. Under the Empire, the power that the Emperor held over the Senate was absolute, which was due, in part, to the fact that the Emperor held office for life.Abbott, 385 During Senate meetings, the Emperor sat between the two Consuls,Abbott, 383 and usually acted as the presiding officer.

The commanding position of the army was given to the consuls, "who were charged both singly and jointly to take care to preserve the Republic from danger".Vegetius, The Military Institutions of the Romans (J. Clark, transl.) Harrisburg Penn.; 1944.

Ronald Syme, "The Early Tiberian Consuls", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), p. 190 Ronald Syme notes both inscriptions which attest to his consulate misrepresent his name. In the Fasti Antiates Minores, his name appears as "C. Vibius Libo".

Gaius and his supporters carried the day, and the Senate denied the consuls' application for a triumph; but Valerius and Horatius took their case to the people, who gave them a triumph in spite of the Senate's refusal.Dionysius, xi. 49, 50.

Spanish consuls also provided identity papers so that up to 5,000 people could escape through other parts of Europe. Sweden took in Jews from Norway and Denmark. The Swiss took in nearly 30,000 Jews, but turned away 20,000 at their border.

Nothing is known on their activity as consuls; they possibly served in Sicily, where most of the operations of the First Punic War took place that year. The two colonies of Brundisium and Fregenae were founded during their term.Velleius, i. 14.

The first Catilinarian conspiracy was a plot to murder the consuls of 65 BC and seize power. Historians consider it unlikely that Catiline would have been involved in the First Catilinarian Conspiracy or, indeed, that the conspiracy existed at all.

Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius were elected as the consuls for the year. They restored the right to appeal to the people and passed measures which were favourable to the plebeians to address their grievances which had emerged during the rebellion.

British diplomats regarded it as their primary link to the Ethiopian commercial world. As an indication of the depth of ties, branch managers were briefly appointed as acting British consuls in Harar and Dire Dawa in 1924 and Jimma in 1936.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus was a Roman statesman who served as the Consul in 328 BC and Dictator in 306 BC. His primary duty as dictator was to hold the comitia to elect new consuls. He later served as Pontifex maximus.

Lintott, Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 101. The powers of a magistrate came from the people of Rome (both plebeians and patricians).Lintott, Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 95. The imperium was held by both consuls and praetors.

190 Barbula was son of Quintus Aemilius Barbula, consul of 317 and 311, and grandson of another Quintus. His son Marcus Aemilius L.n. Q.f. Barbula became consul in 230, the third and last successive generations of consuls from this branch.

Lucius Valerius Potitus was a patrician who, together with Marcus Horatius Barbatus, opposed the second decemvirate in 449 BC when that body showed despotic tendencies. In honor of their efforts, the pair were elected consuls for the remainder of that year.

Biger, Gideon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, AREA (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp. 153–160. The Consuls were originally magistrates who tried cases involving their own citizens in foreign territories.

In 1212 it was bought by the consuls (town councillors) and referred to as La Maio del Cossolat. The consuls had vacated it by 1791 and it now houses a local museum. The former castle of Vallette (castrum vallatum) was built in 1180 by Fortuné de Valletta, son of viscount Archambauld, who died in the Holy Land in 1190. This castle was located on top of a steep cliff overlooking the Aveyron, "three-quarters of a mile south of St Antonin", and its ruins were still visible in the nineteenth century, when it was also known as the Château de Bône.

However, his consulate sine collega (without a second Consul) was not recognised by the Eastern court, which nominated two consuls, Iohannes and Varanes. The fact that the two courts did not agree on a couple of consuls but each nominated its own means that despite the efforts of Avitus to receive the recognition of the Eastern Emperor,Hydatius writes (Chronicle, 166) that Avitus sent some ambassadors to Marcian to discuss the separation of their spheres of influences, and later (Chronicle, 169) adds that the two emperors ruled in agreement. the relationship between the two halves of the Empire was not optimal.

T.P. Wiseman, 'The Senate and the Populares', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX, 2nd edition (Cambridge: 1994), p. 339 Manilius' bill was opposed by Quintus Hortensius and Quintus Lutatius Catulus.Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei 51–64 Crucially, however, it was supported by several eminent ex-consuls (unlike the lex Gabinia, which had been almost universally opposed by the Senate), as a result of which it passed unanimously in the comitia tributa.Plutarch, Life of Pompey 25.4 These ex-consuls included Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 BC), Gaius Scribonius Curio, Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus, and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.

Further, the consuls retained religious roles which were considered so important that the office of interrex was retained for the opening prayer of "electional" assemblies in the event that both consuls died in office, and the ritual of driving a nail into the temple of Jupiter sometimes even induced a dictatorship. The rex sacrorum was not elected publicly, but chosen by the pontifical college. The king of sacrifices retained some religious rites only he could perform, and acted as quasi-flamen to Janus. The position seems to have continued in existence until the official adoption of the Christian religion.

Despite this, no plebeian censor performed the solemn purification of the people (the "lustrum"; Livy Periochae 13) until 280 BC. In 131 BC, for the first time, both censors were plebeians. The reason for having two censors was that the two consuls had previously taken the census together. If one of the censors died during his term of office, another was chosen to replace him, just as with consuls. This happened only once, in 393 BC. However, the Gauls captured Rome in that lustrum (five-year period), and the Romans thereafter regarded such replacement as "an offense against religion".

During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony. Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire. Ahenobarbus, wary of having Octavian's propaganda confirmed to the public, attempted to persuade Antony to have Cleopatra excluded from the campaign against Octavian.

The Ukrainian South as Viewed by Consuls of the British Empire (Nineteenth - Early Twentieth Centuries). Volume 1: British Consuls in the Port City of Berdyansk (Kyiv, 2018), pages 271-287 He was educated at Christ's College, Finchley. August 1, 1876, at the age of 18, Cumberbatch was appointed student dragoman in the Embassy in Constantinople. Cumberbatch followed his father into the diplomatic service, being appointed Vice-Consul at Bucharest, Romania, on 26 July 1879, later transferring to Sulina, before being promoted to Consul at Adrianople in the Ottoman Empire (now Edirne, Turkey) on 20 March 1888.

The King's or Queen's Foreign Service Messengers were entitled to 5th class court uniform (upgraded to 4th class in 1929) and also wore a distinctive greyhound badge. Members of the Consular Service wore a slightly different form of the uniform, with silver embroidery rather than gold predominating. The coatee (for both full-dress and levée dress) was in blue cloth, with a Prussian collar, single-breasted buttoning with nine frosted gilt buttons of royal arms, two more buttons on back waist, two more on coat tails. Consuls- general and consuls had embroidered gold and silver lace on collar, cuffs, pocket flaps, and back.

These were elected by the people's assembly from the ranks of those equities who had completed at least 5 years' military service, presumably in the cavalry. In those years in which more than 4 legions were deployed, the tribunes needed to command the extra legions were appointed by the Consuls. Pairs of tribunes would take turns to command their legion for two-month terms.Polybius VI.34 In addition, equites provided the 3 decurions (decuriones, literally "leaders of ten men") who commanded each turma of cavalry, and the praefecti sociorum, the commanders of the Italian confederate alae, who were appointed by the Consuls.

During the transition from republic to empire, no office lost more power or prestige than the Consulship, which was due, in part, to the fact that the substantive powers of republican Consuls were all transferred to the emperor. Imperial Consuls could preside over the senate, could act as judges in certain criminal trials, and had control over public games and shows. The Praetors also lost a great deal of power, and ultimately had little authority outside of the city. The chief Praetor in Rome, the Urban Praetor, outranked all other Praetors, and for a brief time, they were given power over the treasury.

By virtue of his proconsular powers, the emperor held the same grade of military command authority as did the chief magistrates (the Roman Consuls and Proconsuls) under the republic. Since republican Proconsuls had often held their authority for extended periods of time, the prolonged use of this power by the emperor did have precedent. However, the emperor was not subject to the constitutional restrictions that the old Consuls and Proconsuls had been subject to.Abbott, 344 For example, he was not required to observe collegiality, since he had no colleague, and he could not have his actions vetoed.

After the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC and the formation of the Republic in 509 BC, the office of custos urbis remained unaltered: having power only within the actual city of Rome and a life term appointed by the consuls. The custos urbis exercised within the city all the powers of the Consuls if they were absent from Rome. These powers included: convoking the Senate and Comitia Curiata, and, in times of war, levying and commanding legions. The first major change to the office occurred in 487 BC, when the office became an elective magistracy, elected by the Comitia Curiata.

A proconsul was endowed with full consular authority outside the city of Rome. Cicero notes that this did not include the right to consult auguries: "Our ancestors would not undertake any military enterprise without consulting the auspices; but now, for many years, our wars have been conducted by pro-consuls and propraetors, who do not have the right to take auspices."Cic. Div. 2,76. The position was created to deal with a constitutional peculiarity of the Roman Republic. Only a consul could command an army, but the high turnover of consuls could disrupt continuity of command.

The Ministry now has 50 overseas missions including 7 High Commissions, 21 Embassies, 4 Permanent Missions to the United Nations, and 17 consulates. Singapore has appointed 31 Honorary Consuls- General/Consuls abroad and has 46 non-resident Ambassadors and High Commissioners based in Singapore. The MFA is currently divided into 11 Directorates which deal with political and economic matters, and 7 Directorates which oversee matters relating to protocol, consular issues and the Singapore Cooperation Programme among others. The Corporate Affairs Directorate oversees organisational and resource management while the Human Resource Directorate and Diplomatic Academy manage the development of personnel and training.

On September 15, 1789, the 1st United States Congress passed an Act creating the Department of State and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the Great Seal of the United States. Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided ambassadors and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while the Consular Service provided consuls to assist United States sailors and promote international trade and commerce. Throughout the 19th century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary.

Cornelius was elected consular tribune in 434 BC. Diodorus Siculus lists him together with Marcus Manlius Capitolinus Vulso and Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus. This is contrasted by two narratives provided by Livy, which both excludes Cornelius from the consular college. Livy has either Manlius and Sulpicius being elected as consuls or the two consuls from 435 BC, Gaius Julius Iulus and Proculus Verginius Tricostus, servering another term. Livy bases Manlius and Sulpicius to the writings of two otherwise lost works by Valerius Antius and Aelius Tubero, and Julius and Verginius on the otherwise lost work of Licinius Macer.

Article IX – Interpreters who work for the Russian Ministers work for both Empires, and must be treated with the utmost kindness and respect. Article X – If any military engagements occur between the signing of the treaty and the dispatch of orders by the military commanders of the two armies, these engagements will have no consequences nor any effect on the treaty. Article XI – The Sublime Porte will allow the residence of consuls from the Court of Russia to reside in Ottoman territory wherever the Court deems it expedient to establish said consuls. Prescribes free and unimpeded navigation for merchant ships of both countries.

Abbott, 233 Through these decrees, the senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their prosecution of military conflicts. The senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regard to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Republic grew, the senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors, in that it decided which magistrate should govern which province.

The capital, which gave the county its name, had been at Venasque, but in 1320 Pope John XXII transferred the capital to Carpentras. Two years later he engaged in an exchange of properties and powers with the Bishop, making the Pope the temporal lord of Carpentras as well as the Comtat. In 1410 the Consuls of Carpentras received a request from the Consuls of Avignon to borrow Carpentras' heavy artillery and other war machines. In the Great Western Schism, the French had decided to repudiate Benedict XIII of the Avignon Obedience, who had been deposed by the Council of Pisa.

In 321 BC the consuls Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Postumius Albinus were encamped in Calatia (a Campanian town 10 km southeast of Capua). Gaius Pontius, the commander of the Samnites, placed his army at the Caudine Forks and sent some soldiers disguised as shepherds grazing their flock towards Calatia. Their mission was to spread the misinformation that the Samnites were about to attack the city of Lucera in Apulia, which was an ally of Rome. The consuls decided to march to the aid of this city and to take the quicker (but less safe) route through the Caudine Forks.

It was feared that, if Hannibal continued plundering Italy unopposed, Rome's allies might defect to the Carthaginian side for self- preservation.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, xxi.19 Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae, anticlockwise, from top Therefore, when Fabius came to the end of his term, the Senate did not renew his dictatorial powers and command was given to consuls Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus. In 216 BC, when elections resumed, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus were elected as consuls, placed in command of a newly raised army of unprecedented size and directed to engage Hannibal.

Palazzo dei Camerlenghi by night Viewed from the terrace of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi The palazzo was built in the fifteenth century and finished in 1488.Hamilton P.C., “The Palazzo dei Camerlenghi in Venice”, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42 (1983) 258–271. From 1525 to 1528 it was enlarged according to a design by Guglielmo dei Grigi, who was inspired by the style of Mauro Codussi and Pietro Lombardo. It was the headquarters for several financial magistrates, including the Camerlenghi from whom it takes its name, the Consuls of the Traders and the Supra-Consuls of the Traders.

In 1847, the first Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, headed by Archimandrite Porphyrius Ouspensky, who later became Bishop, was sent to Jerusalem. Otherwise, European powers came to be represented by Consuls in Palestine. The appointment of a British consul in 1838 was followed by the appointment of a consul of Prussia and of Sardinia in 1843, and by the appointment of an Austrian consul in 1849 and of a Spanish consul in 1854. (1996), p.933 Alphonse d'Alonzo, former attaché to the Consulate General of France in Jerusalem, wrote in 1901 that the Russian and the French Consuls were "irreconcilable rivals".

After Augustus became the first Roman emperor in 27 BC with the establishment of the principate, the consuls lost most of their powers and responsibilities under the Roman Empire. Though still officially the highest office of the state, with the emperor's superior imperium they were merely a symbol of Rome's republican heritage. One of the two consular positions was often occupied by emperors themselves and eventually became reserved solely for the Emperor. However, the imperial consuls still maintained the right to preside at meetings of the Senate, exercising this right at the pleasure of the Emperor.

One of the first items in these editions is a list of consuls accredited in Victoria. This still listed the consuls for Germany, Japan, Austria, Czechoslovakia and other countries with which Australia had either been at war for a number of years or whose country had disappeared even earlier in the lead-up to war! Indeed, the impression is that the publishers really didn't care any more. The arrangement of the timetables is even more higgledy-piggledy than before; they are in no particular order as to geography and country and suburban tables are still mixed up together.

The consuls of the previous year, Titus Romilius and Gaius Veturius Cicurinus had defeated the Aequi at Mount Algidus, but were now prosecuted for having sold the captured material and equipment in order to replenish the treasury, without having received the approval of the troops, who would otherwise have been entitled to a share of the proceeds. The former consuls were tried and fined for their misappropriation. This occurrence appears to have led to the passage of the lex Aternia Tarpeia, regulating the payment of fines, and fixing the maximum fine which magistrates could impose.Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Republica ii. 60.

Sieyès had intended to reserve this important position for himself, and by denying him the job Napoleon helped reinforce the authority of the consuls, an office which he would assume. Nor was Napoleon content simply to be part of an equal triumvirate. As the years would progress he would move to consolidate his own power as First Consul, and leave the two other consuls, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès and Charles- François Lebrun, as well as the Assemblies, weak and subservient. By consolidating power, Bonaparte was able to transform the aristocratic constitution of Sieyès into an unavowed dictatorship.

He became increasingly reluctant to attack again, and the Romans realised they had underestimated their enemy. The Roman consuls realised that they had to cut off Agrigentum from the outside world and blockade the city to cause starvation in order to force its inhabitants to surrender. The Romans began digging a system of ditches and small forts surrounding the city to prevent the inhabitants from preparing for the siege. The consuls divided their forces, with one force near the Temple of Asklepios to the south of the city and the other force stationed to the west of the city.

It was the long-standing Roman procedure to appoint two men each year, known as consuls, to each lead an army. The Roman fleet of 330 warships plus an unknown number of transports sailed from Ostia, the port of Rome, in early 256 BC, jointly commanded by both consuls for the year, Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus. They embarked approximately 26,000 legionaries from the Roman forces on Sicily. The Carthaginians were aware of the Romans' intentions and mustered all available warships, 350, under Hanno and Hamilcar, off the south coast of Sicily to intercept them.

272 & 277 Once the immediate crisis abated, and Hannibal retreated back to the south of Italy, provinces were allotted to the consuls. Although both were assigned to Apulia, the Senate, believing that Hannibal no longer posed a grave threat, decreed that one of the consuls only should remain in Apulia, and that the other should be assigned Macedonia for his province.In this context, “province” meant theatre of command, as there was no province of Macedonia yet. When lots were drawn as to who was to leave Apulia, Sulpicius Galba was appointed proconsul in Macedonia, succeeding Marcus Valerius Laevinus.

He also wrote "[t]he plebs, satisfied with their victory, made the concession to the patricians that for the present all mention of consuls should be dropped." Consular tribunes were elected for 367 BC.Livy, The History of Rome, 38, 39.1-5,11-12, 42.1-5 In 367 BC Marcus Furius Camillus was again appointed as dictator, this time to fight Gauls who had got into territories near Rome. The senate, bruised by years of civic strife, carried the proposals of the plebeian tribunes and the two consuls were elected. In 366 BC Lucius Sextius Lateranus became the first plebeian consul.

"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet" returned to the Hot 100 in 1975 via a remake by Sha Na Na which, despite falling short of the Top 40 with a #55 peak (and #47 Easy Listening), would remain the group's most successful single. A rival remake by Fallen Angels reached #106 on the bubbling under the Hot 100 chart. The song has also been recorded by Little Caesar and the Consuls (album Little Caeser and the Consuls/ 1965), The Outsiders (album Album #2/ 1966), Ultimate Spinach (album Ultimate Spinach III/ 1969), and Stephen Bishop (album Blue Guitars/ 1996).

Anthony Birley makes several comments about Isauricus' name and likely family.Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 247 Birley notes Quinti Antonii are rare in all parts of the Roman Empire, and only one other senator is known. The cognomen "Isauricus" is reminiscent of two consuls of the late Roman Republic, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, consul 79 BC, and his son Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, twice consul in 48 BC and 41 BC; their descendants can be traced into the second century AD. Birley speculates that Antonius Isauricus may be descended from these Republican consuls through the female side.

The word of a Jew was regarded as equal to the command of the > highest authority, and severe punishment was at once resorted to, without > any previous investigation, without any grounds or proofs. In this manner > much of the stolen property was discovered; since many, in order not to be > exposed to the violence of the Druses, delivered up everything of their own > accord. The Jews were now required, by order of the Pacha, through the > intervention of the consuls, to make out a correct list of all they had > lost, of whatever they missed, and to indicate the true value of the same, > and to hand it in to Abraim Pacha through means of the European consuls. With great effort, Israel of Shklov had managed to send letters to foreign consuls in Beirut and informed them of the details of the troubles that befell the Jews, many of whom were the subjects of foreign states.

Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1987) p.2 Under the Dominate, the loss of many pre-consular functions and the encroachment of the equites into the traditional senatorial administrative and military functions meant that senatorial careers virtually vanished prior to their appointment as consuls.Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1987) p.2 This had the effect of seeing a suffect consulship granted at an earlier age, to the point that by the 4th century, it was being held by men in their early twenties, and possibly younger.Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1987) p.2 As time progressed, second consulates, usually ordinary, became far more common than had been the case during the first two centuries, while the first consulship was usually a suffect consulate.

This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces. Cicero also defended Octavian against Antony's taunts about Octavian's lack of noble lineage and aping of Julius Caesar's name, stating "we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth."Chisholm (1981), 29. At the urging of Cicero, the Senate inducted Octavian as senator on 1 January 43 BC, yet he also was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls. In addition, Octavian was granted propraetor imperium (commanding power) which legalized his command of troops, sending him to relieve the siege along with Hirtius and Pansa (the consuls for 43 BC).Syme (1939), 167. In April 43 BC, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies.Syme (1939), 173–174Scullard (1982), 157.

According to the consular fasti, a list of the consuls going back to the foundation of the Republic, the first consuls were chosen in 509 BC. Some scholars doubt this traditional account, arguing instead that the monarchy evolved into a government led by elected magistrates. Remnants of the monarchy, however, were reflected in republican institutions, such as the religious office of rex sacrorum ("king of the sacred") and the interregnum (a period of time presided over by an interrex when the offices of consul, praetor, and dictator were all vacant). There is, however, evidence that the early Republic was a time of violent change, with the word rex carrying the same connotations as tyrant and laws which declared forfeit the life and property of any man who plotted to install himself as a king or tyrant. The first assemblies of the Republic emerged during the Kingdom, with their use to ratify regal elections and the repurposing of the comitia centuriata to elect the first consuls.

The names of the consuls for the two wars would then be only a coincidence. The Roman garrison at Privernum, if historical, is unlikely to have remained there for long.Oakley (1998) pp. 393-394 The campaign against the Antiates has less serious problems.

Geschiedenis van een ministerie, zijn diplomaten en zijn consuls van 1830 tot vandaag (Lannoo, 2014), with Vincent Dujardin and late Claude Roosens. He has been coordinating research on terrorism and radicalisation, which has resulted in several publications. Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge.

443, no. 3, with note. Cappelletti, pp. 19-20. The temporal power was in the hands of the bishops from the ninth century until the twelfth century, when the town became a commune governed by consuls and later (1188) by a podestà.

Diplomatic missions in Saint Kitts and Nevis This is a list of diplomatic missions in Saint Kitts and Nevis. At present, the capital city of Basseterre hosts four embassies. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

The Lictors Bring Home the Sons of Brutus by Jacques-Louis David (1784) Titus Junius Brutus (died c. 509 BC) was the elder son of Lucius Junius Brutus, who was one of Rome's first two consuls in 509 BC. His mother was Vitellia.

Diplomatic missions in Antigua and Barbuda This is a list of diplomatic missions in Antigua and Barbuda. At present, the capital city of St. John's hosts four embassies/high commissions. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

Pompey merely said that he would relay that to the consuls. Caesar besieged and attacked the city. Pompey repelled him until the ships returned and set sail at night. After this, Caesar seized the city and captured two ships full of men.

Eck, 2003, p. 12Syme, 1939, p. 167 Antony's forces were defeated at the Battle of Mutina in April 43 BC, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies, some eight legions.

93 Furthermore during the Saguntum conflict, the two consuls may have also invested their money into their fleets to save for the potential wars to come and therefore were profiteering from their shipping, the kind of behaviour the lex Claudia would prohibit.

He then went to Rome where the war was being debated. It was decided that the two consuls both fight in Etruria. They set off with four legions, a large cavalry and 1,000 Campanian soldiers. The allies fielded an even larger army.

The law was passed against a background of ongoing class struggle in Republican Rome. Prior to this legislation military tribunes had been selected rather than elected, the position being largely in the gift of the commanding magistrates, the dictator or the consuls.

Consular dating became obsolete following the abandonment of appointing nonimperial consuls in 541. The Roman method of numbering the days of the month never became widespread in the Hellenized eastern provinces and was eventually abandoned by the Byzantine Empire in its calendar.

The Norwegian elections of the same year with extended franchise gave the Liberals (Venstre) a great majority for their program of a separate foreign service and separate consuls. Steen stayed on as prime minister, but was succeeded by Otto Blehr in 1902.

MacLellan was born in Val-d'Or, Quebec, in 1938. He grew up in Toronto in a working class Presbyterian family. As a child, MacLellan contracted polio. MacLellan was one of the founding members of The Consuls, a Toronto rock band formed in 1956.

A sense of solidarity was born within the communities and between neighbouring communities and consuls decide to maintain the national guards. Immediately after the fear subsided, however, the authorities recommended disarming the workers and the landless and keep only landowners in the National Guard.

Livy, 3.3 The war would continue with the Aequi and in 462 BC, when both consuls were occupied with fighting both the Aequi and Volscians, Fabius was appointed as Praefectus urbi and given command in Rome.Livy, iii. 8.7, 9.6-9.13Dionysius, ix. 69.2Broughton, vol i, pp.

However, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus—the previous consul who had presided over their election—realised after their departure that he had not conducted the auspices correctly; the senate therefore decided to recall the consuls and organise new consular elections.Valerius Maximus, i. 1 § 3.Plutarch, Marcellus, 5.

Pablo Baltodano Monroy (born December 12, 1980 in Mexico City) is a diplomat and Mexican politician. He serves as Consul General of Nicaragua in Mexico, a position he has held since August 1, 2007. Monroy also served as President of Consuls in Mexico in 2009.

1, (). In 110 the stamps included, for the first time, the name of the consuls for the year of production, which allows modern observers to pinpoint the year a brick was created.Opper, Thorsten. Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, ( Internet Archive link), Harvard University Press, 2008, pp.

The brick stamps gave recognition to the domini, officinatores, the brickyard it was created at, and consuls serving at the time. Regulations were made on the number of bricks that could be produced in a day and past that limit, bricks became a public entity.

In 33, she married Marcus Vinicius. Vinicius' family came from a small town outside of Rome. He descended from a family of the equites class and his father and grandfather had served as consuls. Her husband was mild in character and was an elaborate orator.

38.5; D.H. xv.3.4-9; App. Samn. 1 The Romans elected Gaius Marcius Rutilus and Quintus Servilius Ahala as their consuls for 342. Campania was allotted Marcius, an experienced general and statesman who was now consul for the fourth time, and he discovered the conspiracy.

