Karason bought a device to make his own colloidal silver at home—a colloid is one substance dispersed through a second—and soon he was drinking a 10-ounce tumbler of the stuff daily, hoping to improve his general health, and dabbing it on his face for his dermatitis.
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There are detailed descriptions of electrokinetic phenomena in many books on interface and colloid science.Lyklema, J. (1995) Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science, Vol. 2, p. 3.208.Hunter, R.J. (1989) Foundations of Colloid Science, Oxford University Press.
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A protective colloid is a lyophilic colloid that when present in small quantities keeps lyophobic colloids from precipitating under the coagulating action of electrolytes.
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This is an image of a regular brain and a brain with a colloid cyst. Colloid cysts can be diagnosed by symptoms presented. Additional testing is required and the colloid cyst symptoms can resemble those of other diseases. MRI and CT scans are often used to confirm diagnosis.
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Colloid formation for metallic particles is also much more challenging.
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Patients will experience a hyperthyroid period as the cellular lining of colloid spaces fails, allowing abundant colloid into the circulation, with neck pain and fever. Patients typically then become hypothyroid as the pituitary reduces TSH production and the inappropriately released colloid is depleted before resolving to euthyroid. The symptoms are those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In addition, patients may suffer from painful dysphagia.
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The dispersed-phase particles or droplets are affected largely by the surface chemistry present in the colloid. Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color. The cytoplasm of living cells is an example of a colloid, containing many types of biomolecular condensate.
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20 μN colloid thruster system. A colloid thruster (or "electrospray thruster") is a type of low thrust electric propulsion rocket engine that uses electrostatic acceleration of charged liquid droplets for propulsion. In a colloid thruster, charged liquid droplets are produced by an electrospray process and then accelerated by a static electric field. The liquid used for this application tends to be a low-volatility ionic liquid.
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J. Phys. Chem., Russ. J. Electrochem., Colloid J., and J. Water Chem. Technol.
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A biocolloid is a colloid or colloidal mixture of plant or animal origin.
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The results of doctor's thesis Revut were taken in the textbooks of colloid chemistry .
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Examples of a stable and of an unstable colloidal dispersion. Colloidal particles are the components of a colloid. A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. Such colloidal system can be solid, liquid, or gaseous; as well as continuous or dispersed.
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Matijevic was a member of American Chemical Society, American Association for Crystal Growth, World Academy of Ceramics, International Association of Colloid and Interface Scientists and honorary member of American Ceramic Society, German Colloid Society, Chemical Society of Japan and Materials Research Society of Japan.
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Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution. In chemistry, a colloid is a phase separated mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is called the colloid; the term colloidal suspension refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike a solution, whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, a colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension) that arise by phase separation.
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Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step. # The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid. # Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary gland binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid.
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An autopsy performed on Cushing revealed that his brain harbored a colloid cyst of the third ventricle.
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The hepatic schizonts are small and the colloid is repartitioned. It is most similar morphologically to Hepatocystis rodhaini.
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Imfeld T. (1982). Interdental plaque-pH-telemetry. In: Surface and Colloid Phenomena in the Oral Cavity: Methodological Aspects.
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All of them thought that they were computing the stability of a lyophobic colloid with respect to coagulation.
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Adsorption layers at the surface of a liquid dispersion medium may affect the interactions of the dispersed particles in the media and consequently these layers may play crucial role in colloid stabilityHiemenz, Paul C. and Rajagopalan, Raj. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1997.
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Every year European Colloid and Interface Society awards Overbeek Gold Medal, which is a prize named after Theodoor Overbeek. "The Overbeek Gold Medal honours leadership and scientific excellence in the field of colloid and interface science over an entire career." The first prize in 2005 was handed over to Overbeek himself.
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14 (2007) 581–604. glass fibers,K. Tsutsumi and T. Ohsuga, Colloid and Polymer Science. 268 (1990) 38–44.
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Steven Peter Armes (born 1962) is a Professor of polymer chemistry and colloid chemistry at the University of Sheffield.
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Prieve, Dennis C. "Measurement of colloidal forces with TIRM." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 82.1 (1999): 93-125.
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He is also well known for the boundary method he developed for determining the cataphoretic speed of colloid particles.
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When a small amount of hydrophilic colloid is added to hydrophobic colloids it may coagulate the latter. This is due to neutralisation of the charge on the hydrophobic colloidal particles. However, the addition of large amount of hydrophilic colloid increases the stability of the hydrophobic colloidal system. This is due to adsorption.
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Electrophoretic mobility is proportional to electrophoretic velocity, which is the measurable parameter. There are several theories that link electrophoretic mobility with zeta potential. They are briefly described in the article on electrophoresis and in details in many books on colloid and interface science. Lyklema, J. "Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science", vol.
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The sulfur colloid of 99mTc is scavenged by the spleen, making it possible to image the structure of the spleen.
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Colloid milium is a skin condition characterized by a translucent, flesh-colored, or slightly yellow 1- to 5-mm papule.
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Colloid vibration potential measures the AC potential difference generated between two identical relaxed electrodes, placed in the dispersion, if the latter is subjected to an ultrasonic field. When a sound wave travels through a colloidal suspension of particles whose density differs from that of the surrounding medium, inertial forces induced by the vibration of the suspension give rise to a motion of the charged particles relative to the liquid, causing an alternating electromotive force. The manifestations of this electromotive force may be measured, depending on the relation between the impedance of the suspension and that of the measuring instrument, either as colloid vibration potential or as colloid vibration current. Colloid vibration potential and current was first reported by Hermans and then independently by Rutgers in 1938.
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Tofu is made from soy milk which is a turbid colloid liquid/solution. Tofu structure is related to soy milk components, particularly colloid components such as protein particles and oil globules. Protein particles content increases with the increase of the globulin ratio in the soybeans. Tofu varieties ensue from adding coagulants at various concentrations.
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Hydrophobically modified cationic polymers were also studied with respect to the structure of the lyotropic association colloid within the complex coacervate.
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Schematic of micellar solubilization of fatty substance in water with the use of a dispersant Micellar solubilization (solubilization) is the process of incorporating the solubilizate (the component that undergoes solublization) into or onto micelles. Solublization may occur in a system consisting of a solvent, an association colloid (a colloid that forms micelles), and at least one other solubilizate.
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J. Stol & P. L. de Bruyn; "Thermodynamic stabilization of colloids"; Journal of Colloid and Interface Science; 1980; 75 (1): pp. 185–198.).
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The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
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He obtained his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1940 with Professor James W. McBain at Stanford University with research on physical and colloid chemistry.
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Early basic colloid studies showed an almost exact correspondence between the effects of sodium and potassium in 'simple' aqueous suspensions of lyophobic colloids.
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Gelofusine is a colloid volume expander which may be used as a blood plasma replacement when a significant amount of blood is lost due to extreme hemorrhagia, trauma, dehydration, or a similar event. It is an intravenous colloid that behaves much like blood filled with albumins. As a result, it causes an increase in blood volume, blood flow, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation.
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These methods include microelectrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering and electroacoustics. The last one, for instance colloid vibration current method is suitable for characterizing concentrated systems.
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Subtle hypoechoic nodules may be present in the mass. The presence of splenic tissue may be confirmed with a technetium-99m sulfur colloid scan.
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He has been a Fellow of the American Physical Society since 2005. His research areas include quantum physics of matter, colloid physics, and nanobiophysics.
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The surface saturates at Γ=Γ0 and B(Γ0) = 0. The simplest blocking function isZ. Adamczyk, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 100, 267-347.
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The glairy fluid of colloid carcinoma oozes from the cut surface of the tumor, bathes it, and is to be found in the intestine.
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The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 5 and 200 nanometers. Soluble particles smaller than this will form a solution as opposed to a colloid. Colloidal systems (also called colloidal solutions or colloidal suspensions) are the subject of interface and colloid science. Suspended solids may be held in a liquid, while solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas together form an aerosol.
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After a postdoctoral research at Los Alamos National Laboratory Armes became a lecturer at the University of Sussex in 1989 where he worked until 2004. He moved to Sheffield to become Professor of Polymer and Colloid Chemistry in 2004. he is a director of Farapack Polymers Limited, a corporate spin-off from the University of Sheffield. Armes group does research on polymer chemistry and colloid chemistry.
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The typical procedure involves use of Technetium-99m colloid, or in some cases pertechnetate. The colloid is prepared with an activity of approximately 20 megabecquerels in 1 millilitre (ml). Patients place their head in a support and chin rest and a single drop of 0.01 ml is delivered to each eye. Imaging with a gamma camera commences immediately, with a number of images acquired over 15 minutes.
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Cream used for whipping cream has a high butterfat content--typically 30%-36%--as fat globules contribute to forming stable air bubbles. During whipping, partially coalesced fat molecules create a stabilized network which traps air bubbles. The resulting colloid is roughly double the volume of the original cream. If, however, the whipping is continued, the fat droplets will stick together destroying the colloid and forming butter.
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In the mucosa, there are mucus-filled colloid areas and a few basophilic glandular elements. The cells are in spaces filled with mucus appearing as "lakes".
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Tabor, "The hardness of solids", Rev. Phys. Technol. 1 (1970), pp. 145-179D. Tabor, "Surface forces and surface interactions", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58 (1977), pp.
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Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, p. 3565Hakim, Nadey S. (2009). Artificial Organs, p. 44Stam, Lawrence E. (2010). 100 Questions & Answers About Kidney DialysisTal, Joseph (2011).
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Studies on the sea surface microlayer II. The layer of sudden change of physical and chemical properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 264, 148-159.
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The Colloid Chemistry department, headed by Markus Antonietti, deals with the synthesis of various colloidal structures in the nanometer range. This includes inorganic and metallic nanoparticles, polymers and peptide structural units, their micelles and organised phases, as well as emulsions and foams. Colloid chemistry is able to create materials with a structural hierarchy through appropriate functionalized colloids. This creates new characteristics through the "teamwork" of the functional groups.
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Other causes include colloid cysts and possibly connective tissue disorders. It may occur as a complication of decompressive surgery for Chiari malformation or decompressive craniectomies for cerebral edema.
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John Bernadou patented a single-base propellant while working at the Naval Torpedo Station in 1897. Bernadou's colloid of nitrocellulose with ether and alcohol was formulated for the reaction pressures generated within naval artillery. The colloid was extruded in dense cylinders with longitudinal perforations to decompose in accordance with Piobert's law. If all external surfaces of the grain are ignited simultaneously, the grain reacts inward from the outside of the cylinder (creating a reaction area of decreasing size), and outward from each perforation (creating a reaction area of increasing size.) Propellant decomposition is initiated by heat causing the colloid to melt and form bubbles of reactive gas which decompose in a luminous exothermic reaction after the bubbles burst.
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CT scan of a 1 cm colloid cyst A colloid cyst is a non-cancerous tumor in the brain. It consists of a gelatinous material contained within a membrane of epithelial tissue. It is almost always found just posterior to the foramen of Monro in the anterior aspect of the third ventricle, originating from the roof of the ventricle. Because of its location, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.
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In 1921 he was awarded an American Scandinavian Fellowship and he spent a year in Sweden doing research on colloid chemistry with Prof. The Svedberg, the 1926 Nobel laureate in Chemistry. He continued his colloid chemistry research with Herbert Freundlich at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin, Germany before returning to Wisconsin. For most of 1923 he worked on the kino-ultramicroscope and during part of the year assisted Prof.
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Platinum nanoparticles are usually in the form of a suspension or colloid of nanoparticles of platinum in a fluid, usually water. A colloid is technically defined as a stable dispersion of particles in a fluid medium (liquid or gas). Spherical platinum nanoparticles can be made with sizes between about 2 and 100 nanometres (nm), depending on reaction conditions. Platinum nanoparticles are suspended in the colloidal solution of brownish-red or black color.
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A suspension is composed of a fine, particulate phase dispersed throughout a differing, heterogeneous phase. Shear-thickening behavior is observed in systems with a solid, particulate phase dispersed within a liquid phase. These solutions are different from a Colloid in that they are unstable; the solid particles in dispersion are sufficiently large for sedimentation, causing them to eventually settle. Whereas the solids dispersed within a colloid are smaller and will not settle.
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His research lines concentrated on Clay chemistry, Colloid chemistry and Interface chemistry as well as chemistry from porous compounds, layered materials and intercalation chemistry. Among his many contributions to the fields of Clay and Colloid Chemistry, one of his most recognized developments was the Alkylammonium Method for the determination of layer charge in layered aluminosilicates.Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A. (1969) Determination of the layer charge in mica-type layer silicates: in Proc. lnt. Clay Conf.
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The season also saw one of their roster players, Colby Cave die after suffering a brain bleed due to a colloid cyst after being in a coma for four days.
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Mrs. Stewart's Bluing. Mrs. Stewart's Bluing is a brand of liquid bluing agent used for whitening fabrics. It is primarily a colloid of the blue pigment "Prussian blue" and water.
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Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee CBE, FRSC (23 April 1893, Mahavdepur, Rajshahi District-today in Bangladesh – 10 May 1983), was a reputed Indian chemist as well as an internationally respected colloid chemist.
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Milliana Kroumova Kaisheva () (1 November 1945 in Sofia, Bulgaria - 24 March 2003 in Sofia, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian physical chemist, internationally known for her work in electrochemistry and colloid chemistry.
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Baglioni received in 2002 the ECIS - Rhodia European Colloid and Interface Prize for Colloids and Interfaces for his work on surfactants organizing in micelles with recognition between head-groups. He also received the 2003 European Grand Prix for Innovation Award. In 2010 he was honored as Caballero Aguila which is the most prestigious recognition from CONACULTA-INAH for the Mexican Cultural Heritage conservation. In 2011 he was awarded for Lifetime Achievement by the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.
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The Institute for Surface Chemistry, YKI (the Swedish name is Ytkemiska Institutet) is an industrial research institute in applied surface and colloid chemistry located in Stockholm, Sweden.About YKI, accessed on June 10, 2009 It is located on the campus of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). YKI's mission is to transfer and develop innovations to customers in industrial sectors where surface chemistry plays an important role. The areas of expertise lie in the fields of surface and colloid science.
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In 2004 the same institution awarded him with the Wolfgang Ostwald Prize. Lagaly was President of the German Clay Group (DTTG) from 1987 to 1992 and of the European Clay Groups Association (ECGA) from 1999 to 2003. In addition, Lagaly acted for many years (1987-2004) as editor-in-chief for "Colloid and Polymer Science" and "Progress Colloid and Polymer Science" as well as editor for "Clay Minerals" (1982-1996) and "Applied Clay Science" (1985-1996).
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Peptization or Deflocculation is the process responsible for the formation of converting precipitate into colloid by shaking with it an electrolyte. This is particularly important in colloid chemistry or for precipitation reactions in an aqueous solution. When colloidal particles bear a same sign electric charge, they mutually repel each other and cannot aggregate together. Freshly precipitated aluminium or iron hydroxide is extremely difficult to filter because the very fine colloidal particles directly pass through a paper filter.
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Siedentopf worked in Carl Zeiss company from 1899 to 1938. In 1907 he was nominated as the head of the microscopy department. In 1902 the ultramicroscope was developed by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) and Henry Siedentopf, working for Carl Zeiss AG. The ultramicroscope was suitable for the determination of small particles and became the most important instrument of colloid research in colloid chemistry. In 1925, Zsigmondy received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry also for this work.
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Springer Science & Business Media, 1992. The aggregation number of micelles can be determined by isothermal titration calorimetry when the aggregation number is not too high.N.E. Olesen. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.
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From 1921, he was using lead in the treatment of Uterine cancer, and colloid lead iodide for the treatment of Breast cancer, but later large scale tests proved both painful and dangerous.
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Quantum Mechanics, third edition, New Age International, New Delhi, , pp. 6–7.Wennerstrom, H. (2014). Scattering and diffraction described using the momentum representation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 205: 105–112.
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Piech, M.; Weronski, P.; Wu, X.; Walz, J.Y. "Prediction and Measurement of the Interparticle Depletion Interaction Next to a Flat Wall" Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2002. 247: pp. 327-341.
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Dukhin, S.S. and Derjaguin, B.V. (1974) Electrokinetic Phenomena, J. Willey and Sons.Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A., and Schowalter, W.R. (1989) Colloidal Dispersions, Cambridge University Press.Kruyt, H.R. (1952) Colloid Science, Elsevier. Volume 1, Irreversible systems.
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William Seifriz was an Associate Editor for the journal Protoplasma from its founding in 1926 to his death in 1955. He was also an Associate Editor of Journal of Colloid Science and Biodynamica.
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The goal of this process is to quickly and continuously create nanostructured particles deriving from a colloid precursor containing a solvent and silica particles. Aerosol assisted self assembly is a one step process with a high production rate. The process takes a few seconds in terms of reaction time, and there's no requirement for heating and chemically treating the particles after development. The first part of the process is to create the colloid precursor which consists of the silica nanoparticles and the solvent.
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CT scan of a colloid cyst The diagnostic process typically begins with a medical history workup followed by a medical examination by a physician. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs, help provide a clearer picture. The physician typically looks for fluid (or other bodily substance) filled sacs to appear in the scans, as is shown in the CT scan of a colloid cyst. A primary health care provider will refer an individual to a neurologist or neurosurgeon for further examination.
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Nanostructure characterization tools include advanced optical spectro-microscopy (linear, non-linear, tipenhanced and pump-probe) and Auger and x-ray photoemission for surface analysis. 2D self-assembly monodisperse particle colloids has a strong potential in dense magnetic storage media. Each colloid particle has the ability to store information as known as binary number 0 and 1 after applying it to a strong magnetic field. In the meantime, it requires a nanoscale sensor or detector in order to selectively choose the colloid particle.
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After finishing his Ph.D., Bartell remained at the University of Michigan as faculty, reaching full professorship in 1924. Bartell's research and teaching were focused on colloid chemistry and included the development of one of the first courses on the topic in United States universities, first offered in 1913. This course led to the publication of widely used and well-regarded laboratory manual in colloid chemistry. Among those undergraduate chemistry students recruited to assist with Bartell's courses was future biochemist Albert Baird Hastings.
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Siwucha () is an incompletely rectified vodka (raw vodka) from Poland. The name derives from the siwy (ash grey) color of the liquid due to Tyndall effect of the colloid emulsion of residual fusel oil.
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Abby Howe Turner (1875-1957) was a noted professor of Physiology and Zoology who founded the department of physiology at Mount Holyoke College. She specialized in colloid osmotic pressure and circulatory reactions to gravity.
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Macropores may be defined differently in other contexts. Within the context of porous solids (i.e., not porous aggregations such as soil), colloid and surface chemists define macropores as cavities that are larger than 50 nm.
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Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution. Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches of chemistry, physics, nanoscience and other fields dealing with colloids, heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium. A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particle size of the substance is intermediate between a true solution and a suspension, i.e. between 1–1000 nm.
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In addition, phase transitions in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspensions.
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Bartell served on several university administrative committees, co-organized conferences on colloid chemistry, and co-organized the American Chemical Society's Colloid Division in 1926. The ACS recognized him for his career achievements with the award of its Kendall Award in Colloid Chemistry in 1959. Bartell's research work had military applications and he was involved in war efforts throughout his career, serving as a captain in the Army's Nitrate Division starting during World War I and as a consultant to what was then the War Department starting in the 1920s. During World War II he was recognized for materials science advances in developing a water- and heat-resistant fabric treatment called "aerobond", for which he received funding from the Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1944 and which was proposed in 1946 for further development for peacetime applications.
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Different influences at the interface may cause changes in the composition of the near-surface layer.Shchukin, E.D., Pertsov, A.V., Amelina E.A. and Zelenev, A.S. Colloid and Surface Chemistry. 1st ed. Mobius D. and Miller R. Vol. 12.
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Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. 2001. Substances may either accumulate near the surface or, conversely, move into the bulk. The movement of the molecules characterizes the phenomena of adsorption. Adsorption influences changes in surface tension and colloid stability.
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The initial silica nanoparticles are in an amorphous crystalline phase and the solvent is composed of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMCS) and ethyl alcohol. To synthesize hydrophobic nanostructured silica using this method, the colloid precursor containing the solvent and silica particles is sprayed by an aerosol generator. The droplets are then transported by a carrier gas to a furnace where they are heated. Upon entry into the furnace, the ethyl alcohol evaporates from the colloid precursor, allowing self-assembly to occur between the silica particles and the surface treating agent, TMCS.
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This quality is used in photographic screen-printing. In screen-printing a fine screen of bolting silk or similar material is stretched taut onto a frame similar to the way canvas is prepared before painting. A colloid sensitized with a dichromate is applied evenly to the taut screen. Once the dichromate mixture is dry, a full-size photographic positive is attached securely onto the surface of the screen, and the whole assembly exposed to strong light – times vary from 3 minutes to a half an hour in bright sunlight – hardening the exposed colloid.
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Figure 1: An example of a porous structure exhibiting capillary condensation. Capillary condensation is the "process by which multilayer adsorption from the vapor [phase] into a porous medium proceeds to the point at which pore spaces become filled with condensed liquid from the vapor [phase]."Schramm, L.L The Language of Colloid & Interface Science 1993, ACS Professional Reference Book, ACS: Washington, D.C. The unique aspect of capillary condensation is that vapor condensation occurs below the saturation vapor pressure, Psat, of the pure liquid.Hunter, R.J. Foundations of Colloid Science 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.
