1000 Sentences With "common land" | Random Sentence Generator

And that as Americans, we share not just a common land, but a common life.

In fact, because it crosses common land, at two points it is spanned by a cattle grid.

In Pallur, a second collective of 40 women plans to clear another 2.5 acres of common land, according to Kalaiselvan.

Sixty percent of Sea Ranch is common land, with miles of trails winding along the ocean and through the forest.

Environmentalists - and even musicians - are appealing for the protection of common land to safeguard livelihoods and protect against climate-change impacts.

Between the 16th century and the 19th most common land in England and Wales was enclosed and deeded to private owners.

The majority of land conflicts in India are related to common land, according to a study by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences.

And then he lingers in the countryside, struck by the rumbling unrest between displaced peasants and greedy landowners grabbing tracts of common land.

Even though it was common land owned by the state, they faced strong resistance as they cleared it to grow beans, corn and millet.

When we asked if he was concerned about vomiting (a common land-lover response to weightlessness), Shatner told us he hadn't thought about it.

Kelly finds a much more elaborate political scenario in Emma, which she reads as a coded attack on enclosure of common land by the gentry.

A group of young men and women is growing chilli, spinach and vegetables on about one acre of common land with training from WRI, said Elin Purnamasari, 24.

So-named because of its black soil, the 211.5 acres of protected common land is wild and loamy, a place where you can still, on occasion, see bats.

While glamping has gained ground, China's genuine campers—nomadic herdsmen—have been settled, often forcibly, under successive policies that have divided common land, banned free grazing and compelled households to move.

"States do not distinguish between common land and other lands, and rarely respect customary usage or communities' claims over common lands," said Shankar Gopalakrishnan at rights group Campaign for Survival and Dignity.

In "Utopia," published in 1516, Thomas More suggests it as a way to help feudal farmers hurt by the conversion of common land for public use into private land for commercial use.

About half the country's rural households rely on forests and common land for their livelihood activities, and the loss of commons has hurt farmers, weavers and potters, and triggered migration to the cities for jobs.

Recalling a scene in which gypsies are camped by a roadside, she views Emma as a novel about the hardship, desperation, and need of the poor, whose access to the common land has been stolen.

Research by Robert Allen, an economic historian at New York University Abu Dhabi, concludes that the big, capitalist estates which resulted from enclosure were not much more productive than common land farmed by the yeomanry.

Stoll lingers on England in the 16th century, when lords for the first time began to turn the countryside into real estate though a process of enclosure, eliminating common land used for hunting and herding and planting.

The third stage of a detailed, 10 part Bill passed in March and paves the way for a new Land Register to ensure greater transparency of land ownership and improvements to community rights to roam common land.

Common land in India has deteriorated by about half over the last five decades because of encroachments, insecure tenure rights for local communities and a lack of trust in communities in managing them, according to data from FES.

Ironically, in Italy she was able to use common land in the northern mountains to build her new enterprise, taking advantage of permits that give farmers access to public land to prevent local territory from being reclaimed by wild nature.

HASTINAPUR, India (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - It took residents of Hastinapur village in the Indian state of Rajasthan three years of poring over maps, demarcating boundaries, and numerous petitions and visits to local officials to regain control of their traditional common land.

Amalia Pica's "Strangers on Common Land" (2012), a series of photocopies wheat-pasted to the wall, shows two strangers linked across a piece of land, an attempt to visualize and consider the ties that bind people to one another and to particular places.

The 2011 plan commits the two countries to "establish coordinated entry and exit systems at the common land border" and "exchange biographical information on the entry of travelers, including citizens, permanent residents, and third country nationals" whenever they cross one country into the other.

Tylers Common, also known as Upminster Common, is common land in the London Borough of Havering. It is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons.

Commons commissioners decide disputes about the registration of common land.

In Spain a potrero is common land in poor condition.

The common land of Ashdown Forest consists of specific areas of Forest, registered under the Commons Registration Act 1965, which only those who possess particular rights of common — commoners — are entitled to use and exploit in certain specified ways. The common land is owned by the Lord of the Manor of Duddleswell (which, since 1988, has been the Ashdown Forest Trust, an agent of East Sussex County Council). Since 1885, the common land has been regulated and protected by a statutory Board of Conservators. The distribution of common land around Ashdown Forest is very fragmented.

The Commons Act 2006 (c 26) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It implementsExplanatory notes, paragraph 22 recommendations contained in the Common Land Policy Statement 2002.Defra. Common Land Policy Statement 2002 . July 2002.

Part of the site is common land with a right of public access.

As well as the ‘common fields’ Westfield had a large area of ‘common land’ that, despite being bought by the London Necropolis Company in the mid-19th century, remains open even today. The registered common land is called Westfield Common.

Westfield Common is an area of land in Westfield, Woking that is registered common land.

They also took over common land for what they believed to be the common good.

The amount of land around the individual villages which was allocated to them was based on the grazing rights they had held in the past. This was followed during the period 1838 to 1858 by the division of common land (Gemeinheitsteilungen). Common land, i.e.

Wolvercote Common is an area of grassed common land north of Port Meadow in Oxford, England.

Previously it hosted the 'crock fair'. Hearsall Common has a long history of being common land going back to at least the thirteenth century. It was reassigned as recreation ground by a Coventry Corporation Act of 1927, along with other areas of common land in Coventry.

The Ealing Common open space is a common land as designated by the 1866 Metropolitan Commons Act.

The farmers also have better oversight of their land. A Reihendorf does not usually have common land.

This is a list of common land in London, England. Most common land in England is registered for the purposes of the Commons Act 2006, but some commons are protected under separate local acts, such as Wimbledon and Putney Commons, which are protected under the Wimbledon and Putney Commons Act 1871.

The area of the village, in its broad, traditional definition, including the racecourse, common land and aviation base, is .

Leazes Park is separated from Spital Tongues by Castle Leazes, an area of common land similar to the Town Moor.

Therefore, the court ordered the town to apportion all common land located between two and six miles from the Stratford meeting house, which included all the territory in the lower third of Trumbull.Colonial Connecticut Records 1636–1776 Vol. 3, p. 186 The division of the common land in Trumbull took until 1800 to complete entirely.

A Common Land Unit (CLU) is the smallest unit of land that has a permanent, contiguous boundary, a common land cover and land management, a common owner and a common producer in agricultural land associated with USDA farm programs. CLU boundaries are delineated from relatively permanent features such as fence lines, roads, and/or waterways.

The common land of Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, England, a former royal hunting forest created soon after the Norman conquest of England, covers some 6,400 acres (). The map of the common land today largely dates back to 1693, when more than half the medieval Forest was taken into private hands, with the remainder being set aside as common land. The latter is today administered by a Board of Conservators. It is entirely open for public access (subject to various byelaws) and it is the largest area of its kind in south-east England.

This cited the work of a Victorian economist who used the over-grazing of common land as an example of behaviour. Hardin's example could only apply to unregulated use of land regarded as a common resource. Normally, rights of use of Common land in England and Wales were, and still are, closely regulated, and available only to "commoners". If excessive use was made of common land, for example in overgrazing, a common would be "stinted", that is, a limit would be put on the number of animals each commoner was allowed to graze.

Following 1850, much of the common land was sold off for agricultural development. By 1900, only a small amount of common land remained; today, Prestwood Common on Nairdwood Lane is one of the only pieces of common land still present in the village. Some of the watering holes remained, in addition to wells which were used for drinking water until the pipe network reached Prestwood in the 1930s. As well as the Holy Trinity church, a Methodist church was constructed on the High Street and another on Bryrants Bottom.

By 1792 very little of Stonesfield's common land had been enclosed, and most of it was still worked by arable strip farming. By 1797 most of this had been enclosed and converted to pasture. Some common land remained in the parts of the parish closest to the village, but this was enclosed in a land award of 1804.

Seva Mandir develops water harvesting systems to increase the availability of water for agriculture and clean drinking water for communities. Furthermore, the organisation works on regenerating common land. The majority of the rural and tribal communities depend on the common land for their survival. More than 120 million trees have been planted in an effort to combat climate change.

Port Meadow is a large meadow of open common land beside the River Thames to the north and west of Oxford, England.

1 Common Land in England, Harrow Weald Common The Harrow Weald Common Conservators are now a Friends Group which manage the site.

Originally, the field was common land, as part of what up until the end of the 19th century was called Threap Moor.

Hayes Common, London Gardens Online Hayes Common is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons.

Woodchurch is situated adjacent to Arrowe Park. The housing estate is separated from the M53 motorway by a large piece of common land.

Ham Common is an area of common land in Ham, London. It is a conservation area in, and managed by, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It comprises , the second largest area of common land in the borough, smaller than Barnes Common. It is divided into two distinct habitats, grassland and woodland, separated by the A307, Upper Ham Road.

Enclosure of common land took place in 1761.Rushcliffe Retrieved 22 January 2016. Part of Hawksworth has been a conservation area since February 2010.

Badway Green is a piece of common land in the parish of Church Broughton in Derbyshire, England .Commons Registration Act. Reference 208/U/90. 1982.

Hungers Green is an area of Common Land in the Parish of Monk Soham. It runs from south to north from School Lane in Monk Soham to the boundary, with Bedfield Parish in the north. Its area is just under 2 hectares. Due to Hungers Green being Common Land, it is distinguished as "Access Land" under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW), passed in 2000.

The hamlet of Huxham Green is just off the A37, south of Shepton Mallet. It is notable for the large area of common land at its centre (comprising two adjoining registered commons). This is one of the few areas of common land in this part of Somerset and is thought to have once been a holding area for cattle herds being driven to the markets at Lydford-on-Fosse and Glastonbury. There is a public right of Freedom to roam over the common land by virtue of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, and several public footpaths extend across the surrounding countryside.

In 1873, of common land north of the town known as Portfield was enclosed and built upon and the town's population rapidly expanded.Taylor (1994) plate no.123.

In early 2008 this title, along with the common land and the Pantiles in Tunbridge Wells was purchased by TargetFollow, a property development company based in Norwich.

Sharp, p. 62 17,000 acres was to be left to be worked by those claiming common land rights. Riots ensued. In March 1631, the enclosures were destroyed.

The coastal Bahía Portete Park is richer in flora than the surrounding desert. Common land plants are the cactus Opuntia wentiana and the mangrove tree Avicennia germinans.

Barnes Common is common land in the south east of Barnes, London, England, adjoining Putney Lower Common to the east and bounded to the south by the Upper Richmond Road. Along with Barnes Green, it is one of the largest zones of common land in London with of protected commons. It is also a Local Nature Reserve. Facilities include a full-size football pitch and a nature trail.

There was extensive "common land" in the town, not owned by any individual. Some of the land in the town remains "common land" today, such as the town's magnificent five mile (8 km) long seashore along the Atlantic Ocean. In the case of Briggs Thomas v. Inhabitants of Marshfield, 13 Pickering 240 (1832), the Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the Marshfield seashore was a public highway and landing place.

Quarles raised rent for tenant farmers, purchased other sections of land and began to enclose the common land for farm animals. This upset many local people, who relied on the common land. A petition was taken to King James, who started an enquiry into the events, however the enquiry resulted in Quarles being given permission to enclose land in 1603. Enclosure of the land occurred across Cotesbach and beyond.

The Agricultural Labourer 1760–1832. Chapter III "Enclosure" Between 1770 and 1830 about of common land were enclosed. The common land had been used for centuries by the poor of the countryside to graze their animals and grow their own produce. This land was now divided up among the large local landowners, leaving the landless farmworkers solely dependent upon working for their richer neighbours for a cash wage.

It is still an area of common land, which is the northern section of the Nesscliffe Hill Country Park. Shropshire Council web page The Cliffe (posterstyle walkers' guide).

The Village Green and nearby properties are a Conservation Area. The Parish Council, through the Common Land and Village Green Acts, ensures the protection of the Village Green.

Today, Ashdown Forest's common land, to which the public have been given open access (subject to bye-laws administered by the Conservators), mainly consists of the land that was set aside in 1693. To it have been added some tracts of land more recently acquired by the Conservators. In addition, there have been small-scale changes in the geographical distribution of the common land, for example, after small compensating exchanges of land have taken place as a result of military requisitions. Reference to detailed large-scale maps held by the Board of Conservators is often required to determine whether a particular piece of land forms part of Ashdown Forest's common land or not.

The mere was common land until 1811; at that time Richard Fenton mentioned that it abounded in medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis), from which the villagers derived a considerable trade.

Date retrieved:14/8/2013 Oswestry Race Course was designated as a wildlife site in the 1999 Local Plan, and is officially registered as an area of common land.

Axborough lies within an area that was common land until Parliamentary inclosure in the late 18th century. A few houses exist along Axborough lane, but it is largely uninhabited.

Bransbury Common Bransbury common is a large stretch of common land between Bransbury and Newton Stacey. It is classified as a SSSI and a nature conservation area. It consists of broadleaved, mixed, and yew woodland, fenland, marshland, swamp, and has the river Dever joining the river Test. It consists of 392 acres of common land and disused water meadows embracing a remarkable range of grass and sedgeland that is probably unparalleled in southern England.

The few buildings in the area were the two farmhouses, at Hammonds Ridge (still standing as a residence) and one at Queen's Crescent, in the west of what is now Burgess Hill. Until the nineteenth century, however, the town was known as St John's Common, and much of what is now the town centre was common land used by the tenants of Clayton and Keymer manors for grazing and as a source of fuel. Buildings which supported the common land were the King's Head pub (now demolished), a blacksmith's forge, and several cottages. From the fourteenth century or earlier, the annual Midsummer Fair was held on this common land on 24 June, the feast of the birth of St John the Baptist.

The nearest settlement is Lower Kingswood, through which Mogador is accessed by road. Other nearby settlements include the hamlet of Margery, the villages of Kingswood, Tadworth and Walton-on-the-Hill, and the town of Reigate. The area surrounding the hamlet is a mixture of farmland and common land, with Colley Hill and Reigate Hill to the south and east being National Trust land. Other common land areas nearby include Walton Heath and the Buckland Hills.

Common land, i.e. those areas which had hitherto been shared by the community, was now transferred to the individual farms as freehold property based on their existing rights to the common land. On the basis of the Kingdom of Hanover's 1833 redemption law the obligations on farms under the manorial system were repealed. Farms to which the so-called manorial rights applied had been hitherto obliged to give numerous services and make frequent payments to the manor.

In 1810–11 Parliament passed an inclosure act for the remaining common land in the parish. The inclosure award was made in 1815. 69 High Street is a 15th-century cruck cottage.

The Green was known as the Hothe and used as common land and from the 15th to 17th centuries, a number of the buildings which provide The Green's historical character were built.

In 1810 1,025 acres of common land were enclosed as a result of the Inclosure Acts. The village was once a junction on local branches of the Great Western Railway, now dismantled.

In 2004, the island was subject to an unsuccessful appeal under Section 6(1) of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 against it appearing on a map of registered common land.

273Orcutt Vol. 1 p. 168 In 1670, the "three mile" or "woods division" was made. This divided common land located from the Stratford meeting house and included land up to away from it.

In 1965, the land surrounding the village was registered as common land under the Commons Registration Act, meaning the land cannot be developed without permission from the Secretary of State for the Environment.

Norwood Park represents the last evidence of the wooded common lands of medieval Norwood. The name Norwood derives from the ‘Great North Wood’ of Surrey, 1,400 acres of wooded lands, which in the 18th Century extended from Croydon to Camberwell. The Great North Wood was originally common land in the Manors of Croydon and Lambeth and most of it belonged to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The cultural heritage of the park is largely derived from its history as rural common land.

The map drawn up for Charles I by Nicholas Lane prior to the enclosure of Richmond Park in 1637 shows that the common land of Ham extended from its current area eastwards as far as Beverley Plains and Beverley Brook and the boundary with Roehampton. The northern part of Ham Common in this area was continuous with Petersham Common, which, in turn linked to the smaller Richmond and Mortlake commons. Of the total enclosed by the park, fell within Ham's boundaries and, of that, was common land, the rest being agricultural land in private ownership or already owned by the crown. Charles I paid compensation to the commoners of Ham for their loss and granted them a deed of gift of the remaining unenclosed common land for all time.

The interior is mainly farmland and common land. The population mainly resides in small villages and communities with some suburban development in eastern Gower; part of the Swansea Urban Area.Gower (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica.

Sonning Common is a village and civil parish in a relatively flat, former common land part of the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire, centred west south-west of Henley-on-Thames and north of Reading.

Brisley Green an area of registered common land, given to the Parish by the late Canon Dodson in 1993. An area of 58.64 hectares, it is one of the largest privately owned lowland grazing commons.

Major mentions Mitcham as one of several localities in which impromptu games were thriving on common land. The others were Chelsea, Kennington, Clapham, Walworth and the Weald.Major, p. 44. The Artillery Ground photographed in 2008.

Common land on Denbigh Moors The lordship of Denbigh remains in existence, with the Queen as its Lord of the Manor. As is the case with all crown land, the remaining lands of the lordship are vested in and managed by the Crown Estate. The Crown Estate in Denbighshire now comprises exclusively common land, together with the coastline, and includes areas of the lordship such as parts of the Denbigh Moors (known in Welsh as Mynydd Hiraethog). Additionally, there is a Lordship of Denbigh "Estray Court".

It strengthened the traditional social order because wealthy peasants obtained most of the former common land, while the rural proletariat was left without land; many left for the cities or America. Meanwhile, the division of the common land served as a buffer preserving social peace between nobles and peasants. In the east the serfs were emancipated but the Junker class maintained its large estates and monopolized political power. Around 1800 the Catholic monasteries, which had large land holdings, were nationalized and sold off by the government.

In 1400 Burgdorf acquired some neighboring land from Goetz von Hünenberg and later combined both into a single part of the bailiwick of Lotzwil. Around 1600, the village divided up the common land to make private land. Then, in 1616, a shared grazing agreement between Bleienbach and Wil was abolished. This loss of common grazing land hurt many farmers economically and throughout the 17th and 18th centuries they fought among themselves and against the village council for the use of the remaining common land.

The ridge is common land grazed by sheep, ponies and cattle.Brecon Beacons National Park website The ridge is often used for paragliding and hang gliding when the wind is from the east or east-north-east.

In 1693 the forest assumed its present-day shape when just over half its then was assigned for private enclosure and improvement, while the remainder, about , was set aside as common land. Much of the latter was distributed in a rather fragmentary way around the periphery of the forest close to existing settlements and smallholdings (see map). Many present-day references to Ashdown Forest, including those made by the conservators, treat the forest as synonymous and co-terminous with this residual common land; this can lead to confusion: according to one authority "when people speak of Ashdown Forest, they may mean either a whole district of heaths and woodland that includes many private estates to which there is no public access, or they may be talking of the [common land] where the public are free to roam".Christian (1967), p. 28.

An amount of land is common land, which refers to rights to the land which are in common. This land may be owned but the rights are still held in common, for example a right to roam.

The land is owned by Allendale Estates, the estate management company of the 4th Viscount Allendale. The majority of the site is common land under the designation "Allendale Common and land at Mohope Moor and Pinch Park".

Hackney Downs is a park and an area of historically common land in the Lower Clapton area of the London Borough of Hackney. The name is sometimes also used to apply to the neighbourhood around the park.

When the park was enclosed by Charles I in 1637, Ham parish lost the use of most of the affected land, over stretching towards Robin Hood Gate and Kingston Hill, almost half of which was common land. In return for this, a deed was struck which has effectively protected most of the remaining common land, Ham Common, to the present day. The enclosed land, whilst lost to agriculture, remained within Ham's administrative boundaries. The whole area was referred to as Ham cum Hatch, or Ham with Hatch, until late Victorian times.

Great Somerford has Britain's first allotments. Enclosure of common land, facilitated by the Inclosure Act 1773, greatly reduced the amount of land available for personal cultivation by the poor. Stephen Demainbray, rector 1799–1854 and a Chaplain to King George III, asked the King to spare part of his parish from the enclosures of 1809. A field of about in the south of the village on Dauntsey Road became the Free Gardens, in exchange for pieces of common land elsewhere; there was a second site of about 2 acres at Seagry Heath.

Centennial Parklands, comprising Centennial Park, Moore Park and Queens Park, are part of the Second Sydney Common. As the settlement of Sydney began to develop it became necessary to set aside common land on the outskirts of the town. On 5 October 1811 Governor Macquarie proclaimed the to the south of South Head Road as the Sydney Common, for use by the public. The common land contained a vital resource in the form of a constant supply of pure water due to the natural aquifers present in the Botany Sands system.

Wooded area in the nature reserve The first detailed survey of the common land and waste ground in and around Coventry was made in 1423. These areas have been important for centuries as common land for grazing animals. In the 18th century, when Coventry was much smaller than it is now, the eastern areas of Hearsall Common fell within Coventry's boundaries, while the western areas extended far beyond them. Hearsall Common,together with Coventry's other commons, Sowe, Whitley, Barras Heath and Radford, surrounded the city and constricted its growth.

The common land grants were laid out in a fashion so that each tract had a share of a run of water, woods, natural meadow, plains, swamp and ledge. The grants were often a quarter of a mile north to south and one mile in length east to west, about of land. Each freeman received division land according to his right or rank in the township, and many exchanged or sold their grant after receiving it. In spring of 1680, the town decided to lay out all undivided common land within of the meeting house.

The plaintiff claimed he not only had ownership of the fields he had bought, but also to the common land of the grant. The defendants argued that it would take community assent to grant the common land to one particular owner. In the two years following 1887, during which the court case Millhiser v. Padilla was under consideration to determine the outcome of Millhiser's suit, Anglo owners continued to build new fences to enclose large portions of grant land in amounts that ranged from 1,000 to more than .

The source of the Trellech stones may have been the nearby Beacon Hill where there are outcrops of a similar conglomerate. A fourth stone, on nearby common land, is believed to have been destroyed in the 18th century.

The village has a small area of common land at its centre, a village shop and post office and a small industrial estate. Sandleheath has a Sea Scout groupSandleheath Sea Scouts which has a hall in the village.

From 1955 to 1958, Paton was a member of the Royal Commission on common land. She died in Wolverhampton on 12 October 1976. Her husband John, who had held his parliamentary seat until 1964, died two months later.

The site is common land (open access). The Meadows lie next to the River Avon on the border between counties. Upham Meadow is managed for a hay crop. Summer Leasow has restricted common grazing rights and is pasture.

Their inclusion would mean that Assuwa included areas both north and south of Arzawa. However, the confederative structure of Assuwa may well have included states in two or more geographically separate, non-contiguous areas, which lacked a common land border.

The Green was originally ancient common land. It was bought by Camberwell Parish Vestry in the late 19th century to protect it from development. Camberwell Green is also the name of the London Borough of Southwark electoral ward around the Green.

A cross-border language or trans-border language is a language spoken by a population (an ethnic group or nation) that lives in a geographical area in two or several internationally recognized countries that have common land or maritime borders.

Although called "fences", these fence less boundary systems are more accurately termed electronic pet containment systems. Similar containment systems may be to contain livestock in circumstances where ordinary agricultural fencing is not convenient or legal, such as on British common land.

Obama ladislavii is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is one of the most common land planarians in human-disturbed environments in southern Brazil and is easily identifiable by the green color of its dorsum.

East Ella is a small suburb to the west of the Eastern England city of Kingston upon Hull. East Ella was an area of common land to the east of the nearby village of Anlaby and the west of Hull.

A commoner is anyone other than royalty or nobility. Common can also mean vulgar, as common taste; mean, as common thief; ordinary, as common folk; widespread, as in "common use"; or something for use by everyone, as in "common land".

Along the axis of the Dour, the land slopes gradually down towards the sea about distant. The common land areas above Kearsney Abbey provide a view of Dover and its castle, and much of the area consists of delicate chalk grassland.

This made the previously free tenants villeins. Tenants of Darnhall attempted to withdraw from paying the abbot in 1275 (only a year after the abbey's foundation), and continued to feud with Vale Royal's abbots over the next fifty years. The dispute was mainly caused by forestry rights; the new abbey was in the forest of Mondrem, which had been mostly common land until it was granted to the abbey. Keeping it common land would have prevented the monks from utilising it, so the abbey effectively received immunity from the foresting laws, and, say Bostock and Hogg, "almost certainly" over-reached itself regularly.

This reform was followed by the Gemeinheitsteilung whereby the common land was transferred into the freehold of individual farms, depending on their existing rights to common land. On the basis of the Kingdom of Hanover's 1833 redemption law the obligations on farms under the manorial system were repealed. Farms to which the so-called manorial rights applied had been hitherto obliged to give numerous services and make frequent payments to the manor. That was now repealed on payment of 25 times the annual dues and the land was then granted under freehold into the farmers' ownership.

The enclosure of the parish of Wraysbury was ordered by a private Enclosure Act of 1799 and was signed by the commissioners in 1803. The map of the village was redrawn by Thomas Bainbridge and shows the distribution of the lands in the following the enclosure. Immediately prior to this the common land of the village was owned by the Lord of the Manor of Wraysbury, at that time John Simon Harcourt, the church and the trustees of William Gyll Esq., although, as common land, they were subject to legal rights of pasture and grazing for copyholders and other tenants.

Page 32. He said there was "no evidence whatever to prove that the population is pressing on the soil. On the contrary, we find ample physical resources sufficient to support the entire population, and we also find evidence of human injustice, incapacity, and corruption sufficient to account for the poverty and misery that exist in these countries". Sutherland argued that "organised poverty" arose when in the sixteenth century "the greater part of the land, including common land belonging to the poor, had been seized by the rich" and the Parliamentary Acts for the enclosure of common land between 1714 and 1820.

Centennial Parklands, comprising Centennial Park, Moore Park and Queens Park, are part of the Second Sydney Common dedicated in 1811.Pearson et al, 1999 As the settlement of Sydney began to develop it became necessary to set aside common land on the outskirts of the town. On 5 October 1811 Governor Macquarie proclaimed the to the south of South Head Road as the Sydney Common, for use by the public. The common land contained a vital resource in the form of a constant supply of pure water due to the natural aquifers present in the Botany Sands system.

In 1783 Christ’s Hospital were forced to adjudicate in a land dispute between one William Morton, who tenanted unenclosed land that bordered common land belonging to the parish of Skellingthorpe, and the parishioners. Because the parishioners were in the habit of overstocking their common land – called ‘the common moor and deep fen’ - with livestock, it meant that Morton’s land was constantly invaded by wandering animals. When he attempted to impose an annual fee of four shillings per head, the people objected; therefore, Morton impounded 30 cattle that had strayed onto his land. We are told that Skellingthorpe residents were ‘immediately in arms, almost vowing vengeance for this declaration of hostilities.’ Christ’s judged that the four shillings fee was adequate, because the parishioners were deliberately overstocking their common land with animals. However, Morton was also penalised and forced to agree to no more than 60 head of his own cattle on his land, to ensure the parishioner’s animals could graze adequately.

Land for the town cemetery was set aside, as was common land and a parcel for a minister. This basic plan is still visible in the lot divisions of the town center, although most of the lots have been divided, halving their frontage.

The parish's open field system of farming was ended at a relatively early date. Early in the 17th century the lord of the manor wished to terminate all common land rights but the Souldern's freeholders opposed him and the case went to court.

In 1836, the people of St. Louis voted to sell the city's common land and to appropriate 10 percent of the proceeds from the sale toward the establishment of a public school district. From this sale about $15,000 was provided to the Board.

In April 1640, Henry was granted additional land that had formerly been common land. Starting in the 1640s, Samson began many years of public-service duties. He served on six juries between 1641 and 1663 and twelve petty juries between 1644 and 1670.

Walthamstow Marshes Walthamstow Marshes, is a 36.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Walthamstow in the London Borough of Waltham Forest.Natural England, Walthamstow Marshes citation It was once an area of lammas land – common land used for growing crops and grazing cattle.

Historically in Lancashire, it is an industrial area, with many industrial estates. The A57 (Eccles New Road) passes through Weaste, which lies close to the M602 motorway. Weaste is north of Salford Quays. The name is from Old French waste meaning "common land, waste".

The Enclosure Acts ended the system of open farming on common land. Such land was required to be fenced in and title-deeded. This allowed a number of farms to establish themselves in the Hedge End area during the late 18th and 19th centuries.

Nant Wallter Cottage St Fagans Cottage in the Montgomery Area 1813 (plural ) (one night house), is a traditional Welsh belief that if a person could build a house on common land in one night, that the land then belonged to them as a freehold.

Other enclosed land was kept as common land; formed Killingworth Moor. The commoners were the owners of land in Killingworth and Longbenton. Prior to enclosure Newcastle races were held on the moor from the early 17th century. Racing eventually transferred to Newcastle Town Moor.

The Hadeland area includes large stretches of woodland. Approximately 69% of Lunner is covered by forest. Nearly half of the wooded area in Lunner and Jevnaker is common land (almenning). The local forestry cooperative plays a key role in the economies of the two areas.

Smyth also bought the land which had been owned, until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, by Bath Abbey. He used the land to extend the deer park, bringing him into conflict with the residents of Whitchurch, who complained that he had used common land.

Hunsdon Mead is registered common land. Hunsdon Mead is located between the River Stort and the Stort Navigation. It is unimproved grassland which is subject to winter flooding. As a result of its location and traditional management it supports a number of uncommon plants.

A preserved ice house with steps is near the pond at Lipica Stud Farm. Rainwater was collected in cisterns. The preserved Sežana–Orlek cistern, built on common land (gmajna), has a diameter of about and is deep. A two-sided staircase leads into the cistern.

In 1986, the "Common Land Forum", comprising all the interests in common land, recommended that there should be a public right to walk on all commons, coupled with management of the land. (All commons have a landowner, ranging from a public body to a private individual.) The then government backed the forum’s proposals for legislation and promised to introduce such a law – but it broke the promise. More than a decade later, with the Open Spaces Society's help the right was won under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, to walk on all those commons which previously had no access, subject to certain restrictions.

A Backstugusittare ("hill cottage sitter") is a historical term of a certain category of the country side population in the history of Sweden. It referred to the inhabitants of a backstuga (hill cottage), who lived on common land or the land of someone else and did not engage in any farming. In contrast to the somewhat similar torpare, backstugusittare did not use any land and lived on the charity of the landowner or, if they lived on common land, on the charity of the village. They may grow some potatoes for their own use and have some smaller animals but normally only enough to eat themselves.

It strengthened the traditional social order because wealthy peasants obtained most of the former common land, while the rural proletariat was left without land; many left for the cities or America. Meanwhile, the division of the common land served as a buffer preserving social peace between nobles and peasants. East of the Elbe River, the Junker class maintained large estates and monopolized political power. In the Hapsburg monarchy, Jozef II issued the Serfdom Patent that abolished serfdom in the German speaking areas in 1781. In the Kingdom of Hungary, Jozef II issued a similar decree in 1785 after the Revolt of Horea in Transylvania.

The common land consist of grassland (wet, low-lying meadows), woodland, scrub and twelve ponds. The ponds are home to all three British species of newt, including the rare Great Crested Newt. The five largest ponds are man-made, formed for fish production in the 17th century.

Winter Island at the time of English settlement in the early 17th century was an island separated from the mainland, held as common land by the Proprietors and used as a fortification and for fishing activities.Perley, 1924 In 1643 Fort William was begun on the island.

He was a lecturer for the London Extension Society, as well as for University College, Bristol. In 1891 he was appointed professor at the University of Liverpool. His works on economics included Common Land and Inclosure (1912). He was made CBE in 1918 and KBE in 1921.

Countryside south-east of the village of Heaton, looking towards Gun South and east of the village was formerly common land. It was enclosed by Enclosures Acts in the 17th century, and later in the 1820s when a new road was laid out which bypassed the village.

Sheehy's beliefs led him into conflict with local Protestant leaders around Clonmel. He was arrested for sedition for his supposed involvement in the Whiteboy's destruction of a wall intended to close off common land near Clogheen. After a trial in Dublin he was acquitted.Cusack, Margaret Anne.

Beacon Bog is a small lowland raised bog with an area of with a peat depth of up to in the centre, and is also host to several scarce plants. It lies south-west of Carmarthen and is common land. The site was designated in 1973.

Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined with Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Iran. Turkmenistan has no common land or Caspian Sea border with Russia. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have disputes over water-sharing. Also, narcotics from Afghanistan pass through the country on their way to Russian and European markets.

They had feared the common land would be enclosed and townspeople would be denied grazing rights: the price had been raised by secret public subscription.Joan and Roger Hands (2004). Royalty to Commoners - Four Hundred years of the Box Moor Trust, pages 5 & 6\. pub. Alpine Press.

The land is where the Royal Albion Hotel now stands. It was in a sheltered, marshy area of common land. The red- brick, gabled structure was Brighton's largest house to date, and accommodated both patients and Russell himself. The rear opened directly out to the beach.

Buttermere and Ennerdale is a National Trust property located in the Lake District of Cumbria, England. The property comprises an area of of fell and common land, including the lakes of Buttermere, Crummock Water and Loweswater, seven farms and woodland, as well as access to Ennerdale Water.

The famous poet R. S. Thomas was curate here in the 1940s. The churchyard contains the war grave of a Manchester Regiment soldier of World War I. CWGC Casualty record. The word "green" in the name of the village indicates an area of grassy common land.

Map of Mitcham Common Mitcham Common is 182 hectares (460 acres) of common land situated in south London. It is predominantly in the London borough of Merton, with parts straddling the borders of Croydon and Sutton. It is designated a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation.

Little London is a hamlet consisting of approximately 70 houses located immediately east of the village of Oakley in Buckinghamshire and about northwest of the market town of Thame in neighbouring Oxfordshire. Little London Green is the largest area of common land in the parish of Oakley.

Bringsty Common is a scattered settlement and of common land in Herefordshire, England, spanning the A44. It lies close to the Worcestershire border and within of the town of Bromyard. The area falls within the civil parish of Whitbourne. There is a pub, the Live and Let Live.

In the late 1960s, following the enactment of the Commons Registration Act 1965, the Open Spaces Society worked hard to register common land and common rights, in the far-too-short three years allowed by the act. But still many commons were lost through failure to register them.

Common land was divided up by an enclosure Act obtained in 1798. By 1872, the village had a population of 174, living in 38 houses, and also had a post office, a chapel of ease, and a ferry. It was described as a township within the parish of Gedling.

Bill Clinton & Monica Lewinsky stamps of Abkhazia from the Stampdile website September 2012. Following Feigenbaum's death in 2007, the ownership of the common land on the island passed to his son, Jonathan."Quarry slate still put to good use" in Aberdeen Press & Journal, 22 September 2012. Retrieved from newsbank.

Church Broughton is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, to the west of Derby.Church Broughton at Genuki accessed 21 March 2009 It has a church (Saint Michael and All Angels) and a Methodist chapel (1828). Badway Green is a piece of common land within the parish.Commons Registration Act.

In June 2010 a public meeting was held at the village Community Centre to discuss proposals for a waste incinerator in Newport. Members of the "Stop Newport Incinerator Campaign (SNIC)" organsised the meeting to explain to residents the possible development on Bowleaze Common land south of Llanwern steelworks.

The name comes from Ceola's settlement. The parish of Chillington was part of the South Petherton Hundred. The manor passed in the mid 18th century to the Notley family who built the old manor house. Higher Chillington was built in the 18th century around common land around Chillington Common.

Map of Ashdown Forest, showing, in green, the distribution of its common land. The major private enclosures are shown with abbreviated blue text. Ashdown Forest is shaped, roughly speaking, like an inverted triangle, some from east to west and the same distance from north to south.Straker (1940), p. 121.

As far back as the 1740s Hurling was to be seen in Crumlin. The village was bordered by an area of “Common Land”. The most important game recorded at Crumlin Common was in 1748, between hurlers representing Leinster and Munster, a game which Leinster won by a late goal.

A parish office, Sawtry. Only larger parishes have these. War Memorial looked after by St Bees Parish Council Parish council office and hall, Selston A parish council community centre, Ackworth, West Yorkshire Samborne village green. Parish councils are quite often the custodians of common land and village greens.

Southfields Library The Southfields of Leicester, England consisted of common land south of the city, and now refers to the mostly-developed area immediately south of the city centre. It is one of three such large fields that survive as placenames, the others being the Highfields and the Northfields. The field remained as common land until 1804 when it was controversially enclosed by the Corporation of Leicester, setting aside a part of the field as 'Freemen's' common for the use of freemen of the city. The Southfields were then developed in the 19th century, although some large open spaces still exist in the area - particularly Victoria Park, the Welford Road Cemetery, and Nelson Mandela Park.

Geoffrey de Wirce has there two ploughs, and eight sokemen, > with two carucates and five oxgangs of this land; and thirteen villanes and > nine bordars with six ploughs, and eleven fisheries of five shillings, and > sixteen acres of meadow. Wood pasture one mile long and one mile broad.. > Value in King Edword's time £8 now £5. Tallaged at twenty shillings. > Domesday Online - Epworth A grant of the common land to the freeholders and other tenants, made by deed in 1360 by John de Mowbray, Lord of the Manor, gave privileges and freedoms over the use of common land, reed gathering, rights over fish and fowl and such wildlife as could be taken by the commoners for food.

The relative location of the municipal common land, is in the south hemisphere of the globe, to the south of the South American subcontinent, in the geographical centre – west of Argentina and of the province of Córdoba; to a distance of from Buenos Aires and from the city of Rosario As per the provincial laws No. 778 14 December 1878, Not. 927 20 October 1883, and Not. 1295 29 December 1893, the limits of the city of Córdoba are delineated in the northern part, South, East and West located to from San Martín Square which means that the common land has from side. The city, adjoins in the northern territory with Colón Department summarizing a total surface of 562.

The view is of Anglesey, Yr Eifl and by walking around you can reach common land called Comin Uwch Gwyrfai and Y Lon Wen. Nearby villages include Y Fron and Rhostryfan. Rhosgadfan is on the border of Snowdonia National Park. The nearest town is Caernarfon and the nearest city is Bangor.

Cornu aspersum (formerly Helix aspersa) – a common land snail Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species.

Freeman's Common is a 12.5 hectare area of land situated to the north of Bedford, in the parish of Ravensden. Over many years it has been the focus of local dispute as to whether the site should be developed. Despite the name, it is not in fact registered as common land.

The village has a primary school, a hotel and a large campsite in the river meadow of Sulby Claddagh. The village is dominated by the Sulby River, the Ballamanaugh farm estate, common land of the Claddagh and Cronk Sumark (Cronk = Hill), which includes the remains of an Iron Age fort.

The traditional Canton Cross common land now has Cardiff City FC's Cardiff City Stadium football ground and Cardiff International Sports Stadium built on it, with the last remnant of the medieval market represented only by Bessemer Road fruit market. In recent years many commercial car dealerships have moved into the area.

Built on the former common land of South Field, Westminster City Cemetery, Hanwell is an extramural cemetery run by Westminster City Council.City of Westminster Westminster Cemetery Service . In 1987 Shirley Porter's controlled Westminster City Council controversially sold to land developers for 15p.House of Commons Hansard Debates for 16 July 1990.

The Littletons went on to establish a park and coppice in the Hay. In 1675 the people of Penkridge and Bednall demanded that both be thrown open. The struggle was to continue until all common land in the Hay was finally enclosed in 1827. Enclosure was sometimes welcomed by all parties.

The Inclosure Acts, which use an old or formal spelling of the word now usually spelt "enclosure", cover enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land previously held in common. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual enclosure acts were passed, affecting .

Following the Protestant Reformation in 1555, the parish also included Etivaz until 1713. Under Bernese rule, the economy experienced a strong upswing. The common land was divided and sold before the end of the 16th century. The alpine pastures were leased to private cheese makers, who there produced Gruyère cheese.

Piddington and Wheeler End is a small civil parish within Wycombe District Council, Buckinghamshire, England. Within the parish are the main hamlets of Piddington and Wheeler End. The total voting population of the parish is 630. The parish council administers the common land in both villages including three popular allotment sites.

Land tenure owners, common land owners and farmworkers outside urban zones, may keep and carry, upon registration, one weapon of those already mentioned, or a .22 caliber rifle, or a shotgun of any caliber, except those of a barrel length shorter than 25 inches (635mm) and of caliber greater than 12 gauge (.

A clapgate (also clapyates) is a kind of gate which opened onto a waste or common land which allowed the animals going onto the common to push it open but which automatically shut so that they could not get out. This feature has given its name to a number of locations in England.

The Deserted Village condemns rural depopulation, the enclosure of common land, the creation of landscape gardens and the pursuit of excessive wealth.Bell 1944, pp. 474–9. In Goldsmith's vision, wealth does not necessarily bring either prosperity or happiness. Indeed, it can be dangerous to the maintenance of British liberties and displaces traditional community.

It had two candidates run in the 1931 general election, Arthur Rowland-Entwhistle at Burslem and Graham Peace himself at Hanley. Peace died in 1947, after which it was again renamed, as the Common Land Party.F. W. S. Craig, Minor Parties at British Parliamentary Elections, p.16 It was ultimately disbanded in 1954.

Access to the Folly Tower is via a field which is part of a working farm. Livestock is often present, not only in this field but on the common land surrounding the council car park. A barrier was erected in 2010 to protect the area to prevent campers and other visitors overstaying.

Lynch Street is the northern boundary of what was a long narrow strip of land in the Petit Prairie section of St. Louis common land named after William A. Lynch, who developed the area. The area was called Labadie and Lynch's Addition in 1856, and runs through Soulard, Benton Park, and Compton Hill.

A high proportion of the Brimham Rocks site is recognised common land, where local farmers may graze their livestock. National Trust wardens work the year round to maintain this site. The work includes maintaining visitor paths and roads, bird-recording, controlling bracken and silver birch, and removing litter and storm-damaged trees.

In South Australia, one of the states of Australia, there are many areas which are commonly known by regional names. Regions are areas that share similar characteristics. These characteristics may be natural such as the Murray River, the coastline, desert or mountains. Alternatively, the characteristics may be cultural, such as common land use.

The most common land vertebrate was the small herbivorous synapsid Lystrosaurus. Interpreted as a disaster taxon, Lystrosaurus had a wide range across Pangea. In the southern part of the supercontinent, it co-occurred with the non-mammalian cynodonts Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon, early relatives of mammals. First archosauriforms appeared, such as Erythrosuchus (Olenekian-Ladinian).

Plumstead Common was first mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 ("Plumstede"). The name refers to a place where plums grow. In the 19th century more and more common land was sold off to build houses for the growing workforce at Royal Arsenal. The arrival of the railways speeded up this process.

In Danish. Retrieved 20 February 2007. The Scanian Law manuscripts are collections of the customary law practiced in the land. They are records of existing legal codes that addressed issues such as heritage, property rights, use of common land, farming and fishing rights, marriage, murder, rape, vandalism and the role of different authorities.

The common is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation and an Area of Archaeological Significance with earthworks which are a listed structure. Two of the ponds are now used for fishing. The Friends of Keston Common work to conserve and protect it.Friends of Keston Common 21.5 hectares is registered Common Land.

He enclosed much common land, which is why the area towards the Norwich Road is known as Catt's Common. Much of the land in Smallburgh Catts was cultivated in the traditional strip system with a large area of common land to the south and west. The present streets of Union Road and Anchor Street are reputed to be part of a Roman Road leading to the Roman camp near Wayford Bridge. White’s Directory of 1845 states that Smallburgh had two shoemakers, blacksmith, surgeon, Jeremiah Hannant of the Crown Inn was a joiner and victualler, wheelwright, grocer, draper, school mistress and school, a shopkeeper, surgeon, another blacksmith and furrier, tailor, plumber and painter. White’s of 1864 indicates a still-thriving community, with many occupations represented in the village.

However, according to other opposing information later it was known that the date of creation was on 26 October 1861. This municipality was formed bu the union of the estates La Magdalena, San Blas, La Trinidad, La Caridad, part of the estates La Negra Vieja, San Pablo Tenamera, and the hamlet of San Juan Troncoso. The constitutional mayor and chief of Camasca district joined this population on 21 June 1843 who proceeded to create paths and milestones of the demarcation of the municipality of Magdalena. This municipality was separate from Camasca, and Magdalena municipality, which was lacking common land for its inhabitants to freely cultivate, requested the supreme government to hand over a part of Camasca municipality's common land to increase its territory.

Reported by Sir Walter Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel, Ch. 31: "The knave deer-stealers have an apt phrase, Non est inquirendum unde venit venison"; Henry Thoreau, and Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory, 1995:137, reporting William Gilpin, Remarks on Forest Scenery. However, the English nobility and land owners were in the long term extremely successful in enforcing the modern concept of property, expressed e.g. in the enclosures of common land and later in the Highland Clearances, which were both forced displacement of people from traditional land tenancies and erstwhile common land. The 19th century saw the rise of acts of legislation, such as the Night Poaching Act 1828 and Game Act 1831 in the United Kingdom, and various laws elsewhere.

The sea levels having risen and stabilised around 9,400 BC leaving L’Ancresse looking similar to the current day situation with the sea to the north and west. Part of a tidal island, originally separated from the rest of Guernsey by the Braye du Valle, a tidal way that could be crossed at low tide. L’Ancresse was the only part of the tidal island that did not form part of the Fief St Michel, the land granted to the Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel in the 10th century, it remained common land, belonging to the King. In the 1309 Assize Roll, a number of defendants were accused of encroaching upon the common land. The beaches at L’Ancresse comprise, Ladies Bay, Chouet, Jaonneuse, Pembroke and L’Ancresse.

Some Regosols are used for capital- intensive irrigated farming but the most common land use is low volume grazing. Regosols in mountain areas are best left under forest. Regosols occur in all climate zones without permafrost and at all elevations. Regosols are particularly common in arid areas, in the dry tropics and in mountain regions.

Batcock: Ruined and Disused Churches of Norfolk 1991 pp53-4 The south-east part of the parish was occupied by Docking Common, an extensive open-access area of grassy heath available as common land for the use of the poorer people of the village. This was on both sides of the present B1454 road.

The farmers in Študa held common land until 1882, when it was divided. Along with Spodnje Domžale, Stob, and Zgornje Domžale, Študa was amalgamated into Domžale in 1925, ending its existence as an independent settlement. A radio transmitter capable of broadcasting across Slovenia was set up in the meadow west of Študa in 1928.

Glenmore is a suburban development and country club Albemarle County, Virginia, just east of Charlottesville. It has a golf course, equestrian complex, swimming pool, tennis courts, and a clubhouse. The price of homes range from $500,000 to $2.5 million. The entire development is in size, broken up into 824 homesites, with maintained as common land.

This was a commitment to hold 'common counsel' before any taxation, hold courts at a fixed place, hold trials according to law or before an accused's peers, guarantee free movement of people for trade, and give back common land.Magna Carta 1215 clauses 12 (Parliament), 17 (court), 39 (fair trial), 41 (free movement), 47 (common land).

The southern extent is marked by the A12; although the industrial land around Hackney Wick Stadium was originally an extension of the marsh, it now forms a part of the Olympic Park for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Hackney Marsh is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons.

Total enclosure (of the common land) took place in phases: in 1843, 1844 and 1854, including of Johnson's Common and White's Common, once considered infertile land. Lowfield Heath was in the parish and was enclosed in 1846. Charlwood's cottage hospital opened in 1873 but was closed in 1911. Charlwood Boys' School was built in 1840.

On these poor, infertile soils have developed heathland, valley mires and damp woodland. These conditions have never favoured cultivation and have been a barrier to agricultural improvement. The forest predominantly consists of lowland heathland. Of the 2,472 ha of forest common land, 55% (1365 ha) is heathland while 40% (997 ha) is mixed woodland.

Then a large area of common land was divided up among the cultivators. Some time after this the open field system was abandoned and the land enclosed. Heathland was cleared and ploughed up: by 1748, even the Heath estate was half arable and had only 3% heathland.Victoria County History: Shropshire, volume 10, Badger, s.3.

Although privately owned (by the Church), it served for many years as unofficial common land, used for sheep grazing, dog walking and for a rough and ready village football pitch. A public footpath which forms part of The Viking Way runs through it. For several years it has been given over to crop growing.

St John's Church. Northfield Allotments are allotments in the Northfields district of Ealing. They are the oldest allotments in London, having been created from common land in 1832 as Ealing Dean Common Allotments. Originally, their area was over twenty acres but this has been reduced by encroachment, taking about 60% of the land for other developments.

In these villages, much of the cultivable land is apple orchards, and a large area is under the waste land (Ghasin, common land in the Himalayan region usually used for livestock grazing). In the higher belt, the major villages are Bamta itself along with Kashah, Thothia, Mamvi and Shangroli, major apple producing areas in the valley.

Betws (') is a small village and community on the River Amman, some 15 miles north of Swansea, Wales; it is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Betws and Ammanford, and the urban area of Ammanford. The nearby mountain, at the western end of the Black Mountain, is named after the village, and has a large area of common land.

The last mill, used as a shirt factory, closed in the early 1950s. William Wilberforce saw the poor conditions of the locals when he visited Cheddar in 1789. He inspired Hannah More in her work to improve the conditions of the Mendip miners and agricultural workers. In 1801, of common land were enclosed under the Inclosure Acts.

By 1861 Magnum Bonum Quarry employed over 60 people producing stone blocks for buildings and stone flagstones for railway station platforms. A hamlet of workers homes developed with a church and public house. Other quarries were Sans Pareil and Ne Plus Ultra. The nearest registered common land is Magnum Bonum, about half a mile south of the village.

Apartment conversion of the 19th century Caterham Barracks. Under Rev. James Legrew in the early 19th century the church tithes were commuted for £400, retaining a glebe of . In 1840 Caterham contained a total of 477 residents (figures taken from that census, compiled in an 1848 topographical encyclopedia) and in 1848 of its were common land.

