What can classicists learn from the debate over whiteness and ancient sculpture?
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Yet Foo Fighters have been proud to be classicists, keepers of the flame.
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Opinion A spectacular campaign to elevate the design of federal buildings is under threat from small-minded classicists.
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Seventeenth-century neo-Classicists thought that a person's character and inner life was revealed in his or her expressions.
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Art Reviews Margot Bergman's doll images, Harald Szeemann's quirky tribute to his grandfather, and the neo-Classicists rising again.
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Art Reviews Margot Bergman's doll images, Harald Szeemann's quirky tribute to his grandfather, and the neo-Classicists rising again.
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The instinct to automate, classicists and zoologists seemed to agree, may be among the most ancient and universal human traits.
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As a Modernist, Mr. Perrault faced a daunting architectural gang populated by the most famous classicists of French architectural history.
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But, classicists, take heart: There's hope for whiskey (with interesting flavor profiles) and even that old standby, the G&T.
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Several large and nebulous divisions attempt to group fifty-four men and women as expressionists, classicists, new realists, visionaries and outsiders.
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The Coronation of Napoleon and the work of Jacques-Louis David Bey and Jay clearly have a thing for French neo-classicists.
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Senate classicists contend that the reconciliation process was never meant to support such sweeping domestic policy changes like the Republican tax plan.
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Similar controversies are raging within classics departments today, as those who would appropriate classicists' work to promote reactionary agendas split the field.
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Rather infamously for most classicists, Frank Miller's 300 limited series did indeed tell the story of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE.
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One of the things I most love about Homer lives on as a source of endless controversy among classicists: his use of epithets.
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"This is not an 'Oresteia' for classicists," Ms. McLaughlin — a playwright, actor and old friend from college — told me later in New York.
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London being London, modern men's wear's ancestral home, there are plenty of staunch classicists content to update, not upend, last season's still-warm designs.
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Over two decades, the various versions of Rome Reborn have been developed by dozens of artists, classicists, archaeologists, and 22018D modelers at numerous institutions.
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In short, they were classicists whose sartorial tastes veered towards the old-fashioned — just like the characters created by these Young Fogey designers today.
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All subjects are meant to be as difficult as one another: "Though the classicists have the unenviable task of sitting an additional translation exam."
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Classicists at Alcor and the Cryonics Institute steadfastly believe that brains (and bodies, for that matter) must be preserved with as little damage as possible.
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In Greek mythology, Apollo is Artemis' twin sister, but to the chagrin of some classicists, the first crewed U.S. Moon mission was named after him.
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The book addresses a number of the techniques, reconstructions, and ideas forged by archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann and other classicists who are active in reconstructing ancient color.
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"The Dictes" was what classicists call a doxography—a chapter-by-chapter list of ancient thinkers and what they said, or what they were said to have said.
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The virtual reality tour of Rome at the heart of Rome Reborn started as a digital humanities project collaboratively developed by dozens of artists, classicists, archaeologists, and 3D modelers.
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While it may be blasphemy to classicists (remember that the tower itself met some pretty cruel criticism during its debut), it is making for some pretty sweet social media posts.
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There was a lot of energy around progressive, antiracist Classics at that conference, which led to the formation of some new groups to promote the work of classicists of color.
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It's also been a theme in Spalding's career: She progressed beyond the expectations of jazz classicists to make music that incorporates bits of R&B, Latin flavors, and notes of soul.
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Last summer, I encouraged art historians, museum visitors, and classicists on Twitter to begin to interact with ancient art in museums from the reverse by using the #reversenotobverse hashtag on Twitter.
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Mr. Reed, a pianist, came up in the era of the Young Lions — those fresh-faced neo-classicists who made midcentury jazz au courant again in the late 212s and early '2212s.
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Leftist classicists who studied ancient economics and class relations, like M.I. Finley, tend to find the utilitarian or liberal arguments about the inefficiencies of slavery in the ancient world to be dubious ones.
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Local women's fashion favorites include Masscob, Closs Madrid and Renatta & Go. Luxury children's clothes are a thing in Spain, and the latest in stylish togs for juniors can be found at Thanksmum, Condor and — for the classicists — Chucu-Chu.
