It was at North Carolina National Bank as a COBOL programmer.
|
|
Those institutions relied on code written in COBOL in the late 80s.
|
|
Are today's app experts doomed to become the COBOL programmers of tomorrow?
|
|
Many banks still rely on COBOL code to compute all sorts of financial operations.
|
|
A dwindling community of IT veterans specialize in a vintage programming language called COBOL.
|
|
Some use a programming language called COBOL, dating to the late 1950s and early 1960s.
|
|
COBOL is primarily used in finance and administration systems for financial services companies and governments.
|
|
Later, she advised the team that created the Cobol language, which became widely used by corporations.
|
|
Her work laid the foundation for COBOL, one of the most widely-used programming languages in existence.
|
|
Yet her most enduring legacy is the role she played in the creation and longevity of COBOL.
|
|
He began as a COBOL programmer, and his career evolved over the decades as the tech industry changed.
|
|
It doesn't help that a lot of these mainframe applications were written in Cobol, PL/1 or assembly.
|
|
Or even worse, they build on legacy core banking providers, with monolith systems in outdated languages (hello, COBOL).
|
|
We had a few products that needed updating – all written in COBOL – and we also positioned ourselves as Y22110K experts.
|
|
A variety of federal agencies rely on programs written in COBOL, a programming language developed in the 1950s and 1960s.
|
|
COBOL is a reliable programming language, but the only issue is that it was designed more than 50 years ago.
|
|
It enables the agency to re-program the craft as needed using primitive assembly languages like Cobol, Fortran, and Algol.
|
|
Oliver Bussmann, former chief information officer of UBS, said banks usually tap into their networks of former employees to find COBOL experts.
|
|
"You'd be hard pressed to find perimeter protections and continuous vulnerability scanning that run in 60 million lines of COBOL," he said.
|
|
Oliver Bussmann, former chief information officer of UBS AG, said banks usually tap into their networks of former employees to find COBOL experts.
|
|
She was one of the architects of a "new compiled computer language" called COBOL, which is still a standard of data processing today.
|
|
Hopper stayed at Harvard after the war, where she developed one of the earliest known compilers, as well as COBOL, a programming language.
|
|
In memoriam: Jean Sammet, 89, an early software engineer and a designer of COBOL, a programming language that brought computing into the mainstream.
|
|
The system is 22019 years old and made up of 162 subsystems, with some running on a early 1960s-era programming language called COBOL.
|
|
The network also relied on the dated COBOL programming language, which initially became popular in the 1960s and is now eschewed by younger programmers.
|
|
He worked at a famous digital agency before the dot-com boom and I wrote COBOL code for telecomm billing systems just before Y2K.
|
|
The mathematician Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer program in 1842; the navy admiral and mathematician Grace Hopper helped create the Cobol programming language.
|
|
That led to the creation of the Common Business Oriented Language, or COBOL — a means to handle not just numbers, but also business data.
|
|
But long term, it's like people who learned COBOL or Fortran and thought that was the future and they were going to be covered forever.
|
|
The I.R.S. (along with much of the federal government and major financial institutions) uses a computer programming language called Cobol, developed almost 60 years ago.
|
|
COBOL, particularly the early versions, allowed programmers the freedom to write code without much structure, leading to complex, sprawling programs scorned as so-called spaghetti code.
|
|
As in the rest of the federal government in general, the I.R.S.'s antiquated computers use the programming language Cobol, created more than a half-century ago.
|
|
Jean E. Sammet, an early software engineer and a designer of COBOL, a programming language that brought computing into the business mainstream, died on May 20 in Maryland.
|
|
More than 200 billion lines of COBOL code are now in use and an estimated 2 billion lines are added or changed each year, according to IBM Research.
|
|
Back in the 1970s, when she wrote her first lines of COBOL and FORTRAN, it never occurred to her that a man might be better suited for the job.
|
|
And the Social Security Administration "reported rehiring retired employees to maintain its" systems which use COBOL, the computer programming language which was widely used — in the 1970s — according to GAO.
|
|
Somewhere in a world full of advanced technology that we write about regularly here on TechCrunch, there exists an ancient realm where mainframe computers are still running programs written in COBOL.
|
|
COBOL was initially intended as a short-term solution to the problem of handling business data — a technology that might be useful for a year or two until something better came along.
|
|
For instance, there is a lot of legacy infrastructure in the banking/financial sector, including many services that still run on COBOL, a computer programming language that has run on mainframes since 1959.
|
|
The bank's survey of 100 CIOs found the industry was moving away from COBOL, a programming language widely used in business and finance, and the base for some Micro Focus tools and products.
|
|
Hinshaw, who got into programming in the 22008s when computers took up entire rooms and programmers used punch cards, is a member of a dwindling community of IT veterans who specialize in a vintage programming language called COBOL.
|
|
Hinshaw, who got into programming in the 2749.9s when computers took up entire rooms and programmers used punch cards, is a member of a dwindling community of IT veterans who specialize in a vintage programming language called COBOL.
|
|
COBOL is also used by the Justice Department in its program to provide information about prison inmates, and the VA, which uses it for employee timekeeping and to track veterans' benefits claims and dates of death, the report said.
|
|
When Glenn took off, Clay was manager of Fortran and Cobol programming for Control Data in Palo Alto, a job he held until David Packard recruited him as manager of computer research and development for Hewlett Packard in 6900.
|
|
The programming language Ms. Sammet helped bring to life is now more than a half-century old, but billions of lines of COBOL code still run on the mainframe computers that underpin the work of corporations and government agencies around the world.
|
|
But she continued her work, under public and private auspices, leading to the creation of many of what could be considered the first modern programming languages (you see the COBOL book in her hand above) and helping the Navy standardize and modernize its computing infrastructure.
|
|
Cuban: Now the coding major who graduates this year probably has better short-term opportunity than the liberal arts major that's a Shakespeare expert, but long term, it's like people who learned Cobol or Fortran and thought that was the future and they were going to be covered forever. Right.
|
|
As we march along, however, the pool of people who actually know how to maintain these COBOL programs grows ever smaller by the year, and companies looking to move the data (and even the archaic programs) to a more modern platform could be stuck without personnel to help guide them through the transition.
|
|
In each of the last two years, only about a fifth of the subjects of obituaries have been women, including Jean Sammet, a designer of the COBOL programming language; Mathilde Krim, a scientist who was a leader in the fight against AIDS; and Ursula K. Le Guin, a visionary science-fiction author.
|
|
If you're doing an AI to emulate Shakespeare, somebody better know Shakespeare ... the coding major who graduates this year probably has better short-term opportunity than the liberal arts major that's a Shakespeare expert, but long term, it's like people who learned COBOL or Fortran and thought that was the future and they were going to be covered forever.
|
|
In a press conference Monday, DeSantis said that the state's Department of Economic Opportunity was receiving more than 20 times as many unemployment claims a day than usual Part of the problem, says Michele Evermore, a senior policy analyst at the National Employment Law Project, is that many state unemployment systems are decades old and rely on out-of-date programming languages like COBOL.
|
|
The second is that many of the old technological back-ends underpinning the systems that do work, and which have been held together by sweat and duct tape for decades, are in danger of becoming so old that no one knows how to maintain them anymore: Banks scramble to fix old COBOL systems as IT 'cowboys' ride into the sunset | Anna Irrera, Reuters In other words, we shouldn't be surprised to see newer, weirder, and more unexpected forms of failure begin to creep into systems that up until now were at least predictable with their problems.
|
|
IBM COBOL is the name of the COBOL compiler developed for IBM environments."IBM COBOL Compiler Family" The IBM COBOL compiler is currently supported on z/OS, AIX, VSE/ESA, and z/VM.
|
|
Wang dialects of COBOL-74 and COBOL-85 have important places in the evolution of COBOL. Wang was among the first, if not the first, to integrate COBOL into environments built from the ground up to be interactive as well as batch. Wang also had a principal role in the COBOL standards bodies until the early 1990s. Wang extensions to COBOL involving record locking scope, rollback and rollforward recovery implemented at the file system level allowing transaction processing, and full interactive workstation screen I/O have often made it difficult to port Wang COBOL applications to other systems.
|
|
University professors taught more modern, state-of-the-art languages and techniques instead of COBOL which was said to have a "trade school" nature. Donald Nelson, chair of the CODASYL COBOL committee, said in 1984 that "academics ... hate COBOL" and that computer science graduates "had 'hate COBOL' drilled into them". A 2013 poll by Micro Focus found that 20% of university academics thought COBOL was outdated or dead and that 55% believed their students thought COBOL was outdated or dead. The same poll also found that only 25% of academics had COBOL programming on their curriculum even though 60% thought they should teach it.
|
|
Wim Ebbinkhuijsen (born 24 December 1939, Amsterdam) is a retired Dutch computer scientist who is considered to be one of the "fathers of Cobol". in 1979 he initiated the International ISO COBOL Working Group. From 1967 he was a member, and from 1978 until 2003 he was the chairman of the Dutch COBOL Committee ("Nederlandse COBOL Commissie"). From 1998 until 2001 he was also a member of the NCITS/ANSI COBOL committee X3J4.
|
|
SRDE extends its functionality by supporting stored procedures, user-defined functions, and triggers. In addition to its support for SQL-92, the SRDE supports several significant features of COBOL: COBOL data types and COBOL OCCURS and VARIANT records.
|
|
Rather than code either DIBOL or COBOL, an alternative was to use Business Controls Corporation's SB-5 package, which could generate COBOL code for the PDP-11, DECsystem-10/DECSYSTEM-20. or VAX, including an option for COBOL inserts and overrides.
|
|
COBOL ReSource is a Wang VS COBOL development and production environment for Unix. A product of Getronics (formerly Wang Laboratories, Inc.), COBOL ReSource was first released in 1993 as a tool to replatform and run Wang VS COBOL applications in Unix. It was updated and rereleased in 1995 and its maintenance and ongoing development outsourced to SRDI in the late 1990s.
|
|
36% of managers said they planned to migrate from COBOL, and 25% said they would like to if it was cheaper. Instead, some businesses have migrated their systems from expensive mainframes to cheaper, more modern systems, while maintaining their COBOL programs. Testimony before the House of Representatives in 2016 indicated that COBOL is still in use by many federal agencies. Reuters reported in 2017 that 43% of banking systems still used COBOL with over 200 million lines of COBOL code in use.
|
|
COBOL-60 was replaced in 1961 by COBOL-61. This was then replaced by the COBOL-61 Extended specifications in 1963, which introduced the sort and report writer facilities. The added facilities corrected flaws identified by Honeywell in late 1959 in a letter to the short-range committee. COBOL Edition 1965 brought further clarifications to the specifications and introduced facilities for handling mass storage files and tables.
|
|
BLIS/COBOL is a discontinued operating system that was written in COBOL. It is the only such system to gain reasonably wide acceptance. It was optimised to compile business applications written in COBOL. BLIS was available on a range of Data General Nova and Data General Eclipse 16-bit minicomputers.
|
|
COBOL (and also RPG IV) allows programmers to copy copybooks into the source of the program in a similar way to header files, but it also allows replacing certain text in them with other text. The COBOL keyword for inclusion is `COPY`, and replacement is done using the `REPLACING ... BY ...` clause. An include directive has been present in COBOL since COBOL 60, but changed from the original `INCLUDE` to `COPY` by 1968.
|
|
In contrast, in 2003, COBOL featured in 80% of information systems curricula in the United States, the same proportion as C++ and Java. There was also significant condescension towards COBOL in the business community from users of other languages, for example FORTRAN or assembler, implying that COBOL could be used only for non-challenging problems.
|
|
COBOL-85 was not fully compatible with earlier versions, and its development was controversial. Joseph T. Brophy, the CIO of Travelers Insurance, spearheaded an effort to inform COBOL users of the heavy reprogramming costs of implementing the new standard. As a result, the ANSI COBOL Committee received more than 2,200 letters from the public, mostly negative, requiring the committee to make changes. On the other hand, conversion to COBOL-85 was thought to increase productivity in future years, thus justifying the conversion costs.
|
|
Many programmers were slow to move from COBOL or Fortran due to a perceived complexity of the language and immaturity of the PL/I F compiler. Programmers were sharply divided into scientific programmers (who used Fortran) and business programmers (who used COBOL), with significant tension and even dislike between the groups. PL/I syntax borrowed from both COBOL and Fortran syntax. So instead of noticing features that would make their job easier, Fortran programmers of the time noticed COBOL syntax and had the opinion that it was a business language, while COBOL programmers noticed Fortran syntax and looked upon it as a scientific language.
|
|
Similar goals led to IBM's development of PL/S. The high- level nature of COBOL, which created some problems for operating system development, was partially addressed in BLIS, since it was deliberately optimized for COBOL.
|
|
Examples of languages referred to as autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.
|
|
The addition of an application-program-generator named SB-5Systems Builders-5 that, from specifications, could generate COBOL code was a major step forward. Although this began with supporting the DEC PDP-11,RSX11-M, RSRS/E or IAS: they subsequently began to support COBOL on DEC's DECsystem-10 & DECSYSTEM-20. VAX support came later. The specifications also permitted COBOL inserts and overrides: SB-5 could build an application that was all COBOL, yet only code the portions that varied from BCC's "vanilla" accounting packages.
|
|
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs.
|
|
Efforts began to standardize COBOL to overcome incompatibilities between versions. In late 1962, both ISO and the United States of America Standards Institute (now ANSI) formed groups to create standards. ANSI produced USA Standard COBOL X3.23 in August 1968, which became the cornerstone for later versions. This version was known as American National Standard (ANS) COBOL and was adopted by ISO in 1972.
|
|
Up to the 1985 ANSI COBOL standard had the ALTER verb which could be used to change the destination of an existing GO TO, which had to be in a paragraph by itself.HP COBOL II/XL Reference Manual, "The ALTER statement is an obsolete feature of the 1985 ANSI COBOL standard." The feature, which allowed polymorphism, was frequently condemned and seldom used.
|
|
As such, he has designed and rewritten dozens parts of the current COBOL standard. He has been active for many years with Exin (EXamenINstituut, "Dutch examination Institute"), where he acted as member and later as chairman of the examining-board T2-Cobol. He has written many books about COBOL. He also wrote the first International Standard for the programming language BASIC.
|
|
The COBOL specification used a unique "notation", or metalanguage, to define its syntax rather than the new Backus–Naur form which the committee did not know of. This resulted in "severe" criticism. Later, COBOL suffered from a shortage of material covering it; it took until 1963 for introductory books to appear (with Richard D. Irwin publishing a college textbook on COBOL in 1966). By 1985, there were twice as many books on Fortran and four times as many on BASIC as on COBOL in the Library of Congress.
|
|
COBOL statements have an English-like syntax, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 reserved words. In contrast with modern, succinct syntax like , COBOL has a more English-like syntax (in this case, ). COBOL code is split into four divisions (identification, environment, data, and procedure) containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs and sentences.
|
|
They created a system that could generate COBOL code from screen layouts created by users. The COBOL ran in IBM's TSO interactive environment and it allowed the users and engineers to test screen flow. When a user wanted a change, the layout was altered using a design tool and new COBOL was generated. This turned out to be a very successful way to prototype the new system.
|
|
Proceedings of the 1961 16th ACM national meeting The first known demonstrated cross-platform high-level language was COBOL. In a demonstration in December 1960, a COBOL program was compiled and executed on both the UNIVAC II and the RCA 501.
|
|
FORTRAN and COBOL were soon added. Ada was added later. The currently supported languages include COBOL, FORTRAN, C, and PLUS. PLUS, Programming Language for Unisys (originally UNIVAC) Systems, is a block structured language somewhat similar to Pascal which it predates.
|
|
The authors said that the survey data suggest "a gradual decline in the importance of Cobol in application development over the [following] 10 years unless ... integration with other languages and technologies can be adopted". In 2006 and 2012, Computerworld surveys found that over 60% of organizations used COBOL (more than C++ and Visual Basic .NET) and that for half of those, COBOL was used for the majority of their internal software.
|
|
Yet by 1984, maintainers of COBOL programs were struggling to deal with "incomprehensible" code and the main changes in COBOL-85 were there to help ease maintenance. Jean Sammet, a short-range committee member, noted that "little attempt was made to cater to the professional programmer, in fact people whose main interest is programming tend to be very unhappy with COBOL" which she attributed to COBOL's verbose syntax.
|
|
But due to its declining popularity and the retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, programs are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with software packages. Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications, however many large financial institutions were still developing new systems in COBOL in 2006 due to the mainframe processing speed. COBOL was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on the programming language FLOW-MATIC designed by Grace Hopper. It was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing.
|
|
While striving to keep in line with COBOL Standards up to the current COBOL 2014 specification, and also to include features common in existing compilers, the developers do not claim any level of standards conformance. Even so, the 2.2 Final release passes over 9,688 (99.79%) of the tests included in the NIST COBOL 85 test suite, out of 9,708 (as 20 are deleted). GnuCOBOL translates a COBOL program (source code) into a C program. The C program can then be compiled into the actual code used by the computer (object code) or into a library where other programs can call (link to) it.
|
|
Mimer SQL for Linux, macOS, OpenVMS and Windows support embedded SQL. ; C/C++ : Embedded SQL for C/C++ is supported on Linux, macOS, OpenVMS and Windows. ; COBOL : Embedded SQL for COBOL is supported on OpenVMS. ; Fortran : Embedded SQL for Fortran is supported on OpenVMS.
|
|
The Micro Focus logo circa 1985. The company was founded in 1976. In 1981, it became the first company to win the Queen's Award for Industry purely for developing a software product. The product was CIS COBOL, a standard-compliant COBOL implementation for microcomputers.
|
|
Although Honeywell placed strong emphasis on the use of COBOL, it also supported FORTRAN and RPG.
|
|
In the 1970s, adoption of the structured programming paradigm was becoming increasingly widespread. Edsger Dijkstra, a preeminent computer scientist, wrote a letter to the editor of Communications of the ACM, published 1975 entitled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", in which he was critical of COBOL and several other contemporary languages; remarking that "the use of COBOL cripples the mind". In a published dissent to Dijkstra's remarks, the computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins claimed that unstructured COBOL tended to be "written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well", arguing that the issue was primarily one of training.
|
|
Doubts have been raised about the competence of the standards committee. Short-term committee member Howard Bromberg said that there was "little control" over the development process and that it was "plagued by discontinuity of personnel and ... a lack of talent." Jean Sammet and Jerome Garfunkel also noted that changes introduced in one revision of the standard would be reverted in the next, due as much to changes in who was in the standard committee as to objective evidence. COBOL standards have repeatedly suffered from delays: COBOL-85 arrived five years later than hoped, COBOL 2002 was five years late, and COBOL 2014 was six years late.
|
|
COBOL programs are used globally in governments and businesses and are running on diverse operating systems such as z/OS, z/VSE, VME, Unix, OpenVMS and Windows. In 1997, the Gartner Group reported that 80% of the world's business ran on COBOL with over 200 billion lines of code and 5 billion lines more being written annually. Near the end of the 20th century, the year 2000 problem (Y2K) was the focus of significant COBOL programming effort, sometimes by the same programmers who had designed the systems decades before. The particular level of effort required to correct COBOL code has been attributed to the large amount of business-oriented COBOL, as business applications use dates heavily, and to fixed-length data fields. After the clean-up effort put into these programs for Y2K, a 2003 survey found that many remained in use.
|
|
This gave rise to the later terminology "Macro-level CICS." When high-level language support was added, the macros were retained and the code was converted by a pre-compiler that expanded the macros to their COBOL or PL/I CALL statement equivalents. Thus preparing a HLL application was effectively a "two-stage" compile output from the preprocessor fed into the HLL compiler as input. COBOL considerations: unlike PL/I, IBM COBOL does not normally provide for the manipulation of pointers (addresses).
|
|
The alternative languages generally available at the time were Assembler, COBOL or FORTRAN. COBOL was a natural language-like business oriented language and FORTRAN was a language that facilitated mathematical applications. Other languages of the era included ALGOL and Autocoder and a few years later PL/I. Assembler and COBOL were more common in mainframe business operations (System/360 models 30 and above) and RPG more commonly used by customers who were in transition from tabulating equipment (System/360 model 20).
|
|
A six-bit code was also used in COBOL databases, where end-of-record information was stored separately.
|
|
GnuCOBOL (formerly OpenCOBOL, and for a short time known as GNU Cobol) is a free implementation of the COBOL programming language. Originally designed by Keisuke Nishida, lead development was taken up by Roger While. Latest developments are now led by Simon Sobisch, Ron Norman, Edward Hart, Sergey Kashyrin and many others.
|
|
For example, DB2 UDB, COBOL, PL/I, Java and the IBM XML toolkit support UTF-16 on IBM mainframes.
|
|
The VS operating system and all system software were built from the ground up to support interactive users as well as batch operations. The VS was aimed directly at the business data processing market in general, and IBM in particular. While many programming languages were available, the VS was typically programmed in COBOL. Other languages supported in the VS integrated development environment included Assembler, COBOL 74, COBOL 85, BASIC, Ada, RPG II, C, PL/I, FORTRAN, Glossary, MABASIC, SPEED II and Procedure (a scripting language).
|
|
Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in 1972 as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bit computers could not fit COBOL into their limited memory, and because COBOL did not at the time have facilities to deal with Datapoint's built-in keyboard and screen. A version of DATABUS became an ANSI standard, and the name PL/B came about when Datapoint chose not to release its trademark on the DATABUS name.
|
|
Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in machine code or in languages close to machine code, such as assembly languages) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date. Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was Mount Holyoke College alumnus Jean E. Sammet. From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.
|
|
Pervasive Software provides the management interfaces Distributed Tuning Interface (DTI) and Distributed Tuning Objects (DTO), a Component Object Model (COM) adapter pattern (wrapper) for the DTI. These provide application programming interfaces for configuration, monitoring, and diagnostics of Pervasive components. COBOL can also provide component management through a COBOL connector that can talk to DTI.
|
|
The COBOL community has always been isolated from the computer science community. No academic computer scientists participated in the design of COBOL: all of those on the committee came from commerce or government. Computer scientists at the time were more interested in fields like numerical analysis, physics and system programming than the commercial file-processing problems which COBOL development tackled. Jean Sammet attributed COBOL's unpopularity to an initial "snob reaction" due to its inelegance, the lack of influential computer scientists participating in the design process and a disdain for business data processing.
|
|
He was a member of the Conference/Committee on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) committee, and involved in developing the COBOL language.
|
|
While Prime's PRIMOS operating system supported one or more compilers/interpreters for COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, RPG and 2 Assemblers, Queo was a step up: a procedural language more compact than COBOL, and with additional capabilities.".. nonprocedural methods for adhoc inquiry" It was offered by Computer Techniques, Inc. of Olyphant, Pa. Queo later was reimplemented for PCs.
|
|
At October 22, 2004 he left the Cobol world after 42 years of commitment, with a valedictory symposium in the auditorium of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam. For his enormous contribution to COBOL he received an IEEE award, and invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Ridder in de Orde van Oranje Nassau).
|
|
Super Madrigal Brothers is a video game music duo consisting of Oliver Cobol (born Adam Bruneu) and Fashion Flesh (born John Talaga).
|
|
It is unclear if a working version of FACT was ever released by Honeywell. The language was designed, and a detailed specification released (see references), but it said that "Computer Sciences Corporation also has the contract to implement FACT", which implies they were still working on an implementation at the time. About that time, the short range committee began developing COBOL, and Roy Nutt, 1 of the 3 principals of CSC, began working with that committee on COBOL. It's not clear if he ever came back to implement FACT, or if Honeywell concentrated their programming effort on a COBOL compiler.