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Animal glue in granules Animal glue is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive, sizing and coating, compo, and for colloidal applications in industry which is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide or from the extraction of collagen present in animal bones, primarily cattle or derived from recycled gelatin. These protein colloid glues are formed through hydrolysis of the collagen from skins, bones, tendons, and other tissues, similar to gelatin. The word collagen itself derives from Greek , meaning 'glue'. These proteins form a molecular bond with the glued object.
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Histologically, the hypersensitivity is seen as diffuse parenchymal infiltration by lymphocytes, particularly plasma B-cells, which can often be seen as secondary lymphoid follicles (germinal centers, not to be confused with the normally present colloid-filled follicles that constitute the thyroid). Atrophy of the colloid bodies is lined by Hürthle cells, cells with intensely eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, a metaplasia from the normal cuboidal cells that constitute the lining of the thyroid follicles. Severe thyroid atrophy presents often with denser fibrotic bands of collagen that remains within the confines of the thyroid capsule.
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It was subsequently discovered that the protein bands could be stained without staining the polyacrylamide by using a colloid of the "G" form of the dye in a trichloroacetic acid solution containing no methanol. Using this procedure it was no longer necessary to destain the gel. Modern formulations typically use a colloid of the "G" form of dye in a solution containing phosphoric acid, ethanol (or methanol) and ammonium sulfate (or aluminium sulfate). The Bradford assay uses the spectral properties of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to estimate the amount of protein in a solution.
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Later, the theory work was expanded to include polyethylene-glycol and similar interfaces.Protein-Surface Interactions in the Presence of Polyethylene Oxide, Parts I and II; SI Jeon, JH Lee, JD Andrade, PG de Gennes, J Colloid Interface Sci.
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Friedrich Kraus (31 May 18581 March 1936) was an Austrian internist. He was born in Bodenbach, Bohemia and died in Berlin. He is remembered for his achievements in the field of electrocardiography and his work in colloid chemistry.
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He gained the Dr. med. degree in 1938. During his studies he was also an assistant at the Institute of Colloid Research at Frankfurt under Raphael Eduard Liesegang. In 1937 Knöll started cooperating with Jenaer Glaswerk Schott and Gen.
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General procedure for coating colloid particles in silica. First PVP is absorbed onto the colloidal surface. These particles are put into a solution of ammonia in ethanol. the particle then begins to grow by addition of Si(OEt)4.
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Arthur Waldorf Thomas (b. New Brunswick, N. J. February 18, 1891, d. March 22, 1982, New York, N. Y.) was a professor and chemist who specialized in colloid chemistry. He studied and taught at Columbia University for 50 years.
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H. Kuhn: Viscosity, sedimentation, and diffusion of long-chain molecules in solution as determined by experiments on large scale models. J. Colloid Sci. 5:331 (1950). Polyene: potential energy (troughs of the nuclear shells neglected) and π-electron density.
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Colloid Polym. Sci, vol. 103, pp. 243-250 (1997).. In a study of functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-based bioassays, he helped discover a new surface chemistry which inhibits nonspecific biomolecular interactions and provides the capacity for specific immobilization of desired biomolecules.
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Thomas Graham (21 December 1805 – 16 September 1869) was a British chemist known for his pioneering work in dialysis and the diffusion of gases. He is regarded as one of the founders of colloid chemistry.he is a Scottish physical chemist .
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Orlin D. Velev () (born November 3, 1963 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) is the INVISTA Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at North Carolina State University. He is best known for his work in soft matter, colloid science, and nanoscience.
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There are acid-forming cations (e.g. hydrogen, aluminium, iron) and there are base-forming cations (e.g. calcium, magnesium, sodium). The fraction of the negatively-charged soil colloid exchange sites (CEC) that are occupied by base-forming cations is called base saturation.
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There are detailed descriptions of the interfacial DL in many books on colloid and interface scienceDukhin, S.S. & Derjaguin, B.V. "Electrokinetic Phenomena", J.Willey and Sons, 1974Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A. and Schowalter, W.R. "Colloidal Dispersions", Cambridge University Press,1989Kruyt, H.R. "Colloid Science", Elsevier: Volume 1, Irreversible systems, (1952) and microscale fluid transport. There is also a recent IUPAC technical report"Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena", International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technical Report, published in Pure Appl.Chem., vol 77, 10, pp.1753-1805, 2005 (pdf) on the subject of interfacial double layer and related electrokinetic phenomena.
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Colloid solutions used in intravenous therapy belong to a major group of volume expanders, and can be used for intravenous fluid replacement. Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the intravascular volume, whereas other types of volume expanders called crystalloids also increase the interstitial volume and intracellular volume. However, there is still controversy to the actual difference in efficacy by this difference, and much of the research related to this use of colloids is based on fraudulent research by Joachim Boldt. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
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Thyroid hormone synthesis, this image traces thyroglobulin from production within the rough endoplasmic reticulum until proteolytic release of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin (Tg) acts as a substrate for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), as well as the storage of the inactive forms of thyroid hormone and iodine within the follicular lumen of a thyroid follicle. Newly synthesized thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are attached to thyroglobulin and comprise the colloid within the follicle. When stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the colloid is endocytosed from the follicular lumen into the surrounding thyroid follicular epithelial cells.
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Interface and colloid science has applications and ramifications in the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, ceramics, minerals, nanotechnology, and microfluidics, among others. There are many books dedicated to this scientific discipline,Lyklema, J. “Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science”, vol.2, page.3.208, 1995 Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A. and Schowalter, W.R. “Colloidal Dispersions”, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dukhin, A. S. and Goetz, P. J. Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound, Elsevier, 2017 and there is a glossary of terms, Nomenclature in Dispersion Science and Technology, published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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The Verlag Theodor Steinkopff was a German publishing company based in Dresden, Germany, that specialised in medical and scientific books and periodicals. Founded by publisher Theodor Steinkopff on 1 January 1908 in Dresden, the Verlag Theodor Steinkopff put a strong focus on publications on colloid chemistry. Among its earliest publications was the Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide, today known as Colloid and Polymer Science. In 1927, Theodor Steinkopff's son Dietrich Steinkopff entered the company, which was based in the Residenzstraße 32 in the Dresden borough of Blasewitz and had branch offices in Leipzig and Darmstadt.
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Colloid cysts represent 0.5–1.0% of intracranial tumors. Symptoms can include headache, vertigo, memory deficits, diplopia, behavioral disturbances, and in extreme cases, sudden death. Intermittency of symptoms is characteristic of this lesion. Untreated pressure caused by these cysts can result in brain herniation.
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"Coacervation (partial miscibility in colloid systems)". Proc Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen 32: 849—856) - particles composed of two or more colloids which might be protein, lipid or nucleic acid. These ideas strongly influenced the subsequent work of Sidney W. Fox on proteinoid microspheres.
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Moreover, this method is an appropriate technique to apply to biological fluids like serum because it does not require a large amount of liquid sample for the measurements.Hubbard, Arthur T. (2002). Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science (Vol. 1). CRC press, pp.
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Chemical weathering alters the minerals constituent of rock surface. Decomposition of mafic and opaque minerals releases ions and colloids of iron, magnesium, calcium and sulphur. Alteration of feldspars and feldspathoids releases silica colloid. These materials are reached and transported by surface water.
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The Effect of the Plant on the Reaction of the Culture Solution. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. P., 12 :1-16. 1924 The Electrical Charge on a Clay Colloid as Influenced by Hydrogen-Ion Concentration and by Different Salts. With W. C. Dayhuff.
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Gatty was born in Kensington, Middlesex."Oliver Gatty (1907-1940)". He worked at Rothamsted Experimental Station and then under Eric Rideal, Professor of Colloid Science at University of Cambridge. He also worked with James Gray in the Department of Zoology at Cambridge.
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Cave suffered acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to a colloid cyst overnight on April 6–7, 2020, and underwent emergency surgery on April 7. He was kept in a medically induced coma until his death on the morning of April 11, at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto.
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Pars intermedia is seen between pars distalis and pars nervosa. Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells - basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke’s pouch.
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Anatoly Ivanovich Rusanov () (20 April 1932, Leningrad) is a Russian chemist. He is a member of the Russian Academy of Science since 1990. He is graduated from Leningrad State University and currently is the head of the Colloid Chemistry Department of St. Petersburg State University.
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" Current opinion in colloid & interface science 2.6 (1997): 600-606. In this manner, sub-picoNewton forces may be detected.Flicker, Scott G., Jennifer L. Tipa, and Stacy G. Bike. "Quantifying double-layer repulsion between a colloidal sphere and a glass plate using total internal reflection microscopy.
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Multiple studies have discussed how to remove a colloid cyst. One option is an endoscopic removal. An endoscope is inserted into the brain via a small incision and then moved toward the tumor in the ventricular compartment. The tumor is hit with an electric current.
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2-13 and later MaugisD. Maugis, "Adhesion of spheres: The JKR-DMT transition using a Dugdale model", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 150 (1992), pp. 243-269 parameters that quantify which contact model (of the JKR and DMT models) represent adhesive contact better for specific materials.
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This force may consist of electric, pressure gradient, concentration gradient, gravity. In addition, the moving phase might be either the continuous fluid or dispersed phase. Sedimentation potential is the field of electrokinetic phenomena dealing with the generation of an electric field by sedimenting colloid particles.
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Colloid and Polymer Science had a 2013 impact factor of 2.430,ISI Web of Knowledge whereas 2015 the impact factor was 1.890. The journal is ranked 28th out of 73 in the subject category "Polymer Science" and 61st out of 113 in "Physical Chemistry".
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An ultramicroscope is a microscope with a system that lights the object in a way that allows viewing of tiny particles via light scattering, and not light reflection or absorption. When the diameter of a particle is below or near the wavelength of visible light (around 500 nanometers), the particle cannot be seen in a light microscope with the usual methods of illumination. In the system, the particles to be observed are dispersed in a liquid or gas colloid (or less often in a coarser suspension). The colloid is placed in a light- absorbing, dark enclosure, and illuminated with a convergent beam of intense light entering from one side.
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Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both.
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THE LETTERS CORRESPONDS TO THE AMINO ACIDS CODING AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 3. PEPTIDE LENGTH OF THESE SURFANTANT PEPTIDES IS 2-3 NM.Zhao, X., Design of self-assembling surfactant-like peptides and their applications. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 2009. 14(5): p. 340-348.
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Principal cells of the pars tuberalis are low columnar in form, with the cytoplasm containing numerous lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and occasional colloid droplets. A sparse population of functional gonadotrophs are present (indicated by immunoreactivity for ACTH, FSH, and LH).Ross, Michael. Histology: A Text and Atlas.
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Colloid Cyst – New York Presbyterian Hospital. Nyp.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-15. Another study found that ventriculomegaly may not be a contraindication for endoscopic removal, as the condition has comparable complication rates. Another study experimented with a smaller retractor tube, 12 mm instead of 16–22 mm.
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The publishing arms of professional societies have academic journals as needed. For instance, the American Chemical Society has both Macromolecules and Langmuir, while Royal Society of Chemistry has Soft Matter, and American Physical Society has Physical Review E, and Elsevier has Advances in Colloid and Interface Science.
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Nanostructure of a resorcinol-formaldehyde gel reconstructed from small-angle X-ray scattering. This type of disordered morphology is typical of many sol–gel materials.Gommes, C. J., Roberts A. (2008) Structure development of resorcinol-formaldehyde gels: microphase separation or colloid aggregation. Physical Review E, 77, 041409.
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DIT is a modulator of the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (which is involved in the production of thyroid hormones). Triiodothyronine is formed, when diiodotyrosine is combined with monoiodotyrosine (in the colloid of the thyroid follicle). Two molecules of DIT combine to make the thyroid hormone thyroxine ('T4' and 'T3').
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Pendrin is also expressed in the kidney, and has been localized to the apical membrane of a population of intercalated cells in the cortical collecting duct where it is involved in bicarbonate secretion. Thyroid hormone synthesis, with Pendrin seen at center between the follicular colloid and the follicular cell.
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Finally, the colloid must go through a drying process to remove excess solvent from the mixture before it can be used to treat fabrics. The sol-gel process is used in a similar fashion to make polymer nanofibers, which are long, ultra-thin chains of proteins bonded together.
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82:2 pp. 448-451. This destabilizes the colloid as the particles are no longer dispersed in the liquid but concentrated in floc formations. Flocs are then easily removed through filtration processes leaving behind a non-dispersed, pure liquid.Bratby, J. "Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment".
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He outlined his research into a carbon- transfer process for printing photographs that would use inert stone pigments suspended in a hardened gelatine colloid and printed onto thick archival watercolour paper. He believes that these photographs would persist over the 10,000 year time-frame when stored away from moisture.
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Evans formula: normal saline at 1 ml/kg/% TBSA burn " colloid at 1 ml/kg/% TBSA burn. For second 24 hours, give half of the first 24-hour requirements " D5W (dextrose 5% in water) 2000 ml.Artz CP, Moncrief JA. The burn problem. In: Artz CP, Moncrief JA, editors.
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This layer of higher ionic concentration is a part of the interfacial double layer. The concentration of the ions in this layer is higher as compared to the ionic strength of the liquid bulk. This leads to the higher electric conductivity of this layer. Smoluchowski was the first to recognize the importance of surface conductivity at the beginning of the 20th century.M. von Smoluchowski, Physik, Z., 6, 529 (1905) There is a detailed description of surface conductivity by Lyklema in "Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science"Lyklema, J. "Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science", vol. 2, Academic Press, 1995 The Double Layer (DL) has two regions, according to the well established Gouy-Chapman-Stern model.
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Millstone's lab concentrates on the chemical synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles and techniques to study their structural- property relationships. They work on nanoparticle colloidal arrays and their mechanochemistry. They use nuclear magnetic resonance, photoemission spectroscopy and electron microscopy. She won the 2015 Unilever Award for Outstanding Young Investigator in Colloid & Surfactant Science.
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Depositing a thin silver colloid known as a metal liquid-like film (MELLF) on the ferrofluid surface solves the problem of fast evaporation and low reflectivity of pure ferrofluids. The combination of fluid and metal results in a liquid optical surface that can be precisely shaped in a magnetic field.
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Icodextrin (INN, USAN) is a colloid osmotic agent, derived from maltodextrin, used in form of an aqueous solution for peritoneal dialysis under the trade name Extraneal, and after gynecological laparoscopic surgery for the reduction of post-surgical adhesions (fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs) under the trade name Adept.
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Colloidal suspensions are the subject of interface and colloid science. This field of study was introduced in 1845 by Italian chemist Francesco SelmiFrancesco Selmi, Studi sulla dimulsione di cloruro d'argento, Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, fasc. di agosto 1845. and further investigated since 1861 by Scottish scientist Thomas Graham.
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The transport of iodide into follicular cells is vital for the synthesis of the iodine containing thyroid hormones. Iodide is actively transported at the basolateral membrane of follicular cells by the sodium-iodide symporter. At the apical membrane iodide is secreted into the colloid by the chloride/iodide transporter pendrin.
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Jean married Charles C. Watson,Watson was co-author (with Dale F. Rudd) of Strategy of Process Engineering (New York: John Wiley, 1968), the first textbook in the field. a collaborator with her father and with John Warren Williams in establishing the colloid chemistry research group at the University of Wisconsin.
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Georg Wiegner (April 20, 1883 – April 14, 1936) was a colloid chemist. He was born in Leipzig and died in Zurich. Georg Wiegner studied natural sciences at the University of Leipzig, and received a doctorate in 1906. He was an assistant to Wilhelm Fleischmann at the University of Göttingen from 1907.
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There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates. Medical distinction between transudates and exudates is through the measurement of the specific gravity of extracted fluid.
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Paria, S.; Khilar, K. C. A review on experimental studies of surfactant adsorption at the hydrophilic solid-water interface. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 110, 75-95. The variety of ways for adsorption to occur provides an indication of the complexities associated with controlling the type of layer that is adsorbed.
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Xinsheng Sean Ling (; born February 15, 1964) is a Chinese-American physicist and professor at Brown University. He is known for his work in condensed matter, in particular for his contributions to superconductivity, vortex physics, colloid physics, biophysics, and quantum physics. He joined the faculty of Brown University in 1996.
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W. OppermannE. Kallee, F. Lohss and W. Oppermann: Trichloressigsäure-Aceton-Extraktion von Albuminen aus Seren und Antigen-Antikorper-Präzipitaten. In: Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, volume 12, 1957, pages 777–783. and H. OttHans Ott and Ekkehard Kallee: Azorubinverdrängung von Serumalbumin, Kolloide Zeitschrift, Colloid & Polymer Science, volume 127, number 1, pages 40-41.
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The emulsion consists of silver halide grains suspended in a gelatin colloid; in the case of color film, there are three layers of silver halide, which are mixed with color couplers and interlayers that filter specific light spectra. These end up creating yellow, cyan, and magenta layers in the negative after development.
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When lyophilic sols are added to lyophobic sols, depending on their sizes, either lyophobic sol is adsorbed in the surface of lyophilic sol or lyophilic sol is adsorbed on the surface of lyophobic sol. The layer of the protective colloid prevents direct collision between the hydrophobic colloidal particles and thus prevents coagulation.
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Mixtures of cryoprotectants have less toxicity and are more effective than single-agent cryoprotectants. A mixture of formamide with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), propylene glycol, and a colloid was for many years the most effective of all artificially created cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant mixtures have been used for vitrification (i.e. solidification without crystal ice formation).
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Following this, in 1941, Trifonov became a Doctor of Chemical Sciences. From 1939 to 1945, he was the head of the department of physical and colloid chemistry at Rostov State UniversityТрифонов, Николай Александрович (1891—1958) // Солженицын А. И. Архипелаг ГУЛАГ. Книга 3. .История кафедры // Кафедра физической и коллоидной химии Южного федерального университета.
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Infusing colloid or crystalloid IV fluids also dilutes clotting factors in the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding. Current best practice allow permissive hypotension in patients suffering from hypovolemic shock, both avoid overly diluting clotting factors and avoid artificially raising blood pressure to a point where it "blows off" clots that have formed.
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Young studied chemistry at Imperial College London, where she earned her bachelor's degree in 1986. She remained there for her doctoral studies in polymer physics. She moved to the petroleum industry, and joined BP as a colloid scientist in 1990. In 1992 she joined the UCL School of Pharmacy as a postdoctoral researcher.
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The thyroid keeps descending in front of the hyoid bone until finally it affixes to the front of the trachea in the seventh week. The thyroid starts working in the third month when the first follicles are visible and start producing colloid. The parafollicular cells come from the ultimobranchial body and produce calcitonin.
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An ice cloud is a colloid of ice particles dispersed in air. The term has been used to refer to clouds of both water ice and carbon dioxide ice on Mars. Such clouds can be sufficiently large and dense to cast shadows on the Martian surface. Clouds on Earth can contain ice particles.
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Langmuir is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1985 and is published by the American Chemical Society. It covers research in the areas of surface and colloid chemistry. The title honors Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The founding editor-in-chief was Arthur W. Adamson.
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Synthesis of the thyroid hormones, as seen on an individual thyroid follicular cell: \- Thyroglobulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and follows the secretory pathway to enter the colloid in the lumen of the thyroid follicle by exocytosis. \- Meanwhile, a sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter pumps iodide (I−) actively into the cell, which previously has crossed the endothelium by largely unknown mechanisms. \- This iodide enters the follicular lumen from the cytoplasm by the transporter pendrin, in a purportedly passive manner. \- In the colloid, iodide (I−) is oxidized to iodine (I0) by an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase. \- Iodine (I0) is very reactive and iodinates the thyroglobulin at tyrosyl residues in its protein chain (in total containing approximately 120 tyrosyl residues).
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Her main research subjects was the study of the capacitance of the double layer of organic molecules of surfactants on a dropping mercury electrode and the study of thin liquid films formed by surfactants. She has over 80 publications, among which academic papers published in: Journal of Electroanalitical Chemistry, Colloid and Polymer Science, Colloids and Surfaces, Langmuir, Electrochimica Acta, J. Coll. Int. Sci., Advances in Colloid Interface Sci., J. Applied Electrochemistry, Soviet Electrochemistry, J. Dispersion Science and Technology, Plating and Surface Finishing, Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, STP Pharma Sciences, etc. In 1999 she received the Abner Brenner Silver Medal and First Time Authors Award of the American Electroplaters & Surface Finishers’ Society for an outstanding paper published in the journal Plating and Surface Finishing.
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Understanding the role of temperature in cooking is an essential part of creating fine cuisine. Temperature plays a vital role in nearly every meal's preparation. Many aspects of cooking rely on the proper treatment of colloids. Things such as sauces, soups, custards, and butters are all created by either creating or destroying a colloid.
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While in Jena, in addition to his academic duties, he worked for several years as a research associate at the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung. He was the author of works in the fields of botany, microscopy and colloid chemistry. He is especially known for his studies involving the submicroscopic structure of birefringent substances of biological origin.
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Light hitting the colloid particles will be scattered. In discussions about light scattering, the converging beam is called a "Tyndall cone". The scene is viewed through an ordinary microscope placed at right angles to the direction of the lightbeam. Under the microscope, the individual particles will appear as small fuzzy spots of light moving irregularly.
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Graphene oxide is non-toxic and biodegradable. Its surface is covered with epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups that interact with cations and anions. It is soluble in water and forms stable colloid suspensions in other liquids because it is amphiphilic (able to mix with water or oil). Dispersed in liquids it shows excellent sorption capacities.