Cassiodorus, Chronica, l. 310.Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6. Marcus Fabius Buteo was consul the previous year with another Atilius—Gaius Bulbus—and might have played a role in the election of Atticus and Blaesius.Suolahti, Roman Censors, p. 283.

In 1258 James I of Aragon allowed the merchant guilds of Barcelona to draw ordinances regulating maritime trade in the city's port, and in 1266, he permitted the city to appoint representatives known as consuls to all the major Mediterranean ports of the period.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 507, 508 ("Brutus", No. 1). In the early years of the Republic, no attempt was made to reconstitute the office of Tribune of the Celeres; the supreme military authority was vested in the consuls.

The Romans sailed in battle formation with three squadrons. Two of the squadrons, commanded by the consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus, led the way. The other squadron was in the back protecting the horse-transport ships that were between them.

Sulpicius had changed allegiance from the optimates to the populares to qualify for the magistracy. As blandishment, Marius promised the relief of Sulpicius’ ruinous debt. Declaring a preventative cessation of business, the two consuls were attacked by Sulpicius’ men in assembly. Rufus escaped somehow.

Four of the tribunes called the people to vote on their legal draft (the lex Terentilia). The consuls refused to preside over the ballot and young patricians provoked trouble. The political process was paralysed most of the year as a result.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III.

He refused, and the consuls sent a lictor to arrest him. Publilius resisted, and a scuffle ensued in which the clothes were torn from Publilius' back; breaking free of the lictor, he appealed to the people to defend him.Livy, ii. 55.Dionysius, ix. 37–39.

This led to the Roman people voting for war on the Aequi. Both consuls were entrusted with this war. The Aequi levied a militia, but this did not have a clear commander. There was disagreement over whether to offer battle or defend their camp.

The Garuli were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome under consuls Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola in 175 BCE.Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1857), s.v. Ligures (Liv. xli. 19.) They inhabited the area of Cenisola.

The castle was built during the 13th century. It was taken by the English in 1357. The consuls of Sarlat bought the domaine back from the English but then abandoned the castle. Radulphe de Saint-Clar re-purchased it in 1450 and enlarged it.

One of the reforms of Constantine I (r. 306–337) was to assign one of the consuls to the city of Rome, and the other to Constantinople. Therefore, when the Roman Empire was divided into two halves on the death of Theodosius I (r.

He was elected Royal Academician in 1993. Craxton lived and worked in both Chania, Crete and London. His love of Crete extended to his being one of the British Honorary Consuls there. He died aged 87, survived by his long-term partner Richard Riley.

The Embassy of Ireland in Switzerland () is the diplomatic mission of Ireland to Switzerland. It is located in the Swiss city of Bern. The embassy is also represented in Switzerland by Honorary Consuls in Zurich. , the current Irish Ambassador to Switzerland is Breifne O'Reilly.

Some scholars, such as Attilio Degrassi, date the consulship of Rufinus and Nerva based on the attested dates the former was governor of Germania Superior, namely the years 43 and 45.ILS 7076; 2283 Paul Gallivan, in his study of the suffect consuls of the reign of Claudius, reasoned from those dates that "Rufinus must have assumed the consulship between 39 and 42", for which only 40 and 41 have vacancies in August.Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", Classical Quarterly, 28 (1978), p. 417 The other dates their consulship to either 21 or 22, where there are corresponding gaps; no suffect consuls are yet attested for the year 21.

The Battle of Mount Gaurus, 343 BC,Livy, as was customary in Rome, dated the battle by noting which consuls held office that year, it was the year in which M. Valerius Corvus, for the third time, and A. Cornelius Cossus were consuls. When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology, which Livy did not use, this becomes 343 BC. However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the First Samnite War four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical "dictator years". Despite this known inaccuracy, the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in academic literature. Forsythe(2005), pp.

Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity". In 1824, the U.S. and Gran Colombia reached the Anderson–Gual Treaty, a general convention of peace, amity, navigation, and commerce that represented the first treaty the United States entered into with another country in the Americas. Between 1820 and 1830, the number of U.S. consuls assigned to foreign countries would double, with much of that growth coming in Latin America. These consuls would help merchants expand U.S. trade in the Western Hemisphere.

The consuls and the trading communities, of which they were in charge, had wide implications for European-Ottoman relationships. Since consuls and merchants would remain in Istanbul (and other Ottoman cities) for longer periods of time, they would return home with a more accurate depiction of the Ottoman culture than the earlier negative depiction. Reporting home with political news was one of the consul's primary responsibilities which also helped in re-shaping the opinions of the Ottoman's held by Europeans. A new respect–not necessarily for Ottoman people, but for the Ottoman accomplishments—eventually broke the old barriers and Ottomans appointed representatives to European states.

The Battle of Saticula, 343 BC,Livy, as was customary in Rome, dated the battle by noting which consuls held office that year, it was the year in which M. Valerius Corvus, for the third time, and A. Cornelius Cossus were consuls. When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology, which Livy did not use, this becomes 343 BC. However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the First Samnite War four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical "dictator years". Despite this known inaccuracy, the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature. Forsythe(2005), pp.

Several ancient authors have written descriptions of a Roman army mutiny in 342 BC.The Romans customarily dated events by noting which consuls held office that year, the mutiny took place in the year in which Quintus Servilius Ahala, for the third time, and Gaius Marcius Rutilus, for the fourth time, were consuls. When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology this year becomes 342 BC. However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the mutiny four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical "dictator years". Despite this known inaccuracy, the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature. Forsythe(2005), pp.

Twenty-three years later there were twelve capitularii or consuls, six for the city and six for its suburbs, all of them elected and sworn to do justice in whatever municipal matters were brought before them. In 1176, the "chapitre" already had twelve members, each of them representing a district of Toulouse, or a suburb. The consuls quickly opposed count Raimond V. The population of Toulouse was divided on the subject and in 1189, after ten years of fighting, the town council finally obtained the submission of the count. In 1190 the construction of the future Capitole, the common house, the town council headquarters began.

According to Chiner and Chacon, the Ordinances of the Ribera (i.e. seaside) ( Ordianationis Ripairiœ ), written in 1258, did not yet encode the maritime customs of Barcelona, and that the first reference to "Sea consuls" appears in Barcelona in 1282, just one year before the Consulate of the Sea was created in Valencia. Also note that the consuls of Barcelona had no independence assigned later on in the Book of the Consulate of the Sea. Customs collected in the book would be in part coming from a Barcelona origin, but many would have been created and consolidated in Valencia, from which have been copied to the subsequently created consulates.

While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical. By virtue of his proconsular powers, the emperor held the same grade of military command authority as did the chief magistrates (the Roman Consuls and Proconsuls) under the republic. However, the emperor was not subject to the constitutional restrictions that the old Consuls and Proconsuls had been subject to. Eventually, he was given powers that, under the republic, had been reserved for the Roman Senate and the Roman assemblies, including the right to declare war, to ratify treaties, and to negotiate with foreign leaders.

By the time of the Punic Wars, the government of Ancient Carthage was headed by a pair of annually elected sufetes. Livy's account of the Punic Wars affords a list of the procedural responsibilities of the Carthaginian sufet, including the convocation and presidency of the senate, the submission of business to the People's Assembly, and service as trial judges. Their number, term, and powers are therefore similar to those of the Roman consuls, with the notable difference that Roman consuls were also commanders-in-chief of the Roman military, a power apparently denied to the sufetes. The term sufet was not, however, reserved for the heads of the Carthaginian state.

Ever since the first British occupation in 1824, the growth and prosperity of Mawlamyine had steadily increased due to timber trade. Nevertheless, the decline in prosperity of Mawlamyine began when the supply of marketable timber from Salween Valley started to decrease in the 1890s. During British colonial times, Germany, Siam, Persia, Denmark, Norway and Sweden opened and maintained consulates in Mawlamyine led by either consuls or vice-consuls while Italy and the United States placed consular agencies in Mawlamyine. German explorer Johann Wilhelm Helfer's landing at Moulmein shore on 8 February 1837 made him as the first German to arrive Burma in the history.

The main focus is on events at Rome, although several events of local significance to Ostians are also recorded, including the appointment of new Priests of Vulcan, and the donation of congiaria. Although the surviving portions of the fasti cover a period of nearly two hundred and twenty five years, only about eighty-five years are partially preserved. Moreover, contrary to the Fasti Capitolini, these fasti did not record the consuls' filiations, making prosopography of the Empire more difficult. Nonetheless, the Fasti Ostienses are immensely valuable as a source for the names and chronology of many of the consuls who held office under the empire.

The United States consuls in Switzerland were busy in their early years. Since their income was dependent on duties made on inspected and approved goods, many American consuls were forced to operate their own businesses for extra money, which diverted their attention from their official responsibilities. While they were on business trips, the consulate was left in the care of a vice-consul or agent, usually a hired merchant. In the absence of a consul, one agent briefly relocated the consulate to Zürich in 1843, though it was returned to Basel the following year upon the arrival of the new appointee, Seth T. Otis.

The news about the incident spread around Belgrade, and Serbian armed rioters quickly overtook the Varoš Gate and destroyed the Sava and Stambol gates. On the following day, a truce was worked out by the foreign consuls in the city, especially John Augustus Longworth, British Consul- General. Under the terms of the truce, the Pasha in charge of the fortress agreed to remove his police from the town and the Serbian prime minister, Ilija Garašanin, in turn, guaranteed their safety during the move. A day later, the pasha summoned the consuls to the fortress and while they were still underway, 56 fortress cannons began to shell Belgrade.

1 Apparently this was due to Claudius' experience fighting Hasdrubal - at this time approaching Italy from the north - though once elected, Claudius was not actually sent by the senate to face off against Hasdrubal. Beside his military experience, Claudius' popularity was founded at least partly in the fact that he was not politically aligned with Marcellus or Crispinus, whose failures had encouraged a new direction for the war effort.ibid, p. 72 The esteemed Fabius Maximus who was a friend of the deceased consuls, was not a more appropriate candidate than Claudius, but as the state could not legally elect two patricians as consuls could not stand alongside him either.Livy, 27.34.

The institution of the veto, known to the Romans as the intercessio, was adopted by the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC to enable the tribunes to protect the mandamus interests of the plebeians (common citizenry) from the encroachments of the patricians, who dominated the Senate. A tribune's veto did not prevent the senate from passing a bill but meant that it was denied the force of law. The tribunes could also use the veto to prevent a bill from being brought before the plebeian assembly. The consuls also had the power of veto, as decision-making generally required the assent of both consuls.

The establishment of the regency took place during the first half of the 13th century, when they had the role of managing justice, a task similar to competence of magistrates. During that period they were called consuls, which derived from ancient Rome. The first two known consuls were elected on 12 December 1243 by the Grand and General Council with a six-month term which is still used today. At the end of the 13th century, the name of the institution started to change, as one took the title of "captain" and the other one of "defender", then in 1317 they became captain and rector.

Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity". In 1824, the U.S. and Gran Colombia reached the Anderson–Gual Treaty, a general convention of peace, amity, navigation, and commerce that represented the first treaty the United States entered into with another country in the Americas. Between 1820 and 1830, the number of U.S. consuls assigned to foreign countries would double, with much of that growth coming in Latin America. These consuls would help merchants expand U.S. trade in the Western Hemisphere.

He was unable to achieve anything through the consuls, and felt that Caesar's increasing independence made his own position precarious. He began to arm himself against Caesar and got closer to Crassus because he thought he could not challenge Caesar on his own. The two men decided to stand for the consulship so that they could be more than a match for Caesar. Once elected, Pompey and Crassus got Gaius Trebonius, a plebeian tribune, to propose a measure that gave the province of Syria and the nearby lands to one of the consuls and the provinces of Hispania Citerior, and Hispania Ulterior to the other.

Livy, iv. 22. Julius and Verginius served out the remainder of their term uneventfully. The only other event of note was the holding of a census in the Campus Martius for the first time; one of the censors was Marcus Geganius Macerinus, who had been consul with Julius twelve years earlier. The historian Gaius Licinius Macer reported that Julius and Verginius were elected consuls again for the following year; but Valerius Antias and Aelius Tubero gave the consuls as Marcus Manlius Capitolinus and Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus, while Macer and Tubero each mentioned alternative traditions by which Manlius and Sulpicius were consular tribunes, together with Servius Cornelius Cossus.

The first type of promagistrate was the proconsul. In the early days of the Roman Republic, when Roman territory was small, Rome had only two legions, each commanded by one of the two consuls. Rome was continually under attack by neighboring peoples (the Etruscans in the north, the Sabines in the east and the Volsci and Aequi in the south). Dionysius of Halicarnassus recorded five instances when a proconsul was appointed between 480 BC and 464 BC. In 480 BC a proconsul led the left wing of an army which combined the two consular legions while the consuls led the centre and the other wing.

226 Whatever the case, there was a truce which ended in 316 BC. For a discussion on this debate, see Frederiksen.Frederiksen, JRS 58 (1968) This section will continue to follow Livy's account. Livy wrote that regarding the demands of the Samnites (which in Rome they called the Caudine peace), the consuls said that they were in no position to agree a treaty because this had to be authorised by the vote of the people of Rome and ratified by the fetials (priest- ambassadors) following the proper religious rites. Therefore, instead of a treaty there was a guarantee, the guarantors being the consuls, the officers of the two armies and the quaestors.

The Feriae Latinae or Latin Festival was an ancient Roman religious festival held in April on the Alban Mount. The date varied, and was determined and announced by the consuls each year when they took office.The consuls originally took office on the Ides of March, and after 153 BC, January 1; the change in annual term of office appears not to have affected the dating of the Latin Festival. It was one of the most ancient festivals celebrated by the Roman state and is supposed to have predated the founding of Rome—in historical terms, to have dated to a pre-urban pastoral age.

Consuls were each assigned two of the four legions to command, rarely employing all four legions at once to the same assignment. However, the Senate feared a real threat and not only deployed all four legions to the field but all eight, including allies. Ordinarily, each of the two consuls would command his own portion of the army, but since the two armies were combined into one, Roman law required them to alternate their command on a daily basis. The traditional account puts Varro in command on the day of the battle, and much of the blame for the defeat has been laid on his shoulders.

In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the lex Canuleia, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first tribuni militum consulare potestate, or military tribunes with consular power, were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.

The list of consuls for this state is incomplete, drawn from inscriptions and coins. By the end of the 3rd century, much had changed. The loss of many pre- consular functions and the gradual encroachment of the equites into the traditional senatorial administrative and military functions, meant that senatorial careers virtually vanished prior to their appointment as consuls. This had the effect of seeing a suffect consulship granted at an earlier age, to the point that by the 4th century, it was being held by men in their early twenties, and possibly younger, without the significant political careers behind them that was normal previously.

The first Valerian law was enacted by Publius Valerius Publicola in 509 BC, a few years after the founding of republican Rome. It allowed a Roman citizen, condemned by a magistrate to death or scourging, the right of appeal to the people that is, to the people composed of senators, patricians, and plebeians. Thus the consuls had no longer the power of pronouncing sentence in capital cases against a Roman citizen, without the consent of the people. The Valerian law consequently divested the consuls of the power to punish crimes, thereby abolishing the vestiges within the Roman government of that unmitigated power that was the prerogative of the Tarquin kings.

Coastal Pisa and Genoa competed for trading monopolies, and Florence and Siena were traditional rivals in central Tuscany. In this situation, Conrad generally favoured Lucca above the rest and spent the years 1120–22 in wars with Florence. In 1120, Conrad granted a privilege to Lucca at the expense of Pisa. In this privilege, consuls appear for the first time representing the city of Lucca. The formal recognition Conrad gave to the consuls—the title itself only appears in Lucchese records for the first time the previous year (1119)—placed the communal government that the city had been building up since the 1080s on a more solid foundation.

If he did, he must have been promoted out of the job. In fact there was an exception to the rule that proconsuls must be ex-consuls, which was exercised in the event that legitimate ex-consuls could not be found, as was the case more frequently in the search for officers qualified to be provincial governors. This case was rediscovered by Adrianus Turnebus at the height of Renaissance scholarship in a study of Cicero's "Concerning the Laws" (De Legibus). He distinguishes between proconsul, the name of a magistracy, and the phrase pro consule, "acting as proconsul", as in ex praetura pro consule as opposed to ex consulatu.

Here are the exact words in translation of the major source of the topic, Plutarch in Sulla: :"But when Lucius Lucullus ordered him to give place to Sulla, who was coming, and to leave the conduct of the war to him, as the senate had voted, he at once abandoned Boeotia and marched back to Sentius." The Senate had given the war to Sulla in 88. In 87 Sulla was not Consul and had no power to conduct anything except under the authority of the Consuls for 87. Unless directed by those Consuls as Quaestor for that year, Lucullus had no power to demand anything from anyone.

The principal method used by the Romans to identify a year for dating purposes was to name it after the two consuls who took office in it, the eponymous period in question being the consular year. Beginning in 153 BC, consuls began to take office on 1 January, thus synchronizing the commencement of the consular and calendar years. The calendar year has begun in January and ended in December since about 450 BC according to Ovid or since about 713 BC according to Macrobius and Plutarch (see Roman calendar). Julius Caesar did not change the beginning of either the consular year or the calendar year.

These treaties were systematically renewed and imposed on kings and bishops. A popular form of elected representation existed: the consuls. It was thus possible to speak of Pyrenean republics. The kings of France sought to put an end to this situation which seemed to them abnormal.

The record of consular government in Gaeta lasts only until 1135. Two general factions can be defined: those families aligned with the Crescentii and those aligned with the Tusculani. The former dominated the consulate.Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 314, provides a table of known consuls and their "factions".

In 492 BC Rome was beset by a famine. The consuls sought to buy grain amongst the neighbouring peoples. Amongst the Volsci the grain merchants were threatened with violence if grain was sold to the Romans. Livy reports that the Volsci were preparing to attack Rome.

As the consuls of 493 BC, Cominius and Spurius Cassius Viscellinus were elected towards the end of the First secessio plebis in 494 BC.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.33 They also conducted a census.Dionysius 6.96.1; Broughton, MRR1, pp. 14–15. Cominius achieved a military victory against the Volsci.

The Battle of Pometia took place in 502 BC, a year after a revolt by two Latin towns, Pometia and Cora, against Rome. A Roman army led by the consuls Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and Publius Postumius Tubertus was eventually successful in forcing the Pometians to surrender.

Slovenia opened four Consulates headed by Honorary Consuls in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore in 2011. Slovene Prime Minister Borut Pahor visited New Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore in June 2011. He met with the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and Leader of the Opposition.

Translated by H.B. Dewing, Procopius (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 4 p. 329 According to the Liber Pontificalis, Basilius and Cethegus reached Constantinople where the Emperor Justinian consoled them "and enriched them as befitted Roman consuls."Louise Ropes Loomis, The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis).

Xiphilinus divided the work into sections, each containing the life of an emperor. He omitted the names of the consuls and sometimes altered or emended the original. The epitome is valuable as preserving the chief incidents of the period for which the authority of Dio is wanting.

In 1771, at the request of the consuls from Grenoble, he opposed the removal of the Parliament of the Dauphiné in Valencia. Their debates were held at the Hotel de Grenoble. From 1773 he devoted himself to his homeland. At the Pierre, he rebuilt the parsonage.

In 608 during the rule of Phocas, Heraclius the Elder and his son Heraclius were declared consuls with the backing of Senate members in Carthage. Heraclius later was elected emperor. Previous emperor Phocas was deposed by the Senate and arrested in a church by two senators.Judith Herrin.

Atticus was elected consul for the first time in 244 together with Gaius Sempronius Blaesus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 253.Broughton, vol. I, p. 217. Atticus is described by Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy for his list of consuls—as the consul prior.

Cassius Dio, Roman History, 39-14-16.1Grillo., L., Cicero’s De Provinciis Consularibus Oratio (2015), p. 3 The equites and two senators, Quintus Hortensius and Gaius Scribonius Curio, supported Cicero. They assembled on the Capitol and sent envoys to the consuls and the senate on his behalf.

II, pp. 637–639. Several historians deduced that consuls entered office on this day between 479 and 451,Ogilvie, Commentary, pp. 404, 405. but others have disputed this interpretation, arguing that during the 5th century the date of entry was flexible and depended on military campaigns.

King was born in Bombay, India on 30 June 1871. His father, Alfred King, was a storekeeper and then an accountant for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. His mother, Mary, had also been born in Bombay.P.D. Coates, China Consuls, - biographical information for H.F. King (King's brother), p521.

Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.Cassius Dio, Roman History LXVI.

Diplomatic missions in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines This is a list of diplomatic missions in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. At present, the capital city of Kingstown hosts five embassies/high commissions. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

In 297 BC Mus and Rullianus were again elected consul. This time both consuls were to go to Samnium to make war. In this campaign Mus was able to defeat a Samnite army near Maleventum. The next year saw his command in Samnium prorogued as proconsul.

The two consuls then spent four months ravaging Samnium. Fabius also seized Cimetra (location unknown).Livy, X.14.1–15.6 There are no major problems with Livy's account, but no parallel sources survive to confirm it either. Fabius' route via Sora to Tifernum is convoluted, but not insurmountable.

110–111 online. During the civil war, Laelius recruited for Pompeius in Syria and Asia. In February 49 BC, he was a special envoy to the consuls Claudius Marcellus and Lentulus Crus at Capua, with the task of urging their retreat to Brundisium.Julius Caesar, Bellum civile 3.5.

The Briniates were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome under consuls Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola in 175 BCE.Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1857), s.v. Ligures (Liv. xli. 19.) They inhabited the valley of the Vara.

The toga pulla was worn when in mourning. Even footwear indicated a person's social status. Patricians wore red and orange sandals, senators had brown footwear, consuls had white shoes, and soldiers wore heavy boots. Women wore closed shoes of colors such as white, yellow, or green.

Caeliomontanus' career is completely unknown apart from his consulship. He was elected consul posterior in 448, with Lars Herminius Aquilinus as consul prior, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected Aquilinus before Caeliomontanus.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, xi. 51.Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names", p. 6.

Educated at Shrewsbury, Pilcher's entered the consular service after passing an open examination in 1935.London Gazette: Issue No. 34217, p. 27 (8 November 1935). His career in the Foreign Service was marked by appointment as one of His Majesty's Vice-Consuls in China in 1940.

Venusta, were the parents of Ragonius Venustus.Loriot, "Les consuls ordinaires", p. 255 Loriot suggests that the consul prior of 289, Lucius Ragonius Quintianus, is either Ragonius Venustus' son, or more likely, his grandson. Another likely descendant is Lucius Ragonius Venustus who performed a taurobolium in 390.

Subsequent consuls were thus faced with the problem of where to obtain one. The construction became an incident of note in Roman history. Pliny the Elder (Book 16.74.192) reports that the time from the cutting of the trees to the launching of the fleet was 60 days.

One of the best regulations of the company was not to leave the consuls, or even the ambassador, to fix the impositions on the vessels for defraying the common expenses—something that was fatal to the companies of most other nations—but to allow a pension to the ambassador and consuls, and even to the chief officers—including the chancellor, secretary, chaplain, interpreters, and janissaries—so that there was no pretence for their raising any sum at all on the merchants or merchandises. It was true that the ambassador and consul might act alone on these occasions, but the pensions being offered to them on condition of declining them, they chose not to act. In extraordinary cases, the consuls, and even ambassador himself, had recourse to two deputies of the company, residing in the Levant, or if the affair be very important, assemble the whole nation. Here were regulated the presents to be given, the voyages to be made, and every thing to be deliberated; and on the resolutions here taken, the deputies appointed the treasurer to furnish the required funds.

The sources seem to see the law as a breakthrough not just because it provided access to the consulship, but because it required that one of the two consuls each year be a patrician. However, during one twelve-year period after the passage of the laws, from 355 to 343 BC, both consuls were patricians and the consulship became an unbroken line of shared office only after that.Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome, pp.344-37 Cornell notes that, according to Livy and his sources, the regular and unbroken sharing of the consulship stemmed from the Lex Genucia proposed by the plebeian tribune Lucius Genucius in 342 BC which, it is claimed, allowed plebeians to hold both consulships.Livy, The History of Rome, 7.42 However, the Fasti consulares (a chronicle of yearly events in which the years are denoted by their consuls) suggest that this law made it obligatory for one consulship to be held by a plebeian. This most probably explains why the first instance of plebeians holding both consulships was in 173 BC despite Livy's interpretation.

Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity p. 14 Regilli means 'Little Queen'. His father was Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus. Annius Gallus was a distinguished Senator and one of the serving consuls in the year 139 and his mother was Atilia Caucidia Tertulla.

Anthony Barrett, Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Empire (Routledge, 1999) p.280. "Gallio reached the consulship, probably in 55". Miriam T. Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasty (Routledge, 1987) p.78. See also Wikipedia: List of Roman consuls and List of state leaders in 56.

109, 110. Poplicola means "one who courts the people," and is most famous as the surname of Publius Valerius Publicola, one of the first consuls in 509 BC, and his descendants, although the surname occasionally appears in other gentes.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.

The consuls demanded, that Carthaginians hand over all weaponry, which they reluctantly did. Large convoys took enormous stocks of equipment from Carthage to Utica. Surviving records state, that these included 200,000 sets of armour and 2,000 catapults. Their warships all sailed to Utica, and were burnt in the harbour.