|
|
The main advantage of re-optimizing existing programs was that the stock of already compiled customer programs (object code) could be improved almost instantly with minimal effort, reducing CPU resources at a fixed cost (the price of the proprietary software). A disadvantage was that new releases of COBOL, for example, would require (charged) maintenance to the optimizer to cater for possibly changed internal COBOL algorithms. However, since new releases of COBOL compilers frequently coincided with hardware upgrades, the faster hardware would usually more than compensate for the application programs reverting to their pre-optimized versions (until a supporting optimizer was released).
|
|
ADS/Online was a COBOL-like language and was successful because it competed against CICS, which tended to be used mainly by COBOL programmers. ADS/O was later ported to run directly in CICS and was adopted by nearly 1,500 companies. ;ADS/Batch : A port of ADS/Online to the batch mainframe environment. It was not well received by Cullinet's customers.
|
|
CA-EZTEST was a CICS interactive test/debug software package distributed by Computer Associates and originally called EZTEST/CICS, produced by Capex Corporation of Phoenix, Arizona with assistance from Ken Dakin from England. The product provided source level test and debugging features for computer programs written in COBOL, PL/I and Assembler (BAL) languages to complement their own existing COBOL optimizer product.
|
|
Indexed data could be stored in a MIDAS file: Multi-Indexed Data Access System and be accessed via COBOL or FORTRAN. Among the third party tools was a package named Queo,from Computer Techniques, Inc. OLYPHANT, Pa. which was more powerful than COBOL despite being less verbose. The PRIMOS character set was basically ASCII but with the 8th bit inverted.
|
|
By this time the Army had expressed increasing interest in the concept and had ordered four additional machines and associated software, including a COBOL compiler.
|
|
The Programming Language Committee also liaised with ECMA and the Japanese COBOL Standard committee. The Programming Language Committee was not well- known, however. The vice-president, William Rinehuls, complained that two- thirds of the COBOL community did not know of the committee's existence. It was also poor, lacking the funds to make public documents, such as minutes of meetings and change proposals, freely available.
|
|
To support this English-like syntax, COBOL has over 300 keywords. Some of the keywords are simple alternative or pluralized spellings of the same word, which provides for more English-like statements and clauses; e.g., the and keywords can be used interchangeably, as can and , and and . Each COBOL program is made up of four basic lexical items: words, literals, picture character-strings (see ) and separators.
|
|
COBOL programs were infamous for being monolithic and lacking modularization. COBOL code could only be modularized through procedures, which were found to be inadequate for large systems. It was impossible to restrict access to data, meaning a procedure could access and modify data item. Furthermore, there was no way to pass parameters to a procedure, an omission Jean Sammet regarded as the committee's biggest mistake.
|
|
Another complication stemmed from the ability to a specified sequence of procedures. This meant that control could jump to and return from any procedure, creating convoluted control flow and permitting a programmer to break the single-entry single-exit rule. This situation improved as COBOL adopted more features. COBOL-74 added subprograms, giving programmers the ability to control the data each part of the program could access.
|
|
Mary K. Hawes was a computer scientist who identified the need for a common business language in accounting, which led to the development of COBOL. COBOL is short for Common Business Oriented Language. It was written to resemble ordinary English. For this new language, they wish it can be run on different brands of computers and perform some advanced accounting calculation such as payroll calculation.
|
|
In the 1980s IBM researcher Harlan Mills oversaw the development of the COBOL Structuring Facility, which applied a structuring algorithm to COBOL code. Mills's transformation involved the following steps for each procedure. #Identify the basic blocks in the procedure. #Assign a unique label to each block's entry path, and label each block's exit paths with the labels of the entry paths they connect to.
|
|
05 DEPT-PERSON OCCURS 0 TO 20 TIMES DEPENDING ON PEOPLE-CNT. 10 PERSON-NAME PIC X(20). 10 PERSON-WAGE PIC S9(7)V99 PACKED-DECIMAL. The COBOL VLA, unlike that of other languages mentioned here, is safe because COBOL requires one to specify the maximal array size – in this example, `DEPT-PERSON` cannot have more than 20 items, regardless of the value of `PEOPLE-CNT`.
|
|
Languages on DRS 20 under DRX included Microsoft BASIC, Micro Focus CIS-COBOL, Pascal, 8085 Assembler, and application building packages including Userbuild and the Demon suite. Languages on DRS 300 Concurrent DOS included Lattice C, CBASIC, Micro Focus Level II COBOL and Digital Research languages including FORTRAN and Pascal. Development software on the Unix-based DRS ranges (300 to 6000) included C, Micro Focus and RM COBOL, EPC C++, FORTRAN and Pascal, and relational databases including Ingres, Informix, Oracle, Sybase and Progress 4GL supplied by Progress Software. During this period, ICL's software strategy was increasingly to make available on its own hardware popular software packages developed by third parties.
|
|
Six people, including Hopper, attended to discuss the philosophy of creating a common business language (CBL). Hopper became involved in developing COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) where she innovated new symbolic ways to write computer code. Hopper developed programming language that was easier to read and "self- documenting." After COBOL was submitted to the CODASYL Executive Committee, Betty Holberton did further editing on the language before it was submitted to the Government Printing Office in 1960. IBM were slow to adopt COBOL, which hindered its progress but it was accepted as a standard in 1962, after Hopper had demonstrated the compiler working both on UNIVAC and RCA computers.
|
|
Transfer of copyrights to the Free Software Foundation over GnuCOBOL source code (including versions with GNU Cobol and OpenCOBOL spellings) was finalized on 17 June 2015.
|
|
TIM-600 uses the programming languages: C++, Fortran, Cobol, Basic and Pascal. Data base management was performed by Informix and Oracle software (ref.Lit #4, #5 and #6).
|
|
Many logical flaws were found in COBOL 60, leading GE's Charles Katz to warn that it could not be interpreted unambiguously. A reluctant short-term committee enacted a total cleanup and, by March 1963, it was reported that COBOL's syntax was as definable as ALGOL's, although semantic ambiguities remained. Early COBOL compilers were primitive and slow. A 1962 US Navy evaluation found compilation speeds of 3–11 statements per minute.
|
|
By mid-1964, they had increased to 11–1000 statements per minute. It was observed that increasing memory would drastically increase speed and that compilation costs varied wildly: costs per statement were between $0.23 and $18.91. In late 1962, IBM announced that COBOL would be their primary development language and that development of COMTRAN would cease. The COBOL specification was revised three times in the five years after its publication.
|
|
States including Connecticut, Florida, and New Jersey put out calls for COBOL programmers to work on their unemployment systems; New Jersey stated their system was over 40 years old. The Verge identified at least 12 states with COBOL used for unemployment systems including Alaska, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Rhode Island, and California. The Verge also noted that 25 years of budget cuts has led to reduced maintenance and modernization of systems.
|
|
Unlike version 1, version 2 of NoSQLz is chargeable and supports IBM Parallel Sysplex. The NoSQLz DBMS can be interfaced in Rexx, Cobol, IBM High Level Assembler, etc.
|
|
IBM DB2 version 9 for Linux, UNIX and Windows supports embedded SQL for C, C++, Java, COBOL, FORTRAN and REXX although support for FORTRAN and REXX has been deprecated.
|
|
Programming languages for the 1400 series included Symbolic Programming System (SPS, an assembly language), Autocoder (a more fully featured assembly language), COBOL, FORTRAN, Report Program Generator (RPG), and FARGO.
|
|
COBOL-85 then added nested subprograms, allowing programmers to hide subprograms. Further control over data and code came in 2002 when object-oriented programming, user-defined functions and user-defined data types were included. Nevertheless, much important legacy COBOL software uses unstructured code, which has become unmaintainable. It can be too risky and costly to modify even a simple section of code, since it may be used from unknown places in unknown ways.
|
|
COBOL syntax has often been criticized for its verbosity. Proponents say that this was intended to make the code self-documenting, easing program maintenance. COBOL was also intended to be easy for programmers to learn and use, while still being readable to non- technical staff such as managers. The desire for readability led to the use of English-like syntax and structural elements, such as nouns, verbs, clauses, sentences, sections, and divisions.
|
|
The B5000 was designed to exclusively support high-level languages. This was at a time when such languages were just coming to prominence with FORTRAN and then COBOL. FORTRAN and COBOL were considered weaker languages by some, when it comes to modern software techniques, so a newer, mostly untried language was adopted, ALGOL-60. The ALGOL dialect chosen for the B5000 was Elliott ALGOL, first designed and implemented by C.A.R. Hoare on an Elliott 503.
|
|
Burroughs large systems could compile as fast as they could read the source code from the punched cards, and they had the fastest card readers in the industry. The powerful Burroughs COBOL compiler was also a one-pass compiler and equally fast. A 4000-card COBOL program compiled as fast as the 1000-card/minute readers could read the code. The program was ready to use as soon as the cards went through the reader.
|
|
TELON supported multiple database technologies, including IBM's VSAM, IMS/DB, DB2, plus Cullinet's IDMS. TELON is an application code generator that uses macros to generate COBOL, COBOL/II, or PL/I code that can run natively in the target environment without run-time proprietary code. Developers create screen designs in the TELON Design Facility (TDF) and define attributes for the screen. The design can then be run through a prototyper to test screen flow.
|
|
It was awkward to use (McNeil called it "distributed head-ache") and so Christensen used the Macro language to create a generator that could create each form from a single source. This was the first step leading to the development of TELON. Christensen and McNeil spent the following few years working on the next claims processing application. McNeil designed the template COBOL programs and Christensen coded the macros to generate the actual COBOL programs.
|
|
This was used to continue the development of commercial language compilers: A BASIC compiler was developed in 1985, which along with COBOL, FORTRAN, and Pascal, was supplied to AT&T; Computer Systems' 3B series computers. A C language compiler was developed by 1986. Around the same time, the commercial compilers were enhanced to support the latest standards, COBOL-85 and draft FORTRAN 8X, as part of a contract for compilers for the BiiN joint venture.
|
|
Dave McFarland and Don Ryan, both with a Digitek background, co-founded Ryan-McFarland Corporation. Ryan-McFarland was a major source for FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC in the PC arena.
|
|
By 2019, the number of COBOL programmers was shrinking fast due to retirements, leading to an impending skills gap in business and government organizations which still use mainframe systems for high-volume transaction processing. Efforts to rewrite systems in newer languages have proven expensive and problematic, as has the outsourcing of code maintenance, thus proposals to train more people in COBOL are advocated. During the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing surge of unemployment, several US states reported a shortage of skilled COBOL programmers to support the legacy systems used for unemployment benefit management. Many of these systems had been in the process of conversion to more modern programming languages prior to the pandemic, but the process had to be put on hold.
|
|
These languages allowed programs to be specified in an abstract way, independent of the precise details of the hardware architecture of the computer. The languages were primarily intended only for specifying numerical calculations. COBOL was first conceived of when Mary K. Hawes convened a meeting (which included Grace Hopper) in 1959 to discuss how to create a computer language to be shared between businesses. Hopper's innovation with COBOL was developing a new symbolic way to write programming.
|
|
In order to allow COBOL programmers to access CICS control blocks and dynamic storage the designers resorted to what was essentially a hack. The COBOL Linkage Section was normally used for inter- program communication, such as parameter passing. The compiler generates a list of addresses, each called a Base Locator for Linkage (BLL) which were set on entry to the called program. The first BLL corresponds to the first item in the Linkage Section and so on.
|
|
Both COBOL and Fortran programmers viewed it as a "bigger" version of their own language, and both were somewhat intimidated by the language and disinclined to adopt it. Another factor was pseudo- similarities to COBOL, Fortran, and ALGOL. These were PL/I elements that looked similar to one of those languages, but worked differently in PL/I. Such frustrations left many experienced programmers with a jaundiced view of PL/I, and often an active dislike for the language.
|
|
The Criterion series provided a virtual machine architecture which allowed different machine architectures running under the same operating system. The initial offering provided a Century virtual machine which was instruction compatible with the Century series and a COBOL virtual machine designed to optimize programs written in COBOL. Switching between virtual machines was provided by a virtual machine indicator in the subroutine call mechanism. This allowed programs written in one virtual machine to use subroutines written for another.
|
|
Programming was mostly in the COBOL, RPG and Assembler languages for the commercial applications which were the predominant uses of this computer. Fortran could also be used for the scientific and engineering applications, and a PL/I subset compiler PL/I(D) was available. COBOL programs for other computers could be run after recompiling on the System/360, except that the `INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION` had to be re-written to describe to the System/360 device assignments.
|
|
The work and arrangements for choosing the relational database provider, hiring consultants and other organisational matters made that the development of DMFAS 5, to pass from COBOL to ORACLE started in 1992.
|
|
"Burroughs Large Systems" referred to all of these large-system product lines together, in contrast to the COBOL-optimized Medium Systems (B2000, B3000, and B4000) or the flexible-architecture Small Systems (B1000).
|
|
A disk-based version of SCOPE was eventually made available for the upper-3000 systems. FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL were available. The assembly language was called COMPASS. These were available from CDC.
|
|
One of VSI BASIC's more noteworthy features is built-in support for OpenVMS's powerful Record Management Services (RMS). Before the release VAX BASIC, native RMS support was only available in DEC's COBOL compiler.
|
|
The shortest valid COBOL program, with the relaxed syntax option in GnuCOBOL 2.0, is a blank file. Compilation and execution: $ cobc -x -frelax-syntax ./empty.cob ./empty.cob: 1: Warning: PROGRAM-ID header missing - assumed $ .
|
|
EXEC II is a discontinued operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 by Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) while under contract to UNIVAC to develop the machine's COBOL compiler. They developed EXEC II because Univac's EXEC I operating system development was late. Because of this the COBOL compiler was actually designed to run under EXEC II, not EXEC I as specified in the original contract. EXEC II is a batch processing operating system that supports a single job stream with concurrent spooling.
|
|
Data General software on punched tape The earliest Nova came with a BASIC interpreter on punched tape. As the product grew, Data General developed many languages for the Nova computers, running under a range of consistent operating systems. FORTRAN IV, ALGOL, Extended BASIC, Data General Business Basic, Interactive COBOL, and several assemblers were available from Data General. Third party vendors and the user community expanded the offerings with Forth, Lisp, BCPL, C, ALGOL, and other proprietary versions of COBOL and BASIC.
|
|
It was initially based on the AT&T; NCR 9800 series mainframe architecture - creating a UNIX and an NT/Windows Server branch. The COBOL source code was interchangeable, but software interfacing with the OS, such as transaction queues, differed in order to handle the various implementations written in C and linked into the Microfocus COBOL runtime system-linked object. Scripting varied across branches to handle operations and non- functional requirements. Major versions featured multi-currency (with spot positions) and multi-language functionality.
|
|
The OS supports many languages: RPG, assembly language, C, C++, Pascal, Java, EGL, Perl, Smalltalk, COBOL, SQL, BASIC, PHP, PL/I, Python, REXX, Ruby, PHP, Node.js(JavaScript), Lua, R, Ublu,Ublu Qshell, and more.
|
|
The NCR Century 100 supported several programming languages: NEAT/3 (National's Easy Auto-coding Technique, a later version of the NEAT/1 language that ran on the NCR 315 computer system), COBOL, FORTRAN, and BASIC.
|
|
Similarly, the US Internal Revenue Service scrambled to patch its COBOL-based Individual Master File in order to disburse the tens of millions of payments mandated by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.
|
|
The COBOL language supports indexed files with the following command in the `FILE CONTROL` section `ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED` IBM PL/I uses the file attribute `ENVIRONMENT(INDEXED)` or `ENVIRONMENT(VSAM)` to declare an indexed file.
|
|
Control Data Corporation's CDC 3150 was described as a "batch computer,""CSULB's first batch computer, a Control Data Corp. (CDC) 3150" and it included a FORTRAN and a COBOL compiler. Its console looked like _this_.
|
|
Supported clients writing and running their own programs, whether written in ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, or Fortran. They provided training in all user aspects of the Kronos-75 service and on operating various types of terminal.
|
|
In 1974, ANSI published a revised version of (ANS) COBOL, containing new features such as file organizations, the statement and the segmentation module. Deleted features included the statement, the statement (which was replaced by ) and the implementer-defined random access module (which was superseded by the new sequential and relative I/O modules). These made up 44 changes, which rendered existing statements incompatible with the new standard. The report writer was slated to be removed from COBOL, but was reinstated before the standard was published.
|
|
Significant parts of the language became irrelevant because of the need to use the corresponding native features of the subsystems (such as tasking and much of input/output). Fortran was not used in these application areas, confining PL/I to COBOL's territory; most users stayed with COBOL. But as the PC became the dominant environment for program development, Fortran, COBOL and PL/I all became minority languages overtaken by C++, Java and the like. Second, PL/I was overtaken in the system programming field.
|
|
While at Huddersfield Town he studied COBOL programming in the evening at the Huddersfield Technical College. The course he was studying was City and Guilds 417 Applications Programming. His brother Declan played briefly for Fulham F.C..
|
|
These are also called "FORTRAN control characters" because they first appeared in versions of FORTRAN II in the early 1960s, although they have since been used by other programming languages such as COBOL and PL/I.
|
|
COBOL 2014 has 47 statements (also called '), which can be grouped into the following broad categories: control flow, I/O, data manipulation and the report writer. The report writer statements are covered in the report writer section.
|
|
The most advanced model was Minsk-32, developed in 1968. It supported COBOL, FORTRAN and ALGAMS (a version of ALGOL). This and earlier versions also used a machine-oriented language called AKI (AvtoKod "Inzhener", i.e., "Engineer's Autocode").
|
|
6.2 4. on some platforms, could be implemented previously with `alloca()` or similar functions) and C# (as unsafe-mode stack-allocated arrays), COBOL, Fortran 90, and J. And also Object Pascal (the language used in Borland Delphi).
|
|
This system supported Fortran, Cobol, and UCSD Pascal. ITOS was a foreground/background system with multiple users connected via serial CRT terminals; user tasks ran in the background while the operating system itself ran in the foreground.
|
|
Waterloo had been a leader in writing single pass, compile-and-go teaching compilers, with first its WATFOR FORTRAN compiler, and its WATBOL COBOL compiler. WATMAP was developed to be a similar compile-and-go teaching compiler.
|
|
In 1959, Sammet and five other programmers established much of the design of the influential COBOL programming language, in a proposal written in a span of two weeks that was eventually accepted by Sylvania's U.S. government clients.
|
|
Each programming language used in a computer shop will have one or more associated compilers that translate a source program into a machine-language object module. Then the object module from the compiler must be processed by the linkage editor, IEWL, to create an executable load module. IGYCRCTL is a common example of a compiler; it is the compiler for the current IBM Enterprise COBOL for z/OS product. (There have been several previous IBM COBOL compilers over the years, with different names.) There are many other compilers for various other programming languages.
|
|
The commercial mbp Cobol (a Cobol compiler for the PC) as well as the MProlog system (an industrial strength Prolog implementation that ran on numerous architectures (IBM mainframe, VAX, PDP-11, Intel 8086, etc.) and OS-s (DOS/OS/CMS/BS2000, VMS/Unix, DOS/Windows/OS2)). The latter in particular is testimony to CDL2's portability. While most programs written with CDL have been compilers, there is at least one commercial GUI application that was developed and maintained in CDL. This application was a dental image acquisition application now owned by DEXIS.
|
|
He has also revealed that (being a dinosaur), he is of course mistaken for a COBOL programmer. Bob likes to nap and gobble carrots. Bob appears in the intro of the series and the episode "The Little People".
|
|
The following COBOL fragment declares a variable-length array of records `DEPT-PERSON` having a length (number of members) specified by the value of `PEOPLE-CNT`: DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 DEPT- PEOPLE. 05 PEOPLE-CNT PIC S9(4) BINARY.
|
|
There are both high- and low-level programming languages that use non-structured programming. Some languages commonly cited as being non-structured include JOSS, FOCAL, TELCOMP, assembly languages, MS-DOS batch files, and early versions of BASIC, Fortran, COBOL, and MUMPS.
|
|
Wang's premium XDMS file system was ported to Unix to serve as the file system for COBOL ReSource. Called PDMS, it has a track record of supporting shared access to multiple indexed files for user populations as large as 1,000.
|
|
Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions and just one class. Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text. COBOL has been criticized throughout its life for its verbosity, design process, and poor support for structured programming. These weaknesses result in monolithic and, though intended to be English-like, not easily comprehensible and verbose programs.
|
|
DISPLAY A IF A < 3 ADD 1 TO A PERFORM LABEL END-IF DISPLAY 'END'. One might expect that the output is "1 2 3 END END END", and in fact that is what some COBOL compilers will produce. But some compilers, like IBM COBOL, will produce code that prints "1 2 3 END END END END ..." and so on, printing "END" over and over in an endless loop. Since there is limited space to store backup continuation addresses, the backups get overwritten in the course of recursive invocations, and all that can be restored is the jump back to .
|
|
The B2500 and B3500 computers were announced in 1966. They operated directly on COBOL-68's primary decimal data types: strings of up to 100 digits, with one EBCDIC or ASCII digit character or two 4-bit binary-coded decimal BCD digits per byte. Portable COBOL programs did not use binary integers at all, so the B2500 did not either, not even for memory addresses. Memory was addressed down to the 4-bit digit in big-endian style, using 5-digit decimal addresses. Floating point numbers also used base 10 rather than some binary base, and had up to 100 mantissa digits.
|
|
PL/I provides several 'storage classes' to indicate how the lifetime of variables' storage is to be managed `STATIC, AUTOMATIC, CONTROLLED` and `BASED`. The simplest to implement is `STATIC`, which indicates that memory is allocated and initialized at load-time, as is done in COBOL "working-storage" and early Fortran. This is the default for `EXTERNAL` variables. PL/I's default storage class for `INTERNAL` variables is `AUTOMATIC`, similar to that of other block-structured languages influenced by ALGOL, like the "auto" storage class in the C language, and default storage allocation in Pascal and "local-storage" in IBM COBOL.
|
|
COBOL Cowboys is a Gainesville, Texas software consulting company founded by Bill (age ) and Eileen Hinshaw in 2013. It was named after the Clint Eastwood movie Space Cowboys, in reference to bringing subject matter experts out of retirement. The company specializes in updating legacy COBOL code on mainframe computers, often found in the back office of banks, other long-lived companies, and government agencies. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, unprecedented unemployment numbers, over 5 million new filings for several weeks, meant that legacy state unemployment systems, while reliable, failed to process the volume of claims.
|
|
FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand under Grace Hopper from 1955 to 1959, and helped shape the development of COBOL.
|
|
Version 7.5 and onward was developed in COBOL by the Tata Consultancy Services business unit TCS Financial Solutions. In August 2013, Panzhihua (PZH) Commercial Bank started using the software, making it the first Chinese city commercial bank to use the TCS BaNCS solution.
|
|
The first 60 winners of Part 2 will receive monetary prize in recognition of their achievement. Lastly, part 3 is more in depth and may involve multiple programming challenges such as COBOL, REXX, JCL, etc. (depending on the questions set for the year's challenge).
|
|
That year they had "major software development contracts" with Xerox Corporation, and a timesharing contract with the University of Rochester, and were also resellers for the Viatron System 21 display terminals, and the Miracl/CPG COBOL programming system. Computers Unlimited declared bankruptcy in late 1970.
|
|
Lundin wrote games in Fortran and Assembler and Goran in COBOL to demonstrate the API for programmers. To model IBM's new light pen, programmers contributed a simple tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses), possibly the only practical use of the subsequently discontinued light pen.
