The climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is Sept.
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This retreat is weeks earlier than the climatological average - crazy!
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You can blame it on the climatological pattern known as El Niño.
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However, Florence does not appear to be taking a climatological track. pic.twitter.
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El Niño is the climatological event characterized by warming, eastward-moving Pacific waters.
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You have a wider range to deal with in terms of climatological data.
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Be smart: We're now approaching the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season.
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The contrast increases drama, if also spoiling the climatological reality of the scene.
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During the last few years, Winter Jam in Central Park has become a climatological crapshoot.
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Indonesia's Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency said that Sunday's quake registered as a magnitude 7.
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The Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency has warned that "extreme weather" may continue until Jan.
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As Tropical Storm Harvey In the intervening years since those storms, the nation has been continually pummeled by "historic" climatological events.
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Residents of South Florida in the era of rising sea levels face a daunting array of climatological, infrastructural, and political problems.
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Looking backward for models will not move America forward to meet the unprecedented demographic, technological, climatological and ethical challenges we face today.
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Or are such climatological encores to be expected when we've just lived through one of the most powerful El Niño on record?
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If you look at climatological data going back centuries or millennia, we have periods of cooling, like the Ice Age, and warming.
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It was followed by scores of aftershocks, the largest recorded at a magnitude of 5.7, Indonesia's Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency said.
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Dwikorita Karnawati, head of the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), told reporters separately that heavy rainfall may continue until mid February.
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Dwikorita Karnawati, head of the Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), told reporters separately that heavy rainfall may continue until mid February.
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But to use cold weather as some sort of rebuttal of broader climatological warming is not even close to accurate, factual or funny.
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"The problem with the pace of anthropogenic climate change is that it's happening so much faster than past climatological events," Kellhammer told me.
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Over a hundred of subsequent tremors were recorded, with the largest aftershock recorded at 5.7 magnitude, Indonesia's Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency said.
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" Light, on the other hand, points out that one sentence in the 13-page climate action plan "in terms of climatological impact, is huge.
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"We expect normal climatological distribution of rains and we also expect the trend of higher agricultural production and economic growth to continue," Ramesh said.
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The tsunami was likely caused by a combination of underwater landslides due to a volcanic eruption, the country's meteorological, climatological and geological agency said.
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And the climatological crystal ball is predicting a possible nor'easter on Monday, though it's too early to know with any certainty, Ms. Morrone told us.
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Sutopo said in a statement that the country's meteorological, climatological, and geological agency detected a volcanic eruption at Anak Krakatau island shortly before the tsunami.
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Indonesia's Meteorolgy and Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) said there was no tsunami potential from the quake, which was recorded at 162 kilometers deep.
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" In the Science article, Dansgaard wrote, "It appears that ice-core data provide far greater, and more direct, climatological detail than any hitherto known method.
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Oklahoma's rainfall from January 1 through Monday was 50% above normal -- making this the fourth wettest year to date on record, according to the Oklahoma Climatological Survey.
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They look at the record of climatological predictions and see a pattern in which observed warming hugs the lower, non-disastrous end of the spectrum of projections.
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"The last couple of weeks, true-to-form right during that peak climatological time for hurricanes, boom we had three, four develop just like that," he said.
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Any doubts about global warming's pivotal role in extreme weather events have been put further to rest by a long, hot and dangerous summer of climatological surprises.
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So maybe you should move elsewhere in the store, off to the more modestly designed jackets, which won't call undue attention to your need for emotional-climatological reinforcement.
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He added that while earthquakes themselves are unlikely to be impacted by climatological change, heavy rain can exacerbate landslides -- as seen in Hokkaido -- and make conditions much worse.
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The $33,700 Event Pack includes a fold-down bench built into the rear bumper, a modular picnic hamper and, in a nod to England's climatological suffering, umbrella storage.
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Monday is the climatological peak date of hurricane season, the height of the eight-week period when the most powerful storms usually form, CNN meteorologist Pedram Javaheri said.
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Still, the San Francisco Archipelago has always stuck with me, because, almost in spite of itself, it managed to convey something peculiar and destabilizing about our climatological future.
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Dennis Feltgen, public affairs officer for the National Hurricane Center, says he gets between three and four dozen emails every hurricane season from concerned citizens suggesting climatological nuclear warfare.
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The chaser density maximizes here, and even though this region represents the climatological peak in tornado occurrence, the congestion throws the risk-reward ratio out of balance in my mind.
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" And that "there are a variety of climatological, meteorological, astrological, thermological, cosmological, and ecological dynamics that can affect world weather phenomena and that the significance and interrelativity of these factors is largely speculative.
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It's outside of the climatological norm to have a storm of this type of intensity at this particular latitude, but it is consistent with some studies that say storms are intensifying further poleward.
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The deluge at the start of 2020 was "one of the most extreme rainfall" events since records began in 1866, the country's Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) said in a statement on Friday.
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A tropical cyclone south of Java island altered wind direction in the area, including for Bali, where it could bring heavy rains and strong winds until Saturday, the Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics agency said.
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A new report from the U.S. government on the impacts of climate change on society indicates that unless action is taken, climatological events could cost the country nearly half a trillion dollars annually by 2090.
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Friday marked the date of the climatological peak for bomb cyclones in the North Atlantic, given the typical intensity of the jet stream and intense air mass differences that tend to move over moisture-rich waters.
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In 2019, amidst rising tides of populist politics and the ever-increasing disparity between the global 1% and literal "low-lying" communities facing very real climatological erasure, one can't underscore enough the importance of these films.
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However, Hurricane Irma has found itself in an area of abundant ocean heat, as sea surface temperatures are unusually mild and the ocean near the Lesser Antilles is at or near its climatological peak for the year.
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Climatological data can also make an impact in agriculture, and the University of Natural Resources and Energy in Ghana's central region is another institution looking to "tap into" space and offer solutions to the country's many farmers.
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It's balmy, sunny, and arid, even in January, which makes it a climatological refuge for road warriors in the winter, when much of the rest of the country is cold and the roads are socked in with snow.
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There are also a growing number of paleo-climatological studies that have found that when Earth's climate was last as high as projected by mid-century, sea levels were a cataclysmic 21625 feet higher than they are today.
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If you want to know where to go to have the best odds, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has an interactive map that guides you through the climatological chances individual towns have of having a white Christmas.
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" Elizabeth Hand on science fiction writers: "I think there are a lot of science fiction writers who are very prescient in writing about various climatological or ecological scenarios, going back to John Wyndham and The Day of the Triffids.
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Ice core samples offer an extraordinarily detailed look into the planet's climatological past; they can be used to document climate and weather, as well as humanity's impact (Greenland's ice, for example, bears traces of lead from the Roman Empire).
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Compared for the same five-day period during the last 30-year climatological reference period, six to 10 degree Celsius temperature spikes happened in most of France and Germany, throughout northern Spain, northern Italy, Switzerland, Austria and the Czech Republic.
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Weather and climate-related disasters cost the US $80 billion in 2018, but go ahead and say climate change isn't real There's already been nearly $500 billion in damages that scientists directly attribute to climatological changes that humans have wrought on the planet.
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As these natural disasters increase in frequency and severity, cities and the businesses that reside in them are mobilizing to understand how best to prepare for the climatological challenges they're going to face — and increasingly they're turning to companies like Jupiter Intelligence for information.
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"The climatology is not a forecast," in the way that a short-term weather report is a forecast, he added, saying that many people mistook climatological predictions for El Nino as forecasts of what would happen, rather than as averages of the full range of possible scenarios.
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There are also concerns over changing weather conditions with a tropical cyclone south of Java island impacting weather and wind in the area, including for Bali, the Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics agency said With some airlines continuing to fly normally on Saturday, there was frustration among passengers.
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There are also concerns over changing weather conditions with a tropical cyclone south of Java island impacting weather and wind in the area, including for Bali, the Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics agency said With some airlines continuing to fly normally on Saturday, there was frustration among passengers.
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In total, the U.S. was hit by 14 separate disaster events whose costs were more than $1 billion: the litany of climatological horrors included two tropical cyclones, eight severe storms, two winter storms, prolonged drought and wildfires (that probably burned all the partridges out of their pear trees).
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With the acknowledgement earlier this month from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that drastic measures are going to be required to reverse climate change and protect the globe from catastrophic climatological events by 2050, the startup accelerator is hoping that its call to action might spur some new thinking.
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One particularly harrowing paragraph lists off the consequences bluntly: "If the power grid infrastructure were to collapse, the United States would experience significant: Although the report does not dwell on the implications, it acknowledges that a national power grid failure would lead to a perfect storm requiring emergency military responses that might eventually weaken the ability of the US Army to continue functioning at all: "Relief efforts aggravated by seasonal climatological effects would potentially accelerate the criticality of the developing situation.
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UAS Jena (2019): library (April 2019) Since June 1999, the UAS Jena has its own climatological station.UAS Jena (2019): climatological station (April 2019) The local climate is recorded and can be accessed on the Internet.
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Weather forecasts and climatological information for the San Joaquin Valley are available from its official website.
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National Weather Service. ["Climatological Report (Monthly): April 2009"], nws.noaa.gov. May 1, 2009. Accessed May 7, 2009.
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2 Sep 2011.WRIGHT, I.S. "Memorial. L. Whittington Gorham, M.D.." Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 80.
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The TMS operates 2 meteorological programmes (surface observation programme and upper air programme) and hosts other climatological research projects.
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Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure systems.ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). The Formation of Deserts.
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Adaptive model is a model that relates indoor design temperatures or acceptable temperature ranges to outdoor meteorological or climatological parameters.
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The Climatological Observers Link (COL) The Climatological Observers Link was founded in 1970 by a small group of amateur meteorologists following the exchange of correspondence in the magazine Weather - published by The Royal Meteorological Society. It is the largest enthusiasts' weather observer network within the United Kingdom. The organisation aims to bring together those with an interest in observing the weather, their observations being compiled into monthly bulletins containing news, data and views. Stations range from those with a single raingauge to full-size synoptic and official climatological stations.
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Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas.
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Tarfala research station The Tarfala research station () is a field station of Stockholm University. It specializes in glacial and climatological research.
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He was godfather to (and biological father of) Leonard Wilson Forster. Williams edited the Journal of Balneology and Climatology and the Medical Press and Circular. He was Vice-President of the British Balneological and Climatological Society and was the first President of the Balneological and Climatological section of the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM).Stokes, M. V. (2004).
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To address this issue, trace snowfall is sometimes treated as equivalent to small numerical amounts (such as or ) for certain climatological purposes.
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The climatological station is a project that is envisaged to last thirty years and collect a climate profile for Durrow and Laois in general.
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Mountain climates reasonably form another type of climate. As far as some climatological elements are concerned, except as to temperature, rainfall generally increases with height.
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Retrieved on 2007-02-11. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas.ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). The Formation of Deserts .
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James W. McGuigan, M.D., " Robert Quarles Marston, M.D. 1923-1999," Transactions of the American Clinical & Climatological Association, vol. 116, p. lx (2005). Retrieved February 15, 2010.
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Retrieved on 2008-05-03. Many of the world's rainforests are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.Hobgood (2008). Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind.
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Models and theoretic equations need to take into account "social, economic, cultural, geographical, and even climatological variables" in order to accurately reflect the statistics of the time.
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Gilma was a Category 1 hurricane (on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale) that took a climatological west-northwesterly track over the open waters of the eastern North Pacific.
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In the most recent climatological normal has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) near the 22 °C threshold (the average of the hottest month is 22.2 °C).
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The utilization of solar energy. "South African Journal of Science", Vol. 52, pp. 37-41 Second, to estimate the amount of total (sun plus sky) radiation for climatological purposes.
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Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas,ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). The Formation of Deserts. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
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However, the conditions throughout the site's existence were apparently filthy.Buckland, P.C. & al. "Bioarchæological and Climatological Evidence for the Fate of the Norse Farmers in Medieval Greenland". Antiquity 70 (1996), 88-96\.
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A climatological wind atlas covers hourly averages at a standard height (10 meter) over even longer periods (30 years). But depending on the application there are variations in averaging time, height and period.
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The assigned stations were of synoptic, climatological and rainfall type, each carrying out its own observations. At that time, there were thirty-four synoptic stations, one hundred and seven climatological stations, and one hundred and sixty meteorological stations. The expansion of meteorological stations and the development of its network accelerated after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. In 1338, Iran's meteorology became a member of the World Meteorological Organization as one hundred and third members of the World Meteorological Organization.
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As an example, terrain is considered in the QPF process by using topography or climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.Daniel Weygand (2008). Optimizing Output From QPF Helper. National Weather Service Western Region Headquarters.
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Those tasks require theory and methods drawn from geography, biology, ecology, history, sociology, anthropology, and other disciplines. Common methods include historical research, climatological reconstructions, plant and animal surveys, archaeological excavations, ethnographic interviews, and landscape reconstructions.
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Retrieved on 11 February 2007. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas,ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). The Formation of Deserts. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.). The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean. It was first produced in 1994 (based on the earlier Climatological Atlas of the World OceanLevitus, S. (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA Professional Paper No. 13, pp. 191), with later editions at roughly four year intervals in 1998, 2001, 2005, 2009, and 2013.
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In 1855, he published a quarto volume of climatological observations, and in 1857 Climatology in the United States, a work extensively circulated and very favorably received in Europe. He was editor of the North American, published in Philadelphia, and secretary of the Philadelphia Board of Trade from 1858 to 1864. He contributed articles on finance to the North American Review in 1866 and 1867, besides making contributions to various other publications. Besides his work for the Smithsonian, Blodget worked for the War Department to conduct climatological research.
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The data in the World Ocean Database are made available through the online search and retrieval system known as WODselect. The World Ocean Atlas (WOAselect) series is a set of gridded (1° grid), climatological, objectively analyzed fields of the variables in the World Ocean Database. The WOAselect is a selection tool by which the user can designate a geographic area, depth, and oceanographic variable to view climatological means or related statistics for a given variable at the requested depth for the requested geographic area.
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The Yukon Quest trail is in the subarctic climate range. In Fairbanks, the average February temperature is , but is not uncommon, and temperatures have dropped to . Alaska Climate Research Center. "Climatological data: Fairbanks International Airport" , climate.gi.alaska.edu.
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Climatological Data: Florida - September 1960, pp. 2. Retrieved on 2008-10-10. In the Florida Keys, some areas experienced "almost complete destruction". Further north between Marathon and Tavernier, an estimated 75% of buildings were extensively damaged.
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William Henry Alexander (1923), A Climatological History of Ohio, vol. 28, no. 5 (Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University), p. 572. Nearby cemeteries include Baldwin Middlebury (in Knox County, Ohio), and Culp (in Perry Township, Richland County).
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The office also has a fire weather and hydrologic program. The surface observation program is limited to the supplemental climatological observations. The office supports approximately 75 observers in the cooperative observer program. The office employs 22 people.
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In addition to initializing operational forecasts, the analyses themselves are a valuable tool for subsequent meteorological and climatological studies. However, an operational analysis dataset, i.e. the analysis data which were used for the real-time forecasts, will typically suffer from inconsistency if it spans any extended period of time, because operational analysis systems are frequently being improved. A reanalysis project involves reprocessing observational data spanning an extended historical period using a consistent modern analysis system, to produce a dataset that can be used for meteorological and climatological studies.
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Climatology was a factor in every major or minor WWII operation. The planning for every landing, mission, and offensive, including the D-Day Invasion in 1944 and the atomic bombing of Japan, required extensive climatological preparation and analyses.
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Weather station at Mildura Airport, Victoria, Australia. Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide.Office of the Federal Coordinator of Meteorology. Surface Weather Observation Program.
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More than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to September. Average temperatures ranged from in January to in June.Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (2006). Climatological Records of Nepal (Several Volumes), Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
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In addition, Zhuye Lake and the surrounding area in arid NW China are in ecological imbalance – a consequence of human impacts and climate. Understanding the environmental history here can assist climatological forecasting of the Asian monsoon system and ecosystem reconstruction.
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Climatological cycles may be removed from both the model output and the "truth" data. Thus, the skill score, applied afterward, is more meaningful. One way of thinking about it is, "how much does the forecast reduce our uncertainty?" Christensen et al.
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Climatological data for Sonora and northeastern Sinaloa. University of Arizona Institute of Atmospheric Physical Technical Report on the Meteorology and Climatology of Arid Lands 15. Predominant vegetation in the region is a mixed forest of pine and oak.Rzedowski, J. 1986.
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László Makra (Siklós, June 5, 1952) is a climatologist and university professor. His main research area is pollen climatology and, within this, analysis of climatological relationships of ragweed pollen, as well as relationship between ragweed pollen concentration and respiratory diseases.