The senate has decreed that the two Consuls should draw > lots for the Gauls, that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service > be suspended, and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in > Gaul, and see that they do not join the Helvetii.

In 246 BC, the Senate created a second Praetura. There were two reasons for this: to relieve the weight of judicial business and to give the Republic a magistrate with imperium who could field an army in an emergency when both consuls were fighting a far-off war.

He had a son, Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus, consul in 371 and four-time Praetorian prefect. His grandchildren include Anicius Probinus and Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius consuls of 395, and the consul of 406, Anicius Probus. The aristocrat Anicia Faltonia Proba was his grand-niece - and his daughter in law.

As the other units of the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade is tasked with fulfillment of missions abroad, with duties ranging from military police to riot control. Deployments abroad also includes the deployment of Close Protection Team, in oder to protect Ambassadors and Consuls General in high-risk embassies.

After the victory at Pedum, the consuls spent the rest of their terms campaigning throughout Latium, effectively bringing an end to the Latin War. Upon returning to Rome, they were both rewarded with a triumph, and Equestrian statues in the Roman Forum, a rare honor for that time.

In the first section, the ordinarii are always given in the ablative case, i.e. T. Aurelio Fulvo M. Asinio Atratino cos., but in the second part all of the consuls are given in the nominative. In the transcription below, all of the names are given in the nominative.

They were supported by troops from other Etruscan cities. The consuls, mindful of the undisciplined conduct of the soldiers in the recent past, held their men back from fighting until repeated provocations by the Etruscan cavalry made the start of combat inevitable.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 45, 46.

The virus, however, originates from the first queen, whose father transformed her into a guignol; subsequent queens and their potential successors are grown from her cells. Opposed to the queen's rule is Le Sénat: consuls and , chancellor , and regent , all of whom have been governing for a century.

Another former Scottish physician, William Jardine (1784–1843) had become wealthy trading opium out of Hong Kong. Wyllie made Jardine's nephews consuls to make sure the lucrative China trade continued. When his sugar production was limited by a labor shortage, he proposed importing workers from Asia for plantation workers.

With this, the consuls were encouraged to finish the war. They sailed to Sicily with about 120 ships in the fleet. They stopped and anchored off Lilybaeum, and besieged the city. The Romans thought that if they controlled this port it would be easy to manipulate the war.

That his son became consul 11 years later led Ronald Syme to suspect the elder Aquila "was more than mature in age" when he assumed the fasces.Syme, "Eight Consuls", p. 113 Aquila is possibly related to Lucius Arruntius Stella, consul in 100. His career is not well known.

Silius relates the war against Philip of Macedon and how Fabius captures Tarentum. Then the Romans receive news that the consuls Marcellus and Crispinus were killed in battle against Hannibal. However, Scipio manages to rout Hasdrubal in Spain. Hasdrubal then crosses the Alps to join his brother in Italy.

He had two cousins, who served as Consuls under Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius: Gaius Septimius Severus, suffect consul in 160; and Publius Septimius Aper, suffect consul in July 153.Birley, Septimius Severus, pp. 214, 219 Another relative of his was Lucius Septimius Severus Aper, ordinary consul in 207.

In the provinces they were in charge of the finances of the province. Originally there were only two quaestors who supervised the aerarium in Rome. In 421 BC their number was doubled. From then on when the consuls undertook a military campaign they were accompanied by one quaestor each.

Eventually they complied.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 38.7.1 During Metellus Celer’s praetorship, Titus Labienus indicted an old backbench Optimate senator, Gaius Rabirius, for the murder of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus thirty-six years earlier. Saturninus had been opposed by the consuls of the time at the direction of the senate.

Keaveney, pg. 72 These political differences saw the two consuls almost immediately begin quarrelling in 87 BC over policy, in which Cinna wanted to enrol the new citizens (Italian allies) across all of the Roman tribes. He also proposed the recall of Marius and all his supporters.Broughton, pg.

The lex Aternia Tarpeia was a Roman law, introduced by the consuls Aulus Aternius Varus and Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus in 454 BC, and passed during their year of office. The law concerned the regulation of payments for fines and penalties.Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. II, p. 300.

Decius Mus and Manlius Torquatus both had a dream before the final battle that the Romans would only be victorious if one of the consuls died. Decius and Manlius made a pact that whichever side of the battle opened up, then that leader would sacrifice himself in the battle.

K. M. T. Atkinson, "The Governors of the Province Asia in the Reign of Augustus", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 7 (1958), p. 328 His sons, Gaius and Lucius, became Roman consuls in the years 23 and 26 respectively. Velleius Paterculus notes that he was still living in AD30.

King Malietoa Leaupepe died in 1898 and was succeeded by Malietoa Tooa Mataafa. The US and British consuls supported Malietoa Tanu, Leaupepe's son. US and British warships, including the USS Philadelphia shelled Apia on 15 March 1899. After World War I, the League of Nations carved up Samoa.

460 British barons and consuls were killed, as well as some Saxons whom the Britons beat to death with clubs and stones. Vortigern was held captive and threatened with death until he resigned control of Britain's chief cities to Hengist. Once free, he fled to Cambria.Thompson (1842:125–126).

French merchants may establish themselves > there under the same conditions and with the same advantages as in the > treaty ports. The Government of His Majesty the Emperor of China will set up > customs posts there, and the Government of the Republic will be able to > maintain consuls there with the same privileges and prerogatives accorded to > similar agents in the treaty ports. > His Majesty the Emperor of China may appoint consuls in the principal towns > of Tonkin, subject to the agreement of the French Government. > ARTICLE SIX > A special regulation, annexed to the present treaty, will specify the > conditions in which will be carried out the land commerce between Tonkin and > the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung.

Although we see a rise in Pannonian, Moesian and Illyrian marshals, and foreigners become notable figures, it would be impractical to think the government could function without help from the traditional classes within the empire. Although their influence was weakened, there were still a number of men with influence from the older aristocracy. Claudius assumed the consulship in 269 with Paternus, a member of the prominent senatorial family, the Paterni, who had supplied consuls and urban prefects throughout Gallienus' reign, and thus were quite influential. In addition, Flavius Antiochianus, one of the consuls of 270, who was an urban prefect the year before, would continue to hold his office for the following year.

Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1987) pp.1–2 Consequently, the high regard placed upon the ordinary consulate remained intact, as it was one of the few offices that one could share with the emperor, and during this period it was filled mostly by patricians or by individuals who had consular ancestors. It was a post that would be occupied by a man halfway through his career, in his early thirties for a patrician, or in his early forties for most others.Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1987) p.

Modern consensus generally favor either of traditions including Manlius and Sulpicius, with the classicist Broughton commenting that the re-election of the consuls of 435 remains the least likely version.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita iv, 23.1-23.3Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, xii, 53.1Broughton, vol i, pp.61-62, (62:note 1) In either case, the actions of the consuls or consular tribunes of 434 BC is not well documented and they relinquished their imperium in favor of the appointment of a dictator. The dictator, Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, fought the Falerii and Etruria and enacted a law limiting the term of the censorship to one and a half year, down from the previous five years.

61-62 The tradition placing Verginius as consul re-elect in 434 BC is based mainly on Livy who in turn cites Licinius Macer. Livy also provides a second tradition placing Marcus Manlius Capitolinus Vulso and Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus as consuls for the year, this based on the writings of Valerius Antius and Aelius Tubero. As the writings of Licinius, Valerius and Aelius are all lost, we can only base it on the references given by Livy. A third version of the college of 434 is provided by Diodorus Siculus who lists both Manlius and Sulpicius and a third individual, Servius Cornelius Cossus, as consular tribunes, not consuls, during the year.

The decemvirs were given the same authority as the consuls for their year of office, but as the consuls elected for 451, Claudius and Genucius were appointed decemvirs after resigning the consulship. Their colleagues included the three envoys, as well as Spurius Veturius Crassus Cicurinus, Gaius Julius Iulus, Publius Sestius Capitolinus, Publius Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus, and Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus. The decemvirs were seen to cooperate for the good of the state, and drew up the first ten tables of Roman law, winning the general approval of the people. As their task remained unfinished at the end of their year, it was decided to appoint a second college of decemvirs for the following year.

Over 800 diplomas from the Principate have been found and over 650 published (although the majority have survived in only fragmentary form). This constitutes a rare corpus of Roman documentary material, whose survival is due to their being made of metal, rather than degradable material such as papyrus, wood or wax. A particular advantage of diplomas for historians is that they are dated. The date of the constitution was entered as the year of the emperor's tribunicia potestas; while the date of issue of the notarised copy (diploma) was given as the day of the month and the names of the Consuls currently in office (resulting in diplomas being an important source for the names of suffect consuls).

By 311 BC the people acquired the right to elect sixteen tribunes of the soldiers, that is, four out of the six tribunes assigned to each of the four legions that formed the Roman Army. Previously these places had been for the most part in the gift of consuls or dictators.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita Libri IX, 29, with translation and notes by B. O. Foster, Loeb Classical Library, Additionally, in the early Republic, another type of military tribune was sometimes chosen in place of the annually elected consuls to be the heads of the Roman State. These are known in Latin as tribuni militum consulari potestate, "Military Tribunes with Consular Authority".

In the summer, the time came to hold the comitia centuriata at Rome, in order to elect the consuls. The task of organising the elections was expected to fall to Marcellus as senior consul, but he sent a letter to the Senate when it recalled him, declaring that it would be harmful to the Republic to leave Hannibal to his own devices. When the Senate received this, there was debate as to whether it was better to recall the consul from campaign even though he was unwilling or to cancel the elections of consuls for 209 BC.Livy, 27.4.1–2 In the end it was decided to recall Valerius Laevinus from Sicily, even though he was outside Italy.

Under the republic, regions of the empire were ruled by provincial governors answerable to and authorised by the Senate and People of Rome. During the republic, the chief magistrates of Rome were two consuls elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, and the election was controlled by the emperor. In the late 3rd century, after the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian formalised and embellished the recent manner of imperial rule, establishing the so-called Dominate period of the Roman Empire. This was characterised by the explicit increase of authority in the person of the emperor, and the use of the style 'our lord'.

Letters in the Foreign Office (FO 16/1) and a detailed record in the Reverend Slavin diary written while he was on board, show that the Cambridge sailed to the Americas under Captain Thomas Maling. She left Portsmouth on 5 January 1824 with 72 passenger including the new British Consuls to Peru – Thomas Rowcroft, Chile – Christopher Nugent, Argentina – Woodbine Parish and Uruguay – Thomas Samuel Hood. Vice consuls included Udney Passmore, John White, Henry William Rouse, Matthew Carter, Charles Griffiths and Richard Franklin Pousett. The ship sailed to skirted just west of Portuguese Madeira and anchored at Santa Cruz in Teneriffe. She then sailed past Cape Verde and sighted the South American continent near Cape Frio on 21 February 1824.

Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear "all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens".

The dictator had maius imperium and total authority to command the state; however, since the dictator generally tried to maintain order, this did not conflict with the responsibilities of the other magistrates, who continued to function during a dictatorship. The magister equitum had similar plenary authority, with parallel and somewhat subordinate authority to the dictator. In the middle and later Republic, with the office of dictator falling out of fashion, the need for dictatorial authority was not granted to some extraordinary magistrate, but rather, to the consuls, through a senatus consultum ultimum, or final decree. This decree took the form of a recommendation from the Senate to the consuls to take whatever actions were necessary to defend the Republic.

In 1525 the Wursten Consuls had to conclude the Treaty of Stade, which incorporated Wursten into the prince-archbishopric, did away with the Wursten constitution, including the election of consuls and subjected the Wursten Frisians to feudal dues and duties and prince- archiepiscopal bailiffs (Vögte), wielding authoritarian force over the Wursten Frisians. In 1648 the elective monarchy of the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the heritable monarchy of the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown and from 1715 on by the House of Hanover. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region within the Kingdom of Hanover.

Holmes, pg. 234; Anthon & Smith, pg. 903; Broughton, pg. 156 This led to the so-called First Catilinian Conspiracy where, allegedly, Catiline together with Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Autronius, and perhaps also Sulla, conspired to murder the new consuls on 1 January 65 BC, when they were due to enter office.

He was consul in 173 BC, with Marcus Popillius Laenas. The war in Liguria was assigned to both consuls. Albinus, however, was first sent into Campania to separate the land of the state from that of private persons, because private land owners had slowly expanded their boundaries into public land.

459 With family origins in Campania, Regulus is described by Ronald Syme as "the first consul and the last of an inconspicuous family." Syme suggests he may be the "Reg(ulus)" attested as praetor peregrinus in 2 BC, noting that "nothing would indicate a youthful consul."Syme, "Early Tiberian Consuls", p.

Galo Carrera Hurtado (born 19 August 1953 in Mexico) is serving as an Honorary Consul of Mexico to Canada.Honorary Consuls to Canada. Government of Nova Scotia Protocol Office. He is a research associate for marine affairs at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada,Galo Carrera, "Our faculty and staff", Dalhousie University.

Calvisius is first heard of when he and Cornelius were named consules ordinarii for AD 26. This was the year in which Tiberius left Rome for Campania, never to return. On the Kalends of July, the consuls were replaced by Quintus Junius Blaesus and Lucius Antistius Vetus.Tacitus, Annales, iv. 46.

Yanikian had contacted the consul general three months before, and insisted that the consul general personally accept the painting, and since Baydar did not drive, Demir was asked to accompany him to provide transportation."Return of Painting Used as Lure in Consuls' Slayings, Police Say." Los Angeles Times. January 29, 1973.

Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 46, 47. The Etruscans took advantage of a lull in the fighting to attack the Roman camp, breaching the defenses of the reserves. However, word of the attack reached the consuls, and Manlius stationed his men around the exits to the camp, surrounding the Etruscans.

If a consul was absent or died the vice consul would remain in charge until a new consul could be sent. England had the simplest hierarchy when it came to consular representation because the Company was in charge of the nation and consuls below, whereas the crown used other representation abroad.

Hortensius, trying to rally to his old rival's support, was almost lynched. The Senate and the consuls were cowed. Caesar, who was still encamped near Rome, was apologetic but said he could do nothing when Cicero brought himself to grovel in the proconsul's tent. Everyone seemed to have abandoned Cicero.

For example, the former can approve the federal budget submitted by the Government, while the latter has the power to analyze the foreign policy of the Government, approve or dismiss the Presidential nominations of the Attorney General, Supreme Court Justices, diplomatic agents, general consuls, and senior civil and military officials.

The Embassy of India, Brussels is India's embassy to Belgium and Luxembourg, and also serves as its Mission to the European Union (EU). Notably, Brussels is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of EU. India also has its honorary consuls in Antwerp (Belgium) and Luxembourg City (Luxembourg).

Following the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the Romans established an oligarchic Roman Republic which divided supreme executive power () between two consuls, both elected each year and each holding a veto over the other's actions. The historical duumviri were not rulers but magistrates, performing various judicial, religious, or public functions.

Arpino (Campanian: ) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Frosinone, in the Latin Valley, region of Lazio in central Italy, about 100 km SE of Rome. Its Roman name was Arpinum. In Roman times, the town produced two consuls of the Roman Republic: Gaius Marius and Marcus Tullius Cicero.

Today there are some traces of the road remaining in Mignagola and Vascon. Locally, along this roadway is the castle of Vascon.Ibid Also in the area is the Via Postumia, a famous Roman consular road. On this via, the Roman legions marched while the consuls and the soldiers passed by.

I, pp. 83 ("Ahala"), 448 ("Axilla"). The surnames Caepio and Geminus appear almost simultaneously in the middle of the third century BC, with the consuls of 253 and 252. Each was the grandson of a Gnaeus Servilius, suggesting that the two cognomina belonged to two branches of the same family.

There was cooperation in several fields. French officers trained the Moroccan army and advised the Moroccans in the building of public works. French Consuls in Morocco were assigned, such as Jean-Baptiste Estelle. The French ambassador François Pidou de Saint Olon, was sent by Louis XIV visited Moulai Ismael in 1693.

There are two grounds for the latter identification. First, Cassius Dio assigns him the surname Fourtios, which is supposed to be a corruption of Frugi. Secondly, Theodor Mommsen identified his sons, to whom the Ars Poëtica is addressed, with Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, consuls in AD 27.

Articles 12-15 dealt with trade provisions. Article 16 provided for the right of transit for nationals of each of the parties in the territories of the other party. Articles 17-28 regulated the work of Consuls. Article 29 included the Panama Canal within US territories open to German citizens.

In 2012, the Lithuanian Ambassador to the United States nominated Prunskis as the Hon. Consul of Lithuania. He was confirmed to the position by the US State Department. In June 2012, during the World Federation of Consuls (FICAC) Congress in Monte Carlo, he was elected Dean of the Aspen Consular Corps.

126 online, originally published in Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984) 1–19. During the time of Augustus, a nobilis enjoyed easier access to the consulship, with a lowered age requirement perhaps set at 32. Women who descended from Augustan consuls are also regarded as belonging to the Roman nobility.

That was followed by a battle, which the Romans won. The Gauls scattered among the Volsci, and some of them went to Etruria and others to Apulia. The consuls then joined the other legions to deal with the Greek fleet. There was no battle, and the Greeks were kept offshore.

Licinia Magna, daughter of the consul Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi and Scribonia (a descendant of Pompey).Syme, The Roman Revolution, p.578 She married the Roman Senator Lucius Calpurnius Piso, who served as one of the consuls in 57.Elsner, Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi, p.

According to Livy, the five elected allowed themselves to be guided by the patricians, to the extent that they chose two patricians to serve as tribunes of the plebs: Aulus Aternius Varus and Spurius Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus, who had been consuls in 454.Livy, iii. 64.Broughton, vol. I, pp.

They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year, beginning in 1243. The practice of dual heads of government (diarchy) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic, equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome.

Thomas, "The Division of the Sexes," p. 133. These laws were badly received; they were modified in AD 9 by the Lex Papia Poppaea;Named after the two bachelor consuls of that year eventually they were nearly all repealed or fell into disuse under Constantine and later emperors, including Justinian.

Plutarch, Pyrrhus, 18, 19.Franke, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7, part 2, pp. 466–471. In 279, Pyrrhus met the consuls Publius Decius Mus and Publius Sulpicius Saverrio at the Battle of Asculum, which remained undecided for two days, as the Romans had prepared some special chariots to counter his elephants.

The consuls, now Spurius Nautius Rutilus and Sextus Furius Medullinus Fusus, readied the defences of the city. But the plebeians implored them to sue for peace. The senate was convened, and it was agreed to send supplicants to the enemy. Initially ambassadors were sent, but Coriolanus sent back a negative response.

The First Battle of Capua was fought in 212 BC between Hannibal and two Roman consular armies. The Roman force was led by two consuls, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius Pulcher. The Roman force was defeated, but managed to escape. Hannibal temporarily managed to raise the siege of Capua.

Her father was Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus, a distinguished Roman Senator and one of the serving consuls in the year 139. Her mother was a Roman aristocrat called Atilia Caucidia Tertulla.Birley, The Roman government of Britain p. 114 Regilla's brother, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, served as an ordinary consul in 160.

However, the rumors turned out to be mistaken. Hazard was with the fleet under Admiral the Honourable William Cornwallis when Minotaur captured the French frigate Franchise on 28 May 1803. On 19 May Naiad and Hazard captured the Danish ship Frauen Brigitta. Six days later, Victory and Hazard captured Trois Consuls.

However, more deputies joined with Venizelos in Theriso. The Great Powers' consuls met with Venizelos in Mournies in an attempt to achieve an agreement, but without any results. A speech by Venizelos on 25 March 1905. The committee for the drafting of a new constitution for Crete in 1906–07.

From the 1960s onwards, Hong Kong's development as a trade and finance centre attracted tens of thousands of foreigners, among them Jews from the United States, Israel, the UK, Australia and Canada. They revitalized the local Jewish community. Since the 1960s, Israel also began to appoint Honorary Consuls to Hong Kong.

The idea was to win time pending the possibility of a positive Ottoman reply.Reid (2010), p. 32. After two months Panglima Tibang headed back to Aceh on the Dutch ship Marnix. On the way he called at Singapore where he entered into secret negotiations with the American and Italian consuls.

The consuls for 168 BC were Lucius Aemilius Paulus (for the second time) and Gaius Licinius Crassus. Macedon was assigned to Lucius Aemilius and the command of the fleet was assigned to the praetor Gnaeus Octavius. The praetor Lucius Anicius was put in charge of Illyria.Livy, The History of Rome, 44.17.

It was to the consuls that he announced his papal mission, offering assistance to them in their various activities in support of the Church and Papacy. Privately the chief consul complained to the Nuncio about the hostile attitude of the clergy toward the Holy See.De Ram, pp. 40-41; 43-44.

Castres-en-Albigenses was a dependence of the Viscount of Albi. The Viscounts of Albi granted Castres a city charter establishing a commune with the city, headed by consuls. During the Albigensian Crusade, the city quickly surrendered to Simon de Montfort, who gave it to his brother Guy de Montfort.

Basilica of Saint-Paul, Narbonne. The basilica became the center of the Bourg Saint Paul sited somewhat apart from the Roman citadel of Narbonne, protected by its own walls and retaining its own separate consuls. "Saint Paul's frog", recognizable in the veinings of a marble stoup, has given rise to fanciful anecdotes.

In 1094 a major shift in the government of Gaeta was first recorded. In that year boni homines ("good men") first took part in the political process. In 1123 consuls, four in number, are first recorded, though the dukes had always borne the consular title as an imperial honorific.Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 312.

Coriolanus directed the Volsci to target plebeian properties and to spare the patricians'. The consuls, now Spurius Nautius Rutilus and Sextus Furius Medullinus, readied the defences of the city. But the plebeians implored them to sue for peace. The senate was convened, and it was agreed to send supplicants to the enemy.

175 Livy also records that in this year first Privernum and then Velitrae raided Roman territory.Livy, 7.15.11 The Romans assigned the war against Privernum to one of the consuls of 357, Gaius Marcius Rutilus. The territory of Privernum had long been at peace and Marcius' army captured a large amount of plunder.

Cincinnatus' opinion prevailed, and the number of tribunes was increased to ten.Dionysius, x. 30. The following year, the tribune Lucius Icilius sought to have the Aventine Hill given to the plebeians for building houses. When the consuls continually postponed calling the Senate, Icilius sent one of his attendants to demand their attendance.

They enjoy the privileges accorded them by customary international law, which extends their immunity also to their families, and to members of their staff and their families. The Minister must keep a register of all persons who are protected by such immunity.s 9. Consuls, be they career or honorary, are not diplomatic agents.

Heraclius the Elder first made himself and his son consuls, thus laying claim on the supreme power. The rebels attacked Egypt and Cyrenaica via land, while a naval assault was launched from North Africa against Constantinople, possibly via Sicily and Italy. The rebellion received support in most of Egypt and the central Mediterranean.

308 & 546 He then marched against the town of Ursao.Holmes, pg. 546 He returned to Rome along with Caesar, and in reward for his service, after Caesar abdicated his sole consulship in September, he installed Maximus with Gaius Trebonius as suffect consuls on 1 October, 45 BC,Broughton, pg. 303;Smith, pg.

Marcus Vinicius (c. 5 BC – AD 46) was a Roman consul and, as husband of Julia Livilla, grandson-in-law (progener) of the emperor Tiberius.Vogel-Weidemann, Statthalter 313; Syme, Roman Revolution 499 He was the son and grandson of two consuls, Publius Vinicius (consul 2 AD) and Marcus Vinicius (consul 19 BC).

Cicero argued that the senatus consultum ultimum indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey.Tom Holland, Rubicon, pp. 237–39. Cicero grew out his hair, dressed in mourning and toured the streets. Clodius' gangs dogged him, hurling abuse, stones and even excrement.

On Tonga, a British protectorate from 1900, the British Empire was only represented by its consuls from 1901 until Tongan independence in 1970. From 1901 until 1952, the protectorate was also under the administrative authority of the High Commissioner of the British Western Pacific Territories, who was always the British Governor of Fiji.

His choice of consuls for the year 362 was more controversial. One was the very acceptable Claudius Mamertinus, previously the Praetorian prefect of Illyricum. The other, more surprising choice was Nevitta, Julian's trusted Frankish general. This latter appointment made overt the fact that an emperor's authority depended on the power of the army.

Libo was elected consul for 267 BC, together with Marcus Atilius Regulus. The two consuls carried on a war against the Sallentini, a Messapian people of Apulia, whom they conquered. In recognition of their victory, Libo and Regulus were granted a triumph, which they celebrated on January 23, 266.Fasti TriumphalesEutropius, ii. 17.

Created from the Grenadiers of the Consular Guard (Gardes des Consuls), which itself had been formed out of the Guards of the Directory, the Foot Grenadiers (1er Régiment de Grenadiers- à-Pied de la Garde Impériale) were one of the most venerated of regiments in the French Army; classed as the Old Guard.

The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military command, or imperium, could be exercised constitutionally only by a consul. There were two consuls at a time, each elected to a one-year term. They could not normally serve two terms in a row.

Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, pp. 59, 60, 402 (note 61). Atticus' accession to the censorship is exceptional because this magistracy was usually the pinnacle of a career at Rome, in theory reserved to former consuls (only six censors were in this situation between 312 and 31 BC).Ryan, Rank and Participation, p. 142.