|
|
In COBOL, line numbers were specified in the first six characters (the sequence number area) of punched cards. This was originally used for facilitating mechanical card sorting to assure intended program code sequence after manual handling. The line numbers were actually ignored by the compiler.
|
|
A common technique was to limit the size of individual programs to no more than 4,096 bytes, or 4K, so that CICS could easily reuse the memory occupied by any program not currently in use for another program or other application storage needs. When virtual memory was added to versions OS/360 in 1972, the 4K strategy became even more important to reduce paging and thrashing unproductive resource-contention overhead. The efficiency of compiled high-level COBOL and PL/I language programs left much to be desired. Many CICS application programs continued to be written in assembler language, even after COBOL and PL/I support became available.
|
|
This was built around 1900 IDMS, and consisted of a set of user interfaces which provided a "user friendly" graphical database schema design and configuration environment, and an RML COBOL-based programming environment. Everything was compiled into the equivalent 1900 IDMS objects for use at run time.
|
|
COBOL has an English-like syntax, which is used to describe nearly everything in a program. For example, a condition can be expressed as or more concisely as or . More complex conditions can be "abbreviated" by removing repeated conditions and variables. For example, can be shortened to .
|
|
The System/36 had four compilers: RPG II, COBOL, BASIC, and FORTRAN. An assembler was also available. RPG was cheaper, created compact code sizes, and became by far the best-seller. COBOL's popularity in the larger business community made it popular on the System/36 as well.
|
|
Many programming languages simply place the desired control character in the first byte of the line to be printed. COBOL and PL/I also have a system-independent method of specifying printer controls. The compiler or run-time will translate these options into the appropriate control character.
|
|
Mohawk's MOBOL - Mohawk Business Oriented Language - was described as "looked nothing like COBOL". The language's source code was compiled, rather than being run interpretively. After a MOBOL program was compiled, a utility named MOBOLIST was used to display applicable messages (if any) for errors detected during compilation.
|
|
It can be used to document any programming artifact, such as: classes, functions, tests, makefile entries, etc. ROBODoc works with C, C++, Fortran, Perl, shell scripts, Assembler, DCL, DB/C, Tcl/Tk, Forth, Lisp, COBOL, Occam, Basic, HTML, Clarion, and any other language that supports comments.
|
|
The System/34's initial programming languages "were limited to RPG-II and Basic Assembler" when introduced in 1977. FORTRAN was fully available six months after the 34's introduction, whereas at that time COBOL was a PRPQ (Programming RPQ);"potentially available ... special order" BASIC was subsequently introduced.
|
|
She also participated in the development of early standards for the COBOL and FORTRAN programming languages with Grace Hopper. Later, as an employee of the National Bureau of Standards, she was very active in the first two revisions of the Fortran language standard ("FORTRAN 77" and "Fortran 90").
|
|
SonarSource provides code quality and security products to detect maintainability, reliability and vulnerability issues on 27 programming languages including Python, Java, C#, JavaScript, C/C++, COBOL. In May 2020, SonarSource announced it would be buying RIPS Technologies, its first acquisition. RIPs is a code security startup based in Germany.
|
|
Language H is a proprietary, procedural programming language created by NCR based on COBOL. The first compiler was developed in August 1962 to run on the National-Elliott 405M and produce object code for the National-Elliott 803B. It is believed that the "H" stands for John C Harwell.
|
|
The Z80 Second Processor required the floppy disc upgrade: it was aimed at business and enabled the BBC system to run CP/M programs. It came with a suite of software that included the COBOL programming language. It ran at 6 MHz and had 64 KB of RAM.
|
|
's Mac 68k emulator for PowerPC. For application development, AMOS used a proprietary BASIC-like language called AlphaBASIC (though several other languages, including Assembler, FORTRAN, Pascal, and COBOL, were available). Older versions interpreted a tokenized executable file. Later versions translate the tokenized executable into x86 code for performance.
|
|
It is also the date from which ANSI dates are counted and were adopted by the American National Standards Institute for use with COBOL and other computer languages. All versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onward count units of one hundred nanoseconds from this epoch.
|
|
Some compiled languages explicitly permit self-modifying code. For example, the ALTER verb in COBOL may be implemented as a branch instruction that is modified during execution. Some batch programming techniques involve the use of self-modifying code. Clipper and SPITBOL also provide facilities for explicit self-modification.
|
|
He quit immediately. The first prototype for EDP ran on an IBM 360 Model 30 with IBM 2311 disk storage drives and two Tape Drives, and was programmed in COBOL. During seven years, it grew to support three- shift work-days and was used for thousands of companies’ payrolls.
|
|
In traditional COBOL implementations, this is not the case. Rather, the first statement sets the continuation address at the end of so that it will jump back to the call site inside . The second statement sets the return at the end of but does not modify the continuation address of , expecting it to be the default continuation. Thus, when the inner invocation arrives at the end of , it jumps back to the outer statement, and the program stops having printed just "1 2 3". On the other hand, in some COBOL implementations like the open- source TinyCOBOL compiler, the two statements do not interfere with each other and the output is indeed "1 2 3 4 3".
|
|
System-1022 was a database that ran on Digital Equipment Corporation's 36-bit hardware: the DECsystem-10 and also the DECSYSTEM-20, hence the 1022 name. 1022 was a hierarchical database system which could be accessed via third-generation languages such as Fortran and COBOL; it also had its own 4GL.
|
|
A typical COBOL statement '`ADD A, B GIVING C`' may use operands of different lengths, different digit representations, and different sign representations. This statement compiled into a single 12-byte instruction with 3 memory operands. Complex formatting for printing was accomplished by executing a single `EDIT` instruction with detailed format descriptors.
|
|
The simplest implementation of a function (or subroutine) pointer is as a variable containing the address of the function within executable memory. Older third-generation languages such as PL/I and COBOL, as well as more modern languages such as Pascal and C generally implement function pointers in this manner.
|
|
There was no migration path for existing NonStop system software coded in TAL. The OS and database and Cobol compilers were entirely redesigned. Customers would see it as a totally disjoint product line requiring all-new software from them. The software side of this ambitious project took much longer than planned.
|
|
While working with Rildo Pragana on TinyCOBOL, Keisuke decided to attempt a COBOL compiler suitable for integration with gcc. This soon became the OpenCOBOL project. Keisuke worked as the lead developer until 2005 and version 0.31. Roger then took over as lead and released OpenCOBOL 1.0 on 27 December 2007.
|
|
Hohman grew up in a blue collar family near Canton, Ohio. He began writing software at age 12. He spent summers earning money on his grandparents' farm baling hay in order to buy memory for his VIC-20 computer. By high school, he was writing COBOL code for an accounting firm.
|
|
Endevor maintains configuration control for each element registered in the system. Every element is distinguished by the element name, system, subsystem and type. The type definition determines how the element is stored and how subsequent changes, known as deltas, are handled. Example of an Endevor TYPE definition for COBOL objects.
|
|
Hopper (1978) p. 16. The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.Sammet (1969) p. 316 FLOW-MATIC was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendant AIMACO were in actual use at the time.
|
|
COBOL was intended to be a highly portable, "common" language. However, by 2001, around 300 dialects had been created. One source of dialects was the standard itself: the 1974 standard was composed of one mandatory nucleus and eleven functional modules, each containing two or three levels of support. This permitted 104,976 official variants.
|
|
Serial arithmetic worked very well for COBOL. But for languages like FORTRAN or BPL, it was much less efficient than standard word-oriented computers. Three reserved memory locations were used as address indexing 'registers'. The third index register was dedicated to pointing at the current procedure's stack frame on the call/return stack.
|
|
Function pointers can be used to simplify code by providing a simple way to select a function to execute based on run-time values. Function pointers are supported by third-generation programming languages (such as PL/I, COBOL, Fortran, dBASE dBL, and C) and object-oriented programming languages (such as C++ and D).
|
|
Some debuggers operate on a single specific language while others can handle multiple languages transparently. For example, if the main target program is written in COBOL but calls assembly language subroutines and PL/1 subroutines, the debugger may have to dynamically switch modes to accommodate the changes in language as they occur.
|
|
COBOL uses the picture character 'S' for `USAGE IS DISPLAY` data without `SIGN IS SEPARATE CHARACTER` to indicate an overpunch. `SIGN IS LEADING` indicates that the overpunch is over the first character of the field, the default, `SIGN IS TRAILING`, locates it over the last character. `SIGN IS TRAILING` is the default.
|
|
Tandy offered multi-user word processing (Scripsit 16),"Radio Shack release multiuser software", Page 11, April 9, 1984, InfoWorld, "...released two multiuser software packages for its powerful Model 16 microcomputer system....and Scripsit word-processing programs...The Model 16 can accommodate up to six users..." spreadsheet (Multiplan), and a 3GL "database" (Profile 16, later upgraded to filePro 16+), as well as an accounting suite with optional COBOL source for customization. RM-COBOL, BASIC, and C were available for programming, with Unify and Informix offered as relational databases. A kernel modification kit was also available. TRS-Xenix was notable for being a master/slave implementation, with all I/O being performed by the Z80 while all processing was done within the otherwise I/O-free 68000 subsystem.
|
|
16 The Orion was one of the earliest machines to directly support time-sharing in hardware in spite of intense industry interest; other time-sharing systems of the same era include LEO III of 1961, PLATO in early 1961, CTSS later that year, and the English Electric KDF9 and FP-6000 of 1964. The Orion is also notable for the use of its own high-level business language, NEBULA. Nebula was created because of Ferranti's perception that the COBOL standard of 1960 was not sufficiently powerful for their machines, notably as COBOL was developed in the context of decimal, character-oriented batch processing, while Orion was a binary word-oriented multiprogramming system. NEBULA adapted many of COBOL's basic concepts, adding new ones of their own.
|
|
MONECS (Monash University Educational Computing System) was a computer operating system with BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal interpreters, plus machine language facility. Specifically designed for computer science education in Australian secondary schools and at the university undergraduate level. Alternative designations were DEAMON (Digital Equipment Australia - Monash University) or SCUBA (local designation at Melbourne University) systems.
|
|
"COBOL & IBM 2780/3780 Emulator for Winchester-based Micros", InfoWorld (then Intelligent Machines Journal), 3 Oct 1979, p.2 In 1980 Onyx introduced the C8002 based on the Z8000. Its $20,000 price was half the cost of any other computer capable of running Unix, and included Bell Labs' recent Version 7.John L. Bass (1999).
|
|
Shipping re-started in November, a year after the original date. After another year, an updated version shipped. This new "CX" model replaced core memory with semiconductor memory and replaced the wire wrapped CPU boards with surface mounted components. MPE-C added COBOL and RPG languages, perhaps the first mini to offer the former.
|
|
It was initially produced by Texas Instruments, with input from James Martin and his consultancy firm James Martin Associates, and was based on the Information Engineering Methodology (IEM). The first version was launched in 1987. IEF became popular among large government departments and public utilities. It initially supported a CICS/COBOL/DB2 target environment.
|
|
Seer developed tools to build client-server systems. Seer Technologies filed for an IPO in May 1995. In 1997, Wadhwa founded Relativity Technologies, a company in Raleigh, North Carolina which developed tools for modernizing legacy COBOL programs. Alt URL He left the company in 2004, and it was sold to Micro Focus in January, 2009.
|
|
In the 1980s MetLife "migrated" Met English programs from Honeywell hardware to IBM. (IBM hardware had been in use for COBOL programs for some time.) The Emulator read Honeywell machine code and interpreted each instruction on an MVS system. Some emulated programs were quite slow and this was not pursued as a long term solution.
|
|
The software developed by the ILOG software company supports several software platforms, including COBOL, C++, C#, .NET, Java, AJAX and Adobe Flex / AIR. Founded in 1987 in Paris, France, ILOG had its main headquarters in Gentilly, France, and Sunnyvale, California. It also had main offices in Australia, China, Germany, Japan, Singapore and the United Kingdom.
|
|
The Model 212 weighed about . Software for the S-2000 initially consisted of TAC (Translator-Assember-Compiler), and ALTAC, a FORTRAN II-like language with some differences from the IBM 704 FORTRAN implementation. A COBOL compiler was also available, targeted at business applications. The Philco 2400 was the input/output system for the S-2000.
|
|
This sounds like a bootstrap process. The problem is that almost every general purpose language compiler also fits the Forth metacompiler description. : When (self-hosting compiler) X processes its own source code, resulting in an executable version of itself, X is a metacompiler. Just replace X with any common language, C, C++, Pascal, COBOL, Fortran, Ada, Modula-2, etc.
|
|
PACBASE generated COBOL code for the servers, and Visual Age for PACBASE was used to create the client side. IBM purchased CGI in the early 1990s and absorbed the code-generating tools into its other offerings. Pacbase is now considered a legacy system; its main remaining use is in Francophone markets. IBM supported Pacbase through 2015.
|
|
Future plans for UCC include improving complexity metrics computation, providing support for existing code counters and adding new counters for additional languages, better reporting, and improving performance. Counters for text, assembly, Cobol, Jovial, Matlab, and Pascal are in development. Also, a graphical user interface is being produced which may be used in place of the current command line interface.
|
|
The B1000 is distinguished from other machines in that it had a writeable control store allowing the machine to emulate any other machine. The Burroughs MCP (Master Control Program) would schedule a particular job to run. The MCP would preload the interpreter for whatever language was required. These interpreters presented different virtual machines for COBOL, Fortran, etc.
|
|
The data model offered to users is the CODASYL network model. The main structuring concepts in this model are records and sets. Records essentially follow the COBOL pattern, consisting of fields of different types: this allows complex internal structure such as repeating items and repeating groups. The most distinctive structuring concept in the Codasyl model is the set.
|
|
For most purposes, the largest body of information available on compiler testing are the Fortran and Cobol validation suites. Further common techniques when testing compilers are fuzzing (which generates random programs to try to find bugs in a compiler) and test case reduction (which tries to minimize a found test case to make it easier to understand).
|
|
The IBM/360 and derivatives had powerful macro assembler facilities that were often used to generate complete assembly language programs or sections of programs (for different operating systems for instance). Macros provided with CICS transaction processing system had assembler macros that generated COBOL statements as a pre-processing step. Other assemblers, such as MASM, also support macros.
|
|
The Burroughs large systems implement an ALGOL-derived stack architecture. The B5000 was the first stack-based system. While B5000 was specifically designed to support ALGOL, this was only a starting point. Other business-oriented languages such as COBOL were also well supported, most notably by the powerful string operators which were included for the development of fast compilers.
|
|
The earliest known example of code folding in an editor is in NLS (computer system). Probably the first widely available folding editor was the 1974 Structured Programming Facility (SPF) editor for IBM 370 mainframes, which could hide lines based on their indentation. It displayed on character- mapped 3270 terminals. It was very useful for prolix languages like COBOL.
|
|
Decimal arithmetic, compatible with that used in Java, C#, PL/I, COBOL, Python, REXX, etc., is also defined in this section. In general, decimal arithmetic follows the same rules as binary arithmetic (results are correctly rounded, and so on), with additional rules that define the exponent of a result (more than one is possible in many cases).
|
|
Scottish Americans have also been leaders in computing and information technology. Scottish Americans Howard Aiken and Grace Murray Hopper created the first automatic sequence computer in 1939. Hopper was also the co-inventor of the computer language COBOL. Ross Perot, another Scottish American entrepreneur, made his fortune from Electronic Data Systems, an outsourcing company he established in 1962.
|
|
Under control of SCOPE, a variety of assemblers (COMPASS), compilers (ALGOL, FORTRAN, COBOL), and utility programs (SORT/MERGE, PERT/TIME, EXPORT/IMPORT, RESPOND, SIMSCRIPT, APT, OPTIMA etc.) may be operated. The computer emulation community has made repeated attempts to recover and preserve this software. It is now running under a CDC CYBER and 6000 series emulator.
|
|
It is very difficult to determine what are the most popular of modern programming languages. Methods of measuring programming language popularity include: counting the number of job advertisements that mention the language,Survey of Job advertisements mentioning a given language the number of books sold and courses teaching the language (this overestimates the importance of newer languages), and estimates of the number of existing lines of code written in the language (this underestimates the number of users of business languages such as COBOL). Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications, while some languages are regularly used to write many different kinds of applications. For example, COBOL is still strong in corporate data centers often on large mainframe computers, Fortran in engineering applications, scripting languages in Web development, and C in embedded software.
|
|
At age 29, in the RC 4000 computer lab (1967) After completing a master's degree in electronic engineering in 1963, Brinch Hansen landed a job at Regnecentralen, then a research institution under , working in the compiler group, led by Peter Naur and Jørn Jensen. There, his first significant project was writing a parser for a COBOL compiler for the Siemens 3003 computer. Subsequently, he wrote a file system to be used during execution of the compiled COBOL programs, later observing: In 1966, Brinch Hansen moved to Henning Isaksson's hardware group in Regnecentralen, now a company with shareholders. Together with Peter Kraft, he defined the architecture and instruction set for Regnecentralen's third computer, the RC 4000, using Algol 60 as a hardware definition language to produce a formal specification.
|
|
COBOL supports three file formats, or ': sequential, indexed and relative. In sequential files, records are contiguous and must be traversed sequentially, similarly to a linked list. Indexed files have one or more indexes which allow records to be randomly accessed and which can be sorted on them. Each record must have a unique key, but other, ', record keys need not be unique.
|
|
First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are examples of early 3GLs. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal, are also third-generation languages, although each of these languages can be further subdivided into other categories based on other contemporary traits. Most 3GLs support structured programming. Many support object-oriented programming.
|
|
First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are examples of early 3GLs. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal, are also third-generation languages, although each of these languages can be further subdivided into other categories based on other contemporary traits. Most 3GLs support structured programming. Many support object-oriented programming.
|
|
The Burroughs B2500 through Burroughs B4900 was a series of mainframe computers developed and manufactured by Burroughs Corporation in Pasadena, California, United States, from 1966 to 1991. They were aimed at the business world with an instruction set optimized for the COBOL programming language. They were also known as Burroughs Medium Systems, by contrast with the Burroughs Large Systems and Burroughs Small Systems.
|
|
Data Language Interface (Data Language/I, DL/I, Data Language/Interface, Data Language/One) is the language system used to access IBM’s IMS databases, and its data communication system. It is implemented from any language by making calls to a software stub, DFSLI000. This stub has entry points to handle a variety of programming languages e.g. calling CBLTDLI from a COBOL program.
|
|
SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 supports embedded SQL for C and COBOL as part of the Software Developer Kit Sybase. SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the SQL Anywhere database management system SQL Anywhere. SAP Sybase IQ supports embedded SQL for C and C++ as part of the Sybase IQ database management system Sybase IQ.
|
|
Commercial programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their character representations. Over time the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid-1970s. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly.
|
|
Smith denied that his software was inspired by Pinball Construction Set. Stuart stated that the concept was based on his experience writing accounting software, during which he developed a report generator that would create a standalone COBOL program, and that Electronic Arts suggested the name Adventure Construction Set. ACS was produced by Don Daglow in parallel with the development of Racing Destruction Set.
|
|
An optional driver kit made it possible to develop hardware drivers for the system and generate new kernels. In November 1985, Unisource Software Corp., a Venix retailer, announced the availability of RM/Cobol for Venix. From version 3.0, Venix was based on System V. A real-time version based on System V.3.2 was released for the 386 in 1990.
|
|
Although when CICS is mentioned, people usually mean CICS Transaction Server, the CICS Family refers to a portfolio of transaction servers, connectors (called CICS Transaction Gateway) and CICS Tools. CICS on distributed platforms—not mainframes—is called IBM TXSeries. TXSeries is distributed transaction processing middleware. It supports C, C++, COBOL, Java™ and PL/I applications in cloud environments and traditional data centers.
|
|
COBOL representation of signed overpunch characters "is not standardized in ASCII, and different compilers use different overpunch codes." In most cases, "the representation is not the same as the result of converting an EBCDIC Signed field to ASCII with a translation table." PL/I compilers on ASCII systems use the same set of characters as in EBCDIC to represent overpunches.
|
|
COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM. It was intended as the business programming equivalent of the scientific programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). It served as one of the forerunners to the COBOL language. Developed by Bob Bemer, in 1957, the language was the first to feature the programming language element known as a picture clause.
|
|
Previous PLUS, COBOL and FORTRAN compilers are also still supported. An even earlier FORTRAN compiler (FORTRAN V), while no longer supported, is still in use for an application developed in the 1960s in that language. Compilers previously existed for ALGOL, Simula, BASIC, Lisp, NELIAC, JOVIAL, and other programming languages that are no longer in use on the ClearPath OS 2200 systems.
|
|
On the surface COBOL ReSource appeals to VS users and software developers because it is faithful to the VS look and feel with 32 PFKeys, foreground suspension via Help, VS Field Attribute Characters, underlining, etc. Under the covers, however, are more significant compatibility features such as VS-style argument passing and return by reference between disjoint processes, and full PUTPARM/GETPARM functionality.
|
|
Erwin first appeared in the January 25, 1998 strip. Erwin is a highly advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) created overnight during experimentation in artificial intelligence by the Dust Puppy, who was feeling kind of bored. Erwin is written in COBOL. because Dust Puppy "lost a bet".. Erwin passes the Turing test with flying colours, and has a dry sense of humour.
|
|
This was developed with object-oriented COBOL. Media reports indicates that it enjoyed wide market acceptability with over 200 organizations across Africa as at 2004. TheSOFTtribe of Ghana signed a partnership deal with SystemSpecs in 2006 to provide 'HumanManager' for the Ghanaian market. The agreement authorized TheSOFTtribe to become Ghanaian partner of SystemSpecs for marketing, deployment and professional support of HumanManager.
|
|
683 Sammet was employed by Sperry Gyroscope from 1955 to 1958 where she supervised the first scientific programming group. From 1958 to 1961, she worked for Sylvania as a staff consultant for programming research and a member of the original COBOL group. She joined IBM in 1961 where she developed FORMAC, the first widely used computer language for symbolic manipulation of mathematical formulas.
|
|
A computer program in execution is normally treated as being different from the data the program operates on. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self-modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog.
|
|
A number of non-structured languages, such as (early versions of) BASIC, COBOL and Fortran I (1956) only provide global variables. Fortran II (1958) introduced subroutines with local variables, and the COMMON keyword for accessing global variables. Usage of COMMON in FORTRAN continued in FORTRAN 77, and influenced later languages such as PL/SQL. Named COMMON groups for globals behave somewhat like structured namespaces.
|
|
One cause of spaghetti code was the statement. Attempts to remove s from COBOL code, however, resulted in convoluted programs and reduced code quality. s were largely replaced by the statement and procedures, which promoted modular programming and gave easy access to powerful looping facilities. However, could only be used with procedures so loop bodies were not located where they were used, making programs harder to understand.
|
|
DB2 has native implementation of XML data storage, where XML data is stored as XML (not as relational data or CLOB data) for faster access using XQuery. Db2 has APIs for Rexx, PL/I, COBOL, RPG, Fortran, C++, C, Delphi, .NET CLI, Java, Python, Perl, PHP, Ruby, and many other programming languages. Db2 also supports integration into the Eclipse and Visual Studio integrated development environments.
|
|
Due to an IBM PC incompatible BIOS, trying to run a software package like dBase III would result in a system crash. The system was delivered with SuperCalc, and several system utilities, asynchronous communication, an emulator for , Microsoft Basic-86, Basic Personal and ACT Manager (a GUI for MS-DOS). Optionally available were Microsoft Word, Multiplan, WordStar, dBase II, C-Pascal, UCSD Pascal, C, Fortran, COBOL and .