In the 1970s, this process began to hasten. The two major problems associated with this is illegal settlements or squatting on common land and illegal logging. Both of these are most serious in San Salavador Cuauhtenco, where squatters who have been there for years demand regularization and services and enforcers of environmental laws are threatened by residents.

Stepney Green Park, looking north from the Stepney Way entrance Stepney Green Park is a 4.62 hectare park in Stepney, Tower Hamlets, London. It is a remnant of a larger area of common land. It was formerly known as Mile End Green. A Crossrail construction site occupies part of the green, with Stepney Green cavern below it.

Smith (2011). p. 493. Rights of way often form the subject of easements, but public rights of way take effect without the need for a covenant. As well as the public highway, rights over common land and open country are also granted to the public, now regulated by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

Among mammals, common predators are red fox, wolverines, wolves and lynx. Also common are forest mammals such as brown bear, and ungulates such as moose, sika deer, and caribou. The Shantar Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk are host to large colonies of seabirds. Common land birds include northern goshawk, Ural owl, Oriental cuckoo, and Eurasian treecreeper.

At this time, Brooksby consisted of the hall, the nearby Church of St Michael and All Angels, a small number of peasants' houses and a field system with common land. Over the next couple of hundred years, the village gradually became almost entirely depopulated. The Black Death of 1348–49 probably played a part,Blaxland, p.

105–106 However, the set prices were so unrealisitic that farmers stopped to sell their produce at the open market and the regulations had to be rescinded.Williams 1998 p. 68 The regime's agrarian policy, while giving landlords much freedom to enclose common land, also distinguished between different forms of enclosure. Landlords guilty of illegal enclosures were increasingly prosecuted.

Swain (1987), p. 85. This resulted in Sale's population more than tripling by the end of the 19th century.Nevell (1997), p. 87. The land in Sale Moor was the cheapest in the town because the soil was poor and difficult to cultivate, which was part of the reason the area was common land until the early 19th century.

Subsistence farming is the main activity of most of the villagers living in Jajouka. The main crops are olives, tillage of vegetables such as carrots, turnips, potatoes, and the raising of sheep, which are grazed out on common land. Poultry are raised by the women. In the summer shepherd boys bring the herds to the higher slopes.

By the early 19th century the cathedral as manorial owner owned the pick of the surrounding five tithings, the last three of which came to be villages: Crondall, Swanthorpe, and portions of Dippenhall, Church Crookham and Ewshot. This contrasted with lesser agricultural fertility land, much of which was common land and which was no longer connected with the manor.

The 1540s saw a crisis in agriculture in England. With the majority of the population depending on the land, this led to outbreaks of unrest across the country. Kett's rebellion in Norfolk was the most serious of these. The main grievance of the rioters was enclosure, the fencing of common land by landlords for their own use.

It survived because it was on common land until the enclosure of the commons of Harmondsworth parish, after which the fort's ramparts were fairly quickly ploughed out. It was excavated hurriedly in 1944: see timeline below. Inside its rampart 15 circular hut sites were found, and a large rectangular building which was probably a temple.Sherwood 2009, p.

The site has been heavily affected by coastal erosion—the local shoreline was retreating by a year during the 1990s—and only a few parts of the masonry and earthworks can still be seen in the 21st century.; The remains of the castle and the surrounding common land are protected under UK law as a scheduled monument.

Hayward, or "hedge warden", was an officer of an English parish dating from the Middle Ages in charge of fences and enclosures; also, a herdsman in charge of cattle and other animals grazing on common land. Their main job was to protect the crops of the village from livestock.Susa Young Gates (1918). Surname book and racial history.

The response of the inhabitants was to refuse to accept their allocation of common land, on the grounds that they had only agreed to them by "for fear and by terrible threats" and that their allocations did not compensate them for the loss of common rights.Large, p409. Ultimately 155 of them complained to the Court of Exchequer.Large, 410.

This act brought about the enclosure of land and removing the right of common land access. This began an internal mass movement of rural poor from the countryside into the cities. ;1775: The American Revolutionary War begins in the Thirteen Colonies, specifically in Massachusetts; all royal officials are expelled. ;1776: The Thirteen Colonies in North America declare their independence.

Uniquely for the Fylde Coast, Wrea Green, as described by its name, surrounds a large common land space at one side of which is a duck pond, known locally as 'The Dub'. Wrea Green has won "Lancashire's Best Kept Village" award 15 times - 1959, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010 and 2012.

Swansea Airport, Fairwood Common Fairwood Common is a large area of barely populated common land in the heart of the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. It forms part of the Gower Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Swansea Airport is located in the middle of the common. This was developed from the World War II airfield named RAF Fairwood Common.

This reflect directly the division of the Forest that was made in the late 17th century by Duchy of Lancaster commissioners who had been appointed to settle a long-standing dispute over rights of common on the Forest, which had culminated in a lawsuit against 133 commoners. In 1693 the commissioners allotted more than half the 13,991 acres of ancient forest exclusively for 'inclosure and improvement' by private interests, but reserved the remainder, 6,400 acres, as common land. Much of the latter was spread in fragments around the periphery of the Forest close to existing settlements. Although the Lord of the Manor still held the freehold of the common land, his rights to exploit it were very restricted; for example, only the commoners now had the right to graze livestock there.

Indeed, for most peasants, customs and traditions continued largely unchanged, including the old habits of deference to the nobles whose legal authority remained quite strong over the villagers. Although the peasants were no longer tied to the same land as serfs had been, the old paternalistic relationship in East Prussia lasted into the 20th century. The agrarian reforms in northwestern Germany in the era 1770–1870 were driven by progressive governments and local elites. They abolished feudal obligations and divided collectively owned common land into private parcels and thus created a more efficient market-oriented rural economy, which increased productivity and population growth and strengthened the traditional social order because wealthy peasants obtained most of the former common land, while the rural proletariat was left without land; many left for the cities or America.

Barnham Cross Common is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the southern outskirts of Thetford in Norfolk. It is owned by Thetford Town Council and is registered common land. It is also a Local Nature Reserve and a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 1. It is part of the Breckland Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area.

The settlement is on a minor crossroads, on the C road topping the northern escarpment between Thatcham and Theale above the Kennet valley and is centred east north-east of Newbury. Woodland with public access as common land and under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 occupies the land immediatedly west and south-west of the clustered centre, Bucklebury Common..

Langford Meadows Henlow Common and Langford Meadows is a Local Nature Reserve on the west side of the River Ivel in Langford. It is owned and managed by Central Bedfordshire Council. Henlow Common is common land. Despite being two miles north of Henlow, Henlow Common is now situated in Langford parish after an exchange of land in 1985 between the two parishes.

The area that is now South Hadley was originally common land held by the citizens of Hadley. This status ended with a division of land among the taxpayers in 1720, with settlement following soon afterward. Woodbridge Street was then the principal road between Hadley and Amherst, and was where a number of new homes were erected in the following years.

Though close to the busy centre of Witney, the Farm is surrounded by common land and pasture, giving it a remarkably rural feel. Though not geographically in the Cotswolds the buildings of the Farm and the older parts of Witney have many of the characteristics of a Cotswold settlement. It lies within the boundary of the ancient Royal Hunting Forest of Wychwood.

There are also various options to suit the circumstances of the farm which will provide capital grants for approved projects. The Glastir structure includes either the "All Wales Element" (AWE) or the "Common Land Element" (CLE). Within these, there are "Targeted Elements" (TE), selected agri-environmental schemes for farms and commons. An option for woodland management and creation is available to all participants.

John Bradshaw lived in the Tudor manor house in the 17th century. He presided at Charles I's trial. Under the Inclosure Act 1800 there were enclosed (privatised from common land or manorial land subjected to agrarian rights of others) of the Walton manors, which included holdings at Chertsey and of arable common fields. A School Board was formed in 1878.

It was recorded as Lytel-Stoke or Lulestock in the Domesday book, and rendered at one time as Little Stock or Little-stoke. Its name is said to have meant "the stoc [farm] of Lylla and his people". Lilstock was an ancient parish, part of the Williton and Freemanners Hundred. In 1811 of common land were enclosed as part of the Inclosure Acts.

The Congregational Chapel on Silk Mill Lane was founded in 1819.Silk Mill Lane Independent, Inglewhite at GENUKI The village smithy, which made ammunition boxes during the World War I, closed in 1992. The building opened as a café for several years but has now closed. The car park opposite the church was once common land complete with pond and ducking stool.

The large car park to the north of the High Street is the "fair field". This is a piece of common land set aside for the holding of an annual fair called Ffair Borth, a tradition dating back to 1691. It started as a horse fair, and livestock trading was carried out until the 1970s. It was also a hiring fair.

Under this system, there was control over cutting trees, encroaching on common land etc. But Post Independence, this system collapsed and the pasturelands came under the control of the village Panchayats. The Panchayats usually looked upon the village common lands as a source of income and did little to regulate use of the same. This led to malpractice and degradation of the pasturelands.

Farmers within the village bought and sold land from each other. The people who held little or no land but had been allowed to graze their animals on the common land were bought out by wealthier land owners, and then employed for labour. 388 acres were enclosed in 1775; the vicar, supplemented by Queen Anne's Bounty, held and the church had .

Clapham Common is a large triangular urban park in Clapham, south London. Originally common land for the parishes of Battersea and Clapham, it was converted to parkland under the terms of the Metropolitan Commons Act 1878. It is of green space, with three ponds and a Victorian bandstand. It is overlooked by large Georgian and Victorian mansions and nearby Clapham Old Town.

In 1810, the "Brecknockshire Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture" offered 39 premiums, amounting in money value to £179, and two gold medals, one value ten guineas and the other five guineas. Prizes were offered for the reclamation and fallowing of common land for wheat, and to the farm labourers and boys who drilled and hoed the greatest number of acres of turnips.

Some may confuse common property regimes with gift exchange systems. The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. The resources held in common can include everything from natural resources and common land to software.

A Criminal Injuries Compensation Board was also set up, which had paid out over £2 million to victims of criminal violence by 1968. The Commons Registration Act 1965 provided for the registration of all common land and village greens, whilst under the Countryside Act 1968, local authorities could provide facilities "for enjoyment of such lands to which the public has access".

Many villagers worked in cottage industries such as lace making, and a wheelwrights was also present in the village. Many of the villagers made use of the common land to graze animals; there were about 70 watering ponds. In addition, gorse was harvested for fuel. Beech trees made up the bulk of the woodland, and were used in the local furniture industry.

Burbage Wood is part of Burbage Common and Woods, an 85 hectare Local Nature Reserve.. The nature reserve is owned by Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council who manage it as a nature reserve and a public park.. The Common is unimproved heath-grassland and is historically common land. Such heathland was common in this area until land use changes in the 19th century.

Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Cemetery Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Cemetery, Hanwell is an extramural Victorian cemetery run by Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Cemetery Services It is situated on the north side of the Uxbridge Road on the former common land of East Field. On the grounds stands a disused chapel.

Chorleywood CommonChorleywood Urban District in 1971 was a small authority separated from Watford Rural District Chorleywood Common is of wooded common land. It is a County Heritage Site, with significant biodiversity. Since cattle grazing ended soon after the First World War, the land has been used for recreational purposes. Chorleywood Golf Club maintains a nine-hole golf course on the Common.

Before the building of an airfield, Greenham Common was a massive piece of common land. It was used for troop movements during the English Civil War and in the eighteen and nineteenth centuries. In late 1943, Greenham Common airfield was turned over to the USAAF Ninth Air Force. An American advance party soon arrived to ready the airfield for the incoming units.

Roughdown Common is a 3.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire. The planning authority is Dacorum Borough Council. The site is Common land, and it is owned by the Box Moor Trust having been officially brought by the trust in April 1886 from the Dean and Chapter of St Paul's. Joan and Roger Hands (2004).

Godmanchester Eastside Common is a 29.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Godmanchester in Cambridgeshire. The site is registered common land. There are two fields, with a disused railway line separating them. The habitats are calcareous loam and calcareous clay, both of which are unusual, and there are diverse grass species, such as crested hair- grass and meadow oat grass.

K. H. Rogers, ed., Early Trade Directories of Wiltshire (Wiltshire Record Society Volume 47, 1991), p. 148 Until 1805 a large area of common land called Yarnbrook Common stretched from Yarnbrook to the boundaries of Westbury, and after this was enclosed several terraces of small workmen's cottages were added to Yarnbrook. In 1874 a Baptist chapel was built to seat 120 people.

Mangar Bani, which was panchayat common land till 1970 was converted to private land in the 1980s, and in 2012 the union environment ministry put the Mangar Development plan on hold. Haryana chief minister Manohar Lal Khattar declared it a protected forest in 2015 with a 500-meter buffer zone.Mangar Bani forest: Preserve biodiversity to ensure ecological security, Hindustan Times, 18 June 2015.

Over time, plots of land in the manor were sold off for building, particularly in the early 19th century, though the heath remained mainly common land. The main part of the heath was acquired for the people by the Metropolitan Board of Works.Thompson, Hampstead, 130, 165, 195, 317-18, 329- 30; G.L.R.O., E/MW/H, old no. 27/15 (sales parts. 1875).

The region is characterized by Oregon white oak woodlands and ponderosa pine forests in the east and Douglas-fir and western hemlock forests in the west. Some grasslands also occur. Understory plants include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Oregon grape, hazel, and snowberry. Common land uses include forestry, recreation, grazing, rural residential development, orchards, and, in the valleys, grain and hay farming.

The tolls and duties of Kilcock Fairs were shared between the Wogans of Rathcoffey and the Eustaces of Castlemartin, Kilcullen, County Kildare. Kilcock had 70 acres (28 ha) of common land to which several inhabitants had a common right. There was also a Commons at Courtown (Bawnogue & Duncreevan) and Laragh Commons. The markets in Kilcock were probably the largest in North Kildare.

A scientific expedition to Matveyev Island in the reserve in 2015 counted over 600 walruses on the breeding grounds of the island. Common land mammals are the fox, and hare in thickets. Scientists on the reserve have recorded 26 species of mammals. Waterfowl and coastal birds are abundant during the summer seasons; over 125 species are known to use the site.

Brayford is a village and civil parish in Devon, England, situated about from South Molton and from Barnstaple. It lies on Exmoor and sits beneath open areas of common land. It is a small rural community and in the surrounding area are many farms. Brayford is around 1 mile from the hamlet of Charles and is also host to several quarries.

In England, during the 18th century, families would take their house cow, and other livestock, to graze on the local common land. In the 1770s, before common land began to be enclosed as private land, it was estimated that even a 'poor' house cow, 'providing a gallon of milk per day' was worth, in the milking season, 'half the equivalent of a labourer's annual wage' to a family. Writing for an American audience in 1905, Kate Saint Maur asserted: In 1910, during the United States' Presidency of William Howard Taft, Senator Isaac Stephenson had a house cow called 'Pauline Wayne', a Holstein Friesian, sent from his Wisconsin farm to the White House to provide fresh milk for the first family. After arrival she 'grazed contentedly upon the White House lot, oblivious to the general fuss being made'.

Codification of human rights is recent, but before the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. The Magna Carta 1215 bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed free movement for people, and preserved common land for everyone.Magna Carta 1215 clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). It implicitly supported what became the writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal.

Titterstone Clee is the third-highest hill in Shropshire, surpassed only by the nearby Brown Clee Hill () and Stiperstones (). Much of the higher part of the hill is common land, used for the grazing of sheep, air traffic control services and both working and disused quarries. The summit of Titterstone Clee is bleak, treeless and shaped by decades of quarrying. Many of the industrial structures still remain.

East Winch Common is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south- east of King's Lynn in Norfolk. It is common land and is managed by the Norfolk Wildlife Trust. This site is mainly wet acid heath on peat, and it is dominated by heather and cross-leaved heath. There are many wet hollows, which have diverse fen and mire flora, and areas of young woodland.

Around 30 workers' cottages encroached on the fringes of the moor before 1829. Land here was generally cheaper than that at Headingley Hill as it failed to attract the building of affluent villas. This brought about the building of smaller terraced housing around Moor Road and Cottage Road. In the mid 19th century, Far Headingley had begun to develop over what was largely unclaimed common land.

The oath of a communicant, for example, is declared to carry more weight than that of a non-Christian; and baptism and religious observance are also addressed. Significant attention is also paid to civil issues—more than in the contemporary Kentish laws.Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 124. One of the laws states that common land might be enclosed by several ceorls (the contemporary name for Saxon freemen).

Semley's farmland has long been mostly pasture. Its small amount of arable land was partly enclosed by the 14th century and mostly enclosed by the 16th century. Semley's pasture was mostly common land in the Middle Ages but about were enclosed between 1599 and 1769. Proposals to enclose the remaining of Semley's common pasture were defeated in 1813 and 1836 and they remained in common in 1985.

Ham was an agricultural community for centuries, with meadow and pasture land mostly along the river, and common grazing. The tithe map of 1842 showed a total area of , but when adjusted for the land in Richmond Park, were arable, meadow or pasture, was common land, and only woodland. The crops were mainly wheat, barley and oats. with some flax, potatoes, turnips and mangel wurzels.

The Ponderosa Tile Hill is a suburb in the west of Coventry, West Midlands, England. It is mostly residential and partly industrial, with some common land and wooded areas. Tile Hill railway station is located on the West Coast Main Line which links Coventry with London and Birmingham, and is situated at the southwestern border with the city's Canley district and the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull.

Charlton, p. 59 Marmontel changed the focus to deal with an issue of great contemporary relevance in Ancien Régime France, the question of peasants' traditional rights to use land. These rights included grazing on common land, collecting wood for fuel and gathering stubble after the harvest. French peasants' livelihoods were often so precarious that they were dependent on such rights to avoid complete destitution.

Although a sport most associated with Scotland, golf has a tradition in Wales stretching back to the late 19th century. The first recognised golf courses were constructed in Wales in the 1880s, though a short course was built in Pontnewydd in Cwmbran in 1875.Davies (2008) p. 325 Most of these early courses were built on coastal common land, including Tenby (1880), Borth and Ynyslas (1885).

Meanwhile, the division of the common land served as a buffer preserving social peace between nobles and peasants. In the east the serfs were emancipated but the Junker class maintained its large estates and monopolized political power. Around 1800 the Catholic monasteries, which had large land holdings, were nationalized and sold off by the government. In Bavaria they had controlled 56% of the land.

Gustardwood common Gustardwood common is an area of common land just north of the village of Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. The bulk of the common is now used by the Mid-Herts Golf Club, which was formed in 1892. The first 9-hole course on Gustardwood common was officially opened for play in February 1893. It is one of the earlier golf courses in England.

Since 1999, Faith in Place has worked with over 1,000 houses of worship throughout Illinois to protect our common land, water, and air. With outreach staff working across the state and offices located in Chicago, Lake County, and Central Illinois, Faith in Place inspires faithful people to care for the Earth through our four program areas: Energy & Climate Change, Sustainable Food & Land Use, Water Preservation, and Advocacy.

Hart Common was once one of the most rural and least populated hamlets which made up the township of Westhoughton. The area's name is taken from a prominent local family, the Harts. The Hart family owned a small estate, which adjoined common land. The first recorded mention of Hart Common as a place name was in 1541 during a court hearing involving the family.

Panorama of the first village green: at the junction of the B3001 and Thursley Road. North is to the centre. By the church is a smaller green. Hankley Common World War II battlements Elstead is surrounded by common land, including Royal Common, Ockley Common, Elstead Common and Hankley Common which is used by the British Army for training purposes and by others as a filming location.

Trees were planted along railway lines, roadsides, rivers and canal banks, in village common land, government wasteland, and panchayat land, and were to be planted in and around agricultural fields. Among the goals were to increase fuel availability in rural areas and to prevent soil erosion. This program was a failure due to the lack of governance, and management was delegated to the village panchayats (village councils).

Retrieved 2017-12-16.Other matches played on The Vine, Sevenoaks, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-12-16. The ground was not used for county matches by Kent County Cricket Club as it could not be enclosed due to its status as common land. The ground is the home venue of Sevenoaks Vine who play in the Kent Cricket League.The Vine, Sevenoaks, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-12-16.

In the Middle Ages, the land cleared was usually common land but after assarting the space became privately used. The process took several forms. Usually it was done by one farmer who hacked out a clearing from the woodland, leaving a hedged field. However, sometimes groups of individuals or even entire villages did the work and the results were divided into strips and shared among tenant farmers.

The Battle of Berkhamsted Common played an important part in the preservation of common land nationally. After 1604 the former Ashridge Priory became the home of the Edgerton family. In 1808-1814 Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, demolished the old priory, and built a stately home, Ashridge House. In 1848 the estate passed to the Earls Brownlow, a branch of the Egerton family.

He also served as Commissioner of Customs. Politically, Richmond aligned himself with the centralist faction, believing that the power of the provinces needed to be curtailed. Richmond also believed in the need to "reform" Māori institutions and culture, being particularly adamant about the need to eliminate the beastly communism of common land ownership. Richmond generally had a very low opinion of Māori, considering them to be savages.

Parker, 6–7. The riots in the Midlands were caused by hunger because of the enclosure of common land. For these reasons, R.B. Parker suggests "late 1608 ... to early 1609" as the likeliest date of composition, while Lee Bliss suggests composition by late 1608, and the first public performances in "late December 1609 or February 1610". Parker acknowledges that the evidence is "scanty ... and mostly inferential".

In the Middle Ages the area was known as Pig Hill because of the large number of piggeries in the area. The Domesday Book says that brickmaking was carried on in some fields on Pig Hill. Cattle breeding also flourished to some extent in the area. Pig Hill formed part of Latchmoor Common, an area of common land belonging to the parish for the common good.

The castle is now a wedding venue; part of the building is now a farmhouse and the venue owners' family home. Danby court leet, the all male, baronial court whose origins were as a manorial court, but whose functions are now restricted to the management of common land,The Northern Echo: Court leet seeks peace to work – (27 October 2000) regularly meets in the castle's courtroom.

The situation led to serious injury and deaths, including the loss of an eye by a Captain Wilks who had been employed by Frederick to command the guard and who was shot. This common land had also traditionally been the scene of an annual fair, called the Toft drift, lasting a week from 8 July and attracting visitors from nearby villages and from Boston.

Littleworth Common is a 16.1 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Farnham Common in Buckinghamshire. It is Common land owned by South Bucks District Council. The site was formerly open heathland, most of which has developed into birch and oak woodland. Some remnants of acid heathland survive, and marshy areas and two large ponds have uncommon communities, including the nationally rare starfruit.

Prince's Coverts is named after Prince (later King) Leopold I of Belgium, who lived at Claremont Park, Esher north- west, which remains linked by a bridleway across Arbrook Common and Farm which has two white-painted metal coal tax posts. The Claremont Estate was purchased for him in 1816. He later acquired nearby common land which became a shooting estate. This area became known as Prince's Coverts.

The commons contains public property and private property, over which people have certain traditional rights. When commonly held property is transformed into private property this process is called "enclosure" or "privatization". A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is called a commoner. There are a number of important aspects that can be used to describe true commons.

Malvern Chase In the United Kingdom a chase is a type of common land used for hunting to which there are no specifically designated officers and laws but instead reserved hunting rights for one or more persons. Similarly, a Royal Chase is a type of Crown Estate by the same description, but where certain rights are reserved for a member of the British Royal Family.

Stow-Cum-Quy Fen is a 29.9 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Lode in Cambridgeshire. Most of it is common land. The site is calcareous loam pasture, with diverse flora and open pools which have rare aquatic plants. Grassland herbs include purging flax and salad burnet, and there are aquatic plants such as unbranched bur-reed, mare's tail and bladderwort.

The town's water was pumped from the common land at Spout Hills to the water tower in Shirehall Plain. The tower was made from bricks, built in 1885 by Erpingham Rural Sanitary Authority and was high. It held 15,000 gallons of water and the water level inside the tank could be read from the ground. The tower was in use until 1955 and was demolished in 1957.

The Curragh of Kildare, also known as The Winter it is Past, is a folk song particularly associated with the Irish tradition. Elements of some versions of the song suggest that it dates from at least the mid 18th century. The Curragh of Kildare speaks of the actual Curragh, which is a large area of common land in Kildare, Ireland, used to rally the Irish Army.

The Curragh plain Sheep grazing on the Curragh plain The Curragh (, ) is a flat open plain of almost of common land in Newbridge, County Kildare. This area is well known for Irish horse breeding and training. The Irish National Stud is located on the edge of Kildare town, beside the famous Japanese Gardens. Also located here is Pollardstown Fen, the largest fen in Ireland.

Unusually, the village green to the south and west has been converted to a 9-hole common land course in 1907. It is one of the oldest golf clubs in Suffolk. Residents are entitled to membership of the local golf club, though are limited to using the holes on the village green and cannot use the clubhouse. The green is also a wildlife site.

Shawford Down is a Local Nature Reserve south of Winchester in Hampshire. It is owned by Hampshire County Council and managed by Hampshire Countryside Service. The down has strip lynchets, dating to the period in the Middle Ages when the area was cultivated as common land. The site has a range of chalk grassland habitats, with flora including wild parsnip, red bartsia, cowslip and common rock-rose.

The name Middlezoy meaning the middle stream island, derives from Sowi, the name of Glastonbury Abbey's major estate, sow, a British river name from a root meaning flowing. The extra i is derived from the Saxon ig for island. The parish of Middlezoy was part of the Whitley Hundred. In 1800 1,100 acres of common land were enclosed as a result of the Inclosure Acts.

Buckley has a large area of common land, known simply as 'The Common'. It has a large playground for children, as well as a duck pond. A funfair visits during the Buckley Jubilee in the summer, usually on the second Tuesday of July, which is the town jubilee. There is also a small lake, known as 'The Trap', which is stocked with coarse fish.

To the north-west of the village is Banstead Heath, a rolling plateau of open common land. This area is maintained by the Banstead Commons Conservators. Today Chipstead does not have a clearly defined village centre; instead there are several small areas of economic activity in a largely residential area. The village is home to many societies, some of which are linked to the church.

The island is a meadow lightly covered with trees with dense patches, shrubbery and reeds at each end. The former common land meadow is publicly open and Metropolitan Green Belt.Interactive Maps Surrey County Council. Accessed 2015-04-15 It is a long area of open riverside on the side of the river opposite the Thames Path -- from here the point of Sunbury Lock Island can be seen.

Despite opposition, the application was approved in 2013, and construction continued throughout 2014. The school opened in late 2014. The former common land site was located approximately 0.5 km to the south of Wood End, Hayes, immediately to the north of the canal. It was bounded by Dawley Road in the west, Botwell Common Road to the north, and Botwell Lane to the east.

There are eight separate units of assessment for this collection of woodlands which are in the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.Natural England SSSI information on The Hudnall units Part of the site definition is registered as Common Land. The Wye Valley is an important area in southern Britain for woodland conservation. The semi-natural woodland is plentiful, and continuous along the gorge.

The common of approximately two acres is bounded by Warwick Road, The Drive, Tewkesbury Terrace and Bounds Green Brook to the north of the A406 North Circular Road. Control of the common land passed to the London Borough of Haringey from the Municipal Borough of Wood Green in 1965. Other green areas of land include the Albert Road Recreation Ground and Golf Course Allotments.

He also acted as a government advisor - as vice-chairman of the Scott committee on land utilisation in rural areas (1941–2), as chief adviser on rural land utilisation in the Ministry of Agriculture (1942–55), developed the idea of land classification which was officially adopted for planning purposes and was a member of the Royal Commission on Common Land (1955–8). He retired in 1958.

In Scotland, a form of commutation of teinds applied from 1633. A full reform was carried out in the 1930s. Commutation of tithes occurred in England before the 19th century major reform, since it was an aspect of enclosure, a legal process under which rights to common land were modified by act of parliament. An estimate places 60% of enclosure acts as involving tithe commutation.

Weohstan is first mentioned in Beowulf at line 2602. We learn that he had held an estate and rights in common land in Geatland, which Beowulf gave to him.Lines 2606-8. When the Scylfing prince Eanmund rebelled against his uncle, Onela, the king of Sweden, Weohstan fought in the service of Onela and killed Eanmund in battle; for this Onela gave Weohstan Eanmund's sword and armor.

Shepperton enjoyed rights in the common land to the north, and given the importance of grazing to prosperity, the safe point at which sheep crossed to be herded to that village would have been considered holy; as too any Thames crossing. Insufficient archaeology has been unearthed to conclude which crossing point, if either, is of European Dark Age (or earlier, Roman Britain or purely Celtic Britain) date.

The idea was to enclose of common land which were sufficiently dry to be usable for agriculture, while the rest of the common land was boggy, and was to be used as a common turbary. The freeholders and copyholders would be granted rights to around two-thirds of the land, with Thomas Sandford and John, Lord Gower receiving most of the rest, and being granted to the parson in recognition of his conducting services in Whixall Chapel. In order to lay out the enclosures, six surveyors and mathematicians were employed, but the enterprise was opposed by 23 commoners, who proceeded to destroy existing fencing and prevented new fencing from being erected. The powers contained in the Statute of Merton were totally inadequate for such a situation, and a decree from the High Court of Chancery was obtained on 30 January 1710, to enable further progress to be made.

Cripley Meadow lies between the Castle Mill Stream, a backwater of the River Thames, and the Cotswold Line railway to the east, and Fiddler's Island, on the main branch of the Thames to the west, in Oxford, England. It is to the south of the better known Port Meadow, a large meadow of common land. To the south is Sheepwash Channel which connects the Oxford Canal with the River Thames.

There are several important archaeological sites on the common, including Bronze Age tumuli. In 793 AD land at Stanmore was given by the King of Mercia to St Albans Abbey, which held it until the Norman Conquest. Following an Enclosure Act in 1813 much of the land was lost to private ownership, but about 120 acres of Stanmore Common remained common land, held by Harrow Urban District Council.

Boughton Fen is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Downham Market in Norfolk. it is common land registered to Boughton Parish Council. This valley in a tributary of the River Wissey is covered by tall fen over most of the site, together with areas of scrub which provide a habitat for breeding birds. There are many uncommon species of moths, including the rare Perizoma sagittaria.

Laurel Farm Pond, Totteridge Green Totteridge Green is a five hectareMill Hill East Environmental Statement Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II, in Totteridge in the London Borough of Barnet. It is also registered common land. The nature reserve is the land on both sides of the road, Totteridge Green. A typical English village green, it comprises open grassland, small pockets of scrubby woodland and a pond.

There have been at least 70 communities established in England and Wales, many of which still exist. They were temporary "homes" for the long distance drovers, moving their cattle to London, and the great fairs and markets of England. Tadley was on the route to the fairs of Blackbush, Farnham, Croydon and Kingston, and London's Smithfield market. The sites were established on common land away from other communities.

Martin was born at Dartford in Kent in 1861 to William and Ann Martin. His father and grandfathers worked in the ironworking industry. He was one of eight children and as a boy played cricket on Dartford Brent, an area of common land close to the town, and went on to play club cricket in the local area.Fred ‘Nutty’ Martin – An Underrated Great, Kent Cricket Heritage Trust, 2018-10-11.

Tythegston is located in the southern part of Bridgend in South Wales, west of Bridgend, its nearest town and lies to the north side of the A4106 road. The village covers an area of , of which are of common land or waste. By road Tythegston is situated southwest of Swansea and west of the capital city Cardiff. The landscape is dominated by farms and woodland such as Tythegston Church.

The entire hill is registered common land and hence freely available to walkers as access land. It is approached by minor cul-de-sac roads from east and west and a public footpath runs north-south across it. The Beacons Way which starts at the nearby village of Bethlehem runs west-east over the hill en route for the Black Mountain (Y Mynydd Du) and eventually Ysgyryd Fawr near Abergavenny.

During the 19th century there was a local tradition that Merlin had prophesied that when Llyn Farch dried up, the town of Carmarthen would sink.'A Short History of the Parish of Nantcwnlle' By Rev. Evan Edwardes, published by 'Cambrian News' Aberystwyth, Ltd., 1930 Up until the mid 19th century much of the area around Penuwch was still unenclosed common land and many Tai Unnos (One night houses) were built.

Canute issued edicts arrogating to himself the ownership of common land, the right to the goods from shipwrecks, and the right to inherit the possessions of foreigners and kinless folk. He also issued laws to protect freed thralls as well as foreign clerics and merchants. These policies led to discontent among his subjects, who were unaccustomed to a king claiming such powers and interfering in their daily lives.

Hedleyhope Fell is a nature reserve to the north-east of Tow Law, County Durham, England. The reserve is managed by Durham Wildlife Trust and consists of some of mainly mid-altitude heathland. It occupies the steep slope on the right bank of Hedleyhope Burn, between the stream and the B6301 Tow Law- Cornsay Colliery road. The reserve is common land and forms part of Hedleyhope Fell and Cornsay Common.

An Ashdown Forest commoner today is a person who enjoys a specific right of common over the registered common land of the Forest. These rights of common are attached to land registered under the Commons Registration Act 1965. The rights are not attached to people or houses. To become a commoner a person must acquire commonable land; conversely, a person selling a commonable property ceases to be a commoner.

A Hay Lot marker stone as found in the North Meadow, Cricklade, United Kingdom. A Hay Lot is a portion of common land used for haymaking and assigned by lot or allotment. Traditionally a marker, usually of stone, was used in early agriculture to mark the position of an individual hay lot within a hay meadow. The marker stone would typically bear the initials of the lot-holder.

There are several areas of common land within the parish, including Crostwight Common and Honing Common. The Weavers' Way long distance footpath runs across the south east corner of the parish along the old track bed of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway that ran between North Walsham and Stalham. The Weavers Way runs for between Cromer and Great Yarmouth. The village sign depicts a labourer honing his scythe.

The scientific name is from Latin. Larus appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and canus is "grey". The name "common gull" was coined by Thomas Pennant in 1768 because he considered it the most numerous of its genus. Others assert that the name does not indicate its abundance, but that during the winter it feeds on common land, short pasture used for grazing.

Cannon Hill Common is not common land. It was but part of the former extensive holdings of Merton Priory, founded in the 12th century and later part of Cannon Hill Estate. The land was farmed for many centuries until Cannon Hill House was built, probably shortly after 1762. The ornamental lake was created in the 18th century and is a remnant of the former landscaped grounds of Cannon Hill House.

FALCON LODGE HOUSE with Annie Smith standing in the doorway The estate takes its name from the house built on newly enclosed common land in 1820. In 1852 the estate comprised some of meadow, pasture and arable land. In 1937 the Sutton Coldfield Corporation acquired the house and land for £39,500 for the provision of local authority housing. The resultant Falcon Lodge Estate was built between 1948 and 1956.

This area forms most of the ward of Sunbury East.2001 Census — By Ward Common land for all of the riverside villagers to make use of was to the north for all three parishes from Hampton to Shepperton. This area forms the wards of Sunbury Common and Ashford Common. Robert's son William inherited most of his land and was attainted of treason and all his lands were forfeited to the Crown.

By the beginning of 1968, Klaus Erhardt owned most of the buildings in Bardou as well as 110 acres of the surrounding land. An additional 190 acres were “Mazade”—common land that was cultivated collaboratively by all inhabitants. Over the next few years, the new owners excavated and restored the buildings and roads of Bardou. After the first few houses were inhabitable guests began to arrive and spent their holidays there.

Spadra was the first county seat of Johnson County, convenient to steamboat lines. However when stagecoach and train transportation became more common, land routes from Little Rock to Fort Smith were directed along higher elevations through Clarksville. As Clarksville grew, it became the de facto location for the county seat circa 1833,The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture: Floods, accessed January 2019. probably due to severe flooding at Spadra.

The Court further ruled that the Marshfield seashore, including extensive beach dunes, had been set aside for use as a common for hundreds of years. In connection with that litigation, it was determined that the owner of the farm along some of the beach, Major Briggs Thomas, did not own the beautiful Rexhame Beach, as he claimed, and that Rexhame Beach was part of the common land of the town.

It was once an area of common land where people had the right to graze their animals. Turnpike Lane is a busy cosmopolitan shopping street and an important traffic thoroughfare. Speciality shops remain open until late at night, and there are a number of restaurants. The name Turnpike Lane is also used to refer more generally to the area at the southern end of Wood Green High Road and its surroundings.

Trodds Copse and surrounding land has been well documented since the late 16th century. The whole site was enclosed from common land prior to 1588 and woodland boundary banks can be clearly discerned. Some areas were managed as wood pasture but by the early 19th century this practice had ceased, the land being converted to pasture or coppice woodland. The site is threatened by the north-westerly expansion of Chandler's Ford.

Other sites were considered, including one at Hanging Wood, near Woolwich, but all proved unsatisfactory.Semple 1993, pp. 194–7. Eventually Bentham turned to a site at Tothill Fields, near Westminster. Although this was common land, with no landowner, there were a number of parties with interests in it, including Earl Grosvenor, who owned a house on an adjacent site and objected to the idea of a prison overlooking it.

Since the 14th century Bergen was recorded as having a vogtei's office, the lowest level of administration and justice, which was presided over by a ducal vogt. From the 15th century the administrative post in Sülze was subordinated to it and was responsible for the parish of Sülze. Matters of importance that only affected Sülze were discussed and decided by the Realgemeinde, i.e. the farm owners who had common land rights.

Since the 14th century Winsen was recorded as having a vogtei's office, the lowest level of administration and justice, which was presided over by a ducal vogt. Matters of importance that only affected Hassel were discussed and decided by the Realgemeinde, i.e. the farm owners who had common land rights. The political reforms of the 19th century brought about a fundamental change from which the political municipality of Sülze arose.

The name Spaunton derives from Old Norse and means a farmstead or settlement which had shingle roofs. Spaunton is still the setting for a Court Leet. The court meets annually in October an decides on matters of encroachment onto the common land in the village and hands down fines to offenders. The full title of the court is the Manor of Spaunton Court Leet and Court Baron with View of Frankpledge.

Stoke Common is an 83.1 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire. It is registered common land, and it is owned by a charitable trust, with the City of London Corporation as the main funder and trustee. The site is a last remnant of a large heath, and is on glacial gravel over London clay, with some parts permanently waterlogged. Periodic burning helps to manage the land.

Otherwise, they would be out of work for the week. The dowry of lands to the common (creation of the Chilapa common land) was in the year 1936 due to efforts led by the farmers Ramon Lara, Luciano Cobarrubias Luna y Miguel López Ocegueda. During President's Lázaro Cárdenas del Río term, a resolution was signed to give land to 120 common farmers. The Hacienda's Main house was built between 1900 - 1904.

This phenomenon is known from the early 1600s and was disliked by the government seeing it as a way to evade taxes. The house may have been owned by the head of the family living there, but taxes were the responsibility of the land owner. Such cottages were typically raised on land useless for farming. Also the common land of the village, or that of the parish, were usual spots.

Reverend Samuel Orcutt, A History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1886, Vol. 1 page 167 Before 1661, people were free to take up planting grounds anywhere within the township. The common land in Nichols Farms was divided and granted to individuals beginning in 1670 as a part of the three-mile or woods division and continued up to 1800.Orcut (1886), History, Vol.

From the 14th century Bergen was recorded as having a vogtei's office, the lowest level of administration and justice, which was presided over by a ducal vogt. Matters of importance that only affected Becklingen were discussed and decided by the Realgemeinde, i.e. the farm owners who had common land rights. The political reforms of the 19th century brought about a fundamental change from which the political municipality of Sülze arose.

The village borders, in the north from west to east, Wreningham, Bracon Ash and Newton Flotman. In the south, it borders Hapton and Tasburgh. The village contains, amongst other things, protected common land on which can be found a spring and rare plants Flordon Hall is also in the vicinity. Until 1920, Flordon had a mill on the river Tas It also had a station on the Great Eastern Main Line.

In the Mediaeval era Turves Green was considered good grazing, the name originally meant, "turf green" which meant Common land and the land was probably enclosed during the late 1850s. The land remained agricultural till Austin Village was built there during World War I for workers producing munitions in a Longbridge factory. Between the world wars council houses with gardens were built bordering Turves Green mostly on the West Heath side.

The map also shows that Sale was spread out, mainly consisting of farmhouses around Dane Road, Fairy Lane, and Old Hall Road. Sale absorbed Cross Street as it expanded. About of "wasteland" known as Sale Moor was enclosed in 1807, to be divided between the landowners in Sale. This was part of a nationwide initiative to begin cultivation of common land to lessen the food shortage caused by the Napoleonic Wars.

Wymondham Market Cross in September 2017 Wymondham Abbey was dissolved in 1538. Elisha Ferrers, the last Abbot, became Vicar of Wymondham, and the remaining church buildings remained in use as the parish church. Robert Kett led a rebellion in 1549 of peasants and small farmers against enclosure of common land. His force of almost unarmed men held the city of Norwich for six weeks until defeated by the King's forces.

When operational, they moved vertically in iron frames, and were counterbalanced by weights. A barge lock connects the terminal basin (Bancroft BasinFormerly the Bank Croft, a piece of common land by the river used as pasture: ) with the River Avon. Earlswood Lakes in Earlswood are feeder reservoirs to the canal. The three lakes were built between 1821 and 1822 and have a total capacity of 210 million gallons (950 megalitres (Ml)).

Farncombe, historically Fernecome, is a village and peripheral settlement of Godalming in Waverley, Surrey, England and is approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) north-east of the Godalming centre, separated by common land known as the Lammas Lands. The village of Compton lies to the northwest and Bramley to the east; whilst Charterhouse School is to the west. Loseley Park, in the hamlet of Littleton, lies to the north of the village.

To the east is Victoria Avenue and beyond that Midsummer Common, common land that is still used for grazing. Victoria Avenue crosses the Cam at Victoria Bridge, connecting to Chesterton Road, at the northeastern corner of Jesus Green. Jesus Green was separated from Midsummer Common in 1890 when Victoria Avenue was built. Jesus Green has since become a park and is no longer maintained in a state suitable for grazing.

Surrounded by sheep-grazed common land, it is part of a national nature reserve. Visitors come on foot from the north or on bridleways from the south. Remote and peaceful, Llyn Eiddwen National Nature Reserve lies in the gentle slopes of Mynydd Bach, to the north west of Tregaron town in Ceredigion. The wet and quiet nature of its habitats suits shy creatures such as water voles and otters.

What was new was that the peasant could now sell his land, enabling him to move to the city, or buy up the land of his neighbors. The land reforms in northwestern Germany were driven by progressive governments and local elites. They abolished feudal obligations and divided collectively owned common land into private parcels and thus created a more efficient market-oriented rural economy. It produced increased productivity and population growth.

No trace can be found of use as common land but only as minimal fertility land exploited by its manorial owners (manorial waste) and mainly for small-scale mineral extraction. Main freeholds (excluding many roads) vest in the Earl of Dartmouth and, as to that part that was the Royal Manor of Greenwich, the Crown Estate. The heath's chief natural resource is gravel, and the freeholders retain rights over its extraction.

Bougler G S rev. Anita McConnell (2004) ODNB Sole, William (1741-1802) 19th-century Baptist chapelAn Enclosure Act is a parliamentary authority to fence-off common land, thus making that land private property, while awarding commoners land in compensation. Inclosure is the name given to the parliamentary statute thus created.OED (2010) Enclosure The enclosure process began in the 13th century and was supported by Acts of Parliament from 1640.

The road is now the A4095. Enslow Hill, now the site of a quarry, is thought to have been identical with the Spelleburge (Old English for "Speech Hill") recorded as a traditional meeting-place for Ploughley hundred in Anglo-Saxon times. The hill was the site of the unsuccessful Oxfordshire Rising of 1596 over enclosures of common land. The quarry is now the site of a Cable & Wireless Communications ground station.

Historically, Canford Heath was part of the Canford Estate; in the Domesday Book, the manor of Cheneford was held by Edward of Salisbury. Canford Heath was common land. In 1810, it was subdivided among Poole's Proprietors, in response to the 1805 Enclosure Act, which "enabled the enclosure of over 9000 acres of ‘Common Meadows, Heaths, Waste Lands and Commonable Grounds’". In the early 20th century, Canford Heath had many different uses.

Its core is made from the local sandstone, Bargate stone from the nearby Greensand Ridge, which is found close to the town. Also found around the church is the old Lammas, or 'common', land. The church is set on the town centre thoroughfare, Church Street, in the urban part of the market town that doubles as a commuter and retirement town and is a Grade I-listed building.

There are also a number of public houses. Near Bourne End, across the River Thames, is Cock Marsh, an area of common land and floodplain owned by the National Trust. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and includes a prehistoric burial mound. Cock Marsh is accessible via the footbridge attached to the railway bridge over the river, and footpaths continue to Cookham, Cookham Dean and beyond.

Pond at the Old Hills The Old Hills are an area of common land in Worcestershire, England. They are located around two miles to the east of Great Malvern and about a mile west of the River Severn near the village of Callow End. They reach a height of 65 metres (considerably lower than the nearby Malvern Hills) but are popular with walkers for their views towards Malvern.

They filled up newly made ponds and ditches, and destroyed a plantation of ash trees. They were angry at Sir John because his new ditches had been built on land they claimed to belong to them as common land. The Privy Council of Scotland ordered them to rebuild the dykes. In 2017 The Community Council was granted the Letters Patent to the Crail Shield and Coat of Arms.

Luffenham Heath is an 18-hole golf course near South Luffenham in Rutland, England. Designed by Harry Colt, it began under the patronage of the Earl of Ancaster who had exchanged fields in South Luffenham for common land on the heath. The opening event in 1911, witnessed by over a thousand spectators, was an exhibition match between James Braid and Harry Vardon. The club initially attracted an aristocratic membership.

Bromyard Downs is an area of registered common land, and a scattered settlement, just outside the town of Bromyard in Herefordshire, England. The 114 hectares of downs rise to over 700 ft where a plateau dominates the escarpment overlooking the town. The downs are a combination of gorse and grassland, wood and coppice. there were 88 registered commoners, some of whom with livestock grazing rights under the Commons Act 2006.

The heath sits astride a sandy ridge that rests on a band of London clay. It runs from east to west, its highest point being . As the sand was easily penetrated by rainwater which was then held by the clay, a landscape of swampy hollows, springs and man-made excavations was created. Hampstead Heath contains the largest single area of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons.

It is thought to have been an undefended Iron Age enclosure to protect animals from predators. In medieval times, the area was common land, and local peasants were permitted to graze their sheep on the meadow between Lammas and Lady Day. In the 17th and 18th centuries the meadows were dug for earth to make bricks. Arbury was historically part of the parish of Chesterton and the parish of Impington.

Under the First Wilson ministry's Commons Registration Act 1965 (CRA), a task and duty was given to top level local authorities to log and register all Common Land within England & Wales to ensure continued protection for public benefit and to mitigate the effects of 19th century inclosure resulting in perennial court claims of ownership by the aristocracy and other landowners to pieces of common land, even where used as such by the common people of a parish. The common was registered with registration number is CL 121 at Surrey County Council. Under the CRA section 9, having unclear ownership, most of which was possessed in common by its users, the land became subject to the protection of the local authority (Woking Borough Council).Commons Registration Act Decision Letter dated 18 October 1997 - Association of Commons Registration AuthoritiesPlanning Inspectorate Decision Notice providing evidence of Registration Number - Uk Government website There are no pinpointed common rights such as taking of grass, berries or grazing recorded in the official register.

The Royal Grammar School in Guildford where John Derrick was a pupil when he and his friends played creckett circa 1550. The earliest definite reference to cricket being played anywhere in England (and hence anywhere in the world) is in evidence given at a 1597 legal case, concerning ownership of a parcel of land, which confirms that it was played on common land in Guildford, Surrey, around 1550. The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, equating to 27 January 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar fifty years earlier at the Free School of Guildford, "hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play [on the common land] at creckett and other plaies", confirming that the sport was played there by schoolboys c.1550. It is perhaps significant that cricket is the only one of the plaies to be specifically named.

In 1892, there was an attempt to reduce Wolvercote Common by a small amount on its southern boundary. This caused a violent incident that became known as the Battle of Wolvercote. The Wolvercote Commoners' Committee was established in 1929 to manage the common land and to preserve other amenities in the village. Along with Port Meadow and Wolvercote Green, Wolvercote Common has been a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since 1955.

This extinguished all common land rights in Merton and assigned most of the land to Sir Edward. In 1814 one of the earliest National Schools to be established under the auspices of the National Society for Promoting Religious Education was opened in Merton. A new stone-built school building, complete with lodging for the matron, was completed in 1829. Ownership and management of the school were transferred to the vicar and churchwardens in 1870.

By the 18th century most of the common land had been enclosed forming landed estates and tenant farms where mixed farming was practised. Corn was ground into flour at local water mills – Finch Mill on the Calico Brook and Standish Mill on Mill Brook and skills associated with agriculture developed – smithies, wheelwrights and so on. Handloom weaving and basket making were also undertaken together with primitive coal mining in the Elnup Woods area.

Pishill Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Nettlebed in Oxfordshire. These semi-natural woods have a rich ground flora, including 35 species associated with ancient woodland. The southern part is dominated by beech and oak coppice, whereas the north, which has been managed as high forest, has mainly mature beech trees, with smaller numbers of oak, ash, cherry, whitebeam, yew and wych elm. The southern part is common land.

Castle Leazes is a piece of common land in Newcastle upon Tyne. It is situated in an area which separates Leazes Park and Spital Tongues. It has been in common ownership for over 700 years. This area of land has been considered as a possible site for a replacement stadium by Newcastle United football club, particularly in the mid-1990s when a 55,000 seater stadium was planned at a potential cost of £65 million.