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In November, a classicist named Donna Zuckerberg fired off an anguished piece about the alt-right's affection for her discipline and urged her fellow classicists to watch for lurking reactionary sentiments among would-be students of the ancient world.
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The acclaim was near unanimous, and placed together, they have a populist appeal: "Real Friends" was a dour rehash of College Dropout's "Family Business," great for the classicists, and "No More Parties in LA" is a current-state-of-Kanye thriller.
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When we ask for inclusivity, for equality, we want the same level of care, magic, and wonder that fashion has always been known for, and for all fashion lovers — from the minimalist to the maximalists, from the avant-garde to the classicists.
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I moved to Astoria, the Greek-American neighborhood in Queens, where, sitting at a table early in the morning, I consumed Thucydides, with my Greek text and my spiral notebooks and my abridged Liddell and Scott—the Greek-English lexicon essential to classicists.
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Classicists at the time openly condemned Afrocentrism for its perceived political bias (this gem from 1989 illustrates well the tone, asserting in a review of Black Athena that the university was under attack from "black racist attempts to impose indoctrination in the place of teaching and scholarship").
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Just as classicists have reminded us that the foundational institution of western civilization—the Greek symposium—was to all intents and purposes a ritualized drinking bout, so archaeologists tell us that psychoactive substances have been prepared and taken from the very earliest times of Homo existence.
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So Monday night's tribute concert was made in his image, gathering several New York-area rappers and a few out-of-towners, with a range of styles: the rigorous classicists Joey Badass and Action Bronson, the eccentrics Flatbush Zombies and Lil Uzi Vert, pugnacious toughs like Dash and Retch, and more.
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But I've been surprised to see, in 2019, how much of the pushback against progressive Classical Studies has come not from the kind of people I studied, but from conservative and center-right intellectuals, who see progressive classicists as attacking the cultural heritage of Western civilization and trying to dismantle the canon.
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While not all applications of SPQR are meant to reference white supremacist ideals, the current work of classicists, medievalists, and modern historians to isolate, translate, and then underscore its current abuse has been heartening to many who wish to understand how the past has become distorted in the lens of the alt-right.
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Just now the show I'd love to see (indeed, to arrange) is one of Hellenistic portraits of dancers from the Greek-influenced part of the Mediterranean world between the fourth century B.C. and the first A.D.; and I'd like it to include many of the items in the archaeological museum in Taranto in Puglia (Italy), too little known even among classicists.
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They saw it coming, the media theorists, book-bound intellectuals, Jesuit priests, classicists, and sociologists who attempted to make sense of what they called "electronic media," and we now think of as prehistoric radio and TV. With their long-winded tomes from an age of longer attention spans, authors like Marshall McLuhan, Harold Innis, Walter Ong, and others form a sort of prophetic canon that collectively catalogs our species' first reaction to these newfangled contraptions, with their blinking lights and blaring speakers.
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Until then, those of us who are not much in touch with the Southern California scene (and not black) had some basic parameters for the art of that place — from the "abstract classicists," of whom John McLaughlin became the most renowned; the "finish fetish" of John McCracken and company; "light and space" à la Robert Irwin; and on through the cool Pop of Ed Ruscha; the transgressive performance art of Chris Burden; the wry conceptualism of John Baldessari; Paul McCarthy and Mike Kelley's wallowing in abjection: this was what had made the national and international scene — and no black artists were on the bill.
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In 2010, Moore was commissioned by the Royal Institute of British Architects to create a stop motion film of the "Three Classicists" exhibition, a large architectural drawing by Ben Peantreath, Francis Terry and George Saumarez Smith.The Three Classicists, artbelow.org.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2014."Three Classicists," The Bardwell Press. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
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During the Sui dynasty, examinations for classicists and cultivated talents were introduced. Unlike cultivated talents, classicists were only tested on the Confucian canon, which was considered an easy task at the time, so those who passed were awarded posts in the lower rungs of officialdom. Classicists were tested by being presented phrases from the classic texts. They then had to write the whole paragraph to complete the phrase.