|
|
Another principle was the use of very high-level complex instructions to be implemented in microcode. As an example, one of the instructions, `CreateEncapsulatedModule`, was a complete linkage editor. Other instructions were designed to support the internal data structures and operations of programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/I. In effect, FS was designed to be the ultimate complex instruction set computer (CISC).
|
|
FACT is an early discontinued computer programming language, created by the Datamatic Division of Minneapolis Honeywell for its model 800 series business computers in 1959. FACT was an acronym for "Fully Automatic Compiling Technique". It was an influence on the design of the COBOL programming language. Some of the design of FACT was based on the linguistic project Basic English, developed about 1925 by C.K. Ogden.
|
|
DIBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, designed for use in Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. It has a syntax similar to FORTRAN and BASIC, along with BCD arithmetic. It shares the COBOL program structure of separate data and procedure divisions. Unlike Fortran's numeric labels (for GOTO), DIBOL's were alphanumeric; the language supported a counterpart to computed goto.
|
|
At Saville's next hockey game he then approached a member of his hockey team who was a systems analyst. At the following hockey game, his teammate came with five volumes of Cobol programming manuals. Saville read the manuals, then developed a system which he took to the Goodyear IT department, who ran it and it worked. This was Saville's first entry into the computer industry.
|
|
"A 3200 system can include up to 16M bytes, with virtual memory freeing programmers from artificial memory constraints. It can handle all major programming languages, such as Cobol, Fortran, PL/I, APL, Basic, and Assembler. The NCSS 3200 series will range in price from $200,00 to $600,000."Trilogy Systems Corporation was started by Gene Amdahl together with his son Carl Amdahl and Clifford Madden.
|
|
Fields can be repeated and nested. As it is a self-describing binary format, the processing of fields incurs very little overhead in comparison to the parsing necessary to support something like XML. VIEW buffers are essentially records, C structures, or COBOL copybooks. A VIEW buffer has an external description which allows Tuxedo to access the fields within it if necessary for things like data dependent routing.
|
|
There was a form of sub/supertyping which was implemented by the infrastructure through an intelligent delegation mechanism. For example, a component written in C could be "subtyped" by a component written in Cobol. Component names (or types?) were separated from the code implementation module. Messages (both sync and async) were passed using a proprietary form of "tagged data" (a similar concept to today's XML).
|
|
Detailed charts listed memory requirements for each sysgen option, often as little as 100 bytes. A minimum system would leave just over 10 KB of storage available for a single batch partition which was enough to run utilities and all compilers except COBOL, PL/I, and full FORTRAN IV. To keep memory usage as small as possible, DOS was coded entirely in assembly language.
|
|
Since OS/360 had significantly more features supported in its API, any use of those features would have to be removed from programs being ported to DOS. This was less of a problem for programmers working in high level languages such as COBOL. Assembler programs, on the other hand, tended to utilize those very features more often and usually needed greater modification to run on DOS.
|
|
Endevor administrators can modify Endevor functions and capture information using exits. There are several exit types, each attached to a specific Endevor function. Exits are generally written as COBOL or Assembler programs but theoretically can be any language that can be compiled and linked on z/OS. An exit will specify where in the exit tree that the code will be executed and what will be affected.
|
|
First the Fortran, or COBOL, had to be compiled into assembly language, then the assembly language had to be assembled into binary code; finally the compiled and assembled code had to be linked with previously written libraries of subroutines. WATFOR and WATBOL allowed simple programs, to be compiled, linked, and executed, in a single step. In 1982 Carol Vogt wrote that 230 other institutions were using WATBOL.
|
|
Many computer languages have built-in support for exceptions and exception handling. This includes ActionScript, Ada, BlitzMax, C++, C#, Clojure, COBOL, D, ECMAScript, Eiffel, Java, ML, Next Generation Shell, Object Pascal (e.g. Delphi, Free Pascal, and the like), PowerBuilder, Objective-C, OCaml, PHP (as of version 5), PL/I, PL/SQL, Prolog, Python, REALbasic, Ruby, Scala, Seed7, Smalltalk, Tcl, Visual Prolog and most .NET languages.
|
|
Accessed September 14, 2007. \- Live in LA. LA Weekly, July 6, 2007. Accessed September 14, 2007. Talaga produced Momus's 2003 Oskar Tennis Champion, which contains a hidden track by Cobol, The Ringtone Cycle, and Momus's 2005 Otto Spooky. Their 2005 release, Baroque in Voltage, deals mostly with Baroque music except for their version of the finale of Georges Bizet's Carmen.Review of Baroque in Voltage.
|
|
Extensive studies were done to optimize the cache sizes. Optimal values were found to depend greatly on the programming language used with Algol needing the smallest and Fortran and Cobol needing the largest cache sizes. In the early days of microcomputer technology, memory access was only slightly slower than register access. But since the 1980s the performance gap between processor and memory has been growing.
|
|
Other than the operating system itself, all system software was coded in BPL (Burroughs Programming Language), a systems programming language derived from ALGOL and Large System's ESPOL systems language. The initial COBOL compiler supported the ANSI 68 specification and supported the `ENTER SYMBOLIC` syntax to allow inline assembly language coding, but lacked support for RELATIVE and INDEXED file support; these were later added into the ANSI 74 version of the compiler, which was released in 1982. MCP allowed programs to communicate with each other via core-to-core transmissions (`CRCR`) or by using storage queues (`STOQ`), implemented as system calls using the `BCT` instruction and exposed to the languages (COBOL `FILL FROM/INTO`). This was unheard of except on the very largest IBM S/360 systems of the time, and even then it was a major operational headache to manage the interactions of the multiple program streams.
|
|
Besides the traditional scientific applications, KSR with Oracle Corporation, addressed the massively parallel database market for commercial applications. The KSR-1 and -2 supported Micro Focus COBOL and C/C++ programming languages, and the Oracle PRDBMS and the MATISSE OODBMS from ADB, Inc. Their own product, the KSR Query Decomposer, complemented the functions of the Oracle product for SQL uses. The TUXEDO transaction monitor for OLTP was also provided.
|
|
Bell conducted a dramatic reorganization, strengthening the company's financials and refocusing on core legacy modernization solutions. In February, 2004, BluePhoenix Solutions joined the Object Management Group (OMG), with full voting rights and the ability to submit proposals. The company's translation platform converts customers from COBOL, Natural/ADABAS, JCL, ICL, IDMS, IMS and to modern platforms like C#, SQL Server, Java, DB2 and more. A project Ringmaster was promoted in 2013.
|
|
One approach is to delimit separate words with a nonalphanumeric character. The two characters commonly used for this purpose are the hyphen ("-") and the underscore ("_"); e.g., the two-word name "`two words`" would be represented as "`two-words`" or "`two_words`". The hyphen is used by nearly all programmers writing COBOL (1959), Forth (1970), and Lisp (1958); it is also common in Unix for commands and packages, and is used in CSS.
|
|
Starting with a large trial divisor, it performed division of 262,144 by repeated subtraction then checked if the remainder was zero. If not, it decremented the trial divisor by one and repeated the process. Google released a tribute to the Manchester Baby, celebrating it as the "birth of software". In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a popular innovation was the development of computer languages such as Fortran, COBOL and BASIC.
|
|
When CICS was first released by IBM in the late 1960s, it used IBM Assembler macros to generate the API system calls to the CICS teleprocessing monitor kernel. This was also true even if programs were written in COBOL or PL/1. Ken Dakin an independent programmer and CEO of APT Ltd. in the U.K., realized that by creating a middleware product, the problem could be solved for almost all situations.
|
|
OSI/CPM had an assembler, FORTRAN and COBOL compiler, but to make a copy of the CP/M, one had to boot in OS-65D to copy the disk. OS-65D had a Basic Interpreter, Assembler, Editor, Disassembler, and Disk Copy Utility. OS-65U had a Basic Interpreter, and had some simple networking capability, but assembly programs had to be done in OS-65D and then ported over.
|
|
The operating system for the Model 115 was either DOS/360 or DOS/VS. DOS/VS supported a single address space of 16,777,216 (16 MB) of virtual storage. This address space could be divided up into up to five partitions. The system could run all software written for System/370 (as long as memory and device requirements were met) Language processors included Assembler, RPG II, COBOL, FORTRAN and PL/I.
|
|
The PL/I language was designed by an IBM committee in 1964 as a comprehensive language replacing Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL, and meeting all customer and internal needs. These ambitious goals made PL/I complex, hard to implement efficiently, and sometimes surprising when used. XPL is a small dialect of the full language. XPL has one added feature not found in PL/I: a STRING datatype with dynamic lengths.
|
|
After graduation from MIT, Raysman worked for the IBM Corporation as a systems engineer for six years, based in New York City. In that capacity he guided the information technology departments of major corporations in implementing new computer systems and upgrading to more advanced hardware. He programmed in computer languages such as Assembler, Cobol, IBM RPG and Fortran. While working for IBM Raysman attended Brooklyn Law School at night.
|
|
An example of how a map can be sent through COBOL is given below. The end user inputs data, which is made accessible to the program by receiving a map from CICS. EXEC CICS RECEIVE MAPSET('LOSMATT') MAP('LOSATT') INTO(OUR- MAP) END-EXEC. For technical reasons, the arguments to some command parameters must be quoted and some must not be quoted, depending on what is being referenced.
|
|
That is, a Newi component could be written in one of a variety of languages that was supported by Newi. At its height, Newi supported software components written in Cobol, Ada, C, C++, Rexx, and Java. Platforms supported included Windows 3.1, Win95, WinNT, three varieties of Unix - and a prototype supporting components written in RPG was running on the AS400. Newi components were intended to be "objects in the large".
|
|
In addition to the rear serrations used for trapping an opponents' attacking limb, the knife is noted for having an extremely ergonomic handle for use in both the forward and reverse grip. The handle was designed by making a complex study of the human hand through a COBOL computer program and this design has gone on to influence other fighting knives such as Emerson Knives' CQC-8 model.
|
|
Having an interest in natural language processing, Jarvis was hired by Hewlett Packard to help create a COBOL compiler. He disliked the boring HP culture and quit after only three days into the six-year project. A few days later, three months after his interview, Atari finally called him back, interested in hiring him. He joined them and started programming some of the first pinball games that used microprocessors.
|
|
It offers backtracking and semantic disambiguation for parsing ambiguous grammar. A rule parsed but rejected by semantic information can be rolled back, so that the parser can try another rule. However, it has also been criticized for needing side-effect free trial actions and its inflexible handling of shift-reduce conflicts. In 1997, Vadim Maslov took over maintenance of BtYacc to support a COBOL parser developed by his company.
|
|
There was also the UTS 4000 cluster controller and terminal line, and the SVT-1120. Various models supported 16x64, 12x80, and 24x80 display formats. The UTS 4000 line had a COBOL compiler available that made it possible to do local processing in the cluster controller, and the UTS 60 was also capable of being programmed. This line of terminals roughly paralleled the similar IBM product, the IBM 3270.
|
|
Multiple-word descriptive identifiers with embedded spaces such as `end of file` or `char table` cannot be used in most programming languages because the spaces between the words would be parsed as delimiters between tokens. The alternative of running the words together as in `endoffile` or `chartable` is difficult to understand and possibly misleading; for example, `chartable` is an English word (able to be charted). Some early programming languages, notably Lisp (1958) and COBOL (1959), addressed this problem by allowing a hyphen ("-") to be used between words of compound identifiers, as in "END-OF- FILE": Lisp because it worked well with prefix notation (a Lisp parser would not treat a hyphen in the middle of a symbol as a subtraction operator) and COBOL because its operators were individual English words. This convention remains in use in these languages, and is also common in program names entered on a command line, as in Unix.
|
|
The PL/I programming language provided for COBOL-style records. The C programming language initially provided the record concept as a kind of template (`struct`) that could be laid on top of a memory area, rather than a true record data type. The latter were provided eventually (by the `typedef` declaration), but the two concepts are still distinct in the language. Most languages designed after Pascal (such as Ada, Modula, and Java) also supported records.
|
|
A style used for very short (eight characters and less) could be: LCCIIL01, where LC would be the application (Letters of Credit), C for COBOL, IIL for the particular process subset, and the 01 a sequence number. This sort of convention is still in active use in mainframes dependent upon JCL and is also seen in the 8.3 (maximum eight characters with period separator followed by three character file type) MS-DOS style.
|
|
Computers Then and Now. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 15(1):1–7, January. p. 3 (a comment in brackets added by editor), "(I do not think that the term compiler was then [1953] in general use, although it had in fact been introduced by Grace Hopper.)" The World's First COBOL Compilers referring to her A-0 system which functioned as a loader or linker, not the modern notion of a compiler.
|
|
Separators include the space character and commas and semi-colons followed by a space. A COBOL program is split into four divisions: the identification division, the environment division, the data division and the procedure division. The identification division specifies the name and type of the source element and is where classes and interfaces are specified. The environment division specifies any program features that depend on the system running it, such as files and character sets.
|
|
The Century series was followed by the Criterion series in 1976, NCR's first virtual machine system. During this period, NCR also produced the 605 minicomputer for in-house use. It was the compute engine for the 399 and 499 accounting machines, several generations of in-store and in-bank controllers, and the 82xx/90xx IMOS COBOL systems. The 605 also powered peripheral controllers, including the 658 disk subsystem and the 721 communications processor.
|
|
A third-generation programming language (3GL) is a high-level computer programming language that tends to be more machine-independent and programmer- friendly than the machine code of the first-generation and assembly languages of the second-generation, while having a less specific focus to the fourth and fifth generations."Computer Hope, Generation languages" Examples of common and historical third-generation programming languages are ALGOL, BASIC, C, COBOL, Fortran, Java, and Pascal.
|
|
VOS provides compilers for PL/I, COBOL, Pascal, FORTRAN, C (with the VOS C and GCC compilers), and C++ (also GCC). Each of these programming languages can make VOS system calls (e.g. `s$seq_read` to read a record from a file), and has extensions to support varying-length strings in PL/I style. Developers typically code in their favourite VOS text editor, or offline, before compiling on the system; there are no VOS IDE applications.
|
|
Weiland was a high-school classmate and friend of Paul Allen, with whom he created the Lakeside Programmers Group at Lakeside School, a preparatory school in Seattle, Washington. Weiland, Allen, Bill Gates, and Gates' childhood best friend Kent Evans were involved with the Computer Center Corporation, using their PDP-10. They worked together to create a payroll program in COBOL for a company in Portland, Oregon, and wrote scheduling software for Lakeside School.
|
|
Allen and Gates hired Weiland in 1975, the same year they founded Microsoft in Albuquerque. As one of only five employees, Weiland was a lead programmer and developer for the company's BASIC and COBOL language systems. After a couple semesters at Harvard Business School, in 1976–77, he rejoined Microsoft and became the project leader for Microsoft Works. He was described by Allen as a "brilliant programmer" and a key contributor to the company's success.
|
|
Here is his example, translated from COBOL into Java. The purpose of these two programs is to recognize groups of repeated records (lines) in a sorted file, and to produce an output file listing each record and the number of times that it occurs in the file. Here is the traditional, single-loop version of the program. String line; int count = 0; String firstLineOfGroup = null; // begin single main loop while ((line = in.
|
|
In the mid-1960s, navigational databases such as IBM's IMS supported tree-like structures in its hierarchical model, but the strict tree structure could be circumvented with virtual records. Graph structures could be represented in network model databases from the late 1960s. CODASYL, which had defined COBOL in 1959, defined the Network Database Language in 1969. Labeled graphs could be represented in graph databases from the mid-1980s, such as the Logical Data Model.
|
|
One concession to the fact that Burroughs was primarily a supplier to business (and thus running COBOL) was the availability of BCD arithmetic in the ALU. Internally the machines employed 16-bit instructions and a 24-bit data path. The bit addressable memory supported the mix quite efficiently. Internally, the later generation memories stored data on 32-bit boundaries, but were capable of reading across this boundary and supplying a merged result.
|
|
Lost his left pinky on active duty as an intelligence officer during Operation Desert Com in 2001. He oversaw the implementation and management of all the security at the gold mines on Mindanao Island in the Philippines. Benny Lan: Sr. Programmer who picked up his cackle, chopsticks and COBOL at a tender age in Wan Chai, Hong Kong. Has a wry sense of humor that's reflected in the random bug he leaves behind in software.
|
|
Its main components were: a card-based Job Control language, which was the main user interface; compilers for FORTRAN and COBOL; an assembler; and various utilities including a sort program. In 1958, the University of Michigan Executive System adapted GM-NAA I/O to produce UMES, which was better suited to the large number of small jobs created by students. UMES was used until 1967 when it was replaced by the MTS timesharing system.
|
|
Jeffrey Selman was born in 1946 and raised in the Bronx, New York. He was highly influenced by the civil rights era in the 1960s. After receiving a BA in history he joined VISTA which later became AmeriCorps. He became a school teacher in the South Bronx, then later a COBOL programmer and traveled until he met his wife in Atlanta, Georgia and finally settled in Cobb County where he resides as of 2015.
|
|
IBM supports indexed files with the Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) on OS/360 and successors. IBM virtual storage operating systems added VSAM, which supports indexed files as Key Sequenced Data Sets (KSDS), with more options. Support for indexed files is built into COBOL1 VS COBOL II Application Programming Language Reference, Release 4, Eighth Edition (March 1993), IBM Corporation, Department J58, Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1984, 1993. pp. 67-73 and PL/I.
|
|
A common use of fixed-point BCD numbers is for storing monetary values, where the inexact values of binary floating-point numbers are often a liability. Historically, fixed-point representations were the norm for decimal data types; for example, in PL/I or COBOL. The Ada programming language includes built-in support for both fixed-point (binary and decimal) and floating-point. JOVIAL and Coral 66 also provide both floating- and fixed- point types.
|
|
The original C language provided no built-in functions such as I/O operations, unlike traditional languages such as COBOL and Fortran. Over time, user communities of C shared ideas and implementations of what is now called C standard libraries. Many of these ideas were incorporated eventually into the definition of the standardized C language. Both Unix and C were created at AT&T;'s Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
|
|
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, derived from structured programming, based on the concept of the procedure call. Procedures (a type of routine or subroutine) simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program's execution, including by other procedures or itself. The first major procedural programming languages appeared circa 1957–1964, including Fortran, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/I and BASIC.
|
|
COBOL, for example, is commonly used for business applications that typically run on mainframe and midrange computers, whereas Fortran is used in science and engineering. C++ and Python are widely used for both scientific and business applications. Java, C#, JS and PHP are popular programming languages for Web and business applications. Programmers generally know more than one programming language and, because many languages are similar, they often can learn new languages relatively easily.
|
|
He did not need to write procedures to create the table. This was in sharp contrast to the Cobol and PL/1 programs people were using at BLS to create tables before TPL. When statistical offices began moving to databases, TPL extended its non-procedural model to database access The mainframe software gained international popularity during its time, particularly in government statistical offices,Survey Data Processing: A Review of Issues and Procedures. 1982: 84, 129.
|
|
The concept of level breaks and matching records is unique to the RPG II language, and was originally developed with card readers in mind. The matching record feature of the cycle enabled easy processing of files having a header-to-detail relationship. RPG programs written to take advantage of the program cycle could produce complex reports with far fewer lines of computer code than programs written in COBOL and other business-centric languages.
|
|
Jeffrey Selman was born in 1946 and raised in the Bronx, New York. He was strongly influenced by the civil rights era in the 1960s. After receiving a BA in history he joined VISTA which later became AmeriCorps. He became a school teacher in the South Bronx, then later a COBOL programmer and traveled until he met his wife in Atlanta and finally settled in Cobb County where he resides as of 2015.
|
|
Normal user-level programs obtain database access by using code written in application languages, mainly ALGOL and COBOL, extended with database instructions and transaction processing directives. The most notable feature of DMALGOL is its preprocessing mechanisms to generate code for handling tables and indices. DMALGOL preprocessing includes variables and loops, and can generate names based on compile-time variables. This enables tailoring far beyond what can be done by preprocessing facilities which lack loops.
|
|
The filing system, SDFS, was not part of the kernel but was a separate program. A multi- key indexed file system MKFS was also developed, and together with a transaction processing system and a report generator, formed the basis of many sales into commercial applications. Modus and many of the applications were written in the high level language Coral 66. Compilers for COBOL and FORTRAN IV were also available for the Modular One.
|
|
Albert Eugene (Gene) Smith (1907-1973) was a computing pioneer who worked for the U.S. Navy following World War II. He founded the Digital Computer Newsletter published by the Navy from 1949 through 1968. Smith also participated in the development of the COBOL programming language. Smith was born June 26, 1907, in Marshall, Illinois. He graduated from Indiana Central College (now University of Indianapolis), and completed an M.A. in physics at the University of Illinois.
|
|
All these descriptor-based computers included hardware mechanisms designed to support the reliable addressing of data segments. They are closely related to capability-based architectures that emerged a few years later. In parallel with construction of the BLM a separate evaluation team assessed it in terms of (1) program efficiency (2) operating characteristics (3) coding and debugging costs and (4) system overheads. For meaningful comparison, legacy high-level languages (Cobol, Fortran, file management) were used.
|
|
By the 2000s, it was common for compilers, such as Clang, to have a number of compiler command options that could affect a variety of optimization choices, starting with the familiar `-O2` switch. An approach to isolating optimization is the use of so- called post-pass optimizers (some commercial versions of which date back to mainframe software of the late 1970s).Software engineering for the Cobol environment. Portal.acm.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.
|
|
The typical operating system for the Model 25 was DOS/360, which was loaded from disk. Less common was TOS/360, which was loaded from tape, and, rarely, BOS/360, which was loaded from punched cards. Programming was mostly in the COBOL, RPG and Assembler languages for the commercial applications that were the predominant uses of this computer, but Fortran IV and could also be used for the scientific and engineering applications, and PL/I was available.
|
|
It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols.
|
|
In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases located on the network. She developed the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors.
|
|
In recent years, Software AG has focused EntireX development on 'Web-enabling' mainframe applications. At this time, EntireX supports mainframe applications executing COBOL, Natural, Adabas, and other 'legacy' languages. EntireX allows for direct user and client-computer interactions with the mainframe or web-hosted application, by encapsulating functions in an Active-X like control. Unlike screen scraping, EntireX allows old mainframe applications and web services to remain 'in place', while extending their functional capabilities to new platforms.
|
|
CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects present to the outer world. CORBA then specifies a mapping from IDL to a specific implementation language like C++ or Java. Standard mappings exist for Ada, C, C++, C++11, COBOL, Java, Lisp, PL/I, Object Pascal, Python, Ruby and Smalltalk. Non-standard mappings exist for C#, Erlang, Perl, Tcl and Visual Basic implemented by object request brokers (ORBs) written for those languages.
|
|
SonarQube includes support for the programming languages Java (including Android), C#, PHP, JavaScript, TypeScript, C/C++, Ruby, Kotlin, Go, COBOL, PL/SQL, PL/I, ABAP, VB.NET, VB6, Python, RPG, Flex, Objective-C, Swift, CSS, HTML, and XML. Some of these are only available via a commercial license. SonarQube is available for free under the GNU Lesser General Public License. An enterprise version for paid licensing also exists, as well as a data center edition that supports high availability.