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This data is transmitted every 2 seconds to a website where the data can be freely accessed. The station also reports to the Irish Weather Network which displays live weather data from similar stations all around Ireland. In addition, a Met Éireann climatological station (Number: 472) was installed in September 2010 and the data collected is sent to headquarters in Glasnevin, Dublin on a monthly basis. The climatological station measures rainfall in a manual gauge, soil temperatures at 5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm depths, air temperature including wet-bulb, daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures.
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IMETS processes and collates forecasts, observations, and climatological data to produce timely and accurate weather products tailored to the specific Warfighter's needs. IMETS provides automation and communications support to USAF Weather Teams assigned to Army G2/G3 sections at echelons Brigade through EAC. IMETS receives, processes, and collates forecasts, observations, and climatological data to produce weather forecasts and timely and accurate products to meet Commanders' requirements. IMETS produces displays and disseminates, over Army ABCS, weather forecasts and tactical decision aids that compare the impact of current, projected, or hypothesized weather conditions on friendly and enemy capabilities.
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Although there was strong pressure for neutrality, military visionaries had seen the need to prepare for war even before 1937 when the Air Weather Service (AWS) itself was founded. The Army Air Forces Weather Research Center's Climatological Section was born at Bolling Field on 10 September 1941, one week after the U.S. Destroyer Greer was attacked by a German submarine off the coast of Iceland. By 1941 the U.S. Weather Bureau had turned over most of its climatological records to the military. Most of the Weather Bureau's climatology had been produced by the depression era WPA project mentioned earlier.
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For climatological information please visit: durrow.ie for averages and extremes. The weather station at east Durrow was set up in May 2008. The equipment used is a Davis Vantage Pro II that measures temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall and barometric pressure.
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Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.
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The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute has one of its weather stations located in Berkhout, a village situated west of Hoorn. Climatological data from this station can be found in the table below. The record extremes range from to . The average annual precipitation is .
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Khordha is located at .Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khordha It has an average elevation of . Area of the district is 2,888 square kilometers (1,115 square miles). From climatological point of view, the average annual precipitation over the district is about 1,200–1,400 mm.
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Jackett and McDougall constructed the variable \gamma^n\, using the data in the “Levitus dataset”.Levitus, S. (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA Professional Paper No. 13, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 173 pp. - ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/woa/PUBLICATIONS/levitus_atlas_1982.
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The IMD launched System of Aerosol Monitoring and Research (SAMAR) in January 2016 to study the concentration of Black carbon, radiative properties of aerosols, environmental visibility and their climatological impacts. It would contain a network of 16 aethalometers, 12 sky radiometers and 12 nephelometers.
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The India Meteorological Department (IMD) maintains Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) through the Port Meteorological Office comprising ships of Merchant Navy, Indian Navy and foreign agencies through which meteorological observations from the ocean area are collected on real-time basis for operational forecasting and climatological purpose.
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Chilli thrips/ yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Mini Pest Risk Assessment. University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.Nietschke, B. S., D. M. Borchert, R. D. Magarey, and M. A. Ciomperlik. 2008. Climatological potential for Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) establishment in the United States.
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Gerald Bertram Webb (24 September 1871-27 January 1948) was an English-born American physician who became the first president of the American Association of Immunologists, as well as president of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, National Tuberculosis Association, and Association of American Physicians.
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He was born in Toano, Virginia, a small unincorporated community in James City County near Williamsburg, in 1923,James W. McGuigan, M.D., " Robert Quarles Marston, M.D. 1923–1999," Transactions of the American Clinical & Climatological Association, vol. 116, p. lx (2005). Retrieved February 13, 2010.
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The Climatological Data Ocean Model (docn) is recently at version6.0. It must be run within the framework of CCSM rather than standalone. It takes two netCDF datasets as input and sends six outputs to the coupler, to be integrated with the output of the other submodels.
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The Science Building on the Midtown campus houses the Meteorological Studies and Weather Center (MSWC), which provides forecasting services for industrial and media clients, and conducts forensic climatological and meteorological studies. The MSWC also contains a TV studio, forecast center, and research area, supporting the meteorology program.
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Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. Some climatological high-pressure areas acquire regionally based names. The land-based Siberian High often remains quasi-stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year, making it unique in that regard.
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In 1936, the WPA also funded a project that resulted in the compilation and analysis of millions of surface and upper-air observations taken from 1928 to 1941. From this project came a number of climatological publications vital to the nation's preparation for World War II.
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They also concluded that a higher increase in convection develops if a mid- tropospheric lifting mechanism interacts with an elevated moist layer.(Kenneth Crawford, Justin Lane, Renee McPherson, William McPherson Jr. "A Climatological Analysis Of Heat Bursts In Oklahoma (1994-2009)." International Journal of Climatology. Volume 31.
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And, by the end of 1979, USAFETAC strength reached 232 people, with 149 of those employed at Scott AFB and 83 people employed at Asheville. By the end of the decade, the demand for climatological services remained extremely high, with the project backlog at nearly fifty thousand man-hours.
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On 26 June 2007, the H.N.M.S official climatological station of Nea Filadelfeia recorded . On the same day, the nearby official automatic H.N.M.S. weather station recorded , which is Europe's highest June temperature to date. For the 1991-2020 period, the mean maximum July temperature for Nea Filadelfeia stands at .
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In his lectures, Legates has acknowledged that humans have a direct impact on the environment. However he has disputed large scale climatological studies where he claims that researchers fail to incorporate sufficient data involving increased solar activity, water vapor as a greenhouse gas, data contamination through expansion of the urban heat island effect surrounding data collection points, and many other key variables in addition to the human chemical emissions that are the sole focus of many climatological studies. In October 2009, Dr. Legates and 34 cosigners submitted a letter to the EPA outlining specific objections to the proposed endangerment rule. Legates is a signatory of the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation's "An Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming".
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You can compute multiple composite reference time series from subsets of surrounding stations and test these references for homogeneity as well. Szentimrey, T.: "Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization (MASH)". Proceedings of the second seminar for homogenization of surface climatological data, Budapest, Hungary; WMO, WCDMP-No. 41, 27-46, 1999.
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The temperature minimum around 2.4 billion years goes along with a cosmic ray flux modulation by a variable star formation rate in the Milky Way. The reduced solar impact later results in a stronger impact of cosmic ray flux (CRF), which is hypothesized to lead to a relationship with climatological variations.
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It is named after a peat sequence discovered at Bølling lake in central Jutland, Denmark. It is used to describe a period of time in relation to Pollen zone Ib—in regions where the Older Dryas is not detected in climatological evidence, the Bølling-Allerød is considered a single interstadial period.
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In the arctic, icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December."Pacific Ocean", World Factbook, CIA. Retrieved 13 June 2013. A climatological low in the Gulf of Alaska keeps the southern coast wet and mild during the winter months.
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For example,Microvascular Research,, Endothelium: Circulation Research, Physiologic Genomics, American Journal of Cellular and Molecular BiologyPulmonary Circulation. He has been elected into a number of honorific societies including the American Clinical and Climatological Association (Vice President), American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of Academic Professors and the National Academy of Medicine.
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Organization slowed thereafter due to moderate wind shear, but continued at a near-climatological rate as upper- level outflow allowed for continued convective development. Early on April 25, the JTWC estimated the system to have attained gale-force winds. The IMD followed suit later that day and subsequently assigned it the name Mala.
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Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter. The average temperature is , with the monthly daily average ranging from in January to in July. Extremes range from on February 12, 1899 to on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012;"Climatological averages and records" NWS Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
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The normal temperature of Porto Rico, West Indies. Monthly Weather Review 39(2):299-302. On leaving San Juan he came once more to the Central Office, this time as Chief of the Climatological Division, which position he retained until his retirement on June 30, 1932. Fassig was a quiet, unassuming, unhurried scientist.
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Contrails, by affecting the Earth's radiation balance, act as a radiative forcing. Studies have found that contrails trap outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) at a greater rate than they reflect incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). NASA conducted a great deal of detailed research on atmospheric and climatological effects of contrails, including effects on ozone, ice crystal formation, and particle composition, during the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP). Global radiative forcing has been calculated from the reanalysis data, climatological models and radiative transfer codes. It is estimated to amount to 0.012 W/m² (watts per square meter) for 2005, with an uncertainty range of 0.005 to 0.026 W/m², and with a low level of scientific understanding.
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In the western North Pacific, there are strong reciprocal relationships between the areas of formative tropical cyclones and that of the lower tropospheric monsoon troughs and the tropical upper tropospheric trough. Tropical cyclone movement can also be influenced by TUTT cells within of their position, which can lead to non-climatological tropical cyclone tracks.
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David R. Novak, Lance F. Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Jeff S. Waldstreicher (2002). A Climatological and composite study of cold season banded precipitation in the Northeast United States. Retrieved on 2008-12-26. Behind extratropical cyclones during fall and winter, rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the Great Lakes.
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Later that month, Hurricane Anita developed on August 29\. As September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, it was the most active month. Five tropical cyclones developed, including two tropical depressions, and hurricanes Babe, Clara, and Dorothy. There were also five tropical cyclones in October - three tropical depressions, Hurricane Evelyn, and Tropical Storm Frieda.
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In addition, he served as the chairman Lake County's Democratic Committee for two terms."Climatological Data: Oregon" (Volumes 30-38), Weather Bureau, United States Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon, February 27, 1933.Cupper, Percy A., Seventh Biannual Report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Oregon, State Printing Department, Salem, Oregon, 1918, p. 34.
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The large-scale thermal lows over continents help create pressure gradients which drive monsoon circulations. In the southern hemisphere, the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February, oriented along a west- northwest/east-southeast axis. Many of the world's rainforests are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.
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In the studied perimeter is no meteorological station, therefore to characterize the climate we used data from the meteorological station of Plant Protection Centre Jibou, with a series of observations for 20 years (1966-1985). We also used some generalizations contained in Climatological Atlas, the RSR Atlas, or some works referring to Sălaj County (1972).
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The average temperature of the district is . The winter season extends from mid-November until the beginning of March. The rainy season is relatively short, extending from July through mid-September. There are ten climatological stations within the district, being within the cities of Nagaur, Khinvsar, Didwana, Merta, Parbatsar, Makarana, Nawa, Jayal, Degana & Ladnun.
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The official record high is on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012,"Climatological averages and records" National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved August 22, 2012. while the highest daily minimum is on August 3, 2012; the hottest month on record was July 2011 with a mean temperature of , followed closely by August 2011.
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Chester Keefer contributed to the medical literature as author or co-author of 117 articles in professional journals, and was an active member of professional associations, serving as president of the American College of Physicians in 1960-61, and of the American Clinical and Climatological Association in 1963-64. He died in February, 1972, at the age of 74.
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The presence of both of these features in the geologic record suggested monsoonal circulations.Parrish, J. T., 1993: Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea. Journal of Geology, 10, 215-233. As the theory of the Pangean megamonsoon began to increase in credibility, paleoclimatologists predicted the climatological impacts of the circulation in order to ascertain whether observations and models supported the hypothesis.
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The American Clinical and Climatological Association (ACCA) is a society for the study of climatology, balneology, and the diseases of the respiratory and circulatory organs. It was organized in New York City in 1884, and is composed of physicians residing in the United States and Canada. Membership is limited to 250 physicians. It had 133 members in 1901.
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Such quantities might be influenced directly (e.g. incoming solar radiation at a point at the surface) or indirectly (e.g. stratospheric westerlies and easterlies over the winter and summer hemispheres, respectively) by orbital position. Mathematically, the climatological annual cycle is commonly estimated from observational data or model output by taking the average of all Januaries, all Februaries, and so forth.
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Intensifying at a slower than climatological pace, Ofelia continued northwest as it rounded a subtropical ridge. On June 22, Ofelia began to turn north. At 18:00 UTC on June 22, the JMA upgraded Ofelia into a typhoon, while also estimating that the storm reached its maximum intensity of and a minimum central barometric pressure of .
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In 2014, the traditional technique was verified by means of modern building material at reproductions of dew ponds in East Friesland. In this context, various techniques were tried in two terrestrial hollows. Commercially available PVC- film was used for the sealing and foam glass gravel for the insulation. The construction was carried out by craftsmen and the climatological analysis by Werner and Coldewey.
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Harvard operated the observatory until 1971 when it disassociated itself from the site. The Rotch endowment was kept by Harvard. After 1912, the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory continued to operate as an active meteorological observatory. Weather observations and recordings have continued to this day, providing modern meteorologists with a record of uninterrupted climatological observations that is unique in the world.
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Retrieved on 13 May 2008. Changes in ENSO also change the location of the jet stream over South America, which partially affects precipitation distribution over the continent.Caio Augusto dos Santos Coelho and Térico Ambrizzi. 5A.4. Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer. Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
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The interaction between warm core rings and the continental shelf creates a weakening of the ring and enables the larvae to escape and continue their journey to nearby estuaries. The warm core rings formed along the northeastern states can last between 4 and 5 months.Auer, S.J. (1987). Five- year climatological survey of the Gulf Stream system and its associated rings.
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Extratropical cyclones tend to form east of climatological trough positions aloft near the east coast of continents, or west side of oceans.L. de la Torre, Nieto R., Noguerol M., Añel J.A., Gimeno L. (2008). A climatology based on reanalysis of baroclinic developmental regions in the extratropical northern hemisphere. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; vol. 1146: pp. 235–255.
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CEDO is a collaboration between Mexican and US non profit organisations and its mission is to advance and share knowledge about the Northern Gulf of California and the surrounding Sonoran Desert. CEDO also promotes the conservation and sustainable use of natural and cultural resources. This includes sustainable fisheries, coastal conservation, wetland research, community education and monthly climatological reports on Puerto Peñasco.
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Given the topographical and climatological variances found within its borders, Virginia allowed for the development of several unique agricultural systems that worked in concert with traditional hunting and gathering systems. Post-European contact, these modes of subsistence were greatly altered as European technology was introduced to the native Virginians and their grip on their ancestral lands slowly receded towards the mountains.
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Vast areas of subtropical and polar oceans are covered with massive sheets of stratocumulus. These may organize into distinctive patterns which are currently under active study. In subtropics, they cover the edges of the horse latitude climatological highs, and reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed in the ocean. When these drift over land the summer heat or winter cold is reduced.
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Rapid weakening ensued, and the cyclone dissipated on the afternoon of April 4. The occurrence of this cyclone ended the most active March for tropical cyclone formation in the northwest Pacific Ocean since 1967. Odessa was unique from a climatological standpoint, moving east and west in an area normally known for northward moving tropical cyclones in March.Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1983).
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David R. Novak, Lance F. Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Jeff S. Waldstreicher (2002). A CLIMATOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITE STUDY OF COLD SEASON BANDED PRECIPITATION IN THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES. Retrieved on 2008-12-26. Southwest of extratropical cyclones, curved flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm Great Lakes can lead to narrow lake effect snow bands which bring significant localized snowfall.
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Azerbaijan is situated on the northern extremity of the subtropical zone, in the southeastern part of the Caucasus and the northwestern part of the Iranian plateau. The complicated geographical location and landscape, the proximity of the Caspian Sea, the effect of the sun's radiation, air masses of different origin, etc., contribute to its climatological diversity. State Land and Cartography Committee..
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Connolley has authored and co-authored articles and literature reviews in the field of climatological research, with an emphasis on the climate of the Antarctic and the study of sea ice.See for example, Connolley was a member of the RealClimate website until 2007,Connolley, William (1 December 2007). "Goodbye to all that" – announcement of departure from RealClimate. RealClimate. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
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Climatological and geological evidence suggests evidence for the bottleneck. The explosion of Toba, the largest volcanic eruption of the Quaternary, may have created a 1,000 year cold period, potentially reducing human populations to a few tropical refugia. It has been estimated that as few as 15,000 humans survived. In such circumstances genetic drift and founder effects may have been maximised.
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The area has a mild maritime climate affected by the moist northwest wind from the North Sea. The average annual temperature in Alfhausen is 8.5° - 9.0 °C and average annual precipitation is around 700 mm. Between May and August there is an average of 20-25 "summer days" (the climatological name for days on which the maximum temperature exceeds 25 °C).
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Kuhle, M. (2002): A relief-specific model of the ice age on the basis of uplift-controlled glacier areas in Tibet and the corresponding albedo increase as well as their positiv climatological feedback by means of the global radiation geometry.- Climate Research 20: 1-7. Kuhle, M. (2004): The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia.
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Five intensified into tropical cyclones, also above the normal of 4. The season was the longest on record, with the first depression in August 1996 and the final depression in July 1997. Despite the long season, there was minimal activity from March to May, which usually represents about 25% of total activity. In addition, February was relatively quiet despite being the climatological peak.
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The Climatological database for the world's oceans (CLIWOC) was a research project to convert ships' logbooks into a computerised database. It was funded by the European Union, and the bulk of the work was done between 2001 and 2003. The database draws on British, Dutch, French and Spanish ships' logbook records for the immediate pre-instrumental period, 1750 to 1850.
