Chigbu's daughter was born with a congenital defect and had to have her right leg amputated.
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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a rare congenital defect in which a part of the infant's heart is underdeveloped.
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After his first stroke, Bruschi was diagnosed with a hole in his heart, a congenital defect that can raise stroke risk.
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At the DNC, an Arizona woman spoke passionately about how Obamacare helped her daughter who was born with a congenital defect.
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Born with spina bifida, a congenital defect that causes partial paralysis and impaired speech, she was unable to urinate on her own.
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But the bear may also have a congenital defect; in various videos, the right front leg appears truncated, while the left paw dangles.
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Doctors soon determined he had a congenital defect, called tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, that was preventing his lungs from getting enough oxygen.
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Olaiz was born with Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a rare congenital defect in which the left side of the infant's heart does not develop properly.
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Doctors there wanted to transfer to Boston Children's a newborn baby boy whose heart had been deprived of oxygen during surgery to fix a congenital defect.
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FRANKENSTEIN'S MONSTER WAS first cousins with the Tin Man from "The Wizard of Oz." They shared a congenital defect of stiff joints and were both prescribed an oil can.
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Last year, Monica Eary, a stay-at-home mom in Omaha, Nebraska, discovered that if she continued her pregnancy, her son would likely die within minutes of being born due to a congenital defect.
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The Riverdale actor shared a graphic inside look at his heart during the procedure, which he had at the age of 10 due to a congenital defect, with a photo posted to Instagram on Tuesday.
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The state also has in place a so-called pet lemon law that allows buyers to seek recourse like an exchange or a refund if they purchase a pet that is sick or has a congenital defect.
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CARACAS (Reuters) - A fetus whose mother likely had the Zika virus suffered the rare congenital defect known as microcephaly and ultimately died, doctors said on Friday, in the first Venezuelan case linking the infection to damage in babies.
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It was unknown whether Pedals walked upright because his forepaws were injured or if he had been born with a congenital defect, but either way his supporters had organized into an online community to promote his well-being.
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Linda was 16 weeks pregnant with baby Luke when she and Clint learned that he has hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a rare congenital defect in which a part of the infant's heart is underdeveloped or not there at all.
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Bryson went on to tell WTVC that her son was born with a rare heart defect called Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), a rare congenital defect in which a part of the infant's heart is underdeveloped or not there at all.
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After arriving in the Americas last spring, concern over the zika virus rose when officials in Brazil noted a sudden surge in the number of cases of microcephaly—a congenital defect that prevents the brain from developing normally—in newborns.
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GENEVA/DUBLIN (Reuters) - An Irish woman forced to choose between carrying her baby with a fatal congenital defect to term and going abroad for an abortion had her rights violated and deserves compensation, a United Nations panel said on Thursday.
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It would take weeks of tests and an exploratory surgery when he was five weeks old to diagnose him with biliary atresia — a rare congenital defect in which the bile ducts don't form properly and bile backs up and damages the liver.
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In June a U.N. panel ruled that Ireland's regulations subjected women to discriminatory, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment after a woman complained she was denied treatment and forced to choose between carrying her baby with a fatal congenital defect to term and going abroad for an abortion.
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Gabe's talent and tenacity is even more remarkable given that the teen also has Hanhart syndrome, a congenital defect leaving him with a small jaw and a partially-developed tongue, making it impossible for him to use his mouth to hold a pencil or fork or turn pages in a book.
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Gastric atresia is a congenital defect with complete occlusion of the pyloric outlet of the stomach.
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In some cases, a combination of sepsis and a partial congenital defect in the protein C anticoagulant pathway initiates purpura fulminans.
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Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect of the pulmonary veins.
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Sometimes mistaken for an intraocular tumor, MRG can arise from a neurodegenerative disease, congenital defect, or from trauma to the eyeball, sometimes appearing years after such an incident.
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Situs ambiguus is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen. Heterotaxy in general refers to any defect of left-right laterality and arrangement of the visceral organs. This does not include the congenital defect situs inversus, which results when arrangement of all the organs in the abdomen and chest are mirrored, so the positions are opposite the normal placement. Situs inversus is the mirror image of situs solitus, which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs.
