Ponometia clausula is a species of bird dropping moth in the family Noctuidae. The MONA or Hodges number for Ponometia clausula is 9086.
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382v, Montpellier Codex f.167v. As 2-voice clausula in F f.158v. #Main s'est levee Aëlis (RS1510).
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Due in large part to the development of mensural notation, his vision became common practice, allowing for discant and clausula.
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As a 2-voice clausula in motet MS F (Pluteo 29.1) f.156r. #Quant voi le dous tens venir (RS1485). As a song in TrouvK p.190, TrouvN f.
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Mahmood M. Poonja, Termination of Treaties Owing to Fundamental Change of Circumstances (Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus): A Doctoral Dissertation [Juris Doctor dissertation, Charles University, Prague, 1977] (Rawalpindi: Abbas Arts, 1982), p. 19.
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The principle of clausula rebus sic stantibus exists in all legal systems which descend from Roman law. In Swiss law, article 119 of the Swiss Code of Obligations is not the source of the principle's applicability in Swiss contract law.
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The only limits to application of pacta sunt servanda are the peremptory norms of general international law, which are denominated "jus cogens", i.e. compelling law. The legal principle of clausula rebus sic stantibus in customary international law also permits non-satisfaction of obligations pursuant to treaty because of a compelling change of circumstances.
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A key figure in the formulation of clausula rebus sic stantibus was the Italian jurist Scipione Gentili (1563–1616), who is generally credited for coining the maxim omnis conventio intelligitur rebus sic stantibus ('every convention is understood with circumstances as they stand').: p. 13, citing De iure belli libri tres, lib. 111, cap. XIV.
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Mahmood M. Poonja, Termination of Treaties Owing to Fundamental Change of Circumstances (Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus): A Doctoral Dissertation [Juris Doctor dissertation, Charles University, Prague, 1977] (Rawalpindi: Abbas Arts, 1982), p. 21. A compromise was reached in 1932. Historically, citizens spoke a dialect of the Franco-Provençal language but this dialect is not in use anymore.
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J. J. Mandata Cum Et Sine Clausula. Eucharius Gottlib Rink. – Altdorfii Noricorum : Meyer, 1697 De Carrociis : Ex Iure Militari Medii Aevi. Eucharius Gottlib Rink. – Altdorfii Noribergensium : Kohles, 1700 De Veteris Nvmismatis Potentia Et Qvalitate Lucubratio : occasione Rubricæ Codicis de eodem Argumento; sive Cognitio Totivs Rei Nvmariae Ad Intelligentiam Ivris Accommodata ; Accessit Dissertatio Ivridica De Nvmo Vnico, Cum multis aliis cognitioni Numorum conducentibus.
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Between 1933–1939 Zieliński was a member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature. Although Zieliński was active in many areas of classical scholarship, one of the studies for which he is best known in the west is his investigation of the prose rhythm of Cicero, published in 1904 and which is still often referred to today.Srebrny (1947 (2013)), p. 149. (See Clausula (rhetoric)).
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No state was allowed to have more than 40 percent of the votes. This was regarded as a clausula antiborussica, counterbalancing the dominant position of Prussia which still provided roughly two thirds of the German population. Also since 1921, half of the Prussian votes were not cast by the Prussian state government but by the administrations of the Prussian provinces. For example, of the 63 votes in 1919, Prussia had 25 votes, Bavaria seven and Saxony five.
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He continued his studies at the University of Göttingen in Germany, completing the Magister Juris programme in 1994 with a thesis about the clausula rebus sic stantibus in administrative contract law. He started teaching as a lecturer at the Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, but returned to Göttingen to complete his doctoral studies. Worachet was conferred a Doctor of Laws title in 1999. His thesis about the development of legal doctrine of the "administrative law contract" (verwaltungsrechtlicher Vertrag) was graded summa cum laude.
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The earliest motets arose in the 13th century from the organum tradition exemplified in the Notre-Dame school of Léonin and Pérotin.Ernest H. Sanders and Peter M. Lefferts, "Motet, §I: Middle Ages", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). The motet probably arose from clausula sections in a longer sequence of organum. Clausulae represent brief sections of longer polyphonic settings of chant with a note-against-note texture.
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Clausula rebus sic stantibus (Latin for "things thus standing") is the legal doctrine allowing for a contract or a treaty to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances. In public international law the doctrine essentially serves an "escape clause" to the general rule of pacta sunt servanda (promises must be kept). Because the doctrine is a risk to the security of treaties, as its scope is relatively unconfined, the conditions in which it may be invoked must be carefully noted.Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th rev.
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Pepin was then elected King of the Franks by an assembly of Frankish nobles, with a large portion of his army on hand. The earliest account of his election and anointing is the Clausula de Pippino written around 767. Meanwhile, Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753. Pepin was assisted by his friend Vergilius of Salzburg, an Irish monk who probably used a copy of the "Collectio canonum Hibernensis" (an Irish collection of canon law) to advise him to receive royal unction to assist his recognition as king.
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This is also found in Carlsruhe Fragment B, but not in the Bobbio. #"Communicantes". Variants for Christmas, Circumcision (called Kalendis), Stellae (that is Epiphany – compare Welsh, Dydd Gwyl Ystwyll; Cornish, Degl Stul; and in stilla domini in the St Cuthbert Gospels. The actual variant here is natalis calicis (Maundy Thursday), the end of one and the beginning of the other have been dropped out in copying, Easter, Clausula pasca (Low Sunday), Ascension, and Pentecost. The inserted quire ends with the second of these, and the others are on a whole palimpsest page and part of another.