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This has important climatological implications, as the marine calcium cycle is closely tied to the carbon cycle. Many calcium compounds are used in food, as pharmaceuticals, and in medicine, among others. For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of calcium lactate, calcium diphosphate, and tricalcium phosphate. The last is also used as a polishing agent in toothpaste and in antacids.
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On this results Panayev wrote several books on climatology. Panayev's climatological calendar and observation diaries are nowadays stored in Perm Krai Museum.Perm meteorology has more than century — Perm SRTC. Panayev was one of the authors os "Illustrated guide-book on the Kama River and Vishera River with Kolva River" edited by Pavel Syuzev and published in 1911 by Printing-House of Perm Governorate Board.
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Similar considerations were used for GUAN. Designation of these networks benefited both the GCOS and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). For NMHSs, designation of a station as part of the global climate network helped sustain support for these sites with long- term records. The networks provided the foundation for the Regional Basic Climatological Network, which provides far greater spatial detail on the variability of climate.
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The Little Ice Age in northern Europe was linked with drought in East Africa, heavy rains in the African lakes, and persistent El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions in the Pacific. Another application is in the quantification of erosion caused by rivers under differing climatological conditions. Increased erosion rates following deforestation, and pollution resulting from lead-mining activities by the Romans show up in lake sediments.
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Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation. At lower temperatures, air can hold less water vapour, which can lead to decreased precipitation. During the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of cloud cover and precipitation). QEN members.
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Climatological data for the period 1981–2010: Maximum temperature is 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) in April and May and the lowest temperature is 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) in December. The highest average temperature is 35.4 °C (95.7 °F) in April and the minimum average temperature is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) in December. Mean annual rainfall is 1648 millimeters. The maximum daily rainfall is 248 millimeters in May.
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The effect, however, is local in scope, with increased rainfall typically coming at the expense of rainfall in nearby areas. It cannot result in a climatological change for an entire region. They also understand that the Great Plains had had a wetter than usual few seasons while this theory was developed and increasing settlement were both taking place. When normal arid conditions returned, homesteaders suffered.
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Limerick's climate is classified as temperate oceanic (Köppen Cfb). Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Shannon Airport, 20 kilometres west of the city in County Clare. Shannon Airport records an average of 977 millimetres of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. Limerick has a mild climate, with the average daily maximum in July of and the average daily minimum in January of .
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Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from ecology, evolutionary biology, taxonomy, geology, physical geography, palaeontology, and climatology.Dansereau, Pierre. 1957. Biogeography; an ecological perspective. New York: Ronald Press Co. Modern biogeographic research combines information and ideas from many fields, from the physiological and ecological constraints on organismal dispersal to geological and climatological phenomena operating at global spatial scales and evolutionary time frames.
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Besides serving aviation needs, ASOS serves as a primary climatological observing network in the United States, making up the first-order network of climate stations. Because of this, not every ASOS is located at an airport; for example, one of these units is located at Belvedere Castle in Central Park, New York City; another is located at the Blue Hill Observatory near Boston, Massachusetts.
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The data of CLIMAT reports are broadly used in meteorological and climatological applications, such as the generation of time-series, climate monitoring and climate modelling. Increasing quality and quantity of CLIMAT reports sent from meteorological observation sites ameliorates the generation of these products. Climate monitoring products generated from CLIMAT messages e.g. are deviations of monthly air temperature compared to the 1961-1990 reference period.
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In early 2002, he became president of The Explorers Club - the youngest in the organization's history. During his four-year term, he worked in Mexico's Yucatán jungle placing satellite collars on jaguars. He also climbed and sampled Tanzania's volcano Ol Doinyo Lengai and participated in two expeditions to Antarctica to core glaciers for climatological studies. During the same period, Wiese joined a medical expedition on Mount Everest.
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Breeding commences eight or more days later. In Sri Lanka, fecundity in the female is about 133; females live longer than males but there is no overlap of generations because the longevity of the adults is less than the time taken for the nymphs to develop. In India, fecundity ranges up to 880, and the lifespan ranges from 14 to 200 days depending on climatological conditions.
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A plan to build a Czech polar station first appeared in the 1960s.Adámek, pp. 74–76 It was driven partly by political interests of the Soviet Union, but mostly by an effort to expand the biological, glaciological, climatological and geological research in Czechoslovakia. However, the efforts to build the station came to an end at the beginning of the 1970s due to a lack of funding.
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As of , 132 hurricanes have attained Category 4 status in the northeastern Pacific basins. This list does not include storms that also attained Category 5 status on the scale. Numerous climatological factors influence the formation of hurricanes in the Pacific basins. The North Pacific High and Aleutian Low, usually present between January and April, cause strong wind shear and unfavorable conditions for the development of hurricanes.
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The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2013. The Post commissioned another assessment from Penn State University professor Jon Nese, comparing several more cities to Accuweather's predictions; that assessment, while acknowledged as being limited to a single season, acknowledged that AccuWeather's forecasts were of value in short-range forecasting while also noting that their long-range forecasts beyond one week were less accurate than climatological averages.
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Forecasts emphasize temperature and precipitation deviations from averages. These are based on 30-year statistical averages prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and updated every ten years. The most recent climatological normals tabulation spans the period 1971 through 2000. While The Old Farmer's Almanac has always looked to Thomas's original formula to help with predictions, its forecasting methods have been refined over the years.
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Zootaxa 1787: 45 – 62. It has been spotted several times on retail roses in south Texas, and anecdotal evidence suggests that the expansion into Texas counties is probably underreported. Models of climatological and host potential suggest that this thrips has the potential to expand its range to cover much of the southeast, the gulf coast region, and the western seaboard.Venette, R. C., and E. E. Davis. 2004.
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Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 58: xcviii–xcix. He transferred to Harvard University and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. Harrop attended the Medical School of the Johns Hopkins University and received his Doctorate of Medicine in 1916. He worked as assistant resident in medicine at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (1916–1920) and was resident physician at Columbia University (1923–1924).
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It will have VHF communication facilities and equipment for obtaining radar signals from the Cochin International Airport. The tower is high and has a floor area of . Various weather monitoring, weather forecasting and alert systems are being installed at the airport by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). The Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) for weather observations, is supplemented by climatological data, weather forecasting and aerodrome warning from IMD.
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Along with geomagnetic storms, they are important phenomena of space weather, and their intensive study continues in an effort to understand the propagation of charged particles in interplanetary space. After the IGY ended, Ney's interest in cosmic rays began to diminish, but in 1959, he wrote an often cited paper Cosmic Rays and the Weather, in which "he was probably the first person to discuss climatological effects of cosmic rays".
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The individual is appointed by the state and is recognised by the National Climatic Data Center of the NOAA, with whom the AASC collaborates. The other full members of the AASC are the directors of the six Regional Climate Centers. There are also associate members of the AASC, bringing the total membership to approximately 150. Members and associate members of the AASC perform various climatological services and research.
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The Spanish government made the observatory the official institution for weather forecasting in the Philippines in 1884, and in 1885 it started its time service. Its seismology section was set up in 1887, while astronomical studies began in 1899. The Observatory published typhoon and climatological observations and studies, including the first typhoon warnings, a service that was highly appreciated by the business community, specially those involved in merchant shipping.
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Moreover, the RMI publishes a monthly climatological report, containing for every day of the previous month data on wind speed, average/minimum/maximum temperature, precipitation, insolation. It is entirely free and accessible through the RMI website.meteo.be The current face of RMI reflects the importance given to scientific meteorological research, in the fields of forecasting, issues concerning atmosphere and climate, the hydrological cycle, observations' systems, magnetism and the ionosphere.
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CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years. Various archives of past climate are present in rocks, trees and fossils. From these archive, indirect measures of climate, so-called proxies, can be derived. Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.
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John Park Finley (April 11, 1854 – November 24, 1943) was an American meteorologist and Army Signal Service officer who was the first person to study tornadoes intensively. He also wrote the first known book on the subject as well as many other manuals and booklets, collected vast climatological data, set up a nationwide weather observer network, started one of the first private weather enterprises, and opened an early aviation weather school.
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In the atmospheric sciences, the climatological annual cycle is often used as the expected value. Famous atmospheric anomalies are for instance the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the North Atlantic oscillation index. SOI is the atmospheric component of El Niño, while NAO plays an important role for European weather by modification of the exit of the Atlantic storm track. A climate normal can also be used to deriva a climate anomaly.
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The second example suggests a good method of normalizing a forecast before applying any skill measure. Most weather situations will cycle, since the Earth is forced by a highly regular energy source. A numerical weather model must accurately model both the seasonal cycle and (if finely resolved enough) the diurnal cycle. This output, however, adds no information content, since the same cycles are easily predicted from climatological data.
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Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change. Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include astrophysics, atmospheric physics, chemistry, ecology, physical geography, geology, geophysics, glaciology, hydrology, oceanography, and volcanology.
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The climatological position can be estimated by computing its mean position over 30 or more years. There are several metrics to measure the position of the SPCZ. The location of maximum rainfall, maximum of low level convergence, maxima of the 500 hPa vertical motion, and the minimum in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are four indicators of the SPCZ axis. Figure 1 shows qualitative agreement between all of these SPCZ indicators.
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John Ivor Murray FRSE FRCSE (1824 – 24 July 1903), known as Ivor, was a Scottish surgeon who practised in China, Hong Kong and then in Sebastopol in the Crimean War. He was notably adventurous, travelling through Borneo, collecting for the Industrial Museum of Scotland, in Edinburgh (today's National Museum of Scotland), and serving on scientific expeditions to China. He was president of the British Balneological and Climatological Society in 1900.
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He was awarded the United States Medal of Merit in 1948. He also received the Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians in 1949 and the Medal of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1958. Dochez served as president of the American Association of Immunologists, the Association of American Physicians, and the American Clinical and Climatological Association. In 1933, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
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Interpreting differences in air pressure between different locations is a fundamental component of many meteorological and climatological disciplines, including weather forecasting. As indicated above, the pressure gradient constitutes one of the main forces acting on the air to make it move as wind. Note that the pressure gradient force points from high towards low pressure zones. It is thus oriented in the opposite direction from the pressure gradient itself.
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Because the top mounds of the palsa is more dry and nutrient poor than its wet surroundings, they create a mosaic of microhabitats within the mire. The occurrence of palsa is determined by several climatological factors, such as air temperature, precipitation and snow thickness. Therefore, an increase in temperature and precipitation may induce thawing of frozen peat and subsidence of the peat surface. This resulting in a thicker active layer and wetter conditions.
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Levy was born on October 14, 1888 in New York City. He graduated from Yale University in 1909 and from Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1913. Levy directed the cardiology department at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. He served twice as President of New York Academy of Medicine, president of New York Heart Association, president of the American Clinical and Climatological Society, chairman of the Subcommittee on Cardiovascular Disease of the National Research Council.
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From 1906 to 1913 Letzmann attended the University of Tartu in Tartu, Estonia, studying meteorology. His career studying tornadoes began in 1918 when the esteemed visiting scientist Alfred Wegener introduced him to his copious European tornado climatological and other studies. The University of Helsinki awarded Letzmann a PhD in 1924. Most of his studies were done at Dorpat (Tartu), but he did travel with Wegener for a year in 1928 to the University of Graz.
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At per year, the port city of Duluth has the highest average snowfall total of any city in Minnesota. At , Grand Marais has the lowest average summer temperature of any city in the state. The climatological effects of Lake Superior tend to stifle convection, thus limiting the potential for tornadoes. Although Cook and Lake counties are two of the largest counties in the state, they have experienced only seven tornadoes in the past 56 years.
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Tropical cyclogenesis began with the development of a tropical storm over the Gulf of Mexico on June 13\. The next system formed offshore the Southeastern United States on July 5\. Activity then ceased for nearly seven weeks, until August 25, when the third storm originated in the Bay of Campeche. Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, there was only one tropical cyclone that strengthened to tropical storm status that month.
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He was likely the first European to recognize that the Himalayas were a continuous mountain range. He systematically studied the lakes of inner Asia, made careful climatological observations over many years, and started extensive collections of rocks, plants, animals and antiquities. Underway he prepared watercolor paintings, sketches, drawings and photographs, which he later published in his works. The photographs and maps with the highest quality printing are to be found in the original Swedish publications.
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Megaherbs occur on many of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand, predominantly on the Snares island group, the Auckland Islands and the Campbell Island group. The plants evolved in response to the climatological and soil conditions and the lack of herbivores on the islands. The weather is largely wet, cold and extremely windy; the soil peaty, acidic and impoverished. The almost continual cloud cover means that the islands experience low light levels.
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In 1869, on suggestion from August Petermann, Bessels joined the German North Polar expedition to the Arctic Sea with the aim to investigate the islands of Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya, and survey the ocean in their vicinity. Because of adverse ice conditions, only the first destination could be reached. During the course of the expedition, hydrographical measurements were performed and the climatological influence of the Gulf Stream on the eastern coast of Spitsbergen was demonstrated.
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The Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) () is a government agency responsible for making weather forecasts and observations for Greece. HNMS was founded in 1931 under the Ministry of Aviation and its mission was to cover all the meteorological and climatological needs of the country. It is based at the former Athens International Airport at Elliniko, and operates under the auspices of the Hellenic Air Force, staffed by both military and civilian personnel.
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Tropical Storm Winona originated from a monsoon trough that was displaced north of its climatological position. An area of enhanced convection developed within the monsoon trough in the East China Sea around 00:00 UTC on August 4\. Six hours later, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started tracking the system as a weak low-pressure area developed. At 18:00 UTC, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression.
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Climatological diagram of Malabo Malabo is situated north of the island of Bioko, at coordinates 3° 45' 7.43" North and 8° 46' 25.32" East. The south of Malabo is limited by the Cónsul River and just across the river, south-west, is the hospital. West of the city, located about 9 km from the center of Malabo, is renewed Malabo International Airport. In the coastal region north of the city are the bays and capes.
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In addition, the works of ecologist Harlan Barrows and sociologist George Vincent stirred Visher's interests in social evolution, educational attainment, civic sciences and the spatial nature of intelligence (C. Lavery, 2015). With Ellsworth Huntington, Visher's attention focused more and more on climatological changes and the effect on life on earth. In Climatic Changes, their Nature and Causes (1922) the authors claimed that changes in solar activity has had significant effects on earth's climate.
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Many interesting geological phenomena occur along the Karst Rim, including the picturesque Rosandra Valley (also known as Glinščica). Because the Karst steeply descends towards the Adriatic Sea, it is less exposed to the beneficial climatological effects of the Mediterranean. In the past, the main vegetation on the plateau was oaks, but these were replaced by pine forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Forests now cover only one- third of the Karst.
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The storm maintained this intensity for several hours as its central dense overcast remained intact despite increasing wind shear. However, the NHC stated that there was a 20% chance of the storm becoming a hurricane within 24 hours based on climatological factors and the average forecast intensity errors. However, this did not take place. The combination of moderate wind shear and a stable environment caused Patricia to rapidly weaken on October 13.
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The 557th Weather Wing is a United States Air Force formation and its lead military meteorology center. It delivers environmental situational awareness worldwide to the Air Force, the Army, joint warfighters, Unified Combatant Commands, the national intelligence community, and the Secretary of Defense. It is headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, in Bellevue, Nebraska. The wing and subordinate weather squadrons collect, analyze, and generate a comprehensive weather database of forecast, climatological, and space weather products.
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Nakhon Pathom province has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification category Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until May. Mansoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Climatological data for the years 2012 - 2013: It's maximum temperature is 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) in April 2013 and the lowest temperature is 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) in December 2013.
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In 1999, the country was hit by one of its infamous zud spells, when summer draught and cold weather blizzards resulted in severe food shortages and loss of thousands of livestock. The government responded poorly to the disaster and the MPRP received an unexpected boost from the climatological disaster. Enkhbayar's leading MPRP won 2000 parliamentary elections winning 72 out of 76 seats. The MPRP controlling the parliament, Enkhbayar became the country's Prime Minister.
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Typically two temperature-dependent resistors are used, one at , the other at height above the ground, mounted on a staff and connected in a Wheatstone bridge. # Using climatological modelling. Depending on the time of day and year, geographical location and general weather conditions, also levelling observations can be approximately corrected for which no original temperature gradient measurements were collected. An alternative, hi-tech approach is dispersometry using two different wavelengths of light.
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The President and Fellows of Harvard College, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. In addition to his work at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Czeisler is a Diplomate of the American Board of Sleep Medicine, an elected member of the Institute of Medicine, the International Academy of Astronautics and the American Clinical and Climatological Association, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, American Society for Clinical Investigation, and Association of American Physicians.