|
|
At Kent and KTec Electronics, two related Houston companies, separate VS clusters were the enterprise systems, handling distribution, manufacturing and accounting, with significant EDI capability for receiving customer forecasts, sending invoices, and sending purchase orders and receiving shipping notifications. Both systems ran the GEISCO EDI package. Kent, which grew to $600 million/year, ran the Arcus distribution software in COBOL and KTec, which grew to $250 million/year, ran the CAELUS MRP system for manufacturing in BASIC.
|
|
There were exceptions, of course. The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer, who had noticed it in 1958 as a result of work on genealogical software. He spent the next twenty years trying to make programmers, IBM, the government of the United States and the ISO aware of the problem, with little result. This included the recommendation that the COBOL PICTURE clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates.
|
|
Microsoft made available its Fortran, Cobol and BASIC compilers, as well as its MACRO-80 assembler. All were sold through Radio Shack. Later the simpler, more affordable Series I editor/assembler package from Radio Shack itself, familiar to many Model I hobbyists, was offered for the Model II. Radio Shack also had its own macro assembler product, Assembly Language Development System, or popularly known as ALDS. This product was later reworked and sold for the Model 4.
|
|
When CICS was first released, it only supported application transaction programs written in IBM 360 Assembler. COBOL and PL/I support were added years later. Because of the initial assembler orientation, requests for CICS services were made using assembler language macros. For example, the request to read a record from a file were made by a macro call to the "File Control Program" of CICS might look like this: DFHFC TYPE=READ,DATASET=myfile,TYPOPER=UPDATE,....etc.
|
|
CICS applications comprise transactions, which can be written in numerous programming languages, including COBOL, PL/I, C, C++, IBM Basic assembly language, REXX, and Java. Each CICS program is initiated using a transaction identifier. CICS screens are usually sent as a construct called a map, a module created with Basic Mapping Support (BMS) assembler macros or third-party tools. CICS screens may contain text that is highlighted, has different colors, and/or blinks depending on the terminal type used.
|
|
A computer programmer, sometimes called a software developer, a programmer or more recently a coder (especially in more informal contexts), is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computers, or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. A programmer's most oft-used computer language (e.g., Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python) may be prefixed to the term programmer.
|
|
"The /360 Architecture and Its Operating System", 2001. With the success of PL/S inside IBM, and of C outside IBM, the unique PL/I strengths for system programming became less valuable. Third, the development environments grew capabilities for interactive software development that, again, made the unique PL/I interactive and debugging strengths less valuable. Fourth, COBOL and Fortran added features such as structured programming, character string operations, and object orientation, that further reduced PL/I's relative advantages.
|
|
In the late nineties he co-developed (with Fritz Henglein and others) a type system and a sophisticated tool called AnnoDomini for mitigation of the Year 2000 problem in COBOL software. The tool analyses legacy programs to discover all data fields that are used as dates. This work was presented in a POPL 1999 invited keynote.P.H. Eidorff, F. Henglein, C. Mossin, H. Niss, M.H. Sørensen, M. Tofte: AnnoDomini: From type theory to year 2000 conversion tool.
|
|
A signed overpunch is a code used to store the sign of a number by changing the last digit. It is used in character data on IBM mainframes by languages such as COBOL, PL/I, and RPG. Its purpose is to save a character that would otherwise be used by the sign digit. The code is derived from the Hollerith Punched Card Code, where both a digit and a sign can be entered in the same card column.
|
|
For loop flow diagram In computer science, a for-loop (or simply for loop) is a control flow statement for specifying iteration, which allows code to be executed repeatedly. Various keywords are used to specify this statement: descendants of ALGOL use "for", while descendants of Fortran use "do". There are other possibilities, for example COBOL which uses "PERFORM VARYING". A for-loop has two parts: a header specifying the iteration, and a body which is executed once per iteration.
|
|
People involved with maintenance and enhancement included Bernie Murphy, Martin Wiseman and Yvonne Johnson. WATFIV was pronounced as "WHAT FIVE", but, as was realized at the time, could also (almost) still be pronounced as "WHAT FOR", as in WAT-F-IV (Waterloo Fortran IV). Universities and corporations used these compilers and a number of other software products have been developed in the WATFOR tradition. For example, a version for the COBOL programming language is called WATBOL.
|
|
Met English was a Cobol-like language. Two of its most peculiar characteristics were bytes and fields of variable "bitness" or length in bits, and the use of self-modifying code (conditional branches were implemented by modifying the target address of branch instructions in memory). The language was very rich in mathematical functions, especially those useful to the insurance industry. It was verbose with syntax like "ADD (A FIELDA) TO (B FIELDB) PUTTING RESULT INTO (ANSWER)".
|
|
The Series/1 could be ordered with or without operating system. Available were either of two mutually exclusive operating systems: Event Driven Executive (EDX) or Realtime Programming System (RPS). Systems using EDX were primarily programmed using Event Driven Language (EDL), though high level languages such as FORTRAN IV, PL/I, Pascal and COBOL were also available. EDL delivered output in IBM machine code for System/3 or System/7 and for the Series/1 by an emulator.
|
|
SPF/PC was introduced by and successors sold by Command Technology Corporation. Similar to IBM's mainframe based ISPF and is able to edit ASCII and EBCDIC text file as a complete integrated applications development environment (IDE). Typically used for editing source code, invoking compilers, linkers, and debuggers, in a variety of programming languages, such as COBOL, FORTRAN, and C++. 64-bit Windows can't run SPF/PC, but it can still be used on 32-bit windows (e.g.
|
|
Radio Shack published an inexpensive, simple (non-macro) editor-assembler package it called the Series I. This is popularly known by users as EDTASM, the program's filename being EDTASM/CMD. 80 Micro published a modification that enables it to run under the Model 4's TRSDOS Version 6. Also from Radio Shack was a Tiny Pascal package. Microsoft made available for the TRS-80 its Fortran, COBOL and BASCOM BASIC compiler packages, sold through Radio Shack.
|
|
In COBOL, union data items are defined in two ways. The first uses the `RENAMES` (66 level) keyword, which effectively maps a second alphanumeric data item on top of the same memory location as a preceding data item. In the example code below, data item `PERSON-REC` is defined as a group containing another group and a numeric data item. `PERSON-DATA` is defined as an alphanumeric data item that renames `PERSON-REC`, treating the data bytes continued within it as character data.
|
|
IBM VisualAge Pacbase is a code-switching structured programming language that is developed and maintained by IBM. VisualAge Pacbase runs on both IBM and non-IBM mainframes and integrates with IBM WebSphere Studio Application Developer. When compiling Pacbase code it is first translated into COBOL and then compiled to binary. PACBASE was an early advanced CASE software for mainframes and Unix systems from CGI (Compagnie Générale d'Informatique, a French software house) that supported a wide variety of databases, including DB2 and Oracle.
|
|
The ADR sales force concentrated on Datacom/DB and enjoyed remarkable success worldwide with several thousand clients in dozens of industries. As an offshoot of this success ADR recognized the need for a highly efficient and sophisticated application development language for Datacom/DB. This development language would need to offset the normal difficulties of writing telecommunication- based application programs. ADR’s Princeton-based application language development team had developed MetaCOBOL, which generated detailed and accurate COBOL statements from a high-level logical language set.
|
|
FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level language to have a functional implementation, came out in 1957 and many other languages were soon developed – in particular, COBOL aimed at commercial data processing, and Lisp for computer research. Programs were mostly still entered using punched cards or paper tape. See computer programming in the punch card era. By the late 1960s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough that programs could be created by typing directly into the computers.
|
|
Proprietary language compilers (such as COBOL and ALGOL) would use the database description file to create database-related elements in the object code of the compiled program. These compilers used language extensions to provide a more natural interface to the database by the programmer. A number of intrinsic functions were inserted by the compiler to ensure the program and database used the same definition of database structures. Originally, DMSII maintained a data dictionary that the application programmer referenced in its source code.
|
|
Modula-2 (1978) included both, and their succeeding design, Oberon, included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. Object-oriented features have been added to many previously existing languages, including Ada, BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, and COBOL. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code. More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented, but that are also compatible with procedural methodology.
|
|
Philips and Ericsson joined soon afterwards, at which point the name X/Open was adopted. The group published its specifications under the name X/Open Portability Guide (or XPG). Issue 1 covered basic operating system interfaces, and was published within a year of the group's formation. Issue 2 followed in 1987, and extended the coverage to include Internationalization, Terminal Interfaces, Inter-Process Communication, and the programming languages C, COBOL, FORTRAN, and Pascal, as well as data access interfaces for SQL and ISAM.
|
|
Tools were included for taking traditional CICS programs written in languages such as COBOL, and converting them into WSDL defined Web Services, with little or no program changes. This technology saw regular enhancements over successive releases of CICS. CICS TS V4.1 and V4.2 saw further enhancements to web connectivity, including a native implementation of the ATOM publishing protocol. Many of the newer web facing technologies were made available for earlier releases of CICS using delivery models other than a traditional product release.
|
|
The hardware originally had much in common with Multics hardware, so much so that some mainframe equipment could be switched from "GCOS mode" to "Multics mode" with the turn of a dial. Much of the peripheral equipment used with GCOS shared a great deal with Multics, although front-end network processors were very different between the two systems. Program languages available for GCOS included GCOS Algol, Algol-68, COBOL, SNOBOL, JOVIAL, APL, FORTRAN 68, CORAL 66, FORTRAN 77, and B.
|
|
A PL/I compiler was two to four times as large as comparable Fortran or COBOL compilers, and also that much slower—supposedly offset by gains in programmer productivity. This was anticipated in IBM before the first compilers were written. Some argue that PL/I is unusually hard to parse.The compiler cannot tell whether a statement is a declaration or a multiple assignment statement until encountering the "=" of the assignment or ";" of the DECLARE—which can be several lines later.
|
|
St Mellons Business Park, Fortran Road The St Mellons Business Park is a collection of large scale business parks located on low- lying land east of St Mellons considered to be Cardiff's green belt. It has a vast number of factories and office units which have been (or are still) occupied by such companies as Capita, Gilesports, TBI, and Lloyds TSB. A number of roads in and around the business parks are named after computer programming languages, namely Pascal, COBOL and Fortran.
|
|
"Rom" was a toy co- created by Scott Dankman, Richard C. Levy, and Bryan L. McCoy (US Patent #4,267,551). It was sold to Parker Brothers, and was the inspiration for the comic book series Rom: Spaceknight. The toy was originally named COBOL, after the programming language, but was later changed to Rom, after ROM (read-only memory), by Parker Brothers executives. The toy set a precedent for the game publishing company, which up until that time had only ever produced board games.
|
|
She is diabetic and reportedly lost a great deal of weight to improve her health. She is also a Mac-ophile, which is rare among GPF Software's PC-centric Windows and Linux environment. She usually wears custom contact lenses, and is allergic to dust, pollen, chocolate and COBOL programs. Sharon typically gives people such as Trent and Trudy the benefit of the doubt, initially defending them while others express their doubts about them, but often comes to dislike such individuals.
|
|
Many CMS users programmed in such languages as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, C/370, APL, and the scripting language REXX. VM/CMS was often used as a development platform for production systems that ran under IBM's other operating systems, such as MVS. Other CMS users worked with commercial software packages such as FOCUS, NOMAD, SPSS, and SAS. At one time, CMS was also a major environment for e-mail and office productivity; an important product was IBM's PROFS (later renamed OfficeVision).
|
|
Liberty Mutual put out a bid to create the new system which the Digital Equipment Corporation won in 1979. Christensen then left IBM to work as a private consultant for Liberty Mutual. When Liberty Mutual moved their offices to New Hampshire in that year, McNeil left the company to study classical guitar on Cape Cod. Christensen expanded the macros for the system (which he was calling ADS at the time—Application Development System) to generate COBOL for IBM's IMS transaction environment.
|
|
Notably, COBOL compilers devote a pass to distinguishing between full stops appearing in decimal constants and the full stops that appear at the end of statements. Such a scheme is unavailable to a single-pass compiler. Similarly with the names of items. Few languages restrict themselves to single-character names, so the character "x" as a single-character name is quite different from the character "x" within a name such as "text" - now the context extends beyond the immediately adjacent characters.
|
|
Under a framework called Driver J was a successful operating environment for high volume commercial real time systems. Programming languages used were assembler and COBOL and Fortran (an Algol 60 compiler was provided but not used much, if at all). The system was controlled from a console composed of a mechanical printer and keyboard – very like a Teletype. The assembly language (known as Usercode) non-privileged instruction set was identical to IBM System 360 Assembly Language; in privileged mode there were a few extras.
|
|
During the 1960s, some computer programs were written using just a single digit for the year, so that 0–9 represented the years 1960–1969. It was especially easy to write programs in the COBOL language with this limitation. While many companies identified this problem in advance, some did not and outages occurred when the decade rolled over. The fix generally was to expand the year to just two digits, owing to limitations of the storage media common in that era, tab cards and magnetic tape.
|
|
During her wartime service, she co-authored three papers based on her work on the Harvard Mark 1. In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like FLOW-MATIC. In 1959, she participated in the CODASYL consortium, which consulted Hopper to guide them in creating a machine-independent programming language. This led to the COBOL language, which was inspired by her idea of a language being based on English words.
|
|
Hopper at the UNIVAC I console, c. 1960 In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN.
|
|
Examples: C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC, Pascal, Fortran, ALGOL, COBOL 3GLs are much more machine-independent and more programmer-friendly. This includes features like improved support for aggregate data types, and expressing concepts in a way that favors the programmer, not the computer. A third generation language improves over a second-generation language by having the computer take care of non-essential details. 3GLs are more abstract than previous generations of languages, and thus can be considered higher-level languages than their first- and second- generation counterparts.
|
|
The earliest programming concepts analogous to libraries were intended to separate data definitions from the program implementation. JOVIAL brought the "COMPOOL" (Communication Pool) concept to popular attention in 1959, although it adopted the idea from the large-system SAGE software. Following the computer science principles of separation of concerns and information hiding, "Comm Pool's purpose was to permit the sharing of System Data among many programs by providing a centralized data description." COBOL also included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959,Wexelblat, op. cit.
|
|
In addition to Waterloo BASIC some of the other early products included WATCOM APL, WATCOM GKS, WATCOM COBOL, WATCOM FORTRAN (WATFIV and WATFOR-77), WATCOM Pascal and the Waterloo 6809 Assembler. These were the basis and provided with the Commodore SuperPET . In the mid 1980s Watcom developed compilers for the Unisys ICON computers running the QNX operating system. The Watcom C/C++ compiler with QNX developed a market for embedded applications. In 1988, Watcom released their first C compiler for the IBM PC platform (and compatibles).
|
|
Michael A. Jackson originally developed JSP in the 1970s. He documented the system in his 1975 book Principles of Program Design. In a 2001 conference talk, he provided a retrospective analysis of the original driving forces behind the method, and related it to subsequent software engineering developments. Jackson's aim was to make COBOL batch file processing programs easier to modify and maintain, but the method can be used to design programs for any programming language that has structured control constructs-- sequence, iteration, and selection ("if/then/else").
|
|
Rigi renders trees and grid-layout graphs using its own internal engine, but relies on University of Passau's GraphEd for more advanced layouts. The public version of Rigi has built-in parsers ("fact extractors") for C and Cobol, and can leverage the C++ parser of IBM Visual Age. It can also accept external data in an RSF format (it introduced), so external parses can also feed it data, for example SHriMP tool's Java parser. Some efforts were made to integrate Rigi in Microsoft Visual Studio .NET.
|
|
The beta versions are tested by industry Affiliates, and then released to the public as open source code. In 2006, work was done to develop a differencing tool which would compare two software system baselines to determine the differences between two versions of software. The CodeCount tool set, which is a precursor of UCC, was released in the year 2007. It was a collection of standalone programs written in a single language to measure source code written in languages like COBOL, Assembly, PL/1, Pascal, and Jovial.
|
|
Microsoft used the same floating-point formats in their implementation of Fortran and for their macro assembler MASM, although their spreadsheet Multiplan and their COBOL implementation used binary-coded decimal (BCD) floating point. Even so, for a while MBF became the de facto floating-point format on home computers, to the point where people still occasionally encounter legacy files and file formats using it. VAX-11/780 minicomputer In a parallel development, Intel had started the development of a floating-point coprocessor in 1976.
|
|
By the end of the 1980s, the DMFAS version 4 was a stable and fully-fledged computer-based debt management system (CBDMS). However, the computer and software techniques had evolved and it was more and more evident that a new platform for DMFAS was needed. Notwithstanding, a considerable amount of resources were needed to upgrade DMFAS from COBOL, which used indexed files, to a relational database system. At the time, two major technical cooperation providers were helping indebted developing countries: the World Bank and UNCTAD.
|
|
IMS will retrieve and save all 40 bytes as directed by a program but may not understand (or care) what the other bytes represent. In practice, often all data in a segment may map to a COBOL copybook. Besides DL/I query usage, a field may be defined in IMS so that the data can be hidden from certain applications for security reasons. The database component of IMS can be purchased standalone, without the transaction manager component, and used by systems such as CICS.
|
|
The pioneering online airline reservation system Sabre was originally written for the IBM 7090 in assembler. The S/360 version was largely written using SabreTalk, a purpose built subset PL/I compiler for a dedicated control program. The Multics operating system was largely written in PL/I. PL/I was used to write an executable formal definition to interpret IBM's System Network Architecture PL/I did not fulfill its supporters' hopes that it would displace Fortran and COBOL and become the major player on mainframes.
|
|
Mapping of language constructs from a dynamic language into a Dynamic Syntax Tree (DST) is a kind of semantic analysis (compilers). Information implying from the syntax is analyzed and the results are inserted back into the same tree, but in the form of complete static information. Preprocessing the source code will create a specialized Syntax Tree for each Class found. That can be applied to traditional programming languages too, like COBOL, where Classes can be represented by Programs, Methods by calls/Performs, Parameter by Using etc.
|
|
Similarly, many installations write their own informal tools that use ISPF services. ISPF services are generally available to any programmer in the shop, and can be used to write panels for either personal or shop-wide use, writing in either compiled languages such as C, COBOL, PL/I, or interpreted languages such as CLIST and REXX. ISPF applications can be used to perform so-called "file tailoring" functions, customisation of specially crafted JCL members called "skeletons", which can then be submitted as batch jobs to the mainframe.
|
|
The 1100/60 introduced a new feature to the line: the CPUs used microcode that was loaded during the booting process. The booting process was controlled by a microcomputer (called the "SSP" - "System Support Processor") that ran from 8-inch floppy disks. The microcode was stored on these disks. The system included an optional (extra-cost) set of additions to the instruction set (referred to as the Extended Instruction Set or EIS), which contained features to enhance the execution of COBOL programs, when appropriately compiled.
|
|
Jean E. Sammet (March 23, 1928 – May 20, 2017) was an American computer scientist who developed the FORMAC programming language in 1962. She was also one of the developers of the influential COBOL programming language. She received her B.A. in Mathematics from Mount Holyoke College in 1948 and her M.A. in Mathematics from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1949. She received an honorary D.Sc. from Mount Holyoke College in 1978.Stanley, Autumn, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1993, p.
|
|
Such processes form a process scheduler domain and are used to execute COBOL, SQR, Crystal Reports, Application Engine, nVision, BI Publisher, and many other types of batch programs. Unlike the app server, the scheduler does not return HTML to the web server for delivery to the client browser. Rather, the scheduler simply executes programs and posts logs and reports to the web server for user retrieval. Database Server The database server contains all application data as well as all metadata associated with various PeopleTools object types.
|
|
OpenROAD was the small-machine offering of the Ingres database. The suite included Applications-By-Forms (ABF), an early 4GL computer programming language. It provided an ASCII form painter, which automatically bound form fields to a database using ABF, a programming language, with embedded SQL, simplifying the task of making a "CRUD" application for textual data. ABF source code was interpreted into a 3GL language (C or COBOL), which is then compiled so snippets of the native language may be directly embedded in the ABF code.
|
|
The Data Base Task Group (DBTG) was a working group founded in 1965 (initially named the List Processing Task Force and later renamed to DBTG in 1967) by the Cobol Committee, formerly Programming Language Committee, of the Conference of Data Systems Language (CODASYL). The DBTG was chaired by William Olle of RCA. In April 1971, the DBTG published a report containing specifications of a Data Manipulation Language (DML) and a Data Definition Language (DDL) for standardization of network database model. The first DBTG proposals had already been published in 1969.
|
|
Unified product line upgrades produced the compatible DECSYSTEM-20, along with a TOPS-20 operating system that included virtual memory support. The Jupiter Project was supposed to continue the mainframe product line into the future by using "gate arrays" with an innovative Air Mover Cooling System, coupled with a built-in floating point processing engine called "FBOX". The design was intended for a top tier scientific computing niche, yet the critical performance measurement was based upon COBOL compilation which did not fully utilize the primary design features of Jupiter technology.
|
|
This convention has no standard name, though it may be referred to as lisp-case or COBOL-CASE (compare Pascal case), kebab-case, brochette-case, or other variants.UnderscoreVersusCapitalAndLowerCaseVariableNaming Of these, kebab-case, dating at least to 2012, has achieved some currency since.Living Clojure (2015), by Carin Meier, p. 91lodash: kebabCase By contrast, languages in the FORTRAN/ALGOL tradition, notably languages in the C and Pascal families, used the hyphen for the subtraction infix operator, and did not wish to require spaces around it (as free-form languages), preventing its use in identifiers.
|
|
It is difficult to determine which programming languages are "most widely used" because the meaning of the term varies by context. One language may occupy the most programmer-hours, another may have the most lines of code, a third may utilize the most CPU time, and so on. Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications: for example, COBOL in the corporate data center, often on large mainframes; Fortran in computational science and engineering; C in embedded applications and operating systems; and other languages for many kinds of applications.
|
|
Grace Brewster Murray Hopper ( December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first linkers. She popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. Prior to joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale University and was a professor of mathematics at Vassar College.
|
|
By 1970, COBOL had become the most widely used programming language in the world. Independently of the ANSI committee, the CODASYL Programming Language Committee was working on improving the language. They described new versions in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1973, including changes such as new inter-program communication, debugging and file merging facilities as well as improved string-handling and library inclusion features. Although CODASYL was independent of the ANSI committee, the CODASYL Journal of Development was used by ANSI to identify features that were popular enough to warrant implementing.
|
|
Interpreters of various types have also been constructed for many languages traditionally associated with compilation, such as Algol, Fortran, Cobol, C and C++. While interpretation and compilation are the two main means by which programming languages are implemented, they are not mutually exclusive, as most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like compilers. The terms "interpreted language" or "compiled language" signify that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpreter or a compiler, respectively. A high level language is ideally an abstraction independent of particular implementations.
|
|
The concept of reusing file content began with computer programming languages: COBOL in 1960, followed by BCPL, PL/I, C, Alt URL and by the 1990s, even FORTRAN. Alt URL An include directive allows common source code to be reused while avoiding the pitfalls of Copy- and-paste-programming and hard coding of constants. As with many innovations, a problem developed. Multiple include directives may provide the same content as another include directive, inadvertently causing repetitions of the same source code into the final result, resulting in an error.
|
|
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, as technology continued to progress and programmers became more in touch with computers, the First and Second Generation Programming Languages evolved into High Level Languages (HLL). These languages are known for being easily readable by a human and were important for allowing one to write a generic program that does not depend on the kind of computer used. HLL were known for emphasizing memory and data management and many of the languages that came out in this era (i.e. COBOL, C, and C++) are still widely used today.