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Simplot (13 March 2011). Retrieved on 24 November 2011. In areas of high pore water pressure, sand and salt water can form quicksand, which is a colloid hydrogel that behaves like a liquid. Quicksand produces a considerable barrier to escape for creatures caught within, who often die from exposure (not from submersion) as a result.
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Colloid cyst symptoms have been associated with four variables: cyst size, cyst imaging characteristics, ventricular size, and patient age. Their developmental origin is unclear, though they may be of endodermal origin, which would explain the mucin-producing, ciliated cell type. These cysts can be surgically resected, and opinion is divided about the advisability of this.
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The exterior of an aethalometer An aethalometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of optically absorbing (‘black’) suspended particulates in a gas colloid stream; commonly visualized as smoke or haze, often seen in ambient air under polluted conditions. The word aethalometer is derived from the Classical Greek verb ‘aethaloun’, meaning ‘to blacken with soot’.
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There are two main types of volume expanders: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin; blood itself is a colloid. There is no evidence that colloids are better than crystalloids in those who have had trauma, burns, or surgery.
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Physical Chemistry (originally the department of Colloid Science led by Eric Rideal) had left the old Cavendish site, subsequently locating as the Department of Physical Chemistry (under RG Norrish) in the then new chemistry building with the Department of Chemistry (led by Lord Todd) in Lensfield Road: both chemistry departments merged in the 1980s.
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Lactated Ringer's solution is another isotonic crystalloid solution and it is designed to match most closely blood plasma. If given intravenously, isotonic crystalloid fluids will be distributed to the intravascular and interstitial spaces. Plasmalyte is another isotonic crystalloid. Blood products, non-blood products and combinations are used in fluid replacement, including colloid and crystalloid solutions.
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Albumin can be used if a large amount of crystalloid is required for resuscitation. Crystalloid solutions shows little difference with hydroxyethyl starch in terms of risk of death. Starches also carry an increased risk of acute kidney injury, and need for blood transfusion. Various colloid solutions (such as modified gelatin) carry no advantage over crystalloid.
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Thickening agents are often used as food additives and in cosmetics and personal hygiene products. Some thickening agents are gelling agents, forming a gel. The agents are materials used to thicken and stabilize liquid solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. They dissolve in the liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure.
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Heat plays a vital role in the life of a colloid as the balance between thermal excitation and molecular interaction can tip the scale in favor of suspension or coagulation and eventually coalescence. In some cases, like sauces that contain cheeses, heating the sauce to too high of a temperature will cause clumping, ruining the sauce.
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An early, and very common, method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles is citrate reduction. This method was first recorded by M. C. Lea, who successfully produced a citrate- stabilized silver colloid in 1889. Citrate reduction involves the reduction of a silver source particle, usually AgNO3 or AgClO4, to colloidal silver using trisodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7.Wojtysiak, Sebastian, and Andrzej Kudelski.
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This is one of five types of epithelial breast cancer: ductal, lobular, medullary, colloid, and tubular. DCIS is less commonly present, and medullary breast cancer tends to have a pushing, rather than infiltrative, border. The tumour presents as a soft, fleshy mass with a pushing border. Tumours commonly possess mutations of E-Cadherin, which results in its overexpression.
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Similar to fibers, nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanoclays, and nanosilicas are being used as composite reinforcement agents. Therefore, the surface energy and surface treatment of these materials has been actively studied by IGC. For instance, IGC has been used to study the surface activity of nanosilica, nanohematite, and nanogeoethite.K. Batko and A. Voelkel, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.
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PVA is used in a variety of medical applications because of its biocompatibility, low tendency for protein adhesion, and low toxicity. Specific uses include cartilage replacements, contact lenses, and eye drops. Polyvinyl alcohol is used as an aid in suspension polymerizations. Its largest application in China is its use as a protective colloid to make polyvinyl acetate dispersions.
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Stanley Stuart (Bob) Davis (born 17 December 1942) is emeritus professor of pharmacy at the University of Nottingham. Davis was born in Warwick, England. He obtained his bachelor's degree in pharmacy from the School of Pharmacy at the University of London in 1964. He remained at the same university to study for a PhD in colloid science (1967).
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Momentum transfer to a free floating double slit: realization of a thought experiment from the Einstein-Bohr debates, Physical Review Letters 111: 103201, 1–5.Wennerstrom, H. (2014). Scattering and diffraction described using the momentum representation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 205: 105–112. this demystification is not recognized or emphasized in many textbooks and journal articles.
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Caramel color is a colloid. Though the primary function of caramel color is for coloration, it also serves additional functions. In soft drinks, it can function as an emulsifier to help inhibit the formation of certain types of "floc" and its light protective quality can aid in preventing oxidation of the flavoring components in bottled beverages.
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The LMIS technique originated in the development of colloid thruster spacecraft propulsion systems. Research beginning in the early 1960s showed that liquid metal can generate large numbers of ions. By the early 1970s, these results spawned the development of LMIS ion microprobes. Initially, in the development of this technique, the liquid metal was supplied by a capillary tube.
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Commonly used colloid solutions include those containing albumin or hyperoncotic starch. Studies examining albumin solutions for resuscitation have not shown improved outcomes, while other studies have shown resuscitation with hyper-oncotic starch leads to increased mortality rate and renal failure. Patients in shock can appear cold, clammy, and cyanotic. Hypothermia increases the mortality rate of patients suffering hypovolemic shock.
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It created a research division in 1961. In the early 1960s the site researched colloid chemistry, surface active phenomena, rheology of dispersions, surface chemistry, fluorescence of dyestuffs, adsorbed films on liquids, germicides, timber technology (for West Africa), and paper chromatography. Organic chemists, physical chemists and physicists worked there. In the 1960s the site was run by Unilever Research.
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The prostatic ducts (or prostatic ductules) open into the floor of the prostatic portion of the urethra, and are lined by two layers of epithelium, the inner layer consisting of columnar and the outer of small cubical cells. Small colloid masses, known as amyloid bodies are often found in the gland tubes. They open onto the prostatic sinus.
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The result of this is a gel with proteins spread out on its surface. These proteins can then be detected by a variety of means, but the most commonly used stains are silver and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. In the former case, a silver colloid is applied to the gel. The silver binds to cysteine groups within the protein.
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As a result, the moving particle creates a dipole moment. The sum of all of the dipoles generates an electric field which is called sedimentation potential. It can be measured with an open electrical circuit, which is also called sedimentation current. There are detailed descriptions of this effect in many books on colloid and interface science.
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It is the main contributor to osmotic pressure of the blood and it functions as a carrier molecule for molecules with low water solubility such as lipid-soluble hormones, enzymes, fatty acids, metal ions, and pharmaceutical compounds.Matejtschuk, P., Dash, C.H., and Gascoigne, E.W. 2000. "Production of human albumin solution: a continually developing colloid". British Journal of Anaesthesia.
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Suspensions of gold nanoparticles of various sizes. The size difference causes the difference in colors. Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of gold in a fluid, usually water. The colloid is usually either an intense red colour (for spherical particles less than 100 nm) or blue/purple (for larger spherical particles or nanorods).
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In retirement he remained active as an occasional lecturer, a journal editor, and a translator of scientific books and articles. He wrote about 300 articles on analytical and organic chemistry, colloid chemistry and chemical history. He knew German well and translated about 20 chemistry books and numerous articles from German. He also translated chemistry articles from French and Dutch.
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Electric sonic amplitude is an electroacoustic phenomenon that is the reverse to colloid vibration current. It occurs in colloids, emulsions and other heterogeneous fluids under the influence of an oscillating electric field. This field moves particles relative to the liquid, which generates ultrasound. Electric sonic amplitude was experimentally discovered by Oja and co-authors in the early 1980s.
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He found work with the Portland Cement Association in Chicago. He became chair of the chemistry department at Clarkson University in 1965 and the first director of the Clarkson Institute of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, retiring in 1973. His first wife died in 1959. In 1961 he married Dalma Hunyadi, a Hungarian-born professor at Clarkson.
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Gold clusters can be obtained in colloid form. Such colloids often occur with a surface coating of alkanethiols or proteins. Such clusters can be used in immunohistochemical staining. Gold metal nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by an intense absorption in the visible region, which enhances the utility of these species for the development of completely optical devices.
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In 1931, together with Henri Devaux, Pockels received the Laura Leonard award from the Colloid Society. In the following year, the Braunschweig University of Technology granted her an honorary PhD. Agnes Pockels primary study was with Surface science; however, she was also interested in chemistry and physics as well. Pockels was an early experimenter with surface science and physics.
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Mooney was born in Kansas City, Missouri.J. H. Dillon (1948) J. Colloid Sci. 4 (3) 187-8 "Introduction of Melvin Mooney as E. C. Bingham Medallist" He achieved an A.B. degree from the University of Missouri in 1917 and a PhD in physics from the University of Chicago in 1923. He worked for the United States Rubber Company.
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In 1933, Melville was elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He also worked at the Colloid Science Laboratory in Cambridge under Eric Rideal, and in 1938 became its Assistant Director of Research. His research during this period was focused on polymers. In 1939, Melville was appointed a professor as Chair of Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen.
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Kuhn: "Origin of life — Symmetry breaking in the universe: Emergence of homochirality" Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 13:3–11 (2008).H. Kuhn: "Is the transition from chemistry to biology a mystery?" Systems Chemistry 1:3 (2010). This genetic apparatus agrees in the basic structure and in the mechanism with the biological multiplication and translation apparatus.
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LISA Pathfinder was assembled by Airbus Defence and Space in Stevenage (UK), under contract to the European Space Agency. It carried a European "LISA Technology Package" comprising inertial sensors, interferometer and associated instrumentation as well as two drag-free control systems: a European one using cold gas micro-thrusters (similar to those used on Gaia), and a US-built "Disturbance Reduction System" using the European sensors and an electric propulsion system that uses ionised droplets of a colloid accelerated in an electric field.Ziemer, J.K.; and Merkowitz, S.M.: “Microthrust Propulsion of the LISA Mission,” AIAA–2004–3439, 40th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Fort Lauderdale FL, July 11–14, 2004. The colloid thruster (or "electrospray thruster") system was built by Busek and delivered to JPL for integration with the spacecraft.
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David A. Weitz (born October 3, 1951) is a Canadian/American physicist and Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics & Applied Physics and professor of Systems Biology at Harvard University. He is the co-director of the BASF Advanced Research Initiative at Harvard, co-director of the Harvard Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, and director of the Harvard Materials Research Science & Engineering Center. He is best known for his work in the areas of diffusing-wave spectroscopy, microrheology, microfluidics, rheology, fluid mechanics, interface and colloid science, colloid chemistry, biophysics, complex fluids, soft condensed matter physics, phase transitions, the study of glass and amorphous solids, liquid crystals, self-assembly, surface-enhanced light scattering, and diffusion-limited aggregation. More recently, his laboratory has developed Force spectrum microscopy, which is capable of measuring random intracellular forces.
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Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 (6), 2000. . Catenas can also develop on low relief hillslopes, but because less potential energy is available the redistribution of mass can be dominated by subsurface flow of plasma, a combination of dissolved and suspended solids in soil water.Bern, C.R., Chadwick, O.A., 2010. "Quantifying colloid mass redistribution in soils and other physical mass transfers".
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Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid. Thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO gene.
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A colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloid particles and fine grained materials analogous to a standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules. A natural example of this phenomenon can be found in the gem opal, where spheres of silica assume a close-packed locally periodic structure under moderate compression.Darragh, P.J., et al., Opal, Scientific American, Vol.
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The schizonts are intrahepatocytic and provoke an hypertrophy of the host cell and its nucleus which remain visible during the entire development of the tissue stage. Schizonts as they mature become very lobulated with abundant colloid which is irregularly distributed. They may reach a maximum size of 350 micrometres. Histiomacrophagic reaction of the surrounding tissue remains moderate before the maturity of the parasite.
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Within the broad field of modern colloid and surface chemistry, his research is mainly concentrated into the following areas: 1\. Self-assembly of bio- inspired surfactants (nucleolipid and ascorbic acid derivatives) and of biomolecules (cyclodextrins) 2\. Core-shell nanostructures with tunable magnetic properties 3\. Inorganic nanophases applied to Cultural Heritage conservation and to nanocoating of materials (building materials, textiles, etc..) 4\.
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I. Stockman, V.M. Shalaev, M. Moskovits, R. Botet, T.F. George, Enhanced Raman scattering by fractal clusters: Scale-invariant theory, Physical Review B, v. 46, pp. 2821–2830 (1992)D.P. Tsai, J. Kovacs, Zh. Wang, M. Moskovits, V.M. Shalaev, J.S. Suh, and R. Botet, Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of Optical Excitations of Fractal Metal Colloid Clusters, Physical Review Letters, v.
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3-Iodotyrosine is an intermediate in the synthesis of thyroid hormones which is derived from iodination of tyrosine at the meta-position of the benzene ring. One unit can combine with diiodotyrosine to form triiodothyronine, as occurs in the colloid of the thyroid follicle. Two units can combine to form 3,3'-diiodothyronine. 3-Iodotyrosine is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Treatment involves administration of large volumes of intravenous fluids, which can become very costly. Antibiotics are often given if deemed appropriate based on the presumed underlying cause and the horse's CBC results. Therapy to help prevent endotoxemia and improve blood protein levels (plasma or synthetic colloid administration) may also be used if budgetary constraints allow. Other therapies include probiotics and anti-inflammatory medication.
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She then studied at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Chicago, and the Harvard Medical School. She received her Ph.D. from Radcliffe College in 1926. She did research on students whilst she both taught and worked in a lab at Mount Holyoke from 1896 until her retirement in 1940. She specialized in colloid osmotic pressure and circulatory reactions to gravity.
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The colloid is subsequently cleaved by proteases to release thyroglobulin from its T3 and T4 attachments. The active forms of thyroid hormone: T3 and T4, are then released into circulation where they are either unbound or attached to plasma proteins, and thyroglobulin is recycled back into the follicular lumen where it can continue to serve as a substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis.
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He is also known for having hotly rejectedD. Maugis, Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids, Springer-Verlag, Solid-State Sciences, Berlin 2000, some of the then-new ideas of adhesion as presented by the Western blocB. V. Derjaguin, V. M. Muller and Y. P. Toporov, "Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles", J. Colloid Interface Sci. 53 (1975), pp.
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Maugis, Adhesion of spheres: The JKR-DMT transition using a Dugdale model, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 150 (1992) 243--269 parameters that quantify which contact model (of the JKR and DMT models) represent adhesive contact better for specific materials. Further advancement in the field of contact mechanics in the mid-twentieth century may be attributed to names such as Bowden and Tabor.
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There are traditional techniques developed during the 20th century in interface and colloid science for characterizing nanomaterials. These are widely used for first generation passive nanomaterials specified in the next section. These methods include several different techniques for characterizing particle size distribution. This characterization is imperative because many materials that are expected to be nano-sized are actually aggregated in solutions.
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Institute laboratories are equipped with HPLC, FTIR, Lyophilizer, UV Spectrophotometer, Rotary Compression Machine, All purpose equipment, Extruder, Spheronizer, Coating machine, Ampoule Filling and Sealing Machine, Dissolution Apparatus, Rapid Mixture Granulator (RMG), Colloid & Multi Mill, Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD),Franz diffusion cell apparatus, Single and double channel Physiograph, Semi-Auto analyzer, Biological Oxygen Demand Incubator (BOD), Flame Photometer, fuming hood, Rotary film evaporator etc.
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A slice of pumpkin pie topped with a whipped cream rose Crème Chantilly Whipped cream is cream that is whipped by a whisk or mixer until it is light and fluffy, or by the expansion of dissolved gas, forming a colloid. It is often sweetened and sometimes flavored with vanilla. Whipped cream is also called Chantilly cream or Crème chantilly ().
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Frederick G. Donnan presumably first used the term aerosol during World War I to describe an aero-solution, clouds of microscopic particles in air. This term developed analogously to the term hydrosol, a colloid system with water as the dispersed medium.Hidy, 1984, p. 5 Primary aerosols contain particles introduced directly into the gas; secondary aerosols form through gas-to-particle conversion.
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Magnesium chloride is very soluble in water. The filtrate is concentrated by evaporation, where more leonite crystallises, which is then recycled to the start of the process, adding more langbeinite or picromerite. Leonite may have been used in an alchemical formula to make "potable gold" around 300 AD in China. This was likely to be a liquid colloid of gold.
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Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 /microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells. For instance, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma is transudate. It results from increased fluid pressures or diminished colloid oncotic forces in the plasma.
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For small particles and low salt, the diffuse layer will extend far beyond the particle, and thus create an exclusion zone around it. Therefore, the surface will be blocked at a much lower coverage than what would be expected based on the RSA model.M. R. Bohmer, E. A. van der Zeeuw, G. J. M. Koper, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 197 (1998) 242-250.
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Particle deposition can be followed by various experimental techniques. Direct observation of deposited particles is possible with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, or the atomic force microscope. Optical microscopy has the advantage that the deposition of particles can be followed in real time by video techniques and the sequence of images can be analyzed quantitatively.Y. Luthi, J. Ricka, J. Colloid Interface Sci.
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Electrokinesis is the particle or fluid transport produced by an electric field acting on a fluid having a net mobile charge. (See -kinesis for explanation and further uses of the -kinesis suffix.) Electrokinesis was first observed by Ferdinand Frederic Reuss during 1808, in the electrophoresis of clay particles Wall, Staffan. "The history of electrokinetic phenomena." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 15.3 (2010): 119-124.
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Rate of reaction is controlled by heat transfer through the temperature gradient from the luminous reacting gas through the bubbles to the intact colloid. Heat transfer (and rate of reaction) is faster if the bubbles are under pressure, because heat transfer is more efficient through smaller bubbles. These propellants may not react satisfactorily at low pressures within the oxygen-deficient atmosphere of a gun barrel.
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Several other isotonic fluids with lower chloride concentrations exist, such as lactated Ringer's solution or PlasmaLyte. These solutions are often referred to as buffered or balanced crystalloids. Some evidence suggests that patients who need large volume resuscitation may have a less renal injury with restrictive chloride strategies and use of balanced crystalloids. Crystalloid solutions are equally as effective and much less expensive than colloid.
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The rate in which these experiments can be performed is rather low because normally colloids have to be pre-glued on an AFM probe. In contrast, the colloid probes can be reversibly attached to the FluidFM probe by underpressure. Therefore, one probe can be used for many experiments and many colloids.2015\. B. R. Simona, L. Hirt, L. Demkó, T. Zambelli, J. Vörös, M. Ehrbar & V. Milleret.
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From the perspective of food chemistry, ice cream is a colloid or foam. The dietary emulsifier plays an important role in ice cream. Soy lecithin and polysorbate are two popular emulsifiers used for ice cream production. A mouse study in 2015 shows that two commonly used dietary emulsifiers carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polysorbate 80 (P80) can potentially cause inflammatory bowel diseases, weight gain, and other metabolic syndromes.
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The Derjaguin model came to be known as the DMT (after Derjaguin, Muller and Toporov) model, and the Johnson et al. model came to be known as the JKR (after Johnson, Kendall and Roberts) model for adhesive elastic contact. This rejection proved to be instrumental in the development of the TaborD. Tabor, The hardness of solids, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 58 (1977) 145-179 and later MaugisD.
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He has been for three decades the Latin American editor of the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology (1985). He has been Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Surfactants and Detergents in the AOCS from 2008 to 2014 and is currently its Editor-in-Chief emeritus. He has been also a member of the Editorial Board of Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science (1996).
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Robert Walter DoyneThe Ophthalmology Hall of Fame (1857–1916) was a British ophthalmologist. Doyne studied medicine in Oxford, Bristol and St George's Hospital in London. In 1886, he founded the Oxford Eye Hospital, and in 1909 became the first president of the Oxford Ophthalmological Congress. In 1899 Doyne discovered colloid bodies lying on Bruch's membrane that appeared to merge, forming a mosaic pattern that resembled a honeycomb.
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Cranberry glass is made in craft production rather than in large quantities, due to the high cost of the gold. The gold chloride is made by dissolving gold in a solution of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (aqua regia). The glass is typically hand blown or molded. The finished, hardened glass is a type of colloid, a solid phase (gold) dispersed inside another solid phase (glass).
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The force required to separate two colloid particles can be measured using optical tweezers. This method uses a focused laser beam to apply an attractive or repulsive force on dielectric micro and nanoparticles. This technique is used with dispersion particles by applying a force which resists depletion forces. The displacement of the particles is then measured and used to find the attractive force between the particles.
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When stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), these secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. They do this by transporting and metabolising the thyroglobulin contained in the colloid. Follicular cells vary in shape from flat to cuboid to columnar, depending on how active they are. ;Parafollicular cells Scattered among follicular cells and in spaces between the spherical follicles are another type of thyroid cell, parafollicular cells.
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This displaced bentonite slurry is then channelled to a recycling unit from which it can subsequently be reused in a new trench elsewhere on the construction site. In addition, because the colloid is relatively impervious to water, a slurry wall can prevent the seepage of groundwater, which is useful in preventing the further spread of groundwater that has been contaminated by toxic material such as industrial waste.
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Crystalloid fluids appear just as good as colloid fluids, and as colloids are more expensive they are not recommended. Blood transfusions are rarely required. They are typically only recommended when the hemoglobin level falls below 60-80 g/L (6-8 g/dL) due to the associated risk of complications. Intravenous catheters may be placed through burned skin if needed or intraosseous infusions may be used.