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The Metal Building Systems Manual includes important topics for metal buildings such as load application, crane loads, fire ratings information and energy conservation. It also has material on common industry practices, guide specifications and climatological data for the entire United States. The 2012 Edition of the Metal Building Systems Manual is 724 pages, and is published by MBMA. Metal Roofing Systems Design Manual: The Metal Roofing Systems Design Manual is a comprehensive guide for working with metal roofing.
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DNA barcoding of marine venomous and poisonous fish of families Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae from Andaman waters. Ecology and Conservation: 351-372. Continued efforts to understand species evolutionary divergence articulated in the geologic time scale based on fossil records for killifish (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in locales of the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas revealed climatological influences during the MioceneReichenbacher, B., Kowalke, T., 2009. Neogene and present-day zoogeography of killifishes (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas.
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On average, 11 named storms (of tropical storm or higher strength) occur each season, with an average of 6 becoming hurricanes and 2 becoming major hurricanes. The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 each season. The United States Atlantic coast and Gulf Coast, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and Bermuda are frequently affected by storms in this basin. Venezuela, the 4 provinces of Atlantic Canada, and Atlantic Macaronesian islands also are occasionally affected.
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This unique signature makes it possible to solve separately for the zenith delay in GPS computations also solving for station coordinates and receiver clock delays. Nowadays water vapour estimates are generated routinely in real time (latency measured in hours) by permanent geodetic GPS networks existing in many parts of the world. Water vapour is a very important gas for meteorological and climatological studies, because of the latent heat it carries in transport. Additionally it is a powerful greenhouse gas.
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A tropical wave exited Africa on September 18 with an area of organized deep convection. The wave was in a series of strong waves that exited Africa later than the climatological peak of the season. Dvorak classifications began on September 21, and later that day the system developed into Tropical Depression Seven about 500 miles (806 km) southwest of Cape Verde. Wind shear was marginally favorable for development, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Ernesto on September 22\.
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Tropical Storm Bertha was the only system to form during August, developing in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Atlantic, no storms formed during the month, below the climatological average of one. The low monthly activity was in part due to an unfavorable wind pattern which prevailed across the Atlantic for much of the month. In September, however, conditions for tropical cyclogenesis were more favorable, with concomitant cyclonic activity.
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Tracking in a more northerly direction, the depression intensified into a tropical storm the next day, at which time it was given the name Ginger. Continued strengthening occurred at a climatological rate until it was upgraded to a typhoon on September 25\. Upon becoming a typhoon, Ginger underwent a period of explosive development. During this period, the storm intensified into a Category 5 super typhoon, with winds reaching 265 km/h (165 mph) by 0000 UTC on September 27\.
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It reached a forward speed of 33 km/h (20 mph), twice the climatological average for typhoons in that region during October. Between October 22 and 23, the storm developed an eye before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated peak winds to have reached 165 km/h (105 mph) along with a central pressure of 967 mb (hPa; 28.56 inHg). Hester subsequently made landfall near Huế, South Vietnam.
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Though September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, an increase in wind shear prevented tropical cyclogenesis in the first half of the month. After September 16, however, five tropical cyclones developed in a span of nine days, from September 17 to 26. Thereafter, activity abruptly halted, and only one tropical cyclone developed in October, Hurricane Frances. By October 27, Frances became extratropical, which was more than a month before the official end of the season on November 30.
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Harvestable size of a C. virginica oyster is 75 mm, which can take from 12 to 36 months, depending on temperature, salinity of the water, and food supply. Salinity is a very important climatological variable that affects spatfall. Oysters do best where salinities range from 10 to 30 ppt; the range of 15 to 18 ppt is considered optimal. Typically, when salinity levels are less than 6 ppt, larvae will not settle and metamorphose into spat.
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Camilla, the final significant storm of the 1949 typhoon season was the ninth tropical cyclone to intensify in the Yap-Palau area. Similar to other late season storms; Camilla moved west northwestward across the Philippines at an average speed of 12 knots. Here, Camilla departed from the climatological tracks curving northward across northern Luzon, weakening while crossing the mountainous area. Camilla then continued to move northeastward along the polar though, accelerating rapidly and becoming extratropical just east of Okinawa.
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Iselin's Geschichte der Menschheit ("History of Humanity") was the first fully-fledged history of humanity in German. The Geschichte der Menschheit was provoked by what Iselin conceived as Montesquieu's climatological determinism and Rousseau's critique of progress and at the same time inspired by exponents of the Scottish Enlightenment such as Lord Kames. Iselin's pen-friend Moses Mendelssohn in his review of the first edition of 1764, lauded Iselin as one of the best German prose writers.
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Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous. Results from the homogenization of instrumental western climate records indicate that detected inhomogeneities in mean temperature series occur at a frequency of roughly 15 to 20 years.Auer, I., R. Bohm, A. Jurkovic, W. Lipa, A. Orlik, R. Potzmann, W. Schoner, M. Ungersbock, C. Matulla, P. Jones, D. Efthymiadis, M. Brunetti, T. Nanni, K. Briffa, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, O. Mestre, et al. "HISTALP - Historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region". Int.
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At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990. The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get."National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona.
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Climatic Change, 134, 621-633Berthou, S., Rowell D. P., Kendon E.J., Roberts. M.J, Stratton R., Crook J. and Wilcox C., 2019: Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales. Climate Dynamics, 53, 1991–2011 These trends will affect the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, desertification, sand and dust storms, desert locust plagues and water shortages. However, irrespective of the changes in seasonal mean rain, the most intense storms are expected to become more intense, amplifying flood frequency.
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Encounters at the Heart of the World: A History of the Mandan People is a Pulitzer Prize-winning non-fiction history book about the Mandan people, a Native American tribe located in what is now known as North Dakota. It was written by historian Elizabeth A. Fenn and published in 2014 by Hill and Wang. The book draws on a wide array of sources, including demographic, ethnographic, archaeological, epidemiological, and climatological research and records, as well as Fenn's own travels through the region.
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The Eastern Pacific season proper ended with Tropical Storm Georgette's dissipation on September 23, a month before the climatological mean. The year's final cyclone, Omeka, developed in the off-season on December 18, marking a record-late formation date in the satellite-era. Although there were relatively few storms, the season proved exceptionally deadly and destructive. Torrential rains associated with Agatha and Eleven-E killed well over 200 people in Central America and Mexico and left more than $1.5 billion in damage.
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Current remote sensing instruments that can help detect planetary boundary layer phenomenon include the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Terra and Aqua as well as CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) aboard CALIPSO. While MODIS and many other satellites are passive remote sensors, active remote sensors such as CALIPSO provide greater accuracy for height retrievals. Satellite measurements have been used to determine the dynamical conditions that produce planetary boundary layer clouds and the climatological regions of where these clouds occur.
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A central meteorological service in Montenegro was established in 1931 and was operational until 1941. Upon adoption of a Decree on Establishment of Hydrometeorological service in Montenegro, the Hydrometeorological Institute started with operations on 20 December 1947 as a governmental agency. Precipitation, maritime, meteorological, climatological, synoptical, agrometeorological and hydrological stations that were controlled by the army fell under the competence of the Hydrometeorological Institute. Today, the Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro (HMZCG) has been organized in four sectors with 114 full-time employees.
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The now-extirpated Japanese wolves were descended from large Siberian wolves, which colonized the Korean Peninsula and Japan, before it separated from mainland Asia, 20,000 years ago during the Pleistocene. During the Holocene, the Tsugaru Strait widened and isolated Honshu from Hokkaido, thus causing climatic changes leading to the extinction of most large-bodied ungulates inhabiting the archipelago. Japanese wolves likely underwent a process of island dwarfism 7,000–13,000 years ago in response to these climatological and ecological pressures. C. l.
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A study of the event, a collaboration between several European climatological organisations and institutes, was published on 2 August 2019. It found that the temperatures experienced during the heat wave would have been lower had it not been for anthropogenic global warming, and that temperatures recorded in France and Netherlands would have occurred there on average less than once a millennium. According to the study's lead author, at the current pace of warming, such heatwaves will be another stronger by 2050.
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In 1873, in the M'Fatah massif of Algeria Thomas was the first to discover the existence of phosphated nodules from the lower Eocene. In 1875, he studied the fluvio- lacustrine terrains of the Upper Tertiary and Quaternary, and published a series of notes on palaeontology and palaeoethnology. The first, on "Buhalus Antiqus" appeared in the Bulletin of the Climatological Society of Algiers. In the same bulletin, he reported the discovery of a prehistoric workshop in Hassi-El-M'Kadden, near Ouargla.
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Artist representation of CERES instruments scanning Earth in Rotating Azimuth Plane mode. Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is NASA climatological experiment from Earth orbit. The CERES are scientific satellite instruments, part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) to the Earth's surface. Cloud properties are determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS instruments such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS).
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The climate of Cork, like the vast majority of Ireland, is mild oceanic (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification) and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city centre. The airport is at an altitude of and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the rest of the city.
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In 1964, he became a professor of infectious disease at Cornell University Medical College. In 1969, Hook was recruited to the University of Virginia to be a professor of medicine and chair of the department of internal medicine, a position he held for more than 20 years. Hook was a founding member and president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. He also served as president of the Association of Professors of Medicine, American Clinical and Climatological Association, and American College of Physicians.
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He died at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on November 12, 1931. During his career, he was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Royal Meteorological Society of London, and an honorary member of the American Clinical and Climatological Society. Ward was perhaps the first person to emphasize the understanding of climate as a dynamic concept, rather than the static view held in the past. He advocated the study of the relationship between people and the environment.
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In meteorology, a trace denotes an amount of precipitation, such as rain or snow, that is greater than zero, but is too small to be measured by standard units or methods of measurement. The designation of a trace rather than zero is used to indicate that precipitation did fall, but not enough to be measured reliably. This is important for both weather forecasting and climatological purposes, because even precipitation amounts too small to be measured can have significant societal impacts.
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He served as a Major in the Royal Engineers in the First World War largely connected to the army’s meteorological service (which played a major role in many campaigns). He was twice Mentioned in Dispatches. In the Second World War he worked firstly in the Climatological and Instruments Division based at Stonehouse, Gloucestershire and then in 1941 became responsible for the administration of the Meteorological Research Committee, which was most famously responsible for many areas in the planning of the D-Day landings.
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Following a series of tropical cyclone outbreaks, there was a lull in tropical cyclone activity due to the presence of cold, dry air, which caused the monsoon trough to recede south to its climatological position. Within the trough, an area of disturbed weather formed around . The disturbance slowly organized, and on September 30, the JMA upgraded the disturbance into a tropical depression. A dramatic increased in convection resulted in the issuance of a TCFA at 09:00 UTC on October 1.
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At 18:00 UTC that day, both agencies upgraded the depression into Tropical Storm Ian. Tracking westward, Ian strengthened at a climatological rate of one T number per day. After Ian turned to the northwest, the JMA upgraded Ian into a severe tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on September 25. Despite lacking an inner core, Ian was believed to have attained typhoon intensity that same day by both the JTWC and JMA, and subsequently, entered a period of rapid deepening.
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This organization focuses on reducing the risk of disasters and provides vital information about meteorological, climatological, hydrological, and oceanographic activities. In 2014, a global foundational fund known as the Green Climate Fund was created. This fund focuses on underdeveloped countries, islands, and many African states, which have been affected the most due to climate change. Another fund is the Climate Investment Funds, which supports economies that are trying to minimize the use of carbon in order to prevent climate change.
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The earliest research in blue-ice areas occurred during the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition in 1949–1952, and was followed by two decades of mostly geological and geomorphological research. The discovery of meteorites in a blue-ice area of the Yamato Mountains led to an uptick in scientific interest; a number of programs to collect meteorites began. This also led to increased research in the glaciological and dynamical properties of blue-ice areas, and later to their meteorological and climatological implications.
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As per the 1981–2010 climatological norm, widely used in most other European countries, the climate in Budapest has shifted to an oceanic climate bordering a humid subtropical climate, with averages above 0 °C in the coldest month and above 22 °C in the warmest. Winter (December until early March) is the coldest and cloudiest time of year. Snowfall is fairly frequent in most years. The spring months (March and April) see variable conditions, with a rapid increase in the average temperature.
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On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active. In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September; the season's climatological peak of activity occurs around September 10 each season. This is the norm, but in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane season started as early as January 3. Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list.
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Moody was influenced by the theory of the climatological determination of the human constitution that was advocated by Montesquieu, and contended that it were a 'physical fact' that only blacks possessed the ability to perform agricultural labour in the 'torrid zone'. Moody was also extensively read in abolitionist literature. Moody's ultimate conclusion was that the indentured Africans in the West Indies should be taken back to West Africa. Moody submitted a second report, also of over 200 pages, in 1826.
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It is located to the south of the village called Nueva Apolonia. El Cielo (The Heaven) a protected cloud forest covers a land mass of 144,530 hectares (~357,129 acres) and is a paradise for the great quantity of species that inhabit it. There are 175 distinct species of migratory birds and 225 local fowl, various amphibious and mammals, as well as white tail deer, jaguar and black bear. This is due to the unique climatological, biological and topographical conditions in El Cielo.
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U.S. Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center Accessed February 14, 2009. In the same time period (1953-2004), Washington experienced only two tornadoes. However, this works out to around 0.56 tornadoes per per year, which is not statistically higher than average for the surrounding area. The climatological peak for tornado occurrences in the area is in July;Probability (%) of a Tornado in July (1980-1994) however, most Washington tornadoes have struck in May, while some have formed as early as April and as late as November.
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Neptune was a larger scale but similar project, sponsored by the European Union via the MAST program and in cooperation with BMT Port & Coastal Limited, Delft Hydraulics, Rijkswaterstaat, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geest-hacht GmbH, University of Lancaster and University of East Anglia. Novel aspects are: firstly the wide- ranging set-up starting from climatological data going down to the water levels and movements near the British and Dutch coasts and secondly the higher-dimensional statistical set-up in the extreme-value analysis (1995-1997). Finished March 1997.
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Thus, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area and those around the volcanic cones approximate semi-temperate conditions and can support the cultivation of highland tropical crops. Based on the records of climatological stations within and near the province, lithology and land form, three agro-ecological zones are identified. One covers the mountainous eastern side (Central Cordillera), which is generally wet, with rainfall of about per annum. Another covers the high altitude volcanic plains, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area and the footslopes of Mount Kitanglad and Mount Kalatungan.
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49 Yet in the year of his arrival in America Carl Rüedi was elected a fellow of the American Clinical and Climatological Association (ACCA). This professional organization had been founded by physicians and scientists in 1884 to improve the medical training, research and practice in the USA. In its early years the ACCA mainly aimed at treating tuberculosis patients by sojourns in a suitable climate. As a pioneer of the practical climatotherapy Rüedi was one of the main authorities for the concern of the ACCA.
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In 1985, the construction and installation union Yamaltransstroy was founded with the aim of constructing railways in the far north of Western Siberia. In 1986, construction started on the Obskaya-Bovanenkovo railway line with a length of 509 km to the gas condensate deposits at Kharasavey Cape. The track is located completely beyond the Arctic Circle in permafrost conditions, and is one of the most difficult railway tracks due to geological, climatological and natural conditions. In 1992, the enterprise became a joint-stock company.
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Diagram showing different water masses in the Southern Ocean. Several distinct water masses converge in the immediate vicinity of the APF or Antarctic Convergence (in particular the Subantarctic Surface Water (Subantarctic Mode Water or SAMW), Antarctic Surface Water, and the Antarctic Intermediate Water). This convergence creates a unique environment, noted for its very high marine productivity, especially for Antarctic krill. Because of this, all lands and waters situated south of the Antarctic Convergence are considered to belong to the Antarctic from a climatological, biological and hydrological standpoint.
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In addition to the major faculties there are numerous research institutes attached to the university. With more than 700 tenured teachers, over 2,000 non-tenured teachers and about 300 researchers and administrators, the University of Iceland is the largest single work-place in Iceland. Some of the resources available at the university are uniquely Icelandic; these include the manuscripts preserved in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Icelandic census records dating from 1703, exceptionally complete genealogical data and climatological, glaciological, seismic and geothermal records.
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The RMI is located in Uccle, in a site shared with the Royal Observatory of Belgium and the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy. Among other remarkable places on site, the climatological park of the RMI is the reference in Belgium for climatology. Under the authority of BELSPO, the RMI makes its priority in providing meteorological warnings to the Belgian population, along with the European organization Meteoalarm.meteoalarm.be The Institute gives daily weather forecasts to the public and to a few specific sectors including agriculture, transport, media and energy.
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A number of efforts have been initiated in recent years to apply data assimilation to estimate the physical state of the ocean, including temperature, salinity, currents, and sea level, in recent years.Carton, J.A., and A. Santorelli, 2008: Global upper ocean heat content as viewed in nine analyses, J. Clim., 21, 6015–6035. There are three alternative state estimation approaches. The first approach is used by the ‘no-model’ analyses, for which temperature or salinity observations update a first guess provided by climatological monthly estimates.