Blackheath is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons. The heath is jointly managed by Lewisham and Greenwich Borough Councils. Highlights on the Greenwich side include the Long Pond (also known as Folly Pond), located close to the entrance of Greenwich Park. On the Lewisham side, there are three ponds, with Hare and Billet pond considered to be the most natural and probably the best wildlife habitat.

The average annual precipitation ranges from 16-55 inches (40.6-139.7 cm). Climax vegetation includes subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Logging, grazing, mining, and recreation illustrate some of the more common land uses of the area.Woods, Alan J., Omernik, James, M., Nesser, John A., Shelden, J., Comstock, J.A., Azevedo, Sandra H., 2002, Ecoregions of Montana, 2nd edition (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs).

New River runs through King's Meads King's Meads is a nature reserve in Ware in Hertfordshire. It is managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust, and with an area of 96 hectares it is the largest of the Trust's reserves. The site has been registered by the Trust as Common land, but the registration for some areas was disallowed due to objections. The site is water meadows which are subject to flooding in winter.

A map of 1711 shows Headingley as having a chapel, cottages and farmsteads scattered around a triangle of land formed by the merging of routes from north, west and south. Enclosed fields were situated around the settlement with a large tract of common land, Headingley Moor, to the north. In an 1801 census, Headingley's population was given as 300. An 1829 Act of Parliament enclosed Headingley Moor and the land was placed for sale.

In 1591, an intention to fortify the hill arose in the form of consent, from the Procureurs of the Vingtaine, to acquire the common land from the people, with their consent, so that fortifications can be constructed. The document referred to letters from Elizabeth I promising to fortify the top of the hill to provide defence for the town. Despite this, no evidence exists of any work being carried out during the 16th century.

It is currently leased to Richmond upon Thames Borough Council. East Sheen Common covers 21.29 hectares, consisting of woodland, a cricket field, tennis courts and a bowling green, and is a surviving part of the much greater area of common land that existed in the local area before Richmond Park was created. Sheen Park Cricket Club play matches on East Sheen Common's cricket field, which is also a venue for Ibstock Place School cricket matches.

He was a member of the Royal Commission on common land in 1955-58. He became President of the TPI in 1919-20, and uniquely served for a second term in 1949-50, as well as acting as the organisation's Secretary and Treasurer at different times. He also received the organisation's Gold Medal. He chaired both the Town Planning Joint Examination Board and the Town and Country Planning Summer School for many years.

Pound Green is a hamlet in Upper Arley, Worcestershire, England. It has a number of tourist landmarks such as Ye Olde New Inn and a village hall that also serves Button Oak village. Pound Green Common is an area of common land, west of the village which was the location of Edgar Chance's studies of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) which included the first ever photography of a cuckoo laying her egg.

St Faith's Church, Newton The culmination of the Midlands Revolt was the Newton Rebellion. In early June, over a thousand protesters, including women and children, had gathered in Newton, near Kettering, Northamptonshire to protest against the enclosures of common land, pulling down hedges and filling ditches.R.L. Greenall: A History of Northamptonshire, Phillimore & Co. Ltd, 1979, . p.41-42. The first known use of the term Leveller was in reference to those protesters who "levelled" hedges.

Historically in Lancashire, Monton was administered by the municipal borough of Eccles until its abolition in 1974. The name Monton is of Saxon origin. A conservation area includes Monton Green; the Unitarian Church and a former school with caretaker's house; a lodge, built in 1875 to the Earl of Ellesmere's former estate, and a club-house with bowling green. The Green, once used as common land, is now formally laid out as gardens and lawns.

Retrieved 6 June 2013 The abbey was situated about a half mile from Burnham.James Joseph Sheahan, History and Topography of Buckinghamshire, Longman, Green & Roberts, London 1862, p. 816. A complaint was made shortly after the foundation that Richard had diverted a watercourse to the abbey that had been used by a nearby village and that he also had given of common land to the monastery. It is unknown whether this issue was resolved.

A secretary of the prototype Romanian Writers' Society during its first meetings of 1908,Victor Durnea, "Societatea scriitorilor români", in Dacia Literară, Nr. 2/2008 Dauș cut off his links with the Literatorul circle. In 1912, he was writing for Floare Albastră, the anti-Symbolist review put out at Iași by A. L. Zissu.Iorga, p. 243 From 1914, he became a legal expert for the common land department of the Domains Ministry.

An open field system of farming prevailed in the parish until 1780, when an inclosure act enabled the enclosure of the common land of the parish. Caversfield is on the old main road between Bicester and Banbury via Aynho. In 1791 an Act of Parliament made both the Bicester–Aynho road and the Bicester–Finmere stretch of the old Roman road into turnpikes. The two roads ceased to be turnpikes in 1877.

The town of Celle on the Südheide was a major trading centre for heather honey. As early as the 16th century there was a professional apiculture centre. It declined during the second half of the 19th century for a number of reasons, which led to the retreat of the areas of heathland. As a result of land consolidation there were no areas of common land with their wide range of nectar-producing plants.

Beating the bounds is recorded as practised each year here in the 18th century. All male residents attended and walked the whole parish boundary. For farmers and everyone able to exercise the usual rights of common on the common land this ensured that by sowing and reaping, taking the natural produce or grazing animals on other peoples' land villagers would not commit aggravated trespass which remains a crime in England and Wales.

The initial police investigation involved searching the vicinity of the disappearance from the air with a thermal camera as well as ground searches of common land and the river Thames. Initially, it was thought that Vishal could have tried to travel to India and this line of inquiry was investigated by international police. Between the disappearance and the discovery of the body the police investigated hundreds of sightings and interviewed over 14,000 people.

The hall was bought in 1799 by the Reverend William Johnson (d. 1807) from the trustees of Michael Hicks Beach. At the time the surrounding estate was common land for the village of Ellingham, but Johnson was granted Parliamentary permission for its enclosure in 1806. It passed to his daughter Maria and her husband Henry Smith, who laid out a park in the estate and probably rebuilt the hall at around this time.

Co-op members privately own their own homesteads, which range in size from 1 acre (0.4 hectares) to several acres each. Over 90 acres (nearly 40 hectares) are maintained as a nature preserve—the Common Land owned collectively and enjoyed by the entire membership. Both private and shared land is heavily restricted to maintain its natural state. The defining documents of the Miccosukee Land Cooperative include the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws and Restrictive Covenants.

The 1868 National Gazetteer described the parish as being in the Hundred of "Mainsbridge" and containing Sholing and Woolston as well as Netley. The land was mainly arable farmland at this point, with some pasture and woodland, including a substantial amount of common land. The parish has been recorded from about 1370, when John de Bothby, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, held the living of Hound.Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921.

Homer is a small village in Shropshire, England, north of the town of Much Wenlock. The name first appears in the 14th century as "Honemor".Gelling and Foxall, The place-names of Shropshire, part 3: Telford New Town, the northern part of Munslow Hundred and the franchise of Wenlock, English Placename Society, 2003, p.270. Originally common land called Homer Wood, the settlement developed from squatters' cottages encroaching on the common during the 17th century.

In 1861, it was decided that the whole of the Sydney Common did in fact belong to the people of Sydney. Common land was given to the authority of the Municipal Council. Moore Park was then laid out. To meet increasing demands for water, portions of the Swamp were dammed in 1872, resulting in an embankment just below what is now known as Kensington ponds, and a series of seven dams throughout the swamp.

This was cleared over the millennia by the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age farmers that settled here and now there is little tree cover. Groups of feral goats can still be found on the Glyderau, probably the remnants of the herds that were farmed here a thousand years ago. The large number of sheep that now graze the common land were introduced in the 18th century with the rise of the woollen industry.

Until the Enclosure acts in 1818, a large area south of the village was unenclosed common land and the village widely known as Kidlington-on-the-Green. The land was built up as Garden City just before the Second World War. In the 1920s and 1930s, Kidlington was subject to ribbon development along the main (now A4260) road through the village. Since 1945 many housing estates have been built behind this on both sides.

Munitions and ammunition handling is accomplished using a Babcock designed highly mechanised weapons handling system (HMWHS). This is a first naval application of a common land-based warehouse system. The HMWHS moves palletised munitions from the magazines and weapon preparation areas, along track ways and via several lifts, forward and aft or port and starboard. The tracks can carry a pallet to magazines, the hangar, weapons preparation areas, and the flight deck.

The Act implements the so-called "right to roam" (also known as jus spatiandi) long sought by the Ramblers' Association and its predecessors, on certain upland and uncultivated areas of England and Wales. This element of the act was implemented in stages as conclusive maps of different regions were produced. The act refers to areas of 'mountain, moor, heath and down' in addition to registered common land; not all uncultivated land is covered.

The heath was originally common land, lying between what is now Dunsden Way, Gravel Road, Emmer Green Road and Common Lane. The heath had four gates leading onto it, one each at the Bottle & Glass, the New Inn, The Coach and Horses and Coppid Cross Roads. Local inhabitants had the right to pasture their animals on it. Shiplake Row, leading down from Binfield Heath towards Shiplake Cross, was among the earliest roads to be populated.

The area was once woodland inside Pensnett Chase, which was mainly common land under the lordship of the Barons of Dudley. The hard volcanic rock (dolerite) that forms Barrow Hill was quarried in the 19th century for use as road stone. Another reminder of the industrial age in the reserve is a footpath that follows the course of one of the Earl of Dudley's private railways. The reserve was created in 2005.

Llandrindod Wells (, "Trinity Parish") is a town and community in Powys, within the historic boundaries of Radnorshire, Wales. It serves as the seat of Powys County Council and thus the administrative centre of Powys. It was developed as a spa town in the 19th century, with a boom in the late 20th century as a centre of local government. Before the 1860s the site of the town was common land in Llanfihangel Cefn-llys parish.

To the south of the college is the Cherwell Boathouse, a popular punting spot. Further south, also bordering the Cherwell, are the University Parks. A large open area of ancient common land, Port Meadow, adjoining the River Isis (the section of the River Thames that flows through Oxford) is located to the west. Much of the central area contains excellent examples of late 19th century Victorian Gothic architecture, and is now a conservation area.

Brechfa Forest provides 17,300 acres of open access for horse riders, who can use any of the tracks within the forest. A number of bridleways and byways run across the farmland and common land surrounding the forest to enable equestrian visitors to enjoy a variety of rides. The River Cothi is the largest tributary of the River Tywi in south Wales. It is noted for its trout and sea trout (sewin) fishing and for salmon.

Streatham Common Streatham Common is one of two former areas of common land in the former parish of Streatham. The other is now known as Tooting Bec Common. After enclosure, the Common was purchased in 1883 for use as a public open space under the powers conferred under the Metropolitan Commons Act 1878. It was at this time that most of the trees lining the edges of the lower common were planted.

The village green, on which Wavertree's lock-up was built, is officially the only surviving piece of common land in Liverpool. Holy Trinity Church was built in 1794 and is situated on Church Road close to the famous Blue Coat School. Wavertree Town Hall was built in 1872 as the headquarters of the Wavertree Local Board of Health. The motto on the town hall is sub umbra floresco or "I flourish in the shade".

Welland is a village and a civil parish in the administrative district of Malvern Hills in the county of Worcestershire, England. It has a combined parish council with Little Malvern, with 9 of the 11 councillors.Welland elections 2015 It is about from the town of Malvern and 15 miles from the city of Worcester. It is surrounded by farms and common land, and is part of the informal region referred to as The Malverns.

Mitcham Common is an area of common land partly shared with the boroughs of Sutton and Merton. Almost 500,000 years ago, Mitcham Common formed part of the river bed of the River Thames. The BRIT School is a performing Arts & Technology school, owned by the BRIT Trust (known for the BRIT Awards Music Ceremony). Famous former students include Kellie Shirley, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Adele, Kate Nash, Dane Bowers, Katie Melua and Lyndon David-Hall.

Ordnance Survey mapping There was a Roman fort at Buckton.Roman Britain Buckton Adley Moor (or Adleymoor) is another small hamlet in the parish and lies between Coxall and Jay (a small hamlet in neighbouring Leintwardine civil parish). Between Adley Moor and Jay is a small piece of common land (Adley Moor/Adleymoor Common). The River Redlake flows through the parish, passing Coxall and Adley Moor, before joining the River Clun at Jay.

Clent Hill Common was managed by a Board of Conservators from 1881 to 1959. Walton Hill Common became regulated common land (under Commons Act 1899) in 1935. Both commons and the woodlands between them were given by Worcestershire County Council and Bromsgrove Rural District Council to the National Trust in 1959. Both hills were then managed by a Management Committee of the National Trust until 1974, when the committee became advisory only.

The unpopularity of the Tudor royals resonated in the Pilgrimage of Grace and Rising of the North. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth Yorkshire saw a steady rise in population. New industries created employment and wealth, and improved farming methods and imports of corn stopped food shortages. The steady rise in population created pressure to enclose common land for agriculture and the farming communities turned increasingly to cottage industries to make a living.

Bow Common was an area of common land, that lay on Bow Common Lane in what is now the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Despite the name, the common lay just inside Mile End's parish boundary with Bromley by Bow, and not in the parish of Bow which was further to the north. The term is also used to refer to the locale around the former common, on both sides of the parish boundary.

At the time they still kept cattle on the common land. By 1956, the Mohawk were left to six remaining square kilometers from their original 165. In 1959, the town approved the development of a private nine-hole golf course, the Club de golf d'Oka, on a portion of the disputed land. The project area bordered The Pines, as well as a Mohawk burial ground in use, at that time, for nearly a century.

The village green, with its Coronation oak tree (1952), picnic table and two memorial seats, is a popular venue for locals and visitors alike. The Village Green and Helm are both common land owned by the Strickland family, who live nearby at Sizergh Castle. The Lancaster Canal ran through the west of the parish until its closure in 1947. Plans are now afoot to restore the canal and link it to the national waterways network.

The railway line, showing the gap the line must thread between Castle (left) and East (right) hills. The main route through the village is East Street which forms part of the A351 main road taking traffic to Wareham in the north and Swanage in the south. Separating the two streets is an area of common land called "the Halves". Corfe Castle railway station lies to the east of East Street, adjacent to the village centre.

An act of parliament in 1864 forced the enclosure of the common lands of Aylburton Common, Stockwell Green, the Bitterns, Lydney Mead, Aylburton Mead, Rodmore Mead, and Aylburton Warth (then Cow Pastures.) 278 acres were awarded to Rev. W.H. Bathurst, and 45 acres of Prior's Mesne common land went to James Croome. A few more houses were built on Upper Common after the enclosure in 1864, and the New Road was created sometime thereafter.

A corner of the village common land was sold to the Barry Docks and Railway Company for the sum of £160. The then Lord of the Manor and ex-military survivor of the First World War, Major General Henry Lee donated an additional sum of £30 and in 1935 the combined fund was used to upgrade the small green in the centre of the village, known locally as the Twyn, with a War Memorial.

1984 - a significant part of the forest was set a blaze by a local school boy, Anthony Martin. Eight fire trucks were called to the scene and the fire was controlled. 1988 - the freehold of the forest is acquired by East Sussex County Council from the executors of the Lord of the Manor, forestalling the possibility that the remaining common land of the forest would be broken up and sold off into private hands.

This assumption has limited the critical attention given to the history of the idea and the practices associated with it. For example, the enclosure of common land for private use was understood as an “improvement” in the eighteenth century. But this had both positive and negative effects for the different people involved. The poor family who were denied a crucial means of subsistence did not regard the newly enclosed fields as “better”.

It is named after Harold, son of Ralph the Timid, Earl of Hereford, and grandson of King Æthelred the Unready.Ann Williams, ‘Ralph , earl of Hereford (d. 1057)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 26 October 2011 Ewyas Harold parish has a large area of common land rich in wildlife and ancient meadow saffron, a leftover from cultivation by the monks at Dore Abbey. Some villagers have commoner's rights.

Over time, court cases steadily limited the application of open range law until the present day, where it is the exception rather than the rule in many parts of the American West. In the United Kingdom, the law is different for private land and common land. On private land it is the owner's responsibility to fence livestock in, but it is the responsibility of landowners bordering a common to fence the common's livestock out.

Blackheath is one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London, with of protected commons. The heath is managed by Lewisham and Greenwich councils. Highlights on the Greenwich side include the Long Pond (also known as Folly Pond), close to the main entrance of Greenwich Park. On the Lewisham side are three ponds, with Hare and Billet pond considered to be the most natural and probably the best wildlife habitat.

Additionally, Dawkins examines the tragedy of the commons, and the dilemma that it presents. He uses the large area of common land Port Meadow in Oxford, England, which has been battered by overgrazing. This provides an example of the infamous tragedy of the commons. Fourteen academics as well as experts in game theory submitted their own computer programs to compete in a tournament to see who would win in the prisoner's dilemma.

Bensham Manor was renamed Whitehorse Manor in his honour, and is remembered today in Whitehorse Manor School, which stands on the site. In 1511, there is the first mention of a tract of common land forming the southernmost part of Norbury and extended along the Sussex road to the Pond: "Thornton Heathe". The heath itself consisted of 36 acres (146,000 m2): this was the common grazing land for the manor of Norbury.

Intensive dairy farming practices has led to water pollution from cattle effluent in many of the streams and rivers in New Zealand. The Waikato River has had a long history of water pollution and now fails health regulations for human contact. It passes through the highly productive Waikato region, where dairy farming is a common land use. More recently, the Manawatu River has been highlighted in the media due to its high pollution levels.

Until the 19th century the area was common land used for grazing with only a few houses. As with other villages in this area, such as Coedpoeth, Gwynfryn and Minera, the village prospered in the agricultural and industrial revolutions, benefiting from the rich deposit of silica underground. Local quarries and coal mines provided employment, and the village grew. The nearby Minera Limeworks was the largest employer in the area until it closed in the 1970s.

Tracy pp. 47-48 The Spanish administration laid down already in 1571 the basis for repopulation. The land left free by the expulsion of the Moriscos would be shared out; settlers would be supported until their land began to bear fruit. Common land would be maintained; the acequias (irrigation channels) and reservoirs would be repaired; the springs would be for general use; pastures would be provided for the livestock; various fiscal advantages were promised.

In 1861, it was decided that the whole of the Sydney Common did in fact belong to the people of Sydney. Common land was given to the authority of the Municipal Council. Moore Park was then laid out. To meet increasing demands for water, portions of the Swamp were dammed in 1872, resulting in an embankment just below what is now known as Kensington ponds, and a series of seven dams throughout the swamp.

Whitacre Heath is built on the heath which was a mixture of common land and waste traditionally, partially useful for agriculture with the most fertile and well-drained land being in the village itself. Elevations range from 122m AOD in the east to 65m in the north-west corner of the parish. Land slopes from west to east with the eastern border being the slightly altered, early meander of the River Tame.

Gate House to the south of Ham Common. 1771. The gates were to prevent animals straying, not tolls. Ownership of the common land lay with the lord of the Manor and, from the mid 17th-century to the early 20th century, this was held by the Earl of Dysart and the Tollemache family. The management of Ham Common, as with most commons, moved from the manorial courts to a locally appointed vestry.

The enclosure of the Park was one of several of Charles' unpopular acts that contributed to the unrest leading to the Civil War. About ten years later, Cromwell's Army camped on Ham Common 18 November 1647, after the Putney Debates. Apart from area of the present day Common, other common land existed around the enclosed farm land of Ham. Commoners also enjoyed lammas rights on large areas of enclosed farmland adjoining the river.

Franzensfeste was founded recently. The village dates from the 19th century when the construction of the fortifications was begun, to which the site is also closely linked in name (into Italian language), and the railway. The parish was originally Mittewald, still the common land, with the two villages of Oberau and Unterau. Archeological findings have shown the area to be settled by 2500 B.C. as indicated by the finding of home pottery.

In the late 1960s, following the enactment of the Commons Registration Act 1965, the Open Spaces Society worked hard to register common land and common rights, in the three years allowed by the Act. However, still many commons were lost through failure to register them. The Act has reduced the historical rights of households that did not register under the Act. For example, villages in Wolvercote north of Oxford used to have grazing rights on Wolvercote Common.

Pont-y-Cim Bridge built in 1612 Cim or Y Cim is the name of two relatively small areas of two Caernarfonshire communities in Gwynedd, north Wales. The name means "common land" or "land shared between local inhabitants". Cim in Llandwrog parish is still an unenclosed area of waste and marshy ground, while Cim in Llanllyfni parish has been absorbed into local farms. A local bridge, built in 1612 and still standing, is known as "Pont y Cim".

Madresfield is a village and civil parish in the administrative district of Malvern Hills in the county of Worcestershire, England. It is located about two miles east of Malvern town centre at the foot of the Malvern Hills and is less than two miles from the River Severn. Surrounded by farms and common land, it has a clear view of the entire range of the Malvern Hills, and is part of the informal region referred to as The Malverns.

During the Middle Ages the Town Hill, and near-by Petit Mont de la Ville were used as common land. The Chapel of Notre Dame des Pas was situated at the foot of the hill during this period, but was demolished by the Board of Ordnance in 1814. In 1550, Edward VI ordered the town to be relocated onto the hill, because it would be easier to defend in that position. However, the town was never moved.

The main concerns are: the impact on the internationally important Special Area of Conservation which almost surrounds the airport; noise from the increased number of flights at the airport; and the negative impact of the development of the airport on the local scenery, since Gower is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In addition, the undulating and boggy common land beyond the airport perimeter fence to the North East makes extension of the runway (Runway 04/22) difficult.

To assist this strategy, the crofters enclosed and divided an area of common grazing land, an action which would give them the option of buying the common land as well as the crofts themselves. Pressure was also exerted on the main creditor of Scandinavian Property Services, the Swedish Östgöta Enskilda Bank, as the trust wrote telling them of their proposed strategy. On 4 December 1992, the trust submitted a final bid of £300,000. This was accepted after four days.

Mattison was exposed to politics from an early age. At 9 he attended a demonstration on Hunslet Moor against the Middleton Railway infringing on common land and in 1881 he was injured by falling through railings when hearing Gladstone speak at Leeds Coloured Cloth Hall. During his time at the Hunslet Engine Company he was involved in a 7 month lockout. He became politically active in his late teens, first joining the Social Democratic Federation in 1884.

Picture of the water tower Burgess Hill On the east side of town is Ditchling Common Country Park, a area of common land, set up in 1975. In the town centre the largest park is St. John's Park, with other smaller recreation grounds around the town. The Triangle leisure centre on the northern edge of the town is run by Places Leisure. Replacing the lido in St. Johns Park, the Triangle is also used for conferences.

Traditionally the village economy relied on agriculture. By the 17th century village society had stratified into two major classes, well-off citizen farmers and a large number of poor Tauner who had limited rights and worked as sharecroppers. In 1622 the village closed itself to further Tauner immigration and prevented them from building houses on any of the common land. In the following century many of the local Tauner began producing canvas in small home factories.

The manor of Dunton remained in the possession of King's College until well into the 18th century.Portrait of Dunton the Lost Village In 1801 the population of Dunton was 121. In 1837 the Parish of Dunton comprised 2,000 acres of land out of which 1,719 was cultivated land, 222 acres meadow pasture, 37 acres woodland, 22 acres was common land and 17 acres belonging to the Rector. In the 1841 census the population of Dunton was 194.

By building a road that linked the hamlet of Hedge End to the Portsmouth Road at Sholing, the proprietors of the Floating Bridge company were able to poach some of the passengers that would otherwise have used Northam Bridge. The road cut through Botley Common and Netley Common. The inevitable further development alongside the road further eroded the common land, and helped the hamlet of Hedge End to establish itself as a village in its own right.

Naphhill Common is a 71.1 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in Naphill in Buckinghamshire. It is in of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and it is listed in A Nature Conservation Review. It is common land, with commoners' rights to estovers (the right to collect constructional materials), grazing (for cattle and swine) and firebote (the right to collect firewood). This oak and beech wood is thought to be the most natural of all the Chilterns woodlands.

On 26 November 1973, a memorandum of understanding was signed between Indonesia and Malaysia for the joint survey and demarcation of their common land border. Work began on 9 September 1975 and was completed in February 2000. As of 2006, a total of 19 memoranda of understanding with 28 maps had been signed between the two countries pertaining to the survey and demarcation of the border covering a distance of 1,822.3 km of the 2,019.5 km border.

The origins of the name Shepherds Bush are obscure. The name may have originated from the use of the common land here as a resting point for shepherds on their way to Smithfield Market in the City of London. There appears to have been an ancient custom of pruning a hawthorn bush to provide a shelter for shepherds protecting them from the elements as they watched their flocks. Alternatively the neighbourhood may simply be named after a local landowner.

The common land features the remains of where an Iron Age hill fort once stood (See Below). Nearby towns are Ludlow, Cleobury Mortimer, Church Stretton, Broseley, Bridgnorth and Much Wenlock. Location Map of Brown Clee Several air traffic control radar masts on the summit of the hill can be seen for many miles around. They, along with the ones on top of Titterstone Clee Hill build up a picture of all the aircraft in a hundred-mile radius.

To address challenges to livelihood security faced by the tribal communities, due to massive deforestation, Gram Vikas initiated the Social forestry Programme in 1985. About 10,000 hectares of private & community wasteland were brought under fruit, fuel & timber yielding species in Ganjam, Gajapati & Kalahandi districts. The tribals of Odisha practice shifting or slash-burn cultivation on hill slopes. Reduced access to common land due to stringent laws resulted in reduced rotation cycles in this practice and the degradation of land.

In April 1649, common land on the hill was occupied by a movement known as the Diggers, who began to farm there. The Diggers are often regarded as one of the world's first small- scale experiments in socialism and/or communism. The Diggers left the hill following a court case five months later. The occupation has been commemorated by The Land is Ours group, which briefly camped at the summit of the hill in 1995 and 1999.

The A286 is an A class road in the south of England, from its northernmost point in Milford, Surrey, to Birdham, West Sussex. It passes through the market towns of Haslemere and Midhurst, and the cathedral city of Chichester. The road is mostly single carriageway, with a small dual carriageway section as part of the Chichester ring road. The road is long and follows a predominantly rural route through common land, farmland, woodland and the South Downs.

In the uplands, sheep were kept, and if any cereal was grown, it was oats. Transhumance was practised, people moving with their animals from a low-lying "hendre" farm in winter, to an upland "hafod" farmhouse in summer. Transhumance declined through the 18th century and collapsed at its end as land was enclosed, both upland and lowland. Over 81,000 hectares of Welsh common land was rapidly enclosed and attached to existing landholdings between 1793 and 1815.

Much of the area around Llynclys Hill to the west is common land; there are a number of cottages and smallholdings probably built by workers in the area's lead mines and limestone quarries. Llynclys Common, from which there are fine views, is home to eight varieties of orchid and the brown argus butterfly. Llynclys was formerly on the Cambrian Railways line from to . The Cambrian Railways Trust are now re-building sections of the line as a heritage railway.

Kennington Common was a swathe of common land mainly within the London Borough of Lambeth. It was notable as one of the earliest venues for cricket attached to the urban extent of London and top-class matches were played there from 1724 to 1785.G B Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935H T Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906 The common was also used for public executions, fairs and public gatherings.

An area of heathland/woodland here is common land, owned by the local authority and managed by the Shropshire Wildlife Trust. Fishing ponds have also recently been established at the nearby Hayes Farm. The Green was a US Army camp during World War II and German prisoners of war were kept here for a time. The centre of Merrington is situated at 104m above sea level; at Merrington Green there is a small hill which summits at 122m.

The origins of the name Shepherds Bush are obscure. The name may have originated from the use of the common land as a resting point for shepherds on their way to Smithfield Market in the City of London. There appears to have been an ancient custom of pruning a hawthorne bush to provide a shelter for shepherds protecting them from the elements as they watched their flocks. Alternatively the Green may simply be named after a local landowner.

Located within of Whitchurch and to the east of the A41, Brown Moss covers an area of . It is thought that the area was used for peat cutting by the people of Whitchurch from the Middle Ages and it was considered to be an area of common land. Shropshire County Council bought the site in 1952 to maintain access for residents as a recreation site. Brown Moss became a Local Nature Reserve and countryside site in 2000.

Since an Act of Parliament in 1861, when Bristol Corporation acquired Durdham Down, the Downs have been managed as a single unit by the Downs Committee, a joint committee of the corporation and the Merchant Venturers. They have been designated common land since the early 1970s by Bristol City Council. They are used for leisure, walking, team sports and sightseeing (especially at the Avon Gorge cliff edge). There are permanent football pitches, used by the Bristol Downs Football League.

An area of late 19th and early 20th centuries development on land west of the London Road at North Parade. It consists chiefly of semi-detached houses with corner shops, most of which have closed. Until the mid-20th century, it was known as "The Common," after a piece of common land that survived enclosure in Trafalgar Road for many years. Trafalgar forms one of the wards of Horsham Hurst (electoral division) of the Horsham District Council.

Large areas of common land remain around the village; the countryside here is largely pasture (for grazing of sheep and horses), woodland and moorland.Ordnance Survey mapping The church of Saint Mary (Church of England) is situated here but is relatively new, being built in the second half of the 19th century (along with the schoolhouse).Church of England A Church Near You Cleeton is mentioned in the Cadfael novel The Virgin in the Ice which is set in 1139.

Those landowners whose large country houses were located around the borders of the heath pressed for the area to become enclosed. Rackheath’s common land was the first to be lost to enclosure in 1799, when Rackheath Park was enlarged.Spooner, Sarah, Regions and Designed Landscapes in Georgian England, pp. 88–92. The entire heath was turned over to arable land and pasture by Parliamentary Enclosure Acts between 1799 and 1810, a process that produced long straight roads and new farms.

In Britain, under 30,000 hectares of lowland acid grassland remain, often on common land and nature reserves. It is considered a nationally important habitat; areas are found in London on freely-draining sandy and gravelly soils. 271 Sites of Special Scientific Interest have been notified with acid grassland as a principal reason for the designation. Greater London's Richmond Park, Epping Forest and Wimbledon Common are all Special Areas of Conservation with considerable areas of acid grassland.

In the common law of England and Wales, a highway occurs where there is a public right of passage over land at all times "without let or hindrance" that follows a particular route. Thus, an area of common land or a village green will not be a highway, although it may contain one.Ex parte Lewis [1888] 21 QBD 191. There are three kinds:- # A footpath is a highway over which there is a public right of passage for pedestrians.

As one structure fills, then the overflow fills the next chauka and so on. Retaining the rainwater in this way helps prevent soil erosion and recharges the surface water enabling various grasses to thrive. This has the effect of holding the soil together and, as the chauka system is used mostly on common land, provides grazing areas for cow and goat herds. For this to be effective it is combined with the planting of grass seeds and trees.

The eastern end of St Martha's Hill is notified as part of Colyers Hanger Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).Natural England SSSI details search page, giving map, citation and other details for Colyers Hanger SSSI (search for "Colyers Hanger") This area was included in the SSSI for its heathland vegetation communities, including several characteristic acidic grassland plants. Other parts of the hill also have relict heathland vegetation. The western end of St Martha's Hill is registered common land.

Open Access web page showing areas of Common Land (Select "Area 1" and "Conclusive map", type TQ027483 into the OS Grid Reference box and click "Go".) The hill reaches a height of , making it the 18th highest in the county; as with most of the top 20 hills in Surrey, it is part of the slightly scattered Greensand Ridge.Database of British and Irish Hills Retrieved 2015-03-06 Close to the foot of the hill is Chilworth Manor.

The Regent's Canal was named in 1820 after the Prince Regent, who became George IV the same year. After his demise, the Kings Cross monument was raised at the junction of New Road and Battlebridge Road (Euston Road and York Way); this gave the name to the area, but it was removed in 1845. This was former common land, and open to development. An 1846 Act of Parliament prohibited the railway companies from building south of Euston Road.

Piggott, J R, Dulwich College, a History, 1616–2008, pages 84–88, (Dulwich College: London). Having already obtained an Act in 1805 allowing them to enclose and develop of common land within the manor, the college was granted the power by the 1808 Dulwich College Building Act to extend the period over which leases ran, from twenty-one years as laid down by Alleyn, to eighty-four years, thus attracting richer tenants and bringing in large sums of money.

Before the eighteenth century, the district was open common land, where those living in adjoining parishes had grazing rights. The fens were used as summer pasture, as they were frequently flooded for most of the winter period. Efforts to improve the Witham by straightening the channel, making it deeper, and constructing the Grand Sluice to the north of Boston did not prevent flooding. Following the passing of the 1762 Act, the structure was in place to address these issues.

Riparian wetlands occur along the lower reaches of the river and a feature known as the Duryea Swamp is located in former mining pits at the river's mouth. Forested land is the most common land use in the Lackawanna River watershed, making up 58 percent of its land area. Agricultural land occupies 20 percent of the watershed and developed land occupies 16 percent of it. As of the early 2000s, approximately 240,000 people inhabit the Lackawanna River watershed.

Arab identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as an Arab and as relating to being Arab. Like other cultural identities, it relies on a common culture, a traditional lineage, the common land in history, shared experiences including underlying conflicts and confrontations. These commonalities are regional and in historical contexts, tribal. Arab identity is defined independently of religious identity, and pre-dates the spread of Islam, with historically attested Arab Christian tribes and Arab Jewish tribes.

It was declared the Pitt Town Village Settlement, operating as a cooperative farm, established to allow the unemployed and their families to make a living during the economic depression of the 1890s. Each family was expected to work the common land, clear and tend their own small allotment and contribute to the construction of community facilities in exchange for a set ration of food. By 1896 the settlement had failed due to the difficulties of farming the country.

These regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure; thus rather than let a common become degraded, access was restricted even further. This important part of actual historic practice was absent from the economic model of Hardin.Susan Jane Buck Cox - "No tragedy on the Commons" Journal of Environmental Ethics, Vol 7, Spring 1985 In reality the use of common land in England and Wales was a triumph of conserving a scarce resource using agreed custom and practice.

This village in the heart of the Gower Peninsula is home to a brook, parish church and a National Trust abandoned limestone quarry. The community is surrounded by common land used as grazing land, woodlands and fields. There is a highly recommended two mile walk from the church through five different kinds of woods and over four small bridges following the brook past the first recorded Baptist Church in Wales (1649) ending at a Parkmill-based public house.

The Kandyan provinces were in a state of turmoil. They had been under British rule for 32 years. Under the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance), the British had expropriated the common land of the peasantry and reduced them to penury. In the 1830s, coffee was introduced into Ceylon, a crop which flourishes in high altitudes, and grown on the land taken from the peasants.

It rendered £14. Up to the mid-19th century, Camberwell was visited by Londoners for its rural tranquillity and the reputed healing properties of its mineral springs. Like much of inner South London, Camberwell was transformed by the arrival of the railways in the 1860s. Camberwell Green is now a very small area of common land; it was once a traditional village green on which was held an annual fair, of ancient origin, which rivalled that of Greenwich.

The clothing allowance was also changed to provide two gowns and bonnets every year and a duffel cloak once every three years. The six original almshouses commemorated two daughters of the Duke of Northumberland. The almshouses originally "stood in open country" opposite one corner of The Level, a large area of common land used for fairs and recreational activities. An 1807 watercolour shows the six original houses surrounded by a low stone wall with fields on all sides.

The old chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine and recorded in ancient documents as existing in 809, was rebuilt on the same site in the early 18th century. It became inadequate for the rapidly increasing population at that time and was demolished in 1836. The church of St. Matthew was built on common land next to the old burial-ground. It cost £3,786 and was a Commissioners' church built by the Parliamentary Commissioners and consecrated in 1832.

In the early 19th century the village of Guggisberg was known as destination for tourists due to the view of the Guggershorn and other surrounding mountains. However, in 1819 the canton began moving many landless poor (Allmendsiedler literally: Common land settler) into the municipality. The large, poor population and famines in 1816-1818 and the 1840s overwhelmed the community. Many farmers had to sell their grazing rights (Alprechte) while others moved to America to escape the poverty.

Apart from the clubhouse, putting green and first hole, the course is situated on common land owned by the National Trust (who own most of the Long Mynd upland area). The town's golf course is the oldest 18-hole course in Shropshire, with the club starting in 1898 and the final holes being completed around 1904. The course was primarily designed by John (Jack) Morris and James Hepburn. James Braid and Harry Vardon later made changes to the course.

Its meaning is a place with common land, which it presumably (being land on a hill above previous settlement) was until industrial expansion led to its being covered with housing. Cimla consists of a residential area in the western central area, which is part of the built up area of the town of Neath. The residential area is surrounded to the north, east and south by open moorland. The whole of Cimla is set on high ground.

Cattle drovers established at least 70 communities established in England and Wales, many of which still exist. They were temporary homes for long distance drovers, driving their cattle to the great fairs and markets of London and other centres in England. They were on common land, separated from local communities. The drovers had a licence to travel, granted by Elizabeth I, and were regarded as "foreigners" by the local parishioners who could not travel without a "settlement certificate".

The town hosts the annual Common Riding, which combines the annual riding of the boundaries of the town's common land with the commemoration of a victory of local youths over an English raiding party in 1514. In March 2007, this was described by the Rough Guide publication World Party as one of the best parties in the world. People from Hawick call themselves "Teries", after a traditional song which includes the line "Teribus ye teri odin".

Another early preservation event also occurred at Berkhamsted. In 1866, Lord Brownlow who lived at Ashridge, tried to enclose the adjoining Berkhamsted Common with steel fences in an attempt to claim it as part of his estate. In England from early Anglo-Saxon times, Common land was an area of land which the local community could use as a resource. Across England between 1660 and 1845, 7 million acres of Common land had been enclosed by private land owners by application to parliament. On the night of 6 March 1866, Augustus Smith MP led gangs of local folk and hired men from London's East End in direct action to break the enclosure fences and protect Berkhamsted Common for the people of Berkhamsted in what became known nationally as the Battle of Berkhamsted Common.... In 1870, Sir Robert Hunter (later co-founder of the National Trust in 1895) and the Commons Preservation Society succeed in legal action that ensured protection of Berkhamsted Common and other open spaces threatened with enclosure.

Codification of human rights is recent, but before the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, UK law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions. The Magna Carta 1215 bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed free movement for people, and preserved common land for everyone.Magna Carta 1215 clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). The Petition of Right 1628 reasserted these values from the Magna Carta against King Charles I. After the English Civil War the Bill of Rights 1689 in England and Wales, and the Claim of Rights Act 1689 in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment".

Camberwell Green in February 2004 Houses on the edge of the Green, 1880s Camberwell Green is a small area of common land in Camberwell, south London. It lies at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell New Road/Camberwell Church Street. At the north-east of the Green is Camberwell Magistrate's Court, and at the north-west is a home for the elderly. To the south-west, and overlooking the Green, is a parade of shops including banks and restaurants.

Castor Hanglands is an 89.8 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Peterborough in Cambridgeshire. The site is also a National Nature Reserve, and it is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I for its woodlands and Grade 2 for its grassland. It is common land managed by Natural England. The location features ancient ash and maple woodland, unimproved grassland and scrub, and is further described by Natural England as valuable for invertebrates, including some nationally uncommon species.

Deepcut was part of the parish of Ash until 1866, when Frimley gained its own civil and ecclesiastical parishes. Due to non-agricultural soil and undulating landscape leading to little transport infrastructure few people lived here. The parish provided the traditional community structures of church, particularly vestry, and the increasingly redundant rights and functions of manors. Frimley and Ash manors were among the major landholdings whose owners could acquire the common land covering almost the entire area in 1801 and 1826.

Swansea Airport was built on what was originally common land during the Second World War. The aerodrome was declared operational on 15 June 1941 as RAF Fairwood Common, after taking nearly a year to develop. It was built as a day and night fighter station within 10 Group RAF Fighter Command. The aerodrome became a sector station in October 1941, taking on the responsibility for the air defence of South and West Wales including shipping in the Bristol and St George's Channels.

The Newbiggin Jury is a relic of the old manorial system. Usually of twelve men, it was responsible for upholding law and order, administering the Poor Law of the Barony of Greystoke; and maintaining the common lands remaining after the Enclosure Act of 1775. These included public quarries, lanes and byways, village greens, lime kilns, common land and watering places. They were responsible for the employment and paying the wages of a rabbit and mole catcher, a quarryman and a carter.

Livestock included cows, sheep, pigs, goats, ducks and chickens as well as horses and donkeys – many of which grazed the common land. Ham had three farms at the time, all on land owned by the Earl of Dysart. Unusually, these remained very little enclosed and the open field system survived in use until the late 19th century. Improvement in transport and the growth of London led to a shift from general mixed agriculture to market gardening by the early 20th century.

Before the Inclosure Acts, this ground was the deep, rich, common land, known as East Field. The land is drained by a very small brook which rises from a spring in nearby Milton Road just to the north. This flows unseen now, through a culvert that runs under the grounds towards the Uxbridge Road in the south. Its distance from main roads, the shelter given by the trees and general lack of busy activity, makes this a very peaceful place.

Now Tresham of Newton was enclosing common land —The Brand—that had been part of Rockingham Forest. Edward Montagu, one of the Deputy Lieutenants, had spoken against enclosure in Parliament some years earlier, but was now placed by the King in the position effectively of defending the Treshams. The local armed bands and militia refused the call-up, so the landowners were forced to use their own servants to suppress the rioters on 8 June 1607. The Royal Proclamation was read twice.

Until the foundation of the city of Ravenstein, Herpen was the main city of this region. Rutger van Herpen sold or leased 1313 of 1314 the community rights (gemene gronden) to the residents of Boekel and Volkel. When the noble lord wanted to improve its cash position, then he charges the use of any of its soils, beginning with the wasteland in his heerlijkheid. This common land should particularly think of marshy land and barren higher grounds, such as heaths.

The long acre provided an important resource for such flocks and herds, perhaps forming a significant part of a small farmer's pasture. In Australia, the most common method of keeping grazing stock off a road is by the use of a portable electric fence, visible to the stock and to passing travellers as a single white tape. The use of the long acre as pasture has sometimes become formalised. For example, in parts of England, some have been registered as common land.

Late 17th or early 18th century vernacular cottages at 37–39 The Green Most of Marsh Baldon's houses and cottages are arranged around the village green, which is an irregular square shape with an area of more than . The green is common land that was used for grazing. Until the 20th century the road through Marsh Baldon was gated at both ends of the village to prevent livestock from straying. It may be that the earliest settlement was clustered around St. Peter's church.

Great Bookham is a village in Surrey, England, one of six semi-rural spring line settlements between the towns of Leatherhead and Guildford. With the narrow strip parish of Little Bookham, it forms part of the Saxon settlement of Bocham ("the village by the beeches"). The Bookhams are surrounded by common land, and Bookham railway station in Church Road, Great Bookham, serves both settlements. The villages are astride the A246, which is the non-motorway and direct route between the two towns.

Over the last century and a half the Society has preserved commons for the enjoyment of the public. It has also been active in protecting the historical and vital rights-of-way network through England and Wales. Its early successes included saving Hampstead Heath from gravel extraction, Epping Forest, Wimbledon Common, Ashdown Forest, and the Malvern Hills. After both world wars the society’s difficult task was to reinstate much common land which had been used for defence and food production.

During the colonial 18th century, Rocky Woods had been divided into common land woodlots. A network of logging roads, paved with asphalt shingle scraps, were cut through the property in the 19th century and used to transport granite quarried on site. The property was originally preserved by Dr. Joel Goldthwait in the 1920s, who donated the original parcels to The Trustees of the Reservations in 1942. Additional land acquired by other donors from 1946 through 1983 through more than ten gifts.

The interior of the house retains a great deal of original woodwork and other finishes, including plaster walls and wooden floors. The land that is now Shelburne was originally part of the colonial settlement of Deerfield, and was divided amongst that town's proprietors in 1742. The area of the cemetery and house were part of a tract set aside as common land. Permanent settlement began in the late 1750s, and its first meeting house was built sometime before 1769 on the cemetery grounds.

A ruined shieling close to the Loch Langavat path, Isle of Lewis Farmers and their families lived in shielings during the summer to have their livestock graze common land. Shielings were therefore associated with the transhumance system of agriculture. The mountain huts generally fell out of use by the end of the 17th century, although in remote areas this system continued into the 18th.As discussed in "Britain and Ireland 1050–1530: Economy and Society", By R. H. Britnell, pg 209.

Old grandstand at the former Oswestry Race Course photo: Chris Heaton, geograph.org.uk Offa's Dyke Path passes through the site photo: Tim Heaton geograph.org.uk Oswestry Race Course (also known as Oswestry Old Racecourse Common) is a historic racecourse on ‘Cyrn y Bwch’ hill close to Oswestry in Shropshire that was used by the Welsh and English to socialise and race horses. Covering an area of , the course was closed to racing in 1848 and is now an area of common land for recreation.

There is also evidence of Iron Age and Romano British occupation as revealed by aerial photographs showing traces of fields, trackways and farms. A Roman villa has been excavated to the south-west of Rudston. The present day field pattern is the result of parliamentary enclosure in the 18th and 19th centuries when large areas of common land were enclosed and a new system of land management was introduced. Farmers moved out of the villages onto scattered farmsteads linked to units of land.

Riparian water rights (or simply riparian rights) is a system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path. It has its origins in English common law. Riparian water rights exist in many jurisdictions with a common law heritage, such as Canada, Australia, and states in the eastern United States. Common land ownership can be organized into a partition unit, a corporation consisting of the landowners on the shore that formally owns the water area and determines its use.

The Selkirk Common Riding is a celebration of the history and traditions of the Royal and Ancient Burgh. Held on the second Friday after the first Monday in June, the ceremony is one of the oldest in the area. With 300–400 riders, Selkirk boasts one of the largest cavalcades of horses and riders in Europe. Selkirk still owns common land to the north and south of the town, but only the northern boundary of Linglie is ridden on the day.

The creation of a uniform Swiss citizenship, which applied equally for citizens of the old towns and their tenants and servants, led to conflict. The wealthier villagers and urban citizens held rights to forests, common land and other municipal property which they did not want to share with the "new citizens", who were generally poor. The compromise solution, which was written into the municipal laws of the Helvetic Republic, is still valid today. Two politically separate but often geographically similar organizations were created.

An open field system of farming originally predominated in the parish. By 1706 a number of fields had been enclosed, but more than of common land remained until they were enclosed by an Act of Parliament in 1777. In 1717 Dame Elizabeth Holford left a bequest to be invested until it was large enough to endow a free school for the parish. Trustees to set up the school were appointed in 1759 and it started teaching in the vicarage in 1764.

Bradley Court Bradley is a small village in the Stroud District, in the county of Gloucestershire, England. Also part of the village is the hamlet of Bradley Green, with its eponymous area of common land, still used for agriculture today. Buildings of note include the Grade II listed Bradley Court, once owned by the Berkeleys of Berkeley Castle and various former weavers' cottages which front on to Bradley Green itself. Within sight are Swinhay House, Wotton Hill and the Tyndale Monument.

Phillips laid out the Kemp Town Enclosures in 1828. Phillips' Athenaeum scheme of 1825 was not executed, but the associated Oriental Place development (west side pictured) went ahead. Henry Phillips' reputation as a landscape gardener brought him much work in the Brighton and Hove area; his first commission came in 1822, while he was still living in London. Together with local architect Amon Henry Wilds he designed The Level, a triangular area of former common land between the Ditchling and Lewes Roads.

They did so because they felt they were fulfilling the duties of the lord: to improve waste and common land and allowing construction on this land, running courts, and mining coal. A compromise was reached, dividing some power between the two parties. Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, the town was reformed and was given a commission of the peace. The borough was divided into five wards with a town council of forty members: two aldermen and six councillors representing each ward.

Ponies on Ringland Hills Retrieved 18 June 2011 The village has extensive common land: a lower area on the river Wensum and an upper area with the remains of a Beaker pit in the direction of Weston Longville. The river was originally crossed by a wooden footbridge (and a ford for horse-drawn traffic). This was replaced in the 1920s with a concrete structure which remains today. Rare concrete 'tank traps' from World War II still exist by the banks of the Wensum.

Starting in the time of Sulla, building lots were sold or granted to influential Romans, and insulae (apartment blocks) and villas encroached on the common land. It later became the place for comitia centuriata, civic meetings with weapons, and for the city's militia. In 55 BC, Pompey constructed a permanent theater, the Theatrum Pompeium, the first stone theater in Rome. When the Curia Hostilia burnt down in 52 BC, the theater was sometimes used as a meeting place for the Senate.

Enclosure occurred in Church Broughton in the 18th and 19th centuries; land that had been formerly owned in common by all members of a village became privately owned. This entailed erecting walls, fences and hedges around new enclosed areas. The English government and aristocracy claimed this would allow for better raising of animals and crops, and that large fields could be farmed more productively than individual plots of the common land. Negotiations started in 1758 for Church Broughton to be enclosed in 1775.

The Villiers family had been settled at Brooksby, Leicestershire, since at least 1235. In the early 13th century the tenant of Brooksby, Gilbert de Seis, married a member of the Villiers family, a line of minor gentry of Norman descent. The estate remained in Villiers hands for the next 500 years. At this time, Brooksby consisted of the hall, the nearby Church of St Michael and All Angels, a small number of peasants' houses and a field system with common land.

In return Nicholas de Sirlie renounced any claims over Southampton common and accepted that rights of common would be limited to those living within the borough boundaries. The designation as Common Land allowed all householders with the borough paying watch and ward to use the land for fuel, clay, and taking berries and other wild, natural food. The most important use was for grazing, however, and there was a cowherd who was paid to be responsible for the cattle on the common.

Witley Common Witley Common is an area of woodland and heath, close to Witley, Surrey, in the United Kingdom. It is part of a much larger Site of Special Scientific Interest. The land has been occupied since the Bronze Age -- it features ancient burial mounds which have been dated to this period. It has been used as common land by many generations over the centuries -- particularly for grazing, turf-cutting and, during the 16th and 17th centuries, for iron workings.