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In dopaminergic cells in the brain, tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine can then be converted into other catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine.
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This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in which the suspended particles are smaller and do not settle.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Colloids and suspensions are different from solution, in which the dissolved substance (solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent and solute are homogeneously mixed. A suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas is called an aerosol.
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There is an important distinction between transudates and exudates. Transudates are caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or colloid osmotic pressure, not by inflammation. They have a low protein content in comparison to exudates and thus appear clearer.The University of Utah • Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library; WebPath images Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or a Rivalta test can be used to distinguish transudate from exudate.
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Netropsin (shown in space-filling representation) bound to DNA (shown as bonds) Using gel mobility and analytical ultracentrifugation, it was shown that Netropsin binding to DNA increases the twist per base by similar to 9˚ per molecule bound.G. Snounou and A. D. B. Malcolm, J. Mol. Biol. 167 211-216 (1983)H. Triebel, H. Bär, R. Geuther, and G. Burckhardt, Progr. Colloid. Polym. Sci.
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In general, rocket candy propellants are an oxidizer (typically potassium nitrate) and a sugar fuel (typically dextrose, sorbitol, or sucrose) that are cast into shape by gently melting the propellant constituents together and pouring or packing the amorphous colloid into a mold. Candy propellants generate a low-medium specific impulse of roughly 130 s and, thus, are used primarily by amateur and experimental rocketeers.
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LISA Pathfinder is an ESA spacecraft launched in 2015. It does not use ion thrusters as its primary propulsion system, but uses both colloid thrusters and FEEP for precise attitude control – the low thrusts of these propulsion devices make it possible to move the spacecraft incremental distances accurately. It is a test for the possible LISA mission. The mission ended on December 30, 2017.
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A scientist invents the colloid gas — a creation that allows a person to hibernate for a hundred and more years, and wake up in almost the same physical state as when he was falling asleep. The colloid gas is immediately used for commercial purposes by Sam Boulder, who creates a Salvatory system; sheltered deep underground, well-equipped storage facilities of those people who want to go to the future - fleeing from incurable disease, boredom, the threat of nuclear war, or simply because of the desire to "remain an eternal champion". McKinley is a small man, a clerk in one of the advertising bureaus - very fond of children but his dreams of having his own are hampered by an inferiority complex, which manifests itself as a fear of a nuclear war and a world catastrophe. McKinley seeks to escape from the outside world, and from himself.
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Granick was elected Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2015, and Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2016. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is the recipient of numerous international awards, including the APS (American Physical Society) national Prize for Polymer Physics, the ACS (American Chemical Society) national Prize for Surface and Colloid Science, and the Paris-Sciences Medal.
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Crystalline thin-films from non-spherical colloids were produced using convective assembly techniques. Colloid shapes included dumbbell, hemisphere, disc, and sphero-cylinder shapes. Both purely crystalline and plastic crystal phases could be produced, depending on the aspect ratio of the colloidal particle. The low aspect ratio, such as bulge, eye-ball, and snowman-like non-spherical colloids, which spontaneously self-assembled to photonic crystal array with high uniformity.
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There are two electroacoustic effects that are widely used for characterizing zeta potential: colloid vibration current and electric sonic amplitude. There are commercially available instruments that exploit these effects for measuring dynamic electrophoretic mobility, which depends on zeta potential. Electroacoustic techniques have the advantage of being able to perform measurements in intact samples, without dilution. Published and well-verified theories allow such measurements at volume fractions up to 50%.
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Functional principle of CMP The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring. The dynamic polishing head is rotated with different axes of rotation (i.e., not concentric).
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Most prototypes and testing up to now has been done on a wet- nanoFET. This design uses a low surface-tension, low viscosity, and non- conductive liquid to transport and/or store cylindrical particles. These particles are carbon-nano-tubes ranging in size from 1 nm to 100 nm. Issues with this design involve the potential for colloid formation, the liquid vaporizing in space, and the increased space and weight.
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Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis was found in 1975 by Findlay, who observed the condition in patients who used skin lightening creams containing the compound.FINDLAY, G., MORRISON, J. and SIMSON, I. (1975), Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams. British Journal of Dermatology, 93: 613–622. The three clinical stages of exogenous ochronosis are:Dogliotte M, Leibowitz M. "Granulomatous ochronosis – a cosmetic- induced skin disorder in blacks".
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Albumin functions primarily as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones in the blood and plays a major role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume by contributing to oncotic pressure (known also as colloid osmotic pressure) of plasma. Because smaller animals (for example rats) function at a lower blood pressure, they need less oncotic pressure to balance this, and thus need less albumin to maintain proper fluid distribution.
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Crystalloid or colloid solutions such as human serum albumin or plasma protein fraction, are preferable to FFP for volume replacement. For nutritional support, amino acid solutions and dextrose are available.The most important alternative to the use of FFP is a comprehensive program of blood conservation. This includes measures such as intraoperative cell salvage and the realization that in many patients normovolemic anemia is not an indication for transfusion.
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R. Soc. Lond. A 324 (1971) 301-313 This theory was rejected by Boris Derjaguin and co- workersD. Maugis, Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids, Springer- Verlag, Solid-State Sciences, Berlin 2000, who proposed a different theory of adhesionDerjaguin, BV and Muller, VM and Toporov, Y.P., 1975, Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 53(2), pp. 314-326 in the 1970s.
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The term was created by J. M. DallaValle in his book Micromeritics: the technology of fine particles. It was derived from the Greek words for small and part. The size range which he covered in the book was from 10−1 to 105 micrometers. Anything smaller than this but bigger than a molecule was referred to at the time as a colloid but is now often referred to as a nanoparticle.
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Colloid thrusters have also been commercialized by the company Accion Systems. Accion Systems' founder and CEO Natalya Bailey commercialized MIT Space Propulsion Laboratory technology to create the company's TILE (Tiled Ionic Liquid Electrospray) technology. So far, Accion Systems has two thrusters in flight aboard CubeSats: Irvine01 and Irvine02. These two spacecraft are developed by a group of high schools from Irvine, California, as part of the Irvine CubeSat STEM Program.
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Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the intravascular volume, whereas crystalloids also increase the interstitial volume and intracellular volume. However, there is no evidence to support that this results in less mortality than crystalloids. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
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Phospholipids can act as emulsifiers, enabling oils to form a colloid with water. Phospholipids are one of the components of lecithin which is found in egg-yolks, as well as being extracted from soybeans, and is used as a food additive in many products, and can be purchased as a dietary supplement. Lysolecithins are typically used for water-oil emulsions like margarine, due to their higher HLB ratio.
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Ventricular endoscopy is used in the treatment of intraventricular bleeds, hydrocephalus, colloid cyst and neurocysticercosis. Endonasal endoscopy is at times carried out with neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons working together as a team. Repair of craniofacial disorders and disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation is done by neurosurgeons who also occasionally team up with maxillofacial and plastic surgeons. Cranioplasty for craniosynostosis is performed by pediatric neurosurgeons with or without plastic surgeons.
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Manley underwent 15 hours of brain surgery June 21, 2006, to treat a colloid cyst, and is experiencing minor isolated memory loss. He first learned about the cyst in 1986, after he collapsed in a Georgetown department store. His prognosis is for a relatively full recovery, although doctors have said that memory loss is a common side effect of the operation. Manley lives in suburban Washington with his wife and family.
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Extracellular substances, such as free mucin, colloid, and ground substance, are also easily stained, and appear metachromatic. Microbiologic agents, such as bacteria and fungi, also appear more easily in Diff-Quik. The stain can be used to detect Helicobacter pylori, and it may also be used in the evaluation of sperm morphology. Due to its short staining time, Diff-Quik stain is often used for initial screening of cytopathology specimens.
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Fornix damage in humans is rare; a few individuals have had their fornix transected inadvertently during removal of colloid cysts from their third ventricles. Nevertheless this small literature has consistently reported a persistent anterograde amnesia that is indistinguishable from the anterograde amnesia observed after focal hippocampal lesions. Deficits in recall are greater than for recognition, and the deficit is found across all types of material (e.g. visual and verbal) (reviewed by ).
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Normally this would lead to electrostatic repulsions between the molecules, stabilizing the colloid. However, the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) can neutralize these charges, promoting aggregation. Other charged metal ions, such as magnesium and aluminum, are also present in high concentrations in tea, but neither ions partition as well into tea as those of calcium. Glycosylation of the solution is also found to increase solubility of polyphenols while weakening self association.
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The thyroid gland can have variable CT scan findings, such as calcifications, single or multiple nodules, cysts, or diffuse enlargement. Thyroid calcifications on a CT scan can be seen in both benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Sonographic examination of the thyroid can differentiate between micro-calcifications, which are highly associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and eggshell calcifications, which favour a benign process such as colloid cysts (Figs. 1 and and2)2).
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Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup.
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For a colloidal system, the thermodynamic equilibrium state may be reached when the particles are in deep primary minimum. At primary minimum, attractive forces overpower the repulsive forces at low molecular distances. Particles coagulate and this process is not reversible. However, when the maximum energy barrier is too high to overcome, the colloid particles may stay in the secondary minimum, where particles are held together weaker than the primary minimum.
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Butterfat is a triglyceride (fat) formed from fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals.Rolf Jost "Milk and Dairy Products" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. Because it is produced as a food source for the young, all of its contents provide benefits for growth.
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These analogies to amino acids, important constituents of proteins, possessed the quality of complex ligands and medicines. Revut graduated from the university and his diploma was distinguished as one of the best by the union competition of young scientists. Simultaneously he studied contemporaneous English (language and literature) at the same university. Revut took his doctoral degree at the chemical department of Saint Petersburg State University in the area of colloid chemistry and nanotechnology.
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Traditional lignosulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate-based plasticisers disperse the flocculated gypsum particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see Colloid). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are adsorbed on to the gypsum particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. Lignin and naphthalene sulfonate plasticizers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the gypsum particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other.
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She worked in the Irish Centre for Colloid Science and Biomaterials before moving to the University of Birmingham. Her work centres on nanoplastics, which range in size from 1 - 100 nanometers (nm), and microplastics. She specialises in the environmental health and safety implications of engineering nanomaterials and nanoscale plastic waste. She has investigated the impact of water pollution on daphnia (also known as water fleas), specifically looking at how these plastics enter their gut.
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2) that has been purified from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). These act in concert to perforate natural and artificial lipid membranes with high cholesterol and sphingomyelin contents. The complex has a 13-meric rosette-like structure with a central lumen that is ~ 4-5 nm in diameter. The opened transmembrane pore is non-selectively permeable to ions and smaller neutral solutes, and is a cause of cytolysis of a colloid-osmotic type.
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The pressures that favor this movement are blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP). Whether a substance is filtrated or reabsorbed depends on the net filtration pressure (NFP), which is the difference between hydrostatic (BHP and IFHP) and osmotic pressures (IFOP and BCOP). These pressures are known as the Starling forces. If the NFP is positive then there will be filtration, but if it is negative then reabsorption will occur.
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Mānuka honey is produced by European honey bees (Apis mellifera) foraging on the mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), which evidence suggests originated in Australia before the onset of the Miocene aridity. It grows uncultivated throughout both southeastern Australia and New Zealand. Mānuka honey is markedly viscous. This property is due to the presence of a protein or colloid and is its main visually defining character, along with its typical dark cream to dark brown colour.
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Some thickening agents are gelling agents (gellants), forming a gel, dissolving in the liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. Others act as mechanical thixotropic additives with discrete particles adhering or interlocking to resist strain. Thickening agents can also be used when a medical condition such as dysphagia causes difficulty in swallowing. Thickened liquids play a vital role in reducing risk of aspiration for dysphagia patients.
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024 \- epilepsy \- and a great variety of deep-brain and skull base tumors (pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, arachnoid cysts, colloid cysts, cavernomas , hemangioblastomas, chordomas, epidermoids, gliomas, jugular schwannomas, aqueductal stenosis, stenosis of Monro foramen, hippocampal sclerosis). Not only brain, but also spine pathology such as cervical spine fractures, syringomyelia, and sacral nerve root neurinomas have been evaluated. For other uses of the Dextroscope in neurosurgery refer to Shen, M., Zhang, X.-L., Yang, D.-L.
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Vinograd obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Minnesota. From 1931 to 1933 he studied colloid chemistry with Professor Herbert Freundlich at the University of Berlin, and from 1933 to 1935 continued his studies with Freundlich at University College, London. In 1936 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles and obtained a Master of Arts degree in organic chemistry with Professor William G. Young. In 1937 he married Sherna Shalett.
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The can contains water (~80%), butane gas (~17%), surfactant (~1%), and other ingredients including vegetable oil (~2%).BBC World Service Outlook 28'7/14 The story behind football’s magic foam The liquefied butane expands when the product is ejected from the can. The butane evaporates instantly, forming bubbles of gas in the water/surfactant mixture. The surfactant(s) cause the bubbles to have stability and hence a gas-in-liquid colloid (foam) forms.
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While at first the chemical garden may appear to be primarily a toy, some serious work has been done on the subject.Julyan H. E. Cartwright, Juan Manuel García-Ruiz, María Luisa Novella, and Fermín Otálora, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 256, 351–359. For instance, this chemistry is related to the setting of Portland cement, the formation of hydrothermal vents, and during the corrosion of steel surfaces on which insoluble tubes can be formed.
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Patients with third-ventricular colloid cysts become symptomatic when the tumor enlarges rapidly, causing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction, ventriculomegaly, and increased intracranial pressure. Some cysts enlarge more gradually, however, allowing the patient to accommodate the enlarging mass without disruption of CSF flow, and the patient remains asymptomatic. In these cases, if the cyst stops growing, the patient can maintain a steady state between CSF production and absorption and may not require neurosurgical intervention.
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In 1965, Greene joined the Dow Chemical Company's E. C. Britton Research Laboratory in Midland, Michigan. She was the first African-American woman to join the company in a professional position. Dr. Greene served as a Consultant on Polymers issues in the Saran Research Laboratory and the Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex group often utilized her expertise and knowledge. At Dow, she researched colloid and latex chemistry, including interactions between latex and paper.
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This is the result of water draining from the foam and collecting at the bottom. The bubbles at the top of the foam will grow larger as the water leaves and the cell walls or film become too weak and break, forming larger bubbles.Ettelaie, R., Dickinson, E., Du, Z., & Murray, B. S. (2003). Disproportionation of clustered protein-stabilized bubbles at planar air-water interfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 263(1), 47-58.
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Anaplastic astrocytoma, Anaplastic oligodendroglioma, Astrocytoma, Central neurocytoma, Choroid plexus carcinoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Choroid plexus tumor, Colloid cyst, Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, Ependymal tumor, Fibrillary astrocytoma, Giant-cell glioblastoma, Glioblastoma multiforme, Gliomatosis cerebri, Gliosarcoma, Hemangiopericytoma, Medulloblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Meningeal carcinomatosis, Neuroblastoma, Neurocytoma, Oligoastrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Pediatric ependymoma, Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pinealoblastoma, Pineocytoma, Pleomorphic anaplastic neuroblastoma, Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, Primary central nervous system lymphoma, Sphenoid wing meningioma, Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, Subependymoma, Trilateral retinoblastoma.
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Daniel Wayne Armstrong is an American analytical chemist who specializes in separation science, chiral molecular recognition, bioanalytic analysis, mass spectrometry and colloid. He is the Robert A. Welch chair at University of Texas at Arlington. He has authored over 700 publications including 33 book chapters, a book, and holds over 35 patents on separation technologies. He is an associate editor for the prestigious American Chemical Society journal Analytical Chemistry and is a member of the national Academy of Inventors.
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Traditional lignosulfonate-based plasticisers, naphthalene and melamine sulfonate-based superplasticisers disperse the flocculated cement particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see colloid). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are adsorbed on to the cement particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. Lignin, naphthalene, and melamine sulfonate superplasticisers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the cement particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other.
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The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood, a complex mixture with elements of a suspension (blood cells), colloid (globulins), and solutes (glucose and ions). The blood represents both the intracellular compartment (the fluid inside the blood cells) and the extracellular compartment (the blood plasma). The average volume of plasma in the average () male is approximately . The volume of the intravascular compartment is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients, and by reabsorption by the kidneys.
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Hatton holds an honorary professorship at the University of Melbourne and is an adjunct professor at Curtin University in Perth, Australia. He has served as a co- editor of Colloids and Surfaces, and is on the international advisory board of the Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. In 1990, he chaired the Gordon Research Conference on Separation and Purification. In 1999, he co-chaired the 73rd Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, held at MIT, with Paul E. Labinis.
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The properties of HFMs can be characterized using the same techniques commonly used for other types of membranes. The primary properties of interest for HFMs are average pore diameter and pore distribution, measurable via a technique known as porosimetry, a feature of several laboratory instruments used for measuring pore size.A.B. Abell, K.L. Willis and D.A. Lange, "Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry and Image Analysis of Cement-Based Materials", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 211, pp. 39-44 (1999).
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Neuroepithelial cysts, also known as colloid cysts, develop in individuals between the ages of 20 and 50 and is relatively rare in individuals under the age of twenty. The cysts are benign tumors that usually appear in the anterior third ventricle. The cysts occur in the epithelium putting their patients at risk for obstructive hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, and rarely intracystic hemorrhage. This results from the cysts enlarging by causing the epithelium to secrete additional mucinous fluid.
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Thermophoresis in gas mixtures was first observed and reported by John Tyndall in 1870 and further understood by John Strutt (Baron Rayleigh) in 1882.A brief history of thermophoresis studies is in Encyclopedia of Surface And Colloid Science, Volume 2, published by Taylor & Francis, year 2006. John Tyndall's original article in year 1870 is online at Archive.org. Thermophoresis in liquid mixtures was first observed and reported by Carl Ludwig in 1856 and further understood by Charles Soret in 1879.
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Hugo studied chemistry and metallurgy, graduating in May 1911 with the title Diplomingenieur (a degree in engineering) from the Technical University of Berlin. From 1913 he was assistant at the Photochemical Department of the Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut (the Institute of Physical Chemistry) at the University of Leipzig. His dissertation on the subject of the influence of light on colloid systems was published in 1914. He received his Doctorate in Philosophy on January 12, 1915 from the University of Giessen.
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Collaemia was defined as "excess of uric acid in the blood, the uric acid being in some colloid form which obstructs more or less the capillary circulation all over the body." His book Uric Acid went through seven editions in the 1890s and 1900s. Haig's uric-acid free diet (known as Haig's diet) required the elimination of every food containing high amounts of purines that could be metabolized into uric acid.Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè. (2000).
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The concept of sentinel lymph node mapping was popularized by Donald Morton and others. Cancer with various primary sites (breast, melanoma, colorectal, etc.) often metastasize early to the first drainage lymphatic basin. This process is predictable anatomically according to the primary site in the organ and the lymphatic channels. The first nodes (sentinel nodes) can be identified by particulate markers such as lymphazurin, methylene blue, India ink and radio-labelled colloid protein particles injected near the tumor site.
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Vasopressors may be used if blood pressure does not improve with fluids. Crystalloid fluid resuscitation is preferred over colloid solutions for severe volume depletion not due to bleeding. The type of crystalloid used to resuscitate the patient can be individualized based on the patients' chemistries, estimated volume of resuscitation, acid/base status, and physician or institutional preferences. Isotonic saline is hyperchloremic relative to blood plasma, and resuscitation with large amounts can lead to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
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Banana powder is formed by using banana pulp, which is mechanically chopped and then processed with hydraulic shear using a colloid mill, turning it into a paste. Sodium metabisulfite is then used to brighten the yellow color of the paste. The paste is then dried by either spray- or drum-drying, although the latter is more common, because none of the paste is lost while drying. Drum-drying also produces about 2% more powder and dries it more thoroughly.
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Quicksand and a warning sign about it at a gravel quarry in England Thames Quicksand is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. Quicksand forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight. Quicksand can form in standing water or in upward flowing water (as from an artesian spring).
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Homogenizing valve, a method to homogenize at high pressure Milk homogenization is accomplished by mixing large amounts of harvested milk, then forcing the milk at high pressure through small holes. Yet another method of homogenization uses extruders, hammermills, or colloid mills to mill (grind) solids. Milk homogenization is an essential tool of the milk food industry to prevent creating various levels of flavor and fat concentration. Another application of homogenization is in soft drinks like cola products.
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In applied areas, Graham also made fundamental discoveries related to dialysis, a process used in research and industrial settings, as well as in modern health care. Graham's study of colloids resulted in his ability to separate colloids and crystalloids using a so-called "dialyzer", using technology that is a rudimentary forerunner of technology in modern kidney dialysis machines. These studies were foundational in the field known as colloid chemistry, and Graham is credited as one of its founder.
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Together with Staudinger's Nobel Prize in 1953Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953. this new approach led to a reduced interest in biopolymers as colloids in biology, apart from their propensity to form solid crystals for structure determination by X-ray crystallography. Nevertheless, the fields of colloid chemistry and polymer physics continued unabated to characterise the non-stoichiometric interactions occurring during colloidal, liquid crystal and other phase behaviour of macromolecular polymers, particularly synthetic polymers developed for industrial applications.
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Extensive research examines the phase transitions of minerals in soil with aqueous contact.Arthur T. Hubbard, Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science Vol 3, Santa Barbara, California Science Project, Marcel Dekker, New York (2004) Flooding can bring significant sediments to an alluvial plain. While this effect may not be desirable if floods endanger life or if the sediment originates from productive land, this process of addition to a floodplain is a natural process that can rejuvenate soil chemistry through mineralization.