The Grand Council meets every year when no Grand Chapter is held. The Grand Council consists of the Grand Officers, Past Grand Consuls, members of the Executive Committee, Grand Trustees, Grand Praetors, members of the Leadership Training Board and one undergraduate from each province. It may amend the Statutes or Executive Committee Regulations.

Tower-bell in Demo. St Eusebio in Berzo. Monday, April 6, 1299, the consuls of the vicinia of Berzo and Demo go to Cemmo where is Cazoino Capriolo, Chamberlain of the Bishop of Brescia Berardo Maggi. Here swear according to the usual formula loyalty to the bishop, and pay the tithe due.

His importance to Urraca in Galicia is exemplified by the Historia compostellana, which lists him first after Urraca's son when naming the leaders of the army which she assembled among "all the consuls and princes of Galicia"Enrique Flórez, ed. (1765), España Sagrada, XX.i.117, p. 249: omnes consules et omnes principes Gallaeciae.

He was probably the son of Decius Marius Venantius Basilius, consul in 484. Venantius had several sons who became consuls, which included Decius, the consul of 529, and Decius Paulinus, the consul of 534. Basilius Venantius himself was consul in 508. Later, but before 511, he was raised to the rank of patricius.

The night passed with no change in Hasdrubal's misfortunes, and the morning found his army disarrayed, trapped against the banks of the Metaurus, and a great many of his Gallic troops drunk. With the Roman cavalry fast approaching and the legions under the two consuls not far behind, Hasdrubal reluctantly prepared for battle.

However the people were not restrained. Upon seeing a debtor being led to the courts, a mob formed and violence erupted. The crowd protected the debtors and turned instead upon the creditors. The consul's decrees were barely heard, and ignored, and the creditors were harassed within sight of one of the consuls.

Twiss, 523 n.1. The text also refers to ‘‘electi consoli in arte de mare’’, which is translated “Consuls elect of the Guild of Navigators” in the Black Book. Neither the translation “guild” nor that of “company” (typical for Latin societas) for the presumed Latin original, ars, is strictly accurate.Twiss, 525 n.

The dictator praised the consuls and laid down his office. Poetilius celebrated a double triumph over the Gauls and the Tiburtes, but the Tiburtes belittled the achievements of the Romans.Livy, 7.11.2–11 The Fasti Triumphales records that C. Poetelius Libo Visolus, consul, celebrated a triumph over the Gauls and Tiburtes on 29 July.

In 160, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Perhaps Pius was already ill; in any case, he died before the year was out. Two days before his death, the biographer records, Pius was at his ancestral estate in Lorium. He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily.

One check over a magistrate's power was collegiality (collega), which required that each magisterial office be held concurrently by at least two people. For example, two consuls always served together.Lintott, p. 101 The check on the magistrate's power of Coercion was Provocatio, which was an early form of due process (habeas corpus).

While the consuls had supreme military authority, they had to be provided with financial resources by the Roman Senate while they were commanding their armies.Lintott, p. 21 While abroad, the consul had absolute power over his soldiers, and over any Roman province. The praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies,Byrd, p.

The Fasti Capitolini and Diodorus Siculus give the praenomen of Spurius, Livy that of Lucius, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus that of Titus. While many of the decemvirs were also consuls, only Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus and his (presumed) cousin Gaius Veturius Cicurinus match well with their filiations given by the Fasti Capitolini.

The latter despaired, writing in frustration that the consuls were of no use and that no recruiting was being done.Cicero, ad Att. vii.21 Pompeius himself wrote from Luceria on 17 February to Marcellus and Lentulus urging them to collect all the troops they could and join him at Brundisium.Cicero, ad Att. viii.

Brutus and Collatinus became Republican Rome's first consuls. Despite Collatinus' role in the creation of the Republic, he belonged to the same family as the former king, and was forced to abdicate his office and leave Rome. He was replaced as co-consul by Publius Valerius Publicola.Cornell, Beginnings of Rome, pp. 226–228.

Next came the censor, which stripped from the consuls the power to conduct the census. The Romans instituted the idea of a dictatorship. A dictator would have complete authority over civil and military matters within the Roman imperium. Since he was not legally responsible for his actions as a dictator, he was unquestionable.

Diodorus, 23.8, Booth, p. 520, 521. Again, in 256 BC, it was at Heraclea that the Carthaginian fleet of 350 ships was posted to prevent the passage of the Roman fleet to Africa and where it sustained a great defeat by the Roman consuls Regulus and Manlius.Polybius, 1.25-28, 30; Zonaras, 8.12.

The Times History of the War, p. 125. In one incident, the guns of Empress of Russia were brought to bear on Hodeidah in what is modern Yemen. Bluntly, the Turks were told that if British and French consuls, who had been kidnapped, were not brought back, the port city would be demolished.

Map of diplomatic missions in Hungary This page lists diplomatic missions resident in Hungary. At present, the capital city of Budapest hosts 84 embassies. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens and several countries have non-resident embassies accredited from other capitals, such as Vienna and Berlin.

Gnaeus Cornelius was elected consul for 222 BC, with Marcus Claudius Marcellus as his co-consul. Both consuls led their armies against the Insubres of Cisalpine Gaul. Scipio laid siege to Acerrae, while Marcellus engaged the Isubres at Clastidium. After Acerrae fell, Scipio marched towards Mediolanum, drawing the Gauls out and routing them.

After Caesar's assassination in March 44, Hirtius was deeply involved in the maneuvering between parties. Having been nominated for that post by Caesar, Hirtius and Pansa became consuls in 43.Syme, Roman Revolution p. 95. Hirtius was already consul-designate for 43 on the Ides of March, therefore likely a nominee of Caesar's.

The Genoese contributed a fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels under the command of the consuls Oberto Torre, Filippo di Platealonga, Balduino, Ansario Doria, Ingo Piso and Ansaldo Piso. For its help, Alfonso VII promised the city a third of all conquests, the right to commerce and exemption from tolls.

While Privernum was under siege from both of the consular armies, one of the consuls was recalled to Rome to hold consular elections. In the year prior to Lucius Papirius' consulship, Alexander I of Epirus had led an expedition in southern Italy. During this expedition Alexander of Epirus was killed in Pandosia.

Cicero participated in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where Octavian defeated Antony, who later committed suicide.Haskell, H.J. "This was Cicero." 1964: 103-104. Cicero became one of the suffect consuls for 30 BCAttilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p.

Transaction Publishers. . The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (a.k.a. ARF) accused Kapamajian of being a puppet of the Ottoman Government.By Altan Deliorman, "Türklere Karsi Ermeni Komitecileri" Published 1973 Boğaziçi Basım ve Yayınevi 335 pages Mayor Kapamajian's funeral was attended by a large crowd including non-Armenian residents of Van and consuls of major powers.

The territory of Lodève had its own Estates from an early period, and it retained it even after it became part of the Estates of Languedoc in the fourteenth century. The Bishop of Mende was the President of the Estates of Gévaudan; the First Estate (clergy) were represented by a Canon of the Cathedral (representing the Chapter), the Dom d'Aubrac, the Prior of Saint-Enemie, the Prior of Langogne, the Abbot of Chambons, the Commander of Palhers, and the Commander of Saint-Jean. The Second Estate (nobility) were represented by the eight Barons who were Peers of Gévaudon (d'Apchier, de Peyre, de Cenaret, du Tournel, de Randon, de Florac, de Mercoeur, de Canilhac), twelve gentlemen (the Seigneurs d'Allene, de Montauroux, de Saint- Alban, de Montrodat, de Mirandol, de Séverac, de Barre, de Gabriac, de Portes, de Servières, d'Arpajon, and the Consuls of la Garde-Guérin); the Third Estate were represented by the three Consuls of Mende, the three Consuls of Marvejols (when the meeting took place at Marvejols), and a Consul (or deputy) from each of sixteen communities. The Estates met annually, alternately at Mende and at Marvejols.

From the twelfth-century onward the merchants from the Italian city states would organize and select a consul to represent them in the Ottoman Empire, but soon after these consuls were more formally chosen by the government. By the fifteenth-century other Western European nations adopted similar practices and diplomacy has been characterized as a Western European phenomenon ever since. Another cause of the consular phenomena was the military hardening of borders which meant that Europeans could not infiltrate another area by force so they relied on economic and commercial ties to gain entry. In the early stages of these consular relationships the Ottomans' did not reciprocate in sending consuls to European capitals, partly because European Christians were less welcoming towards Muslims than Muslims were towards Christians.

Born in Paris to a family originally from Marseille which, in the eighteenth century, gave several consuls and leaders of trade centers in North Africa,In particular Beaussier Bonaventure, who was chancellor at Tripoli in 1774, Alexandria in 1776, vice-consul at Aleppo in 1776, Nafplio in 1779, Koroni in 1780, Sidon in 1786, chancellor at Constantinople and then consul in Smyrna in 1796, consul general in Tunisia in 1796 and finally in Tripoli from 1797 until his death in 1814 (Eugène Plantet (ed), Correspondance des beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la cour, 1577-1830, published under the auspices of the Ministre des affaires étrangères, Paris, F. Alcan, 1899, p. 279). Marcelin Beaussier studied Arabic in Tunisia.

The following year the two consuls were Anthemius' son, Marcian, and Leo's son-in-law, Flavius Zeno (later successor of Leo on the Eastern throne). In 470 the consuls were Messius Phoebus Severus, Anthemius' old friend and fellow student at Proclus' school, and the Magister militum per Orientem Flavius Iordanes. In 471, the year in which Leo held his fourth consulate with the Praetorian prefect of Italy Caelius Aconius Probianus as colleague, the two emperors strengthened their bonds with a marriage between Anthemius' son, Marcian, and Leo's daughter, Leontia; Marcian was honoured with his second consulate the following year, this time chosen by the Eastern court. Anthemius' matrimonial policy also included the marriage of his only daughter, Alypia, and the powerful Magister militum Ricimer.

Polybius noted that it was the consuls (the highest-ranking of the regular magistrates) who led the armies and the civil government in Rome, and it was the Roman assemblies which had the ultimate authority over elections, legislation, and criminal trials. However, since the Senate controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy, it had the most control over day-to-day life. The power and authority of the Senate derived from precedent, the high caliber and prestige of the senators, and the Senate's unbroken lineage, which dated back to the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. It developed from the Senate of the Roman Kingdom, and became the Senate of the Roman Empire. Originally the chief- magistrates, the consuls, appointed all new senators.

The Battle of Suessula was the third and last battle between the Samnites and the Roman Republic in 343 BC,Livy, as was customary in Rome, dated the battle by noting which consuls held office that year, it was the year in which M. Valerius Corvus, for the third time, and A. Cornelius Cossus were consuls. When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology, which Livy did not use, this becomes 343 BC. Modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the First Samnite War four years too early, due to inclusion of unhistorical "dictator years". Despite this known inaccuracy, the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature. Forsythe(2005), pp.

Abbott, 374 If an individual was not of the senatorial class, he could run for one of these offices if he was allowed to run by the emperor, or otherwise, he could be appointed to one of these offices by the emperor. During the transition from republic to empire, no office lost more power or prestige than the consulship, which was due, in part, to the fact that the substantive powers of republican Consuls were all transferred to the emperor. Imperial Consuls could preside over the senate, could act as judges in certain criminal trials, and had control over public games and shows.Abbott, 376 The Praetors also lost a great deal of power, and ultimately had little authority outside of the city.

Livy, 2.27ff During these events, the consuls were unable to decide upon which of them should dedicate a new temple to Mercury. The senate referred the decision to the popular assembly, and also decreed that whichever consul was chosen should also exercise additional duties, including presiding over the markets, establish a merchants' guild, and exercise the functions of the pontifex maximus. The people, in order to spite the senate and the consuls, instead awarded the honour to the senior military officer of one of the legions named Marcus Laetorius.Livy, 2.27 In the following year Servilius was among the ten envoys sent by the senate to treat with the Plebs in which both parts came to an agreement which led to the ending of the first secessio plebis.

For the first time since the mid-3rd century, copper coins were issued with the legend S C (Senatus Consulto). These coins were copied by Vandals in Africa and also formed the basis of the currency reform carried out by Emperor Anastasius in the East. Under Odoacer, Western consuls continued to be appointed as they had been under the Western Roman Empire and were accepted by the Eastern Court, the first being Caecina Decius Maximus Basilus in 480. Basilus was made the praetorian prefect of Italy in 483, another traditional position which continued to exist under Odoacer. Eleven further consuls were appointed by the Senate under Odoacer from 480 to 493 and one further Praetorian Prefect of Italy was appointed, Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius (486–493).

The comitia were, as a general rule, not held by the first interrex, who was originally the curio maximus, but more usually by the second or third; but in one instance we read of an eleventh, and in another of a fourteenth interrex. The comitia to elect the first consuls were held by Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus as interrex was also called praefectus urbis. The interreges under the republic, at least from 482 BC, were elected from ex- consuls by the senate, and were not confined to the decem primi or ten chief senators as under the kings. Plebeians, however, were not admissible to this office; and consequently when the senate included plebeians, the patrician senators met together without the plebeian members to elect an interrex.

Most of the emperors held the consulship several times, typically serving as one of the ordinares, and then resigning, often as early as the Ides of January. In addition to the consuls, the Ostienses listed the local duumviri jure dicundo, the chief magistrates of Ostia, who were also tasked with carrying out the census every fifth year. Prefects are also mentioned in a few years, but these also appear to have been local officials, often bearing the names of the same families who regularly supplied the city's duumvirs. Inserted between the Roman consuls and Ostian magistrates, the Ostienses describe important occasions, such as events relating to the emperor or the imperial family, the deaths of notable individuals, and the dedication of statues and temples.

The two theories are that they were in or part of the regia, or palace, of the College of Pontiffs, or that they were on a commemorative arch Augustus had constructed. The fasti state a list of kings followed by the republican consuls for each year, with the magistri equitum and the tribuni militares for years in which these magistrates were eponymous instead of consuls; that is, once the practice of naming the year after the heads of state began, there had to be a head of state whether king, dictator, consul, master or tribune, regardless of what body held the power. The list features multiple dating schemes. To the right are years from the beginning of the republic preceded by an.

1 As of 2009, there were 100 consulates in Hamburg, ranked the third-largest in the world (after New York City and Hong Kong) and largest in Europe. The consuls are official representatives of the government of a foreign state to the city of Hamburg, normally acting to assist the citizens of the consul's own country, to represent his country's interests, and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of Hamburg and the country of which he is a representative. There are several consuls providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both, the citizens of the consul's own country travelling or living abroad, and to Hamburg's citizens (and often Northern Germany, e.g. the Consulate-general of Japan), who wish to trade with the consul's country (e.g.

19 30 At that point, the Romans also had additional military commanders: the praetor, who had been instituted in 366 BC, and the proconsul, who was a consul who received an extension of his term of military command (the practice started in 327 BC). The first historical hints of the consuls leading more than one legion were for 299 BC (during a war with the Etruscans) and 297 BC, during the Third Samnite War (298-290 BC). The first explicit mention of a consul with two legions is for 296 BC. In 295 BC, the Romans deployed six legions; four led by the two consuls, fought a coalition of four peoples (the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Senone Gauls) in the huge Battle of Sentinum.

In 187 Lepidus was at last consul, and, as he and Flaminius assumed office, word reached the Senate that the Ligurians were preparing to make war on Rome. The threat of attack so close to Rome made the Senate take the matter seriously and it quickly decreed that both Consuls should have Liguria assigned as their joint-province and command.Livy, 38.42 Lepidus opposed this, protesting that Nobilior and Manlius were still acting like kings in the East even though their terms had expired and yet the Senate still intended to confine both consuls to Liguria without recalling or replacing either of the two Eastern commanders. Either Nobilior and Manlius should be replaced, or their armies should be disbanded and they return to Rome.

Gaius Sulpicius Peticus, along with Gaius Licinius Stolo, was one of the two consuls of ancient Rome in 365 BC. In total he held the office of consul an extraordinary five times during his life and was also appointed as dictator in 358 BC. While little is known about his first four consulships, it is known that around 352 BC he was an appointed Interrex for the dictator Gaius Julius Iulus. In 351 BC he was again elected to Consul with Titus Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus for his fifth term. Shortly after being elected, both consuls set off for war against Tarquinienses and Falisci respectively. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus then began to burn Tarquinienses villages and ravage the countryside forcing the Tarquinienses to seek peace with the Romans.

100 BC, Gallia is a flexible word that refers often to Cisalpine Gaul alone, but sometimes to Gaul as an indefinite totality and sometimes in a very limited sense to only Cispadane Gaul. The following table lists consuls, praetors and promagistrates — no dictatores are recorded against the Gauls — assigned to Gallia until 125 BC, when the administration of Cisalpina should be considered in light of actions in Transalpine Gaul. After 197 BC, commanders of praetorian rank are no longer assigned to Liguria or against the Gauls; military operations in northern Italy are usually conducted by both consuls during this period, or one consul if another war was being waged abroad.T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 2000), vol.

Bury, John B, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (1893), pg. 29 The imperial consulate during the period of the High Empire (until the 3rd century) was an important position, albeit as the method through which the Roman aristocracy could progress through to the higher levels of imperial administration – only former consuls could become consular legates, the proconsuls of Africa and Asia, or the urban prefect of Rome. It was a post that would be occupied by a man halfway through his career, in his early thirties for a patrician, or in his early forties for most others. Emperors frequently appointed themselves, or their protégés or relatives, consuls, even without regard to the age requirements.

The note reads: "The first years of his life Virgil spent in Cremona until the assumption of his toga virilis on his 17th birthday (when the same two men held the consulate as when he was born), and it so happened that on the very same day Lucretius the poet passed away." However, although Lucretius certainly lived and died around the time that Virgil and Cicero flourished, the information in this particular testimony is internally inconsistent: If Virgil was born in 70 BC, his 17th birthday would be in 53. The two consuls of 70 BC, Pompey and Crassus, stood together as consuls again in 55, not 53. Another yet briefer note is found in the Chronicon of Donatus's pupil, Jerome.

Although Butler's governance of New Orleans was popular in the North, where it was seen as a successful stand against recalcitrant secessionists, some of his actions, notably those against the foreign consuls, concerned Lincoln, who authorized his recall in December 1862.Trefousse (1969), p. 242 Butler was replaced by Nathaniel P. Banks.Trefousse (1969), p.

In the Slaughter-House Cases, —a civil rights case not dealing specifically with birthright citizenship—a majority of the Supreme Court mentioned in passing that "the phrase 'subject to its jurisdiction' was intended to exclude from its operation children of ministers, consuls, and citizens or subjects of foreign States born within the United States".

One of the towers bears the town clock in the 14th century. In addition to its trading vocation, Meyrueis becomes a centre of the working of wool. Many carders, weavers and spinners treat sheep fleeces from the causses and produce a popular strong fabric. From the mid-15th century two consuls head the municipality.

In the 16th century, a new profession emerges among Meyrueis artisans: hatters. They produce headwear from a pelt made of a blend of fine wool with floss silk (noble waste from cocoons spinning). By mid-century, the town is acquired to the Protestant Reformation. In 1559, the consuls decreed the adoption of the Calvinist religion.

The town was conquered and colonized by the Romans. Livy preserves the formula of their surrender, often cited as example of the deditio in fide. Collatia was founded by the Latin king Silvius of Alba Longa and it was the hometown of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic.

Broughton, vol. I, pp. 115–118. The Clepsinae are described as patricians in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, but since the two known members of that name were consuls with a patrician colleague in 271 and 270, they must have been plebeian.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.

At the same time, the legislation was practically passed from the Curiate Assembly to the Centuriate Assembly (and Tribal Assembly), with the exception of the formality, more or less, of a lex curiata de imperio, which ratified the elections of the previous Centuriate Assembly. The consuls did, however, retain the power to rule by ordinance.

The censors were also unique with respect to rank and dignity. They had no imperium, and accordingly no lictors.Zonar. vii.19. Their rank was granted to them by the Centuriate Assembly, and not by the curiae, and in that respect they were inferior in power to the consuls and praetors.Cicero, de Lege Agraria ii.11.

Loeau married Jasper on September 2, 1847. The marriage had the sanction of the Privy Council. Their wedding party was held at Chiefs' Children School and was a festive event. Seventy-five people were present, including King Kamehameha III, Queen Kalama, chiefs, chiefesses, the privy council, ministers of state, consuls, missionaries and other foreigners.

The lex Caecilia Didia was a law put into effect by the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius in the year 98 BC.Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Ed. Phillip H. Delacy. Vol II. New York: The American Philological Association, 1952. pp. 4. This law had two provisions.

Most Roman Christians, like the pagan Romans before them, designated their years by naming the two consuls who held office that year. The Romans also used the ab urbe condita (AUC) era. Its name is Latin for "from the founding of the City (Rome)". However, the AUC era was hardly ever used outside historical treatises.

The Roman Republic flag was a vertical tricolour black-white-red, taken from the French tricolour, as granted by Napoleon. It was governed by a clique of consuls, like the ancient Roman Republic. French forces had invaded the Papal States partly in revenge for the death of French general Mathurin-Léonard Duphot in 1797.

In current time there are about 105 of the honorary consuls of the Russian Federation. . Consular officers carry out notarial actions, registration of Vital records acts, protect the rights of Russian citizens abroad, shall take appropriate actions to guarantee safety of citizens in emergency situations, can organize centralized evacuation of people from the country.

The Roman consuls replied that there was no need to resort to a devotio because the Romans would defeat him without it.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 9 fr. 5 Three ancient historians wrote accounts of this battle: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch and Cassius Dio. In the version of Plutarch, the battle took place over two days.

In the year 208 BC both consuls of the Roman state, Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Titus Quinctius Crispinus, died in an ambush.Livy, 27.33.10. It was in these circumstances that the elections for 207 BC were held, and Livy tells us that Claudius was considered by the senate to be the pre-eminent candidate.Livy, 27.34.

Laurent Lecointre, then adheres to the ideas of Gracchus Babeuf, but denies any link with him? Under the French Consulate Lecointre was the only one who voted against the Constitution of the Year VIII (1799), which established three consuls for life? He was exiled to Guignes, where he owned a property, and ended his days.

Treaties were signed, if a proper unsalaried candidate for the position had been found.Beneke, p. 8 Article 23 of the treaty between the Hanseatic cities and Guatemala signed on 25 June 1847 decreed the bilateral deployment of consuls, or article 9 of the treaty with Sardinia ruled the judicial authority of the Hanseatic consuls.Beneke, pp.

Countries that have a Canadian Embassy or High Commission are shown in blue. Canada is shown in green. Canada has diplomatic and consular offices (including honorary consuls) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries. In some countries Canadians may receive consular assistance from Australian missions under the Canada–Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.

Members of Legislative Bodies, Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Charge d' Affaires, general officers of Armed Forces, Counsellors of Diplomatic Missions, Consuls-General, Colonels or Lieutenant Colonels or equivalent rank, other functionaries of comparable rank, advisers, and such persons as the Executive Council of Bophuthatswana designated as suitable recipients of this class of the Order.

2841 According to Cicero, the Fonteii came from Tusculum.Cicero, Pro Fonteio, 41 (31) Capito was probably the son or grandson of the eponymous consul of the year 12; his brother Gaius Fonteius Capito was one of the consuls of the year 59.Alfred Kappelmacher, "Fonteius (22)", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, volume VI,2, col.

The consuls' hexaremes sailed alongside each other, at the "point" of the wedge. The third squadron (III) was immediately behind them, towing the transports. The fourth (IV) was in line abreast, protecting the rear. The Carthaginians sailed east, expecting to encounter the Roman fleet, and were possibly warned of its approach by small scout-ships.

42, 52. Through the General Assembly they tried to appeal to the consuls of the Great Powers in Crete, in order to ensure that a general massacre of women and children by the Ottoman troops would be avoided. At the end of the same month, he participated in a war council held at Arkadi Monastery.

237 Geta was appointed as Quaestor and Praetor of Crete and Cyrenaica and became one of the Consuls in 203.Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 203 Geta died around 203 or 204. On his deathbed, Geta stated to Severus that he hated the Praetorian Prefect, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, and warned him of Plautianus' treachery.

The propraetor held his ground with the other three legions available in their camps, busying themselves with checking and repulsing the faint diversionary attacks led by Lucius Antonius on his brother's instructions. Despite taking a lesser role than the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa, he was acclaimed as imperator on the field by his troops.

Horatius Pulvillus was recalled in haste to defend the city. While Horatius won a first battle on the Janiculum against the Veientes, it was the consuls of the following year who were able to defeat the enemy and drive them out of Roman territory.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 51.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ix.

While encouraging and supporting the public and private practice of medicine, the Roman government tended to suppress organizations of medici in society. The constitution provided for the formation of occupational collegia, or guilds. The consuls and the emperors treated these ambivalently. Sometimes they were permitted; more often they were made illegal and were suppressed.

During the census, they could enroll citizens in the senate, or purge them from the senate.Byrd, 26 Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, such as managing public games and shows. The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces. Their duties were often financial.

The enemies took all the strategic points between the camps and isolated the two consuls. In Rome two armies were enlisted. However, the Hernici did not engage the Romans, lost three camps, sued for a thirty-year truce and then surrendered unconditionally. Meanwhile, the Samnites were harassing Publius Cornelius and blocking his supply routes.