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10 and the most important artist of Neue Sachlichkeit.Michalsky 1994, p. 147 Compared to the verists, the classicists more clearly exemplify the "return to order" that arose in the arts throughout Europe. The classicists included Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Heinrich Maria Davringhausen, and Wilhelm Heise.
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These seventeen new pieces by some of the world's leading classicists have been brought together to celebrate the bimillenary of the Horace's death.
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2 and in Chapter 3, "The Importance of Learning Latin, Examined in Detail", describes how Jean Paul Getty employed classicists because "They sell more oil".
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Fellows are selected by a panel of Senior Fellows, a group of five internationally selected senior classicists. Fellows are typically pre-tenured PhDs from around the world, most often from Europe or North America. The "Center", as it is commonly called, has been a stopping point in the careers of many budding classicists who have gone on to be major contributors in the field.
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The midnight poem has generally been attributed to Sappho since the Renaissance, initially by Arsenius Apostolius. However, Hephaestion does not provide any attribution for the fragment, and influential classicists such as Edgar Lobel, Denys Page and Ulrich von Wilamowitz- Moellendorf have questioned this attribution. Philologists generally consider the poem a folk song, attributable to no specific author. However, some classicists still attribute the poem to Sappho.
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Ivan Mortimer Linforth (15 September 1879, San Francisco – 15 December 1976, Berkeley, California) was an American scholar, Professor of Greek at University of California, Berkeley. According to the Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists he was "one of the great Hellenists of his time".Ward W. Briggs, Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists (1994), article pp. 362-3. He is best known for his book The Arts of Orpheus (1941).
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Frederick Hammersley (January 5, 1919 – May 31, 2009) was an American abstract painter. His participation in the 1959 Four Abstract Classicists exhibit secured his place in art history.
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He also restricted his tragedies by the classical unities, derived by the classicists from Aristotle's Poetics: the unities of place, time, and action (one scene location, 24 hours, and consistent actions respectively).
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Frazelia Campbell (March 18, 1849 – October 5, 1930) was an American classicist and teacher. She featured in the "Black Classicists" travelling exhibition celebrating the achievements of African Americans working in Classical education.
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Some authors call him, inaccurately, Strato. Some scholars believed the comic poets Strato and Strattis to be the same person, but this idea is now considered by most classicists as to be incorrect.
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Among classicists, Lewis and Short has been largely superseded by the Oxford Latin Dictionary, called the OLD for short. Lewis and Short incorporated material from existing Latin dictionaries; the OLD, by contrast, started from scratch, following procedures similar to those of the well-regarded Oxford English Dictionary. Thanks to the increased availability of modern editions, the OLD editors had access to a larger variety of classical works. Although classicists still consult Lewis and Short, they tend to prefer the OLD.
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Classical Studies in Honor of Charles Forster Smith. Madison, 1919 Ward W. Briggs: Smith, Charles Forster. In: Ward W. Briggs (ed.); Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists. Westport, CT/London: Greenwood Press, 1994 , pp. 593f.
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Naxos or Naxus (Ancient Greek: )Suda, under . was a town of ancient Crete, according to the Scholiast (ad Pind. Isth. vi. 107) celebrated for its whetstones. Some classicists have doubted the existence of this city.
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Other colleagues and circle of archaeologists and classicists include Richmond Lattimore, Richard Green, Phyllis Pray Bober, Ingrid Edlund Berry, Theresa Howard Carter, Jess Jeanny Canby, Crawford Hallock Greenewalt, Jr., Adrienne Mayor, Jocelyn Penny Small and Dyfri Williams.
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For example, classicist D. Felton notes that "the Greeks and Romans had many folk-beliefs concerning ghosts", and highlights a variety of instances of the genre in the Classical record. Historically, classicists rarely delved into folklore studies.
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Campbell is one of only two women, along with Helen Maria Chesnutt, to be featured in the 'Black Classicists' exhibition, which celebrates the contributions of African Americans to Classical education in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Trained in the sect of the Classicists, he was shackled by their rules, even when by his naturalistic treatment of types, and appeal to picturesque effect in color and tone, he seemed to run counter to them.