All of these amenities remain to this day, except for the Post Office and three of the public houses which have since closed down. Also in the 1960s Great Bentley Parish Council, on behalf of the village, purchased the manorial rights of the of Common Land. Much of the purchase price was raised through voluntary donations from the residents and fund raising events. The land was then registered as village green to protect the green for the future from encroachment and erosion.

The land award of 1693 is largely responsible for shaping the map of Ashdown Forest today. The common land is highly fragmented and irregular in shape, broken up by many private enclosures, large and small. It tends to lie on the periphery of the forest near existing settlements. Some of the largest enclosures, such as Hindleap Warren, Prestridge Warren, Broadstone Warren and Crowborough Warren, mostly lying towards the centre of the forest, were used for a time for intensive rabbit farming.

The village name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'Priest-wood'. There is evidence of settlement in Prestwood from the Middle Ages, when the village was mainly covered in oak, beech and ash trees. Hatches Farm is one of the buildings that dates from the medieval period.The Prestwood Society history display (displayed to public at Prestwood Village Hall) By 1849, more of the woodland had been cleared to make way for agriculture and common land, around which approximately 100 houses now existed.

The main entrance of the club house The park officially dates back to 1895, but its use as public land goes back to the times of the Canarsee Indians and the original New Utrecht Dutch settlers who referred to it as the "common land."Brooklyn Eagle, "Dyker Beach Park," October 24, 1896, p. 7, Column 1. The Indians and the Dutch were unable to farm the land or to build houses on it because it was mainly meadows, marsh, and swamps.

Eaglesham ( ) is a village in East Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated about south of Glasgow, southeast of Newton Mearns and south of Clarkston, and southwest of East Kilbride. The 2011 census revealed that the village had 3,114 occupants, down 13 from the 2001 census (3,127). Eaglesham is distinctive in being built around the Orry, an area of common land about in length, interspersed with trees and divided in the centre by the Eaglesham Burn. The ancient seat of the Earls of Eglinton.

Until 1824 Gibbet Moor was common land and then the Enclosures Act allocated the land of Gibbet Moor to the Duke of Rutland. In an exchange of lands, the 6th Duke of Devonshire acquired the 652 acres of Gibbet Moor to extend his Chatsworth Estate to the east. Gibbet Moor became "Open Access" land for the public, following the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs along the track on the west side of the moor.

Adscombe is located roughly west of London, and south-west of Bristol. The chapel's location is typical of many settlements in the Quantock Hills, at the foot of a combe and bordering former common land. The Quantock Hills are one of a few remaining expanses of open moorland in southern Britain. This area has archeological importance due to many monuments highlighting the exploitation of the land in the Bronze Age and Iron Age, including round barrows, cairns, settlements and hillforts.

The heavy wheeled plough needed for northern soils was expensive, as were horses or oxen to pull it, so a team of horses and a plough worked successive strips of an open field for different peasants. The long narrow shape of the strips reflected the difficulty of turning the team at each end. In addition to the open fields, each village or manor had common land where peasants had the right to graze cattle, collect wood, cut turf and at times catch fish.

The Box Moor Trust is a charitable trust responsible for the management of nearly 500 acres of land within the parishes of Hemel Hempstead and Bovingdon, in Hertfordshire, England. The Trust was officially founded in 1594 in order to ensure that the land in the Boxmoor area remained free for residents to use and enjoy. As a result, almost all of the land that comprises the Box Moor Trust estate is open access, with just over a quarter being common land.

It was the first house in London with a telephone and London's first house with electricity for illumination, boiling a kettle and ironing. In the 1860s Earl Spencer was Lord of the Manor, and owner of Wimbledon Common. His stated intent to enclose the common land before selling it for building development led to the passage of the Wimbledon and Putney Commons Act of 1871. Consequently, the land is preserved as a commons and saved "for the public in perpetuity".

Birds include the titmouse, nuthatch, jay, black woodpecker, crow, little owl and other rare and endangered species: eagle owl, scops owl, skylark, nightjar, hoopoe, honey buzzard and short-toed snake eagle. Bats and rock doves live on the rocky slopes. In the dark, underground streams and lakes (including the shaft in the Stršinkna Valley), the olm (Proteus anguina) and other underground fauna have been found. Karst common land is home to the horned viper, black snake and green, and sand lizard.

Of the site, around were occupied by the initial Necropolis site and the adjacent reserve site, and a further retained their common land rights and could not be developed in any way, rendering them worthless to prospective buyers. While this left theoretically able to be sold, the Brookwood site had been chosen for its remoteness and there were few prospective buyers. While were bought by the government as sites for prisons and a lunatic asylum, the LNC struggled to sell the remainder.

The use of common land, such as ponds, forests and pastures, was regulated by the lord and could likewise be described as banal. There were in the end few limits to what a lord could justify as a banality. The primary meaning of the ban remained for a long time, however, the ability to summon to court and to dispense justice. As a result of the "privatising" of the ban, the word itself acquired a new expanded meaning by the early eleventh century.

Mynydd Tir y Cwmwd (The Headland) is an area of about 175 acres (708,000 m²) in north Wales to the south of the village of Llanbedrog. From the top of the Headland, with a covering of gorse and heather, there are fine views towards Abersoch and Pwllheli as well as over Cardigan Bay. The whole area is privately owned common land and is zigzagged by many paths. Great care must be taken on the slope where numerous accidents have occurred.

During the Civil War, berries were hand-picked, hand-canned and soldered for shipping to the Union Army. Berries were also hand picked (for 2 cents a quart) and shipped by schooner in one quart wooden firkins to Boston (the trip took 2½ days). Until 1876, the barrens were held as "common land", with different families managing different parcels. By the 1880s, there were canning factories in Harrington and Columbia Falls, and a blueberry rake was designed by Abijah Tabbutt in 1883.

The allotments were created from common land on 7 November 1832, by order of Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London and lord of the manor of Ealing. The common was Ealing Dean Common, being in Ealing Dean, and was also known as Jackass Common, after the donkey and pony races held there in the summer. The size of this area of land was twenty acres, two roods and sixteen perches. The allotments were to be no more than in size, and to be cultivated by poor parishioners.

In May 1992 Avon and Somerset Police tried to end the annual Avon Free Festival, which had been held in the Bristol area around the May Bank Holiday for several years.McKay, G. (1996) Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance, Page 120, Verso As a result, hundreds of new age travellers en route to the area for the expected festival were shunted into neighbouring counties by Avon and Somerset's Operation Nomad police manoeuvres, with West Mercia Police deciding to confine them to common land at Castlemorton.

Additionally, the urban towns and the rural villages had differing rights and laws. The creation of a uniform Swiss citizenship, which applied equally for citizens of the old towns and their tenants and servants, led to conflict. The wealthier villagers and urban citizens held rights to forests, common land and other municipal property which they did not want to share with the "new citizens", who were generally poor. The compromise solution, which was written into the municipal laws of the Helvetic Republic, is still valid today.

By 1841 Little Wolford contained 274 inhabitants in 53 houses, in a parish area of , in which were of common land or waste. The industrialist, politician and lord of the manor Sir George Philips in 1844 purchased Little Wolford Manor House, formerly in the possession of the Ingram family. Directory listed trades and occupations in 1850 included five farmers, two in the same family, a brickmaker, shoemaker, blacksmith, a corn miller, and two carpenters."Little Wolford", A topographical dictionary of England, Samuel Lewis (London, 1848), vol.

View of the Scafell massif from Yewbarrow, Wasdale, Cumbria. In the valley are older enclosures and higher up on the fell-side are the parliamentary enclosures following straight lines regardless of terrain. In Northern England, especially in the Lake District and in the Pennine Dales, the word "fell" originally referred to an area of uncultivated high ground used as common grazing usually on common land and above the timberline. Today, generally, "fell" refers to the mountains and hills of the Lake District and the Pennine Dales.

Very little in the way of zoological course work had been developed at Wellesley to that point, and Wilcox had the task of essentially building a zoology department from scratch. She introduced a number of innovative teaching methods. For a time, her department became one of the foremost in the country, attracting a number of women who would become productive zoologists. Her interest during this period was in ornithology, and in 1895 she published Pocket Guide to the Common Land Birds of New England.

The yellow areas represent common land, brown arable land, dark green mixed forest and purple houses with gardens, allotments and orchards. In 2001 the vast majority of people worked in agriculture (51 people) or in retail trade (39) or education (30). Most people worked away from home travelling by car or van (163) but a high proportion also worked from home (90). Wilderhope Manor Wilderhope Manor, a 16th-century country house restored in 1936 and now owned by the National Trust, is used as a Youth Hostel.

Maybe it was remembered at Skara because it was his last action in Västergötland. It is implied, later in the bishop-list, that Sigfrid never actually 'sat' as bishop at Skara. Not until a somewhat later stage in the 'vacancy in see' crisis did Bishop Osmund, presumably Sigfrid's protégé, venture to do this, after being granted a residence on former common-land adjacent to that of the Dean, presumably with the consent of the local populace and the Cathedral Chapter.Discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 283-4.

Earlsmead is on the site of common land on the furthest west side of Roxeth in what was once known as Dabbs Field. In this area, around 850 AD, it is believed there was a now forgotten battle as commemorated in place names such as the Bonefield and the Hundred of Gore. The surrounding area was built as part of the Metro-land developments in the early 1930s. A local housing development, the Earlsmead Housing Estate, appears to have given the ground its name.

Part of Rushmere Common Rushmere Common (also Rushmere Heath) is common land situated on the eastern outskirts of Ipswich mainly within the parish of Rushmere St. Andrew, Suffolk, England. It is predominately heathland, gorse and woodland, and hosts a golf course. It adjoins the Sandlings Open Space to the east (which is owned and managed by Suffolk Coastal Council) and is crossed by a number of footpaths, including the Sandlings Walk – a long- distance footpath which starts on the common and ends 50 miles away in Southwold.

The 19th century was characterised by extensive agricultural reforms. Fundamental to subsequent reforms was the general division (Generalteilung) of land at the beginning of the 19th century, whereby the villages were given fixed boundaries and every piece of land was allocated to a municipality (Gemeinde). The amount of land around the individual villages which was allocated to them was based on the grazing rights they had held in the past. This was followed during the period 1838 to 1858 by the division of common land (Gemeinheitsteilungen).

The Urban Nature Conservation Study (UNCS) recognises the town's hinterland as a biodiversity resource. The hills gently rise to an undulating and open plateau, which has a mix of arable farmland, common land and mixed oak, ash and beech woodland. On the northeast side of town are the Berkhamsted and Northchurch commons, the largest in the Chilterns at , and forming a large arc running from Northchurch, through Frithsden and down to Potten End. Ownership of Berkhamsted Common is divided between the National Trust and Berkhamsted Golf Club.

A small urban farm in Amsterdam Rooftop urban farming at the Food Roof Farm in downtown St. Louis, MO Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer. To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common. One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia.

The manorial common land was divided into parts, mostly held by yeomen whose ancestors had been customary tenants in the 16th century, but was still used as common pasture. In 1770 six open fields were enclosed, a total of 1,343 acres, with sixteen landowners receiving allotments. Although there was a certain amount of exchanging of land after enclosure, on the whole, the lands belonging to each farm remained scattered. At a second enclosure in 1831 an area of 179 acres was divided between nine proprietors.

The moat around the house may have been L-shaped during this period, covering only the north and west sides of the property. Access during this time was via a wooden bridge. The surrounding parkland was fenced at some point between 1410 and 1529, probably when previously common land to the west was incorporated into the park. A payment of five shillings was made annually by the Abbey to the parishes of Barton-under-Needwood and of Rolleston as compensation for the loss of pastureland.

FES is one of the largest organizations focused on giving India's rural poor rights to common land (“the Commons”). Commons in India have been continuously projected as 'wastelands' and diverted for alternate uses such as biofuel cultivation, corporate contract farming and industrial zones. While more than 90% of India's population depends on the Commons for their livelihood, few have formal rights to these resources. To challenge the growing threats that Commons face from their reallocation, over exploitation and encroachment, FES launched the ‘Commons Initiative’ in 2009.

The Commons Act 2006 provided for the establishment of Commons Councils to manage common land. Those provisions of the Act are not yet in force, but the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) plans to bring them into force in the spring of 2009. The Commons Councils established under the Act will have a similar role to that of existing Conservators. According to DEFRA's website, Commons Councils will only be established where there is a local wish and will not be imposed.

Up until the Second World War a tent was set up for the players to change in. Caricatures of Jack Hobbs and Fred Burgess (the first XI captain in 1913) were drawn on the side of the tent. In 1927 a clubhouse was erected on Ham Common but the club was soon forced to take it down by Ham Urban District Council as it is common land. In 1968 the committee raised funds to build a clubhouse adjacent to the Hand and Flower pub.

Sheehy spoke out against the Penal Laws, the eviction of poor tenants by Anglo-Irish landlords, the elimination of common land by enclosure, and compulsory tithes. These tithes were due to the Protestant Church of Ireland and its clergy. To anyone who would not or could not pay, the tithes were often seized by force and given to the local Protestant minister. Between 1735 and 1760 there was an increase in land used for grazing and beef cattle, in part because pasture land was exempt from tithes.

Further west is Swansea Bay and the Gower Peninsula, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Of all the areas, Gower was the least affected by heavy industry and the ancient landscape was the least impaired. The high ground that runs centrally through the Gower was largely uncultivated common land and its beaches and rocky coastal headlands showed little signs of the tourist trade that played an increasing role on the local economy. The major settlements of the region include Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot.

Garstang is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Cherestanc in 1086. Later recordings of the name include Geresteng, Gairstang in 1195; Grestein, 1204; Gayrestan, 1236; Gayerstang, 1246; Gayrstang, 1274; Gayrestang, 1292.(1912) "Townships: Garstang", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 7, pp. 311-313. Retrieved 2007-10-25"Last name: Garstang", The placename is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 The original spelling of Garstang has several interpretations: "'gore by the boundary pole", "spear post", "triangular piece of land", "common land" or "meadowland".

Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar of Tughlaqabad was visited by Sant Ravidas around 1509 during the reign of Sikandar Lodi. Nearly 160 years ago on land provided by Sikandar Lodi, an ancestor named Roopa Nand dug out a pond in the area known as chamarwala johar in Khasra No. 123 of Tughlakabad village. The hut of Roopa Nand was situated in khasra No. 124/1 of Tughlakabad village. Later, in the Delhi Land Reforms Act of 1954, this land was shown as 'Shamlat' (village common land).

The North Wirral Coastal Park also runs for four miles along this coast, including public open space, common land, natural foreshore and sand-dunes. The park provides for a wide variety of recreational activities; some of the more popular being sailing, sea angling, swimming, cycling, picnicking, walking, jogging, ball games, bird watching and horse riding. The low-lying land behind the coast is protected by a large concrete embankment. Some of the coastal land is in the Moreton Conservation Area and provides important natural habitat.

The huge merino flocks had a lawful right of way for their migratory routes (cañadas). Towns and villages were obliged by law to let the flocks graze on their common land, and the Mesta had its own sheriffs that could summon offending individuals to its own tribunals. Sheep are often identified by farmers by using a paint mark called a raddle. Exportation of merinos without royal permission was also a punishable offense, thus ensuring a near-absolute monopoly on the breed until the mid-18th century.

David Williams: Introduction to Laugharne. open field strips in common land on The Hugdon, a hill to the west of Laugharne The most senior 76 burgesses get a strang of land on Hugden for life, to be used in a form of mediaeval strip farming. Customs associated with the Corporation include the Common walk (also known as beating the bounds), which occurs on Whit Monday every three years. This event is attended by most of the young and firm local population, their number swelled by many visitors.

In 1832 there were eight public houses in the village: The Green Dragon, Ferry Boat Inn, The White Horse, The Red Lion, The Globe, The Golden Ball, The Oddfellows Arms and Bull Hill. A directory of 1853 stated that the village contained of good sandy soil, and that most of this had previously been common land, but had been enclosed in 1769. However, the Inclosure Act was awarded on 11 June 1762, and a copy of it is held in the archive at Nottingham University.

The coronations of King George IV and Victoria, and the ends of both the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean War were celebrated with similar large-scale public feasts. On 22 April 1822, the 8.05 acres of land that today form the Level was given in trust to Brighton by Thomas Read Kemp and other landowners. Thereafter, apart from of downland near Brighton Racecourse, far out of town on top of Race Hill, The Level was the only area of common land available to the town's residents.

Bawdeswell Heath is all that remains of a huge area of common land following the inclosure acts in the late 18th and early to mid 19th centuries. There are in total that can be accessed from Dereham Road with parking available about 1/2-mile Southwest of the A1067 or by foot from 'The Layby' in Billingford Road about 1/3-mile West of the A1067. The Heath is administered by a board of trustees except for administered by the Parish Council as trustees.

By 1635, he had built himself a large house, Leicester House, at the northern end. The area in front of the house was then enclosed, depriving inhabitants of St Martin in the Fields parish of their right to use the previously common land. The parishioners appealed to King Charles I, and he appointed three members of the privy council to arbitrate. Lord Leicester was ordered to keep part of his land (thereafter known as Leicester Fields and later as Leicester Square) open for the parishioners.

White Hart Road is the name given to a section of hill land road enclosed from common land in the parish of Caerhun high above the village of Rowen, in the Conwy Valley. It was planned as a new part of the Royal Mail coach road from Llanbedr y Cennin to Abergwyngregyn before the A55 coast road was built linking Chester to Holyhead around Penmaenmawr. The enclosure award still shows the name White Hart, which is very unusual for a road name rather than inns.

On introduction of the 1825 Inclosure Act, the area saw little expansion due to common land becoming privately owned. The 1841 census listed eight families in the area, including agricultural workers, a painter, an Irish carrier, and a wire drawer. It is likely that the latter worked at Penns Mill, a nearby wire mill run by the Webster family (with Baron Dickinson Webster's business involvements including the transatlantic telegraph cable). Boldmere did expand, however, upon the introduction of the London and North Western Railway.

The bill proposes changes to housing law in order to develop common land usage expectations for regional transportation planning and housing. Lastly, the bill fortifies requisites for public input to the creation and review of MPO plans. As a strategy to reach the goals of AB 32, SB 375 requires that CARB establish the targets for reductions in greenhouse gas emission targets for the eighteen MPOs in the state for 2020 and 2035. CARB assigned the 'Regional Targets Advisory Committee' to identify mechanisms for these reductions.

The wood was part of a large area of common land in the parish of Northaw which was used for grazing livestock and source of wood fuel. Closure of the canopy has led to the disappearance of open woodland birds such as nightingales and tree pipits, but the management plan for the wood aims to restore biodiversity. The site has one of the county's most extensive areas of ancient hornbeam woodland, with other trees including oak and silver birch. Glades, streams and springs add to the biodiversity.

The large, round- topped hill which gave the suburb its name stands between the two main valleys along which the original routes into and out of Brighton developed (the present London and Lewes Roads). Ditchling Road, the middle route, climbs the hill. London and Lewes Roads became turnpikes (toll roads) in 1770, and The Level—originally common land between Ditchling Road and Lewes Road—was enclosed and reserved for public recreation in 1822. Round Hill's elevated, fairly central position gives excellent inward and outward views.

The register states that the farm had recently been cleared on crown common land and that it would pay the highest rate in tax, which was ½ våg () of stockfish as a public levy. The annual tithe to the church was ¾ tønne () of grain and 16 marks () of cheese. Furthermore, the land rent (landskylden; i.e., the rent that a tenant or leaseholder had to provide to the owner of the farm, which in this case was the king) was set at one våg () of stockfish.

Clyne Common (Welsh: Comin Clun) is a lowland area of common land in the Gower Peninsula, Wales. Clyne Common is the easternmost of a set of commons that includes Fairwood Common, Forest Common, Pengwern Common, and Welsh Moor. This group comprise a belt of land lying across the south western edge of the coalfield deposits in Swansea which were left in an unenclosed state when adjacent field systems were laid out. Some of the land has been used as a golf course since the early 20th century.

Ruins of Bennachie Colony The Colony was a squatters' community on "commonty", or common land, on one side of Bennachie, a range of hills near Aberdeen, in Scotland. From the beginning of the nineteenth century common land in the parishes of Chapel of Garioch and Oyne on the east side of Bennachie became home to a community of squatters. This settlement was known locally as the Colony. A small number of families led a crofting life supplementing it by doing skilled work, such as dyking, quarrying and knitting.Fraser, H P 1984 ‘On the Trail of the Bennachie Colonists’, Bennachie Notes No. 3 (Oct. 1984), 8-12Fraser, H P 1985a ‘On the Trail of the Bennachie Colonists’, Bennachie Notes, No. 4 (April 1985), 7 -10Fraser, H P 1985b ‘On the Trail of the Bennachie Colonists’, Bennachie Notes , No. 5 (Oct. 1985), 4-7 In 1850 it is believed the Colony had a population of 55.Fagen, J. "Echoes of the Bennachie Colonists" , Leopard Magazine, Retrieved on 2009-08-11 In 1859 eight neighbouring landlords took possession of sections of Bennachie as part of their estates.

The golf course area, north of the village, is registered as common land. Most of the village was designated as a conservation area in 1972 - areas of recent building in the north are excluded. The architecture of the town is a mix of a few 17th century structures with 18th and 19th century buildings, ranging from terraced cottages to spacious Victorian villas, some flamboyant in style; 31 are Grade II listed. South of the river, a roofless 1870s mortuary chapel and the remains of a concrete cottage stand on the south-west of Church Hill.

West End is a village and civil parish in Surrey Heath, Surrey, England, approximately southwest of central London. It is midway between the towns of Camberley and Woking, to the west and east respectively. The River Bourne rises from its sources to the immediate west to run through the village. Until the mid 20th century, the West End consisted of a collection of smallholdings surrounded by a substantial area of common land West End Common is comparable in size to Chobham Common to the north and includes training ranges of the British Army.

Milne's land use map of Middlesex, drawn up in 1800 shows half this arable land had become pasture over the preceding fifty years. At the turn of the 17th century then, it is possible with some accuracy to picture Harringay. The slopes of 'Harringay Park' were pastureland cross- hatched with hedgerows, dotted with trees and copses and most likely scattered with livestock. Bordering these lands and running for a good part of the length along the western side of Harringay's Green Lanes was open common land known as 'Beans Green'.

North of that was the open common land of 'Ducketts Common', which survives today. Across the muddy roadway in the northern portion of East Harringay lay more pasture. The southern portion was fringed with yet more pasture, but beyond on most of the land of East Harringay that lay cultivated fields, probably sown with oats. Meandering down the hill roughly beneath present-day Effingham and Fairfax Roads ran Stonebridge Brook; reaching Green Lanes, it followed the road south for a way, then continued east running just to the north of St Ann's Road.

The readings of sundials, when they were used, were then, and often still are, corrected with the equation of time, used in the reverse direction from previously, to obtain clock time. Many sundials, therefore, have tables or graphs of the equation of time engraved on them to allow the user to make this correction. The equation of time was used historically to set clocks. Between the invention of accurate clocks in 1656 and the advent of commercial time distribution services around 1900, there were three common land-based ways to set clocks.

In 1618 Mervyn Tucher (or Audley), 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, who had inherited Stalbridge Park from his father, decided to build a mansion house on his Stalbridge estate. He enclosed an area used as common land to the northwest of the church, moving tenant farmers out, and built a Jacobean style mansion, the fifth largest house in Dorset. In 1631 the earl's eldest son James brought a case against him for "unnatural practices", and he was subsequently executed. James sold the house to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.

Anlaby Avenue, Anlaby Common Anlaby Common is former common land, now an outer suburb of Kingston upon Hull. The area includes the residential areas which are located on the western urban fringe of Hull; the B1231 road (Hull Road/Springfield Way) passes through all of Anlaby Common's estates, east to west. As of 2011 the western part of the land is located in the civil parish of Anlaby with Anlaby Common in the East Riding of Yorkshire; whilst the eastern part of the land is located in Kingston upon Hull.

The sport of golf in Wales traces its origins to the 1880s. The earliest course was constructed in Pontnewydd in Monmouthshire in 1875, but this was a short course. By the mid-1880s nine-hole courses were built at several sites in Wales on coastal common land where the turf was acceptable. Several sites claim to be home to the oldest golf club in Wales, though it is generally accepted that Tenby, formed in 1888, was the first, with evidence that the game was played there from at least 1875.

Long Pond Pink Cottage Pond Canada Goose on Long Pond Totteridge Common is a 3.7 hectareMill Hill East Environmental Statement Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II, in Totteridge in the London Borough of Barnet. The nature reserve is the southern verge of the road Totteridge Common, between Totteridge Park and Oak Lodge. It is registered common land owned by the Totteridge Manor AssociationTotteridge Manor Association home page and comprised the lands of the former Manor of Totteridge which were transferred to the association in 1954.

In 1924, in Alexandra Park were purchased, added to in 1927 by of farmland and common land between Bordon and Oakhanger, for use as additional training areas. The 1930s started with the building of the RASC Lines on the edge of Louisburg Barracks. This brought about the demolition in 1937 of the old wooden huts at both Quebec and St Lucia barracks, with new brick built 100-man barracks in their place. The 1930s construction ended with the building of the wooden hutted training camp at Oxney Farm, named Martinique barracks.

The area was from the Norman Conquest agricultural manorial, common land and land not suited for cultivation termed waste: it included large farms and scattered cottages. In the West End part to the south and in the Hampshire mostly forested part 19th century replacements of some of these exist. In the 1841 Census, there were only about 50 dwellings and 250 inhabitants within the boundaries of what is now known as Rowledge. Evidence on the ground is thin: no listed building is in the parish on the National Heritage list.

The manor of Burgham Court (now reflected in the farmhouse of Burpham Court) owned most of the land on the east side of the parish until the early 20th century. It was a major source of poor relief and public works under the local vestry. Outskirts of the land remain common land not owned by the lord of the manor. The manor was handed down via lines of the interconnected Wintershull/Wintershall, Bassett, Unwyn, Windsor, Wolley and Wroth families from Thurstan le Dispenser at the time of the Testa de Nevill.

One local landowner, William Hall, refused to sell his land to Byron, and in 1877 Hall and his brother brought a case against Byron in the Court of Chancery for encroaching on Common Land. They were successful, William Hall then asked the Corporation of London to purchase the land to preserve it as open space. In 1883 the Corporation bought Riddlesdown and Kenley Common.London Gardens Online, RiddlesdownLondon Borough of Croydon, Riddlesdown They became part of the City Commons, seven green spaces in south London managed by the City Corporation of London.

Second, in the economic sphere and where applicable, they demanded that interest, pensions and rent paid to the clergy should be cease when they reached three times the principal sum. The peasants also demanded permission to hunt, fish and cut timber from forests and common land. The articles, which affected constitutional law, ended by demanding that the treaty of 1519, known as the Rachtung, be repealed and the records destroyed. All privileges of the clergy, even if they were granted by emperors, kings and popes should be declared void.

B. Wilson & H.A. Wilson The Story of Norwood the Vicar's Oak survived until 1825. Another oak tree that survived the depredations of the shipbuilders was the Question Oak at Westwood, Charles Spurgeon's mansion, under which he challenged his students to query theological matters. Its role should not to be confused with the Metropolitan Tabernacle or Spurgeon's College. By 1745, John Rocque's map of London and its environs showed the woodland to be only wide, turned over to agricultural common land at Croydon, Penge, Streatham, Knight's Hill, Dulwich and Westwood.

Deep into Alden Valley, on the north side of the brook, can be found the ruins of Alden Old Mill, an old bleach works built by Robert 'Rough Robin' Pilkington. He acquired his name because of his invariable habit of claiming the weather was 'a bit rough'. Still known as the Township of Pilkington, the ruins of his farm (Spring Bank Farm) can be found above the ruined mill. He enclosed common land and would not pay his rates and was therefore refused poor relief during the depression in the 1820s.

Lords demanded rents and labour from the tenants, but the tenants had firm user rights to cropland and common land and those rights were passed down from generation to generation. A medieval lord could not evict a tenant nor hire labour to replace him without legal cause. Most tenants likewise were not free without penalty to depart the manor for other locations or occupations. The rise of capitalism and the concept of land as a commodity to be bought and sold led to the gradual demise of the open- field system.

The property was at first developed in a somewhat haphazard, evolutionary way, focused on the main tabernacle, in contrast to other, more formally-planned camp meeting sites such as Wesleyan Grove. Over a 25-year period a network of paths and roadways grew, with tents used by early visitors eventually replaced by small Gothic cottages. The site was used for religious summer camps until 1939; in 1946 it was acquired by the Yarmouth Camp Ground Association, a secular organization established to own the area's common land and preserve the character of its buildings.

Most village greens in England originated in the Middle Ages. Individual greens may have been created for various reasons, including protecting livestock from wild animals or human raiders during the night, or providing a space for market trading. In most cases where a village green is planned, it is placed in the centre of a settlement. Village greens can also be formed when a settlement expands to the edge of an existing area of common land, or when an area of waste land between two settlements becomes developed.

A large area of common land, consisting of heathland on top of Weald Clay, straddled the border between the counties of Surrey and Sussex north of Crawley. An ancient oak tree, the "County Oak", stood on the heath for centuries and marked the traditional boundary. This tree was eventually cut down in the 1840s, but its name survives in a retail park and industrial area near the present Manor Royal estate in the north of Crawley. The timber was used to make an oaken screen for the nearby St Margaret's Church in Ifield.

Sutton Common Park Rosehill Park East Sutton Common is the name of former common land and a district and neighbourhood located in Sutton, London. The area is mostly located within the London Borough of Sutton, with some of the streets to the north and west of Sutton Common Park adjoining Lower Morden and Morden within the London Borough of Merton. Much of the area is taken up by the large Kimpton Park commercial and industrial estate, adjoining the A217 (Oldfields Road). It is served by Sutton Common railway station.

Below them were the lairds, who emerged as a distinct group at the top of local society was whose position was consolidated by economic and administrative change. Below the lairds in rural society were a variety of groups, often ill-defined, including yeomen, who were often major landholders, and the husbandmen, who were landholders, followed by cottars and grassmen, who often had only limited rights to common land and pasture. Urban society was led by wealthy merchants, who were often burgesses. Beneath them, and often in conflict with the urban elite, were the craftsmen.

The Solomon Kimball House, probably built in 1696,On March 6, 1695/6 Thomas Kilham was given permission by the town to cut enough pine timber (from town- owned common land) to yield 700 boards, suggesting that the house was built during the warm months of 1696 or 1697. On January 8, 1699/1700 he received a grant of timber for building a 25-foot x 22-foot barn. See Wenham Historical Society, Wenham Town Records, 1642–1706 (Salem, MA: Newcomb & Gauss, 1930), 130, 175-176. is a historic First Period house in Wenham, Massachusetts.

Before the draining of the Fens was completed, animals were grazed on the common land and were marked to identify their owners; this was also the case with swans, which were usually marked on their bills. The riverside location and fertile soils surrounding Wisbech allowed the town to flourish. A thriving pipe making business was being carried out in the town by Amy White in the 1740s. Soapmaking was also taking place in the 1740s A number of breweries existed in the town; the last one remaining is Elgood's on the North Brink.

During the 1960s restoration work was undertaken to enable it to be used for recreation purposes and was given protection through its registration as common land. Known today as The Green it is owned and maintained by the Parish Council "for the enjoyment of local people". The Rothschild family were prominent farmers and landowners. Around 1920 they were responsible for improving the tied cottages of their farm workers by building, in typical Rothschild style, two new terraces of cottages along Little Twye Road and replacing dilapidated tenements in Parrotts Lane.

Sir John Sinclair, President of the Board of Agriculture during the Napoleonic Wars, made a call for the enclosure of Finchley Common in 1803. "Let us not be satisfied with the liberation of Egypt, or the subjugation of Malta, but let us subdue Finchley Common; let us conquer Hounslow Heath, let us compel Epping Forest to submit to the yoke of improvement." But an active campaign for enclosure (the process of transferring common land into individual ownership) began in 1805. It was "instigated" by John Bacon (a local land owner at Friern Barnet).

The National Trust took over the management of the Glyderau and the Carneddau in 1951 in lieu of death duties on the Penrhyn Estate. The total area is about 7,000 hectares, half of which is common land with registered grazing rights for 45,000 sheep and 741 ponies. There are eight tenanted farms on the estate and the National Trust is responsible for the maintenance of footpaths and drystone walls, some of which date back many hundreds of years. The two mountain ranges form part of the Snowdonia National Park.

Bird near Nauta on the Marañón River 227 species of mammals have been recorded in the ecoregion. Common land mammals include jaguar (Panthera onca), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), kinkajou (Potos flavus) and white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari). Primates include spider monkey (genus Ateles), white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons), tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella), Venezuelan red howler (Alouatta seniculus), common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and bald uakari (Cacajao calvus). Other mammals are the Amazon bamboo rat (Dactylomys dactylinus) and spiny tree-rats (genus Echimys).

The National Trust took over the management of the Glyderau and the Carneddau in 1951 in lieu of death duties on the Penrhyn Estate. The total area is about 7,000 hectares, half of which is common land with registered grazing rights for 45,000 sheep and 741 ponies. There are eight tenanted farms on the estate, and the National Trust is responsible for the maintenance of footpaths and drystone walls, some of which date back many hundreds of years. The two mountain ranges form part of the Snowdonia National Park.

British Geological Survey In the early 19th century the settlement was a hamlet, no more than a group of cottages on common land. At first part of Downton parish, by 1841 Nomansland had been excluded from the parish and was deemed an extra-parochial place, then in 1857 became a civil parish which was joined to Redlynch parish in 1934. More houses were built in the later 19th century and the 20th century. A community governance review effective 1 April 2017 transferred the eastern portion of Redlynch parish, including Nomansland, to Landford.

In the first case, lands reserved for serf use were assigned to the mir for allocation by the proprietor. Even after the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, a peasant in his everyday work normally had little independence from obshchina, governed at the village level (mir) by the full assembly of the community (skhod). Among its duties were control and redistribution of the common land and forest (if such existed), levying recruits for military service and imposing punishments for minor crimes. Obshchina was also held responsible for taxes underpaid by members.

The hamlet is named for the Turgis family that owned land locally in the thirteenth century. Turgis Green was inclosed in 1866 as a result of the General Inclosure Act, which permitted landlords to enclose open fields and common land and deny local people their historic rights to graze on these area, as well as wood gathering and water rights. Late in the eighteenth century it was proposed to build a cut (canal branch) from the Basingstoke Canal to Turgis Green but the proposal never came to fruition.

The Law of Property Act 1925 makes it a criminal offence to drive across common land without permission. The 1961 case of Stokes v. Cambridge determined that if a parcel of land would allow access to develop a neighbouring property, in a compulsory purchase of the land its owner is entitled to one-third of the resulting property value. The 1925 law was cited in the case of businessman Michael Farrow, who in 1986 purchased the feudal title Lord of the Manor of Newtown at auction for £4,200 from the Earl of Carnarvon.

It was eventually sold in 1872 to Henry Edwin Garrod of Diss. From the earliest Domesday records the vicinity of the Lophams was noted as ploughland. Agriculture has continued to be the principle occupation in the area throughout its history including arable, cattle and sheep farming on the manorial land, common land, freeholdings and copyholdings. There is evidence of linen production in the Lophams from 1400 and the villages became famous for the quality of their linen in the 19th century before the decline of this cottage industry in favour of mechanised production.

Huckeymead Lane, which crosses the common, ends at a bridleway that leads to the Monarch's Way. Local wildlife include roe deer, barn owls and (in the large pond on the common) greater- crested newts. Midsummer view over the common land at Huxham Green Huxham Green includes four farms which date back to the Middle Ages and were once owned by Glastonbury Abbey. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries the farms passed into private ownership and in the nineteenth century one of the farms was owned by Wadham College, of Oxford University.

Walking trail on Holmbury Hill Holmbury St. Mary is located inside the Hurtwood Forest, which is considered the largest area of common land in Surrey; it takes up part of the Greensand Ridge which in turn contributes to the Surrey Hills AONB. Nearby to the south is Holmbury Hill, which at 857 feet (261 m) is the fourth highest point in Surrey. The summit of Holmbury Hill, containing the hill fort and Bray family memorial cairn, is the only part of the hill to be located in Holmbury, at the Ockley Estate.

In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community. Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays.

Prior to 1800 most of the land around Kentmere was unenclosed common land, but at that time farms began to be bought by wealthy people from outside the area. They set about enclosing the land and improving the farms that they now owned. Lime from a quarry located above Kentmere Hall was used to condition the soil, and field drains were added to make the land more suitable for agriculture. The Wilsons, who owned Kentmere Hall, drained Kentmere Tarn in the 1830s, hoping that the reclaimed land would be of good quality.

A violent conflict that continued until 1456. The dispute in Oostergo (1441–1444) was settled through a court of law under the influence of Groningen. On August 15, 1456, the threat of Duke Philip the Good led to a new alliance against all landlords and the formation of a council ‘of the Common Land of Vrieslandt’. Shortly thereafter the Donia War (1458–1463) began, followed by an explosion of other disputes; the towns Sneek now played a large role, some actively, some passively (Dokkum 1470, the Beer Uproar of Leeuwarden in 1487).

It rendered (in total) 14s 0d.Surrey Domesday Book Throughout the early medieval period the place was also referred to as Echelford. A stone bridge was built over the ford in 1789 by the Hampton and Staines Turnpike Trust, part of which is used as the rather scenic Fordbridge roundabout with its large weeping willow trees at the centre. Ashford Common was a large area of common land in the south and east of the town that the British Army used for military displays in the reign of George III.

Instead of being enclosed, as much land was at the time, it was left as common land; Worthing's inhabitants were granted leases to graze their animals on it. Some buildings also stood there: an early courthouse, and some buildings called "shops" which were likely to be fishing-related. The first of these was documented in the early 17th century, and several others were known about later that century. Storms in the 17th century and in 1703 started to damage this exposed land, and it was completely undermined in the 18th century.

Prior to the eighteenth century, land on both sides of the River Witham below Lincoln was open common land. During the summer months, it was possible to graze animals on it, but even then, it was subject to regular flooding. During the winter months, it was generally under water for long periods, and could not be used at all. Although work had been carried out to straighten the channel of the river, and constructing the Grand Sluice to the north of Boston, neither measure was sufficient to make the land suitable for agriculture.

Statue of Queen Victoria Originally Victoria Park was called The Marsh, however by the turn of the 20th century the name Victoria Park had arisen. This is likely due to the Queen's popularity and the fact that many public celebrations, such as the Queen's jubilee were held in the park. The statue of her was originally placed in the Market Place in 1903, subsequently moved to Greenham House in 1933 and then to Victoria Park 1966. Up until the 1930s the park was common land, which included the right to graze cattle.

The junction of Eland Road and Sabine Road, on the estate The Shaftesbury Park Estate, commonly known as The Shaftesbury Estate, is a residential estate in Battersea in South London, England. It lies north of Lavender Hill and Clapham Common and east of Clapham Junction railway station. The estate occupies a flat area of land at the edge of the River Thames flood plain, just north of the slope rising to Clapham Common. Historically, the area was occupied by Battersea Fields, the poorly drained common land covering the area as far as the river.

Cattle rustling was an important pastime of the FitzWalter gang as it was a major source of revenue. They seized cattle from Colchester's main monastic house, the Priory of St. John, for which the prior later denounced FitzWalter as "a common destroyer of men of religion". In this particular case, FitzWalter treated the priory's cattle extremely poorly: they were either worked to death or left to starve. For two years, he also illegally pastured his own sheep and cattle on common land used by the town's burgess, which abutted his own Lexden Park estate.

The echo of the sweet songs by the "kuadias" कुआडिया( two men operating the well) at 4 AM were used to be very refreshing and enlightening. In the evening, operating time of the well was very lively and entertaining. Both of the elders and the youth would gather in the "Guaad" गुआड़(courtyard in the common land); overtly gossiping and discussing village news. But their main attraction would be the "Paniharins" पनिहारीं (the newly wed brides in a flock along with their young sisters-in-law going to fetch water from the well).

Westerley Ware is a small garden and recreation ground in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It is at the foot of Kew Bridge, between Waterloo Place (a row of houses and flats off Kew Green) and the Thames riverbank. Historically common land, it has a memorial garden – bordered by hedges – to the fallen in the First World War, a grass area, three hard tennis courts and a children's playground. Since 1939 it has been managed by the local authority, which is now Richmond upon Thames Council.

In 1611 the estate at Cookham was the subject of the first ever country house poem, Emilia Lanier's "Description of Cookham". In the poem Lanier pays tribute to her patroness, Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, through a description of her residence as a paradise for literary women. The estate at Cookham did not actually belong to Margaret Clifford, but was rented for her by her brother while Clifford was undergoing a dispute with her husband. The town people have resisted many attempts to enclose parts of the common land, including by the vicar, Rev.

Loxley has a recreation ground on Loxley Road near the junction with Long Lane; it is the only substantial public open space in the suburb. However, just to the north is Loxley Common, an ancient area of common land which is now owned and managed by Sheffield City Council on behalf of the people of the city. The common consists of heath land interspersed with trees. The southern slopes of the common which run down to the Loxley Valley have a sandstone escarpment, below which is thick woodland.

Common land in Nepal is owned by the state which often does not have the capacity to monitor and manage the area. This often leads to the over use of the resources by the community due to lack of incentives. To overcome this, programs involving community participation were introduced and 'Forest User Groups' (FUG) formed to manage the forests resources without giving them ownership of the land. Community forest management system in Nepal becomes one of the successful program out of 8 around world that is recognized on Rio 20+.

The common property land or ejido of X-Hazil includes the population nucleus of Chancah Veracruz and Uh-May. Nowadays inhabitants dedicate themselves to agricultural activities and trade of precious woods. Most of the common land owners do the traditional cornfield treatment of "roza-tumba y quema" (hollow/drop down/burn) The common property land owners and their families have free will of choosing the location of their crops. The only restriction is that it doesn't affect the zones included in the "Plan de cortas" and the reserve.

The Duchess returned to open the new waterworks at Camp Hill in 1895. In 1897, the painter Edward Burne-Jones came to Malvern for the "bracing air", on the recommendation of his doctor, but stayed in his hotel for a week. The 7-year-old Franklin D. Roosevelt visited in 1889, during a trip to Europe with his parents. By 1875 encroachment on Malvern's wastelands by landowners had reached new heights and action was taken by the people of Malvern and the Commons Society to preserve the hills and common land and to prevent encroachment.

There have been waves of squatting through British history. The BBC states that squatting was "a big issue in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and again for the Diggers in the 17th Century [who] were peasants who cultivated waste and common land, claiming it as their rightful due" and that squatting was a necessity after the Second World War when so many were homeless.Squatters: Who are they and why do they squat? , BBC A more recent wave began in the late 1960s in the midst of a housing crisis.

135 To make it difficult for squatters to build, an act was passed known as the Erection of Cottages Act 1588 whereby a cottage could only be built as long as it had a minimum of of land associated with it.Basket. Statutes at Large. Retrieved 10 November 2014 p. 664 In 1649 at St George's Hill, Weybridge in Surrey, Gerrard Winstanley and others calling themselves The True Levellers occupied disused common land and cultivated it collectively in the hope that their actions would inspire other poor people to follow their lead.

Rushmere Common, also known locally as Rushmere Heath, is a large area of common land which dominates much of the south-east of the parish. Home to the Rushmere Golf Club and bordered by Playford Road, Camberley Road, Tasmania Road, the Broke Hall Estate and Kesgrave, the common is an area enjoyed by walkers and cyclists alike, who take advantage of its wide open spaces and footpaths – including the Sandlings Walk, which starts on the common and ends in Southwold 60 miles away on the north Suffolk coast.

Twyn y Gaer iron age hill fort at Mynydd Illtud, with the trig point visible on top Mynydd Illtud is an extensive area of common land near Libanus, Powys, Wales, located in the Brecon Beacons National Park and some three miles south- west of Brecon. The common is an undulating plateau lying between above sea level. Its highest points are at Allt Lom and at Twyn y Gaer trig point overlooking the valley of the River Usk. Twyn y Gaer is the site of an Iron Age hill fort.

The impact on the village will be partial closures to the two bridges on Bridge Road and Station Road for widening work and the removal of direct access from the A6136 north of the village. Access to the north of the village will be at the improved Scotch Corner interchange using the old A1 northbound carriageway. Access to the south of the village will be via the improved Catterick Grade Separated interchange. The local Parish Council has responsibility for the upkeep of the common land that lies along the riverbank.

Danbury Common is a 70.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Danbury in Essex, England. Most of it is common land owned by the National Trust, and two areas, the Backwarden and Hitchcock's Meadows, are part of Essex Wildlife Trust's Danbury Ridge Nature Reserves. The site is one of the largest areas of heathland left in the county, and also has bracken and gorse scrub, and woodland with oak and birch. Upper parts are on glacial gravel, and lower down there are boggy heath and woodland areas.

In 1661, the town voted to allow each inhabitant to take up a whole division of common land anywhere in the woods where they could find fit planting ground as long as it was not within of the town meeting house, and they were prohibited from making it their dwelling place without the consent of a committee or the town selectmen. Elder Phillip Groves, Captain William Curtiss and Lt. Joseph Judson, early farmers in Trumbull, were named to a committee to lay out the land as they saw fit.Orcutt, Vol. 1 p.

In the 2011 census the civil parish had 235 households and a population of 579. After the establishment of Stour Provost village near the River Stour, at least four smaller settlements were established in a piecemeal fashion from the 13th century - or perhaps earlier - in the common land or "waste" further east, at Woodville and beyond. These small groups of farms, with their own irregular shaped fields, were separated by unenclosed "waste" probably until the 18th century, when it was enclosed and divided into rectilinear fields. The nearest railway station is in neighbouring Gillingham, Dorset.

The whole of Harden Moor is designated as common land and besides being used for walking and horse riding, the moorland is also used by motorbikers and push-bikers for trials and competitions. The former quarry workings provide a good backdrop for testing courses for the riders. The moor is also a popular location to go orienteering, with events held regularly by local orienteering clubs. When the Ferrand family still owned the St Ives Estate, they used Harden Moor for hunting with dogs and invited along friends and aristocracy.

The Crown decided to sell it in 1812 to help fund the Napoleonic Wars, but local people with rights to graze sheep and cattle on the common land objected. were sold to cover the cost of the Enclosure Commission, and around one third of the total area was offered for sale in 1819. Some two-thirds of this land was bought by an industrialist and London businessman called John Christie. Christie had already developed a limestone quarry at Penwyllt, and decided to develop lime kilns there as well.

The Council of State received a letter in April 1649 reporting that several individuals had begun to plant vegetables in common land on St George's Hill, Weybridge near Cobham, Surrey at a time when harvests were bad and food prices high. Sanders reported that they had invited "all to come in and help them, and promise them meat, drink, and clothes." They intended to pull down all enclosures and cause the local populace to come and work with them. They claimed that their number would be several thousand within ten days.

The Wild Grounds is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gosport in Hampshire. It is also a Local Nature Reserve, which is owned and managed by Gosport Borough Council. This site was probably common land until around 1600, after which it developed into woodland dominated by oak trees. It is not rich in flora, but is of great interest ecologically and historically for its natural origin and its structure, being composed of old trees of uneven age which will be allowed to live their natural life span.

Most of today's common land lies within the medieval pale, although one tract, near Chelwood Beacon, acquired quite recently by the forest conservators, extends outside. The conservators have acquired other tracts in recent years as suitable opportunities have arisen, for example at Chelwood Vachery, as part of a policy to extend the amount of land that they regulate and protect within the pale. According to the definition used by the conservators, which relates to the land for which they have statutory responsibility, the area of Ashdown Forest is .

He defaulted on his rental payments to the Crown and left. Subsequent Lords of the Manor suffered similar opposition from the commoners. Compromise proposals were made to divide up the forest that would leave sufficient common land to meet the needs of commoners, while giving the rest up for improvement. These unresolved tensions came to a head when, in 1689, a major landowner and 'Master of the Forest', Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, brought a legal suit against 133 commoners in the court of the Duchy of Lancaster.

Cooperative members retained ownership of their land but secured a share in the cooperative by staking their plots along with those of other members in the common land pool. By 1956 the transformation of mutual aid teams into agricultural cooperatives was nearly complete. By the end of that year, moreover, the great majority of cooperatives had moved to a still higher stage of collectivization, having become advanced producers' cooperatives. These cooperatives contrasted with those of the earlier stage in that members no longer earned income based on shares of land owned.

By 1802 James Hedger had become known as the "King of St. George's Fields". With James's son, also called James, they built on common land and the Court of Common Council took legal advice towards prosecution. However, since the common ground was for the benefit of the land tenants of the estate and the Hedgers by then had a controlling interest in the land, the matter was dropped. After the tavern had been demolished the Hedgers continued to build houses on the land although this required paying a forfeit for breach of covenant.

In the same year, the enclosure of common land was opposed by a mob that tried to prevent the attorney attaching notice of it to the church door. Villagers were outraged because large areas of land were granted to local landowners and were sold to cover the cost of the enclosure. Only were awarded to smallholders and only were set aside for the poor. The poor in Oakley would have to survive on what was left of Poor Folk's Pasture in Boarstall parish, itself subject to stringent eligibility rules.

In 1693 Dame Margaret Standish and her son Sir Thomas petitioned the House of Lords against Hugh Willoughby, 12th Baron Willoughby of Parham for the redemption of a mortgage on the manor and lead mines.Archive (a2a) Transcript of Document Number DDKE/6/47 n.d. c. 1693 In 1721 Sir Thomas Standish leased common land near White and Black Coppice to Sir Henry Hoghton of Hoghton Tower for 21 years. Sir Richard Standish's descendants had inherited an interest in the manor from 1677 until in 1812 when the line came to an end.