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ExoCube will acquire global knowledge of the in-situ densities of [O], [H], [He], [N2], [O+], [H+], [He+], [NO+] in the upper ionosphere and lower exosphere. Key scientific objectives include investigation of upper atmospheric global, diurnal, and seasonal variability, charge exchange processes, atmospheric response to geomagnetic storms, and validation of empirical and climatological atmospheric models. The satellite uses a gated time-of-flight spectrometer. Atomic Oxygen and Helium have not been measured in-situ since the early 1980s during the era of the Dynamics Explorer.
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Established in 2012 by Act of parliament, UNMA was formerly the "Department of Meteorology". It is administered under the Ugandan Ministry of Water and Environment. The agency, in concert with the World Meteorological Organisation Convention, provides services related to meteorology and hydrology, while monitoring weather and climate. The Authority fulfills a number of national requirements, including (a) protect life and property (b) safeguard the environment (c) collect, record, store and disseminate climatological, meteorological, hydrological and environmental data and (d) meet international commitments and obligations.
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Pitsford Weather Centre, formerly Pitsford Hall weather station, is an climatological station maintained by Pitsford School in the village of Pitsford, Northamptonshire. The centre was established in 1998 and issues local forecasts for the county as well as maintaining a detailed and continuous weather record. The centre maintains the Met Office climate station for Northampton, officially known as Pitsford, Northampton. The centre is a regular contributor to weather-related articles in the local press and has featured on local and national TV and radio.
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This system formed well north of the normal climatological position to the west of Dom, as the monsoon trough was similarly displaced. It was first noted on August 25, but showed no further development. Thunderstorms were located about south of the center, but since the central pressure was under 1000 mb, it was considered a tropical depression while an exposed low level swirl. The system did develop some central convection, and moved northward into South Korea, bringing showers to the region, and dissipated late on August 27.
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Figure (a) shows the climatological geopotential height (Z) overlaid with its eddy component, in which the dipole centers are located (indicated by X and +). The dipole basically describes the wintertime stationary waves over North America, which contribute to the mean temperature difference between the climatologically warmer western U.S. and colder eastern half. Therefore, an amplification of the stationary wave would enhance such a temperature difference, like in 2013–2015 winters, while a weakening of the stationary wave would reverse the situation, like in 2016–2017 winter.
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The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period. Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day.
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8819-xx (1965)) Its mission was to unify and oversee the meteorological, climatological, hydrographic, and geodetic operations of the United States. It operated until 1970, when it was replaced by the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The first U.S. Government organization with the word "environment" in its title,meteohistory.org "The Making of NOAA, 1963–2005: AN Evening With Robert M. White", transcription of presentation by Robert M. White at Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., December 1, 2005, p. 58.
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"…Man has an unprecedented control over the world and everything in it. And so, whether he likes it or not, what happens next is very largely up to him." He notes that when he spoke those words he could have had no idea that man might have unleashed forces that are now altering the Earth's climate. The naturalist highlights several meteorological and climatological catastrophes: Hurricane Katrina, the collapse of glaciers in Greenland, drought in the Amazon River, forest fires in Australia, and one of Europe's hottest summers (that caused 27,000 deaths).
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Phanerozoic Climate Change A minority view, propounded by the Israeli-American physicist Nir Shaviv, uses climatological influences of solar wind, combined with a hypothesis of Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark for a cooling effect of cosmic rays, to explain the paradox. According to Shaviv, the early Sun had emitted a stronger solar wind that produced a protective effect against cosmic rays. In that early age, a moderate greenhouse effect comparable to today's would have been sufficient to explain an ice-free Earth. Evidence for a more active early Sun has been found in meteorites.
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In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast. The climate table below presents weather data from the years 2000–2012 although the official Köppen reference period was from 1981–2010 (therefore not being technically a climatological normal). According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during these years as compared with the last series. This increase averages about 0.6 °C over all months.
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A climatological outlier, the storm was one of only five cyclonic storms at the time in the month of March in the Bay of Bengal. It dropped heavy rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, reaching on Hut Bay. Although the storm dissipated over the Bay of Bengal according to the IMD, one analysis suggested the storm re- intensified and made landfall on southeastern India between Chennai and Pondicherry on April 1 with winds potentially as high as 110 km/h (70 mph). The storm did not receive advisories from the JTWC.
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Apple Valley is home to the Minnesota Zoo, a nationally recognized zoological garden that houses hundreds of animals from several distinct climatological zones. Collections include an indoor Tropics Trail featuring animals from the worlds rain forests and tropical habitats, the Minnesota Trail with native animals from Minnesota including black bears, wolves, wolverines and beaver pond. The Northern Trail features large animals from the worlds cold climates. Highlights of this trail are musk ox, Asian wild horses, Takins from China and animals from remote east coast including brown bears, amur leopards, and wild boars.
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Due to the establishment of the Eskdalemuir Observatory here in 1908, Eskdalemuir has one of the longest climatological records in the UK, with data stretching back over 100 years. The data shows Eskdalemuir to be a very wet, often cloudy place. Eskdalemuir holds the UK weather record for the highest rainfall in a 30-minute period: , recorded on 26 June 1953.Met Office article It also holds the record for the dullest summer month; 43.9 hours were recorded in August 1912, and subsequently just 41 hours were measured in August 2008.
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On its first advisory, there was disagreement among forecast models regarding its eventual track, with projected tracks deviating from a Georgia landfall to a track northeastward out to sea. Alpha was also a climatological outlier at the time; the NHC HURRAN model, which was based on previous storms with similar characteristics, found no analogs for the storm. Subtropical Storm Alpha was initially well-defined as it moved southwestward. The very small center was located along the eastern edge of the convection, while low-level cloud bands formed east of the center.
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Meanwhile, Hattie began to intensify at the climatological rate of one Dvorak T-number per day due to decreased wind shear and improved upper-level outflow. Thunderstorm activity quickly consolidated around a reformed low-level circulation and the JMA upgraded Hattie into a severe tropical storm on October 2. Shortly thereafter, Hattie developed a small but distinct eye and based on satellite intensity estimates, Hattie was upgraded into a typhoon by both agencies. Later that day, the typhoon began to decelerate as it approached a break in the subtropical ridge to its north.
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Each ship's homing beacon used a distinctly different frequency. In addition, the ships provided a platform where scientific and oceanographic research could be conducted. The role of aircraft support gradually changed after 1975, as jet aircraft began using polar routes. By 1982, the ocean weather vessel role had changed too, and the ships were used to support short range weather forecasting, in numerical weather prediction computer programs which forecast weather conditions several days ahead, for climatological studies, marine forecasting, and oceanography, as well as monitoring pollution out at sea.
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Sheffield Hallam University Public Art Archive: Details of Godfrey Sykes memorial. The park was opened to the public on Monday 6 September 1875 with the following day's Sheffield Daily Telegraph reporting: "The weather was fine. The Park looked in its gayest Summer dress. The walks were freshly gravelled, the flower beds were trim and well ordered." In 1882 the Weston Park Weather Station was erected privately by the curator of the adjacent museum; it is the official climatological station for Sheffield and since 1937 it has been run by the museum's staff.
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This project aims to provide a web service permitting to retrieve validated datasets (temperature, oxygen, salinity, nutrients, etc.) from 45 different National Data Centers of 35 countries having coasts along European seas. Therefore SeaDataNet is a standardized system for managing the large and diverse data sets collected by the oceanographic fleets and the automatic observation systems. Additional objectives consist in creating product with aggregated data such as climatological descriptions. This European funded project has started in 2004, the project is currently in its second phase with fundings for 2012 to 2016.
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The NASA QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) was an Earth observation satellite carrying the SeaWinds scatterometer. Its primary mission was to measure the surface wind speed and direction over the ice-free global oceans. Observations from QuikSCAT had a wide array of applications, and contributed to climatological studies, weather forecasting, meteorology, oceanographic research, marine safety, commercial fishing, tracking large icebergs, and studies of land and sea ice, among others. This SeaWinds scatterometer is referred to as the QuikSCAT scatterometer to distinguish it from the nearly identical SeaWinds scatterometer flown on the ADEOS-2 satellite.
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Paleohydrological study usually starts in the field with observations, measurements and the collection of samples; it continues with analysing the samples in the laboratory, recording the data, collating it, modelling systems, time-system analyses and eventually making inferences. A major step is the dating of the material. Methods here include using radioactive isotopes, considering the geological development of the area, the presence or absence of certain organisms and the identification of fossil pollen. Paleohydrology makes use of indirect methods that give an indication of the climatological conditions prevailing at the time.
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The issues proposed to be addressed are: to conserve biodiversity, cultural diversity and natural resources with due regard to cultural values; conserve anthropogenic ecosystems; improve the natural environment; create corridors of ecological zones; restore and rehabilitate environmentally degraded areas. The research and monitoring activities proposed to achieve these goals are climatological and hydrological measurements, abiotic assessments, biodiversity inventorying and assessment of all related socio economic factors. Integrated monitoring is an essential feature to assess and evaluate all studies to evolve appropriate action plans for the biosphere conservation and preservation.
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Meteorological observation and recording by Europeans in Australia commenced with the arrival of the First Fleet and spread across the continent with the tide of settlement. By the end of the 19th century the importance of meteorology was recognised and most colonies had established their own meteorological services, including Queensland from 1887. They prepared daily weather charts, issued forecasts and had begun the development of a climatological data bank. Following Federation, the Commonwealth Government assumed national responsibility for meteorological services when legislation creating the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology was passed in 1906.
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Meteorologists and other atmospheric scientists distinguish between a trace and zero accumulation in forecasts and climatological records for several reasons. First, for accumulation of freezing rain and other icy precipitation, even a trace amount can result in hazardous conditions such as slippery roads. Secondly, some areas (primarily in Arctic regions) receive a significant amount of snowfall in "trace" amounts: some areas of northern Canada receive up to 80% of their snowfall in trace amounts. This can lead to unrealistic totals over time compared to the actual amount of snow that has fallen.
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Owing to the moist easterly flow, temperatures for the winter were remarkably mild. At Inverell, the mean minimum for July was , which is as much as 6 °C above normal and an incredible 10 °C (18 °F) higher than had been recorded just four years previously.Bureau of Meteorology; Meteorological summary for selected climatological stations, Australia; 1950, July and 1946, July The consequences of this heavy rain falling on saturated catchments with absolutely no drying westerly winds was disastrous. Most rivers on the coast of New South Wales, and many further inland, reached record levels.
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At this time, IBM electronic accounting equipment installed at the Climatic Center allowed data processing directly from punched card to tape. Physical space necessary to store the growing punched card libraries was dwindling. As a result, the Statistical Services Division in New Orleans moved to Asheville, North Carolina in 1952 and was renamed the Data Control Division. In 1956, the first electronic computer became operational at Asheville, signaling the end for the high-speed electronic accounting machines (mostly IBM) used since World War II to process climatological data.
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Jared Diamond, Collapse, page 398, Penguin Books, 2005, . According to the theory, increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time, rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased. As later historical records of rainfall indicated, the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement, an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation. The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition.
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There is, however, no well-established testing procedure for daily climatological data as well as no accepted method to apply the homogeneity results. There is a clear need for additional research on techniques for homogenisation of daily data in order to create high quality, daily datasets for the assessment of extremes without abandoning entire series or tossing out real extremes. This is of particular importance for areas that have a low density of stations with long, daily data series.Advances in homogenisation methods of climate series: an integrated approach (HOME) Retrieved on 2010-02-04.
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Thus, the winter, with its 200 days, is very long. The annual average precipitation is .Website of the Kilpisjärvi biological station of the University Helsinki: Basic climatological data on Kilpisjärvi, according to data of the Finnish Institute of Meteorology In the cold season, enormous amounts of snow can fall: The highest snow depth ever recorded in Finland was measured on April 19, 1997, in Kilpisjärvi: .Finnish Institute of Meteorology: Suomen ja maapallon sääennätyksiä Normally, a permanent snow cover is generally formed in October and does not melt again until the end of May.
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The crew of the station were envisaged to carry out diverse scientific studies in geology, geophysics, climatology, and astrobiology. One particular advantage of humans was perceived to be their ability to run a laboratory in which complex and analytical tasks can be undertaken in polar science and exploration. The design study considered that the retrieval of a core into the polar ice cap would be one of the primary objectives of Pole Station. The core would be used to study past geological and climatological changes, including dating past Martian dust storms.
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In northern Scotland, the glaciers were thicker and deeper during the Older Dryas than the succeeding Younger Dryas, and there is no evidence of human occupation of Britain. In Northwestern Europe was also an earlier Oldest Dryas (18.5-17 ka BP-15-14 ka BP). The Dryas are named after an indicator genus, the Arctic and Alpine plant Dryas, the remains of which are found in higher concentrations in deposits from colder periods. The Older Dryas was a variable cold, dry Blytt-Sernander period, observed in climatological evidence in only some regions, depending on latitude.
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Unfortunately, this too proved a failure with the balloon rupturing at liftoff. Following a review by the NBS, the balloon was prepared for another attempt after Goodyear strengthened the material. Examination of climatological data for the Stratobowl collected over the previous fifteen years was examined, and it was determined that the month of October typically had periods of good weather that would last sufficiently long for a flight attempt. A team of meteorologists was assembled at the Stratobowl in early September and they proceeded to put together a weather station.
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The highest air temperature ever recorded in Ireland was , at Kilkenny Castle on . The Met Éireann Kilkenny Weather Observing Station, north-west of the centre of Kilkenny, on the Duningstown Road, opened in , and observations ceased in . A climatological station is currently in operation within of the old site, and as of , was providing live weather data to the general public and climate data to Met Éireann. Extremes recorded at the station include the highest air temperature of on , the lowest air temperature of on and the lowest ground temperature of on .
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They also forecast precipitation amounts for the lower 48 United States for systems expected to impact the country over the next seven days. Advisories are also issued for tropical cyclones which have moved inland, weakened to tropical depression strength, and are no longer the responsibility of the National Hurricane Center. The Weather Prediction Center also acts as the backup office to the National Hurricane Center in the event of a complete communications failure. Long range climatological forecasts are produced by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), a branch of the National Weather Service.
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Murray returned to Britain in 1872, intending to retire. However "owing to pecuniary losses" he had to start working again, and in 1875 moved to the seaside town of Scarborough, England, where he practised for fifteen years, retiring in 1890. He was a founder member and then president of the British Balneological and Climatological Society, which advocated the health benefits of bathing.British Medical Journal, An Address on the Hill Stations of India as Health Resorts, Sir Joseph Fayrer, 9 June 1900, pages 1393–1387 He died on 24 July 1903 at Addison Mansions in London.
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The covariance matrix is important in estimating the initial conditions required for running weather forecast models, a procedure known as data assimilation. The 'forecast error covariance matrix' is typically constructed between perturbations around a mean state (either a climatological or ensemble mean). The 'observation error covariance matrix' is constructed to represent the magnitude of combined observational errors (on the diagonal) and the correlated errors between measurements (off the diagonal). This is an example of its widespread application to Kalman filtering and more general state estimation for time-varying systems.
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Budapest has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in Köppen climate classification), with relatively cold winters (near of a humid continental climate when the 0 °C isotherm is used) and warm summers (near of an oceanic climate) according to the 1971–2000 climatological norm. Winter (November until early March) can be cold and the city receives little sunshine. Snowfall is fairly frequent in most years, and nighttime temperatures of are not uncommon between mid-December and mid-February. The spring months (March and April) see variable conditions, with a rapid increase in the average temperature.
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The existence of Roman civilization (including the Eastern Roman Empire) spanned three climatological periods: Early Subatlantic (900 BC–175 AD), Mid-Subatlantic (175–750) and Late Subatlantic (since 750). The written, archaeological and natural-scientific proxy evidence independently but consistently shows that during the period of the Roman Empire's maximum expansion and final crisis, the climate underwent changes. The Empire's greatest extent under Trajan coincided with the Roman climatic optimum. The climate change occurred at different rates, from apparent near stasis during the early Empire to rapid fluctuations during the late Empire.
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The latest laboratories include Open Source technologies, Theoretical Computer Science and Language Processing, Data technology, Software Systems, Computational Intelligence High-Performance Computing, Grid-Cloud Computing, Mobile Computing and Intel Multi-core laboratories and Image Processing. Other Facilities The university has a ground to play cricket, football, tennis, handball, and basketball. There is a small metrological observatory to observe the geographical and climatological phenomena, which is open for all students. Besides, 32 acres of land is dedicated to the sewerage treatment plant, and the university has also set up a 100 KW solar plant.