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The Sui dynasty continued the tradition of recruitment through recommendation but modified it in 587 with the requirement for every prefecture to supply three scholars a year. In 599, all capital officials of rank five and above were required to make nominations for consideration in several categories. During the Sui dynasty, examinations for "classicists" (mingjing ke) and "cultivated talents" (xiucai ke) were introduced. Classicists were tested on the Confucian canon, which was considered an easy task at the time, so those who passed were awarded posts in the lower rungs of officialdom.
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Felix Jacoby (; 19 March 1876 – 10 November 1959) was a German classicist and philologist. He is best known among classicists for his highly important work Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, a collection of text fragments of ancient Greek historians.
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Traditionalists defend classical Western civilization and value an education informed by the texts of the Roman and Medieval eras. Similarly, traditionalists are classicists who revere high culture in all of its manifestations (e.g. literature, music, architecture, art and Theatre).
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212–213 His work, written in a special cultural context (where Classiciasm and Romanticism coexisted), took the middle path between two opposing camps: the Romantics (Alecu Russo, Mihail Kogălniceanu and others) and the Classicists (Gheorghe Asachi, Grigore Alexandrescu, George Baronzi etc.).
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The TV series Star Trek: Voyager, in which the titular spacecraft is stranded 70,000 light-years from Earth and encounters numerous hostile and friendly aliens and strange phenomena on its way home, has been described by classicists as a nostos.
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Stearns (1931), p. 67. The German classicists Ivo Bruns and Samuel Brandt set forth an alternative theory that Lucretius did at first write the poem with Memmius in mind, but that his enthusiasm for his patron cooled over time.Bruns (1884).Brandt (1885).
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There he was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, and received a pension from the crown of 2000 pounds. He is mentioned by name in Alexander Pope's satirical Dunciad, in the company of other notable classicists of his day.
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Learned in Greek and Latin authors, and in the Italian trecentisti, he left only a few writings, but they were carefully elaborated in point of style, and his prose was greatly admired in its time. Giordani closes the literary epoch of the classicists.
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The present system probably developed around Miletus in Ionia. 19th-century classicists placed its development in the 3rd century BC, the occasion of its first widespread use.Thompson, Edward M. Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography, p. 114. D. Appleton (New York), 1893.
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Although reception theory originated from Hans Robert Jauss in the late 1960s, Classicists had been about 30 years later to officially adopt the term. Wide-scale acceptance did not occur until 2009, with the launch of Oxford's on-line periodical, the Classical Receptions Journal.
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The classicists were more interested in recreating landscapes from the heroic or mythical past and often set them in the midst of religious or historical events. The classicists focused on lines and clarity in their compositions. It was through Achenbach – Gude's first teacher upon arriving in Düsseldorf – that he was exposed to the romanticist tradition, while it was through his classes with and later time teaching for Schirmer that he was exposed to the classicist traditions. In 1827 Schirmer and Carl Friedrich Lessing founded a Society for Landscape Composition that would meet a few times each year at Schirmer's home where Schirmer would offer advice on the composition of landscape paintings.
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Except for the promotion of the knowledge of Latin and Classical studies, the Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas always has portrayed itself as a platform that offers young classicists from all over the world the opportunity to make contact. In 2008, e.g., 498 students from 16 different countries participated.
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Wright and his contemporaries wrote memorable works which gained international attention for American classicists of this era. Because of his contributions to Maxime Collignon's Manuel d'Archeologie Grecque and the classes he offered at Harvard, White was considered a pioneer in the US in the teaching of classical archaeology.
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This project is a pilot to test the new Digital Latin Library editing platform and has included input from high school to graduate students to serve as a precedent for collaborative editions of classical texts and an example of how one might include text editing in classicists' training.