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In 1858, he performed practically the first gastrostomy in England for a case of cancer of the oesophagus. Among his best-known papers were discussions of acupressure, syphilis, hydrophobia, intestinal obstruction, modified obturator hernia, torsion, and colloid cancer of the large intestine; and he published a book on Surgical Diseases of Children in 1860, founded on his experience as surgeon to the hospital for children and women in Waterloo Road. He died suddenly in London on 2 March 1886.
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Gelofusine is a volume expander that is used as a blood plasma replacement if a significant amount of blood is lost due to extreme hemorrhaging, trauma, dehydration, or a similar event. Gelofusine is a 4% w/v solution of succinylated gelatine (also known as modified fluid gelatine) used as an intravenous colloid, and behaves much like blood filled with albumins. As a result, it causes an increase in blood volume, blood flow, cardiac output, and oxygen transportation.
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Pancreatoblastoma is a rare form, mostly occurring in childhood, and with a relatively good prognosis. Other exocrine cancers include adenosquamous carcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, hepatoid carcinomas, colloid carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and undifferentiated carcinomas with osteoclast-like giant cells. Solid pseudopapillary tumor is a rare low-grade neoplasm that mainly affects younger women, and generally has a very good prognosis. Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms are a broad group of pancreas tumors that have varying malignant potential.
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Tyndall scattering, i.e. colloidal particle scattering, is much more intense than Rayleigh scattering due to the bigger particle sizes involved. The importance of the particle size factor for intensity can be seen in the large exponent it has in the mathematical statement of the intensity of Rayleigh scattering. If the colloid particles are spheroid, Tyndall scattering can be mathematically analyzed in terms of Mie theory, which admits particle sizes in the rough vicinity of the wavelength of light.
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An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion should be used when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).
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The "particles" in this application are clusters of protein subunits arranged on a shell. Other realizations include regular arrangements of colloid particles in colloidosomes, proposed for encapsulation of active ingredients such as drugs, nutrients or living cells, fullerene patterns of carbon atoms, and VSEPR theory. An example with long-range logarithmic interactions is provided by the Abrikosov vortices which would form at low temperatures in a superconducting metal shell with a large monopole at the center.
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For most applications, dewetting is an unwanted process, because it destroys the applied liquid film. Dewetting can be inhibited or prevented by photocrosslinking the thin film prior to annealing, or by incorporating nanoparticle additives into the film.Carroll, Gregory T.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (2010) Patterning Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films by Spatially Directed Photocrosslinking Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 351, pp 556-560 Surfactants can have a significant effect on the spreading coefficient.
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The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid is located at the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid.
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In the HEM process, the intense mixing of cement and water with sand provides dissipation and absorption of energy by the mixture and increases shear stresses on the surface of cement particles. As a result, the temperature of the mixture increases by 20–25 degrees Celsius. This intense mixing serves to deepen hydration process inside the cement particles. The nano-sized colloid Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) formation increased several times compared with conventional mixing.
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Having fasted for around four hours before the scan, the patient is given a solid or semi-solid meal, such as scrambled eggs on toast or porridge, which has been prepared with a radiopharmaceutical component. Typically technetium-99m sulphur colloid or DTPA is used. Some studies may also involve a liquid component, which is labelled with indium-111 DTPA. Images are acquired with a gamma camera, initially dynamically and then at intervals for up to 2-3 hours.
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Iodotyrosine deiodinase is located on the apical plasma membrane of the thyroid colloid, where mono- and diiodotyrosine are produced from this breakdown of thyroglobulin. Without iodotyrosine deiodinase activity, the iodide would be excreted with the amino acid tyrosine and thyroid hormone biosynthesis would be reduced. The enzymatic activity of iodotyrosine deiodinase has also been known to exist in the tissues of the liver and kidneys as well; however, the physiological significance of these findings is not yet clear.
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The sediment's freezing promotes an increase in the free water quantity of the sediment and improves the efficiency of sediment precipitation. Most of the moisture is capable of diffusion at any of the conditions. Therefore, if the velocity of crystal growing does not exceed 0.02 m/h, there is time for moisture to migrate from colloid cells to the crystal surface, where it is frozen. After thawing, lightened water can be used for industrial and agriculture applications.
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The cation exchange, that takes place between colloids and soil water, buffers (moderates) soil pH, alters soil structure, and purifies percolating water by adsorbing cations of all types, both useful and harmful. The negative or positive charges on colloid particles make them able to hold cations or anions, respectively, to their surfaces. The charges result from four sources. # Isomorphous substitution occurs in clay during its formation, when lower-valence cations substitute for higher-valence cations in the crystal structure.
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Additional forces beyond the DLVO construct have been reported to also play a major role in determining colloid stability. DLVO theory is not effective in describing ordering processes such as the evolution of colloidal crystals in dilute dispersions with low salt concentrations. It also can not explain the relation between the formation of colloidal crystals and salt concentrations. N. Ise and I. S. Sogami, Structure Formation in Solution: Ionic Polymers and Colloidal Particles, (Springer, New York, 2005).
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The term 'colloid' was coined by Wolfgang Ostwald and defined by Thomas Graham in 1861 to describe the behaviour of certain biological macromolecules (starch, albumin, gelatin, etc) and inorganic molecules as slowly diffusing components of cloudy liquid solution-suspensions that were blocked by semi-permeable membranes, while the physics of phase separation was described by Josiah Willard Gibbs in his landmark paper titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, published in parts between 1875 and 1878. Influenced by Willard Gibbs, important contributions were also made by Johannes Diderik van der Waals, who in 1890 published a treatise on the Theory of Binary Solutions. Glycogen granules in Spermiogenesis in Pleurogenidae (Digenea) The concept of intracellular colloids as an organizing principle for the compartmentalization of living cells dates back to the end of the 19th century, beginning with William Bate Hardy and Edmund Beecher Wilson who described the cytoplasm (then called 'protoplasm') as a colloid. Around the same time, Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr. described the morphology of the nucleolus, an organelle within the nucleus, which has subsequently been shown to form through intracellular phase separation.
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It is made of free ions that move in the fluid under the influence of electric attraction and thermal motion rather than being firmly anchored. It is thus called the "diffuse layer". Interfacial DLs are most apparent in systems with a large surface area to volume ratio, such as a colloid or porous bodies with particles or pores (respectively) on the scale of micrometres to nanometres. However, DLs are important to other phenomena, such as the electrochemical behaviour of electrodes.
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He was the director of the Princeton Materials Institute, and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as the Dean of the Graduate School of Princeton University for 12 years before retiring in 2014. Russel is known for his significant contribution to the study of surface and colloid chemistry, and is published widely in these scientific fields. He was awarded the Bingham Medal in 1999 by the Society of Rheology.
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The addition of "peptising" substances (i.e. substances that break up and separate the clay particles and prevent them from coagulating again) can further reduce particle size. Such substances include caustic soda (NaOH), ammonia (NH3), potash (K2CO3) and polyphosphates such as calgon (NaPO3)6: these attach themselves to the clay particles with strong hydrogen bonds and thus prevent them, in a similar way to tensides, from rejoining and coagulating again. In other words, the clay particles are now in a state of colloid suspension.
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Peter Petrovich von Weymarn (commonly mis-spelt von Weimarn) (July 17, 1879 - June 2, 1935) was a Russian chemist born in St. Petersburg known for his groundwork in colloid science. In 1906 he stated the von Weymarn law: Colloidal dispersions are obtained from very dilute or very concentrated solutions but not from intermediate solutions. The relative supersaturation ratio herein is defined by S=(Q-L)/L (where Q is the amount of the dissolved material and L is its solubility).
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Literature distinguishes two major mechanisms of solubilization process of oil by surfactant micelles, affecting the kinetics of solubilization:P. D. Todorov, P. A. Kralchevsky, N. D. Denkov, G. Broze, and A. Mehreteab, "Kinetics of Solubilization of n-Decane and Benzene by Micellar Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 245, 371–382 (2002), surface reaction, i.e., by transient adsorption of micelles at the water-oil interface, and bulk reaction, whereby the surfactant micelles capture dissolved oil molecules.
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The sol-gel process is used to create gel-like solutions which can be applied to textiles as a liquid finish to create nanofabrics with novel properties. The process begins with dissolving nanoparticles in a liquid solvent (often an alcohol). Once dissolved, several chemical reactions take place that cause the nanoparticles to grow and establish a network throughout the liquid. The network transforms the solution into a colloid (a suspension of solid particles in a liquid) with a gelatinous texture.
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DLVO theory describes the interaction potential between charged surfaces. It is the sum of electrostatic double layer, which can be either attractive of repulsive, and attractive Van der Waals interactions of the charge surfaces. DLVO theory is applied widely in explaining the aggregation and deposition of colloidal and nano particles such as Fullerene C60 in aquatic system. Because bacteria and colloid particles both share the similarities in size and surface charge, the deposition of bacteria also can be describe by the DLVO theory.
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The thyroxin hormones are essential for human health, hence the usefulness of iodized salt. Six mg of iodide a day can be used to treat patients with hyperthyroidism due to its ability to inhibit the organification process in thyroid hormone synthesis, the so-called Wolff–Chaikoff effect. Prior to 1940, iodides were the predominant antithyroid agents. In large doses, iodides inhibit proteolysis of thyroglobulin, which permits TH to be synthesized and stored in colloid, but not released into the bloodstream.
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Though the exact cause of shear thinning is not fully understood, it is widely regarded to be the effect of small structural changes within the fluid, such that microscale geometries within the fluid rearrange to facilitate shearing. In colloid systems, phase separation during flow leads to shear thinning. In polymer systems such as polymer melts and solutions, shear thinning is caused by the disentanglement of polymer chains during flow. At rest, high molecular weight polymers are entangled and randomly oriented.
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Fluid is push out through the intercellular cleft at the arterial end of the capillary because that's where the pressure is the highest. However, most of this fluid returns into the capillary at the venous end, creating capillary fluid dynamics. Two opposing forces achieve this balance; hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, using the intercellular clefts are fluid entrances and fluid exits4. In addition, the size of the intercellular clefts and pores in the capillary will influence this fluid exchange.
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Photograph of a meniscus of polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solution showing a fibre drawn from a Taylor cone by the process of electrospinning. A Taylor cone refers to the cone observed in electrospinning, electrospraying and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage. Aside from electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry, the Taylor cone is important in field-emission electric propulsion (FEEP) and colloid thrusters used in fine control and high efficiency (low power) thrust of spacecraft.
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Furthermore, it was found that CB causes the disorganization of the 50Å microfilaments of mouse epithelial cells which causes the cells to lose their shape. It also affects the appearance of young glands in cells and new gland formation in other cells. Another group found that CB inhibits the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis by decomposition of the contractile ring. Research from 1971 showed that CB interferes with the release of iodine derived from thyroglobulin and blocks colloid endocytosis.
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The thyroid hormones are created from thyroglobulin. This is a protein within the colloid in the follicular lumen that is originally created within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of follicular cells and then transported into the follicular lumen. Thyroglobulin contains 123 units of tyrosine, which reacts with iodine within the follicular lumen. Iodine is essential for the production of the thyroid hormones. Iodine (I0) travels in the blood as iodide (I−), which is taken up into the follicular cells by a sodium-iodide symporter.
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Thyroid nodules are often found on the gland, with a prevalence of 4–7%. The majority of nodules do not cause any symptoms, thyroid hormone secretion is normal, and they are non-cancerous. Non-cancerous cases include simple cysts, colloid nodules, and thyroid adenomas. Malignant nodules, which only occur in about 5% of nodules, include follicular, papillary, medullary carcinomas and metastases from other sites Nodules are more likely in females, those who are exposed to radiation, and in those who are iodine deficient.
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Many prominent Russian chemists began their career and/or worked there. Among them are Nikolay Zinin, Alexey Favorsky, Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev, Dmitry Konovalov, Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev, Vyacheslav Tishchenko, Vladimir Ipatieff, Nikolay Semyonov, Boris Nikolsky, Mikhail Shultz. In the Soviet era, the Department of Chemistry continued to grow with new divisions: colloid chemistry (1939), electrochemistry (1940), chemistry of macromolecular compounds (1944), radiochemistry (1945), physical organic chemistry (1946), theory of solutions (1950), chemistry of natural compounds (1963), quantum chemistry (1967), solid state chemistry (1978).
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The above are examples of the buffering of soil pH. The general principal is that an increase in a particular cation in the soil water solution will cause that cation to be fixed to colloids (buffered) and a decrease in solution of that cation will cause it to be withdrawn from the colloid and moved into solution (buffered). The degree of buffering is often related to the CEC of the soil; the greater the CEC, the greater the buffering capacity of the soil.
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There it mixed with silica and iron from the weathering of the then- recent igneous rocks, forming a plastic colloid. When lava next flowed over it, the heat and pressure transformed the muddy mixture. As water escaped it in the form of superheated steam, pressure variations resulted in flexation and many short fluctuating changes, reflected in the jasper's many thin, parallel bands. The hydrothermal reaction progressed as a shock wave through the mud, removing iron from it and depositing the iron as intertwining bands of limonite.
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The radioactive properties of 99mTc can be used to identify the predominant lymph nodes draining a cancer, such as breast cancer or malignant melanoma. This is usually performed at the time of biopsy or resection.99mTc-labelled isosulfan blue dye is injected intradermally around the intended biopsy site. The general location of the sentinel node is determined with the use of a handheld scanner with a gamma-sensor probe that detects the technetium-99m–labeled sulfur colloid that was previously injected around the biopsy site.
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The streaming vibration current was experimentally observed in 1948 by Williams. A theoretical model was developed some 30 years later by Dukhin and others.Dukhin, S.S., Mischuk, N.A., Kuz'menko, B.B and Il'in, B.I. "Flow current and potential in a high-frequency acoustic field" Colloid J., 45, 5, 875-881,1983 This effect opens another possibility for characterizing the electric properties of the surfaces in porous bodies. A similar effect can be observed at a non-porous surface, when sound is bounced off at an oblique angle.
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If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormones. The lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre; see goitre). This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.
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Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Garnovskii graduated from the Chemical Faculty of Rostov State University in 1956. In 1961—1979 he also worked there; since 1974 he was a Professor of the Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry of the RSU. In 1979—1983 he was the head of the Department of Chemistry of Rostov Institute of Agricultural Engineering (now Don State Technical University). Since 1983 he was the head of the Department of Chemistry of Coordination Compounds of the Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of the RSU.
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Thyroid follicular adenoma ranges in diameter from 3 cm on an average, but sometimes is larger (up to 10 cm) or smaller. The typical thyroid adenoma is solitary, spherical and encapsulated lesion that is well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma. The color ranges from gray-white to red- brown, depending upon # the cellularity of the adenoma # the colloid content. Areas of hemorrhage, fibrosis, calcification, and cystic change, similar to what is found in multinodular goiters, are common in thyroid (follicular) adenoma, particularly in larger lesions.
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Damage to the mammillary bodies due to thiamine deficiency is implied in pathogenesis of Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Symptoms include impaired memory, also called anterograde amnesia, suggesting that the mammillary bodies may be important for memory. Lesions of the medial dorsal and anterior nuclei of the thalami and lesions of the mammillary bodies are commonly involved in amnesic syndromes in humans. Mammillary body atrophy is present in several other conditions, such as colloid cysts in the third ventricle, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, heart failure, and sleep apnea.
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Thyroid follicular cells form a simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical thyroid follicles surrounding a fluid filled space known as the colloid. The interior space formed by the follicular cells is known as the follicular lumen. The basolateral membrane of follicular cells contains thyrotropin receptors which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) found circulating in the blood. Calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells are also found along the basement membrane of the thyroid follicle, interspersed between follicular cells; and in spaces between the spherical follicles.
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The 26 year old sailed on the Marine Tiger from Southampton to New York on 30 August 1947. He had a successful year, resulting in his contributing to a paper on Raman spectra and rotational isomerism. Sheppard returned to the UK on the Queen Mary in September 1948 and re-joined Sutherland’s group in the Department of Colloid Science. He later became a member of the Spectroscopic Panel of the Institute of Petroleum, and received funding over three years, sufficient to set up a research group.
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Elmer Kraemer's scientific career was prematurely cut short by his unexpected and quick death from a cerebral hemorrhage, on Sept. 7, 1943, at St. Joseph's Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, while he was attending a luncheon at the 106th meeting of the American Chemical Society. A short newspaper article called Dr. Kraemer an "internationally known colloidal chemist" who "was internationally recognized as an outstanding investigator in the field of colloid chemistry." Kraemer was survived by his wife Huldah Florence Kraemer and his two sons Herbert and Paul Kraemer.
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At heightened temperatures, the hydration process moves more rapidly and the formation of the Calcium Silicate Hydrate crystals is more rapid. The formation of the gel and colloid is more rapid and the rate of diffusion of the gel is also higher. However, the reaction being more rapid leaves lesser time for the hydration products to arrange suitably, hence the later age strength or the final compressive strength attained is lower in comparison to normally cured concrete. This has been termed as the crossover effect.
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Dilatancy in a colloid, or its ability to order in the presence of shear forces is dependent on the ratio of interparticle forces. As long as interparticle forces such as Van der Waals forces dominate, the suspended particles remain in ordered layers. However, once shear forces dominate, particles enter a state of flocculation and are no longer held in suspension; they begin to behave like a solid. When the shear forces are removed, the particles spread apart and once again form a stable suspension.
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Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. Volume 314, Issue 1, 1 October 2007, Pages 184–198 Like triply periodic minimal surfaces there has been interest in periodic CMC surfaces as models for block copolymers where the different components have a nonzero interfacial energy or tension. CMC analogs to the periodic minimal surfaces have been constructed, producing unequal partitions of space.D. M. Anderson, H. T. Davis, L. E. Scriven, J. C. C. Nitsche, Periodic Surfaces of Prescribed Mean Curvature in Advances in Chemical Physics vol 77, eds.
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He then worked in the explosives department of the Ministry of Munitions, and gained first-hand knowledge of modern methods for manufacturing heavy chemicals. He was appointed by Jesus College as a Research Fellow and Lecturer in Chemistry in 1919, later becoming an Official Fellow and Tutor. He also held the college offices of Librarian, Junior Bursar and Senior Bursar. Within the university, he took charge of colloid chemistry and was appointed by Oxford University as one of its representatives on Oxford City Council.
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Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. Most common cause of solitary thyroid nodule is benign colloid nodules and second most common cause is follicular adenoma.Schwartz 7th/e page 1679,1678 Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, "enlarged thymus", acne vulgaris, or current indications such as Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 μm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of sand, silt and less than 40% clay are called loam.
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Currently, propellants using nitrocellulose (detonation velocity , RE factor 1.10) (typically an ether-alcohol colloid of nitrocellulose) as the sole explosive propellant ingredient are described as single-base powder. Propellants mixtures containing nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin (detonation velocity , RE factor 1.54) as explosive propellant ingredients are known as double-base powder. Alternatively diethylene glycol dinitrate (detonation velocity , RE factor 1.17) can be used as a nitroglycerin replacement when reduced flame temperatures without sacrificing chamber pressure are of importance. Reduction of flame temperature significantly reduces barrel erosion and hence wear.
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In addition, the polymers themselves became discoloured and brittle. By the mid-1990s, laser cleaning was established for stone and started to be used for other materials such as gilded bronzes and frescoes. A major breakthrough came when an Italian physicist at the National Research Council Institute of Applied Physics in Florence, Salvatore Siano, developed a method that used even shorter pulses, of only micro- to nanosecond duration. Another major innovation in the last decade is the use of colloid science and nanotechnology in conservation.
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Varying the balance of these factors affects the size of bubbles, the foam dissipation rate, and the volume of foam. Microfoam may be represented simply as a metastable liquid-gas colloid of milk and air, consisting of gaseous bubbles suspended in the liquid milk. In reality, the suspension is more complex because milk consists of two different colloids itself - an emulsion of fat and a sol of protein. In fact, these two colloids are what enable milk to form such a mechanically strong foam which does not collapse under its own weight.
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According to the most recent revision (2004) of the World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification system for lung tumors ("WHO2004"), currently the most widely recognized typing scheme for pulmonary neoplasia, MCACL is considered a distinctive variant of adenocarcinoma. Informally, some experts have included these tumors as a distinct variant among a spectrum of mucus- producing adenocarcinomas, including — in order of increasing relative extent of cellular mucus production and extracellular mucus accumulation — solid adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, signet ring cell adenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and mucinous "colloid" adenocarcinoma.
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There have been no controlled studies regarding this treatment. Additionally, fresh frozen plasma and human albumin transfusions can help replace the extreme protein losses seen in severe cases and help assure adequate tissue healing. However, this is controversial with the availability of safer colloids such as Hetastarch, as it will also increase the colloid osmotic pressure without the ill effect of predisposing that canine patient to future transfusion reaction. Once the dog can keep fluids down, the IV fluids are gradually discontinued, and very bland food slowly introduced.
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He made the first measurements of polymer surface diffusion in the key limit of dilute concentration and he identified the important class of physical problems where diffusion is anomalous yet Brownian. His laboratory became interested in many instances of molecular mobility measured at the single-molecule level, including active matter and transport in living cells. The other principal current area of Granick's research concerns Janus colloidal particles, their self-assembly at rest and driven outside equilibrium. The scientific importance is to understand natural selection in the colloid world.