Nesscliffe Country park lies just off the A5 between Oswestry and Shrewsbury. The Old Three Pigeons Inn, dated back to the 15th century, is located south of the entrance to the Park and was said to be the watering hole of Humphrey Kynaston. Inside, the seat from Kynaston's cave is now part of the Inn's fireplace. The park itself is divided into three areas, from south to north: Nesscliffe Hill, Hopton Hill and The Cliffe (the latter a common land hill whose northern access footpaths begin at Ruyton-XI-Towns).

A Survey of the Place Names of Staffordshire) North Pirehill Farm Stone lay within the Pirehill hundred of Staffordshire named after nearby Pire Hill.Pirehill Hundred: History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire, William White, Sheffield, 1851 In 1251, Henry III granted Stone a market charter. The Common Plot (aka Mudley Pits) is a large area of open and wooded common land sited just to the north of the town of Stone. The Duke of Cumberland built extensive winter fortifications and a camp here, traces of which can still be seen, during the winter of 1745/46.

A map produced in 1761 shows that Misson was surrounded by three fields, East Field to the east, Butt Field to the west and Mill Field to the north-west. It shows how these were sub-divided as a result of the enclosures. To the north of them, the area remained common land, and was used for the grazing of animals, the production of hay, and probably also reeds for thatching. Part of Misson was in Nottinghamshire, and part was in Lincolnshire, but the boundary between the two counties was not well defined in 1853.

By the end 19th century, it had a population of around 300 in an area of 4,984 acres there were many lead mines nearby and a smelt mill was situated in the village. In 1856 the St. John the Baptist Church was constructed in the area between Hilton and Murton which features a three-tier pulpit. Since the 1980s much of the previously common land of the village has been owned by the Ministry of Defence as part of the Warcop Training Area which has been expanded extensively over the years.

Crook Peak to Shute Shelve Hill is a 332.2 hectare (820.9 acre) geological and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the western end of the Mendip Hills, Somerset. The line of hills runs for approximately from west to east and includes: Crook Peak, Compton Hill, Wavering Down, Cross Plain and Shute Shelve Hill. Most of the site is owned by the National Trust who bought in 1985, and much of it has been designated as common land. It was notified as an SSSI by Natural England in 1952.

By the 16th century this class had begun to develop into an elite class that tended to lead the Landsgemeinde and be appointed as mayors. Below the citizens there was a class of residents, who were allowed to use the common land but had limited rights or political power. In the 16th century it was possible for a resident to buy his way into citizenship, however by the 17th century this had become almost impossible. To pay for the Second Battle of Villmergen, Schwyz allowed residents to once again buy citizenship.

The National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) acquires aerial imagery during the agricultural growing seasons in the continental United States. It is administered by the USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) through the Aerial Photography Field Office (APFO) in Salt Lake City. A primary goal of the NAIP program is to make digital ortho photography available to governmental agencies and the public within a year of acquisition. This "leaf-on" imagery is used as a base layer for GIS programs in the FSA's County Service Centers, and is used to maintain the Common Land Unit (CLU) boundaries.

Blacjkmill Woodlands are wholly common land and are the subject of rights of common going back to the Middle Ages. Among these common rights are the lopping of branches for firewood, a practice which has created the obvious;y gnarled appearance of a lot of the trees. There has also been significant grazing pressure in the past which has led to a uniform age structure and diminished ground flora. However, some areas have been fenced in the last ten years, leading to a significant increase in ground flora and natural regeneration.

Merrow Downs, in Surrey, England is an area of common land at the edge of the former village of Merrow, now a suburb of Guildford. It forms part of Surrey Hills AONB right on the edge of the ridge of hills that forms the North Downs. It is owned by Guildford Borough Council, who lease part of the common to Guildford golf club, with the public retaining the right to roam. Most of the common covered by the golf course is chalk downland while other areas are covered by broad leaved woodland.

Ludshott Common constituted half of the ancient Manor of Ludshott, which dated back to Saxon times. It is described as being under the lordship of Hugh de Port in the Domesday Book of 1086; in 1066 the overlord had been King Edward the Confessor. Court baron rolls go back to about 1400. Ludshott Common owes its present state to the traditional use made of common land by local people: to graze their cattle, pigs, sheep, and ponies and to collect gorse, heather, wood, and bracken for fuel, and for animal bedding and winter fodder.

As of January 2018, there are seventy-six SSSIs in the county, fifty-seven of which are designated for their biology, twelve for their geology and seven for both criteria. There are nineteen Geological Conservation Review sites, six Nature Conservation Review sites, one Special Area of Conservation, three national nature reserves, two are common land, and three contain scheduled monuments. One site is a local nature reserve, thirteen are managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust, and one by the National Trust. The largest site is Bradgate Park and Cropston Reservoir at .

There are areas of common land, a recreation ground at Oliver's Park, and a Local Nature Reserve at Leigh Common. The area is well wooded and the local Forestry Commission plantation at Cannon Hill is very popular for walking. The District Council's Core Strategy, approved in 2013, placed over half of East Dorset's New Neighbourhood development in Colehill; it comprises 630 homes along the Cranborne Road and 350 south of the Leigh Road A31. As of 2014 a significant part of Colehill (including the New Neighbourhoods) was designated as a parish ward of Wimborne.

According to John Nyren, Windmill was "one of the finest places for playing on I ever saw".Underdown, p. 152. A key difference was that Windmill was under the club's control as they rented it from a farmer at ten guineas a year, whereas Broadhalfpenny was common land in use as sheep pasture, for fairs and other gatherings. It could be said that Broadhalfpenny belonged to the community and Windmill to the club, whose members may not have been happy about the "raucous, boisterous crowds that gathered (on the Down)".

In early years each resident was cautioned to keep a ladder handy in case he may need to put out a fire on his thatched roof or climb out of harm's way should there be an attack from the Indians. It was also decreed that if any man should tie his horse to the ladder against the meetinghouse then he would be fined sixpence and occasionally "found it necessary to institute fines against those caught borrowing another's canoe without permission or cutting down trees on the common land".

Moughton Fell rises immediately behind the hamlet to a height of . The upper plateau of Moughton is contained within of common land with grazing rights (known as sheep gaits). The hamlet is within the boundary of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and is close to the Norber erratics, a group of boulders moved by glaciers during the last ice age. There were families with the name of Wharfe dating back to at least the 15th century living in the areas between Malham and Austwick, including the hamlet of Wharfe.

After on-going demonstrations by villagers, in 2000 the DEDP paid compensation to private property owners only. Those who toiled on common land were not compensated. As a result of 18 demonstrations against the Rasi Salai Dam, the Chavalit government paid compensation to 1,154 of the 3,000 affected families. Squabbles over compensation divided families and communities. In April 2019, almost 30 years after the dam's construction, the Royal Irrigation Department (RID), which took over the project from the Energy Ministry in 2002, agreed to make a final compensation payment of 600 million baht.

The Swan Hotel, Lower Street, Tettenhall Tettenhall is one of the few places in England to have two village greens. Tettenhall Upper Green is situated on high ground near the edge of a ridge that runs in a broadly east-west direction, from Aldersley to Perton. The Upper Green has a large paddling pool, an extensive open grass area, a cricket pitch, practice nets and the Wolverhampton Cricket Club Ground, where W. G. Grace visited and played. The area is common land that was donated by the Swindley family to the people of the parish.

Today it is a residential suburb just north of Wood Green. Bounds Green Underground station on the Piccadilly line, opened by in 1932, is in the area previously known as Bowes Park and which is also served by Bowes Park railway station. The original name of Bounds Green was associated with the former Bounds Green Farm near Cline Road, some 500 metres to the north-west of the Underground station. The Green is still extant in part and is the common land either side of Bounds Green Road.

Much of Tilehurst was enclosed common land during the 18th and 19th centuries; as this land was developed with housing the commons were lost. Arthur Newbery Park is a surviving area of commonland. Similarly, Prospect Park was enclosed and established before major development of the area was undertaken. Tilehurst is bordered to the west by wood and farmland, to the north by other settlements (such as Purley on Thames and the river itself), to the east by Reading, and to the south by the Reading to Taunton line, the M4 motorway and the River Kennet.

TIA estimates from land use are made by identifying land use categories for large blocks of land, summing the total area of each category, and multiplying each area by a characteristic TIA coefficient. Land use categories commonly are used to estimate TIA because areas with a common land use can be identified from field studies, from maps, from planning and zoning information, and from remote imagery. Land use coefficient methods commonly are used because planning and zoning maps that identify similar areas are, increasingly, available in GIS formats.

In the 18th century, surveys indicate that crops grown in Gower included corn, hay, flax, hemp, hops and fruit. Livestock kept included sheep, cattle, pigs, geese, fowl and bees.Bridges, E., M., "Agriculture and the Gower Landscape", Gower, Volume 25, 1974 Many Gower villages were self-sufficient in food, and residents paid a yearly rent to the lord of the manor for fishing rights. In south and west Gower a feudal or manorial system of open fields, and related areas of common land for the grazing of livestock, had developed after the Norman invasion.

Possible family tree of dinosaurs, birds and mammals Amniotes, whose eggs can survive in dry environments, probably evolved in the Late Carboniferous period (). The earliest fossils of the two surviving amniote groups, synapsids and sauropsids, date from around . The synapsid pelycosaurs and their descendants the therapsids are the most common land vertebrates in the best-known Permian () fossil beds. However, at the time these were all in temperate zones at middle latitudes, and there is evidence that hotter, drier environments nearer the Equator were dominated by sauropsids and amphibians.

In the reign of Edward III this was changed to Riolvinden, and then changed again to Rounden in the late 17th century. Rolvenden village originally had its sole population centre as a short linear settlement, the Street, along part of what is now the A28 Ashford to Hastings road. This was almost entirely burned down in 1665 during the Great Plague (except for the church and pub). This caused the villagers to abandon the Street and move a mile down the hill to the common land of the Layne during the 1660s.

Until the late 18th century Worthing was a "small and primitive settlement" in the parish of Broadwater, consisting of a manor house, modest housing for fishermen, common land and some fields. The development of nearby Brighton as a fashionable resort encouraged slow growth, helped in 1804 by the opening of a turnpike which connected the village to London and other parts of Sussex. Growth continued throughout the 19th century as Worthing became popular with convalescents and retired people. Borough status was granted in 1890, by which time the population was nearly 15,000.

Wolvercote Common where the rights of villages in Wolvercote have been affected by the Commons Registration Act 1965. The Commons Registration Act 1965 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom enacted in 1965 that concerns the registration of rights to common land, town greens, and village greens in England and Wales. The legislation under the Harold Wilson government made reference to the Land Registration Act 1925 and Land Registration Act 1936. The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and the Commons Act 2006, which gave new opportunities to register greens, amended the act.

By 1864 all of the common land had been enclosed. On the west side of Basingstoke Road, north of Beech Hill Road, two gentlemen established country estates: the local philanthropist Frederick Allfrey, who built Stanbury (where Wellington Court now is) and William Merry, who was a County magistrate and a visiting magistrate to Reading Gaol, as well as Secretary at War Lord Palmerston's private secretary from 1812 to 1828. The open area in front of Merry's house, Highlands, is still known as 'the Common'. The east side of Basingstoke Road was divided among many owners, who progressively sold off the land for development.

Since 1824 an area north of St Albans of approximately along the Mogo Creek has been in use as common land. This has its roots in the traditional "Common" of England and is designed to compensate "villagers" for the small size of their allotments. Perpetual succession to the St Albans Common was granted on 4 March 1853 to five trustees, who were to act on behalf of the "Settlers, Cultivators and other Inhabitants of the District". The land is private property, reserved for the use of the "Commoners" and is still run by the Commoners themselves through the Trustees.

The name Dicker originally described a large area of land near the River Cuckmere and South Downs, several miles inland from the English Channel. No reference to Dicker was made in the Domesday Book of 1086, and much of the area was unenclosed common land. It was crossed by a highway (the present A22), south of which was a major religious house, Michelham Priory. This gradually declined and was abandoned at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536. The scattered settlements at Lower Dicker and Upper Dicker developed slowly and only gained their present names in the 18th century.

Spencer died at Althorp in August 1910, aged 74, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Charles. In 1864, Spencer, as lord of the manor of Wimbledon through his ownership of Wimbledon House, attempted to get a private parliamentary bill to enclose Wimbledon Common for the creation of a new park with a house and gardens and to sell part for building. In a landmark decision for English common land, and following an enquiry, permission was refused and a board of conservators was established in 1871 to take ownership of the common and preserve it in its natural condition.

In 1806 he induced Parliament to pass an act enclosing the common land of Llanddeiniolen parish, adding over 2,600 acres to his land holdings, and giving him the right as lord of the manor to the slate on the commons. He put down the rioting which resisted exercise of his new rights of control over the commons with the support of a cavalry unit. In 1809 he took over control of slate quarrying on his estate, forming a company of four under his presidency. The company was later dissolved and he took over sole control of the enterprise.

Cattle grids are usually installed on roads where they cross a fenceline, often at a boundary between public and private lands. They are an alternative to the erection of gates that would need to be opened and closed when a vehicle passes, and are common where roads cross open moorland, rangeland or common land maintained by grazing, but where segregation of fields is impractical. Cattle grids are also used when otherwise unfenced railways cross a fenceline. Cattle grids are common worldwide and are widespread in places such as Australia, the Scottish Highlands, or the National Parks of England and Wales.

In 1789, Ira Allen, one of the towns founders built a dam across the upper falls, and used it to power two saw mills to provide cut timber for the British market in Québec. It was in 1835 that the water rights to the Colchester bank were secured and in 1835 the Burlington Woolen Mill was constructed beneath the lower falls. They followed the employment patterns used in Lowell, Massachusetts, and employed single girls to work in the mills. A series of tenement houses were built to house the operatives, on common land on the hill leading to Winooski Falls Village.

Sound Heath, also known as Sound Common, is an area of common land in Sound, near Nantwich in Cheshire, England, which includes heathland, grassland, scrub, woodland and wetland habitats. The majority of the area is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Local Nature Reserve. One of the very few lowland heaths in Cheshire, Sound Heath is a valuable habitat for heathland plants and animals, although its heathland character is currently under threat from the spread of trees and scrub. The common's ponds form one of the most important sites in the county for freshwater invertebrates.

The 18th century saw the enclosure of the common lands around Shepshed. There had been enclosures in the 15th and 16th centuries, but towards the end of the 18th century the last remaining common land, approximately 2,000 acres (8 km²), was enclosed and divided among the principal commoners of the village. Much destruction was caused in the town when in 1753, 85 bays of buildings were destroyed by fire which had happened at what is now known as Hallcroft named after the school which had been burnt down in the fire. There were many changes during the 19th century.

The Forgotten Landscapes Project is a three-year partnership project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Welsh Government intended to further develop the Blaenavon area in southeast Wales for visitors. It centres on the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site but extends also to the nearby Clydach Gorge, with a total area of over . Amongst its stated aims are the protection of the area’s considerable industrial heritage, conservation of common land and heather moorland and access improvements. The project is also providing additional educational material, information and interpretation on the area including a programme of walks and talks.

He was also the master of common land and water, he could make them available to farmers or to otherwise deny them access ("bann"). He reserved the right to fish, or could grant that right to individuals or the community. He could grant concessions or licenses to operate community buildings such as inns, mills, presses and forges (or, in the locations of some importance, to bakeries, butcher shops, tanneries and dye works) and compel his subjects to use them. When multiple owners shared the ban and a city court, the profit was proportional to the share of each.

The Ravensbourne is 11 miles (17 km) in length with a total catchment area of 180 km2. It flows through the London Boroughs of Bromley, Lewisham and Greenwich. The Ravensbourne rises at Caesar's Well, Keston, four miles south of Bromley town centre, and flows initially in a northerly direction. For the initial third of its length the river flows across common land (including Hayes Common and Bromley Common) until it reaches the southern outskirts of Bromley town where it is joined by the Ravensbourne South Branch and the Ravensbourne East Branch, which substantially increase the flow.

An iron bridge across Kings Weston Lane connects the estate to that of Blaise Castle. In April 2011 the Kings Weston Action Group (KWAG) was formed as a volunteer organisation with the ambition to conserve and enhance the Grade II Registered Historic Landscape around the house. The remains of the historic park consists of almost 220 acres split in ownership between Bristol City Council and the National Trust whose 93 acres of Shirehampton Park are leased to Shirehampton Golf Club. The whole landscape is accessible as either public park or by public footpaths and includes areas of Common land at Penpole Point.

Chipperfield, Hertfordshire village green and war memorial A village green is a common open area within a village or other settlement. Historically, a village green was common grassland with a pond for watering cattle and other stock, often at the edge of a rural settlement, used for gathering cattle to bring them later on to a common land for grazing. Later, planned greens were built into the centres of villages. The village green also provided, and may still provide, an open-air meeting place for the local people, which may be used for public celebrations such as May Day festivities.

The Constables are sworn in under Article 18 of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967. This states that: '''''' This gives the powers of a Constable whilst enforcing open space law, including bye-laws and regulations. This includes the power under the Road Traffic Act 1988 to stop a vehicle driving onto common land. Other powers used by the Constables are set out in Sections 24 and 24A of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) as amended by section 110 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.

Kasper, M. Baskische Geschichte Primus: 1997 Councils fostered the building activity with tax exemption on tree chopping for baserri construction, which enabled Basque farmers to develop swathes of common land into privately owned baserris. Several of these new baserris were named simply Etxeberria, "the new house". At this transitional stage, the baserri buildings consisted of timbered structures that are barely reminiscent of dwellings, made up often in oak from the surrounding forests. In fact, the central position in the house was occupied by the press, since cider was a very important economic activity for the family's economy.

Tutshill was once common land in "Bishton tithing" to the south of Tidenham Chase.Tidenham including Lancaut: Introduction, Victoria County History The only house near the crossroads at Tutshill before the 19th century was apparently Tutshill Farm recorded from 1655. After the town of Chepstow developed and a bridge was built over the Wye, the main road between Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire followed the steep hill directly up the river bank between the bridge and Tutshill - now a footpath linking Chepstow to the Offa's Dyke Path - until a new road looping around Castleford Hill was opened in 1808.

The writer, transcendentalist, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau lived on the northern shore of the pond for two years starting in the summer of 1845. Thoreau was inspired by former enslaved woman Zilpah White, who lived in a one-room house on the common land that bordered Walden Road and made a living spinning flax into linen fibers. White's ability to provide for herself at a time when few if any other Concord women lived alone was a great accomplishment. Thoreau's account of his experience at the pond was recorded in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, and made the pond famous.

Where they have not been built over, many sections have been ploughed over by farmers and some stripped of their stone to use on turnpike roads. The course of the London to Brighton Roman road south of Burgess Hill by Glen Shields p86 However, there are numerous tracts of Roman road which have survived, albeit overgrown by vegetation, in the visible form of footpaths through woodland or common land, such as the section of Stane Street crossing Eartham Wood in the South Downs near Bignor (Sussex). This and others like it are marked on Ordnance Survey maps with dotted lines.

A mixed housing estate built in the 1970s and early 1980s, surrounded by pre-existing farmland, South Earlswood and the railway line. East Surrey Hospital opened in 1979 to its north. A small portion of farmland remains common land where (traditionally) gypsy horses, used for riding lessons and transport, have grazed since the 1950s. The area has been occupied since medieval times and probably before that, as evidenced by archaeological finds nearby of an axe and flint flakes. The surrounding farms date back to the 13th and 14th centuries, notably Hazelhurst Farm from 1203 and Dean Farm from 1316.

The Green at Buckland CommonEstablishment of the village of Buckland Common happened much later than other similar daughter settlements in this part of the Chilterns. The schism was eventually hastened by the action of the Commissioners for Enclosure in 1842 who oversaw the dividing up of the of common land between villagers, enabling the creation of a largely autonomous community. All that remained of the once extensive common was a small rectangular allotment of land. The plot was heavily depreciated through clay and gravel extraction during the 18th and 19th centuries and it was used as a rubbish tip up until the 1950s.

The film details the story of the 17th-century social reformer and writer Gerrard Winstanley, who, along with a small band of followers known as the Diggers, tried to establish a self-sufficient farming community on common land at St George's Hill ("Diggers' Hill") near Cobham, Surrey. The community was one of the world's first small-scale experiments in socialism or communism, and its ideas were copied elsewhere in England during the time of the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, but it was quickly suppressed, and in the end left only a legacy of ideas to inspire later generations of socialist theorists.

Until the mid-nineteenth century a single farm occupied the site, but after the Enclosure Acts enabled common land to be developed, industrial development began at Machynys with the digging of clay and the opening of the first of three brickworks. The row of cottages known as "Brick Row" was probably built then. After the tinplate industry got underway at Kidwelly and Llanelli, a tinplate works was built at Machynys in 1872 that became known as the "South Wales Works". Two other tinplate works opened on the peninsular in 1910 and 1912 and workers housing was built.

The south east section of Tooting Bec Common The Tooting Commons consist of two adjacent areas of common land lying between Balham, Streatham and Tooting, in south west London: Tooting Bec Common and Tooting Graveney Common. Since 1996, they have been wholly within the London Borough of Wandsworth, which has administered both commons since 1971. Between 1965 and 1995, the eastern part of Tooting Bec Common was within the adjacent London Borough of Lambeth. Wandsworth's Parks Department erroneously described the two historically separate spaces as Tooting Common for many years, but recent signage uses the plural title.

Café on Tooting Bec Common Tooting Bec Common and Tooting Graveney Common are the remains of common land that once stretched as far as Mitcham. Tooting Bec Common — the northern and eastern part of the commons — was within the historic parish of Streatham, and takes its name from the area's links to Bec Abbey at Le Bec- Hellouin in Normandy. At various points in history this common has been called Streatham Common, which causes some confusion with the open space a mile to the east of that name. The common is not immediately adjacent to the area now generally known as Tooting Bec.

He, like the usual Muslim youths of Bengal of his time, eagerly joined the movement, joining Muslim League in 1943. The Pakistan Movement eventually succeeded; India was partitioned in 1947 and Pakistan was born, geographically consisting of two wings, awkwardly thousands of miles apart, with no common land borders: the more enormous West Wing (current Pakistan), adjacent to the western border of India, consisted of four provinces and the smaller East Wing, adjacent to the eastern edge of India, consisted of only one section, namely East Pakistan. On 4 January 1948, Ahmad joined East Pakistan Student League as a founding member.

The two farming villages took advantage of extensive arable land for individual fields and shared common farm land and common forests. A number of scattered small farms grew up around the two villages and also had a share of the common land. While the villages in the mountains remained mostly agricultural, the hamlets on the valley floor were local centers for trade and industry. A paper mill () opened in Papiermühle in 1466, followed by a toll house and an inn. There was also a mill at Schermen, a toll house and inn in Neuhaus and a 15th-century spa and inn in Badhaus.

Small Heath, which has been settled and used since Roman times, sits on top of a small hill. The slightly elevated site offers poor agricultural land, lying on a glacial drift of sand, gravel, and clay, resulting in a heathland that provides adequate grazing for livestock. The land therefore seems to have developed as a pasture or common land, on which locals could graze their animals. However, the site lies directly on the route between Birmingham and Coventry, and so was probably used by drovers transporting animals to and from the two cities, and the livestock markets within each.

The underlying coal measures throughout the parish were a valuable source of fuel. Radcliffe already had an established textile industry before the arrival of steam power. The first recorded instance of coal getting in the North West of England was in 1246, when Adam de Radeclyve was fined for digging de minera on common land in the Radcliffe area. Coal outcroppings were not uncommon; as recently as 1936 members of the public were seen carrying away large pieces of coal from a seam revealed by the landslip caused when the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal breached at Ladyshore.

Skipwith Common is a national nature reserve south of Skipwith, North Yorkshire, England. It is one of only three areas within the Vale of York that represent what the area was like before intensive agriculture took over. Natural England have described the reserve as having "international importance" on account of "its wet and dry heathland". The site used to be common land, and has seen use in the Bronze Age, during the Early modern European period, when it was harvested for peat, and during the 20th century when it was partly incorporated into an airfield during the Second World War.

Boise National Forest is a National Forest covering of the U.S. state of Idaho. Created on July 1, 1908, from part of Sawtooth National Forest, it is managed by the U.S. Forest Service as five units: the Cascade, Emmett, Idaho City, Lowman, and Mountain Home ranger districts. The Idaho Batholith underlies most of Boise National Forest, forming the forest's Boise, Salmon River, and West mountain ranges; the forest reaches a maximum elevation of on Steel Mountain. Common land cover includes sagebrush steppe and spruce-fir forests; there are of streams and rivers and of lakes and reservoirs.

Other sections of the articles provided for common land and for land saved to be divided up for future inhabitants of the settlement.History of Ancient Woodbury, Connecticut, William Cothren, 1872 Signers of the Fundamental Articles: The settlement was named Woodbury, which means "dwelling place in the woods", and was first recognized as a town in 1674. Deacon and captain John Minor was the first leader of the community during Woodbury's early years. Minor was the first town clerk and, along with Lieutenant Joseph Judson, served as the first deputy to the Connecticut General Court from the town of Woodbury.

The portion of land between Towne Street and the eastern bank of the Providence River was held in common. The settlement lacked an official religion; no church building was erected in the town until the 18th century. In the absence of a church, the settlers congregated for religious and civil purposes on the common land adjacent to Roger Williams' home lot and later in the 1646 mill built by John Smith. Over the following two decades, Providence Plantations grew into a self sufficient agricultural and fishing settlement, though its lands were difficult to farm and its borders were disputed with Connecticut and Massachusetts.

The tenants also had an incentive to improve their methods to succeed in an increasingly competitive labour market. Land rents had moved away from the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation, and were becoming directly subject to economic market forces. An important aspect of this process of change was the enclosure"Enclosure" is the modern spelling, while "inclosure" is an older spelling still used in the United Kingdom in legal documents and place names. of the common land previously held in the open field system where peasants had traditional rights, such as mowing meadows for hay and grazing livestock.

Ealing Common preserves a large area of open space with fine avenues of horse chestnut trees, most of which were planted in the late Victorian period, following the purchase of the common land by the Ealing Local Board. The northern part of the common has a large English oak tree at its centre, and London plane trees are also found with the horse chestnuts around the perimeter of the common. Charles Jones was the borough surveyor responsible for the layout. In the south-west corner of Ealing Common there is a small enclosed park, called Warwick Dene, with rose beds at its centre.

A common complaint against Travellers in the United Kingdom is that of unauthorised Traveller sites being established on privately owned land or on council-owned land not designated for that purpose. Under the government's "Gypsy and Traveller Sites Grant", designated sites for Travellers' use are provided by councils, and funds are made available to local authorities for the construction of new sites and maintenance and extension of existing sites. However, Travellers make frequent use of other, non-authorised sites. These include public "common land" and private plots such as large fields and other privately owned land.

In 2017–18, the gross value of agricultural production in the Sunshine Coast region was $217 million, which was 2 per cent of the total gross value of agricultural production in Queensland ($13 billion). Agricultural land in the Sunshine Coast region occupies 1,100 square kilometres, or 36 per cent of the region. Areas classified as conservation and natural environments (nature conservation, protected areas and minimal use) occupy 880 square kilometres, or 29 per cent of the region. The most common land use by area is grazing native vegetation, which occupies 530 square kilometres or 17 per cent of the Sunshine Coast region.

To 'balance' this, the legislation contained three measures to reduce the potential economic self-sufficiency of the peasants. Firstly a transition period of two years was introduced, during which the peasant was obligated as before to the old land- owner. Secondly large parts of common land were passed to the major land- owners as otrezki ("cut off lands"), making many forests, roads and rivers accessible only for a fee. The third measure was that the serfs must pay the land-owner for their allocation of land in a series of redemption payments, which in turn, were used to compensate the landowners with bonds.

Men knocking down acorns to feed swine, from the 14th century English Queen Mary Psalter, MS. Royal 2 B VII f.81v Modern-day pannage, or common of mast, in the New Forest Pannage (also referred to as Eichelmast/Eckerich in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Austria, Slovenia & Croatia) is the practice of releasing livestock-pigs in a forest, so that they can feed on fallen acorns, beechmast, chestnuts or other nuts. Historically, it was a right or privilege granted to local people on common land or in royal forests.H. R. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 2nd ed. 1991:369.

Since the late 20th century, the Mohawk of the Bay of Quinte have been embroiled in a land claim struggle with the Canadian government over a stretch of land referred to as the Culbertson Tract, for which they filed a claim in 1995. The government accepted this for negotiation in 2003. The Mohawk allege the land was illegally purchased from Mohawk in the 19th century. As set out in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the terms and conditions for purchasing land from Natives required there to be a community vote before the Mohawk could sell the common land to any outsider.

Throughout the medieval period and until the late 18th century, the principal employment in Bulkington had been agriculture:Bulkington Conservation Area Appraisal & Management Proposals November 2008 (2008) p.7 Bulkington Conservation Area of meadowland were recorded in 1086; further, windmills are recorded for Weston and Marston Jabbett, and a water mill in Bramcote. However, in 1766 of common land were enclosed at Ryton, and 4 years later enclosure was applied to the remainder of land in Bulkington, totalling . Because of this, ribbon weaving supplemented or replaced agriculture as the main source of income for the majority of Bulkington's population.

The part west of the road was sometimes described as "Church Hill – West Side"; the corresponding "East Side" later became known as West Hill during Brighton's 19th-century growth. The road became a turnpike in 1777, increasing its importance, and became known as Dyke Road. Vine's Mill, one of several windmills built on the Downs around Brighton, was erected in 1810. The sheep down was not common land: its ownership has been traced back to the 11th century (to Canute, Earl Godwin and his son King Harold), and by the late 18th century it was held by two influential local landowners.

Cohasset Common is located in northeastern Cohassetwas laid out as common land at the earliest division of lands in what is now Cohasset (but was then part of Hingham) in 1670. Main Street, its southwestern bound, was formally demarcated as a road in 1685 (it had previously been little more than a cattle track), and Highland Avenue, its northeastern boundary, was laid out in 1685. Cohasset built its first meeting house in 1717, and was incorporated in 1770. The common is now lined by houses, churches, and the town hall, most of which were built between the mid-18th and mid-19th century.

The Enclosure Acts placed common land into individual ownership and removed the rights of local people to use the land as they had previously. Football was used as a means to protest this enclosure, and the supposed football game was often a pretext to organise a riot. One such event in Deeping Level, north of Peterborough, led to the sheriff of Lincolnshire raising the posse comitatus to quell the riots. In 1740, "a match of futtball was cried at Kettering, of 500 men a side, but the design was to, "Pull Down Lady Betey Jesmaine's Mill's.

The area on which Loxley stands was originally moorland; Loxley Chase was a large expanse of upland ground set aside for hunting by the Norman lords after the Conquest in the 11th century. The Loxley valley was an extensive woodland which was mentioned in the inquisition post mortem after the death of Thomas de Furnival, 1st Lord Furnival (1270-1332). Hunting on Loxley Chase was an infrequent pursuit, and so much of the more productive ground in the valley was turned over to farming. Loxley developed over the following centuries as agricultural and common land with a few scattered farms.

In 1868 the vestry of Camberwell St Giles bought the Rye to keep it as common land. Responding to concerns about the dangerous overcrowding of the common on holidays the vestry bought the adjacent Homestall Farm (the last farm in the area) in 1894 and opened this as Peckham Rye Park. With the influx of younger residents with money to spend Rye Lane became a major shopping street. Jones & Higgins opened a small shop in 1867 (on the corner of Rye Lane and Peckham High Street) that became the best known department store in south London for many years.

Iron working and pottery production occurred within the town, with a large series of pottery kilns producing Thetford-type Ware and Early Medieval Ware found at Mile End and Middleborough. Pottery datable to the Anglo-Norman period is relatively rare in England although not in Colchester. The town's burgesses had developed a corporate identity with established rights and responsibilities before they were enshrined in the 1189 Charter. These privileges included substantial common land grazing rights, fishing rights, the right to hunt foxes, hares and cats, common-ownership of the river bank and the protection of the town's market against unauthorised markets.

In 16th- and 17th-century Wales, an expansion in population as well as taxation policy led to a move of people into the Welsh countryside, where they squatted on common land. These squatters built their own property under the assumption of a fictional piece of folklore, leading to the developments of small holdings around a Tŷ unnos, or "house in a night". In Elizabethan times, there was a common belief, that if a house was erected by a squatter and their friends on waste ground overnight, then they had the right of undisturbed possession.Harrison. The Common People. p.

This was partly due to the presence of the Priory and partly due to river and road traffic, especially along the Great North Road between London and central England. There was a small settlement called Sudbury based around the manor owned by the de Sudbury family (now Crosshall, part of Eaton Ford). The manor fell into disrepair in the early 14th century, but traces of the old fields still remain. These are typical of the open field system of that time, the town was surrounded by field strips and areas of common land, with water meadows and reed beds close to the river.

A typical path through the managed woodland, Hurtwood, narrower than the Greensand Way path through it In total with of surrounding forest the Hurtwood comprises of: Holmbury Hill, Pitch Hill, Winterfold, Shere Heath, Farley Heath and part of Blackheath Common. It is largely common land and is maintained by the Friends of the Hurtwood. Three of the nine car parks within Hurtwood are closest to Peaslake. Almost east of Pitch Hill, wholly within Shere parish bounds and slightly closer to Holmbury St Mary, is Holmbury Hill – this is a Bronze Age multivallate hill fort;Holmbury Hill its elevation is 261m AOD.

The name Shepherd's Bush is thought to have originated from the use of the common land here as a resting point for shepherds on their way to Smithfield Market in the City of London. An alternative theory is that it could have been named after someone in the area, because in 1635 the area was recorded as "Sheppard's Bush Green". Evidence of human habitation can be traced back to the Iron Age. Shepherd's Bush enters the written record in the year 704 when it was bought by Waldhere, Bishop of London as a part of the "Fulanham" estate.

Royal Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya, ca 1914 In 1848 led by Gongalegoda Banda and Puran Appu saw the rebellion known as the Matale Rebellion. Prior to that the city and the country had been under British rule for 32 years, in which the British had expropriated the common land of the peasantry and reduced them to extreme poverty. The Kandyan villagers were forced to abandon their traditional way of life and become wage-workers in the abominable conditions that prevailed on these new estates and plantations that had been introduced. Despite all the pressure exerted by the colonials the Kandyans refused.

View on Clapham Common by J. M. W. Turner (1800–1805) Originally common land for the parishes of Battersea and Clapham, William Hewer was among the early Londoners to build adjacent to it. Samuel Pepys, the diarist, died at Hewer's house in 1703. The land had been used for cricket in 1700Waghorn HT (1906) The Dawn of Cricket, p.4. Electric Press. and was drained in the 1760s, and from the 1790s onwards fine houses were built around the common as fashionable dwellings for wealthy business people in what was then a village detached from metropolitan London.

The Hoppings, said to be Europe's largest travelling fun fair, is held on the Town Moor during the last week in June. The area of common land is actually split up into several sections, of which the Town Moor is but the major part. The area is intersected by the A189 road and the section on the other side of the road is known as Nuns Moor, and includes the Newcastle United Golf Club. Also part of Town Moor are Dukes Moor and Little Moor, both at its northern end, Hunters Moor to the west, and Castle Leazes Moor to the south.

A conference for the upland farmers of Bodmin Moor, Exmoor and Dartmoor was held as a joint venture between the South West Uplands Federation and the DPA. It was run by the DPA at Exeter Racecourse in October 2012, with 150 delegates. Speakers came from the Foundation for Common Land, the Forest of Dartmoor Commoners, the University of Gloucestershire, the National Farmers Union of England and Wales and the Open Spaces Society. The CEO raised sponsorship from Dartmoor National Park, Exmoor National Park, Natural England, Duchy of Cornwall and the Exmoor Society - this reflecting the standing of the DPA with those bodies.

The town consists of three distinct areas, which were once four small hamlets. To the north is Penprysg ("copse end"), which lies at the end of the low ridge (100 m) of Cefn Hirgoed ("long wood ridge"). To the west is Hendre ("lowland winter homestead", literally "old settlement") which rises gently from the railway line in the centre of the town towards the common land at Ystadwaun, on older maps as Ystad y Waun and Gwastadwaun ("level moor"). The central and eastern part of the town, which lies on the valley floor near the railway, consists of Pencoed itself and Felindre ("mill settlement").

Politruk) urges Soviet troops forward against German positions (12 July 1942) Soviet ski troops during WWII By the autumn of 1940 a new world order had emerged. Nazi Germany and its allies dominated most of the European continent. Only the United Kingdom (in the West) was actively challenging national socialist and fascist hegemony. Nazi Germany and Britain had no common land border, but a state of war existed between them; the Germans had an extensive land border with the Soviet Union, but the latter remained neutral, adhering to a non-aggression pact and by numerous trade agreements.

It contains much evidence of prehistoric human activity, with the earliest evidence of human occupation dating back to 50,000 years ago. There are important Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British remains. The forest was the centre of a nationally important iron industry on two occasions, during the Roman occupation of Britain and in the Tudor period when, in 1496, England's first blast furnace was built at Newbridge, near Coleman's Hatch, marking the beginning of Britain's modern iron and steel industry. In 1693, more than half the forest was taken into private hands, with the remainder set aside as common land.

Although Willaston had a number of farmsteads in the Middle Ages, most of the surrounding landscape was uncultivated. However, this began to change as more and more common land began to fall into private ownership during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The process (known as 'enclosure') brought major changes to rural communities such as Willaston, as individual plots of land were fenced off and used for arable farming, meadows and the grazing of livestock. The Sneyd family were absentee landlords but they owned most of the lands in Willaston from 1533 to the late 19th century.

Overland, patches of large-radius aerosols appear over deserts and arid regions, most prominently, the Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, where dust storms are common. Places where human- triggered or natural fire activity is common (land-clearing fires in the Amazon from August–October, for example, or lightning-triggered fires in the forests of northern Canada in Northern Hemisphere summer) are dominated by smaller aerosols. Human-produced (fossil fuel) pollution is largely responsible for the areas of small aerosols over-developed areas such as the eastern United States and Europe, especially in their summer.Click for more detail.

Oxshott Heath and Woods an off-road section Oxshott Heath and Woods is an area of woods and heathland in Oxshott, Surrey, England covering approximately , as an area of common land. It is owned by a local authority, however historic rights of access and gathering dead wood where necessary for individual fires are shared and exercised by landowners in the parish of Oxshott which has existed since the end of the 19th century, created from the east of the village of Stoke D'Abernon which in this area was extremely scantly populated until the construction of Oxshott railway station.

Ruins of the Orry cotton mill Until the 18th century, Scotland's villages were little more than settlements loosely organised around fermtouns. In 1769 Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton, began the work of developing the old Kirktoun of Eaglesham into a planned village. However it was his successor, Archibald, 11th Earl of Eglinton, who largely saw Alexander's plans through to completion. The Earl planned his new village with two ranges of houses built around the Orry, an area of common land (Orry is from the Scots word, aurie meaning area), divided in the centre by the Eaglesham Burn.

Parish of Bethnal Green, 1848 In what would become northern Bethnal Green (known as Cambridge Heath) a tract of common land, which stretched to the east and west, belonged to the old Stepney Manor to the south. The heath was used as pasture where people grazed their sheep in the 13th century, though 1275 records suggest at least one house stood there. A Tudor ballad, the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, tells the story of an ostensibly poor man who gave a surprisingly generous dowry for his daughter's wedding. The tale furnishes the parish of Bethnal Green's coat of arms.

Both Pfäffikon Castle and Alt Rapperswil Castle were built by these landlords to control their landholdings. In contrast to the Swiss Plateau where the local nobility and knights ruled extensive landholdings for the regional counts, in Schwyz there were very few local nobles and they were generally poorer and less important than the monasteries' representatives or the leaders of the local livestock collectives. Much of the farming or grazing land in the inner portion of Schwyz was not privately owned but was common land. To administer the land the local collectives developed into regional collectives that covered several towns and villages.

In the 16th century the rectory let as a farm produced nearly £18 a year clear. By 1650 it was worth c. £150 (a year) and remained about the same until inclosure (privatisation of common land) in 1765 and 1766 when in return for loss of its imputed interests the rectory (rector's successive estate) received glebe of of that land. The annual value of the benefice rose to over £500 a year in 1864, , since which it has in real terms waned due to economic changes and a loss of public functions' supervision, such as to Cotswold District council and central government.

Landholders figuring in county records were resident by 1222 and houses were recorded from the late 13th century. The main settlement, Church Acton or Acton town, lay slightly west of the centre of the parish along the highway to Oxford (Uxbridge Road) at the 5-mile post out of London. By 1380 some of the tenements, such as The Tabard and The Cock, along the south side of the road, were inns. The hamlet of East Acton, mentioned in 1294, consisted of farmhouses and cottages north and south of common land known as East Acton green by 1474.

RAF Fairwood Common was built on what was originally common land during the Second World War. The aerodrome was declared operational on 15 June 1941 after taking nearly a year to develop. Built as a day and night fighter station elements of the first day fighter squadron arrived on 14 June 1941 (79 Squadron equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk.II aircraft). On 17 June 1941 the first night fighter squadron arrived (a flight of 600 Squadron equipped with Bristol Beaufighter Mk.II aircraft) and by the end of June 1941 a second Hurricane equipped day fighter squadron arrived (317 Squadron).

George Canning, Prime Minister and one-time owner of the estate The original South Hill Park mansion was built in 1760 for William Watts and his wife (better known as Begum Johnson) for his retirement from service as a senior official of the Bengal Government. The house was originally on two floors, built in the Italian manner, decorated with stucco, with a front entrance and tower in the baroque style. The grounds included of common land, which William Watts enclosed. In return he built almshouses on a site opposite Easthampstead Parish Church about half a mile away.

An Inclosure Award was made by Parliament in 1855 of part to the Earl of Onslow outright, the rest, for example, in 1911 comprising "several thousand acres of common land" was uninclosed but associated with his land, at which time Chobham remained a large parish (i.e. village or town) in southern England, covering . In addition to the Great Camp of 1853, the Common also hosted the Battle of Chobham Common in September 1871, as part of the Autumn Manoeuvres of that year. During the First World War, trenching exercises were held in August 1915 in advance of Kitchener's Third Army's mobilisation in France.

Construction of St Peter’s began in 1880 on an acre of common land at the top of the hause. The main financial backing for the building came from Anthony Parkin of Sharrow Bay and W.H. Parkin of Ravencragg who were both local residents. The architect was J.B. Cory and the builder was Edward Peel of Patterdale who utilised the stone from the surrounding fells to construct the church in the Early English Style. The church, which was consecrated on 6 January 1882, consists of nave, chancel with vestry, bell tower and an entrance porch facing south-west.

After a 40-year effort, his campaign for the South Downs to become a national park was successful. He was the chair of the YHA and the National Trust's southern regional committee, voluntary director of the Samaritans in Guildford (active for three decades after his retirement), a member of the Department for Transport's advisory committee and a member of the Campaign for State Education. From 1983 to 1986, he was secretary of the Common Land Forum whose recommendations were passed to the Government. For his 100th birthday, the National Trust planted trees in his honour at its site at Polesden Lacey, Surrey.

More than four hundred years ago, the area was open land and part of an estate (of Coombe House) with a large common field known as Coombe Field which lay between Coombe Road and Park Hill. The land became the property of James Bourdieu Senior (of Coombe House) in 1801, at the time of the Enclosures of Common Land Act. Bourdieu already owned The Coombe Estate, including Coombe Lodge, House and Farm which all together amounted to approximately . Coombe Wood supplied water to the Coombe estate, via three conduits which ran along the adjacent lane leading to the name 'Conduit Lane'.

The green at Parsons Green in winter 2004. Parsons Green is a relatively small triangle of former common land in the Parsons Green area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It is named after the rectors of the parish of Fulham whose residence once adjoined this patch of land and subsequently the name was adopted for the district. From the late 17th-century onwards, the area surrounding the green became the focus for fine houses and grounds built by merchants and the gentry within easy distance of London, yet in a more salubrious setting than the urban environs.

The Old Oak and Park Royal Development Corporation was established by the Mayor of London. Approval was granted by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Eric Pickles in January 2015. The corporation is responsible for regenerating 650 hectares including the common land area of Old Oak Common and the industrial Park Royal site in West London. Plans are in place for the construction of 24,000 homes in Old Oak, consisting of a mixture of house types and tenures, along with opportunities for a minimum of 1,500 new homes to be built in non-industrial areas in Park Royal.

In addition to this, the creation of 65,000 new jobs will stem from the development of the Old Oak Common station and the attraction of new businesses to Park Royal, joined by those who relocate from Old Oak. The aforementioned, along with the addition of a new HS2 and Crossrail station makes Old Oak and Park Royal one of the largest regeneration projects in Europe. Old Oak Common is a large area of common land situated in the London boroughs of Hammersmith and Fulham, Brent and Ealing. The corporation assumes various statutory powers related to planning, infrastructure, regeneration and land acquisitions.

They were prominent landowners and administrative officials in Ung County by the early 14th century.Engel: Genealógia (Csicseri 1.) Through his sons, Job was the ancestor of the Csicseri (Csicsery), the Ormos de Csicser and the Orosz de Csicser noble families. All three families still flourished in the 19th century and they were named after their ancient common land, Csicser (present-day Čičarovce, Slovakia), which Job had obtained in the late 13th century (thus later royal charters and documents anachronistically call Simon with the surname Csicseri). Job also had an unidentified daughter, who married a certain Lucas.

Indeed, for most peasants, customs and traditions continued largely unchanged, including the old habits of deference to the nobles whose legal authority over the villagers remained quite strong. Although the peasants were no longer tied to the land, the old paternalistic relationship in East Prussia lasted into the 20th century. The agrarian reforms in northwestern Germany in 1770–1870 were driven by progressive governments and local elites. They abolished feudal obligations and divided collectively owned common land into private parcels; and thus created a more efficient market-oriented rural economy; resulting in higher productivity and population growth.

Selsley Common. The "tragedy of the commons" is one way of accounting for overexploitation. The tragedy of the commons is a situation in a shared- resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the shared resource through their collective action. The concept originated in an essay written in 1833 by the British economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (also known as a "common") in Great Britain and Ireland.

In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin explored this social dilemma in his article "The Tragedy of the Commons", published in the journal Science. The essay derived its title from the pamphlet by Lloyd, which he cites, on the over-grazing of common land. Hardin discussed problems that cannot be solved by technical means, as distinct from those with solutions that require "a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of morality". Hardin focused on human population growth, the use of the Earth's natural resources, and the welfare state.

Before 1814 the area of Lake Farm formed part of Botwell Common, an unenclosed area of common land for use by the parishioners of Hayes. In 1814 the land was enclosed and divided up into a number of parcels, the greater part of the site going to John Baptist Shackle. Two large gravel pits were present on the site at this time (occupying 7 and 5 acres), in areas subsequently occupied by formal public open space. It is likely that the remnant hedges along the edges of these areas were enclosure hedges, which would have been planted around this time.

Partly as a result of the Enclosure Acts of the 18th and 19th centuries, which denied hitherto free access by working-class people to common land, rural people became more dependent upon paid agricultural work. This was a key theme in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Counterintuitively, the rise of tied accommodation made rural workers less secure. Tied accommodation became a common practice in 19th and 20th century rural England where the property owner, which might be an estate, a public or private institution or a farmer, could control who lived in the property.

The lammas, or common land, complemented a substantial glebe, the funds from which allowed for a grand and spacious structure to be built. ;The church in the European wars of religion and English Civil War Godalming, at the end of King Charles the First's reign, was a Calvinistic stronghold. The vicar at that time, known as Dr. Andrews, was ejected from his living in 1640, and the town welcomed the Calvinistic preacher, Thomas Edwards. As he travelled the 30 miles from London, via the Portsmouth Road, three or four times a week, he would preach to people at certain points along the road.

They later published a report on their findings, and included a list of proposed reforms for the district's peasants:. The items included distribution of gairmazarua (common) land among landless peasants, distribution of surplus land according to the Ceilings Act, peaceful resolution of wage disputes, establishment of local industries to supplement incomes for agricultural labourers, lifting of restrictions preventing Harijans from entering temples, and the removal of thanas and police camps from the villages. Also in 1978, Karpoori Thakur, then Chief Minister of Bihar, assembled a four-man committee to investigate the Naxalite movement in Sahar. Results were published in August of that year.

Several types of mountain and moorland ponies still live in a semiferal state on unenclosed moorland or heathland. These areas are usually unfenced common land, on which local people have rights to graze livestock, including their ponies. They are minimally managed; some examples are the mares are turned out for the whole year, living in small groups, which often consist of an older mare, several of her female offspring, and their foals (which are born in spring, after a gestation of 11 months). Small numbers of stallions are allowed to join the mares for a few weeks in spring or early summer.

Accessed 2015-04-15 The land to all sides of the linear settlement forms a predominantly ancient woodland part of the scattered forest of The Weald, describing not just the hamlet but also the informal common land in the south of the parish, which lacking medieval claims to formally being villagers' common or part of a manor; the area was described as almost impenetrable and so subdivided and settled late by the villagers of Chiddingfold.'Parishes: Chiddingfold' A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3, ed. H E Malden (London, 1911), pp. 10-16 accessed 14 April 2015.