496 BC. The games were originally organized by the consuls and later by the curule aediles. At first they lasted only a day. A second day was added on the expulsion of the kings in 509 BC,Dionysius vi. 95. and a third after the first secession of the plebs in 494 BC.Livy vi.

Although the Battle of Capua did not produce a decisive result, the Roman consuls decided to split their armies and withdraw from Campania altogether. Whether this was a result of casualtiesG.P. Baker, Hannibal, p. 194. or part of a deliberate strategy, it resulted in Fulvius Flaccus moving towards Cumae, while Appius Claudius moved into Lucania.

There, witnessing the severity of the situation, he write another message to Hajji Lazzaro, also urging him to lead Stephana to the mosque.Torunoğlu (2009), p. 43 After three quarters on an hour, the mob started breaking into the room where the consuls where surrounded, by dislodging the iron bars that protected the windows.Torunoğlu (2009), p.

In addition, there are the equivalent of Honorary consuls, titled antennes, in Berlin, Philadelphia, Qingdao, Seoul, and California's Silicon Valley. Québec also has a Delegate for Francophonie and Multilateral Affairs and a Representative to UNESCO, both based in Paris. ; Quebec, like other Canadian provinces, also maintains representatives in some Canadian embassies and consulates general.

The Embassy of Ireland in Paris () is the diplomatic mission of Ireland to France. It is located at 12 Avenue Foch in the 16th arrondissement. The embassy is also represented in France by Honorary Consuls in Cherbourg, Antibes/Cannes and Lyon. The embassy is accredited to Monaco, where it also has an honorary consul.

In 204 BC Marcellus was a tribune of the plebs, appointed to lead a commission (also including Cato) to investigate charges made against Scipio Africanus. The charges were dismissed, and it is unclear what relationship, if any, existed between the two men. (Marcellus's father and Scipio's uncle had been co-consuls in 222 BC).

The citizens in each tribe were divided into five classes based on property and then each group was subdivided into two centuries by age. All in all, there were 373 centuries. Like the assembly of tribes, each century had one vote. The Comitia Centuriata elected the praetors (judicial magistrates), the censors, and the consuls.

The military history of ancient Rome is inseparable from its political system, based from an early date upon competition within the ruling elite. Two consuls were elected each year to head the government of the state, and in the early to mid-Republic were assigned a consular army and an area in which to campaign.

Tetradrachm minted by or in honour of Titus Quinctius Flamininus. When the new consuls took office on 15 March 198, the Senate ordered the recruitment of 8,000 new infantry and 800 cavalry for the war. Command in Macedonia was allotted to Flamininus.Livy 32.8 He was not yet thirty and was a self-proclaimed Philhellene.

968 Heraclianus' name does not appear in the Fasti consulares, the list of all Roman consuls, as Honorius probably revoked his appointment and left Lucius as Consul without colleague.Jones, pg. 540 Heraclianus' acts were revoked; his possessions, 2,000 lb of gold and land of the same value, were confiscated and given to Flavius Constantius.Jones, pg.

Djuvara, pp. 81–82.Iorga, Histoire des relations. La Monarchie de juillet… An additional way for consuls to exercise particular policies was the awarding of a privileged status and protection to various individuals, who were known as sudiți ("subjects", in the language of the time) of one or the other of the foreign powers.

There are honorary consuls in Liège, Hasselt, Antwerp, and Eupen. Some German cities (like Hanau and Cologne) are or were traditional centres of Belgian Protestant Diaspora. German is besides Dutch and French also the third official language in Belgium. The German-speaking Community of Belgium is the smallest of the three political communities in Belgium.

He was Chairman of the Court of Consuls between 1924 and 1925. From June 1926 he served as the dean of the consular corps.Cunningham's profile in Men of Shanghai p. 99 In 1930, he was admitted to the bar of the United States Court for China on 25 August 1930 by Judge Milton D. Purdy.

His parentage is not recorded. Bagnall, et al., speculate that Festus' father may be the consul of 439 with the same name, but admit that beyond being "presumably a Roman aristocrat" nothing is known of the older Festus.Roger S. Bagnall, Alan Cameron, R. Seth Schwartz, Klaas A. Worp, Consuls of the later Roman Empire.

337–338 Problems in the field caused the consuls to issue orders to Centumalus to march with Lucius Postumius Megellus on Clusium as a tactic to force the Etruscans to withdraw their forces from Sentinum.Oakley, p. 292Broughton, p. 178 While Megellus was sent back to Rome, Centumalus invaded Etruria and proceeded to ravage the land.

A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).

After the city was occupied, and a portion given to the Republic of Genoa,The Genoese bestowed their portion on one of their own consuls, Otto de Bonvillano, as a fief. as per an earlier agreement, Ponce was enfeoffed with the imperial portion. He continued to govern Castilian Almería at least until February 1154.Reilly (1998), 174–75.

Its decrees were handed off to the two chief officers of the state, the consuls. They could levy from the citizens whatever military force they judged was necessary to execute such decree. This conscription was executed through a draft of male citizens assembled by age class. The officers of the legion were tasked with selecting men for the ranks.

In 1123 Duke Richard II confirmed the copper coinage and promised the consuls not to change it. In 1127 the building that housed the curia he ceded to them.Skinner, "Politics and Piracy", 317. The submission in 1135 and death in 1140 of the last Gaetan duke correspond, respectively, with the last consular record and the failed attack on Genoa.

All consuls general would later become the honorary overall chairperson for the corresponding year. The position of overall chairperson is elected every year. The winner in the election will then appoint the rest of her/his executive committee. At first, the theme of each year's celebration is handed down from the Government of the Philippines in Manila.

The most important was the major, a position for which John of Beirut was chosen. There was also a deputy major, consuls and captains. Membership was open to all free men. While the commune presented itself as representing the whole country, it did not even represent all of Acre, and large numbers still supported the Emperor.

Livy notes that the consuls of 345 took Sora, located in the middle Liri valley, from the Volsci by a surprise attack.Livy, 7.28.6 This is the earliest known Roman campaign into the Liri valley, made possible by their earlier victory over the Hernici. The capture of Sora might represent a new Roman policy to completely destroy Volscian power.

Honorary consuls are not entitled under UK law to diplomatic vehicle registrations and/or driving permits. Many foreign embassies and high commissions have acquired 'flag’ plates from the historic British car numbering systems, for example, (Canada), (Australia), (Belize), and (Burkina Faso), (China), (Fiji), (France), (General-Director of Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office), (Iceland), (Norway), etc.

In the hall of the Town Hall, he taught a few young sailors the concepts of mathematics and astrology. But this school was previously free, and Fizes asked for a salary of 150 pounds a year, which led to a conflict with the consuls of Frontignan. The school only survived 7 years, and closed its doors in 1696.

That same day, at Heraklion, the Greek flag flying above a government building was discreetly removed by the British Army and replaced with a Cretan flag. Later however, as the Great Powers realised that Prince George had lost popular support, they arranged for negotiations. On 13 July, the insurgent leaders were invited to meet the European consuls.

Such countries recognized Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in many countries in the name of their former governments. These aging diplomats persisted in this anomalous situation until the ultimate restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991.Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War by James T. McHugh, James S. Pacy, Page 2.

Giulio Agricola is an underground station on Line A of the Rome Metro. It is located on Via Tuscolana, on the junction with Viale Giulio Agricola and Viale Marco Fulvio Nobiliore, in an area where roads and squares are named after Roman commanders and consuls. The station is the setting for the short film Ultimo Metro with Debora Calì.

Consularis is a Latin adjective indicating something pertaining to the consular office. In Ancient Rome it was a title given to those senators who held consular rank, i.e. who had served as consuls or who had received the rank as a special honour. In Late Antiquity, the title became also a gubernatorial rank for provincial governors.

Government positions such as quaestor, aedile, or praefect were funded by the office-holder. To prevent any citizen from gaining too much power, new magistrates were elected annually and had to share power with a colleague. For example, under normal conditions, the highest authority was held by two consuls. In an emergency, a temporary dictator could be appointed.

China was to grant the same privileges to the Kingdom of France as to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking and subsequent treaties. The privileges included the opening of five harbours to French merchants, extraterritorial privileges French citizens in China, a fixed tariff on Sino-French trade and the right of France to station consuls in China.

The assembly was held by the new consuls shortly after they began their term of office;Livy xxiv.10, xxxix.41. and the censors, as soon as they were elected and the censorial power had been granted to them by a decree of the Centuriate Assembly (lex centuriata), were fully installed in their office.Cicero, de Lege Agraria ii.

After Publius's death at Carrhae, Scipio decided to succeed Caesar as the father-in- law of Pompey, who was at least thirty years older than Cornelia. The marriage is one of the acts by which Pompey severed his alliance to Caesar and declared himself the champion of the optimates. He and Scipio were consuls together in 52.

Claudian was born in Alexandria. He arrived in Rome in 394 and made his mark as a court poet with a eulogy of his two young patrons, Probinus and Olybrius, consuls of 395.Roberts, Michael. “Rome Personified, Rome Epitomized: Representations of Rome in the Poetry of the Early Fifth Century.” The American Journal of Philology, vol.

The Peteline Grove was also the location where Marcus Manlius was condemned, and is likely a fictional addition.Forsythe(2005), p. 274 It is unclear why the Romans needed a law protecting soldiers from involuntary delistment. Possibly the law was intended as a restriction on consular powers, especially if the consuls had used their powers arbitrarily to quell the mutiny.

This is a list of Roman consuls designate, individuals who were either elected or nominated to the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, or a high office of the Empire, but who for some reason did not enter office at the beginning of the year, either through death, disgrace, or due to changes in imperial administration.

Appius Claudius suffered some setbacks so Lucius Volumnius went to Etruria to help. The two consuls together defeated the Etruscans and Lucius Volumnius returned to Samnium as their appointments as proconsulships were about to expire.Livy, The History or Rome, 10.18-19 Meanwhile, the Samnites raised new troops and raided Roman territories and allies in Campania. Volumnius repelled the raids.

Lucius Norbanus Balbus was a Roman senator during the Principate. He was consul in AD 19, as the colleague of Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus.Syme "The Early Tiberian Consuls", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), pp. 189, 190 Balbus was the younger son of Gaius Norbanus Flaccus; his brother was the consul of AD 15, Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.

Even if this were not the case, the consuls chosen at the very birth of the Roman Republic may have been exceptions. On balance, it seems more likely that the Junii were at first numbered amongst the patricians, and that they afterward passed over to the plebeians; but this question may remain unsettled.Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. I, p.

Diplomatic missions in Barbados This is a list of diplomatic missions in Barbados. The capital city of Bridgetown and its immediate environs hosts 10 high commissions or embassies, a Delegation of the European Commission, and an Eastern Caribbean mission of the United Nations. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens.

Diplomatic missions in Andorra This page lists diplomatic missions to the Principality of Andorra. Andorra hosts two embassies in its capital of Andorra la Vella. Some countries accredit an ambassador resident in Paris or Madrid, but conduct day-to-day relations and provide consular services from Consulates General in Barcelona or by resident Honorary Consuls in Andorra.

Diplomatic missions in Monaco This page lists diplomatic missions resident in Monaco. At present, the Principality hosts three embassies. Some countries, while accrediting an ambassador from Paris, conduct day-to-day relations and provide consular services from consulates-general in nearby French cities, such as Marseille or Nice, or employ Honorary Consuls. The capital, Monaco City, hosts no embassy.

The U.S. Embassy in Fiji is located in Suva. Fiji maintains an embassy in Washington DC, as well as a Permanent Mission in New York City at the United Nations. Fiji also maintains honorary consulates in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and Dallas."Honorary Consuls" , Fiji embassy Fiji's embassy to the United States is accredited to Canada and Mexico.

In the political context the centuria was the constituent voting unit in the assembly of the centuries (Latin comitia centuriata), an old form of popular assembly in the Roman Republic, the members of which cast one collective vote. Its origin seems to be the homonymous military unit. The comitia centuriata elected important magistrates like consuls and praetors.

Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan, American Institute in Taiwan, May 8, 2012 By contrast, the US Consuls- General posted to Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang report to the Deputy Chief of Mission of the US Embassy in Beijing who is directly subordinate to the US ambassador.

Gnaeus Pompey Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus, two of Sulla's former lieutenants, were elected Consuls for the year 70 BC and quickly dismantled most of Sulla's constitution. While the Senate continued to be the primary organ of the Republican government with the magistrates subservient to its will, the Tribunes regained the powers Sulla had stripped from the office.

In 2013, Comrie was awarded the Marcus Garvey Award for Community Service. In 2016, Comrie was conferred with the Order of Distinction (Officer's Class) from the Government of Jamaica. That same year, she received the Leader in Medicine Award by the Society of Foreign Consuls, an international organization representing the world's largest consular corps in New York.

The United States granted the exequatur. Gallatin advised the Diet on how to divide the territory to be administered by the two new consuls. De Rham assumed responsibility for a district encompassing the New England states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the states north of the Ohio River. Cazenove managed the remainder of the United States.

The official relations began in 1835 when the United States first appointed U.S. consuls to Aleppo which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. After Syrian independence was declared in 1945 the United States established a consulate in Damascus. On September 7, 1946, the United States recognized an independent Syria, appointing George Wadsworth to the diplomatic mission.

This prestige was dangerous, because the new dynasty of the Severans could have seen them as possible competition. Aurelius, son of Pompeianus, was consul in 209, but was later assassinated at the instigation of Caracalla.Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284, 2011, p. 107. Later descendants of Pompeianus would become consuls in 231 and 241.

Livy 27.5.3-5 Due to the severity of the situation, Livy records that Laevinus instead proposed to the senators that they themselves should be the ones to shoulder these costs. The senators eventually agreed, donating many of their precious metals. The equites imitated their example, raised enough funds for the oarsmen, and the consuls sailed to their respective provinces.

Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private business or by collecting fees. In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed.

Claudius explicitly went against Roman law, which states that consuls were forbidden from leaving the front that was assigned to him without permission from the Senate. Claudius must have believed that if he lost nothing would matter, and if he won he would be forgiven for his actions. Claudius and Livius awoke to discover the Punic army was gone.

The end result was the Senate legitimised the army of Octavianus, and assigned him to work alongside Pansa and Hirtius in their upcoming fight against Antonius.Syme, pgs. 167 & 173 The Senate, rejecting Antonius’s compromises, directed the consuls to do whatever was necessary to preserve the security of the Republic and relieve Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus at Mutina.

Lucilius came close to losing his tribunate. Despite all this, two consuls for the next year (53 BC) were elected as usual. In 53 BC three candidates stood for the consulship for 52 BC. Besides resorting to bribery, they promoted factional violence, which Plutarch saw as a civil war. There were renewed and stronger calls for a dictator.

They had decided on a republican form of government with two consuls in place of a king executing the will of a patrician senate. This was a temporary measure until they could consider the details more carefully. Brutus renounced all right to the throne. In subsequent years the powers of the king were divided among various elected magistracies.

However, Klebs doubted this interpretation of Fourtios, and it is not at all certain that the consuls of AD 27 were the sons of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Pontifex. They might instead have been the sons of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 7 BC.Tacitus, Annales, iii. 16.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp.

Map of diplomatic missions in the Bahamas This is a list of diplomatic missions in The Bahamas. At present, the capital city of Nassau hosts six embassies. Several countries have resident honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens, while others accredit ambassadors from neighbouring countries or their missions to the United Nations in New York City.

Gaius Julius Iulus was a name used by Roman men of the Iulus branch of the gens Julia, which was older than the more famous Caesar branch to which Julius Caesar belonged.Ernst Badian, "From the Iulii to Caesar," in A Companion to Julius Caesar (Blackwell, 2009), pp. 13–14. Five were consuls and one was dictator.

While Iulus manned the walls, his colleague consulted the senate and eventually named a dictator.Livy, 3.65, 4.21; Diodorus Siculus 12.29,49. According to Licinius Macer, Iulus was elected consul for the third time in the following year, with his colleague of the preceding. Other accounts mentioned other persons serving as consuls, and still others record consular tribunes this year.

2 In 355, the Romans took Empulum from the Tiburtes without serious fighting. According to some of the writers consulted by Livy, both consuls, C. Sulpicius Peticus and M. Valerius Poplicola, commanded against the Tiburtes; according to others, it was only Valerius, while Sulpicius campaigned against the Tarquinienses.Livy, 7.18.1–2 Then, in 354, the Romans took Sassula from Tibur.

"Report by Consul Schleier of Amsterdam, 23 May 1892," Special Consular Reports (Government Printing Office, 1892), p. 351. He advised against building factories in the country due to high taxes and a lack of natural resources.T.M. Schleier, "Manufacturing in Holland," Reports from the Consuls of the United States, Vol. 41 (Government Printing Office, 1893), pp. 433-444.

The Romans retreated to Rome, recruited additional troops, and returned to Pometia. They rebuilt the siege engines and when they were about to take the town, the Pometians surrendered. The Aurunci leaders were beheaded, the Pometians sold into slavery, the town razed and the land sold. Livy says the consuls celebrated a triumph as a result of the victory.

309, note 50 online; Susan Treggiari, Terentia, Tullia, and Publilia: The Women of Cicero's Family (Routledge, 2007), p. 148 online. The house next passed to T. Statilius Taurus, whom Cicero notoriously associated with Calvisius. As consuls, Censorinus and Calvisius brought a proposal to the senate on behalf of representatives from Aphrodisias, who complained of abuses during the civil wars.

Twice defeating Roman praetors, their success soon sparked a number of other rebellions in the peninsula. The Iberian peninsula became a centre of military activity and an opportunity for advancement. As Appian claimed, “[the consuls] took the command not for the advantage of the city [Rome], but for glory, or gain, or the honour of a triumph.” Appian.

6th edition. February 2004. p171. With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831, a window of opportunity arose for the Perushim. On 23 June 1836, after traveling to Egypt, rabbi Zoref, together with the backing of the Austrian and Russian consuls in Alexandria, obtained the long-awaited firman for the reconstruction of the Hurva Synagogue.

34, 35. After subduing the Latin town of Collatia, Tarquin placed his nephew in command of the Roman garrison there.Livy, i. 38. Arruns' son was Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, one of the first Roman consuls in 509 BC. The rape of Collatinus' wife, Lucretia, by his cousin, Sextus Tarquinius, was the event that sparked the expulsion of the Roman kings.

Only Roman citizens (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer magisterial powers (potestas) on any individual magistrate.Lintott, p. 95 The most important power was imperium, which was held by consuls (the chief magistrates) and by praetors (the second highest- ranking ordinary magistrate). Defined narrowly, imperium simply gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force.

Lucilius came close to losing his tribunate. Despite all this, two consuls for the next year (53 BC) were elected as usual. In 53 BC, three candidates stood for the consulship for 52 BC. Besides resorting to bribery, they promoted factional violence, which Plutarch saw as a civil war. There were renewed and stronger calls for a dictator.

Cassius Dio, History of Rome, 36.15.1, 17.2 One of the consuls for 67 BC, Manius Acilius Glabrio, was appointed to succeed Lucullus. However, when Mithridates won back almost all of Pontus and caused havoc in Cappadocia, which was allied with Rome, Glabrio did not go to the front, but delayed in Bithynia.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 36.

Pacuvius persuades the citizens to ask Rome if one of the consuls can be a Campanian, which is refused. Capua joins Hannibal, but Decius opposes the alliance, defying Hannibal's order that he be arrested. Hannibal speaks to Decius who accuses him of tyranny as he is arrested. The Carthaginians feast and Teuthras sings a theogonic poem.

All of them were found guilty. The consuls of England, France and Austria as well as Ottoman authorities, Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.Frankel, Jonathan: The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 1 A massacre of Jews also occurred in Baghdad in 1828.

Livy, iv. 26, 26 Predictably, the consuls could not agree on a candidate, and so the choice fell to Quinctius by lot. He nominated his father-in-law, Aulus Postumius Tubertus, who named Lucius Julius Iulus his master of the horse. Postumius ordered the Latins and Hernici to raise troops, while he assembled a Roman army.

Thirty years later, in 451, Julius was chosen a member of the first decemvirate, alongside several other ex-consuls and other respected statesmen. Julius proved himself a man of good judgment and integrity, and helped to draw up the first ten tables of Roman law.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 656.

It was a French client republic established when Papal authorities escaped from the city of Bologna in June 1796. It was annexed by the Cispadane Republic on 16 October 1796. It was given the first Jacobin Constitution written in Italy. It had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i.e.

In 455 BC, he was elected consul with Gaius Veturius Cicurinus.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XII. 4 They issued orders during a period of high tension between the patricians and the plebeians. The tribunes of the plebs, representatives of the people, demanded in vain for many years that the power of the consuls be limited in written law.

He was a consul in 261 BC with Tiberius Otacilius Crassus. He was possibly the ancestor of all later consuls by that name, since he marks the first appearance of a Lucius Valerius Flaccus on the list of consuls.A Lucius Valerius Flaccus had been magister equitum in 321 BC (Livy 8.18.13), but nothing else is known of the man.

Livy, iii. 36–55. The new consuls then achieved what the decemvirs had failed to accomplish, winning military victories over the Sabines and the Aequi, but the Roman Senate refused them a triumph; the tribunes of the plebs then submitted the matter to a popular vote, and won a triumph for the consuls.Livy, iii. 60–64.Broughton, vol.

Voting in the comitia tributa was done by tribes, with each tribe receiving an equal vote.Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, sv. "Tribus." Although neither the senate nor the consuls favoured the law, they could do nothing to block it. Nonetheless, debate over the law consumed the rest of the year, and the proposal carried over to the following year.

5 the tribunes Antonius and Cassius fled with Caesar's envoy, the younger Gaius Scribonius Curio, from Rome to meet Caesar at Ravenna. Whilst Lentulus is recorded as the more vehement of the consuls in instigating the action that caused the tribunes to flee,Dio Cassius, XLI.3; Plutarch, Caesar 31.2 Marcellus does not seem to have been aloof.

However, this was a collection of independent city-states. Therefore, we do not know who in this area became enemies of Rome. The consuls for 323 BC fought on the two fronts, with C. Sulpicius Longus going to Samnium and Quintus Aemilius Cerretanus to Apulia. There were no battles, but areas were laid waste on both fronts.

A delegation of former consuls was sent to him to persuade him to accept the Senate's decision, and Fabius reluctantly appointed Papirius. Lucius Papirius relieved Gaius Marcius at Longula, a Volscian town near the Samnite border. He marched out to offer battle. The two armies lined up in front of each other until night and there was no fighting.

Then Postumius joined in and the Samnites were slaughtered. The next day the consuls begun the siege of Bovianum, which fell quickly. In 304 BC the Samnites sent envoys to Rome to negotiate a peace. The suspicious Romans sent the consul Publius Sempronius Sophus to Samnium with an army to investigate the true intentions of the Samnites.

114Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. . The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium, which literally means "command" (though typically in a military sense).Richardson, John (2011) "Fines provinciae", in Frontiers in the Roman World. Brill. p. 10.

Map of diplomatic missions in Mozambique This is a list of diplomatic missions in Mozambique. At present, the capital city of Maputo hosts 50 embassies/high commissions. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens. Several other countries have non- resident ambassadors accredited from other regional capitals, such as Pretoria and Harare.

Boethius was born in Rome to a patrician family around 480, but his exact birth date is unknown. His family, the Anicii, included emperors Petronius Maximus and Olybrius and many consuls. His grandfather, a senator by the same name, was appointed as Praetorian Prefect of Italy. He died in 454, during the palace plot against magister militum Flavius Aetius.

As she passed each town, the people and local magistrates came out to show their respect. Drusus the Younger (son of Tiberius), Claudius, and the consuls journeyed to join the procession as well. Once she made it to Rome, her husband's ashes were interred at the Mausoleum of Augustus. Tiberius and Livia did not make an appearance.

The Lex Licinia Mucia was a Roman law which set up a quaestio to investigate Latin and Italian allies registered as Romans on the citizen rolls. It was established by consuls Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex in 95 BC. This law is regarded as a cause of the Social War (91–88 BC).

In 455 BC, he was elected consul with Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XII. 4 They issued orders during a period of high tension between the patricians and the plebeians. The tribunes of the plebs, representatives of the people, demanded in vain for many years that the power of the consuls be limited in written law.

Under the direction of the count, they regulated commerce and enforced the law. The Capitouls' first acts date to 1152. In 1176 the chapitre had 12 members, each representing a district of Toulouse. The consuls opposed Count Raimond V; the city's population was divided, and in 1189 (after 10 years of fighting) the count submitted to the town council.

Torquatus prosecuted Sulla for plotting the revenge killing of his father, while Cicero defended the accused. Torquatus accused Sulla of raising a force of armed men in 66 to secure the consulship for Catilina and murder the ruling consuls Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Torquatus' father, and Lucius Aurelius Cotta.Holmes I, p. 445. He also accused Cicero of manufacturing evidence.

On 3 June the officers and cadets went on shore, and the consul introduced them to the Pasha and the consuls of other powers. Local authorities then made a counter visit to the Dutch consulate. On the 4th there was a dinner and music at the consulate. In the evening of the 5th the De Ruyter left Tripoli.