|
|
More pieces of viral marketing began to surface before Inceptions release, such as a manual filled with bizarre images and text sent to Wired magazine, and the online publication of posters, ads, phone applications, and strange websites all related to the film. Warner also released an online prequel comic, Inception: The Cobol Job. The official trailer released on May 10, 2010, through Mind Game was extremely well received. It featured an original piece of music, "Mind Heist", by recording artist Zack Hemsey, rather than music from the score.
|
|
These System 3000s used a command-line interpreter, with a three-level hierarchical file system, and utilities such as compilers would resemble "run fortran.pub.sys" rather than allowing programs to be run as keyword commands. Later the systems gained a wide range of languages including COBOL and FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and even a version of RPG to assist in winning business away from IBM. People who used the HP 3000 noticed from the 1970s onward that machines were more reliable compared to other mainframe and minicomputers of the time.
|
|
Milestones of a Revolution: an IBM 360 represents the coming of age of mainframe computers for commercial applications. The emergence of computer programming languages was featured in a milestone showing how for the first time, different computers were programmed to accept a common language - COBOL. A 1970s vignette portrayed a PDP-8 minicomputer being used backstage to control theater lighting, and applications to scientific computer were shown with a CRAY-1 at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. A student publishing her school newspaper using a Macintosh showed the beginning of personal computing.
|
|
In a parallel development Digital Research also produced a selection of programming language compilers and interpreters for their OS-supported platforms, including C, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, PL/M, CBASIC, BASIC, and Logo. They also produced a microcomputer version of the GKS graphics standard (related to NAPLPS) called GSX, and later used this as the basis of their GEM GUI. Less known are their application programs, limited largely to the GSX- based DR DRAW, Dr. Halo for DOS and a small suite of GUI programs for GEM.
|
|
In cached architectures, it may execute slightly slower. However, a program that is small enough to fit in a computer processor's cache may run faster than a larger program that suffers many cache misses. Small programs may also be faster at thread switching, when other programs have filled the cache. Threaded code is best known for its use in many compilers of programming languages, such as Forth, many implementations of BASIC, some implementations of COBOL, early versions of B,Dennis M. Ritchie, "The Development of the C Language", 1993.
|
|
In computing, Advanced Program to Program Communication or APPC is a protocol which computer programs can use to communicate over a network. APPC is at the application layer in the OSI model, it enables communications between programs on different computers, from portables and workstations to midrange and host computers. APPC is defined as VTAM LU 6.2 ( Logical unit type 6.2 ) APPC was developed in 1982 as a component of IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA). Several APIs were developed for programming languages such as COBOL, PL/I, C or REXX.
|
|
Many computer systems were written using C-ISAM, which was fast and efficient and flexible, while providing effective mechanisms for maintaining data integrity. C-ISAM was also licensed by other software suppliers, for example as the indexed file handler in early versions of Micro Focus COBOL. C-ISAM was primarily used for business applications, which were at the time often written in the C language. For business purposes, development in a low level 3GL such as C could be too slow and error prone, requiring very high skill levels.
|
|
Its main benefit was allowing faster application development on the order of 6 to 10 times faster than doing a system using a 3GL, such as COBOL. MARK IV, being an early 4GL, allowed user development of systems related to business. In a 1971 ad by Informatics, there are several quotes from customers, such as: :We conservatively estimate that the benefits derived from the MARK IV System have completely returned the cost of our investment in a period of less than 3 months. :MARK IV runs ... handle Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Sales Analyses, etc.
|
|
It had 10 KB available for applications programs developed in CIS COBOL. Up to 16 DRS 20/DRS 10 machines could be connected via LAN with the addresses being set by DIP switches on the rear of the unit. The LAN was formed via 93 Ohm coaxial cable in a bus formation running at 1.25 Mbps. The final model 310 (styled like a DRS 300 module) had a second 80186 application processor with 1 MB RAM to run Concurrent DOS, emulating an IBM PC with a Hercules screen display.
|
|
Paging and long addresses was critical for supporting complex system software and large applications. The T/16 treated its top-of-stack registers in a novel way; the compiler, not the microcode, was responsible for deciding when full registers were spilled to the memory stack and when empty registers were re-filled from the memory stack. On the HP 3000, this decision took extra microcode cycles in every instruction. The HP 3000 supported COBOL with several instructions for calculating directly on arbitrary-length BCD (binary-coded decimal) strings of digits.
|
|
The token-passing bus protocol of that I/O device-sharing network was subsequently applied to allowing processing nodes to communicate with each other for file-serving and computing scalability purposes. An application could be developed in DATABUS, Datapoint's proprietary COBOL-like language and deployed on a single computer with dumb terminals. When the number of users outgrew the capacity of the original computer, additional 'compute' resource computers could be attached via ARCNET, running the same applications and accessing the same data. If more storage was needed, additional disk resource computers could also be attached.
|
|
Work on the OpenCOBOL 1.1 pre-release continued until February 2009. In May 2012, active development was moved to SourceForge, and the pre-release of February 2009 was marked as a release. In late September 2013, OpenCOBOL was accepted as a GNU Project, renamed to GNU Cobol, and then finally to GnuCOBOL in September 2014. Ron Norman has added a Report Writer module as a branch of GnuCobol 2.0, and Sergey Kashyrin has developed a version that uses C++ intermediates instead of C. Latest current release is now v3.1 Final, issued 7 July 2020.
|
|
Some mainframes designed in the 1960s, such as the Burroughs B5000 and its successors, used memory segmentation to perform index-bounds checking in hardware.. Assembly languages generally have no special support for arrays, other than what the machine itself provides. The earliest high-level programming languages, including FORTRAN (1957), Lisp (1958), COBOL (1960), and ALGOL 60 (1960), had support for multi-dimensional arrays, and so has C (1972). In C++ (1983), class templates exist for multi- dimensional arrays whose dimension is fixed at runtime as well as for runtime- flexible arrays.
|
|
Daniel D. McCracken (July 23, 1930 – July 30, 2011) was a computer scientist in the United States. He was a Professor of Computer Sciences at the City College of New York, and the author of over two dozen textbooks on computer programming, with an emphasis on guides to programming in widely used languages such as Fortran and COBOL. His A Guide to Fortran Programming (Wiley, 1961) and its successors were the standard textbooks on that language for over two decades. His books have been translated into fourteen languages.
|
|
The program File Specifications, listed all files being written to, read from or updated, followed by Data Definition Specifications containing program elements such as Data Structures and dimensional arrays, much like a "Working-Storage" section of a COBOL program. This is followed by Calculation Specifications, which contain the executable instructions. Output Specifications can follow which can be used to determine the layout of other files or reports. Alternatively files, some data structures and reports can be defined externally, mostly eliminating the need to hand code input and output ("I/O") specifications.
|
|
BOS had a p-code interpreter so efficient that programs, even the BOS/Writer word processor, ran sufficiently fast to satisfy users. Apart from a 2-kilobyte (Kb) server (computing)/host kernel, BOS is written in BOS/MicroCobol, a language based on COBOL but with system-level programming constructs added and elements of structured programming, which bore a vague similarity to Pascal. In recent computing, programming languages such as Java have re-introduced the concept of p-code "virtual machines". As the BOS system evolved, the need for programming in ASP.
|
|
Gaining an initial love of computers after being bought a ZX Spectrum 48k at the age of 9, Willis chose to study Computer Sciences as part of his degree at Liverpool University. After graduating he first worked as a computer support technician at the head office of Meyer cookware in Liverpool. He then switched to computer programming for FI group, Eagle Star Insurance, Unisys, Coutts & Co and Alchemy Data Migration. Initially starting as a Visual Basic programmer, he quickly retrained in COBOL, PL1, Easytrieve and DB2 in order to work on Y2K projects.
|
|
The development of COBOL led to the generation of compilers and generators, most of which were created or refined by women such as Koss, Nora Moser, Deborah Davidson, Sue Knapp, Gertrude Tierney and Jean E. Sammet. Sammet, who worked at IBM starting in 1961 was responsible for developing the programming language, FORMAC. She published a book, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals (1969), which was considered the "standard work on programming languages," according to Denise Gürer It was "one of the most used books in the field," according to The Times in 1972.
|
|
Data General Business Basic was a BASIC interpreter (based on a version from MAI Basic Four) marketed by Data General for their Nova minicomputer in the 1970s, and later ported to the Data General Eclipse MV and AViiON computers. Most business applications for the Nova were developed in Business Basic. Business Basic was an integer-only language inspired by COBOL, and contained powerful string-handling functions and the ability to manipulate indexed files very quickly. It also provided full control over the display screen, with cursor positioning, attribute setting, and region-blanking commands.
|
|
This was followed by a COBOL compiler later in that decade, then a FORTRAN 77 compiler and a Pascal compiler both in the late 1970s. As the 1960s went on, ACT built a customer list of established companies and developed a reputation for delivering quality work on schedule. The company moved to regular office space,Haigh, An Interview with Oscar Schachter, pp. 3–4. the first of several locations it would have during its lifetime, all of which were within greater Midtown Manhattan on or near Madison Avenue.
|
|
ADR's widely used major packages included: Autoflow for automatic flowcharting, Roscoe, MetaCOBOL, an extensible macro processor for the COBOL language, and Librarian for source-code management. ADR later purchased the Datacom/DB database management system from Insyte Datacom and developed the companion product, IDEAL (Interactive Development Environment for an Application’s Life), a fourth-generation programming language. Another popular ADR product was The Librarian, a version control system for IBM mainframe operating systems, now known as CA Librarian. In 1978, it was reported that The Librarian was in use at over 3,000 sites; by a decade later that number had doubled.
|
|
Tron consists of four sub-games based on events and characters in the movie. In general, the player controls Tron, either in human form or piloting a vehicle, using an eight-way joystick for movement, a trigger button on the stick to fire (or slow down the player's light cycle), and a rotary dial for aiming. The goal of the game is to score points and advance through the game's twelve levels by completing each of the sub-games. Most of the 12 levels are named after programming languages: RPG, COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, SNOBOL, PL1, PASCAL, ALGOL, ASSEMBLY, OS, JCL, USER.
|
|
Some languages may also require that corresponding types have the same size and encoding as well, so that the whole record can be assigned as an uninterpreted bit string. Other languages may be more flexible in this regard, and require only that each value field can be legally assigned to the corresponding variable field; so that, for example, a short integer field can be assigned to a long integer field, or vice versa. Other languages (such as COBOL) may match fields and values by their names, rather than positions. These same possibilities apply to the comparison of two record values for equality.
|
|
Cobol, Fortran, and RPG generated object code (type O). Basic was interpreted only; a compilation utility called BASICS created subroutine code (type R). Basic programs could be saved as sources for compatibility with other computers, but the project's text was preserved in the subroutine (unless the programmer used the LOCK parameter to keep it private.) Procedures, which use OCL to start programs and assign resources to them, are type P. Source members for all objects are type S, with the exception of Basic as above-specified. DFU programs generated subroutine (R) code. So did WSU programs. Screen formats generated object code.
|
|
Chung was born in Seoul, Korea and attended Hongik University in Seoul, where he earned a B.S. Computer Science degree in 1981. His first professional job was teaching middle school math as a part-time instructor at YMCA Academy in Seoul in 1979. He worked for Korea Electric Power Corporation to develop an online customer information system with COBOL and IMS Databases using IBM 3031 mainframe computer in 1981–1982. While he was working for Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) as a research scientist from 1982 to 1992, he was involved in developing TDX switching systems(2016).
|
|
Transaction Interface Package (TIP), a transaction-processing environment, allowed programs to be written in COBOL whereas similar programs on competing systems were written in assembly language. On later systems, EXEC 8 was renamed OS 1100 and OS 2200, with modern descendants maintaining backwards compatibility. Some more exotic operating systems ran on the 1108—one of which was RTOS, a more bare-bones system designed to take better advantage of the hardware. The affordable System 80 series of small mainframes ran the OS/3 operating system which originated on the Univac 90/30 (and later 90/25, and 90/40).
|
|
Digitek's first compiler customer was Scientific Data Systems (SDS), a computer mainframe hardware company founded by Max Palevsky in 1961 and later acquired by Xerox in 1969. Digitek wrote language systems for almost every popular programming language at the time including FORTRAN, PL/I, SIMSCRIPT, COBOL, and BASIC. Some Digitek compilers are the IBM System 360 G Level FORTRAN and Bell Labs PL/I. Due to their implementation in a virtual machine technology called POPS (for "Programmed Operators"A programmed operator was a hardware concept on the SDS 900 series of computers similar to the concept of the Atlas computer's "extracodes".
|
|
With the Medium System, a computer could be simultaneously running a batch payroll system, inputting bank checks on a MICR reader sorter, compiling COBOL applications, supporting on-line transactions, and doing test runs on new applications (colloquially called 'the mix', as the console command '`MX`' would shows that jobs were executing). It was not unusual to be running eight or ten programs on a medium-size B2500. Medium System installations often had tape clusters (four drives integrated into a mid-height cabinet) for magnetic tape input and output. Free-standing tape drives were also available, but they were much more expensive.
|
|
It also included a variety of BASIC interpreters for 6800, 6809, 6502, Z-80, 8080, and 8086 processors as well as BASIC compilers. In addition, he was responsible for the few games (Microsoft Decathlon, Adventure); educational products (Typing Tutor); a couple of hardware products including the already shipping Z-80 based SoftCard and RAMCard for the Apple II computers; muMath (a symbolic equation processor); and muLisp (a LISP interpreter). His first manager at Microsoft was Nigel Smith. Within 3 months, responsibility for marketing COBOL and Microsoft Sort 80, a file sorting utility, were also transferred to him.
|
|
New in CP-6 was the use of communications and terminal interfaces through minicomputer (Honeywell Level 6)-based front-end processors, connected locally, remotely, or in combination through IMP (input manipulation processor). CP-6 included an integrated software development system which supported and included a set of language processors: APL,Frost, Bruce, "APL and I-D-S/II APL access to large databases". in pages 103-107 BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, RPG, IDP, IDS/II, SORT/MERGE, PL-6, GMAP, and a text formatting program, TEXT. Commonly needed software packages (Pascal, SNOBOL, LISP, SPSS, BMDP, IMSL, SPICEII, and SLAM) were developed by Carleton University.
|
|
AIMACO is an acronym for AIr MAterial COmpiler. It began around 1959 as the definition of a high level programming language influenced by the FLOW-MATIC language, developed by UNIVAC, and the COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) programming language, developed by IBM. AIMACO, along with FLOW-MATIC and COMTRAN, were precursors to the COBOL programming language and influenced its development. A committee chaired by a representative of AMC (the Air Material Command, predecessor to the Air Force Materiel Command) and composed of industry representatives from IBM and United States Steel, as well as members of AMC Programming Services, developed the draft AIMACO language definition.
|
|
Shortly after the product launch, the popular dBase II database language for CP/M was ported to the PC as dBASE III. Postley saw this product was more of a system for programmers rather than an application for end-users, analogous to the role of COBOL in the late 1960s. When IBM announced the IBM XT with a built-in hard disk in late 1983, he saw a shift toward non-technical users and formed Postley Software to develop an easy-to-use database system for non- programmer end-users. DBS/Experience shipped in June 1985.
|
|
Z80-based EUMEL systems provide full multi-user multi-tasking operation with virtual memory management and complete isolation of one process against all others. These systems usually execute ELAN programs faster than equivalent programs written in languages such as BASIC, Pascal, or Cobol and compiled into Z80 machine language on other operating systems. One of the main features of EUMEL is that it is persistent, using a fixpoint/restart logic. This means that if the power fails the user only loses a couple of minutes of work: upon restart they continue working from the previous fixpoint with all program state fully intact.
|
|
The draft AIMACO language definition was developed by an AMC- chaired committee of industry representatives from IBM, United States Steel, and AMC Programming Services. AIMACO had two compilers specified/designed (never produced), and AMC originally intended all programming for AMC systems would be in AIMACO and compiled on a UNIVAC at the AMC headquarters at Wright- Patterson AFB for operation on UNIVAC or IBM computers. An alternative compiler was designed by AMC Programming Services to compile systems on IBM computers for operation on IBM computers. AIMACO, along with FLOW-MATIC and COMTRAN, influenced development of the COBOL programming language.
|
|
Another significant limitation was in networked applications, since the use of C-ISAM on a client to access a remote file system resulted in heavy network traffic. Both problems could be resolved by use of the SE to provide an SQL interface to C-ISAM, using Informix's embedded SQL (ESQL/C and ESQL/COBOL) or 4GL products for client development. The SE could be used on a server to support networked use without the performance penalty. This allowed programmers to focus on business logic, while the compiler and RDBMS took care of error checking and data-type conversion and most importantly, memory management.
|
|
Eventually, when no one could do (a) or (b), the code was considered optimized, and they moved on to other snippets. Small shops with only one analyst learned CICS optimization very slowly (or not at all). Because application programs could be shared by many concurrent threads, the use of static variables embedded within a program (or use of operating system memory) was restricted (by convention only). Unfortunately, many of the "rules" were frequently broken, especially by COBOL programmers who might not understand the internals of their programs or fail to use the necessary restrictive compile time options.
|
|
The Burroughs MCP (1961) was the first computer for which an operating system was not developed entirely in assembly language; it was written in Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language (ESPOL), an Algol dialect. Many commercial applications were written in assembly language as well, including a large amount of the IBM mainframe software written by large corporations. COBOL, FORTRAN and some PL/I eventually displaced much of this work, although a number of large organizations retained assembly-language application infrastructures well into the 1990s. Most early microcomputers relied on hand-coded assembly language, including most operating systems and large applications.
|
|
This saved quite a lot of keystrokes and would allow users a very nice learning curve, from complete and self-explanatory commands like LIST- ALL-FILES to L-A-F for the advanced user. (The hyphen key on Norwegian keyboards resides where the slash key does on U.S. ones.) Now that Sintran has mostly disappeared as an operating system there are very few references to it, however a job control or batch language was available called JEC, believed to be known as Job Execution Controller, this could be used to set up batch jobs to compile COBOL programs etc.
|
|
The Individual Master File (IMF) is the system currently used by the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to store and process tax submissions and used as the main data input to process the IRS's transactions. It is a running record of all of a person's individual tax events including refunds, payments, penalties and tax payer status. It is a batch-driven application that uses VSAM files. Written in assembly language and COBOL, the IMF was originally created by IBM for the IRS in the 1960s to run with an IBM System/360 and associated tape storage system.
|
|
The IMF system began operation in the 1960s and is still used today, and is considered well overdue for modernization. Portions of the system are programmed in COBOL and others directly in assembly language. In a 2018 report to Congress, the Government Accountability Office identified the IMF and other IT systems at the IRS as "facing significant risks due to their reliance on legacy programming languages, outdated hardware, and a shortage of human resources with critical skills". The IMF and other legacy systems have been named as obstacles that prevent the IRS from acting quickly in exigent circumstances.
|
|
The earliest, and still the canonical example of an esoteric language was INTERCAL,Matthew Fuller, Software Studies, MIT Press, 2008 designed in 1972 by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, with the stated intention of being unlike any other programming language the authors were familiar with. It parodied elements of established programming languages of the day, such as Fortran, COBOL, and assembly language. For many years INTERCAL was represented only by paper copies of the INTERCAL manual. The language's revival in 1990 as an implementation in C under Unix stimulated a wave of interest in the intentional design of esoteric computer languages.
|
|
Among OpenVMS's notable features is the Common Language Environment, a strictly defined standard that specifies calling conventions for functions and routines, including use of stacks, registers, etc., independent of programming language. Because of this, it is possible and straightforward to call a routine written in one language (Fortran) from another (COBOL), without needing to know the implementation details of the target language. OpenVMS itself is implemented in a variety of different languages (primarily BLISS, VAX Macro and C), and the common language environment and calling standard supports freely mixing these languages, and Ada, PL/I, Fortran, BASIC, and others.
|
|
I was writing in MAD, which was much easier and more pleasant than the FORTRAN and COBOL that I had written earlier, and I was using CTSS, the first time-sharing system, which was infinitely easier and more pleasant than punch cards. MAD was quite fast compared to some of the other compilers of its day. Because a number of people were interested in using the FORTRAN language and yet wanted to obtain the speed of the MAD compiler, a system called MADTRAN (written in MAD) was developed. MADTRAN was simply a translator from FORTRAN to MAD, which then produced machine code.
|
|
At the same time, Ross maintained his military commission and served annual tours at the Pentagon under a succession of Secretaries of Defence: Charles E. Wilson; Neil H. McElroy and Thomas S. Gates. With twenty years of military service behind him, Ross retired from the Army, but he remained an active veteran attending annual reunions into this century. It was at the Pentagon in the late fifties where Ross first learned about the potential of computerization and information technology and became privy to the work of the Short Range Committee that led to the origin of COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language).
|
|
In this context using "zeroth" as an ordinal is not strictly correct, but a widespread habit in this profession. Other programming languages, such as Fortran or COBOL, have array subscripts starting with one, because they were meant as high-level programming languages, and as such they had to have a correspondence to the usual ordinal numbers which predate the invention of the zero by a long time. Pascal allows the range of an array to be of any ordinal type (including enumerated types). APL allows setting the index origin to 0 or 1 during runtime programatically.
|
|
The two categories, scientific and commercial, generally used common peripherals but had completely different instruction sets, and there were incompatibilities even within each category. IBM initially sold its computers without any software, expecting customers to write their own; programs were manually initiated, one at a time. Later, IBM provided compilers for the newly developed higher-level programming languages Fortran, COMTRAN and later COBOL. The first operating systems for IBM computers were written by IBM customers who did not wish to have their very expensive machines ($2M USD in the mid-1950s) sitting idle while operators set up jobs manually.
|
|
Developers may further specialise the procedural logic of the selected templates and link templates together by using action diagrams. The tool then automatically instantiates the specialized templates over the data model and generates high-level language code in RPG or COBOL without any further developer intervention. It also generates the SQL or DDS code to define the necessary database tables and views. Synon kept precise productivity metrics during the internal development of its SMA accounting system. In total, 2,385 days of effort were expended on development and QA over a 14-month period, which resulted in the creation of 2.42 million lines of HLL code (excluding comments) in 2,081 programs.
|
|
COBOL also provides a `MOVE` `CORRESPONDING` statement that assigns corresponding fields of two records according to their names. The early languages developed for numeric computing, such as FORTRAN (up to FORTRAN IV) and Algol 60, did not have support for record types; but later versions of those languages, such as Fortran 77 and Algol 68 did add them. The original Lisp programming language too was lacking records (except for the built-in cons cell), but its S-expressions provided an adequate surrogate. The Pascal programming language was one of the first languages to fully integrate record types with other basic types into a logically consistent type system.
|
|
GeneXus is a Cross-Platform, knowledge representation-based development tool, mainly oriented to enterprise-class applications for Web applications, smart devices and the Microsoft Windows platform. A developer describes an application in a high-level, mostly declarative language, from which native code is generated for multiple environments. It includes a normalization module, which creates and maintains an optimal database structure based on the user views of the reality described in a declarative (rule-based) language. The languages for which code can be generated include, COBOL, Java including Android and BlackBerry smart devices, Objective-C for Apple mobile devices, RPG, Ruby, Visual Basic, and Visual FoxPro.
|
|
COBOL, FORTRAN, and RPG generated object code (type O). BASIC was interpreted only; a compilation utility called BASICS created subroutine code (type R). BASIC programs could be saved as sources for compatibility with other computers, but the project's text was preserved in the subroutine (unless the programmer used the LOCK command to keep it private.) Procedures, which use OCL to start programs and assign resources to them, are type P. Source members for all objects are type S, with the exception of BASIC as specified above. DFU programs generated subroutine (R) code, as did WSU programs. Screen formats generated object code. Menus generated object code.