London Government Act 1963 effective date: 1 April 1965 In the 14th century a windmill stood at Upper Halliford, later to be replaced by a windmill at Lower Halliford. The church-linked Sunbury, at times personal chapel-enriched Kempton, and church-less Halliford were medieval manors. Upper Halliford manor was later but marked the site of a hamlet loosely associated with Halliford if only on a droving path for pastoralists and animals from Lower Halliford to access the common land almost north. Also a common meadow lay by the river in the south and southeast of Upper Halliford.

The 1974-78 Development Plan allocated only 4.2 percent of the budgeted funds to livestock. Government officials argued that the scientific management of rangeland—the regeneration of grazing lands and the drilling of new water holes—would be possible only under socialist cooperation. In the fourteen government-established cooperatives, each family received an exclusive area of 2 to 3 km² of grazing land; in times of drought, common land under reserve was to become available. The government committed itself to providing educational and health services as well as serving as a marketing outlet for excess stock.

Rolvenden Layne is a hamlet within the civil parish of Rolvenden in the Ashford District of Kent, England. It is located approximately one mile (1.6 km) south of Rolvenden, with a public house, the Ewe & Lamb. Rolvenden village originally consisted of the Streyte, located along what is now the A28 Ashford to Hastings road, which was almost entirely burned down in 1665, during the Great Plague (except for the church, pub and some farms). This caused the villagers to abandon the Streyte and move a mile down the hill to the common land of the Layne during the 1660s.

Sitting in the common land in the village is a small building which was used as a supply of water for the nearby Lacock Abbey. Built in the 16th century, this small 3.7m square building still supplies water to the abbey albeit through a modern water pipe. The original conduit house was built in around 1280 when Willian Bluet of Bewley Court granted Beatrice, Abbess of Lacock, the right to operate a watercourse on his land to serve the nunnery. This original building was replaced by the owner of the abbey, William Sharington, after its dissolution.

However, since the Act came into force, only those households that registered under the Act now have this right. Several hundred square kilometres of ‘waste land’ that was eligible for registration under the 1965 Commons Registration Act was not, in fact, finally registered. As a consequence, it ceased to be recognised as common land. A partial remedy for this defect in the earlier legislation is provided by the Commons Act 2006. Under Schedule 2, 4 of the Act, applications that failed under the original registration process may, in certain circumstances, be reconsidered – offering, in effect, a second chance for the land to be confirmed (‘re-registered’) as common.

Woodford, as part of Epping Forest was one of the last places in London where medieval Commoner's rights persisted - with local farmers being allowed to graze their cattle on the common land. These rights were protected by sections 14 and 15 of the Byelaws passed by the Conservators of Epping Forest. Even late into the 20th century cattle were allowed to roam freely on the forest ground (Forest, in this instance being the term applying to the district rather than that area with trees). The practice became increasingly less well suited to the times, as they occasionally penetrated into neighbouring gardens and roads before being driven back onto the forest land.

Marzahn Historical map of Leopoldau, Vienna - an Angerdorf __NOTOC__ An Angerdorf (plural: Angerdörfer) is a type of village that is characterised by the houses and farmsteads being laid out around a central grassed area, the anger (from the Old High German angar =pasture or grassy place), Deutsches Wörterbuch, von Friedrich L. Weigand, 1968 at books.google.at a village green which was common land, owned jointly by the village community. The anger is usually in the shape of a lens or an eye, but may also take other forms: a rectangle, triangle, circle or semi-circle (illustrated). The buildings are oriented with their eaves facing the road.

The pattern of distribution around the southern Pacific Rim suggests the dissemination of the genus dates to the time when Antarctica, Australia, and South America were connected in a common land-mass or supercontinent referred to as Gondwana. However, genetic evidence using molecular dating methods has been used to argue that the species in New Zealand and New Caledonia evolved from species that arrived in these landmasses by dispersal across oceans. Uncertainty exists in molecular dates and controversy rages as to whether the distribution of Nothofagus derives from the break-up of Gondwana (i.e. vicariance), or if long-distance dispersal has occurred across oceans.

In the 19th century, the Ward family, owners of Dudley Castle, had large holdings of land in the Black Country region of England. They had added to their possessions in the 18th century by the enclosure of Pensnett Chase which had formerly been common land and, much further back in time, a hunting ground for the Barons of Dudley. Much of this land covered coal seams and deposits of industrial material including iron ore and fire-clay. Canals had been cut into the Black Country region in the second half of the 18th century but not all were conveniently close to the mines of the Dudley Estate.

The early 18th century saw attempts by the Lord of the Manor to ensure that he had better control of the area and gained some income from the land. In Whixall, Thomas Sandford was the Lord of the Manor, but John Lord Gower also claimed similar rights for land he held in copyhold. The two men obtained the Statute of Merton and the Statute of Westminster, to allow them to enclose common land in Whixall, including parts of the mosses. The move was supported by around 50 people who held land either as freehold or copyhold, and an agreement was signed on 14 August 1704.

Lindow Moss is a peat bog in Lindow, an area of Wilmslow, Cheshire, which has been used as common land since the medieval period. It formed after the last ice age, one of many such peat bogs in north- east Cheshire and the Mersey basin that formed in hollows caused by melting ice. Investigations have not yet discovered settlement or agricultural activity around the edge of Lindow Moss that would have been contemporary with Lindow Man; however, analysis of pollen in the peat suggests there was some cultivation in the vicinity. Once covering over , the bog has now shrunk to a tenth of its original size.

It is likely that the area was common land in Medieval times used by tenants of the manor as rough pasture for cattle grazing. Rhosddu Farm (also known as Walnut Tree Farm) was first recorded in 1762 in the possession of the Griffiths family and was located on the site of the Walnut Tree public house on New Road. The first housing developments in the Rhosddu area began from 1856 following the arrival of the railway and the location of associated goods and carriage sheds in the area. The population increased further as a result of the Wrexham and Action Colliery which opened in the late 1860s.

The levy payers are entitled to vote for the five elected Conservators. The levy payers fall within three London boroughs: Merton, Wandsworth (which includes Putney) and Kingston. In 1864, the lord of the manor, Earl Spencer, who owned Wimbledon manor, attempted to pass a private parliamentary bill to enclose the Common for the creation of a new park with a house and gardens and to sell part for building. In a landmark decision for English common land, and following an enquiry, permission was refused and a board of conservators was established in 1871 to take ownership of the common and preserve it in its natural condition.

Lower Dicker is now a linear settlement along the A22, but in the early 19th century little existed at the "lower end of the Diccar ... in Hellingly Parish" other than a brickworks. There were a few farms on the common land, though, and many of their occupants were Nonconformists rather than followers of the Church of England. The latter was the Established Church in England, and various Acts of Parliament put restrictions on worship at places other than its own churches; but these were gradually relaxed, and by the 18th century many new Christian denominations had emerged, all categorised under the general name "Nonconformist".

The Midland Revolt was a popular uprising which occurred in the Midlands of England in 1607. Beginning in late April in Haselbech, Pytchley and Rushton in Northamptonshire, it spread to Warwickshire and Leicestershire during May. The riots were as a protest against the enclosure of common land and drew considerable support, led by "Captain Pouch", otherwise John Reynolds, a tinker said to be from Desborough, Northamptonshire. He told the protesters he had authority from the King and the Lord of Heaven to destroy enclosures and promised to protect them with the contents of his pouch, which he carried by his side, as it would keep them from all harm.

Although this area is within the boundary of modern Hedge End, the original hamlet of Hedge End first established itself on Botley Common. This land was granted to the men of Botley as common pasture in 1250. That area is towards the bottom of the hill that rises up to Netley Common and is rich with natural streams and springs. Prior to the Erection of Cottages Act 1588, an Englishman could build his house on common land if he could raise the roof over his head and have a fire in the hearth between sunrise and sunset and claim the dwelling as his home.

View of Midsummer Common, looking east. Boathouses can be seen on the opposite bank of the River Cam, and houseboats are visible on the river The River Cam at Midsummer Common with the Fort St George public house on the left and the Victoria Avenue Bridge in the background The footbridge across the Cam at Midsummer Common, with houseboats Cambridge Midsummer Fair on Midsummer Common, 2005 Midsummer Common is an area of common land in Cambridge, England. It lies northeast of the city centre on the south bank of the River Cam. The common borders the River Cam and houseboats are often moored on the common's bank.

The Strays are the remains of much greater areas of common land on which the hereditary Freemen of the City had, since time immemorial, the right to graze cattle. After the Parliamentary Enclosures of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, whereby commons were enclosed and rights of pasturage extinguished, areas of grazing land were allotted to the Freemen in lieu of their existing rights. Together with the Knavesmire and Hob Moor, land already used by the City for pasturage, these areas became the Strays, land vested in the Corporation to be held in trust for the Freemen of each of the original four Wards of the City.

The Dongan Patents still hold force of law and have been upheld by the US Supreme Court with the Trustees—rather than town boards, city councils or even the State Legislature—still managing much of the common land in the state. In 1698, his brother William, Earl of Limerick, died without issue. Because of his service to the Crown as a military officer and as provincial governor, he was granted his brother's title in the Peerage of Ireland and a portion of his brother's forfeited estates by a special Act of Parliament for his relief. In 1709, Lord Limerick sold his 2,300-acre property at Celbridge to William Conolly.

Surrounding land and beauty spots such as Cotmandene and Box Hill were donated by landowners for public use, protected by the Metropolitan Green Belt and the AONB designation of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge. Cotmandene is a area of common land to the east of the town centre, (the name is thought to mean the heath of the poor cottages). Cricket matches were played on the heath during the 18th century and are recorded in Edward Beavan's 1777 poem Box Hill. A painting entitled A Cricket Match on Cotmandene, Dorking by the artist James Canter, dating to around 1770, is now held by the Marylebone Cricket Club.

Llanybri was a demesne manor of the Lords of Llansteffan and Penrhyn and appears to be an early nucleation around a central open space, adjacent to a chapel dedicated to St Mary that had been established, as ‘Morabrichurch’, by the 14th century at least and was, in the 16th century, called ‘Marbell Church’. An area of common land lay within the village and may have Medieval origins. Pendegy Mill, some 700m west of the village, is the site of the Medieval ‘Mundegy Mill’. Rees (1932) depicts Llanybri as a borough, and though the designation is most unlikely the settlement did lie at the junction of seven routeways.

Return can be made along the ridge or by a diversion along the Offa's Dyke Path along the Hatterall Ridge, and then by descent into the valley of the river Olchon. There is a direct route from the ridge which follows the river Olchon via an old bridleway, and leads on to the minor road which circles the valley. It is marked by a small cairn by the main path, and the path crosses at one point a rocky landslip by the side of the stream. The ridge is common land and thus open to all both on and off the several paths on the hill.

Verderers are forestry officials in England who deal with common land in certain former royal hunting areas which are the property of the Crown.Verderers of the New Forest: website The office was developed in the Middle Ages to administer forest law on behalf of the King. Verderers investigated and recorded minor offences such as the taking of venison and the illegal cutting of woodland, and dealt with the day-to-day forest administration. In the modern era, verderers are still to be found in the New Forest, the Forest of Dean, and Epping Forest, where they serve to protect commoning practices, and conserve the traditional landscape and wildlife.

Indeed, the soulful rendition of his kritis had been the mainstay of her career throughout her life, and she considered that she owed her considerable wealth to his grace. In 1921, the aged and childless lady decided to dedicate her life's earnings to preserving Tyagaraja's legacy and perpetuating his memory. In 1925, she began the construction of a temple enclosing the memorial. According to some sources, she purchased the land on which the grave stood, whereas according to other sources, that land was panchayat riverside land (village common land), and her construction was illegal, but tolerated by local residents due to its pious intentions.

The late 15th and the 16th century are a period of peace among warring nobiliary factions after years of clashes, in which exactions and abuses on farmers had been rife, leading to a time of optimism and stability. The American and Andalusian conquest opened new opportunities, with small fortunes made by Basque venturers, which propelled the construction of baserris, thriving in the hundreds. Maize from the Americas substituted less productive millet, taking its Basque name arto. While private land ownership had been known if not widespread in the southern parts of Álava and Navarre since Roman times, most land further north was still common land in this period.

In 1872 the castle came down to Barneby-Lutley, another branch of the same medieval family. Lower Brockhampton, a moated farmhouse on an extensive National Trust property, lies a short distance to the east, beyond Bromyard Downs. This is an area of common land lying to the northeast which offers many walks, with extensive views over the town, the Malvern Hills, the Clee Hills, and the Welsh borders, with the Black Mountains and other hills beyond. An attempt by local landowners in 1866 to enclose the Downs was strongly opposed by townsfolk and failed, not least because it was an area of recreation including rifle butts and an annual race meeting.

In the Roman provinces outside Italy, foreigners made no distinction between Romans and Italians and referred to both simply as "Romans". In Italy, ever more socii voluntarily adopted Roman systems of government, laws and coinage. But, underneath the surface, resentment was steadily building among the Italian allies about their second-class status in the Roman system. In particular, not holding Roman citizenship, they were unable to benefit from the large-scale redistribution of Roman common land (ager publicus), from large landowners to smallholders, carried out by the Gracchi brothers starting in 133 BC. The agrarian reforms sparked a massive movement among the socii to demand full citizenship.

The project includes instruction and activities that teach the need to respect the local environment and the importance of sanitation and clean water to the health of the community. In addition, REDEP maintains a tree nursery, which was started with funds provided by a grant from New England Biolabs Foundation. Currently the project is being funded by American Jewish World service (AJWS) The trees from the nursery are planted by school children along farm boundaries, on institutional and common land, along river and stream banks, around homes and on degraded wastelands. In addition, the children help with projects to improve sanitation by cleaning along stream banks and other areas.

The most common land use strategies fall under three categories: fully forested land, agricultural land, and protective or buffer lands. Fully forested lands include silviculture to restore existing forests through proper management. Land without forests can be allowed to regenerate on its own or with small/initial assistance to a natural state or made into an actively managed forest for growing and using/selling products of the tree. Partially forested agricultural lands can be managed fallow lands to restore soil health or agroforestry where trees are co-cropped with other plants at some density from simple windbreaks to high densities that can provide partial shade to the crops.

Notably among these is the White Horse (now the White House), which was a pub and boarding house until the beginning of the 20th century. There are extensive patterns of footpaths across the area which lead to the farms and were developed by farm workers walking to and from work. There has always been a history of itinerant workers both on the farms and in the smuggling trade and these have over the years rested, albeit temporarily, on the Totham plains. 'The Plains' which form some of the largest areas of common land in the country are within the village boundary and there are many pleasant walks across them.

In the second quarter of the 19th century, clusters of houses were built on the fringes of the extensive common land and at the Newlands. The greatest concentration was in what is now the village centre. This area gradually developed; a Methodist Chapel and school were opened in about 1836, in the modern day Station Road and a new St Michael's Church was built in 1844 – the old one in Paradise Lane had been considered too small for the growing population. Towards the end of the 19th century, shops became established in Norton Road and High Street. The population in 1801 was 477 and by 1901 had grown to 3,626.

Birth house of Félix Arnaudin, at Labouheyre Félix Arnaudin came from what is now the Landes forest but, on his time, was a mosaic of forest (of oak trees and pine trees), fields, and bare moors; on which some 650,000 sheep grazed. This country was then living under a pastoralism system, which would be broken in the middle of the 19th century by forestry. The symbolic date of this revolution is the 19 June 1857 law, on the improvement of the Landes, which stimulated communes to sell or plant trees on the Common land, and ultimately signified the end of the old pastoral system in that area.

In rural society historians have noted a lack of evidence of widespread unrest of the nature of that evidenced the Jacquerie of 1358 in France and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in England. This was possibly because in Scotland there was relatively little of the type of change in agriculture, like the enclosure of common land, that could create widespread resentment before the modern era. Instead a major factor was the willingness of tenants to support their betters in any conflict in which they were involved, for which landlords reciprocated with charity and support.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 50–1.

Abblit's tablet Rushmere Common has probably been common land since the Middle Ages. For at least two hundred years, the ownership of the soil was claimed by one of the local manors. The commoners resisted the claims of the Lord of the Manor, the Marquess of Bristol, who tried to prosecute some of them. It was used as a place of execution, with some one hundred recorded hangings between 1735 and 1797 – most frequently for house breaking and burglary, but also for highway robbery and murder. The heath was frequently used by the army, and in 1804 Sir James Craig had 11,000 men under arms on the common.

First mention of a woodland "Safernoc" was made in AD 934 in the written records of the King Athelstan, but the land passed into Norman ownership soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. The royal forest established in the 12th century covered an area of some ; it extended to the villages of East Kennett, Inkpen and the Collingbournes (west, east and south) while the River Kennet formed its northern limit. Savernake Forest was not continuously wooded: Royal forests were a mixture of woodland, copses, common land and rough pasture. This was the area of land put into the care of Richard Esturmy after the Norman Conquest.

Failure to abide by Magna Carta led to the First Barons' war, and the popular legend of Robin Hood emerged: a returned crusader who robbed from the rich to give to the poor.See W Langland, Piers Plowman (1370) Passus 5, 3278, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the Peasants' revolt of 1381. As ballads and poems evolved, see John Stow, Annales of England (1592) The commitments on common land were soon recast in the Charter of the Forest 1217, signed at St Paul's by Henry III.Charter of the Forest 1217.

The site was also used to harvest peat for fuel throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, with York being a popular market for the peat. In 1903, the common was enclosed under the Enclosure Act, being the last major piece of common land in England to undergo this transformation. In the 1940s, the south-western edge of the common was utilised by the Royal Air Force as the bomb storage location for the adjacent RAF Riccall airfield. After the Air Force departed in 1957, the site was rarely used and was subject to being overgrown with Betula (birch trees) as the common was not being actively managed.

The development is on a flood plain. However, the Environment Agency's assessment is that even without the flood defences that surround the Island, there is even less risk of serious flooding (0.1%, or 1 in 1000 years) than in the surrounding area (0.5%, or 1 in 200 years). Riverside gardens The River Lea flows through the island As it is a private development, residents are responsible for many aspects of life on the Island through the Enfield Island Village Trust. The Trust is responsible for the upkeep of common land, including the ornamental canal and parkland, utilities such as the waste water system, and for enforcing legal covenants covering the development.

Waltham Forest was a royal forest that existed from around the time the Forest of Essex was disestablished in the 13th century. After that Forest Law was focused on areas with higher concentrations of woodland than the sparsely wooded Forest of Essex ever had. Forests were legal institutions introduced by the Normans to denote an area where the King or another magnate had the right to keep and hunt deer and make Forest Law. Initially there was a very weak correlation between the extent of the legal forest and what might be termed the 'physical forest', the often wooded Common Land areas where the deer lived.

Domburgsche, a links course in the Netherlands Links is a Scottish term, from the Old English word hlinc : "rising ground, ridge", describing coastal sand dunes and sometimes similar areas inland. It is on links land near the towns of central eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century. The shallow top soil and sandy subsoil made links land unsuitable for the cultivation of crops or for urban development and was of low economic value. The links were often treated as common land by the residents of the nearby towns and were used by them for recreation, animal grazing and other activities such as laundering clothes.

Furthermore, as it was up to the local gentry and JPs (Justices of the Peace) to enforce these laws there was a great deal of inconsistency in their application. As population levels started to rise in the second half of the sixteenth century, pressure on land for food and work increased, and the enclosure of common land, whether agreed amicably among farmers or enforced illegally by greedy landlords, was seen by distressed groups as the cause of their grief. For much of the period grain prices rose ahead of wool prices and enclosure attracted less political attention. By the 1590s, however, private profit was replacing communal co- operation.

These circumstances produced a market in leases. Landlords, lacking other ways to extract wealth, were motivated to rent to tenants who could pay the most, while tenants, lacking security of tenure, were motivated to farm as productively as possible to win leases in a competitive market. This led to a cascade of effects whereby successful tenant farmers became agrarian capitalists; unsuccessful ones became wage-labourers, required to sell their labour in order to live; and landlords promoted the privatisation and renting out of common land, not least through the enclosures. In this reading, 'it was not merchants or manufacturers who drove the process that propelled the early development of capitalism.

The nunnery was known as Gysnes, an early form of Guyzance, while the church was known as Gisyng, and although officially in the Chapelry of Brainshaugh, was normally referred to as Guyzance church. The mill to the west is also known as Guyzance Mill, and was first established around 1336, while the weir dates from around 1350. In 1472 ownership of the hamelt passed to the Percy family, owners of Warkworth Castle, while in 1567, William Carr of Whitton was recorded as the owner. By the 17th century, there were two rows of dwellings in Guyzance, and the common land had been enclosed by 1685.

Adrian R. Bell, Chris Brooks, Paul R. Dryburgh, The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 1. The wool trade was a major driver of enclosure (the privatisation of common land) in English agriculture, which in turn had major social consequences, as part of the British Agricultural Revolution. Among the lasting monuments to the success of the trade are the 'wool churches' of East Anglia and the Cotswolds; the London Worshipful Company of Clothworkers; and the fact that since the fourteenth century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the Woolsack, a chair stuffed with wool.

While salvation was the gift of Christianity, being saved was not a focus. The Bible was the Holy Book, but was not to be taken literally, and the Apostles' Creed rather than the Bible was their source of Christianity. Grundtvigians were also nationalists who wanted to "rewaken the Danes in appreciation of their identity", and its founder, Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig, is quoted for his writing: "first a Dane and then a Christian" in 1848. The Grundtvigians stressed four elects of a "true people": a common land, a common language, a common history and forefathers, and common culture through songs, folk dancing, language, cuisine, etc.

Mousehold Heath (c. 1818-1820) by John Crome Mousehold Heath (Norwich 1810) by John Sell Cotman Mousehold Heath was famously painted by a number of artists from the Norwich School of painters, including John Crome and John Sell Cotman,Paintings and etchings of the heath produced by members of the Norwich School are held by many different museums, including the British Museum. as well as other painters such as John Constable. They found heathland landscapes intriguing and depicted them on a regular basis, despite the views of agriculturalists, who considered such landscapes to be valueless wasteland.Waites, Ian, Common Land in English Painting 1700-1850, p. 65.

Dartford Brent was an extensive area of common land on the outskirts of Dartford in Kent. Historically, it was the scene of a confrontation between King Henry VI and Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York in 1452 and in 1555 thousands of spectators were to witness the burning to death at the stake of Christopher Ward, a Dartford linen weaver, executed for his Protestant faith. Part of Dartford Brent was a cricket venue in the 18th century and it was almost certainly used for cricket during the 17th century. It was noted for the quality of its turf, which was said to be "as smooth as a bowling green".

Ruins of the Eaglesham Cotton Mill The water wheel pit of the old cotton mill Alexander, 10th Earl, developed the old 'toun' of Eaglesham into a planned village. It was Archibald, 11th Earl of Eglinton, who largely saw Alexander's plans through to completion due to Alexander's early demise. The new village with two ranges of houses built around the Orry or village green, an area of common land about one-third of a mile long, divided up by the Linn or Kirkton Burn. 999 year leases were offered on condition that a house was built within five years, otherwise a fine of five pounds was imposed.

In addition, there were of common rough grazing, giving a total area of all the land used for agriculture purposes, including common land, of . In order of area planted, the arable crops grown in Wales were: foods for stock-feeding, spring barley, wheat, maize, winter barley, other cereals for combining, oilseed rape, potatoes and other crops. The grassland was predominantly permanent pasture, with only 10% of the grassland being under five years old. Compared with other parts of the United Kingdom, Wales has the smallest percentage of arable land (6%), and a considerably smaller area of rough grazing and hill land than Scotland (27% against 62%).

Although the slave trade was abolished in 1807, slavery itself was not abolished until 1833. Abolition was in part due to a member of the Quaker Sturge family, Joseph Sturge, who led the campaign for abolition in Birmingham. In 1811, Jacob Sturge died and in 1814 his younger son, Jacob Player Sturge joined his brother, Young Sturge, in partnership as “Y and JP Sturge, Land Agents and Surveyors”. Initially most of its business was with the enclosure of common land and the surveying of parish and private land. William Sturge, JP Sturge's eldest son, entered the office in 1836 at the age of 16.

Cogges Manor Farm House Cogges Manor Farm House (main article: Cogges Manor Farm) is a 16th- and 17th-century house built around the remains of one wing of a manor house that originated in the middle of the 12th century. The remains of the 13th-century building were altered in the 16th century and a second wing was added after 1667. In 1974 Oxfordshire County Council bought the house and converted it into a museum, now the heritage centre Cogges Manor Farm.Cogges Manor Farm Museum An open field system of farming prevailed in the parish until 1787 when an Act of Parliament enabled the common land to be enclosed.

9 but its final extinction came about through a programme of enclosure carried out by the Villiers. The arable common land was fenced off and turned into more profitable sheep pastures, at the cost of the residents losing their homes and livelihoods. Sir John Villiers is recorded to have enclosed four farms on the estate on a single day, 6 December 1492, fencing off 160 acres and forcing 24 people to leave their homes and occupations. This was probably neither the first nor the last act of enclosure on the estate and by the mid-16th century the manor had probably been entirely enclosed and the village depopulated.

In addition to those with legal rights over the land, the poor of the district would have had 'real' or 'customary rights', for example to feed their livestock or gather wood for fuel. The only beneficiaries from enclosure were those who could show legal rights over the common land, such as copyholders and tenants of the manor. The enclosure enshrined their rights, converting "rights of common" and allocating an area of land commensurate with their rights, as close to their farmhouse as was convenient. The poor were overlooked in this process, and were no longer allowed to forage for fuel or graze their animals.

At the 2011 census it had a population of 29,626. It includes Great Malvern on the steep eastern flank of the Malvern Hills, as well as the former independent urban district of Malvern Link. Many of the major suburbs and settlements that comprise the town are separated by large tracts of open common land and fields, and together with smaller civil parishes adjoining the town's boundaries and the hills, the built up area is often referred to collectively as The Malverns. Archaeological evidence suggests that Bronze Age people had settled in the area around 1000 BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary.

"Stopping" trains between Newcastle and Hexham, unlike the Carlisle–Newcastle expresses, called at Ryton, then within the County of Durham. In the summertime, trains would bring day-trippers from the Tyneside metropolis to Ryton Willows, the strip of fairly level common land separating the river and the railway. Adjacent to the station was a tea-room, with nearby entertainments such as large swings, known locally as "shuggy-boats," and a fleet of rowing boats that were available for hire. Some 250 metres of steep track linking the station to the village post-office was short for mail transport, but it was a climb for some disembarking passengers.

From 1031 until 1305, Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty. To improve the use of agricultural area and to gain higher yields, the Přemyslides were looking for colonists by offering them 10 years of tax free living. Up until the year 1150 German colonists from Lower Austria settled around the area of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) und Znojmo (Znaim). Vlasatice is an Angerdorf, a Germanic type of village characterized by the houses and farmsteads being laid out around a central grassed area, the anger (from the Old High German angar = pasture or grassy place), a village green which was common land, owned jointly by the village community.

Glanusk Park is a country estate in Wales, United Kingdom, situated near the town of Crickhowell, Powys and was established in 1826Victorian Crickhowell - Glanusk Park by ironmaster Sir Joseph Bailey. The park features in the hereditary title Baron Glanusk which was given to Sir Joseph's grandson, Sir Joseph Russell Bailey in 1899 who at that time was the Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire. The park and estate contains of common land, of farmland, 29 let residential properties, 7 let farms and a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the River Usk. There are of private parkland and of forest which also includes a collection of over 200 different species of oak trees.

The Town Moor is a large area of common land in Newcastle upon Tyne. It covers an area of around 1000 acres or 400ha,Newcastle City Council, Town Moor History and General Information Retrieved 2016-09-29 and is larger than Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined, and also larger than New York City's Central Park (843 acres). Like them it is not on the edge of the city, but has suburbs all around it. It stretches from the city centre and Spital Tongues in the south out to Cowgate/Kenton Bar to the west, and from Gosforth to the north and Jesmond to the east.

The tower, which is popularly known to English residents as the "Jampot", is an old windmill but was never a success due to crosswinds on the hill, it is identified on maps as being an old mill. The land (Foel Tŵr) on which it stands is owned by the National Trust. The community supports its own large chapel called Horeb, which stands close to the common land and a springHoly Wells of Wales, Francis Jones, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, Cardiff 2003 said to have healing properties. Of historical interest is the older (18th century) but disused chapel (Capel Newydd) which stands on the left hand side of the road to Nanhoron.

After 1629, Charles I attempted to rule without Parliament. This forced him to raise taxes and other revenues, which had a number of impacts on Worcestershire. The sale of royal lands, particularly forests, led to attempts to enclose Malvern Chase and the more successful sale of Feckenham Forest in the 1630s, which in both cases had led to rioting as well as the displacement of the rural poor that had depended on the use of these Royal lands as effectively common land, with long- established although informal usage rights.; Other local grievances against the Crown included action to suppress profitable tobacco production, which was well established in the Vale of Evesham.

Woodland covers nearly of the forest, 40% of its areaNote: the figures quoted here refer to the land administered by the conservators, and exclude all privately held land. Most of the woodland on the common land of the forest is young and contains few older trees; there is little ancient woodland, defined as woodland that has been continuously wooded since 1600. Almost all the latter that exists within the medieval forest pale is found on land that was set aside in the 1693 division of the forest for private ownership and exploitation.Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016, p. 2.

Once known as the Common Settlement, the area later known as Dogtown is divided between the city of Gloucester and the town of Rockport. Dogtown was first settled in 1693, and according to legend the name of the settlement came from dogs that women kept while their husbands were fighting in the American Revolution. The community grew to be 5 square miles, and was an ideal location as it provided protection from pirates, and enemy natives. By the early 1700s, the land was opened up to individual settlement as previously it had been used as common land for wood and pasturing cattle and sheep.

The Duchess returned to open the new waterworks at Camp Hill in 1895. In 1897, the painter Edward Burne-Jones came to Malvern for the "bracing air", on the recommendation of his doctor, but stayed in his hotel for a week. The 7-year-old Franklin D. Roosevelt visited in 1889, during a trip to Europe with his parents. Fearing that Malvern would become the "Metropolis of Hydrotherapy", a Malvern Hills Act had been secured in parliament in 1884 and later Acts empowered the Malvern Hills Conservators to acquire land to prevent further encroachment on common land and by 1925 they had bought much of the manorial wastelands.

Sardegna Foreste into private property. This gave rise to many abuses, as the reform favoured the landholders while excluding the poor Sardinian farmers and shepherds, who witnessed the abolition of the communal rights and the sale of the land. Many local rebellions like the Nuorese Su Connottu ("The Already Known" in Sardinian) riot in 1868,A su connottu: la ribellione del 1868, Contus AntigusSu Connottu, la rivolta nuorese contro i Savoia, I Love Sardinia all repressed by the King's army, resulted in an attempt to return to the past and reaffirm the right to use the once common land. The mine of Montevecchio, Guspini.

The underlying geology consists of chalk which typifies the area around Princes Risborough. Loosley Row sits as the south end of a chalk escarpment that runs south-westwards from Coombe Hill to Loosley Row and affords good views of the Vale of Aylesbury to the west. The hamlet used to have a chapel, a school, a village store, a bakery and a post office, but these have all now been closed (the school was shut down in 1916). The hamlet also has a dried up parish well, which is situated on what is claimed to be the smallest patch of common land in the Chilterns.

The properties were of very poor quality and the land had not been drained so the landlord, the City of London, decided the lease would not be renewed. When the lease finally expired, Hedger started demolishing the buildings to reuse the materials elsewhere and in March 1810 a crowd of about one thousand "of the lowest orders" gathered to join in the demolition and remove building materials. Hedger did not intervene because he was required to return the common land in its original condition and he was being saved clearance costs. Some houses were still occupied and the inhabitants lost their belongings and had to flee for their lives.

According to Dudley Council's planning and leisure department, Mushroom Green began with the settling of nailmakers in the 18th century on common land which was part of Pensnett Chase. Under the Enclosure Acts of the 18th century, the land was awarded to the Viscount of Dudley and Ward, to whom an annual cottage rent was then due, even by the earliest nailors who had been squatters. The building material used was cheap and easily obtained locally: clay to build ‘mud’ houses (these have all gone), blast furnace slag (later rendered), and local brick. The siting of new dwellings was often based on kinship between neighbours.

The King ordered St Peter Port to be defended by walls, it is not clear whether these walls were built, but a tower at Beauregard was constructed. In 1358 the French returned and the castle taken again, with the French evicted the next year and an island traitor executed. Training was undertaken weekly in each parish, using common land, or at a specialist place near each church named Les Buttes where archery could be practiced. In 1372 Owain Lawgoch a claimant to the Welsh throne, at the head of a free company, on behalf of France, attacked Guernsey, popularly called “La Descente des Aragousais”.

It was encouraged by the landowners, who hoped for higher productivity and improved land values. The Littletons were early converts to the cause of enclosure: as early as 1534 enclosures were taking place in the Deanery Manor,VCH Staffordshire: Volume 5:17 – Penkridge: Economic history, s.2. Agriculture which they leased from the church at that time, although the manor was not fully enclosed until the mid-18th century. Enclosure was not always so welcome to occupiers and tenants, who often lost important grazing rights on common land, and who feared their spread of land in the open fields might be replaced by an inferior plot.

For centuries the boundary between Grimsby's West Marsh and the parish of Little Coates lay roughly along the line formed by present-day Pywipe Road and Boulevard Avenue. The West Marsh was used as common land, however around 1514 this land was subject to an act of enclosure and these common rights were curtailed as the area was divided between local dignitaries. In 1873 a bridge was built across the Old Dock, linking Corporation Road with Victoria Street. The Corporation Bridge shortened the travelling distance between the West Marsh and the built-up area in the East Marsh, including the new Freeman Street market.

When Roxbury was first settled in the 18th century, the land form now known as Mine Hill was called Spruce Hill and was common land. Its stone outcrops were eventually recognized for their minerals, and a few attempts were made in the mid-18th century to extract gold, silver, and lead from the mountain. None of these efforts lasted more than a few years, but shafts dug into the hill survive from this period. In the early 19th century a geological analysis found the presence of carbonated iron ore, a rare and highly desirable form of ore that was probably unknown to the early miners.

Although part of the hill is grass grazed by sheep, and part is forested, much remains open common land, and it is here that most of the limestone pavement is to be found. However, much has been removed over the years for many purposes including building, agricultural fertiliser, and production of millstones, but is now protected by law and it is an offence to remove any. The limestone is over thick, and was laid down during the Carboniferous period some 350 million years ago. The limestone pavements here occupy an intermediate position between the low-lying pavements of Gait Barrows some to the west, and those on Ingleborough, to the east.

The town's common land and fields were legally enclosed by 1794, giving ownership mostly to the Hervey family; this coincided with the Slea's canalisation; the Sleaford Navigation brought economic growth until it was superseded by the railways in the mid-1850s. In the 20th century, the sale of farmland around Sleaford by Bristol Estates led to the development of large housing estates. The subsequent availability of affordable housing combined with the town's educational facilities and low crime rates made it an attractive destination for home-buyers. As a result, the town's population underwent the fastest growth of any town in the county in the 1990s.

At the enclosure of the open fields in 1794 more than 90% of the of open land was owned by Lord Bristol. Despite the costs of fencing and re- organising the fields, the system was easier to farm, and cottages were built closer to fields, while the landowner could charge more rent owing to the increased profitability of the land; those who lost out were the cottagers, who could no longer keep a few animals grazing on the common land at no cost.Pawley 1996, p. 63 The process allowed the land boundaries and pathways to be tidied up; Drove Lane, which ran to Rauceby, was shifted north and straightened.

Eel Brook Common Eel Brook Common is common land in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, close to Fulham Broadway, with its south-eastern boundary along New King's Road. According to the Fulham Society, the name actually is a derivative of 'hill brook common' - which relates to Musgrave Crescent, which is raised much higher than the surrounding land. It is believed that this is artificial and it probably was originally a Bronze Age mound - either a raised piece of ground to defend against attackers, or as a burial mound. When you leave Eel Brook Common from the north side, you go up a steep ramp - up onto Musgrave Crescent.

Royal Grammar School, then the Free School, in Guildford when he and his friends played creckett circa 1550 In 1597 (Old Style – 1598 New Style) a court case in England concerning an ownership dispute over a plot of common land in Guildford, Surrey mentions the game of creckett. A 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played creckett on the site fifty years earlier when they attended the Free School. Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey circa 1550, and is the earliest universally accepted reference to the game.Altham, p. 21.

The Begwns, or sometimes The Begwyns, is a small upland area in eastern Powys, Wales. They sit within the communities of Painscastle, Glasbury and Clyro, to the north of a great bend in the course of the Wye valley, west of Hay-on-Wye. ‘Begwns' is a cymricisation of the English ‘beacons’. The Begwns are 1293 acres of common land which was gifted to the National Trust by the Maesllwch Estate in 1992 and managed for grazing and quiet recreation. The common ranges in elevation from 250m at its lowest to 415m at ‘The Roundabout’, a hilltop wooded feature at the heart of the area.

He bought a share in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, as well as from wool, lamb and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at controlling as much as possible of the local grain market", a strategy that was highly successful. In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take control of common land in Welcombe, part of the area over which Shakespeare had leased tithes.

Tŷ unnos (pl.: tai unnos; English: one night house, also hafodunnos) is an old Welsh tradition that has parallels in other folk traditions in other areas of the British Isles. It was believed by some that if a person could build a house on common land in one night, the land then belonged to them as a freehold. There are other variations on this tradition, for example that the test was to have a fire burning in the hearth by the following morning and the squatter could then extend the land around by the distance they could throw an axe from the four corners of the house.

These were barely sufficient to feed a family. The rich landowners acquired large estates by encroaching on public land, which reduced the amount of this land which could be given to the poor (plebeian) farmers. Several laws limiting private ownership of land to limit this encroachment on the ager publicus were passed, but they seemed have been easy to evade and to have only a limited effect, if at all. The restrictions on the amount of grazing on public land was due to the fact that extensive grazing could reduce the resources available to poor farmers from this common land, which they needed to sustain their livelihoods.

Areas of common land and wood/waste listed in the Domesday Book are indicated by outlying roadside greens or tyes: Housham Tye, Carter's Green, and Matching Tye are in the southwest, Peartree Green and Gunnets Green in the east and Matching Green in the south-east, extending into High Laver and Little Laver. Leaze or ley specifically means common pasture Horse Leaze, Bushey Leaze, Upper and Lower Goodleys at times have taken up 48 acres of land use. In 1668 the tenants of Waterman's manor and Otes in High Laver were said "to have commoned at Matching Green time out of mind" (i.e. grazed animals and collected wild berries).

This Toll house, that operated where the Longhope Road joins the Ross Road, was of sufficient importance to be replaced by a new one in 1881 and the house still stands. William Cobbett wrote that, during one of his Rural Rides through England in September 1826, he wanted to spend the night in Gloucester, but arrived there at the time of the Three Choirs Festival. As rooms were so expensive, he had to continue to the coaching inn at Huntley. The common, part of which is now the recreation ground and allotments, was enclosed in 1857 and in 1872 most of the remaining common land on Huntley Hill was also enclosed.

The B1166 road from Shepeau Stow to Holbeach Drove to the east is the line of a 1241 fen drainage bank, the third of three constructed between Whaplode Drove to the north and Shepeau Stow. The resulting fen-drained common land was enclosed in 1819 under Enclosure Act."A Brief History of Whaplode Drove", Whaplode Parish Council. Retrieved 17 March 2016 Shepeau Stow Mill in 1921 In 19th-century directories the hamlet was named 'Shephaystow' and 'Shephay Stowe'. In 1855 there existed a mill with miller, and the Red Last public house. By 1872 the mill housed a corn miller who was also a baker.

In an essay in 1976 Shoard argued that recreation ought to play a greater role in promoting countryside conservation. An essay by Shoard in 1998 questioned the assumptions underlying the debate about greater public access. At the time of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Shoard wrote extensively about the ideology of the proposed legislation and its possible limitations. This Land is Our Land charts the struggles over land rights in Britain and abroad, explores the ways in which land owners currently wield power, and the effectiveness of measures which seek to protect the public interest in land such as common land, public footpaths and conservation designations.

Several small areas of woodland fall within the parish, including Cobb's Moss and Hough Gates. To the east of Cobb's Lane, south of Hough village, lies Hough Common, an area of common land designated as a county site of biological importance (grade B).Crewe and Nantwich Borough Council: Nature Conservation Sites (accessed 27 February 2009) Newcastle Road (the old A500) runs east–west at the north of the parish. Cobb's Lane runs north–south through the parish, joining Newcastle Road just to the north-east of the parish boundary in Chorlton. Pit Lane connects Newcastle Road and Cobb's Lane, forming a triangle in which Hough village is located.

Quarndon has elevations ranging from 75 metres above sea level to 144 metres. The lowest point is at the end of a projection to the south, following Markeaton Brook, which rises at two sources, one in the village and the other from above the lake of Kedleston Park, a large landscape garden in the neighbouring parish to the west. The highest part, Quarndon Hill is a partly settled ridge of mixed woodland and common land topped by a gently winding street leading north-west. The vast majority of the village's buildings are residential, which spread along four minor upland roads north of the City of Derby's suburb of Allestree, two of which lead towards the city.

The history of Hazelwood Hall is typical of many small estates and country houses that developed in southern Lakeland and the Arnside and Silverdale area during the last 200 years. In fact a similar story can be told about the development of houses and land in many areas of the most attractive countryside within easy travelling distance of industrial towns. The historical development and landscape changes associated with Hazelwood Hall reflect the development of this area in response to the major changes that affected the English countryside during this period. These changes were interrelated, starting with the enclosure of the remaining areas of common land and the evolving Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.

The only likely place for a hanger was the slopes of Western Harringay, wooded until later medieval times. The most likely candidates for fields known as 'Great Hanger' therefore are those closest to the hanger itself – the fields where the 'Gardens' stand today. Sold by the Crown as farm land, it is known that at least some of this land became part of St John's Farm. Of the southern part of this land, it is known that some was retained in public ownership until it was developed in relatively recent times - rating records show some of the southern area as common land owned by the Parish and Manor of Tottenham up to the late nineteenth century.

In the early part of the 18th Century the hill and surrounding area was acquired by a Dublin merchant, Richard McGwire, who applied to enclose an area of common land. The estate was subsequently sold, changing hands to various people during which time it was rented to Sir Wadsworth Busk before being acquired by Lord Henry Murray in 1793, following which it formed part of the Mount Murray Estate.Isle of Man Times. Saturday, May 30, 1885; Page: 3 Situated approximately from Douglas, it was the home of the Murray family when the Rt Honourable Lord Henry Murray, the fourth son of the John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl was the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man.

Whereas conservationists wanted regulated use of forest lands for both public activities and commercial endeavors, preservationists wanted forest to be preserved for natural beauty, scientific study and recreation. The differences continue to the modern era, with sustainable harvest and multiple-use the major focus of the U.S. Forest Service and recreation emphasized by the National Park Service. Although national parks can logistically fall under the category of preservation sites, certain marked National Conservation Area sites fall near or within proximity of national parks and share a common land history. The United States government began driving groups of Native American peoples out of popularly visited areas like Yellowstone around the late 1800s once they deemed them a conflict to tourists.

The 'ponds' themselves are curious, for, while they may have been connected to the medieval watermill nearby, they only appear on maps from the early nineteenth century onwards. That said, since the area was described as 'waste' (common-land) in the Wimbledon Manorial Rolls of 1763, it is possible that they were never viewed as worthy of recording. In the 1950s it was acquired by Wimbledon Council for public recreation and the medieval ponds drained. In the 1970s, after Wimbledon Council was subsumed by Merton Council, it was laid out to become a pitch and putt course, which introduced foreign soil and severely damaged the once pervasive acid grassland, before being abandoned in 1981.

Horseman's Green is one of a number of villages in the Maelor Saesneg containing the element "Green" in their names, indicating that they came into existence in relatively modern times with the enclosure of former common land. The name Horseman's Green is first recorded at the very end of the 17th century in the form "Horse Math's Green", likely derived from the obsolete dialect word "math", meaning "a mowing" (i.e. meadow land).Maelor Saesneg: the Settlement Landscape, Clwyd- Powys Archaeological Trust Most notable for its proximity to Hanmer (the birthplace of Lorna Sage and the setting for the autobiography Bad Blood), the village was also an evacuation area in the Second World War.

A small stock-holding field (semi-improved pasture) was purchased for the trust by Swift Print of Stroud in 1989.Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al, 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust' The reserve is on the eastern side of the Slad Valley, and one and a half miles north-east of Stroud. No rights are registered, but the hill is common land and is unfenced and used widely by members of the public. The hill is one of the smaller ancient Cotswold Commons and provides panoramic views of the Slad valley which is described by local author Laurie Lee in Cider with Rosie.

Cricket has been played at Dartford since at least the early 18th century and Dartford Cricket Club is one of the oldest established cricket clubs in England.Our history: Cricket in Dartford, Dartford Cricket Club. Retrieved 2017-11-28. Cricket was first played on Dartford Brent, an area of common land to the east of the town on which the modern Hesketh Park ground is situated. The earliest known match between two county sides took place on the Brent in 1709 with a Kent team playing one from Surrey. After the end of the 18th century matches moved to Bowman's Lodge on Dartford Heath before Hesketh Park was established at the start of the 20th century.

Yew Tree has a large amount of common land, as well as a community centre, health centre and play area by the local row of shops on Redwood Road. Currently on this row of shops are two convenience stores, a computer repair shop, a chip shop, fruit and veg store, a takeout cafe, hairdressers, a barbers and a chemist. There is also a pub on Thorncroft Way which has altered from its original name of 'The Archers to The Orchard and now is currently using its original name of 'The Archers'. It is a community local with three pool teams, three darts teams,a domino team, a quiz on Monday nights and live entertainment at the weekends.

The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Woodcut from a Leveller document by William Everard In 1649–1650, the Diggers squatted on stretches of common land in southern England and attempted to set up communities based on work on the land and the sharing of goods. The communities failed, but a series of pamphlets by Winstanley survived, of which The New Law of Righteousness (1649) was the most important. Advocating a rational Christianity, Winstanley equated Christ with "the universal liberty" and declared the universally corrupting nature of authority. He saw "an equal privilege to share in the blessing of liberty" and detected an intimate link between the institution of property and the lack of freedom.

Warlingham Common, a large tract of common land was inclosed in 1866 and extended into Chelsham. A small estate of detached and semi-detached houses now occupy that land that was once the site of Warlingham Park Hospital, built as Croydon Mental Hospital in 1903 on the borders of the north of the parish. It cost £200,000 to lay out grounds and erect the buildings, including the iconic central tower which is the only edifice that still stands. In 1911 gravel diggings The section at Worms Heath, Surrey, with remarks on tertiary pebble-beds and on clay-with-flints, William Whitaker with petrological notes by George MacDonald Davies from 'Quarterly journal of the Geological Society', vol.

Public footpath through Billington's former common land, adjacent to the Traveller camp On 11 July 2012, four members from one family were convicted of keeping workers in a state of servitude and forcing them to perform unpaid work. The family, who lived on one of the three travellers' sites in Little Billington, were found to have controlled, exploited, verbally abused and beaten the men for financial gain. The case was the first successful conviction under new slavery laws, following their introduction in 2010. The men, many of them homeless and addicted to alcohol or other drugs, were recruited outside jobcentres or at soup kitchens, and were promised paid work, food and lodgings.

The first phase of the Highland Clearances was part of the Scottish Agricultural Revolution but happened later than the same process in the Scottish Lowlands. Scottish agriculture in general modernised much more rapidly than in England and, to a large extent, elsewhere in Europe. The growing cities of the Industrial Revolution presented an increased demand for food; land came to be seen as an asset to meet this need, and as a source of profit, rather than a means of support for its resident population. The remains of old run rig strips beside Loch Eynort, Isle of SkyeBefore improvement, Highland agriculture was based on run rig arable areas and common land for grazing.

In 971, a charter gave the land in Teddington to the Abbey of Westminster. By the 14th century Teddington had a population of 100–200; most of the land was owned by the Abbot of Westminster and the remainder was rented by tenants who had to work the fields a certain number of days a year. The Hampton Court gardens were laid out in 1500 in preparation for the planned rebuilding of a 14th-century manor to form Hampton Court Palace in 1521 and were to serve as hunting grounds for Cardinal Wolsey and later Henry VIII and his family. In 1540 some common land of Teddington was enclosed to form Bushy Park and acted as more hunting grounds.

Cotswold Commons and Beechwoods () is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1954.Natural England SSSI information on the citationCotswold District Local Plan, Appendix 1, Sites of Special Scientific Interest Stroud District Local Plan, adopted November 2005, Appendix 6 ‘Sites of Nature Conservation Interest’ Tewkesbury Borough Local Plan to 2011, adopted March 2006, Appendix 3 'Nature Conservation', Sites of Special Scientific Interest The Commons and Beechwoods lie within the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site includes the Cotswold Commons and Beechwoods National Nature ReserveNatural England information on the woods of the NNR (maps, publications) and Cooper's Hill Local Nature Reserve. It is part registered as common land and part owned by National Trust.

There are twelve municipalities in the watershed of the creek. Six of these (Fairmount Township, Ross Township, Lake Township, Harveys Lake, Dallas Township, and Franklin Township) are in Luzerne County, while the other six (Noxen Township, Monroe Township, Northmoreland Township, Forkston Township, Eaton Township, and Mehoopany Township) are in Wyoming County. The most common land use in the watershed of Bowman Creek is forested land, which occupies , or 82.98 percent of the watershed. Another , or 10.46 percent, consists of meadows, while R-1 tracts of make up , or 2.68 percent of the watershed. Agricultural land makes up (2.59 percent of the watershed), water occupies (0.60 percent of the watershed), and farmsteads occupy (0.19 percent of the watershed).