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This page documents confirmed tornadoes from May to July 2020 via various weather forecast offices of the National Weather Service. Based on the 1991–2010 averaging period, 276 tornadoes occur across the United States throughout May and 243 in June. The climatological peak for tornadic activity in the country, May features a risk area that is concentrated throughout the U.S. Great Plains, especially in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. This is a shift from earlier months where the highest concentration of tornadoes is focused around the U.S. Gulf Coast.
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In April, Typhoon Kujira became one of the longest- lasting Pacific typhoons in history and attained climatological records for its unusually early impacts. Typhoon Imbudo in July caused several deaths and extensive damage across the Philippines and China. In September, Typhoon Maemi became one of the costliest typhoons in recorded history after striking South Korea; Maemi was also the most intense tropical cyclone of the season with a minimum barometric pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.87 inHg). In late November, Typhoon Lupit devastated areas of Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia.
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Example of a five-day rainfall forecast from the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.
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This first attempt failed due to a fire in the airplane's engines. The plan could only materialize in 1965. On 15 November 1963 the base was transferred under exclusive command of the Air Force, and renamed as Destacamento Aeronáutico Teniente Matienzo ("Lieutenant Matienzo Aeronautical Detachment"), The Air Force kept a number of planes for exclusive service of the base. During 1964 an extensive program of meteorological and climatological observations was fulfilled: it included studying the glaciological profile across the Matienzo–Esperanza route and the coastal channel route between the Robertson Island and the 72° 30' S position.
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At this time, Tropical Storm Gene was situated south-southeast of Okinawa. Tropical Storm Gene intensified at the climatological rate of one T number per day as it tracked westward on a course initially resembling a straight runner. At 00:00 UTC on September 25, the JMA classified Gene as a severe tropical storm. The storm then turned northwest as it approached a break in the subtropical ridge. Although restricted upper-level outflow prevented rapid intensification, a Dvorak intensity estimate of T4.0/ lead to both agencies to declare Gene a typhoon on the evening of September 25.
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Later that month, another tropical depression developed, and intensified, eventually becoming Tropical Storm Allison. After June, the month of July was slightly more active with three tropical depressions developing; however, the latter two (Hurricane Chantal and Hurricane Dean) did not form until extremely late in the month. August was the most active month of the season, with a total of seven tropical cyclones either existing or developing in that period. Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season, only two tropical cyclones developed in that month, which later become Hurricane Hugo and Tropical Storm Iris.
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Around this time, Flo began to track west-northwest at a pace of under the influence of a subtropical ridge to the north. Flo initially intensified at the climatological rate of one T number per day, and at 06:00 UTC on September 14, the JMA upgraded Flo to a severe tropical storm. Early the following day, both agencies classified Flo as a typhoon, although operationally the JTWC did not upgrade Flo into a typhoon until 06:00 UTC, when the storm developed a small but circular eye. After becoming a typhoon, Flo began to rapidly intensify.
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In those years American pulmonologists sent well-off clients for a high-altitude therapy to sanatoriums in the Swiss Alps (Davos, St. Moritz), the Giant Mountains (Görbersdorf) or the Adirondack Mountains (Saranac Lake, New York). In the Rocky Mountains, however, there was hardly any medical infrastructure for tuberculosis patients. Apart from a sanatorium in the hamlet of Hygiene (Boulder County, Colorado) (altitude 1,553 m / 5,095 ft) which Rüedi visited in October 1891 there only existed primitive camps of covered wagons and tents or isolated pensions and hotels.A. McGehee Harvey: The American Clinical and Climatological Association: 1884 – 1984, p.
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The storm remained the most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin until Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and later Hurricane Wilma in 2005. The Labor Day hurricane also remains one of only four storms to strike the United States at Category 5 intensity, the others being Camille in 1969, Andrew in 1992, and Michael in 2018. The Florida Climatological Data report notes that islands in the vicinity of the storm's landfall location "undoubtedly" experienced sustained winds between and with gusts "probably exceeding" . Additionally, tides reached about above mean water level, while a storm surge of lashed the Upper Keys.
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MS Polarfront at sea A weather ship, or ocean station vessel, was a ship stationed in the ocean for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting. They were primarily located in the north Atlantic and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio. The vessels aided in search and rescue operations, supported transatlantic flights, acted as research platforms for oceanographers, monitored marine pollution, and aided weather forecasting by weather forecasters and in computerized atmospheric models. Research vessels remain heavily used in oceanography, including physical oceanography and the integration of meteorological and climatological data in Earth system science.
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At this time, the tropical system was located roughly west of Guam. Joe then began to move on a constant and brisk westward course that it would maintain for the rest of its life in response to an unusually strong subtropical ridge that was east of its climatological position and to the north of the cyclone. After Joe developed a central dense overcast – a large mass of deep convection, the JMA upgraded Joe into a severe tropical storm. At midday, hints of an eye became apparent on satellite imagery, which led to the JTWC and JMA upgrading Joe into a typhoon.
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The fact that these are to be found mainly in areas which have been exposed for a large part of the Tertiary and over soils considered relictos, supposes a great antiquity for such groves. The harsh climatological conditions, with the surface of the ground undergoing processes of alternate freezing and thawing (cryoturbation), makes difficult the development of elevated brush. In their regressive stages, they tend toward hummocky thickets of cambrones (Genista pumila) or tomillares y prados de diente dominados por dwarf shrubs and dog's tooth grass. At lower altitudes, these groves can also alternate with espliego y aliaga.
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In May 1713 Pury boarded the Prince Eugenius bound for Batavia, Dutch East Indies. He had been made a Corporal for Dutch East India Company and helped lead the Huguenot congregation in Batavia. While travelling with the company, he developed a climatological theory to advise on the best places for effective colonization. In 1718 he published Mémoire sur le Pays des Cafres and la Terre de Nuyts, where he defended a concept of twelve climates between the North Pole and South Pole and that the fifth climate, located at approximately 33 ° latitude, was the best for colonization due to fertile soil.
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ISHII and LEVITUS begin with a first guess of the climatological monthly upper-ocean temperature based on climatologies produced by the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center. The innovations are mapped onto the analysis levels. ISHII uses and alternative 3DVAR approach to do an objective mapping with a smaller decorrelation scale in midlatitudes (300 km) that elongates in the zonal direction by a factor of 3 at equatorial latitudes. LEVITUS begins similarly to ISHII, but uses the technique of Cressman and Barnes with a homogeneous scale of 555 km to objectively map the temperature innovation onto a uniform grid.
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The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations, because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations. On the other hand, specific meteorological stations, such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station, are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island. Athens holds the World Meteorological Organization record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe, at , which was recorded in the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977.
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In fact, this so-called limb sounding technique allows us to determine the scale height, the constant describing the steepness of this atmospheric density decay. This makes the technique extremely valuable for climatological studies, as the scale height is directly related to the temperature in the upper atmosphere, where the limb sounding signals do their sensing. The technique works best in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere; it breaks down close to the Earth surface especially in the tropics, due to water vapour extinction. Satellites involved in GPS limb sounding have been: METSAT, OERSTED (Danish), and several others.
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The dynamic interaction of the Earth's oceans, climatological, geochemical systems. Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research.
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This finding was derived from the ratio of water and deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to the ratio found on Earth and derived from telescopic observations. Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. The representative atmospheric value obtained from the maps (7 VSMOW) is not affected by climatological effects as those measured by localized rovers, although the telescopic measurements are within range to the enrichment measured by the Curiosity rover in Gale Crater of 5–7 VSMOW.
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The final of a three storm tropical cyclone outbreak, Holly began as a poorly organized but persistent area of convection at the eastern edge of the monsoon trough, which was displaced a bit to the north of its climatological position. Tracking westward, the disturbance gradually organized due to low wind shear. Shower and thunderstorm activity developed over the center, and at 00:00 UTC on September 5, the JMA classified the system as a tropical depression, with the JTWC doing the same six hours later. Although only slight intensification was expected, the depression took advantage of the favorable conditions.
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45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes.Natural Catastrophes in 2012 Dominated by U.S. Weather Extremes Worldwatch Institute May 29, 2013 Studies on natural events require complete historical records and strategies related to obtaining and storing reliable records, allowing for both critical interpretation and validation of the sources. Under this point of view the irreplaceable role of traditional repositories (archives) can be supplemented by the use of such web sources as eBay.
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Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions near the ground, statistical corrections were developed to attempt to resolve this problem. Statistical models were created based upon the three-dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models, surface observations, and the climatological conditions for specific locations. These statistical models are collectively referred to as model output statistics (MOS), and were developed by the National Weather Service for their suite of weather forecasting models by 1976. The United States Air Force developed its own set of MOS based upon their dynamical weather model by 1983.
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The award was received by the coordinator of the Integrated Training University, Professor Evanilde Maria Martins, at a ceremony held in the auditorium of FIEMG.PUC-MG and Integration of students in companies In 2003, the PUC Minas was the first private university in Brazil to house a laboratory to perform climatological studies. It is the Centre of Excellence in Climatology (Centro de Climatologia PUC Minas TempoClima), which was created through a partnership between the university and Cemig (Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais). The TempoClima Center features equipment for receiving weather information and one laboratory course with emphasis on Geography.
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Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions near the ground, statistical corrections were developed to attempt to resolve this problem. Statistical models were created based upon the three- dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models, surface observations, and the climatological conditions for specific locations. These statistical models are collectively referred to as model output statistics (MOS), and were developed by the National Weather Service for their suite of weather forecasting models. The United States Air Force developed its own set of MOS based upon their dynamical weather model by 1983.
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Rothman’s honors include a James S. McDonnell Foundation Career Development Award, a Pfizer Scholars Award, a Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences Award, a Leukemia Society of America Scholar Award and the Pharmacia Allergy Research Foundation International Award. He is a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences and as a member of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. He served as President of the Association of American Physicians for 2014–15.
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As of September 2020 there have been 1,616 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity and 926 of at least hurricane intensity since the reliable record keeping of tropical cyclone data within the Atlantic Ocean began with the 1851 Atlantic hurricane season. Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity. The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.
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Because the methane hydrates are unstable, except at cool temperatures and high (deep) pressures, scientists have observed smaller "burps" due to tectonic events. Studies suggest the huge release of natural gas could be a major climatological trigger, methane itself being a greenhouse gas many times more powerful than carbon dioxide. However, anoxia was also rife during the Hirnantian (late Ordovician) ice age. Oceanic anoxic events have been recognized primarily from the already warm Cretaceous and Jurassic Periods, when numerous examples have been documented, but earlier examples have been suggested to have occurred in the late Triassic, Permian, Devonian (Kellwasser event), Ordovician and Cambrian.
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There was a difference in altitude between the two sides of the diagonal, with the land to the west being lower. Another difference was the climatological regions: to the west there were arid and semi-arid forms of the Mediterranean climate whereas to the east there were semi-arid, sub-humid and humid forms. In the middle portion of the diagonal there was a gypsum feature, but what effect that had on plant distribution was unclear. They concluded that the ecological differences between the two sides of the diagonal were of greater significance than the palaeo-geological history of the area.
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Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions, statistical methods have been developed to attempt to correct the forecasts. Statistical models were created based upon the three-dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models, surface observations and the climatological conditions for specific locations. These statistical models are collectively referred to as model output statistics (MOS), and were developed by the National Weather Service for their suite of weather forecasting models in the late 1960s. Model output statistics differ from the perfect prog technique, which assumes that the output of numerical weather prediction guidance is perfect.
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Climatological applications use the WBAN (Weather Bureau Army Navy) system, which is a five-digit numeric code for identifying weather stations under its jurisdiction. Recently it began using four-letter-plus-one-number identifiers for specialized weather requirements such as hydrometeorological stations. These are used by the USFS RAWS system, and by the stream gauges operated by the USGS, both of which report through GOES weather satellites operated by NOAA. These use three letters which are a mnemonic for the location, followed by the first letter of the U.S. state, followed by a numeral indicating the alphabetical order within that letter (for example, North Carolina stations end with N7).
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Prior to his role at Dana-Farber, Benz was the chairman of the Department of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. At Johns Hopkins, he served as the Sir William Osler Professor of Medicine.John B. Graham Medical Student Research Society Research Day Speakers, 2010 He also served as physician in chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital.The Baltimore Sun, “Hopkins Picks Chief Physician He has also been president at the American Society of Hematology, the Association of American Cancer Institutes, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Clinical and Climatological Society,Bloomberg Businessweek Executive Profile and the Friends of the National Institute of Nursing Research.
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Isotope analysis of preserved speleotherms shows several regular fluctuations in δ18O levels within a time span of 1-20 thousand years. Similar fluctuations in modern low-latitude environments are considered to be indicative of strong variation in precipitation between wet and arid periods on the scales of centuries or millennia. Some trace elements agree with this data, as Barium and Phosphorus concentrations increase with higher δ18O (drier periods); this is explained by increased incorporation of dust and seafoam in drier, windier periods, as demonstrated by climatological analyses in a modern cave system in Israel. Other than exceedingly rare fragments of xenacanthids and eryopoids, aquatic animals are practically absent from Richards Spur.
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The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are southern and southeast Texas (around McAllen and Houston) and parts of coastal southern California at low elevations. Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville, and information for other locations is sparse. The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774; being unaccustomed to snow, some Jacksonville residents called it "extraordinary white rain." The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23, 1989.
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MODIS image of open cellular convection taken southeast of South Africa Open cells are characterized by a cloud free region in the middle of the hexagonal formation with cloudy regions in the outer edge of the hexagon. The open cell will have slow descending motion in the middle with faster rising motion on the edges forming the hexagonal cloud shape. They tend to form over colder water such as those that exist off the Californian coast. While places such as the Californian coast regularly produce open cellular convection, atmospheric storm systems can also spur the production of open cellular clouds in regions of low climatological production.
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During the last 50 years, the amount of rain falling during the wettest four days of the year has increased about 15 percent in the Great Plains. Over the next several decades, the amount of rainfall during the wettest days of the year is likely to continue to increase, which would increase flooding". According to Kevin Kloesel, director of the Oklahoma Climatological Survey, Oklahoma had "one record cold" in the 30 years leading up to 2019, and "14 different days at record highs" since 2000. Kloesel anticipates that "precipitation changes will amplify these warming extremes, as Oklahoma appears poised for more frequent, lengthier periods of drought interspersed with floods.
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Alexander von Frantzius Alexander von Frantzius (10 June 1821, in Danzig – 18 July 1877) was a German physician and naturalist. He studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg, Erlangen, Halle and Berlin, where in 1846, he obtained his doctorate.ADB:Frantzius, Alexander von @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie In 1853, with fellow naturalist, Karl Hoffmann, he journeyed to Costa Rica,Google Books The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals by Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson where he would spend the next 15 years conducting geographical, climatological, ethnographical and zoological research.JSTOR Global Plants biography Many of the zoological specimens he collected were sent to Jean Cabanis at the Berlin Museum.
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An analysis of each month's weather as well special articles are published in the centre's Monthly Weather report received by the British Library and available online and in hard copy to subscribers. The weather station has been run by Sixth Form students using traditional meteorological instruments from its inception in 1998 until 2016 when the site became fully automatic and renamed Pitsford Weather Centre. However, manual observations were recommenced in 2018 when the site was incorporated into the Met Office network of climatological monitoring stations. The Weather information is now available via Twitter and Facebook as well as smartphone apps for iPhone and Android.
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For LKAB, the great expense almost led to bankruptcy in 1901, just after the ore mining at Kiirunavaara had started. King Oscar II only opened the railway line 14 July 1903, preferring summer over winter to travel north. The architects Per Olof Hallman and Gustaf Wickman were appointed to design the city, to be built at Haukivaara, near both iron ore mines, with then-revolutionary consideration of geographical and climatological circumstances; being built on a hill, winter temperatures are much milder than in other towns, and due to the street plan and the positioning, wind is limited. On 27 April 1900, Hallman's plan was officially accepted.
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The service was designed with boaters, fishermen, travelers and more in mind, allowing listeners to quickly receive a "life-saving" weather bulletin from their local weather forecast office (WFO), along with routinely updated forecasts and other climatological data in a condensed format at any time of the day or night. The general public could have the latest weather updates when they needed them, and the benefit of more lead-time to prepare during severe conditions. In 1974, NOAA Weather Radio (NWR), as it was now called, reached about 44 percent of the U.S. population over 66 nationwide transmitters. NWR grew to over 300 stations by the late 1970s.
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The bay is bordered on the north by a sand beach stretching from Smoky Point on the west to the wide mouth of Dago Creek, on the east by a mud-and-sand shoreline running nearly true north-south past the village of Pilot Point to Muddy Point. The southern shore is a shifting series of mud- and-sand ridges, the northernmost and most prominent of which is called South Spit. The bay influences a marine zone ranging from Cape Greig, north, to Cape Menshikof, to the south. Ugashik Bay's weather is quite variable, especially during winter when storm systems frequently change climatological influences on the area.
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Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period. Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day. The first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location.