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A report by Janisch and Nauhaus on Schumann's autopsy indicates that he had a "gelatinous" tumor at the base of the brain; it may have represented a colloid cyst, a craniopharyngioma, a chordoma, or a chordoid meningioma. In particular, meningiomas are known to produce musical auditory hallucinations such as Schumann reported. It has also been hypothesised that he suffered from schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder; bipolar type,Yasmeen Cooper and Mark Agius, "Does Schizoaffective Disorder Explain the Mental Illness of Robert Schumann and Vincent Van Gogh?", Psychiatria Danubina, 2018; Vol.
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The urethral or periurethral glands (also Littre glands after Alexis Littré) are glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. Urethral glands produce a colloid secretion containing glycosaminoglycans; this secretion protects the epithelium against urine.Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology By Radivoj V. Krstić, page 382 Untreated urethritis can lead to infection of the urethral glands, which can in turn result in impeding urethral strictures.
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Viktor Aleksandrovich Kogan was born on 9 August 1936. In 1959 he graduated from the Chemical Faculty of Rostov State University. Since 1962 he worked at the RSU; since 1978 he was a Professor, in 1983—2014 he was the Head of the Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry of the RSU (now Southern Federal University). His main scientific works are devoted to the chemistry of coordination complex of transition metals with polyfunctional organic ligands, magnetochemistry of bi-and polynuclear exchange clusters — complexes of transition metals with hydrazones and Schiff bases.
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Since the capillary fluid is constantly and rapidly renewed by the flow of the blood, its composition dominates the equilibrium concentration that is achieved in the capillary bed. This ensures that the watery environment of the body's cells is always close to their ideal environment (set by the body's homeostats). A small proportion of the solution that leaks out of the capillaries is not drawn back into the capillary by the colloid osmotic forces. This amounts to between 2-4 liters per day for the body as a whole.
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Solubilization is distinct from dissolution because the resulting fluid is a colloidal dispersion involving an association colloid. This suspension is distinct from a true solution, and the amount of the solubilizate in the micellar system can be different (often higher) than the regular solubility of the solubilizate in the solvent. In non-chemical literature and in everyday language, the term "solubilization" is sometimes used in a broader meaning as "to bring to a solution or (non-sedimenting) suspension" by any means, e.g., leaching by a reaction with an acid.
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When synthesized to have alternating regions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers, copolymers can stabilize the suspension because their hydrophobic group adsorbs strongly to the colloid surface while the hydrophilic group is attracted to the solvent. In general, the adsorption of polymers to clay surfaces is entropically favored because one polymer molecule displaces many water molecules which were previously bound to the soil particle. Polymer and clay particle suspensions have been used to understand the mechanism of this steric stabilization in soils. Consider a homopolymer adsorbed to the surfaces of clay particles in suspension.
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Problems were encountered due to the high operating temperatures and pressures and the corrosive nature of the chemicals. In 1946, under new funding arrangements, the work moved to the Department of Colloid Science at Cambridge University. There Bacon's team were shown a sample of porous nickel sheet whose origins were so obscure they were protected by the Official Secrets Act. They used this sheet to develop electrodes with large pores on the gas side and finer ones on the electrolyte side, which created a much more stable interface than had existed previously.
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Freundlich's main works dealt with the coagulation and stability of colloidal solutions. His most prominent student was Robert Havemann who became a well known colloid chemist of the German Democratic Republic. His work is of continuing importance, with his 1907 paper "Über die Adsorption in Lösungen" (On adsorption in solutions) becoming highly cited at the beginning of the 21st century. This early paper was based on his habilitation thesis written in Leipzig under the guidance of Wilhelm Ostwald, and was heavily based on the work of Sten Lagergren.
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The ultrasound (US) features of struma ovarii are nonspecific, but a heterogeneous, predominantly solid mass may be seen. US demonstrates a complex appearance with multiple cystic and solid areas, findings that reflect the gross pathologic appearance of the tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging findings may be more characteristic: The cystic spaces demonstrate both high and low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images. Some of the cystic spaces may demonstrate low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images due to the thick, gelatinous colloid of the struma.
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Because lowered blood pressure in septic shock contributes to poor perfusion, fluid resuscitation is an initial treatment to increase blood volume. Patients demonstrating sepsis-induced hypoperfusion should be initially resuscitated with at least 30 ml/kg of intravenous crystalloid within the first three hours. Crystalloids such as normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution are recommended as the initial fluid of choice, while the use of colloid solutions such as hydroxyethyl starch have not shown any advantage or decrease in mortality. When large quantities of fluids are given, administering albumin has shown some benefit.
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As sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is one of field flow fractionation separation techniques, it is appropriate for fractionation and characterization of particulate materials and soluble samples in the colloid size range. Differences in interaction between a centrifugal force field and particles with different masses or sizes lead to the separation. An exponential distribution of particles of a certain size or weight is results due to the Brownian motion. Some of the assumptions to develop the theoretical equations include that there is no interaction between individual particles and equilibrium can occur anywhere in separation channels.
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While there he wrote a book, Heat and Thermodynamics (1928). His position at the National Physical Laboratory could not be held for this long, but on his return to England in 1928 he became a Moseley Research Student of the Royal Society at the Cavendish Laboratory. He became interested in functioning of the Pirani gauge, with which he investigated the thermal conductivities of gases, and of the heat conveyed to a gas by a hot wire. In 1933 he joined the Colloid Science Laboratory at Cambridge as its assistant director of research.
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A facile process for producing supercages was reported, and a demonstration of their intrinsic peroxidase-mimicry. A scaffolded "INAzyme" ("integrated nanozyme") arrangement was described, locating hemin (a peroxidase mimic) with glucose oxidase (GOx) in sub-micron proximity, providing a fast and efficient enzyme cascade reported as monitoring cerebral brain-cell glucose dynamically in vivo. A method of ionising hydrophobe- stabilised colloid nanoparticles was described, with confirmation of their enzyme mimicry in aqueous dispersion. Field trials were announced of an MNP- amplified rapid low-cost strip test for Ebola virus, in West Africa.
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The degree of polymerization of polyvinyl acetate is typically 100 to 5000, while its ester groups are sensitive to base hydrolysis and slowly convert PVAc into polyvinyl alcohol and acetic acid. The glass transition temperature of polyvinyl acetate is between 30 and 45 °C depending on the molecular weight. PVAc emulsions such as Elmer's Glue-All contain polyvinyl alcohol as a protective colloid. In alkaline conditions, boron compounds such as boric acid or borax cause the polyvinyl alcohol to cross-link, forming tackifying precipitates or toys, such as Slime and Flubber.
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Lewis was promoted to associate professor in 1997 and to professor in 2003. In 2002, she co-edited the book Polymers in Particulate Systems: Properties and Applications to which she also contributed a chapter titled "Colloid-filled Polymer Gels: a Novel Approach to Ceramics Fabrication". In 2006 Lewis was named interim director and subsequently became director of UIUC's Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory in 2007. In 2013 she moved to Harvard University as Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering in Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
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Depletion forces in colloid-polymer mixtures drive colloids to form aggregates that are densely packed locally. This local dense packing is also observed in colloidal systems without polymer depletants. Without polymer depletants the mechanism is similar, because the particles in dense colloidal suspension act, effectively, as depletants for one another This effect is particularly striking for anisotropically shaped colloidal particles, where the anisotropy of the shape leads to the emergence of directional entropic forces that are responsible for the ordering of hard anisotropic colloids into a wide range of crystal structures.
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Rappal Sangameswaran Krishnan (23 September 1911 – 2 October 1999) was an Indian experimental physicist and scientist. He was the Head of the department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Science and the vice chancellor of the University of Kerala. He is known for his pioneering researches on colloid optics and a discovery which is now known as Krishnan Effect. He was a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and the Institute of Physics, London and a recipient of the C. V. Raman Prize.
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Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (2009), 336(2), 766-772. CODEN: JCISA5 . AN 2009:776584 Yin, Shouchun; Wang, Chao; Song, Bo; Chen, Senlin; Wang, Zhiqiang. Self-Organization of a Polymerizable Bolaamphiphile Bearing a Diacetylene Group and L-Aspartic Acid Group. Langmuir (2009), 25(16), 8968-8973. CODEN: LANGD5 . CAN 151:173915 AN 2009:383258 Wang, H.; Li, M.; Xu, Z.; Qiao, W.; Li, Z. Interfacial tension of unsymmetrical bolaamphiphile surfactant in surfactant/alkali/crude oil systems. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects (2008), 30(16), 1442-1450.
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Stine lobbied DuPont management for a budget exclusively devoted to speculative research.Susannah Handley, Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution (Johns Hopkins University Press 1999) In 1930, he succeeded in obtaining a $300,000 annual allocation, and focused with Carothers on colloid chemistry and the development of polymers. Outcomes of the long range research included a synthetic, chloroprene rubber, but the most notable invention came in 1938 with the invention of nylon.DuPont Heritage: Charles M.A. Stine Among his awards were the Perkin Medal in 1940 and the Lavoisier Medal for Technical Achievement in 1997.
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Equilibrium gel is similar to any gel in the way that it is a colloid in which the disperse phase has combined with the dispersion medium to produce a semisolid material. The difference with equilibrium gel is that it will not separate over time into two separate phase like all other gels. In a study taking place over seven years, scientist concluded that colloidal clays at slightly higher concentrations evolved reversibly and continuously from the empty liquid state to an arrested structure. From this observed properties the name equilibrium gel was derived.
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In the mid 1990s colloid scientist Piero Baglioni came up with a microemulsion: a clear mixture of organic solvent and water, stabilised with a surfactant that sits at the interface between the water and organic phases. Another unusual method of cleaning frescoes is with the use of specific types of bacteria to remove inorganic crusts and animal glues from frescoes. Because bacteria can produce a whole host of enzymes they can deal with complex cleaning problems, metabolising organic and inorganic matter into hydrogen sulfide, molecular nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
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Drusen were initially described by Franciscus Donders who called them "Colloidkugeln" (colloid spheres). Later, Heinrich Müller named them for the German word for geode, based on their glittering appearance. In view of their location between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and its vascular supply, the choriocapillaris, it is possible that drusen deprive the RPE and photoreceptor cells of oxygen and nutrients. In some cases, drusen develop above the so-called pillars of the choriocapillaris that is the area between two micro vessels; although important variations are observed between different subtypes of AMD.
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During this time, she was conducting research with Shilov and published influential papers on electrode potentials and also on the regularity of surface adhesions of gases. Throughout the 1920s, she made several trips to Germany to study in labs there with Nobel Prize winner Fritz Haber, Max Bodenstein, Wolfgang Ostwald and others. In 1930, she left her position with the NCI but continued to teach and research at the Technical School. Liepiņa joined the new Military Academy for Chemical Protection in 1932, where she became head of the colloid chemistry department.
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Dr Mukherjee was able to foresee how basic soil colloid studies could be of help in understanding many of the soil properties and problems. He brought to use in the study of the soil all the tools and techniques he had been developing and improving through years of patient research. In 1942, with N.C. Sen Gupta, he developed a simple rotary viscometer for the study of anomalous viscous properties. In 1944, he developed the method of differentiation of crude oils based on chromatography capillary analysis and fluorescence in UV light.
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Scott Blair was born 23 July 1902, in WeybridgeThe Scott Blair Collection and went to Winchester College.P. Sherman (1988) Rheologica Acta, vol 27, no 1 pp 1-2 Obituary He studied chemistry at Trinity College, Oxford receiving a BA in 1923.The Times, October 19, 1923, p 15 "University News: Degrees at Oxford" He began work as a colloid chemist, studying flour suspensions which led to a series of papers on baker's dough. In 1926 he joined the Rothamsted Experimental Station, where the focus was on soil science.
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Haemaccel (a registered trademark) is a type of intravenous colloid used in the prevention or treatment of shock associated with reduction in effective circulating blood volume due to hemorrhage, loss of plasma (burns, peritonitis, pancreatitis, crush injuries), or loss of water and electrolytes from persistent vomiting and diarrhea. Haemaccel contains degraded gelatin. It is used as an alternative to human albumin solution (HAS) and starch in supportive treatment of ascites following the procedure of paracentesis. Polygelin is excreted via the kidneys and has a plasma half-life of three to six hours.
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Grinstein, L. S.; Rose, R. K.; Rafailovich, M. H. Women in Chemistry and Physics Westport 1993 At the USDA she worked in the Intravenous Fat Program of the OilSeed Laboratory, and in 1955 she was promoted to project leader. In 1958 she was promoted to acting head of the Colloid Cotton Chemical Laboratory, and in 1959 she became the research leader of the Physical Chemistry Research Group of the Cotton Reaction Laboratory. Benerito completed a postdoc in 1972 in biophysics at Tulane University. Still at Tulane, she was an adjunct professor from 1960 to 1981.
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The chemistry of a soil determines its ability to supply available plant nutrients and affects its physical properties and the health of its living population. In addition, a soil's chemistry also determines its corrosivity, stability, and ability to absorb pollutants and to filter water. It is the surface chemistry of mineral and organic colloids that determines soil's chemical properties. A colloid is a small, insoluble particle ranging in size from 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer, thus small enough to remain suspended by Brownian motion in a fluid medium without settling.
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A low pH may cause hydrogen of hydroxyl groups to be pulled into solution, leaving charged sites on the colloid available to be occupied by other cations. This ionisation of hydroxyl groups on the surface of soil colloids creates what is described as pH-dependent surface charges. Unlike permanent charges developed by isomorphous substitution, pH-dependent charges are variable and increase with increasing pH. Freed cations can be made available to plants but are also prone to be leached from the soil, possibly making the soil less fertile.
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After his MD, he worked at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts from 1960 to 1962, and the US Air Force 10th Tac. Hospital in Alconbury, England from 1962 to 1963. He then worked as a research fellow in colloid science at the University of Cambridge from 1963 to 1964 before returning to Boston, where he was also a teaching and research fellow at Harvard University. He worked at the National Institutes of Health from 1965 to 1968, and then joined the University of California, San Diego where he was assistant professor, promoted to associate professor in 1973 and professor in 1981.
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Electron micrograph of core-shell nanoparticles, which comprise dark silver cores and light silica shells In this method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water by sonication and mixed with silver colloid particles. Active stirring ensures the PVP has adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface. Centrifuging separates the PVP coated nanoparticles which are then transferred to a solution of ethanol to be centrifuged further and placed in a solution of ammonia, ethanol and Si(OEt4) (TES). Stirring for twelve hours results in the silica shell being formed consisting of a surrounding layer of silicon oxide with an ether linkage available to add functionality.
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2, page.3.208, 1995 Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A. and Schowalter, W.R. "Colloidal Dispersions", Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dukhin, A. S. and Goetz, P. J. Characterization of liquids, nano- and micro- particulates and porous bodies using Ultrasound, Elsevier, 2017 Hunter, R.J. "Foundations of Colloid Science", Oxford University Press, 1989 There is an IUPAC Technical Report prepared by a group of world experts on the electrokinetic phenomena. From the instrumental viewpoint, there are three different experimental techniques: microelectrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering, and tunable resistive pulse sensing. Microelectrophoresis has the advantage of yielding an image of the moving particles.
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The Faculty offers Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. programs. ;Departments # Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants # Organic and Petroleum Chemistry # Gas Chemistry # Oil Processing Technologies # General and Inorganic Chemistry # Physical and Colloid Chemistry # Technology of Chemicals for Oil and Gas Industry # Industrial Ecology # R&D; Institute of Field Production Chemistry Professor Tonkonogov is corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences (2007), author of over 100 scientific works and inventions. Professor Tonkonogov gives lectures on the theory of chemical and technological processes of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis; theoretical foundations of chemical engineering of fuel energy and carbon materials; technology of production.
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The Department of Technology of Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry does research in the field of development of drilling fluids, technologies for enhanced oil recovery and oil production intensification. The Department of Organic and Petroleum Chemistry trains specialists in the fields of hydrocarbon chemistry, heteroatomic and high-molecular compounds of petroleum, as well as their thermal and thermo-catalytic transformations. The Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry students explore chemical phenomena using theoretical and experimental methods of physics. And finally the Department of Industrial Ecology students can master the environmental protection, waste utilization and other green technologies.
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232, p. 295 A 1908 review in the Journal of the American Medical Association for the seventh edition commented that although the book had a wide influence on English physicians the theories of Haig were repudiated by the scientific world. The reviewer stated that the Haig's theories were erroneous but remained popular due to the conservatism amongst "physicians who hesitate to abandon old views and fail to keep abreast of scientific progress." A review the same year published in The British Medical Journal, commented that Haig's theory of the existence of uric acid in a colloid form was an unsubstantiated hypothesis.
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The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. Essentially, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids and secrete certain mineral ions and excess water into the tubule. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Movement of water into the peritubular capillaries is due to the loss of water from the glomerulus during filtration, which increases the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood.
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Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar OBE, FNI, FASc, FRS, FRIC, FInstP (21 February 1894 – 1 January 1955) was an Indian colloid chemist, academic and scientific administrator. The first director-general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), he is revered as the "father of research laboratories" in India. He was also the first Chairman of the University Grants Commission(India) (UGC). In 1958, to honour his name and legacy, the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for scientists who have made significant contributions in various branches of science.
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In the well-studied sea urchin model system, the granule contents modify a protein coat on the outside of the plasma membrane (the vitelline layer) so that it is released from the membrane. The released cortical granule proteins exert a colloid osmotic pressure causing water to enter the space between the plasma membrane and the vitelline layer, and the vitelline layer expands away from the egg surface. This is easily visible through a microscope and is known as "elevation of the fertilization envelope". Some of the former granule contents adhere to the fertilization envelope, and it is extensively modified and cross-linked.
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These polyps are more difficult to remove endoscopically, and polypectomy in these cases has a higher risk of complication. Sessile polyps up to 10mm can often be removed by snare polypectomy. Polyps over 10mm may have to be removed piecemeal by snare polypectomy. The use of electrocautery over a large area has a significant risk of causing colonic perforation; to reduce this chance, and to facilitate the polypectomy, sterile fluid (saline or colloid, with methylene blue dye added) can be injected under the base of the polyp to raise it away from the muscular layers of the colon.
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Pitting edema of the lower extremities commonly seen in conditions associated hypoalbuminemia. Patients with hypoalbuminemia are more likely to present with it as a sign of an underlying disease process than as a primary disease process. By itself, hypoalbuminemia decreases the total protein concentration in blood plasma, also known as the colloid osmotic pressure, which causes fluid to exit the blood vessels into tissues to equalize the concentrations. This leads to fluid-induced swelling of the extremities known as edema, build- up of fluid in the abdomen known as ascites, and fluid surrounding internal organs known as effusions.
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A pan of curdled milk In cookery, curdling is the breaking of an emulsion or colloid into large parts of different composition through the physico-chemical processes of flocculation, creaming, and coalescence. Curdling is intentional and desirable in making cheese and tofu; unintentional and undesirable in making a sauce or a custard. Curdling occurs naturally in cows' milk, if it is left open to air for a few days in a warm environment. Looking particularly at the food preparation aspect of curdling rather than scientific, curdling is used to clump proteins in different types of milk.
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The three most-cited papers published by Polymers for Advanced Technologies are: # Research Article: 'Stepwise polyelectrolyte assembly on particle surfaces: a novel approach to colloid design', Volume 9, Issue 10-11, Oct-Nov 1998, Pages: 759-767, Sukhorukov GB, Donath E, Davis S, et al. # Research Article: 'Formation of crew-cut aggregates of various morphologies from amphiphilic block copolymers in solution', Volume 9, Issue 10-11, Oct-Nov 1998, Pages: 677-699, Zhang LF, Eisenberg A. # Research Article: 'Nanocomposite materials from latex and cellulose whiskers', Volume 6, Issue 5, May 1995, Pages: 351-355, Favier V, Canova GR, Cavaille JY, et al.
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Figure 7: Capillary condensation profile showing a sudden increase in adsorbed volume due to a uniform capillary radius (dashed path) among a distribution of pores and that of a normal distribution of capillary radii (solid path) Sintering is a common practice used widely with both metals and ceramic materials. Sintering is a direct application of capillary condensation, because of the adhesion effects of dust and powders. This application can be seen directly in sol-gel thin film synthesis. The sol- gel is a colloid solution which is placed on a substrate, usually through a dip-coating method.
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Don Lorenzo Soriano (Baeza, Jaén Spain, 1901-1987) visited the area in 1953, looking for seaweed to extract colloid that allowed him to continue with the production of the Malvik hairspray, an activity that began in 1947. After visiting the Patagonian coast in search of seaweed, he discovered Bahia Bustamante, known locally as Bahia Podrida (Rotten Bay) due to the accumulation of seaweed in a state of putrefaction. He performed the first assessment and then, with his children, he began collecting seaweed, giving rise to this unique seaweed town. At first there were only two buildings facing the sea.
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Purple of Cassius is a purple pigment formed by the reaction of gold salts with tin(II) chloride. It has been used to impart glass with a red coloration (see cranberry glass), as well as to determine the presence of gold as a chemical test. Generally, the preparation of this material involves gold being dissolved in aqua regia, then reacted with a solution of tin(II) chloride. The tin(II) chloride reduces the chloroauric acid from the dissolution of gold in aqua regia to a colloid of elemental gold supported on tin dioxide to give a purple precipitate or coloration.