Hart Common Golf Course was opened on the site in 1995. The village is home to Westhoughton Rangers Football Club, who play on playing fields on common land leased for a peppercorn rent from the Hart Common Mission Church Trust. Coleman Milne, manufacturer of funeral vehicles, stretch limousines and other specialist vehicles is located in the village, at the site of the old Messrs W.H.S. Taylor wholesale grocers cash and carry warehouse. Hart Common once had two public houses (The Hart Common and the Bridge Inn), a post office, a police station, a petrol station, a school, a Co-op shop and grocery, a butchers, two general stores and two other butcher's shops.

Glastir is designed to replace several previous agri-environmental schemes, Tir Gofal, Tir Cynnal, Tir Mynydd, the Organic Farming Scheme and the Organic Farming Conversion Scheme, and Better Woodlands for Wales. Glastir is a whole-farm land management scheme and is available to any person in Wales who has control of agricultural land or an interest in common land. The scheme involves the participant in committing to a management plan for a period of five years. Most entrants to the scheme will do so under the "Whole Farm Code" that applies to all the agricultural land which forms part of the contract, and the participant will have to comply with all the elements of this code.

A map of central Oslo. Uelands gate, the traditional boundary line between the East End and the West End, is marked in black. The East End and West End (, ) are used as names for the two parts of Oslo, Norway, formed by the economic and socially segregating separation line that has historically passed along the street Uelands gate. The Akerselva river is often seen as a boundary between west and east, but it is imprecise, because there are working-class neighbourhoods on both sides of the river. The West End was built in the 1840s, and had since the 17th century been a common land area, with the area behind the castle as an exit point.

The village was established in the 1820s, when a number of houses were built on former common land that had been sold to fund the drainage of Cors Fochno. The village then further expanded in the 1860s to house the families of miners working in the lead mines in the area. Prior to the building in the 1820s there were only a few scattered houses along the turnpike road, and the settlement was known as 'Tafarn Fach' (Small Tavern) - the story locally was that the new name was chosen as a more respectable one, given the religious sensibilities of the time. The village includes a chapel (Rehoboth) and a community hall (Llanfach).

Common land at Mynydd Rhiw and Mynydd y Graig was enclosed by Act of Parliament in 1811, and barley and oats were grown. Manganese was discovered in 1827; donkeys carried the ore to Porth Cadlan and Porth Neigwl, and in the late 19th century houses were built for industrial workers. By 1914 an aerial ropeway had been constructed, passing over the growing village to a jetty on the shore at Porth Neigwl. In World War I there was a great demand for manganese as a strengthening agent for steel, and the industry became a substantial employer in the village; over of ore were extracted during the lifetime of the mines, and in 1906 the industry employed 200 people.

J.H. Baker, 'Hynde, Sir John (c.1480–1550), judge', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, identifies the first wife as Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Heydon of Baconsthorpe, Norfolk. Sir Francis held the lordship of several manors in Cottenham,'Cottenham: Manors and other estates', in A.P.M. Wright and C.P. Lewis (eds), V.C.H. Cambridge Vol. 9, pp. 54–58. (accessed 6 May 2016). where his uses and enclosures of the common land led to prolonged discontent of the commoners, and an entangled legacy of rights, customs and restraints: he dying intestate in 1596, it was left to his son William, the heir and administrator of his estate, to cope with their various implications.

In 2015, Liz Schafer of Times Higher Education discussed the play's relevance to modern politics, arguing that the "insistence [of the corn merchant Star] that the Diggers must be removed so that poor people can be fed – large fields of corn are the way forward, not squatters farming common land – reads starkly nearly 40 years on from the play’s first performance. Star is not only capitulating to capitalism and promoting enclosure by a different name, he is also setting the path towards agribusiness’ wrecking of the planet." Schafer also stated, "The debaters speak with passion, conviction, and they certainly don’t do soundbites". Kate Kellaway rated the 2015 National Theatre revival four out of five stars.

Map of disafforestations and boundaries in 1301 The Forest of Essex was a royal forest that existed from around 1100 and was disestablished in the 13th century. Forests were legal institutions introduced by the Normans to denote an area where the King or another magnate had the right to keep and hunt deer and make Forest Law. Initially there was a very weak correlation between the extent of the legal forest and what might be termed the 'physical forest', the often wooded common land areas where the deer lived. In later centuries there was a much stronger correlation, so much so that the word forest is now taken to mean the same as woodland.

In 1205, King John sent a canon of Merton as an ambassador to Normandy; Prince Louis of France did penance there after a series of peace conferences culminating in the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217. In 1236 King Henry III held a Parliament at the Priory at which the Statute of Merton was passed allowing, amongst other matters, lords of the manor to enclose common land provided that sufficient pasture remained for their tenants. This was the first recorded statute of the first recorded English parliament. On 1 November 1437, shortly before his 16th birthday, Henry VI had a crowning ceremony at Merton Priory, although the exact nature of this is unclear.

Sheerwater was also spelt Sherewater until about 1900. Since the Norman Conquest it was a high sandy heath with a notable pond:Map of the Hundred of Godley H.E. Malden below illustrative map of Godley Hundred by H.E. Malden Sherewater Pond, on the borders of Pyrford and Chertsey parishes, was an extensive mere on the high Bagshot Sand, drained and planted at the time of its enclosure, 29 September 1815. On enclosure it was allocated into private hands from public common land; a farm was created. John Aubrey then Edward Brayley, confused Sherewater with a pond by the Guildford road (A3) on Wisley Common, drained by Peter King, 7th Baron King, the Whig politician and writer, rather earlier.

The Battle of Towton was associated with a tradition previously upheld in the village of Tysoe, Warwickshire. For several centuries a local farmer had scoured a hill figure, the Red Horse of Tysoe, each year, as part of the terms of his land tenancy. While the origins of the tradition have never been conclusively identified, it was locally claimed this was done to commemorate the Earl of Warwick's inspirational deed of slaying his horse to show his resolve to stand and fight with the common soldiers. The tradition died in 1798 when the Inclosure Acts implemented by the English government redesignated the common land, on which the equine figure was located, as private property.

Joseph Whitehead, erected in 1906 in Battersea's Latchmere Recreation Ground, subsequently removed and presumed destroyed. The area was originally common land: Latchmoor Common or Latchmere Common, and increasingly converted to allotments at the end of the 19th-century. Pressure from the local vestry to develop the land for housing resulted in the Latchmere Estate housing development led by local politician, John Burns MP. Building work commenced from 1902 and was one of the earliest examples of public social housing development to be executed by a local council. The creation of the recreation ground and preservation of some of the historic amenity value of the land was a condition of the development and the park formally opened in 1906.

On 16 September 2011, Balfour Beatty were announced as the preferred choice to be awarded the contract to build the new school. Balfour Beatty delayed signing the contract until legal action was resolved relating to the place where the school was built. There were two campaigns in relation to the building of the school; in favour of a new school, but recognising the difficulty of finding a satisfactory site, was Portobello for a New School (PFANS). In September 2012, the Portobello Park Action Group (PPAG) which was also keen for a new school but not on the site finally chosen, won its case to prevent building a new school on common land in Portobello.

Apart from the addition of a street to the garden village in the '90s, no new housing built in the village since the early 1970s when the Cogan Garden Village was completed, on the site of the main Penarth brickmakers and any further housebuilding is prevented through lack of space to develop; The village is bounded on two sides by the railway tracks, by the Cowslip slope on another and by the Poets Estate on the fourth side. The only land now not built on is the sports fields attached to the Penarth Leisure Centre, land that originally formed the common land of the village green where small holders grazed their animals in medieval times.

Local lords of the manor indicated that they would like to give their rights to the wastes to the public. After preventing the enclosure of a common in 1882, negotiations were initiated with the owners of the northern hills and the first Malvern Hills Act was secured in parliament in 1884. Later Acts empowered the Malvern Hills Conservators to acquire land to prevent further encroachment on common land and by 1925 they had bought much of the manorial wastelands. Towards the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the hydrotherapy had declined to the extent that many hotels were already being converted into private boarding schools and rest homes, and education became the basis of Malvern's economy.

A commons failure theory, now called tragedy of the commons, originated in the 18th century. In 1833 William Forster Lloyd introduced the concept by a hypothetical example of herders overusing a shared parcel of land on which they are each entitled to let their cows graze, to the detriment of all users of the common land. The same concept has been called the "tragedy of the fishers", when over-fishing could cause stocks to plummet.Samuel Bowles: Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution, Princeton University Press, pp. 27–29 (2004) Forster’s pamphlet was little known, and it wasn’t until 1968, with the publication by the ecologist Garrett Hardin of the article “The Tragedy of the Commons”,Hardin, G. (1968).

Depending on the use of the cut material, the length of time between cutting will vary from one year for tree hay or withies, to five years or more for larger timber. Sometimes, only some of the regrown stems may be cut in a season – this is thought to reduce the chances of death of the tree when recutting long-neglected pollards. Pollarding was preferred over coppicing in wood-pastures and other grazed areas, because animals would browse the regrowth from coppice stools. Historically, the right to pollard or "lop" was often granted to local people for fuel on common land or in royal forests; this was part of the right of Estover.

The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world and commonly known as 'The Home of Golf'. It is a public course over common land in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland and is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews clubhouse sits adjacent to the first tee, although it is but one of many clubs (St Andrews Golf Club, New Golf Club, St Regulus Ladies Golf Club and St Rule Club are the others with clubhouses) that have playing privileges on the course, along with some other non-clubhouse owning clubs and the general public.

Google Satellite map of china clay sites on Dartmoor The DPA argues that this is an activity that does not agree with the ethos of a National Park, whose purpose is to protect landscape from unsuitable development. In 1994, the National Park boundaries were changed to include common land at Shaugh Moor and exclude china clay worked land at Lee Moor.Lord Brougham and Vaux. 1994. Hansard "Dartmoor National Park Boundary Variation" HL Deb 14 April 1994 vol 553 c100WA The DPA revived its campaign with the publication of a booklet in 1999 when the Blackabrook Valley, Crownhill Down and Shaugh Moor, near the popular tourist area of Cadover Bridge, all came under threat from exploitation or dumping of waste.

Various small industries grew up, such as plush-making at Banbury, leather works at Bampton and Burford, gloves at Woodstock, and malt at Henley. Glass was made at Benson and Stokenchurch in the reign of Henry VI, and the wool trade continued, though not in so flourishing a state, Witney retaining its fame in blanket making. The dissolution of the monasteries, though it affected the county greatly, caused no general disturbance, but the enclosure of common land in the early 16th century had led to agricultural depression and discontent. In 1542 a bishopric of Osney and Thame was established, taking its title from Oxford, the last abbot of Osney being appointed to it.

Over half of Dartmoor National Park (57.3%) is private land; the Forest of Dartmoor being the major part of this, owned by the Duke of Cornwall. The Ministry of Defence owns 14% (see below), 3.8% is owned by water companies (see Dartmoor reservoirs), 3.7% by the National Trust, 1.8% by the Forestry Commission and 1.4% by Dartmoor's national park authority. About 37% of Dartmoor is common land. Dartmoor differs from some other National Parks in England and Wales, in that since the Dartmoor Commons Act 1985Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 on the OPSI website much of it has been designated as 'Access Land', which, although it remains privately owned, has no restrictions on where walkers can roam.

All of the effluent had to be removed from the town or city where it was collected, either by spreading it on common land or by transporting it to laystalls, which were usually on the edges of town. Much of London's effluent was taken to dumps on the banks of the River Thames such as the appropriately named Dung Wharf—later the site of the Mermaid Theatre—from which it was transported by barge to be used as fertiliser on fields or market gardens. Some of the dumps became quite massive; Mount Pleasant in present-day Clerkenwell, London, occupied an area of by 1780. The penalties for not disposing of waste in the approved manner could be harsh.

The court decided to appoint commissioners to divide up Ashdown Forest's in a way that would meet the needs of both defendants and plaintiffs. The commissioners made their award on 9 July 1693. They set aside , mostly in the vicinity of farms and villages, as common land, where the commoners were granted sole right of pasturage and the right to cut birch, alder and willow (but no other trees). The commoners were however excluded forever from the rest of the forest, about 55 per cent of its area, which was assigned for "inclosure and improvement" (though substantial areas had already been enclosed by then, so in such cases the decree was merely confirming the status quo).

The North Wirral Coastal Park, on the Wirral Peninsula, England is a coastal park including public open space, common land, natural foreshore and sand- dunes. The park lies between Dove Point in Meols, and the Kings Parade in New Brighton, and was created in 1986. The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral ranger service from their offices in the Leasowe Lighthouse, and occupies some 400 acres (988 hectares) of land in a four-mile stretch along the coastline making it Wirral's largest park. Although the park in its current form is relatively new, the history of the site goes back at least 5000 years to when the area, including the foreshore, was heavily forested.

Original watercourses and the drainage scheme The Internal Drainage Board area showing modern high level carriers and pumping stations Hatfield Chase lay above the confluence of three rivers, the Don, the Torne and the Idle, which meandered into the Trent near its entrance to the Humber. The whole of this area, apart from the Isle of Axholme, is less than above sea level and was therefore subject to frequent flooding. Although the area included some common land it was unlawful to take fish or game though many locals gained their livelihood by fishing and fowling the area which was unsuitable for agriculture. The circumstances of Charles' appointment of Vermuyden to drain this area in 1626 are obscure.

The Mafia became an essential part of the social structure in the late 19th century because of the inability of the Italian state to impose its concept of law and its monopoly on violence in a peripheral region. The decline of feudal structures allowed a new middle class of violent peasant entrepreneurs to emerge who profited from the sale of baronial, Church, and common land and established a system of clientage over the peasantry. The government was forced to compromise with these "bourgeois mafiosi," who used violence to impose their law, manipulated the traditional feudal language, and acted as mediators between society and the state.Dickie (2004) Allied landings in Sicily on 10 July 1943.

In rural society historians have noted a lack of evidence of widespread unrest similar to that evidenced the Jacquerie of 1358 in France and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in England, possibly because there was relatively little of the type of change in agriculture, like the enclosure of common land, that could create widespread resentment before the modern era. Instead a major factor was the willingness of tenants to support their betters in any conflict in which they were involved, for which landlords reciprocated with charity and support.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 50–1. Highland and border society acquired a reputation for lawless activity, particularly the feud.

Oliver Cromwell is a devout Puritan, a country squire, magistrate and former member of Parliament. King Charles I's policies, including the enclosing of common land for the use of wealthy landowners and the introduction of "Popish" and "Romish" rituals into the Church of England have become increasingly grating to many, including Cromwell. In fact, Charles regards himself as a devout Anglican, permitting his French Queen to practice Roman Catholicism in private but forbidding her to bring up the young Prince of Wales in that faith. Cromwell plans to take his family to the New World, but, on the eve of their departure, he is persuaded by his friends to stay and resume a role in politics.

In the 1880s there was an attempt to get government agreement to the sale of the Common, but a successful campaign to oppose this was supported by W. S. Gilbert, who lived locally at a house called Grim's Dyke. In 1899 the Metropolitan Commons (Harrow Weald) Supplemental Act revoked most of the rights of the commoners and a board of Conservators was set up to manage the Common. London Gardens Online, Harrow Weald Common, Grim's Dyke Open Space, The City Open Space Harrow Weald Common is Common Land not owned by anyone, and in 1965 it was placed under the protection of Harrow Council.London Borough of Harrow, Management Plan: Old Redding Complex, 2010, p.

Threapwood developed on an area of common land, historically a tract of woodland lying between Cheshire and Flintshire, which was traditionally reputed to have fallen outside of county, parish and township boundaries: it was therefore outside the jurisdiction of any Justice of the Peace and paid no land tax or parish rates. This status was reflected in its name, with threap being a common Old English place name element referring to disputed boundary areas.Winchester, W. Discovering Parish Boundaries, Shire, 2000, p.42 This vague administrative status was to lead to Threapwood gaining a reputation as a home to "abandoned characters of every description, and especially of women of loose or blemished morals".

Consultations have been found extremely problematic due to the fact that they often reach just village chiefs but neglect common villagers and disenfranchised groups. World Bank researchers noted that “a key finding from case studies is that communities were rarely aware of their rights and, even in cases where they were, lacked the ability to interact with investors or to explore ways to use their land more productively.” When consultations were even conducted, they often did not produce written agreements and were found to be superficial, glossing over environmental and social issues. In Ghana and elsewhere, chiefs often negotiated directly with investors without the input from other villagers, taking it upon themselves to sell common land or village land on their own.

The area now covered by the town of Burgess Hill was, until the mid-19th century, rural common land that straddled the boundary of the parishes of Clayton and Keymer. The area developed as a settlement after the inclosure act for Keymer's part of St John's Common passed on 18 April 1828 was implemented, and the London and Brighton Railway Company opened its line from a temporary terminus at to on 21 September 1841. The line passed through the area of St John's Common and the company opened Burgess Hill railway station on the same day. The railway stimulated residential development and the Keymer Brick and Tile Works, already well-established as Burgess Hill's main industry, was able to expand its sales.

The Beacon cafe, a café that had existed on the summit of Worcestershire Beacon for many decades, was destroyed by fire in 1989. The Conservators had plans to replace the building but were advised that they risked prosecution for rebuilding as the original cafe building was an encroachment on common land. The Malvern Hills Bill was in preparation to modernise some of the clauses in previous acts a clause was inserted to gain authority to rebuild the cafe. Five members of the House of Lords Select Committee visited the Malvern Hills and decided that there were enough facilities in the immediate area and that St Ann's Well cafe should be enough provision on the hills, so the application to rebuild was turned down.

Traditionally the public could walk on established public footpaths and bridleways, on common land and on the foreshore, and land owners could prevent access to other areas (or charge a fee for access). Angling interests successfully lobbied for the exclusion of rivers in England and Wales from CROW, leaving other river users such as swimmers and canoeists with access restricted to less than 2% of navigable water. The British Canoe Union is running the Rivers Access Campaign, to highlight the level of restrictions the public face in gaining access to inland waterways in England and Wales. Much of the Dartmoor National Park has been designated as 'Access Land', although it remains privately owned, since the Dartmoor Commons Act 1985, with no restrictions on where walkers can roam.

Woodcroft was originally common land in "Bishton tithing" to the south of Tidenham Chase. Powder House Farm standing east of the road between Tutshill and Woodcroft was one of the farm-houses on the Tidenham manor estate in 1769 and was a stone house with a thatched roof in 1813. At least one cottage had been built on the common east of the road at Woodcroft by 1712, and by 1815 there was a small settlement of six or seven cottages.Tidenham including Lancaut: Introduction, Victoria County History Woodcroft became a sizable hamlet by the end of the 19th century with cottages, somewhat scattered, covering much of the area of the former common, and some more widely spaced along the road to the north.

The Greater Manchester Ecology Unit classifies Sites of Biological Importance. The 21 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Greater Manchester, and the of common land in Greater Manchester are of particular interest to organisations such as the Greater Manchester Local Record Centre, the Greater Manchester Biodiversity Project and the Manchester Field Club, which are dedicated to wildlife conservation and the preservation of the region's natural history. Among the SSSIs are Astley and Bedford Mosses which form a network of ancient peat bog on the fringe of Chat Moss, which in turn, at comprises the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester and contains the largest block of semi-natural woodland in the county. Retrieved on 13 November 2007.

In 2001 Mark Roberts claimed as the Lord of Alstonefield, a title won for £10,000 at auction, to own mineral extraction, hunting and fishing and access rights in the Staffordshire village of Alstonefield. He sought charges of up to £45,000 from residents of Peterstone for access across pathways and verges claimed through the title of Lord Marcher of Trelleck. However, his activities have been curtailed by a change in the law in 2005 meaning that no-one can be charged for access across common land if it can be shown that they have already done so for twenty years. Claims to extensive sections of foreshore under the title of Lord Marcher of St. David's delayed the planning process for a marina in the town of Fishguard.

Intermittent and haphazard development around the heath, consisting of farms and individual houses, had begun by 1700, when Oak Cottage and County Oak Cottage were built. These were at the extreme southwest corner of the heath, west of the London Road, and still survive as listed buildings; they have been converted into offices in the Amberley Court development within the County Oak industrial area. However, the core of the village was much further north, around the crossroads between the London to Brighton road (running from north to south) and the Charlwood road and its eastward continuation as the village street, Church Road. This only started to develop as a proper settlement after the common land began to be enclosed in 1827.

The Highlands was one of the parts of Scotland where law and order were not maintained by central government, hence the need for protection from a powerful leader. Clan leaders controlled the agricultural land, with its distribution generally being achieved through leases to tacksmen, who sublet to the peasant farmers. The basic farming unit was the or township, consisting of a few (anything from 4 to 20 or more) families working arable land on the run rig management system, and grazing livestock on common land. Clans provided an effective business model for running the trade in black cattle: the clan gentry managed the collection of those beasts ready for sale and negotiated a price with lowland drovers for all the stock produced on the clan lands.

Bull Cross, The Frith and Juniper Hill () is a biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1954. The site is listed in the ‘Stroud District’ Local Plan, adopted November 2005, Appendix 6 (online for download) as an SSSI and Regionally Important Geological Site (RIGS). Stroud District Local Plan, adopted November 2005, Appendix 6 ‘Sites of Nature Conservation Interest’ The site lies within the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and is part registered as common land and part owned and managed as a nature reserve by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. The site has 4 units of assessment, the largest of which is The Frith, called Frith Wood (Morley Penistan Memorial) by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.

The Teg rises close to the Willink School in the west of Burghfield Common, an area of post-war housing located on a plateau that forms the largest population centre of the parish of Burghfield, and which takes its name from the common land on which it was built. The stream flowed out from a retangular pond, which in 1911 covered , and headed north-eastwards, between some housing and gravel pits. There was a triangular pond covering before it reached the south-eastern edge of Scratchface Copse.Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1911 This section has largely been built over by planned housing estates constructed from the 1960s onwards, and even the retangular pond has been truncated at its southern end.

This same person was responsible for the disappearance of the medieval villages of Holt and Cecily Aylmer's Myntlynge, Mintlyn. The landlord Thomas Thursby was accused of appropriating most of the common land for himself, by enclosing it and converting it to pasture for his sheep, and of evicting tenants from their homes before demolishing them. Many sources, like the above one does, today identify him with the Thomas Thursby who was Mayor of King's Lynn in 1502 and died in 1510. M.J. Medlar, however, in the The Gaywood River Valley in the Post-Medieval Period writes: > Nationally, especially in the Midlands, there was a trend for large > landowners of small communities to depopulate the villages and convert the > arable to enclosed pasture for large flocks of sheep.

In his book Cotters and Squatters, Ward described the historical development of informal customs to appropriate land for housing which frequently grew up in opposition to legally constituted systems of land ownership. Ward described folkways in many cultures which parallel the Welsh tradition of the Tŷ unnos or 'one night house' erected on common land. Ward included a passage from one of his anarchist forebears, Peter Kropotkin, who said of the empty and overgrown landscape of Surrey and Sussex at the end of the 19th century, ‘in every direction I see abandoned cottages and orchards going to ruin, a whole population has disappeared.’ Ward himself went on to observe: ‘Precisely a century after this account was written, the fields were empty again.

From the time of the Domesday book, the Blakedown (earlier Bleak Down) area formed part of Hagley Parish; originally it belonged to Clent Hundred and later to the lower division of Halfshire. In 1888 the growing village was separated administratively from Hagley to merge with the small adjacent parish of Churchill; there is now a combined Parish Council for both villages. Much of Blakedown was originally an area of common land, only enclosed in 1832. With the coming of the railway line in 1852, and the consequent agricultural and industrial development, Blakedown eventually became larger than its companion, Churchill. The stream running to the south of it as an affluent to Churchill’s Wannerton Brook had been dammed to make a roadside pool as early as 1367.

Until the 19th century, Sheriff Hill was part of Gateshead Fell, a "windswept, barren and treacherous heath" that took its name from the town of Gateshead and the fell or common land contiguous with it.Manders, 1973: 308Lewis, 1848: 284 In 1068, Malcolm III of Scotland marched across the Scottish border to challenge the authority of William the Conqueror. Malcolm, accompanied by native insurgents and foreign supporters, was met by William's men in the area of Sheriff Hill and was decisively beaten.Lewis, 1831: 354 In the 13th century, a road through Gateshead Fell became the main trade route between Durham and NewcastleManders, 1973: 116 and as its importance grew, two public housesthe Old Cannon and The Three Tuns, were built along with a small number of houses.

There is an area of common land to the east of the village, named Llanbister Common. In July 1991 an unlicensed free music festival was held there, which was not well received by the local population, so in summer 1992 manure was spread on the land to make a repeat less likely.Roads closed as police seal off hippie festival, Stephen Ward, The Independent, Monday 27 July 1992 There is evidence of potentially medieval ridge and furrow cultivation on Llanbister Common.Cefn Llanbister, Cultivation Ridges, National Monuments Record of Wales online database, retrieved 12 March 2014 In 2018 the horror film You Should Have Left was partly filmed at a property near Llanbister, the John Pawson-designed Life House (Tŷ Bywyd) just east of the village.

Some improvements had been made to the water systems of the area by Selby Abbey, both for drainage and for navigation, but the effects of the drainage of Hatfield Chase by Vermuyden in the 1620s were much more significant. The scheme attempted to turn a productive marsh-based peasant economy into an arable system, but the way in which it was financed resulted in much of the reclaimed land being owned by Vermuyden and his adventurers, the Crown, or existing landowners. Many local people lost their livelihoods, as the common land was reduced from between to just . Although reclaimed arable land was offered back to local people for rent, they were stock farmers, and the meadow land and winter fodder were gone.

This historic extent of the Wyre Forest is debatable. Leaflets distributed in recent times have included Eymore Wood, in Kidderminster Foreign on the opposite bank of the River Severn, but that was merely a tract of woodland belonging to Worcester Cathedral. Another view is that once it stretched from Worcester to Bridgnorth along the west bank, but evidence for that is thin. Wyre Forest has none of the legal peculiarities of a historic forest at all, instead has those of a chase (of common land) with hunting rights belonging to the Mortimer family, who had the title Earl of March from 1328, as holders for centuries of the manor and liberty of Cleobury Mortimer, which technically still enjoys such hunting rights.

Burgess Hill—now a town of about 30,000 people—did not exist until the mid-19th century, when the London and Brighton Railway built a railway line across St John's Common, an area of common land divided between the parishes of Clayton and Keymer. The line and Burgess Hill railway station opened in 1841, and rapid population growth led to the building of an Anglican church, St John the Evangelist's, in the early 1860s and the creation of an ecclesiastical parish in 1863. One of the most important early residents was Frederick Hoadley. In 1857 he founded a department store on a prominent site near the railway station; it was so successful that other branches were opened elsewhere in Sussex.

As the forest disappeared and landowners began enclosing more of it for private use, many began to express concern at the loss of such a significant natural resource and common land. Some Loughton villagers defied landowners to practice their ancient right to lop wood—a series of court cases, including one brought by the Loughton labourer Thomas Willingale, was needed before the City of London Corporation took legal action against the landowners' enclosures, resulting in the Epping Forest Act of 1878 which preserved the forest for use by the public. The arrival of the railway spurred on the town's development. The railway first came to Loughton in 1856 when the Eastern Counties Railway, (later the Great Eastern Railway), opened a branch line via Woodford.

In June 1629, the disafforestation of Feckenham forest was decreed after a commission, so that the 2100 acres (8.5 km2) of woodland and waste in the forest parishes of Hanbury, Feckenham and Bradley could be partitioned between the crown, the manorial lords and the commoners. The response of the inhabitants was to refuse to accept their allocation of common land, on the grounds that they had only agreed to them "for fear and by terrible threats" and that their allocations did not compensate them for the loss of common rights.Large, 409. Ultimately 155 of them complained to the Court of Exchequer.Large, 410. A further commission in November 1630 reduced the Crown's allocation in Hanbury from 550 to 460 acres, but this was still not accepted locally.

She became a recluse, taking in lodgers for a few pennies a night but hearing less and less from her son as time passed, she became increasingly bitter. Supposedly, a man came to stay at her house in 1789 and she murdered him, before discovering he was in fact her long-lost son; arrested, convicted and sentenced to death, she was held in what is now known as the 'Old Gaol'. Twenty-five others were also due to be hanged, including sheep and cattle thieves and ‘Whiteboys’, young men who tore down fences and hedges surrounding what had once been common land. On the day of her hanging, the hangman was ill; Betty volunteered to take his place, allegedly after three others refused.

The unpopularity of these Royalist policies stemmed from the perception that Charles I was attempting to establish a more authoritarian, non-Parliamentary kind of monarchy. Worcestershire had also seen a number of divisive enclosure schemes during Charles' reign, including attempts to enclose Malvern Chase and the more successful sale of Feckenham Forest in the 1630s, which in both cases had led to rioting as well as the displacement of the rural poor that had depended on the use of these Royal lands as effectively common land, with long-established although informal usage rights.; Other local grievances against the Crown included action to suppress profitable tobacco production, which was well established in the Vale of Evesham. Charles I was simultaneously pursuing religious policies that provoked suspicion in Worcestershire.

The heyday of British agrarianism was in the 1500s, led by the Tudor royal advisors, who sought to maintain a broad pool of agricultural commoners from which to draw military men, against the interests of larger landowners who sought enclosure (meaning of common land). This was reversed by Acts of Parliament which effected the latter policy, chiefly in the 1650 to 1800 period (see enclosure). Politicians standing strongly as reactionaries to enclosure included the Levellers, anti- industrialist Luddites and, later, radicals such as William Cobbett. A high level of net self-sufficiency has a strong base in the national policy debate of successive governments, epitomised in successive centuries by Peelites, the Campaign for Rural England, and local food (anti food-miles) advocates.

Before John can come through on his threats to ruin her, Beatrice uses his drinking to have him dragged off to an insane asylum, he screams that she is an incestuous whore and a murderess fall on deaf ears. With John out of the way and his £200,000 fortune under her control, Beatrice coerces Harry to go along with her scheme to marry "cousins" Julia and Richard to each other legally and make them joint heirs to the Wideacre estate. In need of more money to complete their plan, Beatrice and Harry mortgage the estate and begin to enclose the common land. As this strips the villagers of places to graze their animals and raise their own vegetables, it incites anger and resentment on the estate.

Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights. By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. The older texts use the word "common" to denote any such right, but more modern usage is to refer to particular rights of common, and to reserve the name "common" for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is called a commoner.

England's centralisation also meant that an unusual number of English farmers were not peasants (with their own land and thus direct access to subsistence) but tenants (renting their land). These circumstances produced a market in leases. Landlords, lacking other ways to extract wealth, were incentivised to rent to those tenants who could pay the most, while tenants, lacking security of tenure, were incentivised to farm as productively as possible to be able to win leases in a competitive market. This led to a cascade of effects whereby successful tenant farmers became agrarian capitalists; unsuccessful ones became wage-labourers, required to sell their labour in order to live; and landlords promoted the privatisation and renting out of common land, not least through the enclosures.

According to a Soviet analyst, the solidarity groups "organically united" three forms of property—the land, which remained state property; the collectively owned farm implements and the harvest; and the individual peasant's holding, each the private property of a peasant families. In theory, each solidarity group received between ten and fifteen hectares of common land, depending upon the region and land availability. This land had to be cultivated collectively, and the harvest had to be divided among member families according to the amount of work each family had contributed as determined by a work point system. In dividing the harvest, allowance was made first for those who were unable to contribute their labor, like the elderly and the sick, as well as nurses, teachers, and administrators.

Whitewater kayaking and canoeing are popular on the rivers due to the high rainfall and their high quality, though for environmental reasons access is restricted to the winter months. The River Dart is the most prominent meeting place, the section known as the Loop being particularly popular. Other white water rivers are the Erme, Tavy, Plym and Meavy. Other activities are rock climbing on the granite tors and outcrops, some of the well-known venues being Haytor, Hound Tor and The Dewerstone; horse riding, which can be undertaken on any of the common land; cycling (but not on open moorland); and angling for wild brown trout, sea trout and salmon—although much of the river fishing on Dartmoor is privately owned, permits are available for some stretches.

In 1649 Gerrard Winstanley and 14 others published a pamphletThe True Levellers Standard A D V A N C E D: or, The State of Community opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men in which they called themselves the "True Levellers" to distinguish their ideas from those of the Levellers. Once they put their idea into practice and started to cultivate common land, both opponents and supporters began to call them "Diggers". The Diggers' beliefs were informed by Winstanley's writings which envisioned an ecological interrelationship between humans and nature, acknowledging the inherent connections between people and their surroundings; Winstanley declared that "true freedom lies where a man receives his nourishment and preservation, and that is in the use of the earth".Grant, Neil.

Just over half of it - in portions of widely varying sizes, but with the largest ones tending to be located towards the centre of the forest - is allotted for 'inclosure and improvement' by private interests. The rest is retained as common land for use by those local landowners and tenants who possess rights of common. 1881 - the commoners of Ashdown Forest reach a successful conclusion to their defence of a lawsuit brought by the Lord of the Manor which contested the nature and extent of their rights of common on the forest (known as the "Great Ashdown Forest Case"). 1885 - an Act of Parliament introduces bye-laws to regulate and protect the forest, and a Board of Conservators is established.

Date retrieved: 14 August 2013 Nowadays, Oswestry Race Course is common land, registered under the Commons Act 1899 and the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, with a number of rights of way on the South Common including Offa's Dyke Path and Bridleway. Also designated as a publicly accessible open space and a Wildlife Site in the 1999 Local Plan, it is an area reserved for: ::quiet, informal leisure activities and recreation; ::the biological diversity of the matrix of heathland, sparse woodland, ponds and ditches; and ::the sustainable management and conservation of nature and wildlife. The site provides extensive views across the surrounding landscape of England and Wales. The to Chirk Mill section of the Offa's Dyke Path National Trail crosses the common.

In the 18th century a farm on Downs Bank grew hops for Joule's Brewery, who rented it from Viscount Sidmouth. The area was well known to the author Mary Renault, whose parents moved to live nearby in the early 1930s. Hops growing on Downs Bank continued until the 1940s, and there was also cattle grazing until 1959. The area was subject to purchase with the help of a public subscription and it was given to the National Trust by John Joule in 1950 as "an offering for victory in the 1939-45 War, and as a memorial to those who died" – apparently on the grounds that it had originally been common land, and should thus be open again to local people.

Statue of Falstaff in Bancroft Gardens This area of Stratford, which runs from the foot of Bridge Street to Holy Trinity Church (and leads directly off Sheep Street and Chapel Lane) runs alongside the River Avon and offers access to the Waterside Theatre and all areas of the RST. The Bancroft GardensFormerly the Bank Croft, a piece of common land by the river used as pasture: and river area is a very popular place for people watching, enjoying picnics and river activities. In the summer the River Avon is busy with rowing boats, motor boats and river cruises. The Birmingham to Stratford Canal is busy with colourful narrowboats passing through or mooring up in the canal basin Stratford-upon-Avon Canal.

Heathrow or Heath Row was a wayside hamlet along a minor country lane called Heathrow Road in the ancient parish of Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, on the outskirts of what is now Greater London. Its buildings and all associated holdings were demolished, along with almost all of the often grouped locality of The Magpies in 1944 for the construction of Heathrow Airport. The name Heathrow described its layout: a lane, on one side smallholdings and farms of fields and orchards which ran for a little over a , on the other, until the 1819 Inclosure for farmland, common land: a mixture of pasture, hunting and foraging land on less fertile heath. Akin to Sipson Green it was a scattered agricultural locality of Harmondsworth.

The Berkeley family also gave their name to Berkeley Parade, where there are now many shops, largely convenience or regular services, which were built on remaining common land open fields on the south of the Bath Road in the 1930s - the "château-type" buildings with little slated turrets were branded "ingenious architectural fun" in the journal Architectural Review in 1939. The Parkway was built in 1959 as a bypass and this became a link to the 1960-1964-built M4 motorway cutting through the north end of the area. Both had considerable impact on the area. Much of Heston was developed in the early 1930s and this extended westward towards Cranford later, which also became developed to the west and south of the Parkway.

Hackney Downs is a London Overground and National Rail station in Hackney Central and serves the old common land of Hackney Downs in Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney, it is on the Lea Valley Lines and West Anglia Main Line. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street and has a direct passenger link to Hackney Central station, providing interchange with the North London Line of the Overground network On the London Overground, Lea Valley Line the station is between and either (on the branch) or (on the / branch). Main line trains, operated by Greater Anglia, call at Hackney Downs between Liverpool Street and . Its three-letter station code is HAC and it is in Travelcard zone 2.

Horbach's name was attested in 1541 as Horbruch, which means “boggy land”. Originally, Horbach, Brauweiler, Martinstein and Simmern unter Dhaun (since 1971 called Simmertal) formed a Markgenossenschaft, an association with combined economic and legal functions. All land, whether built upon or not, was a unit. Ecclesiastically and administratively, Simmern unter Dhaun was the hub of this great municipal area, while the neighbouring villages were either outgrowth or daughter settlements of this mother village. It can also be assumed that the neighbouring villages’ foundings came about with the arrival of settlers from a village in the original municipal area, as otherwise there would be no way to explain everybody's rights to common land and joint ownership of grazing land, water and woodland.

In the early Jurassic and onwards, dinosaurs and pterosaurs became the most common land reptiles, while small reptiles were mostly represented by lepidosauromorphs (such as lizards and tuatara relatives). Among pseudosuchians, only small crocodylomorphs did not go extinct by the end of the Triassic, with both dominant herbivorous subgroups (such as aetosaurs) and carnivorous ones (rauisuchids) having died out. Phytosaurs, drepanosaurs, trilophosaurids, tanystropheids, and procolophonids, which were other common reptiles in the late Triassic, had also become extinct by the start of the Jurassic. However, pinpointing the extinction of these different land reptile groups is difficult, as the last period of the Triassic (the Rhaetian) and the first period of the Jurassic (the Hettangian) each have few records of large land animals.

The Church of St John the Evangelist Farnham RoyalBuckinghamshire Federation of Women's Institutes for the publication "The Buckinghamshire Village Book" (1987) was the main village with its church of St Mary's, shops, cottages and village pump situated in the centre junction of the cross roads. Farnham Common was known as 'Up End', being the common land of the parish where the livestock was grazed at certain times of the year. As this common area became more populated it became known as Farnham Common. Farnham Common is on the border of Burnham Beeches, the well known Beech forest owned by the City of London Corporation, having been given to the people of London as a place in the country for their recreation and pleasure.

The Downs open space was originally common land, preserved from the 1860s as parkland as a result of pressure by the Commons Preservation Society. At ,Hackney Downs Common 30 June 2009 (Planning Inspectorate Casework) accessed 19 Sept 2009 the park is one of the larger open spaces wholly within the London Borough of Hackney. It has a play area, basketball courts, football pitches and a bowling green. Occupying, as it does, a fairly central place in Hackney, the park used to be the yearly venue for the popular Hackney Show, but this event — which helped to give a sense of community and identity to an often-troubled borough — has been discontinued in recent times as a cost- cutting measure, as have the regular Fireworks Night shows.

Historically, compulsory purchases were carried out under the Inclosure Acts and their predecessors, where enclosure was frequently a method of expropriating people from common land for the benefit of barons and landlords. In the industrial revolution, most railways were built by private companies procuring compulsory purchase rights from private Acts of Parliament,Procedures were consolidated by the Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 and the Inclosure Act 1845. though by the late 19th century, powers of compulsory purchase slowly became more transparent and used for general social welfare, as with the Public Health Act 1875, or the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1885.See Public Health Act 1875 ss 175–178 and Housing of the Working Classes Act 1885 s 2(2) for compulsory purchase provisions.

Annual round-ups on common land were enforced, and any stallion under the height limit was ordered to be destroyed, along with "all unlikely [small horses] whether mares or foals". Henry VIII also established a stud for breeding imported horses such as the Spanish Jennet, Neapolitan coursers, Irish Hobbies, Flemish "roiles", or draught horses, and Scottish "nags", or riding horses. However, it was reported in 1577 that this had "little effect"; soon after, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, Nicholas Arnold was said to have bred "the best horses in England". During the successive reigns of queens Mary I and Elizabeth I, laws were introduced with the aim of reducing horse theft, requiring all sale transactions of horses to be recorded.

Around the time of the American Revolution, East Liberty was a free grazing area in Allegheny County located a few miles east of the young, growing town called Pittsburgh. (In older English usage, a "liberty" was a plot of common land on the outskirts of a town.) Two farming patriarchs owned much of the nearby land, and their descendants' names grace streets in and around East Liberty today. John Conrad Winebiddle owned land west of present-day East Liberty, in what are now Bloomfield, Garfield, and Friendship, and his daughter Barbara inherited a portion close to what is now East Liberty. Alexander Negley owned a farm called "Fertile Bottom" north of present-day East Liberty along the southern bank of the Allegheny River.

It was established in an area of former common land known as "the plain" in 1580–1582. The new cemetery was for more than 200 years only used by the poorest part of the population. It was a chaotic and filthy place with a bad reputation for attracting dubious characters as well as gracing cows. In the 17th century, Helsingør had 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants. During the plague outbreak in 1619, the number of dead reached 900 as opposed to 100 to 300 in normal years. In 1654, the number of dead reached 2,168. The last outbreak of plague in Helsingør in 1700 resulted in 1,809 deaths out of a population of approximately 5,000. In the 1790s, it was decided to refurbish the cemetery.

In feudal times, the poorest, least productive soil in a parish was designated as common land available for parishioners to graze animals and cut turf and timber for fuel. Members of this community with these rights were known as commoners. However, in the 19th century when material for road building became a valuable resource, the old grazing land was replaced by a series of pits for gravel extraction. These works reached such a proportion that public opposition, led by George Parker Bidder QC, culminated in the protection of the common under the Metropolitan Commons Act and the cost of its maintenance was split between the parish councils of Mitcham, Beddington, Wallington and Croydon according to the proportion of the common within each parish boundary.

At Longford they lined both sides of the Bath Road from the east bank of the Longford River up to and across the Duke of Northumberland's River. The uncultivated area west of the rivers was to the north known as Harmondsworth moors, south of the Bath Road the area between the Colne and the Longford rivers was meadowland and, between the Longford and the Duke's rivers, arable. Parliament's Act of common land inclosure (privatisation) came to Harmondsworth parish in 1819; in it Harmondsworth's three open fields and Harmondsworth Moor and a big tract to and around Heathrow (part of Hounslow Heath) were divided among the local residents. During this Enclosure two bad bends of the Bath Road in Longford were straightened.

A café that had existed on the summit for many decades was destroyed by fire in 1989. As the Malvern Hills Acts state that no building should be erected on the Conservators' land or on land under their jurisdiction, the Conservators put a bill through Parliament to get the power to build a new one but the House of Lords opposed it. When the cafe was burned down, the Conservators had plans to replace the building but were advised that they risked prosecution for rebuilding as the original cafe building was an encroachment on common land. The Malvern Hills Bill was in preparation to modernise some of the clauses in previous acts a clause was inserted to gain authority to rebuild the cafe.

The last time Natural England surveyed the condition of Wanister Bog, it was losing water through a breach in the surrounding bund and, despite active management, the wetland was being invaded by Salix scrub and saplings. To remedy this, Durham County Council has gained approval for a 10-year programme which will involve fencing the bog and introducing highland cattle. It is hoped that a combination of grazing and trampling by the cattle will restore the bog to a favourable condition. Grazing is already being used successfully on the adjacent Daisy Hill LNR, but could not be introduced to Wanister Bog any earlier because Waldridge Fell is common land and approval to fence off part of the common could not be sought until other management options had been tried and shown to be ineffective.

In 1661, the Stratford selectmen voted to allow all inhabitants the liberty of taking up a whole division of land anywhere they could find fit planting ground as long as it was not within two miles (3 km) of the town meeting house, and they were prohibited from making it their dwelling place without consent. Elder Phillip Groves, Captain William Curtiss and Lt. Joseph Judson, early farmers in Nichols Farms, were named to a committee to lay out the land as they saw fit.A History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut, Reverend Samuel Orcutt, 1886, Vol. 1 page 167 The common land in Nichols Farms was divided to individuals beginning in 1670 as a part of the three-mile or woods division, and continued up to 1800.

Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles).

A local authority in England may detain a horse which is in any public place in its area if the local authority has reasonable grounds for believing that the horse is there without lawful authority, and if the land is lawfully occupied by a person that person consents to the detention of the horse or the local authority has reasonable grounds for believing that that person would consent to the detention of the horse. A local authority is defined as a county council, district council, London borough council, the Common Council of the City of London, or the Council of the Isles of Scilly. A public place is defined as any common land or town or village green or any highway (and the verges of any highway). A landowner may also exercise these powers.

The common land became in law the waste of the manor, its enjoyment resting upon a presumed grant by the lord. On the other hand, the whole of England did not become manorial; the conflict between the township and the manor resulted in a compromise, the result of which affects land tenure in England to this day. But it was a compromise much to the advantage of the privileged class, for in England more than in any other country the land law is the law of the nobility and not of the people. One reason of this is that, as England was never so completely feudalized as were some of the European continental states, the burden of feudalism was not so severely felt, and has led to less agitation for reform.

Wormwood Scrubs, a part of the common land The dairy at College Farm, Barnet A field of rape, Felthamhill A Havering barley field Many areas which now form part of Greater London were formerly rural and agricultural outskirts and still bear names which indicate this past: Ealing Common, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs, for example. In 1938, the Greater London area became the first region in Britain to use a green belt policy and introduced the Metropolitan Green Belt in order to combat urban sprawl. A 2005 agricultural census carried out by ADAS showed that 423 holdings were located in the London part of the metropolitan green belt, around 0.25% of the total number in Britain. The total land managed was 13,608 hectares, half of which was rented.

Richard Overton may have spent part of his early life in Holland, cites: B. Evans, Early English Baptists, i. 254. although some of his writings show an interest in agricultural issues such as the enclosure of common land and may indicate that instead of living in the Netherlands he spent his early years in rural England, possibly Lincolnshire, a county in which the surname Overton was common. A Richard Overton matriculated as a sizar from Queens' College, Cambridge, at Easter 1631 and may be the very same subject of this biography. However whatever his origins he is known to have begun publishing anonymous attacks on the bishops about the time of the opening of the Long Parliament, together with some pungent verse satires, like Lambeth Fayre and Articles of High Treason against Cheapside Cross, 1642.

From the outset the DNPC decided that to encourage local landowners to manage their land for the public benefit, it should acquire land itself and use it to demonstrate good practices. To that end it bought the 1,040-acre (421-ha) Haytor Down when it came up for auction in 1974,Mercer 2009, pp. 329–332 followed by the purchase of a large part of Holne Moor in 1975 and the adjoining White Wood the following year, acquiring in the process the Lordship of the Manor of Holne. This acquisition means that the National Park Officer is also steward of the Manor and is thus responsible for administering the common land there, ensuring that a close relationship is maintained with the commoners on its 1,935 acres (783 ha).

In 1760, a farmer named John Player, of Stoke Gifford near Bristol began surveying for mapping. Although still relatively crude, surveying became increasingly important as the enclosure of common land progressed in the early nineteenth century. In 1772 Player was joined by his nephew Jacob Sturge forming the partnership, “Player and Sturge”, who ran their surveying business from Red House Farm in Coombe Dingle, Bristol. Jacob and Mary Sturge's elder son, Young Sturge, born 1781, left his father's country practice in 1799, having agreed to take over the land measuring and planning aspects of the business, and set up an office in Small Street, Bristol, The rise of Bristol was partly due to the slave trade, but the city was the first to set up an abolition committee in 1788.

On Salta Moss, an area of common land next to the hamlet, a Bronze Age rapier (a kind of sword) was discovered in the 1980s, proving that the area was settled by ancient Britons millennia ago. The rapier currently resides in the Tullie House Museum in Carlisle, and archaeologists date it as being crafted as early as 1100 BC. Two perforated axe-hammers and a polished axe dated to the Neolithic period were unearthed at nearby Mawbray. After the arrival of Romans in Britain, the area around Salta was fortified as part of the coastal defences which extended beyond the western end of Hadrian's Wall. By the 1550s, Salta participated in a system called "seawake", which was a night watch to guard the coast against incursions across the Solway by the Scots.

As such, the phrase would derive from a vow by Oliver Cromwell to take Waterford by Hook (on the Wexford side of Waterford Estuary) or by Crook (a village on the Waterford side); although the Wyclif tract was published at least 260 years before Cromwell. Another is that it comes from the customs regulating which firewood local people could take from common land; they were allowed to take any branches that they could reach with a billhook or a shepherd's crook (used to hook sheep). The phrase was featured in the opening credits to the 1960s British television series The Prisoner. It appears prominently (as "by hook and by crook") in the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" by Ernest Hemingway and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by Washington Irving.

Dalymount Park was originally common land with a large vegetable plot and known as Pisser Dignam's Field until it was taken over by Bohemian F.C.. It hosted its first game on 7 September 1901, between Bohemians and Shelbourne F.C. and in front of an attendance of around 5,000. Harold Sloan scored the first ever goal at the ground in a 4–2 win for Bohs. On that day, it was just an ordinary field enclosed by a corrugated iron fence, the playing pitch being separated from the spectators by a roped barrier and a tent at one end served as dressing rooms for the players. Within a few weeks, paling had replaced the ropes and the line of demarcation between "reserved" and "unreserved" was fixed by a 6 ft high hoarding.