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Nusmido, folio 150 verso of manuscript Pluteo 29.1, located in the Laurentian Library in Florence - the earliest known example of retrograde in music Despite not being mentioned in theoretical treatises prior to 1500, compositions written before that date show retrograde. According to Willi Apel, the earliest example of retrograde in music is the 13th century clausula, Nusmido, in which the tenor has the liturgical melody "Dominus" in retrograde (found in the manuscript Pluteo 29.1, folio 150 verso, located in the Laurentian Library in Florence).Apel, p. 728\. Todd and Newes accept Apel's identification of Nusmido as the earliest work found containing a retrograde passage.
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Gradually, there came to be entire books of these substitutes, available to be fitted in and out of the various chants. Since, in fact, there were more than can possibly have been used in context, it is probable that the clausulae came to be performed independently, either in other parts of the mass, or in private devotions. The clausula, thus practised, became the motet when troped with non-liturgical words, and this further developed into a form of great elaboration, sophistication and subtlety in the fourteenth century, the period of Ars nova. Surviving manuscripts from this era include the Montpellier Codex, Bamberg Codex, and Las Huelgas Codex.
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Pérotin is the first composer of organum quadruplum—four-voice polyphony—at least the first composer whose music has survived, since complete survivals of notated music from this time are scarce. Léonin, Pérotin and the other anonymous composers whose music has survived are representatives of the era of European music history known as the ars antiqua. The motet was first developed during this period out of the clausula, which is one of the most frequently encountered types of composition in the Magnus Liber Organi. While music with notation has survived, in substantial quantity, the interpretation of this music, especially with regard to rhythm, remains controversial.
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One, two, or three voices, known as the vox organalis (or vinnola vox, the "vining voice") were notated above it with quicker lines moving and weaving together. The evolution from a single line of music to one where multiple lines all had the same weight moved through the writing of organa. The practice of keeping a slow moving "tenor" line continued into secular music, and the words of the original chant survived in some cases, as well. One of the most common types of organa in the Magnus Liber is the clausula, which are sections of polyphony that can be substituted into longer organa.
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The Swiss legal expert Emer de Vattel (1714–1767) was the next key contributor. Vattel promoted the view that 'every body bound himself for the future only on the stipulation of the presence of the actual conditions' and so 'with a change of the condition also the relations originating from the situation would undergo a change'. During the 19th century, civil law came to reject the doctrine of clausula rebus sic standibus, but Vattel's thinking continued to influence international law, not least because it helped reconcile 'the antagonism between the static nature of the law and the dynamism of international life'. While individual cases invoking the doctrine were much disputed, the doctrine itself was little questioned.
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The reign of Louis VII (1137–1180) witnessed a period of cultural innovation, in which appeared the Notre Dame school of musical composition, and the contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings (organa) for all the major liturgical festivals. This period in musical history has been described as a paradigm shift of lasting consequence in musical notation and rhythmic composition, with the development of the organum, clausula, conductus and motet. The innovative nature of the Notre Dame style stands in contrast to its predecessor, that of the Abbey of St Martial, Limoges, replacing the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian chant with polyphony (more than one voice singing at a time). This was the beginning of polyphonic European church music.
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A Floor Clause, also known as ‘Clausula Suelo’ or ‘Suelo Hipotecario’, is simply a clause that has been inserted into variable rate mortgage agreements in Spain during the last 20 years that affects the interest rate payable on the mortgage. For most Spanish variables rate mortgages, the interest rate payable is calculated by reference rate to Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor) . If interest reference increases, then the interest on the mortgage also increases, likewise, if EURIBOR decreases, then interest payments will fall. However, the insertion of the floor clause into the mortgage agreement means that mortgage holders do not fully benefit from the fall in EURIBOR as there will be a minimum rate of interest payable on the mortgage (also known as a "suelo".
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Another simple form of heterophony is for singers to sing the same shape of melody, but with one person singing the melody and a second person singing the melody at a higher or lower pitch. Organum, for example, expanded upon plainchant melody using an accompanying line, sung at a fixed interval (often a perfect fifth or perfect fourth away from the main melody), with a resulting alternation between a simple form of polyphony and monophony.Vanderbilt University Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies The principles of organum date back to an anonymous 9th century tract, the Musica enchiriadis, which established the tradition of duplicating a preexisting plainchant in parallel motion at the interval of an octave, a fifth or a fourth. Of greater sophistication was the motet, which developed from the clausula genre of medieval plainchant.
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The doctrine is part of customary international law but is also provided for in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, under Article 62 (Fundamental Change of Circumstance). Although the doctrine is not mentioned by name, Article 62 provides the only justifications for its invocation: the circumstances that existed at the time of the conclusion of the treaty were indeed objectively essential to the obligations of treaty (sub-paragraph A), and the instance for the change of circumstances has had a radical effect on the obligations of the treaty (sub-paragraph B). If the parties to a treaty had contemplated for the occurrence of the changed circumstances, the doctrine does not apply and the provision remains in effect. Clausula rebus sic stantibus relates to changed circumstances only if they had never been contemplated by the parties. That principle is clarified in the Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (United Kingdom v.
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Dressler's chief contribution comes to us in this unpublished manuscript, which from its organization and tone may have been his notes for teaching composition classes. As such it is one of the first sources to give in detail a practical approach to the composition of the Renaissance motet. Dressler's explication of musica poetica can be summarized in two principles: the application of the rhetorical principles of exordium, medio, and finis to the structure of a motet, and the application of the grammatical principle of a "clausula" (sentence) to smaller musical units demarcated by cadences. The modal aspect of Dressler's musical poetics agrees in principle with that of Pietro Pontio and other contemporary theorists, but Dressler takes it a step further by teaching the use of the principal cadences of the given musical mode (cadences to the final and dominant degrees) to assert stability in the exordium and the finis, and cadences to other degree during the medio to provide contrast and interest.
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