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Ada Adler Punch published a cartoon by George du Maurier about Agnata Ramsay's examination success. Anna Maria van Schurman by Jan Lievens Madame Dacier by Marie Victoire Jaquotot This is a list of women classicists – female scholars, translators and writers of classical antiquity, especially ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
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385 According to Eugen Lovinescu, Moruzi and Rosetti alike were in a line of great Moldavian raconteurs, alongside Gheorghe Sion.Lovinescu, p. 202 Critic Mariana Conta-Kernbach praises Moruzi's "flowing and somber style", listing him as one of the neo-classicists in succession to his father's revolutionary-and-optimistic generation.Bezviconi, Profiluri..., pp.
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The classicists remember his celebrated Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India and his essays in Indian Antiquary and Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. And yet, Beames remains foremost in his interventions for the survival of the Odia language. He made outstanding contributions for regional formations in Eastern India.
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As a language for full expression in prose or poetry, however, it is often distinguished from its successor, Contemporary Latin. Classicists use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of Latin after the Renaissance as a result of renewed interest in classical civilization in the 14th and 15th centuries.
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Plato Prehistorian (Review). Ancient Philosophy. 12(1). pp. 185-186. It is pointed out Settegast's book is unusual and that the consensus among classicists is Plato's dialogues about Atlantis don't contain a kernel of historical truth and are fiction. On the other hand, the back-cover of Plato Prehistorian (2nd ed.
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Cherniss was a fellow of the British Academy, of the Royal Academy of Arts and Science of Goteborg, of the Academie Royale Flamande de Scis., of the Lettres et Beaux Arts de Belgique.Paul A. Vander Waerdt, in Ward W. Briggs, ed., Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists (American Philological Association), p. 94.
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In 1923, the Bibliotheca Teubneriana published Merrill's scholarly edition of Catullus. His effort was not well received by fellow Classicists, most notably the poet and scholar A. E. Housman, who offered a particularly scathing review. Merrill's student edition of Catullus remained a standard in American classrooms for much of the twentieth century.
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Hyder (1962), p. 85. According to his biographer, "Neither Child nor Kittredge, trained classicists and able linguists, had themselves bothered to undergo the limitations of a Ph. D. degree".Hyder (1962), p. 126. At Harvard, Hyder writes, "the Ph. D. did not become a fetish, though persons like William James in his "Ph.
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Classicists debate the origin of the name Pleiades. It ostensibly derives from the name of their mother, Pleione, effectively meaning "daughters of Pleione". However, the name of the star- cluster likely came first, and Pleione was invented to explain it.Robin Hard, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 518.
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After Caverno's death her family and her students established the Julia Harwood Caverno Prize for excellence in Greek, which has a prize fund today of $2000. The study room for classicists in Smith College's Neilson Library is known as the Caverno Room. The Julia Harwood Caverno Papers are held at Smith College.
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In 1815 he went to live in Warsaw and joined the circle of classicists. In 1818 he moved to Krzemieniec, where he took up the position of professor in the Krzemieniec Lyceum, where he subsequently became the headmaster. In 1819 he was granted honorary membership of Vilna University. He died in Krzemieniec.
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Some later classicists argue that the poetic nature of Homer's language works against the very arguments Havelock makes about the intellectual nature of oral poetry. What he asserts as a definitive use of language can never be conclusively demonstrated not to be an accident of "metrical convenience."Halverson 157 Homerists, like Platonists, found the book to be less than useful for the precise work of their own discipline; many classicists rejected outright Havelock's essential thesis that oral culture predominated through the 5th century.Robert B. Hoerber complains in a review of the book of Havelock's "rapid dismissal" of the evidence of earlier writing, and feels that "the present work will meet with even less acceptance than the author's previous volume" (Classical Philology 59.1 [1964], 74).
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The WCC organises monthly remote Wikipedia editing sessions in order to continue to reverse the gender skew online and to mobilise change through digital tools as well as providing a positive example for others. Occasional group editing sessions are organised to bring people together to edit to improve the representation of women classicists on Wikipedia, often with training sessions delivered by trainers from the Wikimedia foundation. By June 2017, the WCC had added thirty-nine articles on female classicists to Wikipedia. In 2018, the WCC wrote to the organisers of the 2019 Fédération internationale des associations d'études classiques and Classical Association joint conference, criticizing their discouragement of proposals for all-female as well as all-male panels (also known as 'manels').