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Rarely, it can be caused by some form of blunt trauma, but most frequently, it is a developmental, congenital defect. In congenital cases, it is frequently bilateral. The condition can also be inherited through genetics. This can also be caused by obesity.
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Another form of myocardial scarring results from surgical repairs. Surgical repairs are often necessary for a person born with a congenital defect of the heart. While surgical laparoscopy still leaves myocardial scarring, the trauma seems to be less damaging then naturally occurring scarring.
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Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) abnormality.
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Grave of Nadya Rusheva and her father at Pokrov Cemetery She died from a brain haemorrhage resulting from a congenital defect of the cerebral arteries on 6 March 1969. Nadya was buried at Pokrov Cemetery in Moscow. Asteroid 3516 Rusheva is named after Nadya.
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A product of the bacterial biosynthesis of tryptophan is indole. The excess of tryptophan in hypertryptophanemia also results in substantial excretion of indoleic acids. These findings suggest a possible congenital defect in the metabolic pathway where tryptophan is converted to kynurenine. Kynurenine, a metabolite of tryptophan.
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The hospital provides congenital defect surgery and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery and vascular surgery for adults and children. Its nephrology department operates a dialysis unit in conjunction with a renal transplant program. Reconstructive urology surgery, laser surgery and prostate treatments are its other specializations.
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Kefer's father was from Bavaria. He was born blind due to a congenital defect of his eyes, but this cleared up when he was three years old. In Prague he studied at the Archbishop Gymnasium in the classroom of famous mystic Jaroslav Ovečka. He became a novice at Strahov Monastery, but later left the order.
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Andranik Aleksanyan suffers from a rare disease, achondrodysplasia, which is a congenital defect in the growth of bones. He ceased to grow a few years ago and cannot run or jump as well as his peers. Over the past five years, he grew by only a few centimeters. Despite this, Andranik has remained an optimist.
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Brachymetatarsia is a condition in which there is one or more abnormally short or overlapping toe bones (metatarsals). This condition may result due to a congenital defect or it may be an acquired condition. It most frequently involves the fourth metatarsal. If it involves the first metatarsal, the condition is known as Morton's syndrome.
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Acheiropodia (ACHP) is an autosomal-recessive disorder that results in hemimelia, a lack of formation of the distal extremities. This is a congenital defect that consists of bilateral amputations of the distal upper and lower extremities, as well as aplasia of the hands and feet. It was first discovered and is prevalent almost exclusively in Brazil.
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A parietal bone catalogued as TMP 79.8.1 bears a "pathological aperture". In 1985 Phil Currie hypothesized that this aperture was caused by a cyst, but in 1999 Tanke and Rothschild interpreted it as a possible bite wound. One hatchling specimen may have suffered from a congenital defect resulting in the front part of its jaw being twisted.
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The most common cause of chronic fourth nerve palsy is a congenital defect, in which the development of the fourth nerve (or its nucleus) is abnormal or incomplete. Congenital defects may be noticed in childhood, but minor defects may not become evident until adult life, when compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Congenital fourth nerve palsies are amenable to surgical treatment.
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The coccyx serves as an attachment site for tendons, ligaments, and muscles. It also functions as an insertion point of some of the muscles of the pelvic floor. In rare cases, congenital defect results in a short tail-like structure being present at birth. Twenty-three cases of human babies born with such a structure have been reported in the medical literature since 1884.
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Tracheal diverticulum as seen on axial CT imaging Tracheal agenesis is a rare birth defect in which the trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful. A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a ). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development.
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Andrade, p 15. For the rest of her life she always walked with a slight limp and pain. She became pregnant when she was very young, but the child had a congenital defect and died soon after birth. When she and her sister were young women, they lived in Paris and discovered its bohemian scene. In 1931, she met artist Wolfgang Paalen and they married in 1934.
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She also served as co-host of the network's CBS Thanksgiving Day Parade for five years. In 2007, Storm conceived and wrote a daily blog for CBSNews.com, which featured behind-the- scenes insight and stories of inspirational women. During an Early Show on-air segment, Storm revealed on camera that she had a congenital defect known as port-wine stain under her left eye.