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He conducted a number of experiments and studies including, advanced microgravity tissue engineering techniques, electromagnetic levitation platform capability, colloid behavior, Radio-tracer studies of altered human erythropoetic function, and human microgravity physiology studies. During his stay, there were a number of systems failures including multiple failed spacecraft systems, including atmospheric life support, three total power system failures, loss of attitude control, primary computer system failure, humidity separation system loss. An emergency ingress had to be made during an EVA performed in the Russian Orlan space suit due to airlock hatch failure. The entire mission and training were conducted solely in Russian.
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Kemball was the recipient of a Commonwealth Fund Scholarship, on his way to Princeton, to work with Professor H S Taylor, a leading expert on heterogeneous catalysis. Princeton was at the forefront of research on catalysis, and "the 'Princeton experience' was the key to the distinguished that career Charles was to have in the field of heterogeneous catalysis". Kemball sailed on the same ship back to England in September 1947, and joined the Department of Colloid Science at Cambridge to take up his Research Fellowship at Trinity. In the summer of 1949 Kemball moved to the Department of Physical Chemistry.
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CFA was founded by H. Nelson Albright, manager of the Columbia Malleable Castings Corporation,Anvil International's Columbia, PA plant John W. MentzerLancaster Foundry Supply and Clyde Sanders.American Colloid CompanyThe Conestoga Foundrymen's Association and its History, J.H. Bruhn The name "Conestoga" was taken from the Conestoga Wagon, which was used by American Pioneers to settle the American West and was invented and built in Lancaster County, PA. The CFA first met on April 27, 1949. Todd Belfield of Cochran Foundry was the organization's first chairman. Membership reached a high in 1974-75 with 110 sustaining companies and 379 associate members.
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An increasing number of infected individuals are found to harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This results in initial treatment failure and requires additional rounds of antibiotic therapy or alternative strategies, such as a quadruple therapy, which adds a bismuth colloid, such as bismuth subsalicylate. For the treatment of clarithromycin-resistant strains of H. pylori, the use of levofloxacin as part of the therapy has been suggested. Ingesting lactic acid bacteria exerts a suppressive effect on H. pylori infection in both animals and humans, and supplementing with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt improved the rates of eradication of H. pylori in humans.
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A uniform (monodisperse) collectionA non-uniform (polydisperse) collection In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects can be in any form of chemical dispersion, such as particles in a colloid, droplets in a cloud, crystals in a rock, or polymer macromolecules in a solution or a solid polymer mass.
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For electrophoresis of colloid particles under a small strength electric field, the force f(t) in the right-hand side of Eq. (5) is linearly proportional to the strength E(t) of the electric field applied. For a high strength, the linearity is broken due to nonlinear polarization. As a result, the force may depend nonlinearly on the applied field: : \qquad\qquad f(t)\sim E(t)+\alpha (E(t))^3. In the last expression, even if the applied field, E(t) has zero mean, the applied force f(t) may happen to have a constant component that can cause a directed drift.
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Pusey was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1996 One or more of the preceding sentences may incorporate text from the royalsociety.org website where "all text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License." and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in the same year. In 2005, he was awarded the Rhodia Prize by the European Colloid and Interface Society for his Outstanding contributions in the experimental study of dynamically arrested (glassy) particulate matter, especially in relation to hard sphere fluids with added polymer.
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The change of aragonite to calcite and of calcite to dolomite, by forming new crystalline masses in the interior of the rock, usually also accelerates consolidations. Silica is less easily soluble in ordinary waters, but even this ingredient of rocks is dissolved and redeposited with great frequency. Many sandstones are held together by an infinitesimal amount of colloid or cryptocrystalline silica; when freshly dug from the quarry they are soft and easily trimmed, but after exposure to the air for some time they become much harder, as their siliceous cement sets and passes into a rigid condition. Others contain fine scales of kaolin or of mica.
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The applications of this oxide strengthening technique are important for solid oxide fuel cells and water filtration devices. To process a sample through ice templating, an aqueous colloidal suspension is prepared containing the dissolved ceramic powder evenly dispersed throughout the colloid, for example Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The solution is then cooled from the bottom to the top on a platform that allows for unidirectional cooling. This forces ice crystals to grow in compliance to the unidirectional cooling, and these ice crystals force the dissolved YSZ particles to the solidification front of the solid-liquid interphase boundary, resulting in pure ice crystals lined up unidirectionally alongside concentrated pockets of colloidal particles.
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The sample is then simultaneously heated and the pressure is reduced enough to force the ice crystals to sublimate and the YSZ pockets begin to anneal together to form macroscopically aligned ceramic microstructures. The sample is then further sintered to complete the evaporation of the residual water and the final consolidation of the ceramic microstructure. During ice-templating a few variables can be controlled to influence the pore size and morphology of the microstructure. These important variables are the initial solids loading of the colloid, the cooling rate, the sintering temperature and duration, and the use of certain additives which can influence the micro-structural morphology during the process.
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When angiotensin II levels are increased due to activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, most of the arteries in the body experience vasoconstriction, in order to maintain adequate blood pressure. However, this reduces blood flow to the kidneys. To compensate, the efferent arterioles constrict to a greater degree than the other arteries, in response to increased levels of angiotensin II. Pressure in glomerular capillaries is therefore maintained and glomerular filtration rate remains adequate. However, in states of where angiotensin II is very high for a prolonged period of time, the colloid oncotic pressure of the capillaries will increase, counteracting the increased hydrostatic pressure from the efferent constriction.
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Following a period in Johannesburg and Welkom, working as a trainee graduate metallurgist working in gold and uranium in processing for Anglo American Corporation (1979/80), he later joined De Beers Industrial Diamonds Research Laboratory undertaking a PhD based in South Africa and Imperial College London (Royal School of Mines) (1982–1986). He was appointed lecturer in Chemical Engineering at University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (now University of Manchester) in 1986. He specialised in the area of surface and colloid engineering. In 1993 he was appointed Royal Academy of Engineering-Rio Tinto Professor of Minerals Engineering at the University of Exeter (based at the Camborne School of Mines).
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An antihypotensive agent, also known as a vasopressor agent or simply vasopressor, or pressor, is any medication that tends to raise low blood pressure. Some antihypotensive drugs act as vasoconstrictors to increase total peripheral resistance, others sensitize adrenoreceptors to catecholamines - glucocorticoids, and the third class increase cardiac output - dopamine, dobutamine. If low blood pressure is due to blood loss, then preparations increasing volume of blood circulation—plasma-substituting solutions such as colloid and crystalloid solutions (salt solutions)—will raise the blood pressure without any direct vasopressor activity. Packed red blood cells, plasma or whole blood should not be used solely for volume expansion or to increase oncotic pressure of circulating blood.
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Prior to World War II, he worked as a physicist in Berlin and as a colloid chemist in Cambridge. During World War II he joined the Chemical Defence Experimental Station at Porton Down, Wiltshire, but in 1940 was transferred to the Air Ministry's Assistant Directorate of Intelligence (Science) and spent the rest of the war with the Air Ministry. Due to his work he was made Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1946. After the war he moved to the University of Bristol Physics Department to do research in solid state physics, but switched to research on crystal dislocation.
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It is universally included in text books on colloid chemistry and is still widely applied in modern studies of interparticle forces in colloids. In particular, the Derjaguin approximation is widely used in order to approximate the interaction between curved surfaces from a knowledge of the interaction for planar ones. Derjaguin was also briefly involved in polywater research during the 1960s and early 1970s. This field claimed that if water was heated then cooled in quartz capillaries, it took on astonishing new properties. Eventually, the scientists who were involved in polywater admitted it did not exist, claiming they were misled by poorly designed experiments (Derjaguin rejected polywater in 1973).
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In terms of processability of the resin this marks an important stage: before gelation the system is relatively mobile, after it the mobility is very limited, the micro- structure of the resin and the composite material is fixed and severe diffusion limitations to further cure are created. Thus, in order to achieve vitrification in the resin, it is usually necessary to increase the process temperature after gelation. When catalysts are activated by ultraviolet radiation, the process is called UV cure.Gregory T. Carroll, Nicholas J. Turro and Jeffrey T. Koberstein (2010) Patterning Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films by Spatially Directed Photocrosslinking Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol.
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In 1935, state engineer Alfred Merritt Smith wrote about Steamboat Springs: “Geologically, the springs are among the most interesting in the world, for they demonstrate in a striking way how mineral veins and deposits are formed. The hot water is constantly depositing silica, gold, silver, mercury, antimony, and other minerals and metals, which it holds in solution. The silica is held in solution as a jelly-like colloid, and upon the evaporation of the water is deposited as translucent gelatinous silica, which on the surface is gradually dehydrated to become amorphous white sinter. In cracks and crevices, the silica becomes banded chalcedony, or even quartz.
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Methods of matched asymptotic expansions have been developed to find approximate solutions to the Smoluchowski convection-diffusion equation, which is a singularly perturbed second-order differential equation. The problem has been studied particularly in the context of colloid particles in linear flow fields, where the variable is given by the pair distribution function around a test particle. In the limit of low Péclet number, the convection-diffusion equation also presents a singularity at infinite distance (where normally the far-field boundary condition should be placed) due to the flow field being linear in the interparticle separation. This problem can be circumvented with a spatial Fourier transform as shown by Jan Dhont.
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Gravimetric analysis usually only provides for the analysis of a single element, or a limited group of elements, at a time. Comparing modern dynamic flash combustion coupled with gas chromatography with traditional combustion analysis will show that the former is both faster and allows for simultaneous determination of multiple elements while traditional determination allowed only for the determination of carbon and hydrogen. Methods are often convoluted and a slight mis-step in a procedure can often mean disaster for the analysis (colloid formation in precipitation gravimetry, for example). Compare this with hardy methods such as spectrophotometry and one will find that analysis by these methods is much more efficient.
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A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation. The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution.
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Bluing has other miscellaneous household uses, including as an ingredient in rock crystal "gardens" (whereby a porous item is placed in a salt solution, the solution then precipitating out as crystals), and to improve the appearance of swimming-pool water. In Australia it was used as a folk remedy to relieve the itching of mosquito and sand fly bites. Laundry bluing is made of a colloid of ferric ferrocyanide (blue iron salt, also referred to as "Prussian blue") in water. Blue colorings have been added to rinse water for centuries, first in the form of powder blue or smalt, or using small lumps of indigo and starch, called stone blue.
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Only a small percentage of lumps in the neck are malignant (around 4 – 6.5%), and most thyroid nodules are benign colloid nodules. There are many factors to consider when diagnosing a malignant lump. Trouble swallowing or speaking, swollen cervical lymph nodes or a firm, immobile nodule are more indicative of malignancy, whereas a family history of autoimmune disease or goiter, thyroid hormonal dysfunction or a soft, painful nodule are more indicative of benignancy. The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer.
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Copper-based "red goldstone" aventurine glass exists on a structural continuum with transparent red copper ruby glass and opaque "sealing wax" purpurin glass, all of which are striking glasses, the reddish colors of which are created by colloidal copper. The key variable is controlling the colloid size: goldstone has macroscopic reflective crystals; purpurin glass has microscopic opaque particles; copper ruby glass has submicroscopic transparent nanoparticles. The outer layers of a goldstone batch tend to have duller colors and a lower degree of glittery aventurescence. This can be caused by poor crystallization, which simultaneously decreases the size of reflective crystals and opacifies the surrounding glass with non reflective particles.
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Undergraduate research at Union College had its origin in the first third of the 20th century, when chemistry professor Charles Hurd began involving students in his colloid chemistry investigations. Since then, undergraduate research has taken hold in all disciplines at the college, making this endeavor what has been termed "the linchpin" of the Union education. By the mid-1960s several disciplines at Union had established a senior research thesis requirement, and in 1978 the college began funding faculty-mentored student research in all disciplines. This was followed by the creation of funded summer research opportunities, again in all disciplines at the college, in 1986.
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A fluid warmer is a medical device used in healthcare facilities for warming fluids, crystalloid, colloid, or blood product, prior to being administered (intravenously or by other parenteral routes) to body temperature levels in order to prevent hypothermia in physically traumatized or surgical patients. Infusion Fluid Warmers are FDA regulated medical devices, product code LGZ. They are unclassified devices with special considerations and require 510(k) clearance to be legally marketed in the United States. There are two primary categories of fluid warmers- those that warm fluids before use, typically warming cabinets, and those that actively warm fluids while being administered, in-line warming.
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Parida, S. K.; Dash, S.; Patel, S.; Mishra, B. K. Adsorption of organic molecules on silica surface. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 121, 77-110. More specifically, the mechanisms involved in adsorption include ion exchange (replacement of counter ions adsorbed from the solution by similarly charged ions), ion pairing (adsorption of ions from solution phase onto sites on the substrates that carry the opposite charge), hydrophobic bonding (non-polar attraction between groups on the substrate surface and molecules in solution), polarization of p-electrons polar interactions between partially charged sites on the substrate surface and molecules carrying opposite partial charges in solution, and covalent bonds.
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Decher is a member of the International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (ICFRC) and of the excellence cluster “Nanostructures and their Environment”, both in Strasbourg. He is also a Senior Member of the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). Further distinctions awarded to Decher include the Emilia Valori Grand Prix of the Académie des sciences (France) for Nanobiotechnology in 2009, the ECIS–Rhodia European Colloid & Interface Prize in 2010, and the International Award of the Society of Polymer Science Japan in 2013. In 2015 he was selected as a participant for the Members of European Parliament Scientist Pairing Scheme, where he was teamed up with a member of the European Parliament.
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Synthetic magnesium silicates are white, odorless, finely divided powders formed by the precipitation reaction of water-soluble sodium silicate (water glass) and a water-soluble magnesium salt such as magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate. The composition of the precipitate depends on the ratio of the components in the reaction medium, the addition of the correcting substances, and the way in which they are precipitated.Ralph K. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid, and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons (1979)Krysztafkiewics, A., Lipska, L.K., Ciesielczyk, F., and Jesionowski, T. Amorphous magnesium silicate – synthesis, physicochemical properties and surface morphology. Advanced Powder Technol, 15, 549, 2004.
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He has expertise in molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, biophysics, polymer chemistry, colloid science, pharmaceutics, and medicine. It allowed him to take a multidisciplinary approach for successful research and training students and post-doctoral fellows. His research is focused on the following areas: (i) Micelle and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery, (ii) Oligonucleotides, siRNA, miRNA, shRNA and Gene Delivery (iii) Synthesis of Novel Polymers, Lipopeptides, Lipopolymers and Cationic Lipids (iv) Construction of Plasmid and Adenovirus-based Gene and shRNA Expression Systems. These systems are being tested in various disease areas such as improving islet transplantation to treat type 1 diabetes, cancer (pancreatic, prostate and breast) and liver fibrosis.
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Most of the single calcified nodules were malignant. However, this did not include patients with ITNs and the sample is skewed towards malignancy. Another study evaluated the presence of ITNs on CT scans and found that 12 % of thyroid nodules were calcified, with no significant correlation between malignant or potentially malignant histology and punctate calcifications. As a result, some researchers believe that calcification per se is not a suspicious CT sign, and have suggested that calcified thyroid nodules on CT scans should be treated the same as non-calcified nodules. Fig. 1. An incidentally discovered colloid nodule with calcification, shown on CT scan of a 58-year-old female patient.
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When the hydrogens of the clay hydroxyls are ionised into solution, they leave the oxygen with a negative charge (anionic clays). # Hydrogens of humus hydroxyl groups may also be ionised into solution, leaving, similarly to clay, an oxygen with a negative charge. Cations held to the negatively charged colloids resist being washed downward by water and out of reach of plants' roots, thereby preserving the fertility of soils in areas of moderate rainfall and low temperatures. There is a hierarchy in the process of cation exchange on colloids, as they differ in the strength of adsorption by the colloid and hence their ability to replace one another (ion exchange).
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Mucous cells of the stomach lining secrete mucus (pink) into the lumen Mucus ( ) is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells. It is a viscous colloid containing inorganic salts, antimicrobial enzymes (such as lysozymes), immunoglobulins, and glycoproteins such as lactoferrin and mucins, which are produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes and submucosal glands. Mucus serves to protect epithelial cells in the linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems, and structures in the visual and auditory systems from pathogenic fungi, bacteriaBarr et al.
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This accumulation resulted in the formation of a primordial broth containing a wide variety of molecules. There, according to Oparin, a particular type of colloid, the coacervates, were formed due to the conglomeration of organic molecules and other polymers with positive and negative charges. Oparin suggested that the first living beings had been preceded by pre-cellular structures similar to those coacervates, whose gradual evolution gave rise to the appearance of the first organisms. Like the coacervates, several of Oparin's original ideas have been reformulated and replaced; this includes, for example, the reducing character of the atmosphere on primitive Earth, the coacervates as a pre-cellular model and the primitive nature of glycolysis.
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Complications of surgery include wound infection, sexual dysfunction, edema and thrombosis, as well as lymphedema secondary to dissected lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection is the identification of the main lymph node(s) draining the tumor, with the aim of removing as few nodes as possible, decreasing the risk of adverse effects. Location of the sentinel node(s) may require the use of technetium(99m)-labeled nano-colloid, or a combination of technetium and 1% isosulfan blue dye, wherein the combination may reduce the number of women with "'missed"' groin node metastases compared with technetium only. Radiation therapy may be used in more advanced vulvar cancer cases when disease has spread to the lymph nodes and/or pelvis.
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Parthasarathi Chakraborty, born on 24 October 1976 in Siliguri, West Bengal India, graduated in chemistry with honors from the University of North Bengal in 1998 and continued at the institution to earn a master's degree in inorganic chemistry in 2000. Subsequently, he secured an M-Tech in industrial catalysis from Cochin University of Science and Technology in 2002 and moved to Canada for doctoral studies, earning a PhD in Chemistry (specialisation in analytical environmental chemistry) from Carleton University in 2007. He did his post-doctoral work at the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science of Wageningen University for one year. He returned to India in 2008 to join the National Institute of Oceanography.
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Nonlinear metamaterials can overcome this limitation, since the local fields of the resonant structures can be much larger than the average value of the field \- in this respect metamaterials are similar to other composite media, such e.g. as random metal-dielectric composites, including fractal clusters and semicoutinouos/percolation metal films, where the areas with enhanced local light fieldsD.P. Tsai, J. Kovacs, Zh. Wang, M. Moskovits, V.M. Shalaev, J.S. Suh, and R. Botet, Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of Optical Excitations of Fractal Metal Colloid Clusters, Physical Review Letters, v. 72, pp. 4149–4152, (1994) \- “hot spots” - produce giant linear and non-linear optical responses V. M. Shalaev, Electromagnetic Properties of Small-Particle Composites, Physics Reports, v.
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Eugen Chirnoagă (24 March 1891–June 14, 1965) was a Romanian chemist. Chirnoagă was born in 1891 in Poduri, Bacău County, one of eight children of Gheorghe Chirnoagă, a teacher, and his wife, Olimpia; one of his brothers, Platon Chirnoagă, became a general in World War II. A graduate of the Physics and Chemistry Faculty of the University of Bucharest, he followed up his undergraduate education with three years of study at the University of London that led to a doctorate in 1925. In 1926 he went to study the colloid chemistry of proteins with Nobel laureate Theodor Svedberg at Uppsala University. At his Nobel lecture in 1927, Svedberg mentioned Chirnoagă's contribution to the development of the ultracentrifuge.
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Lindford did his BS in chemistry from Brigham Young University in September 1990, followed by MS in material sciences and PhD in Chemistry from Stanford University in June 1996. He served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Colloid and Surface Sciences from July 1996 to June 1997. Linford has worked on topics including supercritical fluid chromatography and the formation of first alkyl monolayers on silicon using diacylperoxides. He has studied the use of synchrotron radiation to characterize monolayers on silicon, worked on gas-phase free-radical modification of alkyl monolayers, devised a new method for coating particles, and studied the strong effect of ionic strength on surface dye extraction during dye-polymer multilayer formation.
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Fahraeus entered the scene in 1917 through his observation that sedimentation velocity of red corpuscles increases during pregnancy. He used the concept of buffy coat as the starting point of his work on red cell sedimentation and the more general problem of suspension stability of blood. He pointed out that fibrinogen was the principal protein involved in red cell aggregation leading to the formation of regular rouleaux and that the process was quite distinct from blood coagulation. He applied colloid principles to describe the stability of the suspension and more relevant to modern circulatory psychology was the study of aggregation of streaming blood and the relation between blood cell distribution, its velocity and apparent viscosity.
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J. C. McLennan, director of the physics laboratory at U of T from 1906 to 1932, undertook studies in atmospheric conductivity and cathode rays, but in 1912 was inspired by the work of Bohr, to conduct research into atomic spectroscopy. He, along with G. M. Shrum, constructed the first machine for the liquification of helium in North America, which was used for cryogenic studies of metals and solid gases. Research into colloid physics in the twenties and thirties by E. F. Burton and his students led to the construction of the first electron microscope in North America. Geophysics research was also undertaken at the U of T at this time by L. Gilchrist.
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Flour suspended in water appears to be blue because only scattered light reaches the viewer and blue light is scattered by the flour particles more than red light. The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid or in a very fine suspension. Also known as Tyndall scattering, it is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light. An example in everyday life is the blue colour sometimes seen in the smoke emitted by motorcycles, in particular two-stroke machines where the burnt engine oil provides these particles.