A road led to the western point of the Green, where the palace was visible, a windmill behind it; and trees, the trunks engirdled by seats, grew opposite the square-built church which stood isolated on the Green. Some land at the end of the Green was enclosed by George IV, and a meadow east of the bridge was made common land, as part of a design, never carried out, of building a new palace at Kew in place of the Dutch House. In the early 19th century Sir Richard Phillips described the Green as 'a triangular area of about 30 acres bounded by dwelling-houses,' and another description of a slightly later date speaks of the 'well-built houses and noble trees' surrounding it. Kew Green was a venue for cricket in the 1730s.

All through the Middle Ages the production of cloth was a cottage industry in the Tweed valley. The crofter- weaver ran his own sheep, usually on common land, the whole community helped with shearing, the women carded and span the wool and the weaver himself warped and mounted his web and wove it in his handloom. The cloth was afterwards washed and ‘waulked’ or milled and beaten in a burn. Such dyes as were used came from local plants but for the most part the wool was undyed. Along the banks of the Tweed, especially where burns ran down the hillsides, small groups of these crofter-weavers would be established and it may be that the name ‘Walker Burn’ simply referred to the burn where weavers ‘waulked’ the wool.

The parish did away with its common land (was inclosed) by an Act of Parliament of 1799. In 1923 at Aston was a ferry over the river, supplementing Henley Bridge built in the 13th century at the upstream end of the parish. At that time notable residents comprised: Wilson Noble of Park Place, a handsome stone mansion, in a free style of French renaissance built by Mr. John Noble, who bought the estate in 1870 on a well-wooded previously occupied site with fine views on the high ground above the river. Other main homes then were Wilminster Park, the residence of Mr. Ernest Eveleigh; Woodlands, the residence of Colonel H. M. Vibart, R.E.; and Bird Place, the residence of Mr. W. A. Simmons, J.P., all situated near the river.

Another, and less welcome, feature of the Award was the declaration of several dozen traditional roads, ways and tracks (mainly crossing common land) as 'discontinued and stopped'. Writing a century after the Award, Moreau found that resentment of the closure of Keame's Hedge Way was still remembered, and he records that there had been an unsuccessful attempt to keep it open by the curious device of carrying a corpse along the track. It ran south-east from a junction with Hollandtide Bottom, near Church Cottage, past the church, crossing the surviving road to Roke at Berrick Littleworth and emerging in Roke opposite Chapel Lane.Richard Davis, Oxfordshire [2 inch map], 1797 While it survived, Keame's Hedge Way provided a more direct and shorter route to church for the residents of Roke.

Victoria Common was laid out and landscaped on the site of the former public common land called Bradley's Field by Birmingham City Council as a municipal recreation area to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, was never completed and reopened to the public until 1901. The park has changed little since it was first opened (though trees have grown and matured), excepting the additions of several tennis courts laid in the 1930s and a children's play area built in the 1950s and renewed since. A tributary of Griffin's Brook ran through the park but was piped underground as far as St Lawrence Road during landscaping. The original grand entrance gates, park-keeper's residential lodge, gardeners' workshops and nursery greenhouse all stood on the Bristol Road South where the Northfield Shopping Centre precinct now stands.

Heath at Woodbury Common, showing heather (Calluna vulgaris) and gorse (Ulex europaeus) in bloom during the summer Woodbury Common in East Devon, England is an area of common land that is predominantly heathland adjacent to the village of Woodbury. It is bordered to the south by the edge of the towns of Exmouth and Budleigh Salterton, the hamlet of Yettington to the east, and the A3052 to the north. It is part of the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Within the common is Woodbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort situated on a viewpoint overlooking westwards the villages of Woodbury and Woodbury Salterton and across the Exe estuary to the Haldon Hills, and overlooking eastwards the Otter Valley, part of the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

As more homes were built and the local population expanded it soon became obvious that a new burial ground at Hale was needed as the churchyard at St John the Evangelist Church in Hale gradually began to fill. Locals could also be buried at the new cemetery at West Street Cemetery in town, also known as Farnham Cemetery, and at Badshot Lea Cemetery.Burials in the Churchyard of the Parish Church at Badshot Lea - Badshot Lea and Hale Parish Records However, Farnham Burial Board advised St John the Evangelist church in Hale to apply for Common land from the War Office. Funds to purchase the land for a new cemetery and to build the two small chapels came from the Hale Poor rates and in 1872 the War Office provided of land as a burial ground for the people of Upper Hale.

Old Manor Farm, Tennyson's Lane Although common land, Blackdown was the property of various landowners until W. E. Hunter donated it to the National Trust in 1944, as a memorial to his wife. The Hunters are remembered by an inscribed stone seat at the Temple of the Winds. Flint artefacts show there has been settlement on Blackdown since the mesolithic period, around 6000 BC. The name of an ancient track, pen-y-bos, indicates links with the Celtic world long since lost in more accessible parts of south- east England. (The name "pen-y-bos" comes from the Brythonic language of the ancient Britons that lived in the area – rather like the well-known pen-y- ghent in Yorkshire.) Blackdown is managed by the National Trust, with guidance and financial assistance from the Blackdown Committee of the National Trust.

Cricket in the Meadows View of Arthur's Seat from the Meadows The Meadows is historically common land and although now in the care of the council is technically in the ownership of the community itself. It was used for unhindered common grazing until at least 1920 and only with the demise of this need did it become exclusively "a park".Ward Lock travel guide to Edinburgh and District 1925 The Meadows originally contained a loch, known as the "burgh loch" or, later, the "South Loch". It covered much of the area bounded in the east by Hope Park Terrace and in the west by the point where Melville Drive becomes Brougham Street, and in the south by Melville Drive and in the north by the site later occupied by the Old Royal Infirmary, a total of .

The theatre's existence was discovered in court records by F. A. Bailey, a local historian, in 1952. The records describe the plot of land on which it stood as long on its north and south sides, on the east and on the west, "at the upper end of the street leading to Eccleston". Local tradition points to the site of a modern landmark on Eccleston Street, the Flat Iron Building, whereas the historian David George, following Bailey, placed it in the southeast corner of what was then common land known as Town Moss (just north of the modern junction of High Street and St Helens Road). Later research by Graham and Tyler, however, places it at the eastern end of the former Newgate Street, on its north side, thereby restoring it to the vicinity of the modern Flat Iron Building.

In the words of the Special Commissioner for Central Province, 'Thus land consolidation was to complete the work of the [State of] Emergency: to stabilise a conservative middle class, based on the loyalists; and, as confiscated land was to be thrown into the common land pool during consolidation, it was also to confirm the landlessness of the rebels.'. So the state intensified the spread of cash crops and dairy cattle in the African reserves, on the startling new basis of generalised private, freehold, property. For the Kikuyu, land registration and consolidation during the Emergency was the final, bitter, codification of Kikuyu clan history. By this, the plan amounted to a mental revolution for those at the bottom of Kikuyu society, destroying the ahoi (tenant) option for these landless poor, amounting to around one-third of the tribe's population.

Prior to the late 19th century, the road was known as Brixton (or Bristow) Causeway. On the eastern side of the road, a series of tree-lined open spaces and front gardens make up Rush Common — an area of former common land that, although it is subject to a prohibition on 'erections above the surface of the earth' under an Act of Parliament of 1806, has seen some incursions for building. The name Brixton Hill has subsequently been given to the residential areas on both sides of the road, and since 2002, it has also been the name of an electoral ward of the London Borough of Lambeth. From 1891 until the 1950s Brixton Hill was served by a regular London tram service; it was cable-drawn until 1904 when it was replaced by a conventional electric tram.

The cost of the work was £45,000, and involved the construction of a sluice near Boston, called Skirbeck Sluice, the construction of the first of the South Forty-Foot Drain, from Boston to Great Hale, the construction of two drains from there to Guthram, which were called the Double Twelves, and the construction of the Clay Dyke Drain. The scheme was not popular with the local fenmen, who made a living from fishing and wildfowling, or with the Commoners, who had a right to graze animals on the common land when it was not flooded. They attempted to get Parliament to rule in their favour, but after three years of trying, they abandoned the idea of legal redress, and took direct action. They destroyed much of the work, as well as buildings and crops, and burnt Skirbeck Sluice.

The moor has been common land since 1065, and anyone owning grazing animals who registers with the local authority is entitled to graze stock on it. The traditional limit of livestock a person could leave to graze on the common was one horse and two cattle per head. Formerly the commoners were any people who lived in the parish of Staines, which since the mid-20th century has had three Church of England churches, whereas before the mid-19th century it had just one church, but the parish is unaltered save that it has been slightly increased in the east. Since these 20th-century changes, the part of the moor north of the A30 is indivisible from Stanwell Moor's actual moor occupying most of that late 20th-century small village, which was before then a hamlet.

Shortly afterwards a pressure group, The Friends of Scout and Knowle Moor, was formed, and on 9 September 2003 representatives of the group attended a meeting of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury's, Ramsbottom and Tottington Area Board to oppose the plans. At the meeting, the spokesperson for the group said that, although they supported the use of alternative energy, they felt that this was the wrong area. Among the objections were that the scheme was contrary to the Unitary Development Plan and the Green Belt, and would adversely affect common land, open countryside and areas of ecological importance and special landscape value. The group also considered that the proposed development would be out of scale with the landscape, adversely affecting peat, water courses and wildlife, and would have a seriously detrimental visual impact, as well as causing a noise nuisance.

Under the power of the Inclosure Act dating back to William IV, the overseer of any parish had the power to enclose waste or common land, less than , lying in or near the parish. Under the Act, the parish then had to cultivate and improve such waste land for the use and benefit of the parish, and also had the power to let such enclosed land in allotments to the inhabitants of the parish to be cultivated on their own account. Taking advantage of this Act, the churchwardens and overseers of Battersea enclosed about of Latchmoor Common and let it out in allotments at a low rental, to the residents of the parish, for the cultivation of vegetables. At the start of the seventeenth century, the allotments were flourishing and Battersea had become famous for its market gardening.

Wimbledon is a district and town of southwest London, England, southwest of the centre of London at Charing Cross, in the London Borough of Merton, south of Wandsworth, northeast of New Malden, northwest of Mitcham, west of Streatham and north of Sutton. Wimbledon had a population of 68,187 in 2011 which includes the electoral wards of Abbey, Dundonald, Hillside, Trinity, Village, Raynes Park and Wimbledon Park. It is home to the Wimbledon Tennis Championships and New Wimbledon Theatre, and contains Wimbledon Common, one of the largest areas of common land in London along with a Wimbledon Tennis Club. The residential and retail area is split into two sections known as the "village" and the "town", with the High Street being the rebuilding of the original medieval village, and the "town" having first developed gradually after the building of the railway station in 1838.

This was one of the areas (together with lands in the manor of Hurn, and tythings of Winkton and Hinton Admiral) for which the Act authorised inclosure. This inclosure act, along with similar acts for other parts of the country, meant that common land should be put to better agricultural use, so, the area of land that was to become Bournemouth, was divided up by three commissioners. William Clapcott, Richard Richardson, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn Fields, and John Wickens, of Mapperton in Dorset, had the responsibility of allocating which areas should be used for roads, building materials, farming, and which areas should be given as compensation to people who, although didn't actually own the land, had a claim on it by virtue of commonable rights or tithe ownership. This task took nearly three years to complete.

The Digital Library of the Commons defines "commons" as "a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest". The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for common land, which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in an influential 1968 article called The Tragedy of the Commons. As Frank van Laerhoven and Elinor Ostrom have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin's article on the tragedy of the commons (1968), titles containing the words 'the commons', 'common pool resources', or 'common property' were very rare in the academic literature." Some texts make a distinction in usage between common ownership of the commons and collective ownership among a group of colleagues, such as in a producers' cooperative.

Nationalist circles in both Serbia and Croatia (part of Austria-Hungary) began to advocate for a greater South Slavic union in the 1860s, claiming Bosnia as their common land based on shared language and tradition. In 1914, Serb revolutionaries in Bosnia assassinated Archduke Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary, with German backing, tried to crush Serbia in 1914, thus igniting the First World War in which Austria- Hungary dissolved into nation states.Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) In 1918, the region of Banat, Bačka and Baranja came under control of the Serbian army, later the Great National Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs voted to join Serbia; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union with State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on 1 December 1918, and the country was named Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

Some of these enclosures have today acquired interesting uses: Pippingford Park, in the very centre of the forest, occupied by the army in 1939 as a defence against Operation Sea Lion, remains an important military training area, Broadstone Warren is a scout camp and activity centre, while Hindleap Warren is an outdoor education centre Although the 1693 land award envisaged enclosure and improvement for profitable gain, the land it allotted to private exploitation has in fact largely remained uncultivated; this has helped Ashdown Forest to retain the appearance of being an extensive area of wild country that is so valued today.Hinde (1987), p. 66. That said, there is nevertheless a visible contrast between the areas of common land, maintained by the conservators, which are predominantly heathland, and the extensive privately held lands, which are generally either quite heavily wooded or cleared for pasture.

Los Angeles Plaza (1876) Los Angeles Plaza and Pico House (1890) Los Angeles Plaza (c. 1905) Los Angeles Plaza (1930) In 1814, when the foundation of the La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles was laid, it, too, fronted on the old plaza; but the great flood of 1815 changed the Los Angeles River’s channel from the eastern side of the valley to the western and the waters came up to the foundations. The location of the church was changed to higher ground—its present site. When the final location of the Nueva Iglesia had been decided upon by Gov. Sola in 1818, next in importance was a plaza on which the church should front and since there was none, the evolution of plaza from the ejidos or common land and house lots began.

The south and south-east half of the parish consists of farms with a small percentage of woodland and is bisected towards the middle of the whole area by the Foudry Brook and adjacent Reading to Basingstoke Line (two tracks) which is more than 40% on raised embankments but in the far south is in a cutting. The north-east of the parish is the most populated: and is not so semi-rural or rural in density; it is the part more often colloquially called Mortimer. This more outlet- and amenity-served part, traditionally known as Mortimer Common, is at the top of the hill in Stratfield Mortimer civil parish. The northwestern 5% of the land is Mortimer Woods or common land which blends into Wokefield Common - Mortimer Woods has a set of Scheduled Ancient Monuments - one large, steep Bronze Age round barrow and three further smaller bowl barrows.

The name Storrs is a derivation of the Old Norse word “Storth” which means a wooded place and is commonly found in the names of Viking settlements set up in woodland clearings. One of the first written references to the hamlet was in 1288 when the ancient Hallamshire family of Shaw first became established after Ralph del Shagh became a tenant at a local farm, the surname continued at the same farm for the next four centuries. There was another reference in 1323 when William, the son of Anne Dungworth was admitted to a small farm at Storrs. The moors and common land around Storrs was enclosed between 1791 and 1805, the proposal which was put forward by Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk and other landowners in 1787 met with some hostility by “several of the freeholders and inhabitants” as the usage of the land became controlled by the owner.

The Parliament of Bermuda (originally composed of a single house, the House of Assembly) was created in 1620. As virtually all of the land in Bermuda (other than the Crown, or Common, Land composed of St. George's Parish and small parcels primarily connected with defence needs in the other eight parishes) was owned by absentee landlords (the Adventurers of the Virginia and Somers Isles Companies) in England, with most islanders being tenants or indentured servants, there was originally no property qualification to vote for the local assembly. This resulted in an Assembly that strongly reflected the interests of Bermudians, which became increasingly at odds with those of the Adventurers in England. Bermuda pioneered the cultivation of tobacco, but by the 1620s Virginia's tobacco industry was outproducing it and newer colonies were also adopting tobacco cultivation, driving down the profits the company earned from Bermudian tobacco.

Tooting Graveney Common - the southern and western part of the commons - was in Tooting parish and a thin line of other common land ran further south down Church Lane towards the River Graveney. During the 19th century, the commons at Tooting were divided by building of roads and railways — starting with the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway line in 1855, and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway line running north — south which opened in 1861 and was further widened in 1901 after this had become the main line to Brighton. The common today continues to be divided into multiple parcels by these busy transport links. Tooting Bec Common, comprising nearly , was one of the first commons which the Metropolitan Board of Works took action to preserve following the Metropolitan Commons Act of 1866 when in 1873 it acquired the manorial rights for £13,798.

This allowed, for example, in clause 9, 'Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, 'Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.' These documents established that the monarch, even with apparent authority from God, was bound by law, and it remains 'the nearest approach to an irrepealable "fundamental statute" that England has ever had.'Pollock and Maitland (1899) Book I, 173 Throughout the Middle Ages, common land was a source of welfare for common people, peasant labourers bound by a feudal system of control. In 1348, the Black Death struck England, and killed around a third of the population.

Cities of Refuge (illustration from a Bible card published 1901 by the Providence Lithograph Company) In the Hebrew Bible, the Levitical cities were 48 cities in ancient Israel set aside for the tribe of Levi, who were not allocated their own territorial land when the Israelites entered the Promised Land. Numbers 35:1-8 relates God's command to Moses to establish 48 cities for the Levites, of which six would also function as Cities of Refuge to which manslayers could flee. Each settlement was to comprise a walled city and the common land around it for pasture, measured radially as one thousand cubits in each direction,Numbers 35:4 or as a square measuring two thousand cubits along each side.Numbers 35:5 The land for the cities was to be 'donated' by the host tribe Numbers 35:2 and was allocated to the Levites according to their tribal sub-divisions.

On leaving school both John and Thomas Bell worked with their father in the latter's book selling business along Union Street, later joined by a third brother, James Maddison Bell. Eventually the brothers took over the business from their father, but in the meantime John Bell (1783–1864) moved out in 1803 to set up in business on his own, which evidently left their father's business increasingly dependent on Thomas Bell who also increasingly took over his father's surveying work. Later in his life, especially after his father's death, Thomas Bell became one of the principal land surveyors of his time and place, numbering among his clients, the Dukes of Northumberland and the Earls of Strathmore. The ongoing enclosure of (previously) common land by commercial farmers and, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the building of major railway lines provided abundant work for a well connected land surveyor.

A Rumnichal 'Atchin Tan' or Romani Site as they are known in English Horses on show at Appleby Fair, England, Europe's largest Romani Horse Fair The Enclosure Act of 1857 created the offence of injury or damage to village greens and interruption to its use or enjoyment as a place of exercise and recreation. The Commons Act 1876 makes encroachment or inclosure of a village green, and interference with or occupation of the soil unlawful unless it is with the aim of improving enjoyment of the green. The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 states that no occupier of land shall cause or permit the land to be used as a caravan site unless he is the holder of a site licence. It also enables a district council to make an order prohibiting the stationing of caravans on common land, or a town or village green.

As the Malvern Hills Acts state that no building should be erected on the Conservators' land or on land under their jurisdiction, the Conservators put a bill through Parliament to get the power to build a new one but the House of Lords opposed it. When the cafe was burned down, the Conservators had plans to replace the building but were advised that they risked prosecution for rebuilding as the original cafe building was an encroachment on common land. The Malvern Hills Bill was in preparation to modernise some of the clauses in previous acts a clause was inserted to gain authority to rebuild the cafe. Five members of the House of Lords Select Committee visited the Malvern Hills and decided that there were enough facilities in the immediate area and that St Ann's Well cafe should be enough provision on the hills, so the application to rebuild was turned down.

Edwards (pp.1–3) During the latter half of the 16th century James Blount, 6th Baron Mountjoy, began mining for alum in the area, and at one time part of the heath was used for hunting, although by the late 18th century little evidence of either event remained.Ashley and Ashley (p.31)Edwards (pp.2 & 27) No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the only regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters and gangs of smugglers.Edwards (pp.4 & 38) Photochrom of Invalids' Walk, 1890s Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land. The act, together with the Inclosure Commissioners' Award of 1805, transferred into the hands of five private owners, including James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, and Sir George Ivison Tapps.Andrews & Henson (p.

Marxist geographer David Harvey has a similar criticism, noting that "The dispossession of indigenous populations in North America by 'productive' colonists, for instance, was justified because indigenous populations did not produce value", and asks generally: "Why, for instance, do we not focus in Hardin's metaphor on the individual ownership of the cattle rather than on the pasture as a common?" Hardin's work was also criticised as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the demographic transition, and for failing to distinguish between common property and open access resources. In a similar vein, Carl Dahlman argues that commons were effectively managed to prevent overgrazing. Likewise, Susan Jane Buck Cox argues that the common land example used to argue this economic concept is on very weak historical ground, and misrepresents what she terms was actually the "triumph of the commons": the successful common usage of land for many centuries.

The scheme eventually put before Parliament was for a new cut from Market Weighton to the River Foulness, which would be straightened from the junction to the Humber. The channel would be used as a canal and as a drain. The scheme was authorised by an Act of Parliament of 21 May 1772, entitled, "An Act for draining and preserving certain Commons, Low Grounds, and Carrs, in the parish of Market Weighton, and other adjacent parishes in the East Riding of the County of York; and for making a navigable Cut or Canal, from Market Weighton to the River Humber." The Act did not include powers to raise capital, as a group of people had agreed to finance the initial construction, while ongoing revenue was to be provided by a tax on landowners who benefited from the drainage and by the enclosing of common land, in addition to the normal tolls.

In 1686, much of Manhattan, including the future Rockefeller Center site, was established as a "common land" of the city of New York. The land remained in city ownership until 1801, when the physician David Hosack, a member of the New York elite, purchased a parcel of land in what is now Midtown for $5,000, equivalent to $ in dollars. In terms of the present-day street grid, Hosack's land was bounded by 47th Street on the south, 51st Street on the north, and Fifth Avenue on the east, while the western boundary was slightly east of Sixth Avenue (also known as Avenue of the Americas). At the time, the land was sparsely occupied and consisted mostly of forest. Hosack opened the Elgin Botanic Garden, the country's first public botanical garden, on the site in 1804. The garden would operate until 1811, when Hosack put the land on sale for $100,000 ().

Riverkeeper 2010, pp. 13–14 The New Brunswick Department of Environment also warned of the erosion caused by the removal of the river's riparian zones, which is a common "land use practice". Although mining around the area essentially stopped with the closure of the gypsum mines in 1982, uranium mining has surfaced as a potential problem for the river.Riverkeeper 2010, pp. 14–15 The province was the subject of a controversy in 2007 when it gave Vale Limited (formerly known as CVRD Inco) the right to mine for uranium at Turtle Creek, where the Greater Moncton water reservoir is maintained. Environmentalists warned of the dangers related to the move, fearing that contaminants could be pushed into the surrounding water. The Petitcodiac Riverkeeper also noted uranium mining's "irreversible effects to the health of ecosystems, watersheds, wildlife, agriculture, recreation, and public health", and joined 30 other environmental groups in asking the provincial government to establish a ban on the act.

The enclosure of Richmond Park disrupted the former common land link between the settlements near the present Upper Ham Road and an ancient small settlement near the park's Robin Hood Gate and A3, London road. Local historian, Evelyn Pritchard, assumed that the Robin Hood lands settlement was the location of Hatch, but more detailed examination of Petersham, Ham and Canbury manorial land records by John Cloake provides evidence that Hatch was a hamlet centred around the north-east area of Ham Common, whilst Ham itself lay to the west and north-west of the present common, on the Ham Street approach to the Thames. Between 1838 and 1848, Ham Common was the site of a Utopian spiritual community and free school called Alcott House (or the "Ham Common Concordium"), founded by educational reformer and "sacred socialist" James Pierrepont Greaves and his followers. Hesba Stretton (real name Sarah Smith), the Evangelical children's writer, retired to Ivycroft, Ham Common in 1892 and died there in 1912.

As ballads and poems evolved, see John Stow, Annales of England (1592) The commitments on common land were soon recast in the Charter of the Forest 1217, signed at St Paul's by Henry III.Charter of the Forest 1217. This allowed, for example, in clause 9, ‘Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, ‘Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish- preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.’ These documents established that the monarch, even with apparent authority from God, was bound by law, and it remains ‘the nearest approach to an irrepealable “fundamental statute” that England has ever had.’Pollock and Maitland (1899) Book I, 173 Henry III was nine years old when he became king and so the country was ruled by regents until he turned 20.

James Burke, nicknamed "The Deaf Un" or "Deaf Burke" Jem Ward announced his retirement from the ring in a letter published in the 29 January edition of Bell's Life in London. He was succeeded as champion of England by James Burke, although some disputed Burke's right to the title as Ward had refused to fight him before retiring. Standing tall, weighing 200 lb (90 kg), and handicapped by deafness, Burke had assumed the championship after defeating Harry Macone in one of the prolonged and brutal fights for which he was known. Ward, who had faced public criticism for his refusal to fight Burke, felt that Byrne was the better fighter and promised to acknowledge the victor of a fight between Burke and Byrne as the new champion. The match took place on 30 May 1833 on Nomansland, a tract of common land between the villages of Sandridge and Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire, for a prize of £100 to each man.

Exceptions exist in law, for example where a plot of land derives from subdivision of a larger one along the centre line of a previously- existing ditch or other feature, particularly where reinforced by historic parcel numbers with acreages beneath which were used to tally up a total for administrative units not to confirm the actual size of holdings, a rare instance where Ordnance Survey maps often provide more than circumstantial evidence namely as to which feature is to be considered the boundary. ;Fencing of livestock On private land in the United Kingdom, it is the landowner's responsibility to fence their livestock in. Conversely, for common land, it is the surrounding landowners' duty to fence the common's livestock out such as in large parts of the New Forest. Large commons with livestock roaming have been greatly reduced by 18th and 19th century Acts for enclosure of commons covering most local units, with most remaining such land in the UK's National Parks.

The land was densely forested but was gradually cleared throughout the medieval period for agricultural use and the population lived in dispersed farm settlements adjacent to field strips or scattered around the periphery of common land which made up a substantial part of the southern and western area of the Parish. It is known that in the thirteenth century, gallows were erected jointly by the Abbots of Westminster and St Albans 'in a certain spot called Keneprowe' (now Kemp Row), for trials conducted at Aldenham. Radlett seems to have consisted of two farms: Darnells (first mentioned in 1358) and Gills Hill on the west side of Watling Street; and the estates of Aldenham Lodge, Newberries and Organ Hall on the east, plus Newlands (first recorded in 1291) and a few cottages. There are records of at least two other medieval moated homesteads within the Parish – Penne's Place and Kendals, but tantalisingly little physical evidence.

St Lukes' parish church It is likely that the parish of Winwick (including Croft, Kenyon, Culcheth, Lowton, Newton, Earlestown, Ashton, Haydock and Wargrave) was formed shortly after the death of Oswald, a Christian prince of Northumbria, who had his palace in this district at the time. A commission under the Great Seal sat at Wigan in 1650 and considered that a chapel should be built for the townships of Lowton, Golborne and Kenyon. Some eighty years later, under the "Lowton Chapel Agreement" of 1 December 1731, twenty-seven charterers and freeholders within the township of Lowton agreed to enclose eleven acres of waste and common land on Lowton Common and on Lowton Heath, near the Locking Stoops, "for the erecting of a Chapel of Ease, and of a convenient schoolhouse", with the consent of Peter Legh, Lord of the Manor of Lowton. A date of 1732 on the church door suggests that the building was completed within a year.

The York Courant of 20 August 1765 contains the earliest known reference to the White Hart, which announces that "Stray'd or conveyed on the 14th August from Thomas Wray's at the White Hart in Low Harrogate, a dappled grey mare ... whoever shall give notice of the same ... 15 shillings reward and reasonable charges". It appears to have served as an inn, accommodating visitors to the sulphur wells that made Harrogate England's first spa town, and the cold well at the base of what is now Cold Bath Road. Towards the end of the 18th century, the White Hart seems to have developed as a venue for the auctioning of property, and also as an important stop on the coaching routes which linked Harrogate to the rest of the country. In 1778, the open common known as "the Stray" lying to the immediate south of the White Hart's frontage was legally designated as common land, to remain "open and unenclosed".

Israeli settlement of Carmel, Har Hebron Umm al-Khair Palestinian village near Carmel Ariel Sharon viewed the primary function of settling the West Bank as one of precluding the possibility of the formation of a Palestinian state, and his aim in promoting the 1982 invasion of Lebanon was to secure perpetual control of the former. As of 2017, excluding East Jerusalem, 382,916 Israelis have settled in the West Bank, and 40% (approximately 170,000 in 106 other settlements) live outside the major settlement blocs, where 214,000 reside. A continuity has often been observed between the Realpolitik processes governing the creation of Israel and the practices adopted with regard to the West Bank. Several analysts have likened the process to enclosure – the "establishment of exclusionary Jewish spaces on the Palestinian landscape" being heir to the English appropriation of common land and its conversion to private use – or to the conversion of Amerindian land into "white property".

In 1866, Lord Brownlow of Ashridge House (encouraged by his mother, Lady Marian Alford) in an action similar to many other large estate holders tried to enclose Berkhamsted Common with steel fences (built by Woods of Berkhamsted) in order to claim the land as part of his family's estate. In response to the enclosure action and in defence the historic right of the public to use the ancient common land, Augustus Smith MP and George Shaw- Lefevre organised local people and 120 hired men from London's East End to dismantle the fences on the night of 6 March, in what became known nationally as the Battle of Berkhamsted Common. Lord Brownlow brought a legal case against Smith for trespass and criminal damage, Smith was aided in his defence by Sir Robert Hunter (later co-founder of the National Trust in 1895) and the Commons Preservation Society. Lord Justice Romilly determined that pulling down a fence was no more violent an act than erecting one.

Although there were many boundary and name changes over the years, even by the start of the 19th century the parish of Holdenhurst (also known as the Liberty of West Stour) encompassed the whole area between Christchurch in the east and Poole in the west. The area was still a remote and barren heathland, and much of it was common land used by the inhabitants for livestock and by the poor for wood and turves.The 1802 Inclosure of The Liberty of West Stour In 1802, however, the Christchurch Inclosure Act, entitled An Act for dividing, allotting and inclosing certain Commonable Lands and Waste Grounds within the Parish or Chapelry of Holdenhurst in the County of Southampton was passed in Parliament. Commissioners were appointed to divide up the land and allot it according to an individual's entitlement, and to set out the roads and to sell plots of land in order to pay for their work.

The junction of Tollington Park Road and Stroud Green Road in 1862, from the map by Edward Stanford Until the mid-19th century, in this part of Hornsey parish, there were no houses between Crouch End and Archway Road to the west and only the huge Harringay House between Crouch End and Green Lanes. To the south, Stapleton Hall stood alone at Stroud Green, near to recently enclosed common land, and Hornsey Wood House (in what is now the park of Finsbury Park). Several cottages were in Wood Lane, near the present day Seven Sisters Road. A path led south-west to a bridge over the New River. Here, facing Blackstock Road, had stood since before 1804 the old Eel-Pie house A brief history of Eel Pie House has been written up on the Harringay Online website - History of Eel Pie House., later (by 1847) the Highbury Sluice House tavern, with riverside gardens and the sluice-house itself immediately to the south.

In 1880, the land upon which Top Field resides was entrusted as common land – protected since Elizabethan times for the grazing of animals – to a body of townsmen who held a special interest or knowledge of Hitchin (through residence, occupation, employment or otherwise) in order to determine suitable use for the land due to reduction in the need for public grazing space. This group was formalised as the Cow Commoners' Trust (CCT), an unelected body linked to several prominent families in Hitchin, who decided the land should be reserved for charitable and/or charitable sporting use. Since the clubs reformation in 1928 to 1977, the club maintained friendly relations with the CCT, having an annually renewable lease on the land and being able to construct permanent concrete terracing and club facilities. A 21-year lease until 1999 was subsequently granted on the basis of sufficient guarantees of financial support to the club.

The Eastcote House walled garden London Borough of Hillingdon from the air The borough maintains over 200 green spaces, totalling around . As much of the area is within the Metropolitan Green Belt it was, in 2008, one of the least densely populated of all the London boroughs; open spaces range in size from the Colne Valley Regional Park by the River Colne in the north of the borough, to smaller gardens and parks such as the Norman Leddy Memorial Gardens and Lake Farm Country Park in the south of the borough. Council leader Raymond Puddifoot had given a promise that green-belt land in Hillingdon would be safe on his watch: 'I can give a categoric assurance that under this administration we will never see a threat to the green belt.' In August 2012, however, Mr Puddifoot announced plans to build on green-belt (and longtime common land) site Lake Farm in the south of the borough.

Like Anlaby Common, East Ella was once common land near the start of the large city of Hull. By the 1890s the Hull, Barnsley and West Riding Junction Railway had been constructed, east-west, across the land, and construction of terraced and court housing had taken place north-west of Spring Villa (Ditmas Avenue etc.), on the north side of Anlaby Road. The railway built a locomotive works (Springhead locomotive works), and sidings in the north-eastern part of the common. By 1910 the locomotive works and sidings had been considerably expanded, and by the mid 1920s the housing estate of Anlaby Park had been built (begun 1911) as a private development on the grounds of Spring Villa, as well as the Almhouses Lee's Rest Houses; to the east, the former East Ella house had been redeveloped as part of the White City Pleasure Grounds, with additional buildings including dance and concert halls.

The station was the fourth to serve the northern Nottingham suburb of Bulwell, directly or indirectly, following the Midland Railway (later LMS) station later known as Bulwell Market on their line from Nottingham to Mansfield and Worksop, the Great Northern Railway (later LNER) station called Bulwell Forest on their own route up the Leen Valley and on up to Shirebrook, and that same company's Basford and Bulwell station (later renamed Basford North), on their Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension to Ilkeston, Derby, Uttoxeter and Stafford. The choice of Bulwell Common as the name for the Great Central station is something of a puzzle, as Nottingham City Council have no record of any common land ever having been designated in the Bulwell area. The station was one of the standard island platform design typical of the London Extension, and here it was the more common "cutting" type reached from a roadway (St. Albans Road), that crossed over the line.

1660), a linen draper who led the small movement of the Diggers during the Commonwealth. Winstanley and his followers protested in the name of a radical Christianity against the economic distress that followed the Civil War and against the inequality that the grandees of the New Model Army seemed intent on preserving. In 1649–1650, the Diggers squatted on stretches of common land in southern England and attempted to set up communities based on work on the land and the sharing of goods. The communities failed following a crackdown by the English authorities, but a series of pamphlets by Winstanley survived, of which The New Law of Righteousness (1649) was the most important. Advocating a rational Christianity, Winstanley equated Christ with “the universal liberty” and declared the universally corrupting nature of authority. He saw “an equal privilege to share in the blessing of liberty” and detected an intimate link between the institution of property and the lack of freedom.

The same justification for outbreaks of unrest was voiced throughout the country, not only in Norfolk and the west. The origin of the popular view of Somerset as sympathetic to the rebel cause lies partly in his series of sometimes liberal, often contradictory, proclamations,; Some proclamations expressed sympathy for the victims of enclosure and announced action; some condemned the destruction of enclosures and associated riots; another announced pardons for those who had destroyed enclosures by mistake ("of folly and of mistaking") after misunderstanding the meaning of proclamations, so long as they were sorry. and partly in the uncoordinated activities of the commissions he sent out in 1548 and 1549 to investigate grievances about loss of tillage, encroachment of large sheep flocks on common land, and similar issues. Somerset's commissions were led by an evangelical M.P. called John Hales, whose socially liberal rhetoric linked the issue of enclosure with Reformation theology and the notion of a godly commonwealth.

Nomansland common Nomansland Common (sometimes simply called No Man's Land) is an area of common land in Hertfordshire, England to the south of Harpenden and the south-west of Wheathampstead Geologically, the common is part of the Harpenden Dry Valley. In the last ice age a glacier dammed the river (which then flowed from Dunstable) south of Sandridge into St Albans Vale, creating a lake. When the dam melted and water drained away, it left the thin, stony soil still found on the common today. Nomansland has, throughout its history, been recognised for uniquely poor soil quality for agricultural purposes, although flint axe heads suggest that the common may have been cleared for grazing as long ago as 4000 BC. In World War II attempts were made to plant crops on the common, but the common yielded less than half of the produce per unit area as other arable land, despite heavy use of fertilisers.

Notable beneficiaries of nineteenth-century industrialisation were the Rose family whose fortune had been made by astute enclosure of common land. Upon the death of Richard Rose in 1870 his estate was valued at over £877. He bequeathed the land to his wife Hannah. His brother was James Rose, shown in the 1871 census as a latch, bolt and nut maker, employing 39 people, including 19 children. By the time of the 1881 census, James Rose was 55 and his business had expanded to employ 90 people. James Rose died in 1901. Rapid industrial growth in the early decades of the 19th century brought with it problems of housing poverty and deprivation. In December 1839, the rector of the parish reported that there were approximately 1,500 homes in the parish of Darlaston, most of which were in poor condition and owned by working-class people. In 1841 the town had a population of 6,000.

The club responds that this extra space for commercial use in the project's architectural plans mainly consist of parking spaces and administration offices for Panionios G.S.S. and Panionios G.S.S. which is a common land use for the area and not department stores as the opposition believes. Additionally, the club legally argues that according to the current urban planning status of the existing stadium there is space for extra commercial uses that are not in operation/lease (have been in the past but failed to stay open). The debate has temporarily paused, with the club pointing that without the commercial spaces in place the new project cannot generate enough income to repay its construction cost and has promised to come back with an alternative proposal that will satisfy all parties. Moreover, the Municipality of Nea Smyrni which has collectively taken a positive stance towards the new athletic center is expected to facilitate the debate and assist its resolution.

Common land was also guaranteed to people to farm, graze, hunt or fish, though aristocrats continued to dominate politics. In the Act of Supremacy 1534, King Henry VIII asserted his divine right over the Catholic Church in Rome, declaring himself the supreme leader of the Church of England. Then in the Earl of Oxford's case in 1615,Earl of Oxford’s case (1615) 21 ER 485, Lord Ellesmere LC, ‘... when a Judgment is obtained by Oppression, Wrong and a hard Conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or Defect in the Judgment, but for the hard Conscience of the Party.’ the Lord Chancellor (both the King's representative and head of the judiciary) asserted the supremacy of the Court of Chancery over the common law courts, effectively nullifying Sir Edward Coke's assertion that judges could declare statutes void if they went "against common right and reason".Dr Bonham’s case (1610) 8 Co Rep 114a Finally, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights 1689 placed Parliament's power over the monarch (and therefore over the church and courts).

The predominantly heathland character of Ashdown Forest owes much to the activities of its commoners over many centuries. Their exploitation and management of the Forest through such activities as the grazing of livestock, the cutting of trees for firewood, the scything of bracken and other vegetation for the bedding of livestock, the periodic burning of vegetation, and so on, played a vital role in inhibiting the growth of scrub and woodland and maintaining open heathland. In addition, the resistance of the commoners to the enclosure of Ashdown Forest in the 17th century resulted in almost half the original Forest remaining as common land, while their resistance in the 19th century to attempts to limit their rights of common on the Forest ultimately led to the formation of the Board of Conservators, which today manages the Forest for the public good. It is thus largely owing to the commoners that the Forest remains today a large expanse of beautiful, predominantly open and uncultivated heathland, the largest public access space in south-east England.

He was a teller for a bill to establish a land registry in Yorkshire on 18 January 1704. At the 1705 English general election, he was returned in a contest at Scarborough. He supported the Court candidate for the Speakership on 25 October and voted for the Court in the proceedings on the regency bill on 18 February 1706. He was returned unopposed at the 1708 British general election. In 1709 he was a teller in two election disputes He voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell, and on 18 March 1710 and was granted leave of absence for three weeks. At the 1710 British general election he was again returned unopposed. He voted for the ‘No Peace Without Spain’ motion on 7 December 1711. On 3 May 1712, he was given a further month’s leave of absence on grounds of ill- health. He served as a teller against the bill to enclose common land in Yorkshire for church endowments on 5 May 1713, and voted against the French commerce bill on 18 June 1713.

The original Sutton Common was, as the name suggests, common land including Oldfields Farm to the east, located at what is now Rosehill, and Stonecot Hill to the west, through which ran the Roman road from London to Chichester known as Stane Street and which is now the modern A24. Before the process of enclosure began, the common was known as "Sutton Heath" and is likely to have covered an area as far north and east as Morden (then located much further to the south than it is now, around St Lawrence Church), Mitcham and the banks of the River Wandle, approximately where Benhilton and St. Helier are now. The land was not especially productive for agriculture on account of its heavy clay content and so it was mostly used by local people for grazing animals and to cut peat, turf and timber for fuel. The exact extent of Sutton Heath or Common and who held the manorial rights to it seems to have been a matter for heated debate.

The 21 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Greater Manchester, and the of common land in Greater Manchester are of particular interest to organisations such as the Greater Manchester Local Record Centre, the Greater Manchester Biodiversity Project and the Manchester Field Club, which are dedicated to wildlife conservation and the preservation of the region's natural history. Among the SSSIs are Astley and Bedford Mosses which form a network of ancient peat bog on the fringe of Chat Moss, which in turn, at comprises the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester and contains the largest block of semi-natural woodland in the county. • The Wigan Flashes, such as those at Pennington Flash Country Park, are the by-product of coal mining, where subsidence has led to waterbodies collecting in the resulting hollows which form an important reed bed resource in Greater Manchester. Opened in 1979, Sale Water Park is a area of countryside and parkland in Sale which includes a artificial lake by the River Mersey.

Common land was guaranteed to people to farm, graze, hunt or fish, though aristocrats continued to dominate politics. In the Act of Supremacy 1534, King Henry VIII asserted his divine right over the Catholic Church in Rome, declaring himself the supreme leader of the Church of England. Then in the Earl of Oxford's case in 1615,Earl of Oxford’s case (1615) 21 ER 485, Lord Ellesmere LC, ‘... when a Judgment is obtained by Oppression, Wrong and a hard Conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or Defect in the Judgment, but for the hard Conscience of the Party.' the Lord Chancellor (both the King's representative and head of the judiciary) asserted the supremacy of the Court of Chancery over the common law courts, contradicting Sir Edward Coke's assertion that judges could declare statutes void if they went "against common right and reason".Dr Bonham’s case (1610) 8 Co Rep 114a Finally, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights 1689 cemented Parliament's power over the monarch (and therefore over the church and courts).

Inspired by his experiences during the "liberation" of the Isle of Wight Festival 1970, in which the fences between the paid event and free gathering outside were torn down, Dwyer developed the idea of a truly "free" festival. An acid trip in Windsor Great Park led to the notion of squatting on the former common land that had been in Crown ownership since being reserved for royal hunting by William the Conqueror, and he began to organise what was to become the People's Free Festival.Beam, Alan (1976) "Rehearsal for the year 2000: (drugs, religions, madness, crime, communes, love, visions, festivals and lunar energy) : the rebirth of Albion Free State (known in the Dark Ages as England) : memoirs of a male midwife (1966–1976)" Windsor Free Festival was the forerunner of, and inspiration for, the Free Festival Movement, particularly the Stonehenge Free Festival and the later Glastonbury Festivals. Following the violent suppression of the 1974 event, he and Sid Rawle were imprisoned to prevent the organising of a 1975 festival.

A settlement existed at Roffey by the 16th century, and the area was known for its early ironmaking industry. A manor called Roffey, part of the ancient and larger manor of Chesworth, was first described in the mid-15th century; its land covered an area northeast of the market town of Horsham. Horsham was linked to the national railway network in 1848, when a branch line was built from Three Bridges on the London–Brighton Main Line. More lines were built to surrounding towns in the next 20 years, stimulating residential and commercial growth. The area around the village of Roffey, which had been common land until enclosure in 1812–13, began to develop in the 1820s after the road from Horsham to Crawley was turnpiked. Growth was focused on the old Star Inn, and the village had the alternative name Star Row until as late as 1874 (as well as variations on its original name—such as Roughey, Roughheath and Roughway— which was derived from the Old English Rogh hay meaning "deer enclosure").

The Ridge is one of the few remaining woodland areas of the ancient manor of Leeds.Leodis - a photographic archive of Leeds - Display The area was set aside for leisure activities from at least 1846, when it was partly quarried open moorland with a network of paths.Forest of Leeds - Woodhouse Ridge & Sugarwell Hill This network of paths and a bandstand is visible in photographs from the early twentieth century, at which time the area was much more open than it is today, with areas of moorland and views across the undeveloped valley to Farm Hill and Sugar Well Hill.Leodis - a photographic archive of Leeds - DisplayLeodis - a photographic archive of Leeds - DisplayLeodis - a photographic archive of Leeds - Display The public area was expanded in 1901 with the addition of Batty's Wood, an area of oak and ash woodland that is shown on John Tuke's 1781 map of common land in Leeds district as "Battye Wood", located on steeply sloping land above Meanwood Beck, its western flank marked by a footpath to the bridge crossing to former Bentley Common.

The area was a vast stretch of common land, a lonely wasteland unsuitable for most forms of agriculture with scant population. As it existed at the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086, the extensive settlement of Crondall in the north-east corner of Hampshire was certainly Scandinavian, for among the customs of that great manor, which included Crondall, Yateley, Farnborough, and Aldershot, that of sole inheritance by the eldest daughter in default of sons prevailed, as over a large part of Cumberland, and this is a peculiarly Norse custom.'Origin of the Anglo-Saxon race : a study of the settlement of England and the tribal origin of the Old English people' (1906) The 18th-century jurist Charles Viner lived here and printed his A General Abridgment of Law and Equity on a press in his home. In the 18th-century, the stretch of the London to Winchester turnpike that passed through Aldershot between Bagshot and Farnham (now known as the Farnborough Road) was the scene of highway robberies.

Despite this, their legal jurisdiction over crime was only abolished in 1977, by section 23 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977. However, one exception was allowed: the court leet for the manor of Laxton, Nottinghamshire,Laxton Court Leet, Dovecote Inn, Laxton – retrieved 23 May 2009 which had continued to operate judicially;Per the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords Debate on the Administration of Justice Bill on 2 May 1977 vol 382 cc816-23 Laxton retains the open-field system of farming, which had been replaced everywhere else by the 18th century (as a result of the process of enclosure), and required the court in order to administer the field system. Although the Administration of Justice Act had abolished the legal jurisdiction of the other courts leet, it emphasised that "any such court may continue to sit and transact such other business, if any, as was customary for it". Schedule 4 to the Act specified the "business" which was to be considered customary, which included the taking of presentments relating to matters of local concern and – in some cases – the management of common land.

The threatened enclosure of the common land known as Town Moor in Newcastle in 1771 appears to have been key to Spence's interest in the land question and journey towards ultra-radicalism. His scheme was not for land nationalization but for the establishment of self-contained parochial communities, in which rent paid to the parish (wherein the absolute ownership of the land was vested) should be the only tax of any kind. His ideas and thinking on the subject were shaped by a variety of economic thinkers, including his friend Charles Hall. At the centre of Spence's work was his plan, which argued for: #The end of aristocracy and landlords; #All land should be publicly owned by 'democratic parishes', which should be largely self-governing; #Rents of land in parishes to be shared equally amongst parishioners, as a form of social dividend; #Universal suffrage (including female suffrage) at both parish level and through a system of deputies elected by parishes to a national senate; #A 'social guarantee' extended to provide income for those unable to work; #The 'rights of infants' [children] to be free from abuse and poverty.

1 (2003), p. 1475. He was a partner in the surveyors and land agents company Powlett & Floyd of Bath from 1935 to 1955 and a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, but his career was interrupted by service in the Second World War; he joined the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1939 and served with them until 1940; he was later attached to the 21st Army Group in the last two years of the war, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and being appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). In 1955 he became chairman of two firms, Avon Rubber Company Ltd and George Spencer Morton Ltd; he retired from those posts in 1968."Mr C. M. Floyd", The Times, 29 June 1971, p. 17. Floyd was also keenly involved with land management groups; he was a member of the Forestry Commission's Committee for England from 1954 and was President of the Royal Forestry Society of England and Wales from 1954 to 1956; he was also a member of the Royal Commission on Common Land from 1955 to 1958 and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London.

The western edge of the parish was within the ancient forest of Essex, and two boundary stones still mark its limits. The church of St Thomas the Apostle dates back to the 12th century, and was subject to St Paul's Cathedral, London, which held the manor of Navestock until the dissolution of the monasteries. Sir Edward Waldegrave was lord of the manor of Navestock under Elizabeth I and the Waldegrave family remained the local landowners until the 19th century. There are various Waldegrave memorials in the parish church, including those of James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave; the Hon. Edward Waldegrave, son of the 4th Earl, who drowned off Falmouth on his return from the Battle of Corunna in 1809; the 7th Earl Waldegrave and his wife Frances; and Viscount Chewton, son of the 8th Earl, who died from injuries in the Crimean War. Enclosure of common land, by the 3rd Earl Waldegrave, took place in 1770. Navestock was an early centre for cricket, which has been played on the green at Navestock Side since the 18th century.A History of the County of Essex: Volume 4 (1956), pp.

Localised sand extraction has resulted in numerous pools. The Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) of Sound Heath was designated in 1963 and occupies 4.80 Ha. The Local Nature Reserve (LNR), which is named Sound Common, was designated in 1992;Natural England: Local Nature Reserves: Sound Heath (accessed 12 April 2010) it is slightly smaller at 4.61 Ha. Both SSSI and LNR include two distinct sites: the larger site (3.84 Ha in the SSSI) lies between Wrenbury Heath Road–Sound Lane and the Red Lion Farm track, and is centred at around . A second smaller area (0.96 Ha) lies northeast of the main site, to the north of Wrenbury Heath Road, and is centred at around .Natural England: Sound Heath: Condition of SSSI units (accessed 9 April 2010)Natural England: Map of Sound Heath SSSI (accessed 25 July 2013)Natural England: Map of Sound Heath LNR (accessed 25 July 2013) The common land includes both SSSI/LNR sites and also extends over a larger region, including three additional areas contiguous with the larger SSSI/LNR site: north of Sound Lane, and in the triangles formed by Sound Lane, Wrenbury Heath Road and Heath View, and Wrenbury Heath Road, the Red Lion Farm track and an unnamed north–south track.