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Oscar Leonard Carl Pistorius (; ; born 22 November 1986) is a South African former professional sprinter and convicted murderer. Both of Pistorius' feet had been amputated when he was 11 months old due to a congenital defect. He was born missing the outside of both feet and both fibulae. Pistorius ran in both non-disabled sprint events and in sprint events for below-knee amputees.
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After retiring from boxing, Cullen worked in a chemical factory in Hartlepool and then became a milkman before retiring completely. In retirement he continued to keep fit, but in 1998 he collapsed while out running. He had a quadruple heart bypass operation to correct a congenital defect. He appeared to return to full fitness following his surgery, but in November 2001 he died of a heart attack.
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A vascular ring is a congenital defect in which there is an abnormal formation of the aorta and/or its surrounding blood vessels. The trachea and esophagus are completely encircled and sometimes compressed by a "ring" formed by these vessels, which can lead to breathing and digestive difficulties. Most often this is because of persistence of the double aortic arch after the second month of fetal life.
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Several rare or unusual diseases have been identified in Jacob sheep. The condition known as split eyelid is a congenital defect common to several polycerate British breeds, and is genetically linked to the multi-horned trait. In mild cases, the eyelid shows a "peak" but does not impair vision or cause discomfort. Extreme cases (Grade 3 or higher) result in a complete separation of the upper eyelid in the middle.
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Restoration of a Saurornitholestes langstoni digging a multituberculate out of a burrow A specimen of Troodon formosus bears a pathological opening. Competing explanations for this pathology include a cyst or bite wound. One hatchling specimen may have suffered from a congenital defect resulting in the front part of its lower jaw being twisted. An undescribed immature dromaeosaurid from Tugrugeen Shireh has been reported with a split belly rib.
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Ductus arteriosus closure may be induced by administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit prostaglandin production. The most common NSAID used is Indomethacin, which is usually administered in the first week after birth. However, in the presence of a congenital defect with impaired lung perfusion (e.g. Pulmonary stenosis and left-to-right shunt through the ductus), it may be advisable to improve oxygenation by maintaining the ductus open with prostaglandin treatment.
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He became addicted to painkillers following open-heart surgery to correct a congenital defect. Moloney was a rising star inside CAA even at a young age, and became the protege of Michael Ovitz, the founder of CAA. He felt abandoned when Ovitz left CAA for Disney. His drug and alcohol problem got worse during this time, which was shortly after the death of his alcoholic father, from whom he had been estranged.
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Meluzin, meanwhile, has gradually become more accepted by the villagers. He diagnoses a congenital defect in a co-worker's young son, and an operation cures the boy. He becomes involved, too, in the life of Markéta, the ambulance driver's girlfriend, whose eccentric mother has become reclusive and antisocial on account of a government plan to build a highway through her duck farm and home. Markéta confides to Meluzin that she is pregnant.
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One or more costal cartilages can become inflamed – a condition known as costochondritis; the resulting pain is similar to that of a heart attack. Abnormalities of the rib cage include pectus excavatum ("sunken chest") and pectus carinatum ("pigeon chest"). A bifid rib is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a congenital defect affecting about 1.2% of the population.
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Almost all studbooks have some type of health requirement for stallions seeking approval. The veterinary exam may occur before, during, or after the Körung, and always rules out stallions with congenital defects of the genitalia or dentition. Stallions may also undergo radiographs to screen against OCD, laryngoscopies to screen against airway obstructions, and semen analysis to ensure fertility. Stallions which have had surgeries or other treatments to correct a congenital defect are not allowed to breed.
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Ravindra Goonetilleke, who declared his action legal in the conditions tested, citing a congenital defect in Muralitharan's arm which makes him incapable of fully straightening the arm but gives the appearance of fully straightening it. Although under the original Laws a bowler's arm did not have to be fully straightened to be an illegal delivery, it was concluded that his action created the 'optical illusion of throwing'. Based on this evidence, ICC gave clearance to Muralitharan to continue bowling.