Due to its general vagueness, however, its use was hotly contested in the late Republic and is still debated among scholars today, as in a strict legal sense, the final decree did not grant legal authority to the consuls, but rather, served as an urging from the Senate to ignore the laws to protect the state.

The Augustan-era historian Livy (21.6.3) seems to indicate that Valerius and Baebius were dispatched by the consuls of 218. Saguntum fell before the winter of 219–218, and since the envoys were supposed to have arrived before Hannibal's attack, the latest possible date is early 219. Dating based on Polybius points to a different story.

However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men. In addition, clan-based forces remained in existence until at least c. 450 BC, although they would operate under the Consuls' authority, at least nominally.

The gens Poppaea was a minor plebeian family at Rome. Members of this gens first appear under the early Empire, when two brothers served as consuls in AD 9. The Roman empress Poppaea Sabina was a descendant of this family, but few others achieved any prominence in the Roman state. A number of Poppaei are known from inscriptions.

They were routed by the combined forces of the two Roman consuls, Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus, at the Battle of Telamon.Polybius, The Histories, 2.22-27 After the Battle of Telamon, the Romans attacked and defeated the Boii and forced them to submit to Rome.Polybius, The Histories, 2.31.7 In 224 BC, the Romans attacked Insubre territory.

The tension between the Patricians and the Plebeians had produced a system of two parties: the Populares and the Optimates. The government itself was bicameral. The Senate was a body of officials appointed from the senatorial class. Its purpose was to issue decrees, which were to be carried out by the two consuls, who were elected magistrates.

Later that day, the two former rival and top Ottoman officials, Mazhar Pasha and Konstan Pasha, were stopped by the crowd as they departed Sarajevo for Istanbul via Mostar. While in the hands of the angry crowd, they were robbed of all their possessions and their lives were threatened. Reacting to the capture, Wassitsch proposed that all five consuls appear together at the Konak to ask that the two pashas and other prisoners be delivered to them, however the other four consuls (meeting without Wassitch because troops loyal to the crowd surrounded the Austro-Hungarian consulate) felt that any demarche involving Wassitsch was bound to inflame the crowd. Instead they agreed to send a conciliatory letter asking that the lives of the two captive Ottoman officials be spared.

To refute the notion that the executive branch would become a monarchy, allowing the President to put a person in any office, Hamilton wrote, "To nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of United States whose appointments are not in the Constitution otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law." What this statement means is that the President of the United States can only nominate members as ambassadors, public ministries and consuls, Supreme Court judges and any other member that is not directly named in the Constitution currently or that will be named in the future without first consulting the Senate and then getting the Senate's approval of his nomination.

An opinion concerning Old Latin, of a Roman man of letters in the middle Republic, survives: the historian, Polybius,Histories III.22. read "the first treaty between Rome and Carthage", which he says "dates from the consulship of Lucius Junius Brutus and Marcus Horatius, the first consuls after the expulsion of the kings". Knowledge of the early consuls is somewhat obscure, but Polybius also states that the treaty was formulated 28 years before Xerxes I crossed into Greece; that is, in 508 BC, about the time of the putative date of the founding of the Roman Republic. Polybius says of the language of the treaty "the ancient Roman language differs so much from the modern that it can only be partially made out, and that after much application by the most intelligent men".

The modern concept of a head of state, insofar as the republican times excepting the dictatorships are concerned, can hardly be translated to Roman conceptions, but most other powers—the imperium—were ceded to the consuls (the etymology suggests that these were originally the king's chief counsellors) and to the praetors ("leaders")Before the formal establishment of the office of praetor below the consulate, this was at least another generic name, and quite possibly another title, of the consuls, cf. the names "praetorium" for the military leader's tent etc. after the creation of that office (about 367, according to Livy); thereby at least roughly separating the judiciary from the executive. According to tradition (which is disputed by historians for the first decades), the consulate was always entrusted to two persons to prevent autocracy.

The wide-reaching grant of proconsular authority was precedented in lex Gabinia's grant of similar authority to Pompey in 67 BC. Furthermore, the proconsular powers were theoretically outranked by the consular powers held by the sitting consuls, allowing Octavian to claim he did not stand above any other magistrates of the state. To maintain his control in Italy, which was not considered a province, Octavian had the Assemblies elect him to the position of consul. At this point, the Senate also granted Octavian the title "augustus" and the position of princeps senatus, or the first Senator. When Augustus, as Octavian was renamed, gave up the consulship in 23 BC, the Senate granted him an expansion of his proconsular authority, with legal authority at the same level as those of the normal consuls.

"The Illyrians, on the other hand, filled with self-confidence by their success, continued their siege of [Corcyra] in high spirits...while the Corcyreans, reduced to the despair of their safety by what had happened, after sustaining the siege for a short time longer, made terms with the Illyrians, consenting to receive a garrison, and with it Demetrius of Pharos." The Roman Republic intervened almost immediately, sending one of the consuls to relieve the island. At the end of the First Illyrian War Korkyra was declared a free city and transformed into a Roman protectorate, de facto ending the independence of the polis. Around 189 BC it was governed by a Roman prefect (presumably nominated by the consuls), and in 148 BC it was attached to the province of Macedonia.

Their insignia were the toga praetexta and the sella curulis, and each was attended by an escort of twelve lictors, each of whom bore the fasces, a bundle of rods topped by an axe; but by custom the lictors had to remove the axes from their fasces within the pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, to signify that the people, and not the consuls, were sovereign.Oxford Classical Dictionary, pp. 429 ("Fasces"), 609 ("Lictores"), 639 ("Magistracy, Roman"), 1080 ("Toga"). After several years, the fear of impending war with both the Sabines and the Latin League, combined with widespread suspicion that one or both of the consuls favoured the restoration of the monarchy, led to the call for a praetor maximus, or dictator ("one who gives orders"), akin to the supreme magistrate of other Latin towns.

During the first two centuries of the Republic, the dictatorship served as an expedient means by which a powerful magistracy could be created quickly in order to deal with extraordinary situations. Created for military emergencies, the office could also be used to suppress sedition and prevent the growing number of plebeians from obtaining greater political power. In the Conflict of the Orders, the dictator could generally be counted upon to support the patrician aristocracy, since he was always a patrician, and was nominated by consuls who were exclusively patrician. After the lex Licinia Sextia gave plebeians the right to hold one of the annual consulships, a series of dictators were appointed in order to hold elections, with the apparent goal of electing two patrician consuls, in violation of the Licinian law.

Cato the Younger, a member of the Optimates faction, was one of the chief architects of the decree which provoked Caesar into civil war. The feud between Caesar and Pompey erupted into open confrontation by early 49 BC. The consuls for the year, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, were firm Optimates opposed to Caesar.Caesar, B.G. 8.50 Pompey, though remaining in Rome, was then serving as the governor of Spain and commanded several legions. Upon assuming office in January, Antony immediately summoned a meeting of the senate to resolve the conflict: he proposed both Caesar and Pompey lay down their commands and return to the status of mere private citizens.Plutarch, Antony, 6 His proposal was well received by most of the senators but the consuls and Cato vehemently opposed it.

Consul for the first time in BC 447, Julius and his colleague, Marcus Geganius Macerinus, inherited a state still rife with tension between the aristocratic party in the senate, and the people, whose chief defenders were the tribunes of the plebs. The consuls were directed to recruit soldiers to fight the Aequi and the Volsci, an action that was certain to inflame the populace; but as no threat appeared imminent, they suspended the order, reasoning that unrest in the city would only encourage Rome's enemies. Despite their measures to keep the peace, the consuls were unable to prevent the more extreme elements of the aristocratic faction from banding together to harass and intimidate the tribunes, until in fear of their very lives they became utterly ineffectual.Livy, iii. 65.

Through this tradition, 29 May has also become the date that represents the courageous extension of Hellenism and Orthodoxy around the world. The ceremony to lay the three foundation stones in 1898 was presided over by Archimandrite Dorotheous, who conducted the service in Greek, and was attended by the Consuls-General of Greece and France, the Consuls of Russia, Argentina and Sweden and a large congregation of Orthodox Greeks and Lebanese. The three stones were laid (two in opposite corners, and one in the centre where the altar would be placed) and within each stone was placed a small iron cross, a bottle of holy water and a collection of English and Greek silver coins. The fund-raising efforts continued at the ceremony with a further A£190 collected.

12a By 20 February the consuls had done so.Suetonius, Div.Jul 34.1 ; Cicero, ad Att. viii.11c In late February Caesar sent his agent, Cornelius Balbus (the younger) on a secret mission to win over the consul Lentulus with the bribe of a lucrative province;Cicero, ad Att. viii.9, 11; ad Fam. x.32 there is no hint that he made any similar offers to Marcellus, which may be an indication of the latter's comparative honesty or, perhaps more likely, his comparative insignificance in Roman politics. Balbus was too late in any case: Pompeius had sent both consuls and their forces on ahead of him to DyrrhachiumAppian, II.39, 40; Caesar, B.C. I.25; Plutarch, Caesar 35.2; Plutarch Pompeius 62.2 and he followed with the remainder by 4 March, narrowly evading Caesar.Cicero, ad Att. ix.

Roman dates were customarily kept according to the names of the two consuls who took office that year, much like a regnal year in a monarchy. For instance, the year 59 BC in the modern calendar was called by the Romans "the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus", since the two colleagues in the consulship were Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus — although Caesar dominated the consulship so thoroughly that year that it was jokingly referred to as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar".Suetonius' Lives of the Caesars: Julius Caesar Chapter XX. The date the consuls took office varied: from 222 BC to 153 BC they took office 15 March, and from 153 BC onwards it was on 1 January.E.J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p.

Flavius Anastasius (consul of the Eastern Roman Empire for AD 517) in consular garb, holding a sceptre and the mappa, a piece of cloth used to signal the start of chariot races at the Hippodrome. Ivory panel from his consular diptych. Although throughout the early years of the Principate, the consuls were still formally elected by the Comitia Centuriata, they were de facto nominated by the princeps. As the years progressed, the distinction between the Comitia Centuriata and the Comitia Tributa (which elected the lower magisterial positions) appears to have disappeared, and so for the purposes of the consular elections, there came to be just a single "assembly of the people" which elected all the magisterial positions of the state, while the consuls continued to be nominated by the princeps.

379–395), the emperor of each half acquired the right of appointing one of the consuls—although on occasion an emperor did allow his colleague to appoint both consuls for various reasons. The consulship, bereft of any real power, continued to be a great honor, but the celebrations attending it – above all the chariot races – had come to involve considerable expense, which only a few citizens could afford, to the extent that part of the expense had to be covered by the state. In the 6th century, the consulship was increasingly sparsely given, until it was allowed to lapse under Justinian I (r. 527–565): the western consulship lapsed in 534, with Decius Paulinus the last holder, and the consulship of the East in 541, with Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius.

Oscar II The relations with Norway during the reign of King Oscar II (1872–1907) had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of ending. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Norway had, according to the revised constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway. During the late 19th century, however, Norway's merchant marine grew rapidly to become one of the world's largest, and one of the most important factors of the national economy.

While this was formally "advice" from the Senate to a magistrate stating the Senate's position on some topic, the senatus consulta were usually obeyed by the magistrates. If a senatus consultum conflicted with a law that was passed by a popular assembly, the law overrode the senatus consultum. Meetings could take place either inside or outside of the formal boundary of the city (the pomerium), though the official meeting place, or curia was at the centre of the Roman forum. The president of the Senate was normally one of the consuls, but it could be called to meet by any of the praetors or tribunes, both of whom had the authority to call the Senate, though praetors rarely did so unless the consuls were away and the tribunes almost never did so.

Sulla's actions and civil war fundamentally weakened the authority of the constitution and created a clear precedent that an ambitious general could make an end-run around the entire republican constitution simply by force of arms. The stronger law courts created by Sulla, along with reforms to provincial administration that forced consuls to stay in the city for the duration of their terms (rather than running to their provincial commands upon election), also weakened the republic: the stringent punishments of the courts helped to destabilise, as commanders would rather start civil wars than subject themselves to them, and the presence of both consuls in the city increased chances of deadlock. Many Romans also followed Sulla's example and turned down provincial commands, concentrating military experience and glory into an even smaller circle of leading generals.

In 320 BC, Maenius was appointed dictator, for the purpose of investigating a number of plots and conspiracies involving some of the most prominent of Roman noble families, together with the leading citizens of Capua. Maenius appointed Marcus Foslius Flaccinator as his magister equitum, and both men proceeded to investigate the matter thoroughly, to the point that many of the Roman nobility began to resent his uncovering their plots, while Capua proceeded to revolt against Rome in 319 BC. The situation soon reached crisis point, as the Roman nobility demanded that charges be laid against both Maenius and Foslius. Both men resigned their office and demanded that the consuls, Lucius Papirius Cursor and Quintus Publilius Philo give them a trial. The consuls agreed, and both men were acquitted.

Antigonus died when Marcus Agrippa and Caninius Gallus were consuls (37 BC) (Ant. Jews 14.16.4). Herod was made king when Caius Domitias Calvinus and Caius Asinius Pollio were consuls (40 BC) (Ant. Jews 14.14.5). Both 37 BC minus 34 and 40 BC minus 37 yield 4 or 3 BC. See List of Republican Roman Consuls for the modern year numbers. Although Dionysius stated that the First Council of Nicaea in 325 sanctioned his method of dating Easter, that is only generally true. There was no formal canon – the Council was working with Canon 1 of the Council of Arles (AD 314) which had decreed that the Christian Passover be celebrated uno die et uno tempore per omnem orbem (on one day and at one time through all the world) and had charged the bishop of Rome with fixing the date. A circular letter from the Emperor Constantine to bishops who did not attend records: > It was judged good and proper, all questions and contradictions being left > aside, that the eastern brothers follow the example of the Romans and > Alexandrians and all the others so that everyone should let their prayers > rise to heaven on one single day of holy Pascha.

According to Livy, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextius proposed three bills before the Plebeian Council (the assembly of the plebeians) in 375 BC. Two of them concerned land and debt (which were two issues which greatly affected the plebeians) and the third concerned the termination of the military tribunes with consular power (often referred to as consular tribunes), who had periodically replaced the consuls as the heads of the Republic (444, 438, 434-32, 426-24, 422, 420-14, 408-394 and 391-76 BC), the restoration of consuls and the admission of plebeians to the consulship by providing that one of the two consuls was to be a plebeian. The latter proposal created fierce opposition by the patricians, who held vast political power by monopolising the consulship and the seats of the senate, thinking that, as aristocrats, this was their sole prerogative, and abhorred the idea of sharing power with the plebeians. They persuaded other plebeian tribunes to veto voting on this bill. In retaliation, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextius vetoed the election of the consular tribunes for five years, until 370 BC, when they relented because the Volscian town of Velitrae had attacked the territory of Rome and one of her allies.

Gottfried Mehnert, see Bibliography for details, p. 24. The dispute gained sharpness so that the two consuls intervened which made Blyth and Hoppe more conciliant again. Blyth and Hoppe adopted the point of view, that the waqf was no property in the sense of western law, with both congregations only being its beneficiaries.Gottfried Mehnert, see Bibliography for details, p. 25.

A sense of solidarity was born within communities and between neighbouring communities, and the consuls usually decided to maintain the National Guard on foot. As soon as the fear had settled, the authorities disarmed workers and landless peasants, and kept only landowners and business owners in the National Guard. The of the municipality was created in the summer of 1792.

Al Manqab Al Afriqi was the first newspaper in Libya, established in 1827 by the European consuls in Tripoli, and was published in French. In 1866, Tarablos al Gharb by the Wali of the Ottoman Sultanate was published in Othmani Turkish and Arabic. In 1897, Al Taraqqi was established. Il Giornale de Tripoli was published in Italian by Mohammad Marabet.

Cassius Dio wrote that the Samnites being hard pressed by the Romans caused Pyrrhus to set forth again to come to their assistance.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 10.6.48 In Plutarch's account, Pyrrhus engaged the Romans despite the lack of Samnite support. The two consuls for 275 BC, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus and Manius Curius Dentatus, were fighting in Lucania and Samnium respectively.

The Romans assigned both the war against Privernum and against Antium to one of the consuls for 341, Gaius Plautius Venno, while the other, Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus, campaigned against the Samnites. Plautius first defeated the Privernates and captured their city. A Roman garrison was imposed on them and two-thirds of their territory confiscated. Plautius then marched against the Antiates at Satricum.

Sheets and paintings were also manufactured and sold in the city, with convoys of saddles animals in the south of France and to Genoa in Italy. It is home to beautiful residences with staircase tower, timbered and cantilevers. Among the notable buildings: the Maison des Consuls, home of Jeanne, the Sestayral which is a grain market, the Romanesque fountain and St. Saviour Church.

The British Consul in Jeddah, James Zohrab, identified 13 British graves, five Austrians, four French Vice-Consuls and two Jewish graves at the cemetery in 1878. A single Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) gravestone is in the cemetery, that of Private John Arthur Hogan of the British Army's Royal Army Service Corps. Hogan died on 3 June 1944 in the Second World War.

Trabea (plural trabeae) is the name of various pieces of Roman clothing. A distinct feature of all trabeae was their color - usually red or purple. They were formed like a toga and possibly in some cases like a mantle and worn by more distinguished members of Roman society. A garment known as the trabea triumphalis was commonly worn by consuls in Late Antiquity.

On 1 October 1813, Congress named Francia and Fulgencio Yegros as alternate consuls for a year, Francia taking the first and third four-month periods. Each controlled half of the army. On 12 October 1813 Paraguay declared independence from the Spanish Empire. In March 1814, Francia banned Spaniards from marrying each other; they had to wed Indians, blacks, or mulattoes.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (born 115 BC) was a Roman politician and general who was one of two Consuls of the Republic in 72 BC along with Lucius Gellius. Closely linked to the family of Pompey, he is noted for being one of the consular generals who led Roman legions against the slave armies of Spartacus in the Third Servile War.

The year after their consulship both he and his consular colleague, Papirius, were elected as the first censors. The magistracy was created as no census had been held for seventeen years and to free the consuls (who previously had held the census) for military duties. The authenticity of this office is doubted by some modern scholars.Livy, iv, 8.2-7Cicero, Fam.

See main article: Consular court In places where consuls had extraterritorial powers consular courts would also be established to handle civil and criminal cases against citizens and subjects of that country. The British had the widest system of consular courts run by the Foreign Office. British consular courts could be found in Africa, the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, Japan and Siam.

The use of the adjectives (praetorius, praetoricius, praetorianus) in a large number of circumstances testify to a general sense. The leadership functions of any corporate body at Rome might be termed praetorial. The praetoria potestas in Republican Rome was at first held by the consuls. These two officials, elected on an annual basis, inherited the power formerly held by the kings of Rome.

The elected praetor was a magistratus curulis, exercised imperium, and consequently was one of the magistratus majores. He had the right to sit in the sella curulis and wear the toga praetexta.Livy, 7.1 He was attended by six lictors. A praetor was a magistrate with imperium within his own sphere, subject only to the veto of the consuls (who outranked him).

The Arch of Dolabella, ca. 2007 The Arch of Dolabella and Silanus (Latin, Arcus Dolabellae et Silani) or Arch of Dolabella is an ancient Roman arch. It was built by senatorial decree in 10 AD by the consuls P. Cornelius Dolabella and C. Junius Silanus.Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992) p. 25.

Brunt (1971) 418 This would have required the depleted ranks of equites to provide at least 252 senior officers (126 tribuni militum, 63 decuriones and 63 praefecti sociorum), plus the army commanders (Consuls, Praetors, Quaestors, Proconsuls, etc.). It was probably from this time that equites became largely an officer-class, while legionary cavalry was henceforth composed mainly of commoners of the first class.

A remark by a consul, that the children of mixed marriages might incur the displeasure of the gods, inflamed the plebeians into a military strike, refusing to defend the city against attacking neighbors. This caused the consuls to yield to their demands, allowing a vote on Canuleius' original rogatio. The prohibition on intermarriage between patricians and plebeians was thus repealed.Livy, iv. 6.

Lucius Cornelius P.f. P.n. Scipio (fl. 174 BC), Roman praetor in 174 BC, was the younger son of Scipio Africanus, the great Roman general and statesman by his wife Aemilia. He was the son and grandson of Roman consuls, but his own personal life and political career was vitiated by his dissolute habits and possibly by his continued ill-health.

Spurius Licinius was a tribune in ancient Rome in 481 BC. He sought to promote a proposed agrarian law by encouraging the plebs to refuse to enrol for military service. However, in the face of foreign aggression, Licinius' suggestions became unpopular, and both the consuls and the other tribunes argued against Licinius, with the result that enrolment for military service was not hampered.

190 Josephus mentions a Norbanus, a nobleman of great bodily strength, who was killed by the German bodyguards when Caligula was assassinated (Antiquities of the Jews, XVIII, 123). Edmund Groag argues he was Balbus; if so, then Balbus died in January 41. However Syme points out this Norbanus might be the son of Balbus or his older brother.Syme "Early Tiberian Consuls", p.

According to Ronald Syme, Balbus is known only from a single anecdote from Cassius Dio (LVII.18.3), yet in it he "comes to life." Dio describes Balbus as a keen trumpeter; at dawn on his first day as consul he began to play his trumpet, terrifying the populace who had believed the year to be announced with fateful omens.Syme "Early Tiberian Consuls", p.

The patrician Flaccus became a friend, political patron, and ally of the young plebeian senator Marcus Porcius Cato, later called Cato the Elder, during the earlier years of the Second Punic War. Flaccus is possibly the Valerius Flaccus who was a military tribune in 212 BC, serving under the consuls who captured Hanno's camp at Beneventum.Livy 25.14.6; Valerius Maximus 3.2.20.

In this case, both consuls were dead: Carbo had by now been defeated in battle and executed by the young Pompeius Magnus. Sulla sent a letter to Flaccus and the senateAppian, Bellum civile 1.98; the letter from Sulla is discussed at length in H. Bellen, "Sullas Brief an den interrex L. Valerius Flaccus. Zur Genese der sullanischen Diktatur," Historia 24 (1975) 555-569.

An abandoned house in Courbefy, May 2013. The village of Courbefy initially had a medieval royal fortress, but it became a den of thieves, and the castle was destroyed in the sixteenth century by order of the consuls of Limoges. During the French Revolution, Courbefy was a separate municipality. It merged in 1800 with Saint-Nicolas to form Saint-Nicolas-Courbefy.

This was the first time an American President attended a synagogue service. Many historians have taken his action as part of his continuing effort to reconcile with the Jewish community. Grant has been estimated to have appointed more than fifty Jewish people to federal office including consuls, district attorneys, and deputy postmasters. Grant appointed Jewish citizen Simon Wolf Washington D.C. recorder of deeds.

Portuguese Consulate General in Macau. There are 15 consular missions in Macau, of which 4 are Consulates-General, 1 consular office and 10 are Honorary Consuls. 50 Consulates-General and 7 Honorary Consulates in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are also accredited to Macau. Of the 9 Honorary Consulates in Macau, 2 are subordinate to Consulates-General in Hong Kong.

The candidates for the historical identity of the author are but few. Given the time frame of the mid-1st century, however, there is a credible candidate. He is a certain Curtius Rufus (The praenomen has been omitted. Presumably it is Quintus.) In the List of Roman consuls he served as Consul Suffectus for October through December, 43 AD under the emperor Claudius.

Estonia also is represented in the United States by a consulate general in New York, Sten Schwede; and ten honorary consuls: Jaak Treiman in Los Angeles, Eric Harkna and Siim Soot in Chicago, Paul Aarne Raidna in Seattle, Larry Ruth in Lincoln, Harry Huge in Charleston, Michael Corey Chan in San Diego, Aadu Allpere in Atlanta, and Steve Chucri in Phoenix.

As the civil wars came to a close, there were a total of 28 Roman legions. Some assigned numbers were repeated since legionary allegiances became scattered among generals when military overcame politics. Thus, repetitions were allocated a name as well, such as Legio III Augusta and Legio III Gallica. The consuls were commanders in chief of the army as a whole.

The Lictors Bring Home the Sons of Brutus by Jacques-Louis David (1784) Tiberius Junius Brutus (died c. 509 BCE) was the younger son of Lucius Junius Brutus, who was one of Rome's first two consuls in 509 BCE. His mother was Vitellia. At the invitation of his uncles, called Vitellii, he and his elder brother Titus Junius Brutus joined the Tarquinian conspiracy.

When the conspiracy was discovered, he and the other conspirators were executed by order of the consuls. Punishment was carried out by the lictors, and included being stripped naked, beaten with rods and then beheaded. Lucius Junius Brutus was admired for his strong stance in ordering the execution of his sons, although at times during the execution he showed his emotions.

The Romans awaited in the Naevian Meadow between Porsena and the bridge. The Tarquins commanded the Etruscan left wing facing the Roman troops of Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius. Octavius Mamilius commanded the Etruscan right wing consisting of rebel Latins; they faced Romans under Marcus Valerius Volusus and Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus. Porsena commanded the center, facing the two Roman consuls.

In the following year, word reached the Senate of groups of plebeians meeting at night on the Aventine and Esquiline Hills. The senators called for the harsh response of a man like Appius Claudius, and ordered the consuls to levy troops in order to quell the unrest and meet an impending threat from the Aequi, Volsci, and Sabines.Livy, ii. 29.Dionysius, vi. 34.