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A dispersant or a dispersing agent is a substance, typically a surfactant, that is added to a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a liquid (such as a colloid or emulsion) to improve the separation of the particles and to prevent their settling or clumping. Dispersants are widely used to stabilize all kinds of industrial and artisanal products, such as paints, ferrofluids, and salad dressings. The plasticizers or superplasticizers, used to improve the workability of pastes like concrete and clay, are typically dispersants. The concept also largely overlaps with that of detergent, used to bring oily contamination into water suspension, and of emulsifier, used to create homogeneous mixtures of non-miscible liquids like water and oil.
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Simplesse is a protein-based fat substitute derived from milk proteins that allows calorie reductions of up to 80 percent compared with foods that contain fat. Described in a United States patent abstract as "a proteinaceous, water-dispersible, macrocolloid comprising substantially non-aggregated particles of dairy whey protein," Simplesse particles are so minute that a person's tongue perceives the texture of the substitute as being smooth and creamy. Its texture is due to its ability to form a colloid, similar to the way fat is dispersed in homogenized milk. It differs from other whey protein concentrate mainly by virtue of the principles of food rheology; it is produced by a mechanical, rather than a chemical process.
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Entropic forces are important and widespread in the physics of colloids, where they are responsible for the depletion force, and the ordering of hard particles, such as the crystallization of hard spheres, the isotropic-nematic transition in liquid crystal phases of hard rods, and the ordering of hard polyhedra. Because of this, entropic forces can be an important driver of self-assembly Entropic forces arise in colloidal systems due to the osmotic pressure that comes from particle crowding. This was first discovered in, and is most intuitive for, colloid-polymer mixtures described by the Asakura–Oosawa model. In this model, polymers are approximated as finite-sized spheres that can penetrate one another, but cannot penetrate the colloidal particles.
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Electrocapillarity or electrocapillary phenomena are the phenomena related to changes in the surface energy (or interfacial tension) of the dropping mercury electrode (DME), or in principle, any electrode, as the electrode potential changes or the electrolytic solution composition and concentration change. The term "electro-capillary" is used to describe the change in mercury (Hg) electrode potential as a function of the change in the surface or interfacial tension of the Hg determined by the capillary rise method. The phenomena are the historic main contributions for understanding and validating the models of the structure of the electrical double layer. The phenomena are related to the electrokinetic phenomena and consequently to the colloid chemistry.
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Thyroid hormone synthesis, with thyroid peroxidase performing the oxidation step seen at center-left in the image. Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I−. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) via a Na+/I− symporter (NIS) on the basolateral side, iodide is shuttled across the apical membrane into the colloid via pendrin, after which thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide to atomic iodine (I) or iodinium (I+). The "organification of iodine," the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, is nonspecific; that is, there is no TPO- bound intermediate, but iodination occurs via reactive iodine species released from TPO. The chemical reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase occur on the outer apical membrane surface and are mediated by hydrogen peroxide.
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Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure induced by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that displaces water molecules, thus creating a relative water molecule deficit with water molecules moving back into the circulatory system within the lower venous pressure end of capillaries. It has the opposing effect of both hydrostatic blood pressure pushing water and small molecules out of the blood into the interstitial spaces within the arterial end of capillaries and interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure. These interacting factors determine the partition balancing of total body extracellular water between the blood plasma and the larger extracellular water volume outside the blood stream. It has a major effect on the pressure across the glomerular filter.
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Berlin-Dahlem, Van't-Hoff-Straße, Fritz-Haber-Institut The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (FHI) is a science research institute located at the heart of the academic district of Dahlem, in Berlin, Germany. The original Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, founded in 1911, was incorporated into the Max Planck Society and simultaneously renamed for its first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953. The research topics covered throughout the history of the institute include chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science. During World War I and World War II, the research of the institute was directed towards Germany's military needs.
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The movement of water out of the capillary at the arteriolar end causes the concentration of the substances that cannot cross the capillary wall to increase as the blood moves to the venular end of the capillary. The most important substances that are confined to the capillary tube are plasma albumin, the plasma globulins and fibrinogen. They, and particularly the plasma albumin, because of its molecular abundance in the plasma, are responsible for the so-called "oncotic" or "colloid" osmotic pressure which draws water back into the capillary, especially at the venular end. The net effect of all of these processes is that water moves out of and back into the capillary, while the crystalloid substances in the capillary and interstitial fluids equilibrate.
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Schematic representation of the different stages and routes of the sol–gel technology In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume fraction of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in any number of ways. The simplest method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid.
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Interface and colloid science had existed for nearly a century before they became associated with nanotechnology. The first observations and size measurements of nanoparticles had been made during the first decade of the 20th century by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, winner of the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, who made a detailed study of gold sols and other nanomaterials with sizes down to 10 nm using an ultramicroscope which was capable of visualizing particles much smaller than the light wavelength. Zsigmondy was also the first to use the term "nanometer" explicitly for characterizing particle size. In the 1920s, Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Katharine B. Blodgett introduced the concept of a monolayer, a layer of material one molecule thick.
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Colloid-facilitated transport designates a transport process by which colloidal particles serve as transport vector of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks (limestone, sandstone, granite, ...). The transport of colloidal particles in surface soils and in the ground can also occur, depending on the soil structure, soil compaction, and the particles size, but the importance of colloidal transport was only given sufficient attention during the 1980 years. Radionuclides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, easily sorb onto colloids suspended in water and that can easily act as contaminant carrier. Various types of colloids are recognised: inorganic colloids (clay particles, silicates, iron oxy- hydroxides, ...), organic colloids (humic and fulvic substances).
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Wolfgang Parak is Professor of Experimental Physics at the Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany and head of the Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit at CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain, He received his PhD in 1999 from Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany. Wolfgang Parak is / was Associate Editor of ACS Nano (2010–present), and Nanotoxicology (2009–2010). He is / was in the advisory board of the following journals: Angewandte Chemie (2014–present), Theragnostics (2014-present), Nanomaterials (2014–present), ChemNanoMat (2014–present), Colloids and Interface Science Communications (2014–present), Particle & Particle Systems Characterization (2013–present), Nanotoxicology (2010–present), Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (2009-present), The All Results Journal (2008–present), Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2011–present), Recent Patents on Nanotechnology (2007-2010), and Journal of Nanobiosensors in Disease Diagnosis (2011–2013).
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In its earliest manifestations, molecular biology--the name was coined by Warren Weaver of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1938--was an idea of physical and chemical explanations of life, rather than a coherent discipline. Following the advent of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity in the 1910s and the maturation of atomic theory and quantum mechanics in the 1920s, such explanations seemed within reach. Weaver and others encouraged (and funded) research at the intersection of biology, chemistry and physics, while prominent physicists such as Niels Bohr and Erwin Schrödinger turned their attention to biological speculation. However, in the 1930s and 1940s it was by no means clear which--if any--cross-disciplinary research would bear fruit; work in colloid chemistry, biophysics and radiation biology, crystallography, and other emerging fields all seemed promising.
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Kotov serves as an Associate Editor for the journal ACS Nano, and as an advisory board member of several other nanotechnology journals. He has received awards and recognitions from a number of different countries, international organizations, and multinational corporations. These include the 2017 Colloid Chemistry Award of the American Chemical Society, the 2016 Stephanie Kwolek Award of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the 2016 UNESCO Medal for Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies, the 2014 MRS Medal, the 2013 Langmuir Lecturer Award of the American Chemical Society, and the 2012 Stine Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He was also selected as a 2016 August T Larssons Visiting Scholar by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet), a 2016 Fulbright Scholar, and as a Fellow of the Materials Research Society in 2014.
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In warmer years, the tannins may be full ripe or "sweet" and the winemaker may decide to do a period of extended maceration and not press the grapes for as long as a month after fermentation has completed. Usually the pressed juice will require some additional treatment, which can be done separately to the pressed juice alone or to the entire batch of wine if the pressed juice is blended with the free- run. These treatments may include acid adjustments to lower pH, extended settling periods for clarification and additional racking to remove the extra suspended solids and the use of fining agents to remove extra solids or excess tannins. Grape pulp contains a lot of pectins that create colloid coagulation with these solids that will make the wine difficult to stabilize.
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The ideologist of the invention is Petr Gvozdyak – the doctor of Biological Sciences, the professor of the Colloid chemistry and the Water chemistry Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv), who invented the method of sewage treatment by bioremediation (SU 1428713 A1 patent). The staff of the laboratory of the Research Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources Management of the TSU patented the consortium of oil eating microbes Arthrobacter Oxydans-091 and Pseudomonas putida, but the RU 2275466 C1 patent put out of action in 2007. Therefore, the authors Victor Ryadinskiy and Julia Deneko applied for the new patent (RU 2431017 C1 patent) in 2010. The essence of the technology is that the special fibers saturated with oil eating microbes are fastened on the floating booms.
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Treatment of hypoalbuminemia is largely focused on the underlying cause and not on the hypoalbuminemia itself. Albumin infusions can and are commonly performed although they are expensive and have not been shown to be more effective than colloid solutions in a number of conditions and situations. Examples of indications for albumin infusion include hypoalbuminemia in the context of major surgery such as hepatic resection >40%, nephrotic syndrome in conjunction with diuretics and corticosteroids, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in combination with antibiotics, and rapidly progressing hepatorenal syndrome (type 1) in combination with terlipressin. It is also used to prevent iatrogenic hypoalbuminemia after therapeutic plasmapheresis if volume plasma exchange is greater than 20 milliliters per kilogram in one session or over one week across multiple sessions and after large volume (>5 liter) paracentesis in ascites.
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As the clay particles approach each other to within two times the thickness of the polymer layers, the loops and tails of the polymers on one surface will start to block those on the other surface, leading to a decrease in configurational entropy. This is unfavorable because it increases the Gibbs free energy of the system, and it will be more energetically favorable for the colloid particles to remain farther apart.The morphology of polymer-clay aggregates is dictated by the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the energy of their interactions. Three possible morphologies depicted above include (1) intercalated, in which polymer molecules alternate with clay layers, (2) flocculated, in which the alternating clay/polymer layers begin to aggregate, and (3) exfoliated, in which a polymer matrix supports individual, separated clay layers.
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Further oxidation of , such as by xenon difluoride (in a hot alkaline solution) or periodate (in a neutral or alkaline solution), yields the perastatate ion ; this is only stable in neutral or alkaline solutions. Astatine is also thought to be capable of forming cations in salts with oxyanions such as iodate or dichromate; this is based on the observation that, in acidic solutions, monovalent or intermediate positive states of astatine coprecipitate with the insoluble salts of metal cations such as silver(I) iodate or thallium(I) dichromate. Astatine may form bonds to the other chalcogens; these include S7At+ and with sulfur, a coordination selenourea compound with selenium, and an astatine–tellurium colloid with tellurium. Structure of astatine monoiodide, one of the astatine interhalogens and the heaviest known diatomic interhalogen.
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An Introduction to the Dynamics of Colloids by J. K. G. Dhont, google books link A different approach to solving this problem was developed by Alessio Zaccone and coworkers and consists in placing the boundary condition right at the boundary layer distance, upon assuming (in a first-order approximation) a constant value of the pair distribution function in the outer layer due to convection being dominant there. This leads to an approximate theory for the encounter rate of two interacting colloid particles in a linear flow field in good agreement with the full numerical solution. When the Péclet number is significantly larger than one, the singularity at infinite separation no longer occurs and the method of matched asymptotics can be applied to construct the full solution for the pair distribution function across the entire domain.
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Although Argyrol is used as a synonym for the chemical descriptions silver vitelline and mild silver protein, Barnes insisted Argyrol was different. A silver-gelatin colloid, made by the reaction of silver nitrate, sodium hydroxide, and gelatin, in which a complex colloidal aggregate is formed, Barnes could rightfully assert Argyrol differed in its chemical assay, for instance, as it was claimed to contain over 30% silver. When compounded in varying strengths, nevertheless, Argyrol is silver protein identified as to its molecular construct. Argyrol is an over-the-counter internationally recognized anti-infection drug, regulatory-compliant immediate to manufacture and distribution in every jurisdiction for antiseptic use in medicine specifically due to global drug regulatory administrative adjudication initiated by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States to mandate New Drug Applications for silver drugs.
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The son of New Zealand sheep farmers, his undergraduate degree was from Canterbury College (now University of Canterbury), in Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1932 he received an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship which allowed him to study at Eric Rideal's Colloid Science Laboratory in Cambridge University. At Cambridge he was also a keen cross-country runner, winning the 1934 Oxford-Cambridge race and being awarded a Full Blue for Athletics. He received his PhD from Cambridge in 1935 and DSc's in 1937 (New Zealand) and 1938 (Cambridge). He was a research fellow at Clare College, Cambridge 1937–1939, head of chemistry at Bradford 1939–1946, taught at Bedford College, University of London 1946–1948, professor of chemistry at University of Aberdeen 1948–54, and professor of physical chemistry at Imperial College, London 1954–76.
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These functions include regulation of colloid osmotic pressure or protein concentration within the blood plasma, transport of free fatty acids and other molecules to the liver (unconjugated bilirubin, metals, ions) for storage or utilization, binding of drugs and alteration of pharmacokinetics (half-life, biological activity levels, metabolism), buffering plasma pH, scavenging reactive oxygen species to avoid inflammation and associated damage, functioning as a reservoir of nitric oxide for the regulation of blood pressure, and prevention of coagulation and platelet aggregation in an action similar to the commonly used anticoagulant heparin. It also inhibits inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and complement 5a (C5a) to reduce the overall inflammatory response. A number of hormones (e.g. thyroxine, cortisol, testosterone), drugs, and other molecules are bound to albumin in the bloodstream and must be released from albumin before becoming biologically active.
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During this time, he founded the Colloid Science Laboratory which became a world centre for surface science, and was used for war work during World War II. Rideal's students at Cambridge included the physicist and future novelist C. P. Snow, and the future Nobel laureate Ronald G. W. Norrish. Snow later depicted Rideal in two of his novels: The Search (1934) and Strangers and Brothers (1940). Rideal's career at Cambridge was disrupted by an operation in 1936 for an intestinal tumour, an operation that left him with a colectomy and dissuaded him from applying for the vacant chair of physical chemistry in 1937. Following World War II, Rideal left Cambridge to take up the position of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in London (1946 to 1949). This was followed by a period at King's College London (1950 to 1955).
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The most common form found in humans is cystic echinococcosis (also known as unilocular echinococcosis), which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The second most common form is alveolar echinococcosis (also known as alveolar colloid of the liver, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolococcosis, multilocular echinococcosis, "small fox tapeworm"), which is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and the third is polycystic echinococcosis (also known as human polycystic hydatid disease, neotropical echinococcosis), which is caused by Echinococcus vogeli and very rarely, Echinococcus oligarthrus. Alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are rarely diagnosed in humans and are not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis, but polycystic echinococcosis is relatively new on the medical scene and is often left out of conversations dealing with echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis is a serious disease that has not only a significantly high fatality rate, but the potential to become an emerging disease in many countries.
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Texter served as Chairman of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 1998 and in a variety of line officer and executive committee positions before and since (1991–2002), and returned to serve as Program Chair (2008–2010). He has organized many national and international conferences, including chairing the Gordon Research Conferences Chemistry of Interfaces (Interfacial Structure[3]) in Meriden, New Hampshire, in 1996 and Chemistry of Supramolecules and Assemblies (Functional Materials through Bottom-Up Self-Assembly[4]) in Barga, Tuscany in 2007. He has also organized and served as General Chair for the Particles Conferences Particles 2001[2], Particles 2002, through Particles 2013 in Dayton. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Physical Society, the Materials Research Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
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Following the war, Rideal went to the US in 1919 to take a position for a year as visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana, a position for which he had been recommended by James Kendall. He then returned to the UK to take up a fellowship at his old college (Trinity Hall), and the Humphrey Owen Jones lectureship in physical chemistry at Cambridge. It was on the return voyage from the US by ship in 1920 that he met his future wife Peggy (Margaret Atlee Jackson), whom he married the following year.The Rideals had a daughter, Mary, who married the future Lord Justice Peter Oliver, Baron Oliver of Aylmerton (see the ODNB entry) Rideal remained at Cambridge for the next 26 years, becoming Professor of Colloid Science in 1930, the same year he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society.
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Silver halides are used in photographic film and photographic paper, including graphic art film and paper, where silver halide crystals in gelatin are coated on to a film base, glass or paper substrate. The gelatin is a vital part of the emulsion as the protective colloid of appropriate physical and chemical properties. The gelatin may also contain trace elements (such as sulfur) which increase the light sensitivity of the emulsion, although modern practice uses gelatin without such components. When absorbed by an AgX crystal, photons cause electrons to be promoted to a conduction band (de-localized electron orbital with higher energy than a valence band) which can be attracted by a sensitivity speck, which is a shallow electron trap, which may be a crystalline defect or a cluster of silver sulfide, gold, other trace elements (dopant), or combination thereof, and then combined with an interstitial silver ion to form a silver metal speck.
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Founders Dukhin and Goetz have written two books published by Elsevier describing the details of these methods, underlying theories, and applications of the instruments manufactured by Dispersion Technology.Characterization of Liquids, Nano- and Microparticulates, and Porous Bodies using Ultrasound, ELSEVIER, 2010, 2nd Edition, Retrieved: 8 October 2013 Co-Founder Dr. Andrei Dukhin and his father Dr. Stanislav Dukhin were the subject of a 2009 feature in the American Chemical Society documenting their research done in the former Soviet Union; their contributions to the fields of electrokinetics, colloid science, DLVO theory, etc.; and their immigration to the United States as a part of the Soviet Scientists Immigration Act of 1992. Dispersion Technology maintains seven patents in the United States,patent USA, 6,109,098 (2000), Retrieved: 9 October 2013patent USA, 6,449,563 (2002), Retrieved: 9 October 2013patent USA, 6,910,367 B1 (2005), Retrieved: 9 October 2013patent USA, 6,487,894 B1 (2002), Retrieved: 9 October 2013patent USA, 6,915,214 B2 (2005), Retrieved: 9 October 2013patent USA, 6,858,147 B2 (2005), Retrieved: 9 October 2013 and has representation in Japan, Russia, Europe, Brazil, South Korea, China, and Canada.
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Francesco Selmi (7 April 1817 – 13 August 1881) was an Italian chemist and patriot, one of the founders of colloid chemistry. Selmi was born in Vignola, then part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. He became head of a chemistry laboratory in Modena in 1840, and a professor of chemical pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Bologna in 1867. He published the first systematic study of inorganic colloids,Francesco Selmi, Intorno all'azione dell'iodio sopra il clorido di mercurio: memoria prima di Francesco Selmi, Milano: V. Guglielmini, 1845Francesco Selmi, Azione del latte sulle materie metalliche e reazioni di queste su quello: discorso letto da Francesco Selmi nell'adunanza pubblica del 21 maggio 1847 della Societa d'agricoltura di Reggio, Modena: Antonio ed Angelo Cappelli, 1847Francesco Selmi, Intorno ai vocaboli precipitazione e coagulazione adoprati indistintamente a significare il deporsi dell'albumina da un menstruo allo stato insolubile: considerazioni presentate alla R. Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti di Modena nell'adunanza del 30 marzo 1842, e lette nel congresso scientifico italiano riunitosi in Padova nel settembre dello stesso anno da Francesco Selmi, Modena: Pei Tipi della R.D. Camera, 1843.
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Iron(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates from solutions of iron(III) salts at pH between 6.5 and 8.Tim Grundl and Jim Delwiche (1993): "Kinetics of ferric oxyhydroxide precipitation". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, volume 14, issue 1, pages 71-87. . Thus the oxyhydroxide can be obtained in the lab by reacting an iron(III) salt, such as ferric chloride or ferric nitrate, with sodium hydroxide:K. H. Gayer and Leo Woontner (1956): "The Solubility of Ferrous Hydroxide and Ferric Hydroxide in Acidic and Basic Media at 25°". Journal of Physical Chemistry, volume 60, issue 11, pages 1569–1571. : + 3 NaOH → + 3 NaCl : + 3 NaOH → + 3 In fact, when dissolved in water, pure will hydrolyze to some extent, yielding the oxyhydroxide and making the solution acidic: : + 2 ↔ + 3 Therefore, the compound can also be obtained by the decomposition of acidic solutions of iron(III) chloride held near the boiling point for days or weeks:Egon Matijević and Paul Scheiner (1978): "Ferric hydrous oxide sols: III. Preparation of uniform particles by hydrolysis of Fe(III)-chloride, -nitrate, and -perchlorate solutions". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, volume 63, issue 3, pages 509-524.
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The mill house of a cane sugar mill There are a number of steps in producing raw sugar from cane: # Cane receiving and unloading (receive the cane at the factory and unload it from the transport vehicles) # Cane preparation (cutting and shredding cane to prepare it for juice extraction) # Juice extraction (two technologies are in common use; milling or diffusion) # Juice clarification (remove suspended solids from the juice, typically mud, waxes, fibres) # Juice evaporation (to concentrate the juice to a thick syrup of about 65°brix) # Syrup clarification (remove suspended solids from the syrup, typically colloid size of mud, waxes, fibres, etc.) # Crystallisation # Centrifugation (Separation of the sugar crystals from the mother liquor, done by centrifugal machines) # Sugar drying # Packaging and delivery These processing steps will produce a brown or raw sugar. Mill white sugar also known as plantation white sugar can be produced by introducing some form of colour removal process (often sulphitation) between the juice clarification and the juice evaporation stages mentioned above. The raw sugar produced is often refined to produce white sugar. This sugar refining can be done either at a completely separate factory or at a back-end refinery which is attached to the raw sugar factory.
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