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This growth disorder is also known as Madelung's deformity. Only, in Kruger's case, the disorder is caused by a trauma and is not a hereditary or congenital defect. Because of these problems she had to undergo multiple surgeries, including an operation to extend the bone, where a pin was inserted to the non-growing bone, with a swivel mechanism on the outside. For three months she had to tighten the screws every day, in order to slightly lengthen the bone.
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Milk and dairy products have the potential for causing serious infection in newborn infants. Unpasteurized milk and cheeses can promote the growth of Listeria bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes can also cause serious infection in an infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to her infant in utero or after birth. The infection has the potential of seriously harming or even causing the death of a preterm infant, an infant of low or very low birth weight, or an infant with a congenital defect of the immune system.
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Pierre Robin sequence (; abbreviated PRS) is a congenital defect observed in humans which is characterized by facial abnormalities. The three main features are micrognathia (abnormally small mandible), which causes glossoptosis (downwardly displaced or retracted tongue), which in turn causes breathing problems due to obstruction of the upper airway. A wide, U-shaped cleft palate is commonly also present. PRS is not merely a syndrome, but rather it is a sequence—a series of specific developmental malformations which can be attributed to a single cause.
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Another widely circulated rumor (sometimes used to counter claims that Short was a prostitute) holds that Short was unable to have sexual intercourse because of a congenital defect that resulted in gonadal dysgenesis, also known as "infantile genitalia". Los Angeles County district attorney's files state that the investigators had questioned three men with whom Short had engaged in sex,"Fact Versus Fiction" BlackDahlia.info. including a Chicago police officer who was a suspect in the case; FBI files on the case also contain a statement from one of Short's alleged lovers."District Attorney Suspects" BlackDahlia.info.
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Recent studies have shown that over drainage of CSF due to shunting can lead to acquired Chiari I malformation. It was previously thought that Chiari I Malformation was a result of a congenital defect but new studies have shown that overdrainage of Cysto-peritoneal shunts used to treat arachnoid cysts can lead to the development of posterior fossa overcrowding and tonsillar herniation, the latter of which is the classic definition of Chiari Malformation I. Common symptoms include major headaches, hearing loss, fatigue, muscle weakness and loss of cerebellum function.
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White or albino ferret Ferrets with a white stripe on their face or a fully white head, primarily blazes, badgers, and pandas, almost certainly carry a congenital defect which shares some similarities to Waardenburg syndrome. This causes, among other things, a cranial deformation in the womb which broadens the skull, white face markings, and also partial or total deafness. It is estimated as many as 75 percent of ferrets with these Waardenburg-like colorings are deaf. White ferrets were favored in the Middle Ages for the ease in seeing them in thick undergrowth.
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Radial aplasia is a congenital defect which affects the formation of the radius bone in the arm. The radius is the lateral bone (thumb side) which connects the humerus of the upper arm to the wrist via articulation with the carpal bones. A child born with this condition has either a short or absent radius bone in one or both of his or her arms. Radial aplasia also results in the thumb being either partly formed or completely absent from the hand, which can result in difficulties performing activities of daily living.
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The commission can choose to approve the abortion if it is medically necessary to save the woman's life or preserve her health, whether during pregnancy or delivery or after delivery; if the child would likely be born with a serious congenital defect; or when the conception results from a criminal act, including rape and incest. The Commission's decision may be appealed to a Commission of Second Instance, whose decision is final. This procedure does not apply in situations where the woman's life or health is in immediate danger or the abortion has already started.
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Mwesigwa was born as the first of six children Godfrey Kakaire, in Naigobya, Iganga District. She was born with a congenital defect that created an impairment of both legs below the knees. After undergoing an operation for her limbs in Tororo, Mwesigwa returned to Iganga and was enrolled at Iganga Infants School then Pride Academy Iganga which she left in 2009 after completing her Primary Leaving Examinations (PLE). In 2010, she moved to Kampala and joined Naguru High School but dropped out in 2011 in her first term of Senior Two.