He also said that Caesar was giving him bad advice out of enmity. Pompey and Caesar presented opposite views on purpose to deceive Cicero and allay any suspicions. Cicero attached himself to Pompey, and also thought that he could count on the consuls. Aulus Gabinius was a friend of his and Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus was amiable and a kin of Caesar.

Middle-aged married Roman women crowded the streets, blocked access to the forum, and intercepted their approaching husbands, demanding to restore the traditional ornaments of Roman matrons. They even begged the praetors, consuls and other magistrates. Even Flaccus hesitated, but his colleague Cato was inflexible, and made a characteristically impolite speech, which was later retold by Livy.Livy, History of Rome, xxxiv.

The new consuls also created a new office of rex sacrorum to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the kings.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.1–2 Because of the Roman people's revulsion at the name and family of the exiled king, the consul Tarquinius Collatinus was forced to resign from the office of consul and go into exile.

Strabo celebrated a triumph for his victories against the Italian Allies on 27 December 89. After his consulship expired a few days later, he retired to Picenum with all of his veteran soldiers. He did not disband his army but kept it in the field. The Senate soon transferred command of his army to Quintus Pompeius Rufus, one of the new consuls.

Acilius was a Roman politician from the gens Acilia and a supporter of the Second Triumvirate. He may have been the son of Manius Acilius Glabrio, consul suffectus in 67 BC.Syme, Ronald, "The Augustan Aristocracy" (1986). Clarendon Press, pgs. 28-29. Retrieved 2012-09-21 In 33 he was appointed one of four consuls who succeeded Octavianus after he resigned the office.

After the rape of Lucretia, it was Brutus who, in his capacity as Tribune of the Celeres, convened the comitia, and brought about the abrogation of the king's imperium. Following the expulsion of Tarquin, Brutus, whom the comitia elected one of the first consuls, commanded the cavalry in the Battle of Silva Arsia, where he fell, BC 509.Livy, i. 60, ii. 6.

"Trade, plunder, and settlement", Trade, plunder, and settlement, p. 106, Retrieved 2 Oct 2009. In North America, as one of the first four Consuls of the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, along with Sebastian Cabot he is credited for laying the foundation of future English commerce and colonisation along the eastern seaboard."Genealogy", The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, p.

The rite is first noted as occurring on New Year's Day in 153 BC, the year when consuls first began assuming their office at the beginning of the year. It is unclear whether it had always been held on that date or had been transferred that year from another place on the calendar, perhaps the original New Year's Day on March 1.

Lutatius was therefore the only candidate for commanding the war in Sicily. The senate appointed the praetor Quintus Valerius Falto as his second-in-command. This was somewhat of a novelty, since a second praetorship was created only a few years earlier, thereby allowing one of the praetors to leave Rome. Typically the two consuls shared the command of the army.

A total of 18 countries have either established their consulates or appointed honorary consuls within Penang. The State of Penang has also ratified a sister state agreement with Japan's Kanagawa Prefecture and a friendship state agreement with China's Hainan Province. In addition, George Town is twinned with eight sister cities and five friendship cities, while Seberang Perai has four sister cities.

In 138 he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, himself the adopted heir of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year and was succeeded by Antoninus. Among Marcus' tutors were the orators Marcus Cornelius Fronto and Herodes Atticus. Marcus held the consulship jointly with Antoninus in 140, then he was quaestor, then he and Antoninus were consuls again for the year 145.

An ambush in a secluded area would have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome. The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the assassination. They considered an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the Via Sacra, the "Sacred Street". Another idea was to wait to attack him during the elections for new consuls.

At the time, the Barbary states held many Christian slaves. Some converted to Islam, but others held onto their religion. A treaty was concluded by France with the Ottoman Porte that allowed the French to send a priest with their consuls. In November 1645 the priest Louis Guérin was sent to Tunis, and began providing spiritual comfort to the slaves.

Writing in the Spectator, Philip Mansel described the book as > an indictment of nationalism ... Milton has gone where biographers of > Atatürk and historians of Turkey, who often want Turkish official support, > have feared to tread. He has reproduced accounts by individual Armenian, > Greek and foreign eyewitnesses, as well as British sailors' and consuls' > accounts. It is a much needed corrective to official history.

The Battle of Telamon was fought between the Roman Republic and an alliance of Celtic tribes in 225 BC. The Romans, led by the consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, defeated the Celts led by the Gaesatae kings Concolitanus and Aneroëstes. This removed the Celtic threat from Rome and allowed the Romans to extend their influence over northern Italy.

Scaevola was elected as praetor in 136 BC. Lucius Furius Philus and Sextus Atilius Serranus were consuls during this year. During his year as a praetor Scaevola argued vehemently against the citizenship rights of Mancinus, who had demonstrated cowardice the previous year during a campaign in the Numantine War and had subsequently been surrendered to the Numantines as punishment, but had been rejected.

The historian Ronald Syme identified three distinct families of the Arruntii: the first descended from the admiral Lucius Arruntius, and ended with Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus; another originated at Patavium; the third came from Lycia, whence they were descended from a certain Arruntius who settled in the east during the early years of the Roman Empire.Syme, "Eight Consuls from Patavium", p. 115.

Map of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg This page lists diplomatic missions resident in Luxembourg. At present, the capital city of Luxembourg City hosts 22 embassies. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens. Several other countries have non- resident embassies accredited from other regional capitals, such as Brussels and Paris, for diplomatic and consular purposes.

Gaius Julius C. f. L. n. Iulus was a Roman statesman, who held the consulship in 482 BC. After a contentious election, he was chosen to represent the more moderate faction in Roman politics, while his colleague, Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, was elected by the aristocratic party. Both consuls led a Roman army against Veii, but withdrew when the Veientes refused to confront them.

In 465 BC, Titus Quinctius was elected consul for the third time. His fellow consul Quintus Fabius Vibulanus sent an embassy to the Aequi which failed to negotiate a peace. The Aequi began ravaging the Latin countryside, and both consuls with separate Roman armies together fought and defeated the enemy at Algidum.Livy, 3.2 The Aequi returned to continue ravaging the Latin countryside.

He was appointed the eleventh interrex in 355, and declared two patricians consuls in violation of the Licinian law (the plebs had been made eligible for the consulship again, over his objections),Livy, Ab Urbe Condita vii. 17 although he was not successful in his object.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita vii. 22 He served as interrex again in 351, and as dictator in 351.

According to Cornelius Nepos and Valerius Maximus the ashes never made it to his son but Augustus Caesar states that the urn was delivered. The loss of both consuls was a major blow to Roman morale, as the Republic had lost its two senior military commanders in a single battle, while the formidable Carthaginian army was still at large in Italy.

However, by 218 BC there were plebeian consuls and senators. The plebeians were in the senate and were able to obtain the consulship. The ultimate beneficiaries of the lex Claudia were probably the equestrian class, rich citizens not in the senate.Aubert As rich traders, equestrians would not have been affected by the law and so would have been able to continue trading.

Regulus was left with 40 ships, 15,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to overwinter in Africa. His orders were to weaken the Carthaginian army pending reinforcement in the spring. It was expected he would achieve this by raids and by encouraging Carthage's rebellious subject territories, but consuls had wide discretion. Regulus chose to take his relatively small force and strike inland.

Brutus and Collatinus became Rome's first consuls, marking the beginning of the Roman Republic. This new government would survive for the next 500 years until the rise of Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus, and would cover a period during which Rome's authority and area of control extended to cover great areas of Europe, North Africa, and the West Asia.Matyszak 2003, p. 43-45.

In effect, they would retain the powers of the office (as a promagistrate), without officially holding that office.Lintott, 113 The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates. Each served for one year.Byrd, 20 They retained several elements of the former kingly regalia, such as the toga praetexta, and the fasces, which represented the power to inflict physical punishment.

There were no survivors to warn the consuls who were unaware of the disaster until they came across Gallic horsemen. According to the other one, Umbrians attacked a Roman foraging party which was relieved by assistance from the Roman camp.Livy, 26.5–14 The Etruscans, Samnites and Umbrians crossed the Apennine Mountains and advanced near Sentinum (in the Marche region, near modern Sassoferrato).

Regulus was left with 40 ships, 15,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to overwinter in Africa. His orders were to weaken the Carthaginian army pending reinforcement in the spring. It was expected he would achieve this by raids and by encouraging Carthage's rebellious subject territories, but consuls had wide discretion. This is the point at which Hasdrubal first appears in the historical record.

Shield of Paraguay Concrete Shield of Paraguay Ornamental constructive element exponent of Paraguayan culture. Wind proof door with beveled glass with Paraguay's shield. Paraguay's shield was created by José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia in 1820. next to Paraguay's shield is the one named "Hacienda" created by the consuls Mariano R. Alonso and Carlos A. López in the Extraordinary Congress, 25 November 1842.

The Lapicini were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome under consuls Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola in 175 BCE.Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1857), s.v. Ligures (Liv. xli. 19.) They inhabited the extreme northern regions of Liguria, as it was defined in Roman times, on a tributary of the Magra () river.

When Cleopatra received word that Rome had declared war, Antony threw his support to Egypt. Immediately, the Senate stripped Antony of all his official power and labeled him as an outlaw and a traitor. However, 40% of the Senate along with both consuls sided with Antony and left Rome for Greece. Octavian summoned all of his legions, numbering almost 200,000 Roman legionaries.

Santa Florentina was commissioned in March 1787 under the flag of CdE Francisco de Borja, and sailed to Cadiz for trials. In November 1787 she was under CdF José Zurita, ferrying troops from Barcelona to Palma de Mallorca, where she arrived on 10 January 1788. In 1789, under CfF José Ussel de Guimbarda, she transported Spanish consuls to Algeria and Tunisia, .

The Roman Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of towns left to rule themselves (though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate) and provinces administered by military commanders. It was ruled, not by emperors, but by annually elected magistrates (Roman Consuls above all) in conjunction with the Senate.Potter (2009), p. 179.

Finally, the two consuls put on armour and joined the men defending the city. They pushed the invaders back but Belinus was able to reform the lines and stop the attacks. Brennius and Belinus continued forward until the walls were breached and the Britons and Gauls invaded the city. Brennius stayed in Rome and ruled ruthlessly for the rest of his days.

Translated by H. F. Steward and E. K. Rand. Cambridge: The Project Gutenberg, 2004. one representing the east and the other the west, and finding himself sitting "between the two consuls and as if it were a military triumph [letting his] largesse fulfill the wildest expectations of the people packed in their seats around [him]".De consolatione philosophiae, 2.3; translated by Watts, p.

They partially administered justice in extraordinary cases, and presented games in the Circus Maximus and all public solemnities in honor of the Emperor at their own expense. After the expiration of their offices, the ex-consuls (proconsuls) went on to govern one of the provinces that were administered by the Senate. They usually served proconsular terms of three to five years.

George H Steuart (1907–1998) was an American diplomat and Foreign Service officer, and one of the last consuls of the United States of America in Liverpool, England. He was a major benefactor of the Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library in Lancaster, Virginia, donating by deed of gift the Steuart Blakemore Building, formerly known as the Old Post Office.

A number of prominent Genoese families were involved in the establishment and governance of the Bank, including the Houses of Grimaldi & Serra. Unusually for its time, the Bank made use of a number of Jewish agents, including the Ghisolfi clan that managed certain possessions around the Black Sea. The Bank was governed by four consuls who administered its finances and directed investments.Gevurtz __.

Bithynia served as a buffer state between Rome and Pontus; feeling threatened Mithridates marched his armies westwards and invade Roman territory.Matyszak, Mithridates, p. 101. The Senate responded by sending the consuls Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta to deal with the Pontic threat.Anthon, Charles & Smith, William, A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, 1860, p. 226.

The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 foreign minister Lagerheim in a joint council of state proposed separate consular services, while keeping the common foreign service. The Norwegian government agreed to the appointment of another joint committee to consider the question. The promising results of these negotiations was published in a "communiqué" of 24 March 1903.

Later in 255 BC the Romans sent a fleet of 350 quinqueremes and more than 300 transports to evacuate their survivors, who were under siege in Aspis. Both consuls for the year, Servius Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior and Marcus Aemilius Paullus, accompanied the fleet. They captured the island of Cossyra en route. The Carthaginians attempted to oppose the evacuation with 200 quinqueremes.

There have also been moments in Roman history when an army has performed better after the deaths of their consuls. At the end of the chapter, Machiavelli asserts that "a captain who has time to instruct men and occasion to arm them is very much more to be trusted than an insolent army with a head made tumultuously by it."trans.

The consuls for 169 BC were Quintus Marcius Philippus (for the second time) and Gnaeus Servilius Caepio. The Macedonian War was assigned to Quintus Marcius and the command of the fleet to the praetor Quintus Marcius Figulus.Livy, The History of Rome, 43.1.6, 15.2-3 The troops allocated for Greece were 6,000 Roman infantry, 6,000 Latin infantry, 250 Roman cavalry and 300 allied cavalry.

When the news that Julian had crossed the Alps arrived in Rome, the consuls Taurus and Florentius, who supported Constantius, left the city; then Julian had them indicated in documents as fugitive consuls.Zosimus, iii.10.4. Taurus was later convicted for this flight in the trial that was held at Chalcedon in 361 and sent into exile in Vercelli.Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii.3.4.

It is located in Santiago and depends on Universidad de Chile. Since its foundation, the Center has had as its headquarters the Greek Pavilion, a building donated to Universidad de Chile by Messrs. Gabriel and Jorge Mustakis Dragonas, General Consuls of Greece in Santiago and Valparaíso, respectively. Since 1998, institution's official name is Centro de Estudios Griegos Bizantinos y Neohelénicos Fotios Malleros.

Map of Tonga. This article lists the British consuls in Tonga from 1901 to 1970. They were responsible for representing British interests in the Kingdom of Tonga while the country was a British protectorate (from 18 May 1900 until 4 June 1970). For British representatives in Tonga from 1973 until 2006, see: List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Tonga.

His brother Paulus, his brother-in- law Secundinus and nephews Hypatius, Pompeius and Probus all became consuls, with Hypatius at least becoming a magister militum. Irene, a daughter of Paulus, married Anicius Olybrius. Her husband was a son of Anicia Juliana and through her a descendant of the Theodosian dynasty. The marriage was likely arranged to further secure Anastasius on his throne.

Other types of writer sometimes dabble in history as well: the geographer, Strabo, the natural scientist, Pliny the Elder, etc. In this case the writer probably identifying this Lentulus is considered an orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero. Furthermore, he is not on the List of Roman consuls. Thus, not having been consul, he could not normally be appointed to be a proconsul.

Subsequently, separate appointments were made; this distinguished the representation of the British Government in New Zealand from that of the shared monarch, in sympathy with the principles set out under the Balfour declaration thirteen years earlier. Several New Zealand public bodies have official representatives in Britain and Honorary Consuls are based in the UK constituent countries of Scotland and Northern Ireland.

He personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization, and external relations. His image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours.Orlin, in Rüpke (ed), 58. The consuls swore their oath of office in Jupiter's name, and honoured him on the annual feriae of the Capitol in September.

Crimean Tatars (КРИМСЬКІ ТАТАРИ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. In 1782 it was an administrative seat of the county in the Azov Governorate of the Russian Empire, with a population of 2,948 inhabitants. In the early 19th century the customs house, a church-parish school, the port authorities building, a county religious school, and two privately founded girls' schools appeared in the city. In the 1850s the population grew to 4,600 and the city had 120 shops and 15 wine cellars. in 1869 Consuls and Vice-Consuls of Prussia, Sweden and Norway, Austria-Hungary, the Roman state, Italy, and France had their representative offices in Mariupol. Victoria Konstantinova, Igor Lyman, Anastasiya Ignatova, European Vector of the Northern Azov in the Imperial Period: British Consular Reports about Italian Shipping (Berdyansk: Tkachuk O.V., 2016), 184 p.Igor Lyman, Victoria Konstantinova.

He is mentioned in the Digest, which cites a legal decision Trebius Germanus made while governor of an unnamed province, not necessarily Roman Britain, condemning a slave boy to death for failing to call for help when his owner was murdered.Digest 29.5.14; Anthony R. Birley, "A New Governor of Britain (20 August 127): L. Trebius Germanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 124 (1999), pp. 243-248 Birley also notes that Trebius Germanus is a member of a small group of three consuls appointed to the office in a ten- year period who share the same gentilicum -- the others being Gaius Trebius Maximus (suffect consul 121 or 122) and Gaius Trebius Sergianus (consul 132) -- while adding Ronald Syme's observations that "'the obscure Trebii... are the first and last consuls of that name'; elsewhere he called them 'a unique and isolated group'".

While the Roman assemblies continued to meet, Caesar submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment, which caused the assemblies to become powerless and unable to oppose him.Abbott, 138 To minimize the risk that another general might attempt to challenge him, Caesar passed a law which subjected governors to term limits. Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own Consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates in 43 BC, and all Consuls and Tribunes in 42 BC. This, in effect, transformed the magistrates from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the Dictator, and robbed the popular assemblies of much of their remaining influence.

Over time, the consulship was increasingly devalued, as the practice of selecting suffect consuls expanded, with sometimes up to 12 pairs of colleagues being elected every year by the Antonine period. With its duties of state increasingly being folded into the office of emperor, its judicial authority was emphasised in the Senate's new role as a criminal court; and with loss of practically all of the position's political powers, the consuls took over responsibility for organising public games to celebrate holidays and imperial events. With the neutering of the political power of many of the Republic's magistracies, many of the former high offices of state effectively became municipal offices with primarily administrative duties only in Rome. The praetors became administrators of the grain dole and games, retaining some judicial authority over civil and criminal cases until the third century.

Marcian laid out legal reforms in his novels, or codes of law, containing 20 laws, many of which were targeted at reducing the corruption and abuses of office that had existed during the reign of Theodosius; five of which are preserved in full. Marcian mandated that the office of praetorship (officer in charge of public games and works) could only be given to senators who resided in Constantinople, attempted to curb the practice of selling administrative offices, and decreed that consuls should be responsible for the maintenance of Constantinople's aqueducts. He repealed the , a tax on senators' property that amounted to seven pounds of gold per annum. Marcian removed the financial responsibilities of the consuls and praetors, held since the time of the Roman Republic, to fund public sports and games or give wealth to the citizens of Constantinople, respectively.

This pledge was witnessed by four consuls of the commune of the city of Pisa. Rabodo disputed the jurisdictional claims of the commune of Florence and established an alliance with the city's rivals, the Alberti counts. He took the castle of Monte Cascioli, which was coveted by the Alberti, from the Florentines in 1119. The Florentines assaulted the castle twice, and Rabodo was killed defending it.

He took part to the battle of Heliopolis in 1800 and to the defense of Alexandria in 1801. Returned to France with the army, Songis des Courbons took command of the artillery of the Guard of the Consuls. He became First Inspector General of Artillery and Grand Officier of the Légion d'honneur in 1804, then a Grand Aigle (Grand Eagle) of the Légion d'honneur the next year.

Livineius RegulusRonald Syme suggests his praenomen might be "Lucius". Syme, "The Early Tiberian Consuls", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), p. 189 was a Roman senator, active during the reign of Tiberius. He was suffect consul for February through July of the year 18, succeeding Germanicus as the colleague of Lucius Seius Tubero.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p.

The Jews returned to their homes and gathered their few remaining belongings. According to Löwe's investigations, the loss incurred amounted to 135,250 piasters. The consuls tried to raise sums of money as compensation for their subjects and made lists of the damages. When Ibrahim Pasha returned, he imposed an indemnity on the surrounding villages, but the victims received only 7% of the value of the damage.

Having lost most of their fleet in the storm of 255 BC, the Romans rapidly rebuilt it, adding 220 new ships. In 254 BC the Carthaginians attacked and captured Akragas, but not believing they could hold the city, they burned it, razed its walls and left. Meanwhile, the Romans launched a determined offensive in Sicily. Their entire fleet, under both consuls, attacked Panormus early in the year.

In the summer of 208 BC, the Roman consuls Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Titus Quinctius Crispinus ordered a part of the Roman garrison of Tarentum to move up and assist in an offensive against the Carthaginian-allied town of Locri. Hannibal received word from the people of Thurii of the Roman move and laid an ambush along the road from Tarentum with 3,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia, v. 49.T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1952). Livy also says that the consuls celebrated a triumph for their victory, however the Fasti Triumphales record only one triumph, by Cassius. He is listed in an incomplete text by Festus as numbering among the nine patricians burned in 486 BC for conspiring with his former consular colleague Cassius.

A regionalist style nationalism was fostered by the Han Chinese officials who came to rule Xinjiang after its conversion into a province by the Qing, it was from this ideology that the later East Turkestani nationalists appropriated their sense of nationalism centered around Xinjiang as a clearly defined geographic territory. The British and Russian consuls schemed and plotted against each other at Kashgar during The Great Game.

From the beginning of the insurrection, the Great Powers' consuls based in Crete convened in numerous meetings. The reinforcement of the local gendarmerie with European troops was quickly planned.S.B. Chester, p.94 With similar speed, Prince George of Greece secured from the European powers the creation of an international corps intended to aid the Cretan gendarmerie in protecting Chania from a possible rebel attack.

Ofilius Calavius Ovi f. was a Campanian nobleman during the Second Samnite War. Following the disaster of the Caudine Forks, where both Roman consuls were obliged to surrender their army and pass under the yoke, opinions in Campania were divided as to whether the defeat would forever halt the progress of Roman arms down the Italian peninsula.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ix. 1-7.

In Rome's early semi-legendary history, Tarquinia was the daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome, (and either sister or aunt to Rome's seventh and final king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus). She was the mother of Lucius Junius Brutus, who overthrew the monarchy and became one of Rome's first consuls in 509 BC. She had another son, who was put to death by Superbus.

Gladstone stood alone in advocating concerted instead of individual action regarding the internal administration of Egypt, the reform of the Ottoman empire, and the opening-up of Africa. Bismarck and Lord Salisbury rejected Gladstone’s position and were more representative of the consensus. Gladstone abandoned Salisbury’s Ottoman policy; withdrew the military consuls; and disregarded several British guarantees to the Porte. He did not return Cyprus.

Roman losses included a magistrate of the Republic and some military tribunes, although 20 ships laden with plunder were intercepted. The besiegers of Issa fled to Arbo and Teuta retreated to her capital, Rhizon in the Gulf of Kotor. The Romans decided enough had been achieved and hostilities ceased. The consuls handed over the kingdom to Demetrius and withdrew the fleet and army to Italy under Fulvius.

Map of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom This is a list of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom. At present, the capital city of London hosts 165 embassies and high commissions. Several other countries have ambassadors accredited to the United Kingdom, with most being resident in Brussels or Paris. There are also a number of Honorary Consuls resident in various locations in the UK.

Tribunes could also be appointed by the consuls or by military commanders in the field as necessary. After the reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC, the six tribunes acted as staff officers for the legionary legatus and were appointed tasks and command of units of troops whenever the need arose. The subsequent steps of the cursus honorum were achieved by direct election every year.

The GRC worked through a network of foreign consuls, missionaries and relief workers located at various points in the Ottoman Empire. In doing so, its working methods were similar to those of the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief (ACASR), which was also in action during World War I. It also cooperated with American diplomatic institutions in Athens and Thessaloniki to aid refugees arriving from Turkey.

Married to Quinctia, daughter of Lucius Quinctius, who was executed in 43, Pollio is also notable as the father of Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, the second husband of Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Augustus's partner, second-in-command and second son-in- law. Gallus and Vipsania had several sons together, two of whom were full consuls and a third was consul suffectus.

The appointment was for life, although the censor could impeach any senator. The Senate directed the magistrates, especially the consuls, in their prosecution of military conflicts. The Senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regard to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public monies from the treasury.

As the host of the United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.About Us , Society of Foreign Consuls. Accessed July 19, 2006. It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council.

Livy, ii. 1–3. Meanwhile, the king sent ambassadors to the senate, ostensibly to request the return of his personal property, but in reality to subvert a number of Rome's leading men. When this plot was discovered, those found guilty were put to death by the consuls. Brutus was forced to condemn to death his two sons, Titus and Tiberius, who had taken part in the conspiracy.

The praetor urbanus presided in civil cases between citizens. The Senate required that some senior officer remain in Rome at all times. This duty now fell to the praetor urbanus. In the absence of the consuls, he was the senior magistrate of the city, with the power to summon the Senate and to organize the defense of the city in the event of an attack.

In 68BC Lucullus invaded northern Armenia, ravaging the country and capturing Nisibis, but Tigranes avoided battle. Meanwhile, Mithridates invaded Pontus, and in 67 he defeated a large Roman force near Zela. Lucullus, now in command of tired and discontented troops, withdrew to Pontus, then to Galatia. He was replaced by two new consuls arriving from Italy with fresh legions, Marcius Rex and Acilius Glabrio.

In the last decades of the Roman Republic, its leaders regularly assumed extra-constitutional powers. The mos majorum had required that magistrates hold office collectively, and for short periods; there were two consuls; even colonies were founded by boards of three men;Taylor, p. 57 but these new leaders held power by themselves, and often for years. The same men were often given extraordinary honors.