|
|
The ruleset is focused on portions of the program by metaprograms coded in PARLANSE. A complete example of a language definition and source-to-source transformation rules defined and applied is shown using high school algebra and a bit of calculus as a domain-specific language. DMS has a variety of predefined language front ends, covering most real dialects of C and C++ including C++0x, C#, Java, Python, PHP, EGL, Fortran, COBOL, Visual Basic, Verilog, VHDL and some 20 or more other languages. Predefined languages enable customizers to immediately focus on their reengineering task rather than on the details of the languages to be processed.
|
|
The source for the data structures was maintained in an ordinary CANDE source file. That source was then compiled with the DASDL compiler, which created the dictionary (description file) if none existed prior. If a dictionary did exist, the new design indicated by the source file was incorporated into the dictionary; the programs to copy the data from the old file structure(s) and write to the new file structure(s) were automatically generated (a database reorganization task). The application programmer merely needed to re-compile his application source (typically COBOL) against the new description file and the programmer could take advantage of new data elements in the structures.
|
|
At the time that JSP was developed, most programs were batch COBOL programs that processed sequential files stored on tape. A typical program read through its input file as a sequence of records, so that all programs had the same structure-- a single main loop that processed all of the records in the file, one at a time. Jackson asserted that this program structure was almost always wrong, and encouraged programmers to look for more complex data structures. In Chapter 3 of Principles of Program Design Jackson presents two versions of a program, one designed using JSP, the other using the traditional single-loop structure.
|
|
ELXSI is still engaged in these businesses, as well as its CUES unit, which makes video pipeline inspection equipment. Before its withdrawal from the computer industry, the large range of hardware expansion gave the machine some success in departmental technical computing environments. The 64-bit registers and ability to do parallel adds within them gave it an unanticipated advantage in COBOL benchmarks, where it outperformed some mainframes. And the extreme independence of the CPUs (lack of cache snooping and invalidation), coupled with the ability to lock processes into register sets and later, the ability to partition the caches, gave it some success in real time applications.
|
|
By 1987 there were an increasing number of "clone" software products that mimicked dBASE. Each of these products had its own unique set of supported language features and syntax. As such, it was often very difficult to move code developed with one dBASE-like product to run in another one. (This was in contrast to older programming languages such as C or COBOL where due to published official standards, carefully developed code could possibly be run in a wide range of software environments.) While there were many cries for a standard for the dBASE programming language syntax, nothing would happen as long as Ashton-Tate asserted ownership of all-things dBASE.
|
|
Called jump-sizing, most of them are able to perform jump-instruction replacements (long jumps replaced by short or relative jumps) in any number of passes, on request. Others may even do simple rearrangement or insertion of instructions, such as some assemblers for RISC architectures that can help optimize a sensible instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline as efficiently as possible. Like early programming languages such as Fortran, Algol, Cobol and Lisp, assemblers have been available since the 1950s and the first generations of text based computer interfaces. However, assemblers came first as they are far simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages.
|
|
While at the IIT, Dewar created the original SPITBOL compiler together with Ken Belcher in 1971, and Macro SPITBOL with Tony McCann in 1974. These implementations of SNOBOL4, which quickly gained widespread popularity, are still being used todayHistory of Programming Languages, Richard L. Wexelblat (ed.), Academic Press (2014), pp. 623–628 In the 1970s he was a principal author of the Realia COBOL compiler, also still widely used in commercial environments today (marketed by Computer Associates). Dewar became involved with the Ada programming language from its early days as a Distinguished Reviewer of the Ada 1983 design proposed by Jean Ichbiah that was selected by the US DoD.
|
|
In the mid-1950s, when assembly language programming was commonly used to write programs for digital computers, the use of macro instructions was initiated for two main purposes: to reduce the amount of program coding that had to be written by generating several assembly language statements from one macro instruction and to enforce program writing standards, e.g. specifying input/output commands in standard ways. Macro instructions were effectively a middle step between assembly language programming and the high-level programming languages that followed, such as FORTRAN and COBOL. Two of the earliest programming installations to develop "macro languages" for the IBM 705 computer were at Dow Chemical Corp.
|
|
WATBOL is a teaching compiler for the COBOL programming language developed in 1969 at the University of Waterloo. The compiler was a companion product, built under the design philosophy, of Waterloo’s earlier, widely used WATFOR teaching compiler. Since programs written by undergraduate students were unlikely to be run more than a few times, after they were successfully written and debugged, the efficiency of the program, once compiled was of secondary importance, compared with giving simpler, clearer error messages, and in simplifying the steps for the student to compile the program. At that time executing a program through the use of commercial compiler was a three-step process.
|
|
Fahrendorf was raised in a German family in Wisconsin and is the oldest of four children. She began baking bread at the age of 10, which she credits as her first attempt at fermentation. While she was creative with cooking, Fahrendorf pursued a college degree at the University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, studying Management Information Systems (business major with an emphasis on computers, COBOL programming); the project management skills she developed helped her later in her brewing career. During college years, a classmate's presentation on making wine sparked her interest; she used the “Balloon wine” method, combining Welch’s grape juice concentrate, yeast, and sugar.
|
|
SNOBOL is distinctive in format and programming style, which are radically different from contemporary procedural languages such as Fortran and Algol. SNOBOL4 supports a number of built-in data types, such as integers and limited precision real numbers, strings, patterns, arrays, and tables (associative arrays), and also allows the programmer to define additional data types and new functions. SNOBOL4's programmer-defined data type facility was advanced at the time--it is similar to the records of the earlier COBOL and the later Pascal programming languages. All SNOBOL command lines are of the form :label subject pattern = object : transfer Each of the five elements is optional.
|
|
The name "VisualAge" is the result of a contest between the members of the development team. After the initial release of VisualAge/Smalltalk the name VisualAge became a brand of its own and VisualAges were produced for several different combinations of languages and platforms. These are the overall supported languages, variously available depending on the platform: BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, EGL, Fortran, Java, Pacbase, PL/I, IBM RPG, and Smalltalk. These are the supported platforms, each of which support different languages: AIX, OS/2, i5/OS (formerly named OS/400), Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, TPF, z/VM, z/OS (formerly named OS/390, MVS), and z/VSE.
|
|
The need to control and manage the torrent of information and geological data flooding into the petroleum corporations inspired Ross and a small group of perceptive industry savants to pursue the adaptation of computing technology and harness it to the geological exploration for oil. In order to contribute to the design of a viable corporate information technology strategy, Ross taught himself COBOL and the IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System (FORTRAN). Very esoteric subjects in 1962, computer programming and software development would have mystified the average person, but for Ross, a naturally gifted mathematician, they were a piece of cake. He was to become a self-taught expert in many fields.
|
|
Body shopping in IT originated during the mid-1990s when there was a huge demand for people with mainframe, COBOL and related technology skills to prevent systems being affected by the Y2K bug. Most specialist Y2K consulting companies operating in the US, Europe, the Middle East, Japan and Australia outsourced their technical manpower requirements to companies operating in India. During the period of 1996–97, such companies operating with India base responded to the heavy demand by recruiting and training local graduates in India specifically for Y2K. Their consultants either worked onshore or offshore at high utilization rates generating huge profit margins and cash reserves.
|
|
It established the first research center in a business school in 1921 and the first center for entrepreneurship center in 1973 and it regularly introduced novel curricula for which BusinessWeek wrote, "Wharton is on the crest of a wave of reinvention and change in management education". Several major scientific discoveries have also taken place at Penn. The university is probably best known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular COBOL programming language.
|
|
Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) used in computer programming. It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications, but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins, including Ada, ABAP, C, C++, C#, Clojure, COBOL, D, Erlang, Fortran, Groovy, Haskell, JavaScript, Julia, Lasso, Lua, NATURAL, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, R, Ruby (including Ruby on Rails framework), Rust, Scala, and Scheme. It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX (via a TeXlipse plug-in) and packages for the software Mathematica.
|
|
Computer object code could then be executed directly. Conversion to characters or numbers was done in software.Reference Manual, IBM 7090 Data Processing System, 1961, IBM A22-6528-3 The 72 column restriction influenced early computer languages, such as Fortran and Cobol, which only allowed source code in the first 72 columns of each punched card. The 711 was relatively slow and magnetic tape was much faster, so it was common for 7000 series installations to include an IBM 1401, with its high speed peripherals, to do card-to-tape and tape-to-line-printer operations off-line, with the 711 mainly used for initial program load of operating systems and diagnostics.
|
|
Like all S/36s, the Advanced/36 had five programming languages: RPG II, COBOL, FORTRAN, System/36 BASIC, and Assembler, though RPG II was by far the most popular language because it was the least expensive. The standard A/36 shipped with a very popular application called POP, or Programmer and Operator Productivity Aid (POP). POP was so popular on the earlier S/36 that more copies were pirated than sold, according to industry publications. POP added a point-and-shoot interface for S/36 objects such as libraries and files, and a full-screen text editor that more closely resembled AS/400 SEU than System/36 SEU.
|
|
The app server is built on BEA Tuxedo technology, and as such, is responsible for maintaining transaction isolation and database connection pools in PeopleTools applications. Using Tuxedo, PeopleTools app server domains are created as a collection of processes servicing specific needs and clients in addition to web server requests. Within a domain, several types of related programs can be launched, including remote call COBOL, Application Engine, and BI Publisher programs. Process Scheduler Server Like the app server, the process scheduler server, or "scheduler," is built on BEA Tuxedo and is deployed as a collection of processes designed to launch and schedule various programs types.
|
|
Joe Barr (October 19, 1944 - July 11, 2008) was an American technology journalist, an editor and writer for the SourceForge sites Linux.com and IT Manager's Journal. A former programmer, Barr had worked on everything from microcomputers like the TRS-80 Model I to IBM mainframes with acres of DASD, writing code in more than a dozen languages, including RPG II, 370 ALC, COBOL, BASIC, TIBOL, MASM, and C, much of that experience coming in his 13 years with Ross Perot's EDS. As a writer, Barr first gained notoriety and, according to Ziff-Davis' Spencer F. Katt, a cult-like following for his zine, The Dweebspeak Primer.
|
|
In July 2008, the company acquired the privately held Austin, Texas-based Liant Software Corporation for its RM/COBOL and PL/I product lines. Liant Software owned the assets of Ryan-McFarland Corporation, a Micro Focus competitor in the 1980s. In July 2009, the company acquired Borland, a developer of application lifecycle management tools, as well as the Quality Solutions part of Compuware, including the automation tool TestPartner. In 2011, the company alleged that the New South Wales Police Force and other agencies were using 16,500 copies of its ViewNow software on various computers when police and other agencies were only ever entitled to 6,500 licences.
|
|
Unix and Windows systems have environment variables that set the fixed pivot year for the system. Any year after the pivot year will belong to this century (the 21st century), and any year before or equal to the pivot year will belong to last century (the 20th century). Some products, such as Microsoft Excel 95 used a window of years 1920–2019 which had the potential to encounter a windowing bug reoccurring only 20 years after the year 2000 problem had been addressed. Below is a simple example of fixed date windowing COBOL code, often used to figure the century for ordinary business dates.
|
|
He reports that James Martin asked Rawlings for a Nomad solution to a standard problem Martin called the Engineer's Problem: "give 6% raises to engineers whose job ratings had an average of 7 or better." Martin provided a "dozen pages of COBOL, and then just a page or two of Mark IV, from Informatics." Rawlings offered the following single statement, performing a set-at-a-time operation... The development of the 4GL was influenced by several factors, with the hardware and operating system constraints having a large weight. When the 4GL was first introduced, a disparate mix of hardware and operating systems mandated custom application development support that was specific to the system in order to ensure sales.
|
|
Graham considers the hierarchy of programming languages with the example of "Blub", a hypothetically average language "right in the middle of the abstractness continuum. It is not the most powerful language, but it is more powerful than Cobol or machine language."; published in Hackers & Painters, 2004; the essay was also reprinted in The Planning and Scheduling Working Group Report on Programming Languages , by JM Adams, R Hawkins, C Myers, C Sontag, S Speck It was used by Graham to illustrate a comparison, beyond Turing completeness, of programming language power, and more specifically to illustrate the difficulty of comparing a programming language one knows to one that one does not. Graham considers a hypothetical Blub programmer.
|
|
The output of this program will be: "A A B C". also differs from conventional procedure calls in that there is, at least traditionally, no notion of a call stack. As a consequence, nested invocations are possible (a sequence of code being 'ed may execute a statement itself), but require extra care if parts of the same code are executed by both invocations. The problem arises when the code in the inner invocation reaches the exit point of the outer invocation. More formally, if control passes through the exit point of a invocation that was called earlier but has not completed yet, the COBOL 2002 standard officially stipulates that the behaviour is undefined.
|
|
The reason is that COBOL, rather than a "return address", operates with what may be called a continuation address. When control flow reaches the end of any procedure, the continuation address is looked up and control is transferred to that address. Before the program runs, the continuation address for every procedure is initialised to the start address of the procedure that comes next in the program text so that, if no statements happen, control flows from top to bottom through the program. But when a statement executes, it modifies the continuation address of the called procedure (or the last procedure of the called range, if was used), so that control will return to the call site at the end.
|
|
According to the American Freethought Podcast, the book talks about how the case was started and how long everything took. They considered the book to be very "readable" with "great narration" and jokingly stated that it was "fantastic for a COBOL programmer". Reviewing the book in Skeptical Inquirer magazine, Glenn Branch felt that the book's account of the pre-trial was "especially interesting" as the media did not cover that aspect as much, the book reveals a lot about the first settlement offer as well as Selman's deposition using transcripts, and also the involvement of the expert witnesses. Branch would have liked to have seen more credit given to the role that Kitzmiller v.
|
|
The FS project was finally terminated when IBM realized that customer acceptance would be much more limited than originally predicted because there was no reasonable application migration path for 360 architecture customers. In order to leave maximum freedom to design a truly revolutionary system, ease of application migration was not one of the primary design goals for the FS project, but was to be addressed by software migration aids taking the new architecture as a given. In the end, it appeared that the cost of migrating the mass of user investments in COBOL and assembly language based applications to FS was in many cases likely to be greater than the cost of acquiring a new system.
|
|
Codd proposed the "relational view" of data which later evolved into the Relational Model which most databases use today. In 1971, the Database Task Report Group of CODASYL (the driving force behind the development of the programming language COBOL) first proposed a "data description language for describing a database, a data description language for describing that part of the data base known to a program, and a data manipulation language." Most of the research and development of databases focused on the relational model during the 1970s. In 1975 Bachman demonstrated how the relational model and the data structure set were similar and "congruent" ways of structuring data while working for the Honeywell.
|
|
During this period, the firm co-managed the World Bank's triple-A-rated bonds offering of 1952, as well as coming up with General Motors' US$300 million debt issue, US$231 million IBM stock offering, and the US$250 million AT&T;'s debt offering. Morgan Stanley credits itself with having created the first viable computer model for financial analysis in 1962, thereby starting a new trend in the field of financial analysis. Future president and chairman Dick Fisher contributed to the computer model as a young employee, learning the FORTRAN and COBOL programming languages at IBM. In 1967, it established the Morgan & Cie, International in Paris in an attempt to enter the European securities market.
|
|
Kahn joined the Computer Science Department at the University of Manchester in 1967, appointed as an assistant lecturer based on her ability to teach COBOL. She has been cited as an example of how women with non-traditional backgrounds could enter early academic computer science by offering unusual specialised skills. Although Kahn never pursued a PhD, she was a faculty member who supervised a number of PhD students; during her tenure she started the computer-aided design (CAD) group at Manchester, worked on the Manchester MU5 computer, and was extensively involved in standards development, most notably for the EDIF project. She collaborated with Tom Kilburn and wrote published several obituaries on him.
|
|
When ALGOL 60 was designed, its intended scope of use was similar to that of FORTRAN: largely the field of numerical analysis or computing. IFIP WG 2.1 embarked on the design of a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, code-named ALGOL X, with a much wider application scope, including nonnumerical programming, areas better served by languages like COBOL and Lisp than by ALGOL 60. Among several competing initial designs, including a proposal by Niklaus Wirth that eventually led to ALGOL W, the Working Group chose that by Aad van Wijngaarden, ultimately leading to ALGOL 68. IFIP WG 2.1 decided to adopt the design in December 1968 during a stormy meeting, once again held in Munich.
|
|
Fixed-point decimal numbers are supported by some programming languages (such as COBOL, PL/I and Ada). These languages allow the programmer to specify an implicit decimal point in front of one of the digits. For example, a packed decimal value encoded with the bytes 12 34 56 7C represents the fixed-point value +1,234.567 when the implied decimal point is located between the 4th and 5th digits: 12 34 56 7C 12 34.56 7+ The decimal point is not actually stored in memory, as the packed BCD storage format does not provide for it. Its location is simply known to the compiler, and the generated code acts accordingly for the various arithmetic operations.
|
|
The original Progress 4GL was designed (in 1981) as an architecture independent language and integrated database system that could be used by non-experts to develop business applications by people who were not computer scientists but were knowledgeable in their business domain. At the time, business applications were often written in COBOL (for machines like corporate IBM mainframes) and sometimes in C (for departmental minicomputers running the UNIX operating system). When the IBM PC became popular, it developed a need for business software that could be used on those and other inexpensive computers. The Progress system was created to be used on both IBM PC machines running DOS and on a variety of computers that could run UNIX.
|
|
Jon Paris is a Canadian computer scientist, author, and speaker recognized as one of the top experts for IBM's System i computers. In 1987, Jon, then an experienced consultant, was hired by IBM to develop COBOL compilers for the System/36 and System/38 minicomputers. From there, he transitioned into the RPG group, where he played a pivotal role in the development of the modern RPG language as well as other language and development tools, including CODE/400 and Visual Age for RPG. He has also been instrumental in the porting of Python, Ruby, and other languages to the IBM i platform, as well as being a leader in pushing the adoption of completely free RPG.
|
|
NOMAD was the flagship NCSS product during the firm's years of rapid growth, going through a series of releases and receiving a major share of this (publicly traded) company's R&D;, sales, support, and other resources. NCSS and its time-sharing competitors primarily sold services to large corporations, at a time when most MIS departments were bogged down on huge COBOL implementation projects (see Brooks's famous The Mythical Man-Month for the contemporary mind-set). Because of development backlogs, outside services like NCSS became attractive. Tools like NOMAD made end-users self-sufficient: If they had discretionary budgets, and could get the necessary raw data from their MIS departments, then they could solve their own information problems.
|
|
Atlas pioneered many software concepts still in common use today, including the Atlas Supervisor, "considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system". One of the first high-level languages available on Atlas was named Atlas Autocode, which was contemporary to Algol 60 and created specifically to address what Tony Brooker perceived to be some defects in Algol 60\. The Atlas did however support Algol 60, as well as Fortran and COBOL, and ABL (Atlas Basic Language, a symbolic input language close to machine language). Being a university computer it was patronised by a large number of the student population, who had access to a protected machine code development environment.
|
|
The on-screen instructions from Will Crowther's 1976 game Colossal Cave Adventure. In the 1960s, a number of computer games were created for mainframe and minicomputer systems, but these failed to achieve wide distribution due to the continuing scarcity of computer resources, a lack of sufficiently trained programmers interested in crafting entertainment products, and the difficulty in transferring programs between computers in different geographic areas. By the end of the 1970s, however, the situation had changed drastically. The BASIC and C high-level programming languages were widely adopted during the decade, which were more accessible than earlier more technical languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL, opening up computer game creation to a larger base of users.
|
|
English Electric Company continued to build the LEO III, and went on to build the faster LEO 360 and even faster LEO 326 models, which had been designed by the LEO team before the takeover. All LEO IIIs allowed concurrent running of as many as 12 application programs through the "Master program" operating system. Some, primarily producing telephone bills, purchased in the mid- to late 1960s, were still in commercial use with GPO Telephones, the forerunner of British Telecom, until 1981, remaining usable throughout, using parts cannibalised from redundant LEOs purchased by the GPO. Users of LEO computers programmed in two coding languages: Intercode, a low- level assembler type language; and CLEO (acronym: Clear Language for Expressing Orders), the COBOL equivalent.
|
|
Translational Backus–Naur Form (TBNF or Translational BNF) refers to Backus–Naur form, which is a formal grammar notation used to define the syntax of computer languages, such as Algol, Ada, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Java, Perl, Python, and many others. TBNF goes beyond BNF and extended BNF (EBNF) grammar notation because it not only defines the syntax of a language, but also defines the structure of the abstract syntax tree (AST) to be created in memory and the output intermediate code to be generated. Thus TBNF defines the complete translation process from input source code to intermediate code. Specification of the output intermediate code is optional, in which case you will still get automatic AST creation and have the ability to define its structure in the grammar.
|
|
Pascal was also supported for I/O co- processor development. The Wang PACE (Professional Application Creation Environment) 4GL and database was used from the mid-1980s onward by customers and third party developers to build complex applications sometimes involving many thousands of screens, hundreds of distinct application modules, and serving many hundreds of users. Substantial vertical applications were developed for the Wang VS by third party software houses throughout the 1980s in COBOL, PACE, BASIC, PL/I and RPG II. The Wang OFFICE family of applications and Wang WP were both popular applications on the VS. Word Processing ran on the VS through services that emulated the OIS environment and downloaded the WP software as "microcode" (in Wang terminology) to VS workstations.
|
|
CGIDEV2 is a free and open source IBM i (formerly known as AS/400) based program development toolkit that facilitates the development of interactive web-based programs using RPG ILE or Cobol (using the older CGIDEV version) as the back-end Common Gateway Interface language. The functionality of this toolset is incorporated into an RPG ILE program by means of a service program that contains all of the procedures required to read input from a browser, generate and send the appropriate response back to the browser. CGIDEV2 is commonly used to generate static or interactive HTML/DHTML pages but it can also produce CSV, XML, Excel-XML and other text based files. CGIDEV2 was developed by Mel Rothman while he was with IBM Rochester.
|
|
Further enhancements include an optimization of the core's pipeline, doubling the on- chip caches, better branch prediction, a new decimal arithmetic SIMD engine designed to boost COBOL and PL/I code, a "guarded storage facility" that helps Java applications during garbage collection, and other enhancements that increase the cores' performance compared to the predecessors. The instruction pipeline has an instruction queue that can fetch 6 instructions per cycle; and issue up to 10 instructions per cycle. Each core has a private 128 KB L1 instruction cache, a private 128 KB L1 data cache, a private 2 MB L2 instruction cache, and a private 4 MB L2 data cache. In addition, there is a 128 MB shared L3 cache implemented in eDRAM.
|
|
In addition to the expected functions of an operating system, DPPX included several functions which allowed for remote administration, such as Distributed Host Command Facility (DHCF), which allowed a Host Command Facility (HCF) user on a mainframe to log on in either full-screen mode or line mode to execute commands as though logged on locally, and Distributed Systems Network (or Node) Executive (DSNX), which allowed a Distributed Systems Executive (DSX) (later NetView/DM) job to manage files. Separate additional products were also available, including COBOL and Fortran compilers, the Distributed Transaction Management System (DTMS), Command Facilities Extensions (CFE), which provided easy support for full-screen applications, Data Stream Capability (DSC) to allow DPPX users to log on to applications on the mainframe, and Performance Tool (PT).