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Maravich had flown out from his home in Louisiana to tape a segment for Dobson's radio show that aired later that day. Dobson has said that Maravich's last words, less than a minute before he died, were "I feel great." An autopsy revealed the cause of death to be a rare congenital defect; he had been born with a missing left coronary artery, a vessel that supplies blood to the muscle fibers of the heart. His right coronary artery was grossly enlarged and had been compensating for the defect.
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Aglossia (aglossia congenita) is a congenital defect resulting in a partial development or complete absence of a tongue. Aglossia is commonly associated with craniofacial and limb defects (Adactylia syndrome) and is thought to belong to a family of oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndrome or OLHS. It is believed to be caused by heat-induced vascular disruption near the fourth week of embryonic development. The first known case was reported in the early 18th century by a member of the prominent De Jussieu family in France and cases to this day remain rare.
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The lateral body wall folds, pulling the amnion in with it so that the amnion surrounds the embryo and extends over the connecting stalk, which becomes the umbilical cord, which connects the fetus with the placenta. If the ventral body wall fails to close, ventral body wall defects can result, such as ectopia cordis, a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located outside the thorax. Another defect is gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude. Another possibility is bladder exstrophy, in which part of the urinary bladder is present outside the body.
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A depiction of Oswald, with his closed eye visible All extant portraits of Oswald depict him with a closed right eye. An examination of his skull from a 1973 exhumation revealed that this was due to a congenital defect: his right eye socket was smaller than the left, which meant that his right eyeball was under constant pressure, resulting in ptosis, or a withering of the right eyelid muscles. However, Franz Daxecker concludes that the ptosis was probably caused by an injury sustained in childhood.Franz Daxecker, Die Verletzungen des rechten Auges Oswalds von Wolkenstein, Ber. Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsb.
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The lateral body wall folds, pulling the amnion in with it so that the amnion surrounds the embryo and extends over the connecting stalk, which becomes the umbilical cord, which connects the fetus with the placenta. If the ventral body wall fails to close, ventral body wall defects can result, such as ectopia cordis, a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located outside the thorax. Another defect is gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude. Another possibility is bladder exstrophy, in which part of the urinary bladder is present outside the body.
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Johnson was treated for prostate cancer in 2004 and further tests showed that he was clear of the disease. On December 13, 2006, while in Washington, DC, during the broadcast of a live radio interview with WNAX radio, Johnson suffered bleeding in the brain caused by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, a congenital defect that causes enlarged and tangled blood vessels. In critical condition, he underwent surgery at George Washington University Hospital to drain the blood and stop further bleeding. Johnson then underwent a lengthy regimen of physical, occupational, and speech therapy to regain strength and mobility and restore his severely affected speech.
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During the trial, the defense introduced testimony from Dr. Richard Restak, a neurologist and neuropsychiatrist, that Kansi was missing tissue from his frontal lobes, a congenital defect that made it hard for him to judge the consequence of his actions. That testimony was reiterated by another psychiatrist for the defense, based upon independent examination. Kansi was tried at the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax, Virginia, by a jury trial over a period of ten days in November 1997; he had pleaded not guilty to all charges. The jury found him guilty and recommended the death penalty for the capital murder charge.
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A Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect where the left atrium is the point of return for the blood from some (but not all) of the pulmonary veins. It is less severe than total anomalous pulmonary venous connection which is a life-threatening anomaly requiring emergent surgical correction, usually diagnosed in the first few days of life. Partial anomalous venous connection may be diagnosed at any time from birth to old age. The severity of symptoms, and thus the likelihood of diagnosis, varies significantly depending on the amount of blood flow through the anomalous connections.
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Abdominal wall defects are a type of congenital defect that allows the stomach, the intestines, or other organs to protrude through an unusual opening that forms on the abdomen. During the development of the fetus, many unexpected changes occur inside the womb. Specifically the stomach, intestines, or other organs begin to develop outside the fetus’ abdomen through the abnormal hole in the abdomen and, as development progresses, the abdominal wall eventually encloses these organs. In some cases of defect either the umbilical opening is too oversized or has developed improperly which allows the organs to remain outside or to squeeze through the abdominal wall.