Berdyansk conducted large amounts of inland trade. It became a substantial distributive market for goods received over a wide area. By the beginnings of the 20th century, Berdyansk had become a merchant trading port with well developed industry, strongly influenced by its infrastructure. In 1915 a French Consul, and the Vice-Consuls of Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Sweden, and Norway, were in Berdyansk.

The majority of votes in any century decided how that century voted. Each century received one vote, regardless of how many electors each Century held. Once a majority of centuries voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided.Taylor, 40 Only the Centuriate Assembly could declare war or elect the highest-ranking Roman magistrates: consuls, praetors and censors.

Livy also summarizes a second version found in some annalists he had consulted. According to these there was no dictator, the affair was entirely handled by the consuls and the mutiny broke out in Rome itself. At night the conspirators seized one Gaius ManliusA Gaius Manlius was Military Tribune with Consular power in 379, otherwise this name is unknown in this time period. Oakley(1998), p.

The official decrees of the Senate (senatus consulta) were placed in Ceres' Temple, under the guardianship of the goddess and her aediles. Livy puts the reason bluntly: the consuls could no longer seek advantage by arbitrarily tampering with the laws of Rome.Livy's proposal that the senatus consulta were placed at the Aventine Temple more or less at its foundation (Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 3.55.

An ala contained the same number of infantry as a legion (i.e. 4,200 or 5,000).Polybius VI.30 It was commanded by 3 Roman praefecti sociorum, appointed by the Consuls, presumably with one acting as commander and the other two as deputies, as in the cavalry turmae. Reporting to the praefecti were the native commanders of each allied contingent, who were appointed by their own government.

Under the republic, Praetors were the second highest ranking magistrates after the Consuls, which was why Propraetors were given provinces that were more stable. Under the early empire, the emperor commanded these Proconsular provinces, while the senate commanded the more stable Propraetorial provinces. It was by this that the emperor held command authority over most of the Roman army. Augustus, the first Roman Emperor.

The Genoese fleet that had assisted in the conquest of Almería, after leaving behind a garrison for its third of the city, travelled to Barcelona. From Barcelona, two galleys bearing two of the consuls returned to Genoa with money from the booty of Almería to pay off some of the city's debts. The rest of the fleet overwintered in Barcelona. In the spring, reinforcements arrived.

Tiberius Catius Caesius Fronto was a Roman senator who was suffect consul in the nundinium of September to December 96 with Marcus Calpurnius [...]icus as his colleague.Paul Gallivan, "The Fasti for A. D. 70-96", Classical Quarterly, 31 (1981), pp. 192, 208. These two consuls were presiding over the Roman Senate when the Emperor Domitian was assassinated (18 September 96), and Nerva elevated as emperor.

Canada has an embassy in Oslo and a consulate in Bergen. Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and four consulates- general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, as well as honorary consuls in most provincial capitals. Both countries are full members of the Arctic Council, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of NATO and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Lucius Valerius Flaccus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 261 BC with Titus Otacilius Crassus. He was possibly the ancestor of all later consuls by that name, since he marks the first appearance of a Lucius Valerius Flaccus on the list of consuls.A Lucius Valerius Flaccus had been magister equitum in 321 BC (Livy 8.18.13), but nothing else is known of the man.

The young men enlisted and the officers volunteered.Polybius, The Histories, 35.3.4-9; 4 Appian wrote that the army to be sent to Hispania was chosen by lot instead of the customary levy. It was the first time this happened. This was because ‘many had complained that they had been treated unfairly by the consuls in the enrolment, while others had been chosen for easy service’.

Both Romans and Carthaginians then went to winter quarters, and no large actions were fought during the winter. After the term of Fabius as dictator expired in December of 217 BC, the army was turned over to the incoming consuls Attilus Regulus and Servillus Geminus. The armies of Carthage and Rome remained in Geronium until June 216 BC, when Hannibal decided to start for Cannae.

Graham-Leigh, 99. By 1163 he had made peace with Toulouse and the count had reimbursed him for the ransom of 1153. In 1131, at the very onset of his reign, Raymond was confronted with the formation of a consulate, a political office then becoming popular in the cities of southern France. Consuls were usually high-ranking citizens, but they could be noblemen or courtiers as well.

The inauguration took place on 23 March 2003 and the official opening of the gate of the church was attended by many officials of the Greek Orthodox Church as well as the consuls general of Greece, France and Germany and hundreds of people from Istanbul and Greece. The inaugural speech was delivered by Patriarch Bartholomew. The church is now used on a daily basis.

Felice is known to have won a joust held to celebrate Florence's submission of Pisa in 1406. He acted as a diplomat for the Florentine Republic, and visited the court of the Sultan of Egypt in 1422. He was also a member of the city's Board of Maritime Consuls. As a result of the decline in the wool trade, Brancacci's wealth as a silk merchant increased rapidly.

The battle was not over. Fidenae remained to be taken (see under Roman-Etruscan Wars). Livy says simply that the consuls entered Sabinum, laid waste to the enemy territories, defeated them in battle, and returned to Rome in triumph. The Fasti triumphales only records one triumph, by the consul Valerius, being held in May, 504 BC, for victories over both the Sabines and the Veientes.

Andrew II was the duke of Naples from 834 to 840. During his reign, he was constantly at war with the Lombards and he allowed Gaeta, his vassal, to move towards independence under its own consuls. In September 834, Andrew overthrew his son-in-law, Duke Leo, who had only been in power for six months. He immediately ceased paying the tribute to Prince Sicard of Benevento.

As a commune, the society was suspect in the eyes of many. Members of the colony were shunned by the American consuls (such as Selah Merrill) in Jerusalem for their unusual lifestyle. Horatio Spafford died of malaria in 1888, but the community continued to grow. Visiting Chicago in 1894, Anna Spafford made contact with Olaf Henrik Larsson, the leader of the Swedish Evangelical Church.

However, the sacrificial victims were inauspicious and he got angry. He executed those who advised him to rob the temple, had taken part in it or assented to it.Appian, Samnite Wars, 29-30 Cassius Dio wrote that when Pyrrhus went to Sicily the Romans postponed their conflict with Tarentum. In 277 BC, the consuls Publius Cornelius Rufinus and Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus invaded and devastated Samnium.

Junius was consul in 317 BC with the patrician Quintus Aemilius Barbula. The two were joint consuls again in 311. From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian-patrician "tickets" repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War (University of California Press, 2005), p. 269.

She lost her right hand or arm in a fight with Ludovic of Nassau who she knocked out with a heavy cast iron pot. Legend has it that it killed him but he in fact died in 1574. The consuls of the town repaid Margot Delaye for her heroic acts with housing, bread and wine. The origins and true history of Margot Delaye are poorly documented.

He ultimately secured the resignation of a favorite subordinate, Frederick W. Seward, for shielding rascals, and then several consuls in the Far East, including George Seward, David Bailey and David Sickels.Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: the life and times of John Singleton Mosby (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), pp. 217–226. In 1881, Evarts was a delegate to the International Monetary Conference at Paris.

Adelphius was a bishop of Augustoritum (Limoges) in Haute Vienne from . His son, born around the same year, was the father of St Ruricius. He was the son of Pontius (Paulinus), a nobleman of Burdigala (Bordeaux) born , and Anicia, the daughter of Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius, one of the Roman consuls for 379, and his wife Turrenia Anicia Juliana. Adelphius's older brother was named Hermogenianus.

Likewise the senate was composed only of patricians. The consuls and the senate together exercised the executive and majority of the legislative functions at Rome. The patricians therefore possessed most of the political powers at Rome, and were also generally more wealthy. The plebeians on the other hand were the majority of the population, and also the majority of the soldiers in the Roman army.

Between 2006 and 2007 he was the President of the governmental agency Polish Investment and Information Agency (PAIiIZ). From 1994 until 2016 he served as the Honorary Consul of the United Kingdom in Gdańsk. Between 2000 and 2010 he served as the President of the Association of Honorary Consuls in Poland. He was also the Director of the British Chamber of Commerce in Gdańsk (1995–1998).

According to Livy in 359 the Tiburtes marched at night against the City of Rome. The Romans were at first alarmed, but when daylight revealed a comparatively small force, the consuls attacked from two separate gates and the Tiburtines were routed.Livy, 7.12.1–5 There are some inconsistencies in what caused the war between Rome and Tibur, and much of the details for these years are likely invented.

Proba's father was Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus OlybriusJones. (consul in 379); the famous poet Faltonia Betitia Proba was a relative. She married Sextus Petronius Probus (consul in 371), and had three sons - Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius and Anicius Probinus, joint consuls in 395, and Anicius Petronius Probus consul in 406 - and one daughter, Anicia Proba. Her son Olybrius married Anicia Iuliana, and his daughter Demetrias was Proba's granddaughter.

Finally, the two consuls put on armour and joined the men defending the city. They pushed the invaders back, but Belinus was able to reform the lines and stop the attacks. Brennus and Belinus continued forward until the walls were breached and the Britons and Gauls invaded the city. According to the story, Brennus stayed in Rome and ruled ruthlessly for the rest of his days.

Then the consuls sent the troops to plunder the area, which was very plentiful. They herded cattle, burned houses of the rich, captured slaves, and destroyed the city’s defenses. In the meantime, the Senate instructed one consul to come back to Rome with the navy and the other to stay with the army in Africa. Lucius Manlius ended up returning with most of the fleet and prisoners.

With Portuguese support, Bruges shipyard was started, and in 1438 the Duke granted the Portuguese traders the opportunity to elect consuls with legal powers, thus giving full civil jurisdiction to the Portuguese community. In 1445, the Portuguese Feitoria of Bruges was built. In 1443, Prince Pedro, Henry's brother, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war, and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador.

Mamadou Bandiougou Diawara serves as Ambassador (as of August 2007). Mali also appoints Canadian honorary consuls in Calgary, Fredericton, Montreal, Quebec City, Richmond (Vancouver) and Toronto. Originally, the building belonged to Col Laurence Martin. In 1944, the Ottawa Citizen reported the building suffered fire damage and Martin sent a cheque of the amount of $10 CDN to the fire chief in a show of appreciation.

It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as consuls, to each lead their military forces. The patrician Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio, the year's senior consul, was given command of the fleet. He put to sea with the first 17 ships produced. As the first-ever Roman warships they spent some time training in home waters before sailing to Messana.

He later served as one of the consuls of the Guild in 1430. Throughout his life, Michelozzo retained the family residence on Via Larga, which was near the Medici Palace and next door to the humanist Bartolomeo Scala. In addition, Michelozzo possessed a house and garden in S. Domino a Brozzi. Michelozzo's father died sometime before 1427, and his mother passed sometime between 1433 and 1442.

A handsome plate recording this charity can be seen on the vestry door of the church. Further relief for the needy came from the interest from £45 Consuls left by Miss Bateman in 1828. Alongside these the Meek Charity dating from 1598, was distributed. By 1840 the parish poor house, the Town House, was ninety years old and in a sad state of repair.

If they disobeyed the dictator, they could be forced out of office. While a dictator could ignore the right of Provocatio, that right, as well as the plebeian tribune's independence, theoretically still existed during a dictator's term.Lintott, p. 111 A dictator's power was equivalent to that of the power of the two consuls exercised conjointly, without any checks on their power by any other organ of government.

The consul of the Roman Republic was the highest- ranking ordinary magistrate. Two consuls were elected for an annual term (from January through December) by the assembly of Roman citizens, the Centuriate Assembly. After they were elected, they were granted imperium powers by the assembly. If a consul died before his term ended, another consul (the consul suffectus), was elected to complete the original consular term.

The consuls presided over the Roman Senate and the Roman assemblies, and had the ultimate responsibility to enforce policies and laws enacted by both institutions.Byrd, p. 179 The consul was the chief diplomat, carried out business with foreign nations, and facilitated interactions between foreign ambassadors and the senate. Upon an order by the senate, the consul was responsible for raising and commanding an army.

Publius Mucius Scaevola served as tribune of the plebs in 141 BC. The consuls of this year were Cnaeus Servilius Caepio and Quintus Pompeius. Not much is known of Scaevola’s actions during his year as tribune. Most significant in the historical record is his carrying of a plebiscite which placed Hostilius Tubulus on trial for accepting bribes during his year as praetor in 142 BC.

When in a non-EU country where there is no German embassy, German citizens as EU citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Currently (2017), Germany manages 226 diplomatic missions worldwide. There are also 354 unpaid honorary consuls. See also List of diplomatic missions of Germany and List of diplomatic missions in Germany.

Emmanuel's father was a prosperous merchant who achieved considerable social prominence. His funeral was attended by the consuls of England, Italy and Denmark and several high officials of the Corsican administration. Despite growing up in a conventionally Bonapartist milieu, Arène showed Republican sympathies as a young man. After completing his secondary education he enrolled at the University of Aix-en-Provence, but failed after his first year.

Map of diplomatic missions in Slovenia This is a list of diplomatic missions resident in Slovenia. At present, the capital city of Ljubljana hosts 36 embassies. Several other countries have honorary consuls to provide emergency services to their citizens. Several other countries have non-resident embassies accredited from other regional capitals, such as Vienna, in Austria, and Rome, in Italy, for diplomatic and consular purposes.

Mariano Roque Alonso Romero (1792–1853) was President of the Provisional Junta of Paraguay from 9 February 1841 to 14 March 1841. On 14 March 1841 he established a government ruling jointly with Carlos Antonio López and they both styled themselves "consuls of the republic". After three years of this arrangement, on 13 March 1844, Roque Alonzo resigned and López became the sole ruler of the country.

A History of Malawi, 1859-1966 p. 52. Fotheringham appealed for assistance, and the British Consul at Mozambique, O'Neill, whose was outside his area of consular authority, acted on behalf of Hawes, the Consul to the Lake Region, who was absent, by providing armed support for the company. On the return of Consul Hawes from leave, there was a dispute between the two consuls.

Encouraged by their victory at Panormus, the Romans moved against Lilybaeumwhich was the main Carthaginian base on Sicily. A large army commanded by the year's consuls Publius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Junius Pullus besieged the city. They had rebuilt their fleet, and 200 ships blockaded the harbour. Early in the blockade, 50 Carthaginian quinqueremes gathered off the Aegates Islands, which lie to the west of Sicily.

Livia Drusilla, wife of the emperor Augustus. The gens Livia was an illustrious plebeian family at ancient Rome. The first of the Livii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Livius Denter in 302 BC, and from his time the Livii supplied the Republic with eight consuls, two censors, a dictator, and a master of the horse. Members of the gens were honoured with three triumphs.

An ill-chosen remark by the consul Curtius, to the effect that the children of mixed marriages might incur the displeasure of the gods, thereby preventing the proper taking of auspices, inflamed the people to the extent at which the consuls yielded to their demands, allowing a vote on Canuleius' original rogatio. The prohibition on intermarriage between patricians and plebeians was thus repealed.Livy, iv. 6.

Supposedly, the senate (interpreting the gods) disapproved of having two plebeian consuls. Marcellus was appointed proconsul, whereupon, he defended the city of Nola, once again, from the rear guard of Hannibal’s army. The following year, 214 BC, Marcellus was elected consul yet again, this time with Fabius Maximus. For a third time, Marcellus defended Nola from Hannibal and even captured the small but significant town of Casilinum.

His mother is not known, but he had a much younger brother, Appius Claudius Caudex, who became consul in 264, four years after Caecus' elder son. Since Caecus' sons became consuls over a period of 28 years and long after his own time, he probably married at least twice, even though none of his wives is known.Oakley, Commentary, Book 9, p. 357 (note 2).

Publius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus was a Roman senator active during the Principate. He was suffect consul in the nundinium of September to December 68, as the colleague of Gaius Bellicius Natalis.Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", Classical Quarterly, 24 (1974), pp. 292f, 311 Both Asiaticus and Bellicius Natalis were picked to be suffect consuls by emperor Galba.

Furius was one of four consular tribunes elected in place of consuls in 426. His colleagues were Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus, Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis, and Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Furius was defeated in a battle against Veii, leading to the appointment of Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus as dictator to conduct the war. Furius' colleagues Quinctius and Postumius served under the dictator, while Cossus was named magister equitum.

Polo, Francisco Pina, The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic (2011), pgs. 199-200 On his way north, he was involved in fighting against the Ligures.Broughton, pg. 350 In the vicinity of Pisa he defeated them in battle, reportedly killing around 9,000 of the enemy, as the rest retreated to their fortified camp, which Flamininus proceeded to besiege.

As a result of this incident, the people of Halae were inspired to repopulate their town.Plutarch, Sulla, 26. While Sulla was away fighting Mithridates, Rome was suffering from civil disorder at the hands of the two consuls of 85 BC, Lucius Cornelius Cinna and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, prompting eminent members of Roman society to flee to Sulla's camp, including his wife Metella and their children.Plutarch: Sulla, c.

The consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio (Asina's brother) captured Corsica in 259; his successors won the naval battles of Sulci in 258, Tyndaris in 257, and Cape Ecnomus in 256.Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7, part 2, pp. 548–554. Diagram of a corvusIn order to hasten the end of the war, the consuls for 256 decided to carry the operations to Africa, on Carthage's homeland.

What repression there was did not always target the Christian community per se. The Shiite ‘Usayran family, for example, is also said to have left Baalbek in this period to avoid expropriation by the Harfushes, establishing itself as one of the premier commercial households of Sidon and later even serving as consuls of Iran.Stefan Winter (11 March 2010). The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788.

Abbott, 110 The rural malcontents were to advance on Rome, and be aided by an uprising within the city. After assassinating the consuls and most of the senators, Catiline would be free to enact his reforms. The conspiracy was set in motion in 63. The consul for the year, Marcus Tullius Cicero, intercepted messages that Catiline had sent in an attempt to recruit more members.

Samnite soldiers from a tomb frieze in Nola, 4th century BC According to Livy, the two Roman consuls for 343 BC, Marcus Valerius Corvus and Aulus Cornelius Cossus, both marched against the Samnites. Valerius led his army into Campania, while Cornelius, into Samnium where he camped at Saticula.Livy, vii.32.2 Livy then goes on to narrate how Rome won three different battles against the Samnites.

Quintus Marcius came to his aid and was attacked. He advanced through the enemy lines and took their camp, which was empty, and burned it. On seeing the fire Publius Cornelius joined in and blocked the escape of the Samnites, who were slaughtered when the two consuls joined their forces. Some Samnite relief troops also attacked, but they were routed and pursued and begged for peace.

In 305 BC the Samnites made forays in Campania.Livy, viii, 9.42–43 In 305 BC the consuls were sent to Samnium. Lucius Postumius Megellus marched on Tifernum and Titus Minucius Augurinus on Bovianum. There was a battle at Tifernum where some of Livy's sources say that Postumius was defeated, while others say that the battle was even and he withdrew to the mountains at night.

Hannibal entered Capua, and then set off in pursuit of Claudius. Appius Claudius and part of his army managed to slip past Hannibal, but a Roman army under Marcus Centenius Paenula was wiped out in the Battle of the Silarus. Hannibal, having raised the siege of Capua, moved to attack Brundisium. The Roman consuls decided to besiege Capua again in the absence of Hannibal.

Hannibal had lifted the siege of Capua after mauling two Roman consular armies in the Battle of Capua. The Roman consuls had split their forces, with Fulvius Flaccus moving towards Cumae, while Appius Claudius Pulcher marched towards Lucania. It is not sure why they had done so, because their forces still outnumbered Hannibal's army, even with the losses suffered in the battle. Hannibal decided to follow Claudius.

In 1806, Napoleon I of France encouraged Czar Alexander Pavlovitch to begin another war with Turkey. Russian troops occupied again Moldavia and Wallachia under General Kutussoff who was made Governor-General of the Romanian Principalities. The foreign consuls and diplomatic agents had to leave the capital cities of Iaşi and Bucharest. After the Russians broke the truce with a surprise attack, the Ottomans entered peace negotiations.

Cicero, having executed members of the Catiline conspiracy four years before without formal trial, and having had a public falling-out with Clodius, was clearly the intended target of the law. Cicero argued that the senatus consultum ultimum indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey. When help was not forthcoming, he went into exile.

At last, Belinus decided to hang the hostages they were given in the treaty, but it only enraged the Romans more. Finally, the two consuls put on armour and joined the men defending the city. They pushed the invaders back but Belinus was able to reform the lines and stop the attacks. Belinus continued forward until the walls were breached and the Britons invaded the city.

Drusus, as was the custom, requested that lots be drawn to assign the provinces to the respective consuls. This was vetoed by one of the plebeian tribunes, who proposed that the assignment of the provinces be put before the concilium Plebis. The people then voted to assign the war against Carthage to Scipio Aemilianus.Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro, The Romans: From Village to Empire (2004), pg.

Gaius Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis, iii. 11. s. 16; Lib. Col. p. 235. Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, thrice consul at the beginning of the Republic, has traditionally been regarded as a patrician, in part because all of the consuls before 366 BC were supposed to have been patricians. The previous year saw the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia, formally permitting the plebeians to stand for the consulship.

The revolutionary government asked that Crete be granted a regime similar to that of Eastern Rumelia. On 18 July, the Great Powers declared martial law, but that did not discourage the rebels. On 15 August, the regular assembly in Chania voted in favor of most of the reforms that Venizelos proposed. The Great Powers' consuls met Venizelos again and accepted the reforms he had proposed.

Aulus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus was a Roman consul in 476 BC.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 51. Following their defeat of the Roman army at the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC, the Veientes marched on Rome and occupied the Janiculum. There they remained at the beginning of Verginius' consulship. Both consuls, Verginius and his colleague Spurius Servilius, remained in Rome to deal with the threat.

Joyously, he embraces his friend (Ah m'abbraccia d'esultanza / "Ah! Come to my arms..."). The gathered troops and the consuls of Milan all swear to defend the city against tyranny. Scene 2: Beside the ramparts of the city Rolando's wife Lida, who has lost her parents and brothers and who is downcast at the prospect of further war, also mourns the loss of her former love, Arrigo.

Canadian Foreign Minister Peter MacKay wrote to Foreign Minister Miodrag Vlahović extending diplomatic recognition and agreeing to hold discussions on the establishment of diplomatic relations, which occurred later in 2007. The Canadian Embassy in Belgrade is accredited to Montenegro. There is currently no resident Montenegrin mission in Ottawa, so its ambassador in Washington, DC is accredited to Canada. However Montenegro has Honorary Consuls in Toronto and Vancouver.

The consuls, mindful of the undisciplined conduct of the soldiers in the recent past, held their men back from fighting until repeated provocations by the Etruscan cavalry made the start of combat inevitable.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, ii. 45, 46. Fabius compelled those of the soldiers who were most eager to engage the enemy to swear to return victorious, before he would give the order for battle.

The courts of appeal also have appellate jurisdiction over some specific cases, such as decisions on the inclusion or exclusion of voters on electoral rolls made by the college of mayor and aldermen of a municipality, decisions made by Belgian consuls outside of the Belgian territory, and judgements of the Belgian Prize Court. Over the latter two, only the court of appeal of Brussels has appellate jurisdiction.

Because Hannibal and his garrison managed to escape relatively unharmed, there was no Roman triumph for the two consuls, and it detracted from the success of the battle. After 261 BC, Rome controlled most of Sicily and secured the grain harvest for its own use. This victory in the first large-scale campaign fought outside Italy gave the Romans extra confidence to pursue overseas interests.

The aediles were in charge of various municipal tasks, e.g. the upkeep of temples, streets, and the water-supply. They were also responsible for public games, and some aspects of police work in the city. The quaestors were elected administrators, which could be put in charge of the treasury, the granaries, or various administrative postings in Italy, with the consuls, or in the provinces.

They had to make sure business was good and were responsible for the Venetian subjects in Constantinople, especially if they died. Baili also acted as judges on the Venetian subjects because of their superior status. They usually presided over commercial and legal matters. Another responsibility was that he was in charge of all the trade in Ottoman lands and replacing consuls whenever he wanted to.

He then went to Thrace to help Cotys against the aforementioned invasion. Epirus, on the west coast of Greece, went over to the Macedonians.Livy, The History of Rome, 43.3-4 (Crevier supplement) The consuls for the year 170 BC were Aulus Hostilius Mancinus and Aulus Atilius Serranus. Macedon was assigned to Aulus Hostilius and the fleet and the coast of Greece to the praetor Gaius Hortensius.

Bayocean then received orders to reconnoiter the Gulf of California and to confer and cooperate with the American and British consuls. Thereafter the yacht called at Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Guaymas, and Acapulco, returning to Pichilinque on December 8, 1918. American Vice Consul John R. Gamon boarded Bayocean at Acapulco to begin his return to the United States. On January 20, 1919, Bayocean returned to the United States.

He was the author of a small extant work Exempla Elocutionum, dedicated to Olybrius and Probinus, consuls for the year 395. It contains an alphabetical list, chiefly of verbs admitting more than one construction, with examples from each of the four writers, Virgil, Sallust, Terence and Cicero. Cassiodorus, the only writer who mentions Arusianus, refers to his work Exempla Elocutionum by the term Quadriga.

Their imperium was nevertheless prorogued for the following year. The senate's instructions were that they should await their successors and then dismiss their troops and return to Rome,Livy 40.36.7. but when the plague claimed the life of one of the consuls for 180,This was G. Calpurnius Piso. public business was suspended, and the two proconsuls decided to march against the Ligurian Apuani, presumably without authorization.