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The first storm of the season developed from an area of disturbed weather near Kiritimati in the Line Islands. The tropical disturbance had been tracked since January 23, and at 0600 UTC January 28, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center designated the system as Tropical Depression One-C. This was unusual, since the system was located well to the south of the area of normal tropical cyclone formation, further south than any other Pacific hurricane at the time, and the formation occurred well outside the climatological bounds of the hurricane season. The system intensified and reached tropical storm status 12 hours later, at which point it became known as Ekeka.
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He was then hired by the Meteorological Branch of Transport Canada to conduct research on the Great Lakes in Toronto. The work involved using climatological data to answer questions about climatic records: farmers asking for frost-free seasons or temperature trends, urban planners assessing the location for an airport or about the climatology of the wind for tall-buildings and more general public queries. In the 1990s Phillips was filmed by the Weather Network, which created a series of 90-second trivia shorts about various weather topics entitled "Ask the Expert". Phillips studies climate and promotes awareness and understanding of weather and climate in Canada.
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Scientists believe a cold phase started in the late 1990s and the arrival of the Blob may be the start of the next warm phase. The PDO phases may also be related to the likelihood of El Nino events. NASA climatologist William Patzert predicts that if the PDO is at work here, there will be widespread climatological consequences and southern California and the American South may be in for a period of high precipitation, with an increase in the rate of global warming. Another climatologist, Matt Newman of the University of Colorado, does not think the Blob fits the pattern of a shift in the PDO.
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As part of their annual tropical cyclone activity, the agency issues a tropical cyclone report on every tropical cyclone in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean basins, which are available since 1958 and 1988, respectively. The report summarizes the synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track of a storm. The reports were formally known as Preliminary Reports up until 1999. The agency maintains archives and climatological statistics on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane history, including annual reports on every tropical cyclone, a complete set of tropical cyclone advisories, digitized copies of related materials on older storms, season summaries published as the Monthly Weather Review, and HURDAT, which is the official tropical cyclone database.
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Example of a five-day rainfall forecast from the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center The quantitative precipitation forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of melted precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be created when precipitation amounts reaching a minimum threshold are expected during the forecast's valid period. Valid periods of precipitation forecasts are normally synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid-to-late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States.
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It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in-cloud lightning rather than the cloud-to-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations—those neglecting the day-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account—showed the same Asia-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center. The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.
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It is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and is used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations, such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version. The predictions of the onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale, such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects. The concept was introduced by George Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883.
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He was then known as the "ice man" for his prediction of global cooling and a coming ice age but, following the UK's exceptionally hot summer of 1976, he switched to predicting a more imminent global warming. The possibility of major weather changes and flooding attracted attention to the unit and sponsorship by major insurance companies wanting to mitigate their potential losses. Prior to the Unit's establishment, it had widely been believed by the meteorological establishment that the climate was essentially constant and unvarying. Lamb and others in the climatological community had for years argued that the climate system was in fact highly variable on timescales of decades to centuries and longer.
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The Mayor of Toronto at the time, Mel Lastman, also contributed $50,000 (2003 CAD) to replace damaged trees in Prince Edward Island. Hurricane Juan alerted residents, governments, utilities, and emergency management agencies throughout Atlantic Canada to improve preparations for devastating events such as hurricanes, especially with climatological data pointing to possible increased frequency of major ocean storms and extratropical cyclones. In addition to Juan, three other storms — Fabian, Isabel and Kate — had a significant effect on land or offshore in Canada during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Preparations and planning have been underway since 2003 and were first tested when Hurricane Ophelia was forecast to brush near Nova Scotia in early September 2005.
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The Climatic Center at Andrews AFB continued to provide climatological data applications under various designations throughout the decade, with particular emphasis on the war in Korea and the strategic buildup necessitated by the Cold War. Detachment 3, Headquarters Air Weather Service (the Postweather Analysis Division) was organized on 1 May 1954 at Andrews. On 18 December 1957 the AWS merged the Climatic Analysis Division and the Data Integration Branch with Detachment 3 in spaces at Suitland, Maryland formerly occupied by the USAF Weather Central. On 1 April 1959, Detachment 3 (the Climatic Center) moved from Suitland to the Washington Navy Yard (Annex 2, at 225 D. Street, Southeast) on the Potomac River.
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A famous passage from Herodotus portrays the wandering and migration of Lydians from Anatolia because of famine: Tablet RS 18.38 from Ugarit also mentions grain to the Hittites, suggesting a long period of famine, connected further, in the full theory, to drought.Wood p. 221 summarizes that a general climatological crisis in the Black Sea and Danubian regions as known through pollen analysis and dendrochronology existed about 1200 BCE and could have caused migration from the north. Barry Weiss, using the Palmer Drought Index for 35 Greek, Turkish, and Middle Eastern weather stations, showed that a drought of the kinds that persisted from January 1972 would have affected all of the sites associated with the Late Bronze Age collapse.
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Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe He was involved in the investigations of Mapungubwe in conjunction with Professors Fouché, Malan and Tromp of the University of Pretoria in 1933 and wrote about it in 1936. The president of the BSA, Jan Smuts initiated the creation of the Bureau of Archaeology in 1935 with van Riet Lowe as its first director. In the same year the University of the Witwatersrand awarded him the title "Professor of Archaeology", but the title did not include any teaching responsibilities. He spent his time creating a basic geological and climatological background for investigation of early man in South Africa using data obtained from the deposits of the Vaal River in conjunction with South African Geological Surveys.
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Jones graduated cum laude from the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications and Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University with dual degrees in Earth Science and Journalism in 2012. She received a dual master's degree in geography and mass communication at Louisiana State University in 2014. Jones was also a graduate student in the Department of Geography at Florida State University from 2016 through 2018 where she completed course work with an emphasis on data science and was working on a doctoral dissertation titled "Using Native American Sitescapes to Extend the North American Paleotempestological Record through Coupled Remote Sensing and Climatological Analysis". According to Jones, her doctoral work is in progress.
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The large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion relative to the size of the event, based on its short-period body wave magnitude. The Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency assigned a magnitude of 6.8, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a similar value of 6.1 (both body wave magnitude) that were calculated from short-period seismic waves (1–2 seconds in the case of the USGS). The USGS then presented a moment magnitude of 7.2 that was calculated from 5–100-second surface waves, and Harvard University subsequently revealed that a moment magnitude of 7.7 had been resolved based on even longer 150-second surface waves.
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During the second week of January, an upper-level trough located east of Hawaii created an area of divergence to its southeast, allowing an area of low pressure to develop alongside deep convection. Initially, the system was hampered by wind shear as it moved west-northwestward to the south of Hawaii; however, by January 11, the system was able to maintain convection over its center and was classified as a tropical depression. On January 13, it was estimated in post-storm analysis to have become a tropical storm at an unprecedented . Meteorologists at the time struggled to forecast the storm as climatological forecast guidance (modeling based on previous cyclones), was not available due to the uniqueness of Winona.
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Many organisms are completely new to science and there is a high share of endemic species. The freshwater lakes in the surrounding area contain interesting and hitherto uninvestigated communities of algae, cyanobacteria and simple animal species. The research projects in the area had started before the construction of the station and included geological research led by the Czech Geological Survey as well as climatological and geomorphological research led by the Masaryk University Faculty of Science. As the construction was nearing completion, the Faculty of Science of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice and the Institute of Botany at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic started a joint botanical project of cyanobacteria research.
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A 2011 study in the Bundelkhand region of India was performed with the objective of documenting the calving pattern of Bhadawari (and the closely relate Murrah) buffaloes. Areas like Bundelkhand are found throughout India, as heavily dependent on livestock economics due to drought and monsoons, as a whole India has 95 buffaloes per 1,000 human beings; information on calving is detrimental to this region of the world. At the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute in Jhansi, a herd of Bhadawari was intensely managed under a standardized system of nutritional requirements, and was done so over a period of 8 years (starting in 2002). All the while, birth rate was kept in the view of climatological data.
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Sable Island station The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada, is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the Meteorological Service of Canada, and ran continuously from 1891 until Aug 20, 2019. Sable Island has been the subject of extensive scientific research over the years. The Meteorological Service of Canada operated a wide range of manual and automated instruments, including the Automated Weather Observing System, an aerology program measuring conditions in the upper atmosphere using a radiosonde carried aloft by a hydrogen-filled weather balloon to altitudes beyond , and a program collecting data on background levels of carbon dioxide, which began there in 1974.
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In light of this, the JTWC assigned the name Agnes to the storm. Additionally due to its proximity to the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration dubbed the system with the local name Pining. Strengthening occurred at a climatological rate, with Agnes attaining typhoon-status on August 29\. A large, banding eye-feature developed within the core of Agnes as it approached the Ryukyu Islands of southwestern Japan. The storm passed 170 km (105 mi) south of Okinawa around 06:00 UTC on August 30 and emerged over the East China Sea. Early on August 31, Agnes achieved its peak strength with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and an estimated central pressure of 947 mbar (hPa; 27.96 inHg).
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Adjusted annual tornado report count in the United States compared to minimum, maximum, and climatological percentiles In contrast to the first nine months of 2008, the final quarter was fairly inactive overall, and the inactivity continued into January 2009 with only a few tornadoes in the US the entire month as generally stable air dominated. The pattern broke for the first time on February 10 when a modest tornado outbreak occurred, but produced a deadly tornado in Oklahoma. The severe weather activity changed to a moderate pace for the remainder of February into March, and although the start of the season did not have a large prolific tornado outbreak, it has had several notable events. Overall activity in March ran near normal.
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Michael Bruse is in the scientific world known for his microclimate model ENVI-met, a holistic numerical climate model, that makes it possible to simulate the effects of architecture and landscape planning on the microclimate and air quality on a scale of up to one meter. This permits to study the interactions between the climatological framework conditions, like climate change and extreme weather, and local environmental design. ENVI-met is used worldwide, his range of application includes the evaluation of urban development projects (Melbourne 2030, RE-THINK Athens) up to the design of sustainable settlement structures ("Young Cities" project Iran of the FU Berlin). Another research focus is the analysis of urban pollution problems, especially with regard to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide pollution.
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The 13th century world-system Before the 16th century, Europe was dominated by feudal economies. European economies grew from mid-12th to 14th century but from 14th to mid 15th century, they suffered from a major crisis.Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory, 2001 Wallerstein explains this crisis as caused by the following: # stagnation or even decline of agricultural production, increasing the burden of peasants, # decreased agricultural productivity caused by changing climatological conditions (Little Ice Age), # an increase in epidemics (Black Death), # optimum level of the feudal economy having been reached in its economic cycle; the economy moved beyond it and entered a depression period. As a response to the failure of the feudal system, European society embraced the capitalist system.
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As the instrument flies overhead, each region of the Earth's surface is successively imaged by all nine cameras in each of four wavelengths (blue, green, red, and near- infrared). The data gathered by MISR are useful in climatological studies concerning the disposition of the solar radiation flux in the Earth's system. MISR is specifically designed to monitor the monthly, seasonal, and long-term trends of atmospheric aerosol particle concentrations including those formed by natural sources and by human activities, upper air winds and cloud cover, type, height, as well as the characterization of land surface properties, including the structure of vegetation canopies, the distribution of land cover types, or the properties of snow and ice fields, amongst many other biogeophysical variables.
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The squadrons also train enlisted and officers. The 2nd Weather Group, with headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base, delivers terrestrial, space and climatological global weather information to Joint combatants, Department of Defense decision-makers, national agencies, and allied nations for the planning and execution of missions across the complete spectrum of military operations through the operation, sustainment and maintenance of Air Force Weather's US$277 million strategic center computer complex, production network, and applications. The group is composed of the 2nd Weather Squadron, 2nd Systems Operations Squadron, the 2nd Combat Weather Systems Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida, and the 14th Weather Squadron in Asheville, North Carolina. It also includes four solar observatories manned by detachments of the 2nd Weather Squadron: Det. 1, Learmonth, Australia; Det.
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ECA&D; project logo The European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECA&D;) is a database of daily meteorological station observations across Europe and is gradually being extended to countries in the Middle East and North Africa. ECA&D; has attained the status of Regional Climate Centre for high-resolution observation data in World Meteorological Organization Region VI (Europe and the Middle East). The objective of ECA&D; is to monitor and analyze climate and changes in climate with a focus on climate extremes while making the data publicly available to download. Included in the database is a collection of daily series observations obtained from climatological divisions of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), observatories and research centres throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
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This complex climatological effect is multiplied by the Jama-Coaque Coastal Mountain Range, whose sharp changes in altitude so close to the ocean account for wide variations in precipitation in very small expanses of land. The mountains rise to 845 metres (2,772 feet) above sea level at the highest peak, although the rest of the mountain range is a series of peaks that average 500–650 metres (1,640-2,132 feet) of altitude, which are shrouded in fog most of the year. Starting in late December, a change in atmospheric pressure shifts ocean currents so that warm waters come closer to shore and displace the cold waters. During this time, air and water temperatures, tides, sea levels and wave heights, and relative humidity all rise.
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The more positive the δ34S of marine sulfate, the more sulfate reduction and/or burial/removal of reduced, 34S-depleted sulfur species must be occurring. There are some limitations, however, to the use of carbonate-associated sulfate's isotopic composition as a proxy for the isotopic composition of marine sulfate (and thus as a proxy for the response of the sulfur cycle to major climatological and geobiological events) through time. First, there is the question of: how representative is a particular carbonate rock's CAS of marine sulfate at the time of the rock's deposition? Various diagenetic processes (meaning: deformation by burial and exhumation, exposure to groundwater and meteoric fluids carrying sulfur species from more modern sources, etc.) can alter the abundance and isotopic composition of CAS.
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While at first this made the paintings more lustrous and clear, years of heat and humidity and the restriction of normal evaporation for the paintings in situ turned the wax white and deteriorated the painted surfaces. In the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, though they didn't suffer from the same climatological effects, they still became white/crusty. The pigments used in the frescoes are of a very fragile nature and have faded as a result of exposure to UV rays, oxygen, and the environment/elements—especially those left in situ. Disintegration of plaster, and lifting and detachment of the paint has also been caused by the crystallization of soluble salts, such as sodium nitrate, in the surface layers of the frescoes as a result of fluctuating temperatures and humidity, and exposure to atmospheric pollutants.
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The Bureau's functions were then carried out by five divisions (Synoptic, Climatological, Geophysical, Astronomical, and Administrative). In 1947, the central office of the Weather Bureau was moved to Marsman Building (opposite Pier 15 at the Port Area of Manila), while the Forecasting Center was transferred to the old Balagbag terminal (site of the first terminal of the Manila International Airport) and became the Manila Main Meteorological Office (MMMO). The first post-war geophysical observatory of the Bureau was established in 1949 behind the campus of the University of the Philippines in Diliman. In 1948, a set of electromagnetic photorecording seismographs was installed in order to improve its seismological services. On April 5, 1949, the Philippines was admitted into the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), with the Weather Bureau as its National Meteorological Service.
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In 2003 Markel's Quarantine!—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the American Public Health Association with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America". In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic" and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic. In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
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In accordance with climatological norms, September was the most active month of the season, featuring eight tropical cyclones: tropical storms Gaston, Hermine, Matthew, and Nicole, as well as hurricanes Igor, Julia, Karl, and Lisa. This tied 1949, 2002, and 2007 for the most tropical storms observed throughout the month, until it was surpassed by the 2020 season.. Igor attained peak winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) on September 15, cementing its status as the most intense storm of the season. Well above- average activity continued into October, with the formation of hurricanes Otto, Paula, Richard, Shary, and Tomas, one hurricane short of the monthly record set in 1870. Tomas persisted into the subsequent month before dissipating on November 7, heralding the end of the season's tropical cyclone activity.
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Paprika Tap de Cortí The peppers are collected by steps, there are until three or four harvests, when the fruit is very ripe and preferable when it having lose a high humidity grade in the plant. The optimal dried is in the sun with traditional strings of peppers (normally in form of helices or also named three ended points) that are hung in the house's façade, looking for a properly solar orientation, during fifteen days approximately, depending on various factors as the climatological. In this way the pepper natural antioxidant are not lost, like the Vitamin C, and that is the reason why the paprika become the best preservative of the sobrassada. Then it is baked at a low temperature, below 50–60° Celsius, to eliminate the last degree of moisture and facilitate the grinding.
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Kone has been elected a Fellow of the AAAS, the American College of Physicians, the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, the American Society of Nephrology, and the American Heart Association, and to membership in the American Clinical and Climatological Association He received an Established Investigator Award from the American Heart Association, and has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health for his kidney research since 1986. He was President of the Southern Society of Clinical Investigation, and a member of the Leadership Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease of the American Heart Association. He has served as an associate editor of Clinical and Translational Science, and a member of the editorial boards of the American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, the American Journal of Physiology.