|
|
A notable idea of the "semantic gap" between the ideal expression of the solution to a particular programming problem, and the real physical hardware illustrated the inefficiency of current machine implementations. The three Burroughs architectures represent solving this problem by building hardware aligned with high-level languages, so-called language-directed design (contemporary term; today more often called a "high-level language computer architecture"). The large systems were stack machines and very efficiently executed ALGOL. The medium systems (B2000, 3000, and B4000) were aimed at the business world and executing COBOL (thus everything was done with BCD including addressing memory.) The B1000 series was perhaps the only "universal" solution from this perspective because it used idealized virtual machines for any language.
|
|
A single program deck, with individual subroutines marked. The markings show the effects of editing, as cards are replaced or reordered. Many early programming languages, including Fortran, Cobol and the various IBM assembler languages, used only the first 72 columns of a card — a tradition that traces back to the IBM 711 card reader used on the IBM 704/709/7090/7094 series (especially the IBM 704, the first mass- produced computer with floating point arithmetic hardware), which could only read 72 of the 80 columns in one pass. Columns 73-80 were ignored by the compilers and could be used for identification or a sequence number so that if the card deck was dropped it could be restored to its proper order using a card sorter.
|
|
She won scholarships from charitable foundations set up by Betty Crocker and Jimmy Hoffa in her senior year of high school, and in 1973 she was accepted to the University of Alabama at Birmingham as the only woman in engineering. Because of financial hardship and frequent employment interruptions, she took eight years of classes at various schools to earn her degree. Bace first became interested in computing during her freshman year working with punch cards programming Fortran and COBOL on an IBM mainframe and got her first engineering job while teaching at an engineering lab. She was approached by a couple of Xerox technicians who needed to fill affirmative action requirements, and accepted a job as a specialist repairing copier machines.
|
|
SSX/VSE ("Small System Executive") was an attempt by IBM to simplify purchase and installation of VSE by providing a pre-generated system containing the OS and the most popular products. SSX was released in 1982, and later replaced by VSE/SP. SSX was sold by IBM as a bundle of 14 component products (Advanced Functions/VSE, VSE/POWER, ACF/VTAME, VSE/VSAM, CICS/DOS/VS, DOS/VS, Sort/Merge, VSE/ICCF, VSE/OCCF, VSE/IPCS, DOS/COBOL, Back Up/Restore, Space Management, VSE/DITTO), and originally would only agree to offer the individual products separately via RPQ, although IBM later agreed to add those products individually to its price list under pressure from ISVs who claimed that the bundling violated antitrust laws.
|
|
The data entry was either described in several tables that specified the format of the input record with optional automatic data validation procedures or the indexed file operations were programmed in a special COBOL dialect with IDX and SEQ file support. System maintenance operations were performed in a protected supervisor mode; the system supported batched operations in the supervisor mode through the use of batch files that specified operator selections. The operating system interacted with the user through a series of prompts with automatic on-screen explanations and default selections, probably the ultimate user-friendliness achievable in text-only human-computer interaction. The XL-40 was also marketed by Triumph-Adler in Europe as TA1540, the beginning of a relationship that would eventually see a merger of the two companies.
|
|
The Call Level Interface (CLI) is an application programming interface (API) and software standard to embed Structured Query Language (SQL) code in a host program as defined in a joint standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. The Call Level Interface defines how a program should send SQL queries to the database management system (DBMS) and how the returned recordsets should be handled by the application in a consistent way. Developed in the early 1990s, the API was defined only for the programming languages C and COBOL. The interface is part of what The Open Group, publishes in a part of the X/Open Portability Guide, termed the Common Application Environment, which is intended to be a wide standard for programming open applications, i.e.
|
|
When accessing a database segment the application program also uses an SSA (Segment Search Argument) as a parameter, to specify the segment or segments that it needs. This would typically contain the segment type required, and the contents of any key fields. For all languages except PL/I, the first parameter in a call is the Function Code a four character field, examples being: “`GU `” (Get Unique), “`GN `” (Get Next), “`REPL`” (Replace), and “`ISRT`” (Insert). With PL/I, due to the way this language does not mark the last parameter with a '1' in bit 0, the first parameter must instead be a fullword (Fixed Bin(31)) containing the number of following parameters. A typical call from a COBOL program might be CALL “CBLTDLI” USING GU, Stores-Database-PCB, Stores-Segment-Area, Stores-Root-SSA.
|
|
This machine was designed at the University of Waterloo for teaching programming. In addition to the basic CBM 8000 hardware, the 9000 added a second CPU in the form of the Motorola 6809, more RAM and included a number of programming languages including a BASIC in ROM for the 6502 and a separate ANSI Minimal BASIC- compatible BASIC for the 6809, along with APL, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal and a 6809 assembler on floppies. It also included microEDITOR, a text editor for use in writing and maintaining programs for any of the 6809 languages. Also included was a terminal program which allowed the machine to be used as a "smart terminal" as well, so this single machine could replace many of the boxes currently in use at the university.
|
|
A version of PL/I F was released on the TSS/360 timesharing operating system for the System/360 Model 67, adapted at the IBM Mohansic Lab. The IBM La Gaude Lab in France developed "Language Conversion Programs"There were many delays in shipping these, so a common PL/I joke at the time was that Gen de Gaulle forbade La Gaude from shipping them until the Concorde had its first flight to convert Fortran, Cobol, and Algol programs to the PL/I F level of PL/I. The PL/I D compiler, using 16 kilobytes of memory, was developed by IBM Germany for the DOS/360 low end operating system. It implements a subset of the PL/I language requiring all strings and arrays to have fixed extents, thus simplifying the run-time environment.
|
|
Already established as a leader in the key-to-disk data entry system market by the 1300 series, in the early 1970s Inforex tried to expand by creating a new product category: turnkey file management systems. The impetus came on a request from Westinghouse, who were trying to keep track of 750,000 engineering drawings (known then as "blueprints" after the ink color used by the large-format printers) via a manual system. In that era, most business applications were written in COBOL, and could take up to two years to develop from the time a user department requested the application. The System 5000 anticipated by more than a decade early PC applications like PFS:File and dBASE II. The entire system was driven by simple two-letter commands entered on video terminals.
|
|
While completing her degree Wilbur moved from being a typist at the University of East London to being a computer operator, and began learning a second programming language, COBOL. Just before completing her degree she moved to a research position at University College London, working as a computer programmer for Peter T. Kirstein in the department of statistics and computer science there. Kirstein was in charge of Britain's part of the ARPANET project, and Wilbur's work for him involved programming a PDP-9 computer used as the local node for the network. She also worked as a liaison and technical assistant for British network users more generally who needed to connect to the network, and became "probably one of the first people in this country ever to send an email, back in 1974".
|
|
The first Casiotone keyboards used a sound synthesis technique known as vowel-consonant synthesis to approximate the sounds of other instruments (albeit not very accurately). Most Casiotone keyboards were small, with miniature keys designed for children's fingers, and were not intended for use by professional musicians; they usually contained a rhythm generator, with several user- selectable rhythm patterns, and often the means to automatically play accompaniments. While the name "Casiotone" disappeared from Casio's new keyboard catalog when more accurate synthesis technologies became prevalent, their low cost and abundance made them fairly common fixtures in garage rock bands. Musicians and bands known to use Casiotone keyboards include: Alexis Taylor of Hot Chip, Dan Deacon, Lettie, Maurizio Arcieri of Krisma, Kevin Parker of Tame Impala, Turnstyle, Trio, Ozma, Cobol Pongide and Hedluv, Chiara Lee of Father Murphy, Elena Lozovskaya.
|
|
Onyx Systems, Inc., founded in Cupertino, California in 1979 by Bob Marsh and Kip Myers,APPSCI: Board of Directors, Media Services (website) accessed 2010-04-27 was one of the earliest vendors of microprocessor-based Unix systems.Cornelia Boldyreff, ACM SIGSMALL Newsletter archive, v.7 #1 (February 1981), pp.7-8, Peter H. Salus, "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin" The company's first product, the C8000, was a Zilog Z80-based micro running the CP/M OS, with a hard disk, and a tape drive for backups."New Onyx CP/M 2.0 Operating System", InfoWorld (then Intelligent Machines Journal), 2 Nov 1979, p.4"Onyx System Packs 8-inch Winchester", InfoWorld (then Intelligent Machines Journal), 9 May 1979, p.8 It included IBM terminal emulation and a COBOL compiler, with a Z8000-based CPU add-in board to follow.
|
|
Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the Database Task Group within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971, the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the CODASYL approach, and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. The CODASYL approach offered applications the ability to navigate around a linked data set which was formed into a large network. Applications could find records by one of three methods: #Use of a primary key (known as a CALC key, typically implemented by hashing) #Navigating relationships (called sets) from one record to another #Scanning all the records in a sequential order Later systems added B-trees to provide alternate access paths.
|
|
Mullich's work in video games began at the birth of the video game industry in 1978 when his COBOL professor at California State University, Northridge hired him to work as a clerk and programmer at Rainbow Computing, one of the first computer stores to open in the Los Angeles area. Sherwin Steffin, who was a frequent customer at the store, recruited Mullich to develop games for his new start-up game publishing company, Edu-Ware Services. Upon graduating in 1980 with a degree in computer science, Mullich joined Edu-Ware as a full-time employee, and as his first assignment created the ground-breaking adventure game The Prisoner. Mullich went on to design most the Edu-Ware's innovative line of adventure games and role-playing video games, and programmed the company's EWS3 graphics engine as well as many of its educational programs.
|
|
In 1965, when James G. Mitchell, then an undergraduate student at Waterloo, wrote an academic paper on how to write a teaching compiler for Fortran, that could compile, link, and execute a typical undergraduate's program in a single pass, Graham arranged for Mitchell and a small team, under his supervision, to write that compiler. The compiler was eventually known as WATFOR, and was eventually to be used by students at 420 Colleges and Universities around the world. WATFOR was followed by similar teaching compilers, like WATBOL, for teaching COBOL, and WATIAC for teaching the principles of assembly language programming. Graham is credited with convincing leading computer manufacturers that it was in their interests to donate equipment to the University, because Waterloo students would then write valuable software for those computers that would make the manufacturers` products more valuable.
|
|
Ports of other languages like BBC BASIC and development of on-board interpreters for Fortran, REXX, AWK, Perl, Unix shells (e.g., bash, zsh), other shells (DOS/Windows 9x, OS/2, and Windows NT family shells as well as the related 4DOS, 4NT and 4OS2 as well as DCL), COBOL, C, Python, Tcl, Pascal, Delphi, ALGOL, and other languages are at various levels of development. Some calculators, especially those with other PDA-like functions have actual operating systems including the TI proprietary OS for its more recent machines, DOS, Windows CE, and rarely Windows NT 4.0 Embedded et seq, and Linux. Experiments with the TI-89, TI-92, TI-92 Plus and Voyage 200 machines show the possibility of installing some variants of other systems such as a chopped-down variant of CP/M-68K, an operating system which has been used for portable devices in the past.
|
|
Dozens of 'Class II' systems were locally developed and maintained at the GSUs (General Support Units), later known as ISMOs (Information Systems Management Offices), providing undreamed-of functionality even as far as the company and deployed unit level. Systems developed included the waggishly named 'Standardized Wing Overseas Operation Passenger System' (SWOOPS – developed to generate Air Force passenger manifests from personnel databases) and 'Universal Random Integrity News Extract' (URINE – developed to provide names picked randomly from personnel databases for urinalysis screening), FLEAS (FLight Evaluation Administration System). Although a COBOL compiler was available as part of the software package sold to the Marine Corps with the Series/1, most Class I and Class II systems development was in EDL. In the middle 1980s, the ADPE-FMF equipment was gradually phased out in favor of IBM-PC class microcomputers running off-the-shelf software and Marine Corps developed applications written in Ada.
|
|
By that time the Multics project had finally produced an operating system usable by end-users. Besides MIT, Bell Labs, and GE, GE-645 systems running Multics were installed at the US Air Force Rome Development Center, Honeywell Billerica, and Machines Bull in Paris. These last two systems were used as a "software factory" by a Honeywell/Bull project to design the Honeywell Level 64 computer. GE sold its computer division to Honeywell in 1970, who renamed the GE-600 series as the Honeywell 6000 series. The 655 was officially released in 1973 as the Honeywell 6070 (with reduced performance versions, the 6030 and 6050). An optional Decimal/Business instruction set was added to improve COBOL performance. This was the Extended Instruction Set, aka EIS and the Decimal Unit or DU. The machines with EIS were the 'even' series, the 6040, 6060, 6080 and later the 6025.
|
|
The GCC development suite is available for several models of Casio, HP, and TI calculators, meaning that C, C++, Fortran 77, and inline assembly language can be used to develop a program on the computer side and then upload it to the calculator. Projects in development by third parties include on-board and/or computer-side converters, interpreters, code generators, macro assemblers, or compilers for Fortran, other Basic variants, awk, C, Cobol, Rexx, Perl, Python, Tcl, Pascal Delphi, and operating system shells like DOS/Win95 batch, OS/2 batch, WinNT/2000 shell, Unix shells, and DCL. Many TI, Casio, Sharp and HP models have Lua interpreters which are part of the default configuration or can be optionally added. Some calculators run a subset of Fortran 77 called Mini-Fortran; the compiler is on the calculator so connecting to a PC to put programs onto the machine is not needed.
|
|
Languages that formally support the module concept include Ada, Algol, BlitzMax, C++, C#, Clojure, COBOL, D, Dart, eC, Erlang, Elixir, Elm, F, F#, Fortran, Go, Haskell, IBM/360 Assembler, IBM i Control Language (CL), IBM RPG, Java, MATLAB, ML, Modula, Modula-2, Modula-3, Morpho, NEWP, Oberon, Oberon-2, Objective-C, OCaml, several derivatives of Pascal (Component Pascal, Object Pascal, Turbo Pascal, UCSD Pascal), Perl, PL/I, PureBasic, Python, Ruby, Rust, JavaScript,ECMAScript® 2015 Language Specification, 15.2 Modules Visual Basic .NET and WebDNA. Conspicuous examples of languages that lack support for modules are C and have been C++ and Pascal in their original form, C and C++ do, however, allow separate compilation and declarative interfaces to be specified using header files. Modules were added to Objective-C in iOS 7 (2013); to C++ with C++20, and Pascal was superseded by Modula and Oberon, which included modules from the start, and various derivatives that included modules.
|
|
Two equivalent addresses could be compared as non-equal if one of them had the sign bit turned on even if the remaining bits were identical. Most of this was invisible to programmers using high-level languages like COBOL or FORTRAN,"to accommodate large arrays in FORTRAN." and IBM aided the transition with dual mode hardware for a period of time. Certain machine instructions in this 31-bit addressing mode alter the addressing mode bit as a possibly intentional side effect. For example, the original subroutine call instructions BAL, Branch and Link, and its register- register equivalent, BALR, Branch and Link Register, store certain status information, the instruction length code,Because the instruction length code is 00b for a BALR and is 01b for a BAL, the high order bit is always guaranteed to be set to 0, thereby indicating 24-bit mode, for BALR and BAL on XA and later systems.
|
|
These included a "black phosphor" computer monitor, and a programming language with all the worst features of BASIC and COBOL, called BASBOL. The fictional company's flagship product was the TLS-8E, a computer which was sold with a factory-applied coating of oxidation on its peripheral edge card connectors ("to protect them from electricity"), a 5-inch "sloppy" disk drive, and a keyboard that eschewed the familiar QWERTY array for a 16-key matrix that included a TBA (To Be Announced) key. According to Busch, the operation was founded by one "Scott Nolan Hollerith" (after Adventure programmer Scott Adams, Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, and computer pioneer Herman Hollerith). S.N. Hollerith, it was said, graduated from the University of California at Phoenix in 1970 with a degree in Slide Rule Design, and quickly built KTI into a multi-thousand-dollar empire on a foundation of selling maintenance upgrades for DROSS-DOS 8E, a microcomputer operating system that was a subset of CP/M.
|
|
When generating code for the various expressions, the compiler needs to know the nature of the operands. For example, a statement such as A:=B; could produce rather different code depending on whether A and B are integers or floating- point variables (and what size: single, double or quadruple precision) or complex numbers, arrays, strings, programmer-defined types, etc. In this case, a simple approach would be to transfer a suitable number of words of storage, but, for strings this could be unsuitable as the recipient may be smaller than the supplier and in any case, only a part of the string may be used - perhaps it has space for a thousand characters, but currently contains ten. Then there are more complex constructions, as offered by COBOL and pl/i, such as `A:=B by name;` In this case, A and B are aggregates (or structures) with A having for example parts `A.
|
|
Performance could be especially problematic because early expert systems were built using tools (such as earlier Lisp versions) that interpreted code expressions without first compiling them. This provided a powerful development environment, but with the drawback that it was virtually impossible to match the efficiency of the fastest compiled languages (such as C). System and database integration were difficult for early expert systems because the tools were mostly in languages and platforms that were neither familiar to nor welcome in most corporate IT environments – programming languages such as Lisp and Prolog, and hardware platforms such as Lisp machines and personal computers. As a result, much effort in the later stages of expert system tool development was focused on integrating with legacy environments such as COBOL and large database systems, and on porting to more standard platforms. These issues were resolved mainly by the client-server paradigm shift, as PCs were gradually accepted in the IT environment as a legitimate platform for serious business system development and as affordable minicomputer servers provided the processing power needed for AI applications.
|
|
Originally developed by IBM in 1959, the name Report Program Generator was descriptive of the purpose of the language: generation of reports from transactional data files. The language replicated punched card processing on the IBM 1401"...IBM 1401 and the Report Program Generator (RPG) contributed significantly to this success...", IBM 1401 Data Processing System / 1959 — then updated to RPG II for the IBM System/3 in the late 1960s, and since evolved into an HLL equivalent to COBOL and PL/I. In the early days of RPG, its major strength was the program cycle, executing within a loop, processing every record of a file. This was conducive to producing reports with subtotals and grand totals at control breaks. At that time each record (individual punched card) would be compared to each line in the program, which would act upon the record, or not, based upon whether that line had an "indicator" turned "on" or "off" — from a set of logical variables numbered 01–99 for user-defined purposes, or other smaller sets based upon record, field, or report processing functions.
|
|
The most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one, and this is the practice in early classic computer programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL. However, in the late 1950s LISP introduced zero-based numbering for arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible basing for array subscripts (allowing any positive, negative, or zero integer as base for array subscripts), and most subsequent programming languages adopted one or other of these positions. For example, the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C, so that for an array of n items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to . This permits an array element's location to be calculated by adding the index directly to address of the array, whereas 1-based languages precalculate the array's base address to be the position one element before the first. There can be confusion between 0- and 1-based indexing, for example Java's JDBC indexes parameters from 1 although Java itself uses 0-based indexing.
|
|
The next two decades saw the development of many other major high-level imperative programming languages. In the late 1950s and 1960s, ALGOL was developed in order to allow mathematical algorithms to be more easily expressed, and even served as the operating system's target language for some computers. MUMPS (1966) carried the imperative paradigm to a logical extreme, by not having any statements at all, relying purely on commands, even to the extent of making the IF and ELSE commands independent of each other, connected only by an intrinsic variable named $TEST. COBOL (1960) and BASIC (1964) were both attempts to make programming syntax look more like English. In the 1970s, Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth, and C was created by Dennis Ritchie while he was working at Bell Laboratories. Wirth went on to design Modula-2 and Oberon. For the needs of the United States Department of Defense, Jean Ichbiah and a team at Honeywell began designing Ada in 1978, after a 4-year project to define the requirements for the language. The specification was first published in 1983, with revisions in 1995, 2005 and 2012.
|
|
CoSort was released for CP/M in 1978, DOS in 1980, Unix in the mid-eighties, and Windows in the early nineties,IRI company history (retrieved August 1, 2009) and received a readership award from DMReview magazine in 2000,"DM Review 100", DM Review, 10(12), (December 2000) CoSort was initially designed as a file sorting utility, and added interfaces to replace or convert the sort program parameters used in IBM Infosphere DataStage, Informatica, Micro Focus COBOL, JCL, NATURAL, SAS, and SyncSort Unix. In 1992, CoSort added related data manipulation functions through a control language interface based on DEC VAX/VMS sort utility syntax,Product Brief, Software Magazine (May 1992) which evolved through the years to handle file-based data integration and staging functions in data warehouse ETL operations:ITToolbox, Oracle Database Connections (June 25, 2009) CoSort Version 9 releases, begun in 2007, can simultaneously transform, convert, report, and/or protect data for ETL, business intelligence, change data capture, database load and query,Burleson, Donald K., "Hypercharging Oracle Data Loading" (February 1, 2004) application development, and data migration activities. Version 10 was released in 2018, adding support for semi-structured, streaming, and cloud data sources.
|
|
ICL 2966 disk drives The 2900 architecture supports a hardware-based call stack, providing an efficient vehicle for executing high-level language programs, especially those allowing recursive function calls. This was a forward-looking decision at the time, since it was expected that the dominant programming languages would initially be COBOL and FORTRAN. The architecture provides built-in mechanisms for making procedure calls using the stack, and special purpose registers for addressing the top of the stack and the base of the current stack frame. Off-stack data is typically addressed via a descriptor. This is a 64-bit structure containing a 32-bit virtual address, plus 32 bits of control information. The control information identifies whether the area being addressed is code or data; in the case of data, the size of the items addressed (1, 8, 32, 64, or 128 bits); a flag to indicate whether hardware array-bound-checking is required; and various other refinements. The 32-bit virtual address comprises a 14-bit segment number and an 18-bit displacement within the segment. Technically the order code is not part of the 2900 architecture: this fact has been exploited to emulate other machines by microcoding their instruction sets.
|
|
Studying papers and making notes during a ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 21 C++ Standards Committee meeting at the British Standards Institution in London in 1997 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 was created in 1985, with the intention of creating a JTC 1 subcommittee that would address standardization within the field of programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces. Before the creation of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22, programming language standardization was addressed by ISO TC 97/SC 5. Many of the original working groups of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 were inherited from a number of the working groups of ISO TC 97/SC 5 during its reorganization, including ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 2 – Pascal (originally ISO TC 97/SC 5/WG 4), ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 – COBOL (originally ISO TC 97/SC 5/ WG 8), and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 5 – Fortran (originally ISO TC 97/SC 5/WG 9). Since then, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 has created and disbanded many of its working groups in response to the changing standardization needs of programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces.
|
|
The FermaT Transformation System is an industrial strength program transformation system targeted at reverse engineering, program comprehension and migration between programming languages. The system is currently being used to translate IBM 370 Assembler modules into equivalent readable and maintainable C and COBOL programs. FermaT is available as free software under the GNU General Public License (GPL). A program transformation is any operation which changes the text of a program without changing its external behaviour. A simple example is reversing the arms of an IF statement: IF x = 0 THEN y := 1 ELSE y := 2 FI is semantically equivalent to: IF x <> 0 THEN y := 2 ELSE y := 1 FI A more complex example of a program transformation is Semantic Slicing. Consider the following WSL program: total:= 0; i := 0; evens := 0; noevens := 0; odds := 0; noodds := 0; n := n0; WHILE i <= n DO evenflag := A[i] MOD 2; evenflag := 0; IF FALSE THEN evens := evens + A[i]; noevens := noevens + 1 ELSE odds := odds + A[i]; noodds := noodds + 1 FI; total := total + A[i]; i := i + 1 OD; IF noevens <> 0 THEN meaneven := evens/noevens ELSE meaneven := 0 FI; IF noodds <> 0 THEN meanodd := odds/noodds ELSE meanodd := 0 FI; mean := total/(n+1); evendifference := ABS(meaneven - mean); odddifference := ABS(meanodd-mean) Suppose we are interested in the final value of the variable evendifference.
|
|