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During the 1890s and early 1900s, James Hinshelwood, a British ophthalmologist, published a series of articles in medical journals describing similar cases of congenital word blindness, which he defined as "a congenital defect occurring in children with otherwise normal and undamaged brains characterised by a difficulty in learning to read." In his 1917 book Congenital Word Blindness, Hinshelwood asserted that the primary disability was in visual memory for words and letters, and described symptoms including letter reversals, and difficulties with spelling and reading comprehension. Additionally, another British physician, CJ Thomas, provided a summary of congenital word blindness based on 100 cases at special schools in England. Thomas observed that word blindness was more prevalent than suspected.
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On February 16, 1993, Qazi, then a fugitive, was charged with the capital murder of Darling, murder of Bennett, and three counts of malicious wounding for the other victims, along with related firearms charges. Qazi was tried by a Virginia state court jury over a period of ten days in November 1997, on a plea of not guilty to all charges. During the trial the defense introduced testimony from Dr. Richard Restak, a neurologist and also a neuropsychiatrist, that Qazi was missing tissue from his frontal lobes, a congenital defect that made it hard for him to judge the consequence of his actions. This testimony was re-iterated by another psychiatrist for the defense based upon independent examination.
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He was skeptical that this would bring results but did this and had a dream of her that night which also caused him to be cured of his tumors. The miracle that led to her sainthood was the healing of Edelmina Arellano who was cured from a congenital defect in 1992. Edelmina was born without genital organs and at the age of seven was cured after her mother took her to the shrine dedicated to the then-Blessed and appealed for her intercession. It was mere hours later that the child had an appointment with her doctor who testified that the girl was normal like all other children with no defects apparent whatsoever.
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His inability to rise against the British Monarchy, as a domininant characteristic of the other Phulkian city-states like Patiala, Nabha, Faridkot, etc., eventually led to his lack of dominance and invitation to the town-hall by Sardar (by Title, not inheritance) Patel, which decided the fate of Sikh states joining the Indian union. He was known as the Bola Raja, or the 'Deaf King', not only about his inability to understand things mentioned to the right side of him, due to a congenital defect, but also due to his attitude of turning his head to ignore any viewpoints that were contrary to his own. He was known to be impotent, so the section below and the references seem divergent and plausible.
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The film depicts his experiences between 1939 and 2010 as he continues to work on an incomplete sculpture that appears to be a hunched over woman in agony. Grunwald tells how his older brother John, who was born with a congenital defect, was accompanied by his mother to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, and how his relationship with artist Dina Babbit spared him the same fate. The film describes Grunwald's liberation from Gunskirchen in 1945, his reunion his father, and their escape from communist Czheckoslovakia across Europe to London and later The United States. The film depicts Grunwald's love of art and music, his a career at General Electric, his professorial position at Pratt Institute, and his life in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he lives with his wife.
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Abortion in Iceland was legalized on a number of grounds on 22 May 1975. Although the law does not allow abortions to be performed on request, they are allowed in various medical and social circumstances. Medically, an abortion is lawful if a pregnancy threatens a woman's physical or mental health, if the fetus has a serious congenital defect, or if the woman is deemed incapable of caring for a child because of her age or mental disability. Social grounds for allowing abortion include: if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest; if the woman has had several children already with only brief periods between pregnancies; if the woman lives in a particularly difficult family situation; or if the woman's or her partner's ill health prevents them from being able to care for a child.
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New York: The RedCross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, 1918, p. 9 Within the survey, a "cripple" is defined "as a person whose muscular movements are so far restricted by congenital defect, results of disease or accidents as to affect his capacity for self-support.".Welfare Federation of Cleveland. Education and Occupations of Cripples Juvenile and Adult: A Survey of All the Cripples of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1916. New York: The RedCross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, 1918, p. 12 Individuals classified as blind or with cardiac problem were excluded from this definition. The Cleveland area was chosen as the sample for this survey due to the fact that it provided a booming industrial community that was majorly affected by two historical events. The first event was the early implementations of Workmen's Compensation and Employer's Liability Act.
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