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These small habitats, islands of forest called "brejos", are fragments of moist forest caatingas, surrounded on every side by either dry forest caatingas, or by cerrados, swaths of shrubby vegetation resembling savanna, where M. rufula cannot grow. Unlike its dryer neighbors, caatinga moist forests occur primarily along inaccessible ridges and on solitary prominences, and are deluged by tropical rains measuring from 1,000 to 1,300 mm annually. Manilkara rufula, along with some of its tree species associates (Podocarpus sellowii, Prunus sphaerocarpa, for example) is a remnant of an earlier climatological regime, when the northeast region as a whole was far moister than most of it is today. A prisoner both geographically and genetically, M. rufula is prevented from further spread by the less-than-ideal arid growing conditions all around it.
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Idealised depiction of the global circulation on Earth Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and is a means by which thermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth, together with the much slower (lagged) ocean circulation system. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly constant. Latitudinal circulation occurs because incident solar radiation per unit area is highest at the heat equator, and decreases as the latitude increases, reaching minima at the poles. It consists of two primary convection cells, the Hadley cell and the polar vortex, with the Hadley cell experiencing stronger convection due to the release of latent heat energy by condensation of water vapor at higher altitudes during cloud formation.
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In the months from October to April, Kish's weather is mild, ranging from to . The statistical data in the Kish free zone's archives shows that the island's temperature varies from very hot to moderately hot, accompanied by relatively high humidity, often interspersed by heavy rains of short durations in certain seasons. With the exception of some southeastern coastal areas and a few other islands in the Persian Gulf, Kish Island has the most sunny hours in the region, roughly 3,100 hours per year. Based on climatological classification and general weather conditions, Kish's proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and its exposure to high tropical pressure systems, as well as its position amidst hot and shallow waters, means the island tends to be hot and humid most of the year.
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Fabel is the son of the author and theologian Arthur Fabel, and the brother of anthropologist and global health program developer Elizabeth Fabel. He is also the cousin of author Gregory Maguire, and the son-in-law of physician and mountaineer Hans Kraus. Fabel attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He also studied at the University of East Anglia, through the Climatic Research Unit (CRU). Fabel’s undergraduate thesis investigated a method for using dendro-climatological methods to evaluate the impact of acid rain on forest tree growth. Fabel’s thesis advisors were climate scientists Dr. Keith Briffa and Dr. Phil Jones, who were targeted in the CRU email controversy. Fabel’s graduate thesis examined the interscale relationships between spatial patterns of natural and social systems, and implications for design and decision making.
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In the 1880s, many large dinosaur skeletons were excavated from southern Utah in regions north of the Grand Staircase. Following these discoveries there was little interest in further exploration. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries there has been greatly renewed interests in the strata of the Grand Staircase, particularly since the exposure and collection of new fossils in previously unexplored strata has a high probability of revealing fossil remnants of hitherto unseen species – a matter of substantial importance to young paleontological researchers wishing to advance in their profession. Fossilized skeleton (partial) of a young hadrosaur displayed at the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Click image for display placard text Southern Utah has continued to reward researchers owing to its climatological "sweet spot" for exposing fossil remnants for observation and collection at the surface.
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Beginning in the 1860s, advanced meteorological observation stations, as well as ship reports, allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations, including to the European mainland in some cases. Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October, which is the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010, Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast, or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward. Due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom experience the most effects, although countries as far east as Estonia and Russia have experienced tropical cyclone impacts.
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The Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern (PNA) is a climatological term for a large-scale weather pattern with two modes, denoted positive and negative, and which relates the atmospheric circulation pattern over the North Pacific Ocean with the one over the North American continent. The positive phase of the PNA pattern features above-average barometric pressure heights in the vicinity of Hawaii and over the inter-mountain region of North America, and below-average heights located south of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United States. The PNA pattern is associated with strong fluctuations in the strength and location of the East Asian jet stream. The positive phase is associated with an enhanced East Asian jet stream and with an eastward shift in the jet exit region toward the western United States.
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Cross-breeding of closely related species belonging to different chorions as it was probably the fact with the putative parent species of I. orjenii are thus readily explained by the driving climatological forces of scirocco and bora which induce vegetation mosaics of temperate and mediterranean elements at different altitudes. Thus the narrow zone of transitional climates and plant communities on Orjen is most noticeable expressed by several transitional plant communities and contains not only mixtures of species from more than one climatic zone, but in addition endemic and even stenoendemic species which are restricted to this transitional zone. Two other species occur on Mt. Orjen, Iris pseudopallida Trinajstic and Iris reichenbachii var. bosniaca (now classified as a synonym of Iris spuria,), both with equal chromosome numbers (2n=24), same as Iris orjenii.
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It is only single-valued within regions where there is at most one contour of \theta per \theta value (or, equivalently expressed by S). Thus, the connectedness of level sets of \theta on a neutral surface is a vital topological consideration. These regions are precisely those regions associated with the edges of the Reeb graph of \theta on the surface, as shown by Stanley. Given this spatial dependence, calculating neutral density requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of temperature and salinity in the ocean. Therefore, the definition of \gamma^n\, has to be linked with a global hydrographic dataset, based on the climatology of the world’s ocean (see World Ocean Atlas and Levitus, S. (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA Professional Paper No. 13, U.S. Govt.
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Weatherwise, the county is generally representative of wide river valleys in the region with low temperatures on cloudless nights,From the official website of Met Éireann; see and is significant in that it records some of the highest summer and lowest winter temperatures in Ireland. The highest air temperature ever recorded in Ireland was , at Kilkenny Castle on 26 June 1887.From the official website of Met Éireann; see The Met Éireann Kilkenny Weather Observing Station, 2 km north-west of Kilkenny City centre, on the Duningstown Road, opened in May 1957, and observations ceased in April 2008.From the official website of kilkennyweather.com; see A climatological station is currently in operation within 1 km of the old site, and as of March 2010, was providing live weather data to the general public and climate data to Met Éireann.
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Found eddy size of the Indian Ocean Gyres are much larger than the gyres of the other mid-latitude western boundary currents (the Indian Ocean Gyres ~ 300-500 nmi > the Gulf Stream / Kuroshio ~ 50 – 100 nmi) 1971 Düing & Szekelda : the baroclinic mode is the dominant mode of the Somali current 1972,1973 Leetma : local winds are crucial to the onset of the Somali Current. 1975 Colborn : climatological analysis of the entire Indian Ocean from bathythermograph and hydrocast observations 1976 Hurlburt & Thompson : Characterize the Somali current as a time-dependent, baroclinic, inertial boundary current. 1976 Bruce : time-series analyses, XBT cross-section measurement by the EXXON tankers 1979 USNS WILKES : the Great Whirl (Prime Eddy) and the Socotra Eddy together with the strong shear zone along the eastern edge of the Great Whirl were observed during late August and early September 1979.
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Korotayev has also done (together with his colleagues Vladimir Klimenko and Dmitry Proussakov) a significant contribution to the study of the origins of Islam. Korotayev and his colleagues view the origins of Islam against the background of the 6th century Arabian socioecological crisis whose model is specified by Korotayev and his colleagues through the study of climatological, seismological, volcanological and epidemiological history of the period. They find that most sociopolitical systems of the Arabs reacted to the socioecological crisis by getting rid of the rigid supratribal political structures (kingdoms and chiefdoms) which started posing a real threat to their very survival. The decades of fighting which led to the destruction of the most of the Arabian kingdoms and chiefdoms (reflected in Ayyam al-'Arab tradition) led to the elaboration of some definite "antiroyal" freedom-loving tribal ethos.
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One interpretation of domestication is that it must include physiological changes associated with being selectively bred in captivity, and not merely "tamed." It has been noted that traditional peoples worldwide (both hunter-gatherers and horticulturists) routinely tame individuals from wild species, typically by hand-rearing infants whose parents have been killed, and these animals are not necessarily "domesticated." On the other hand, some researchers look to examples from historical times to hypothesize how domestication occurred. For example, while Native American cultures captured and rode horses from the 16th century onwards, most tribes did not exert significant control over their breeding, thus their horses developed a genotype and phenotype adapted to the uses and climatological conditions in which they were kept, making them more of a landrace than a planned breed as defined by modern standards, but nonetheless "domesticated".
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However, despite this, extensive cultivation persisted in Jericho and Zoara, until the agrarian economy collapsed during Mamluk rule around the 14th century, which he attributes to a change in the climate. Goor quotes several later, Ottoman-period travellers to the area as to the rarity of date palms, including Pierre Belon, who in 1553 scoffed at the idea that the region could have ever produced the bounty of dates reported in ancient sources. Climatological research has proven that immediately after 1000, the climate has become colder and more humid, reaching a peak around 1600, followed by a century of severe heat and drought, and then again by colder times with more rainfall. A 1974 study blames the 15th-century disappearance of date palms from the Jericho-Ein Gedi region on human activity, but Goor raises the possibility that the climate change led to the springs in the area delivering less water, which harmed the water-intensive cultivation of date palms.
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CDT, CAPE (convective available potential energy) values began exceeding 4,000 J/kg, an extreme value well above the climatological threshold favoring the development of severe thunderstorms. Despite conflicting model data on the specified area where thunderstorms would develop, the newly available information that denoted a more favorable severe thunderstorm setup in that part of the state prompted the SPC to upgrade the forecasted threat of severe weather to a moderate risk for south-central Kansas, much of the western two-thirds of Oklahoma, and the northwestern and north-central portions of Texas at 11:15 a.m. CDT that morning, which now indicated that the atmospheric conditions present would "provide sufficient shear for a few strong or violent tornadic supercells given the abundant low level moisture and the high instability." The increasing threat of a severe weather/tornado outbreak for late that afternoon into the evening was reemphasized by NWS Norman forecasters in a Thunderstorm Outlook issued by the office at 12:30 p.m. CDT.
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Locations of all known installed Antarctic automatic weather stations as of 2009 Current locations of all known installed Antarctic automatic weather stations Data from the UW-Madison Antarctic AWS program has been used for many research studies including, but not limited to: boundary layer meteorology studies near the South Pole, Katabatic wind studies at Reeves Glacier and the Adelie Coast, Long Term Ecological Research along the Antarctic Peninsula, and Barrier wind flow studies along the Transantarctic Mountains and the Antarctic Peninsula. Additional studies include flight forecasting and long-term climatology studies at Dome C in East Antarctica and historic Byrd Station in West Antarctica. Although the primary purpose of the AWS station project was intended to collect data on current meteorological conditions, the archive of data, beginning in 1980, has allowed for some recent climatological usage of the data.Costanza, Carol A., et al. “The Surface Climatology of the Ross Ice Shelf Antarctica.” International Journal of Climatology, vol.
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Armed with the knowledge of a new heat source, scientists realized that the Earth would be much older, and that its core was still sufficiently hot to be liquid. By 1915, after having published a first article in 1912, Alfred Wegener was making serious arguments for the idea of continental drift in the first edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans. In that book (re-issued in four successive editions up to the final one in 1936), he noted how the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa looked as if they were once attached. Wegener was not the first to note this (Abraham Ortelius, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, Eduard Suess, Roberto Mantovani and Frank Bursley Taylor preceded him just to mention a few), but he was the first to marshal significant fossil and paleo-topographical and climatological evidence to support this simple observation (and was supported in this by researchers such as Alex du Toit).
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In February 1990, Professor Jan Markiewicz, director of The Institute for Forensic Research (IFRC) in Kraków conducted a fair experiment where iron compounds were excluded. Given that the ruins of the gas chambers at Birkenau have been washed by a column of water at least 35m in height based on climatological records since 1945, Markiewicz and his team were not optimistic at being able to detect cyanides so many years later; nevertheless, having the legal permission to obtain samples, they collected some from areas as sheltered from the elements as possible. Leuchter's report stated that the small amounts of cyanide he detected in the ruins of the crematoria are merely the result of fumigation. However the IFRC points out that the control samples they took from living areas which may have been fumigated only once as part of the 1942 typhus epidemic tested negative for cyanide, and that the typhus epidemic occurred before the crematoria at Birkenau even existed.
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They were primarily located in the north Atlantic and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio. In addition to their weather reporting function, these vessels aided in search and rescue operations, supported transatlantic flights, acted as research platforms for oceanographers, monitored marine pollution, and aided weather forecasting both by weather forecasters and within computerized atmospheric models. Research vessels remain heavily used in oceanography, including physical oceanography and the integration of meteorological and climatological data in Earth system science. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) had established a global network of 13 weather ships by 1948, with seven operated by the United States, one operated jointly by the United States and Canada, two supplied by the United Kingdom, one maintained by France, one a joint venture by the Netherlands and Belgium, and one shared by the United Kingdom, Norway, and Sweden.
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The Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 came at a time when "a new framework was needed to implement research advances in in-situ technology, radar and satellite to real time, meso-scale observations of weather, water, and climate." The bill was proposed to ensure to that Congress made it compulsory of the Secretary of Commerce to "certify that the modernization process will not degrade local weather services." It effectively ensured that basic weathers services of surface, upper air and radar operations, public forecasts, statements and warnings, hydrologic, marine, fire, and weather forecasts and warnings, agricultural forecasts and advisories, climatological services, emergency management support and services wouldn't be affected by the plan of modernization at a local level. The Modernization Act effectively made it law that the network should provide complete coverage over the CONUS at a height of 3.05 km (10000 ft.) above ground level (AGL) without affecting the quality of service.
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It includes sections and chapters on roofing system components; substrate support for metal roofing systems; metal roof performance guide specifications; a listing of ASTM standards related to metal roofing systems; common roof retrofit applications; metal roofing common industry practices; design practices and examples; installation and maintenance of roofing system; roof fire ratings; fasteners, with types and applications; climatological data by U.S. County; and metal roofing AutoCAD details. The Second Edition of the Metal Roofing Systems Design Manual was published in 2012 and is up-to-date with current codes, standards and common industry practices. Seismic Design Manual: The illustrated guide includes narratives about metal building systems, examples of realistic design situations, engineering diagrams, and code commentary. It references the 2006 International Building Code, the American Society of Civil Engineers’ Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05. Structural steel design is based on the American Institute of Steel Construction’s Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Standard AISC 360-05 and the Seismic Provisions for Steel Buildings Standard AISC 341-05.
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In the western North Pacific, there are strong reciprocal relationships between the areas of formative tropical cyclones and that of the lower tropospheric monsoon troughs and the tropical upper tropospheric trough. Tropical cyclone movement can also be influenced by TUTT cells within of their position, which can lead to non- climatological tracks, such as eastward movement within the tropics or westward movement in an area where the Westerlies normally dominate. Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through a depth of at least is one of the six requirements needed to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. Cooler air temperatures at a higher altitude (e.g., at the 500 hPa level, or 5.9 km) can lead to tropical cyclogenesis at lower water temperatures than normal, as a certain lapse rate is required to force the atmosphere to be unstable enough for convection. In a moist atmosphere, this lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km (19 °F/mi), while in an atmosphere with less than 100% relative humidity, the required lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km (29 °F/mi).
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At the beginning of that month some of the worst flooding on record occurred over the Barron and Herbert Rivers, and with a major tropical cyclone following the contour of the Queensland coast for over a week from 4 to 11 March and then moving inland, the heavy rain extended deep into the interior of Queensland and even to that part of South Australia northeast of the Flinders Ranges. The flood on the Diamantina River was measured as the highest ever recorded, and Windorah on the lower Cooper recorded for the entire month , which is about 145 percent of its mean annual rainfall. Most pastoral areas were described as having a "superabundance of feed"Queensland Year Book, 1950 and losses of sheep in the Lake Eyre Basin due to blowfly strike were as serious as experienced in the frequent droughts characteristic of the basin's extraordinarily variable climate.Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia, Melbourne; Meteorological summary for selected climatological stations, Australia; 1950, March and April With the interaction with a cold front mid-month, the heavy rainfall shifted southward to the Murrumbidgee River basin.
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From January to March 2017, various weather forecast offices of the National Weather Service confirmed at least 399 tornadoes across the United States, activity well beyond climatological norms. Based on the 1991–2010 average, the first month of the year is expected to see 35 tornadoes, with 29 occurring in February and 80 forming throughout March. In 2017, however, the count for the first three months was 135, 70, and 194, respectively. Activity began with the development of an EF1 tornado north of Jasper, Texas at 15:03 UTC on January 2. The latest storm of the period was an EF1 that touched down southeast of Powellsville, North Carolina at 22:15 UTC on March 31. The strongest tornado, an EF4, carved a path of destruction from Perryville, Missouri to southwest of Christopher, Illinois. Meanwhile, the deadliest tornado of the period was of EF3 intensity that destroyed a mobile home park south of Adel, Georgia, killing 11 people. The first month of the year featured the second-highest tornado count on record, surpassed only by 1999.
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