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The Boston Classicists were first referred to as a "school" in the second edition of Gilbert Chase's America’s Music (1966).Not in the first edition (1955). > We must attempt to define the prevailing New England attitude toward musical > art, that is to say, the attitude that dominated the musical thinking of > those New England composers who, in the final decade of the nineteenth > century and the first of the twentieth, succeeded in forming a rather > impressive school variously known as the “Boston Classicists” or the “New > England Academicians.” It might be denied that they formed a “school” in the > strictest sense of the term.... I think it can be shown that it stemmed from > a fairly homogeneous cultural and aesthetical background.
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Most of them had extremely artistic exterior and interior designs. There were many classicists, many romantic, many eclectic, and some Art Nouveau style. Several of them were designed to be monumental in size to show the greatness and richness of Judaism – similar to contemporary Christian churches. However, during World War II, several synagogues were destroyed or significantly damaged.
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Key dates: 1750-1880 A nineteenth-century French art style and movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque. It sought to revive the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art. Neoclassic artists used classical forms to express their ideas about courage, sacrifice, and love of country. David and Canova are examples of neo-classicists.
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Corrida Wild Horse Drobychevskaja works in a variety of media, including pastel, acrylics and oils. She prefers horses as a subject, which are valued by classicists of Spanish horses. She also paints other subjects, for instance, female nudes. Animals are often used in the artworks of Drobychevskaja, for example in the works Corrida and Wild Horse.
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Classical criminology stresses that the causes of crime lie within individual offenders, rather than in their external environment. For classicists, offenders are motivated by rational self-interest, and the importance of free will and personal responsibility is emphasized. Rational choice theory is the clearest example of that idea. Delinquency is one of the major factors motivated by rational choice.
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Among its most prominent members are well-known classicists from all over the world, like Prof. Michael von Albrecht or Prof. . The ALF held its first international conference in Rome in 1966 bringing together about 500 participants. From then on conferences have taken place every four or five years, in Bucharest, Malta, Dakar, Erfurt, Berlin, Madrid, and many other places.
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Grant Showerman was born in Brookfield, Wisconsin in 1870."Showerman, Grant," Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. He was educated at Carroll College and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he worked as instructor in Latin (1900–1909), and from 1909 until his death as professor of classics."Showerman, Grant 1870 - 1935," Dictionary of Wisconsin History.
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John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy: Section B: Note on the Sources . and therefore we ascribe the original Placita to Aetius. Diels claimed that Aetius himself was merely abridging a work which Diels (1879) called Oldest Tenets or, in Latin, Vetusta Placita. Unlike Aetius, whose existence is attested by Theodoret, the Vetusta Placita is Diels' invention and is generally disregarded by modern classicists, e.g.
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The charity currently has 12 trustees and 47 volunteers. Trustees include Geoffrey John De Jager and Sir Rupert Jackson. It has twenty honorary patrons, including some of the most visible and senior classicists in the discipline such as Mary Beard and Bettany Hughes, and authors, playwrights, actors and politicians such as Joanna Lumley, Ian Hislop, Tom Stoppard and Michael Fallon.
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In 1675, the site of Abydos was first identified, and was subsequently visited by numerous classicists and travellers, such as Robert Wood, Richard Chandler, and Lord Byron.Gunter (2015), p. 1 The city's acropolis is known in Turkish as Mal Tepe. Following the city's abandonment, the ruins of Abydos were scavenged for building materials from the 14th to the 19th century,Leveniotis (2017), p.
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Ioannis Kakridis () (17 November 1901 – 20 March 1992) was a Greek classical scholar. He was born in Athens in 1901 and received his PhD at the University of Athens. He went on to become a professor at the universities of Athens, Thessaloniki, Tübingen, Stockholm, Lund and Uppsala. Kakridis was a Homer scholar and one of the most important classicists of twentieth-century Greece.
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The kobalos is related to two other Greek sprites: the kabeiroi (pygmies with large phalluses) and the kerkopes. The kobalos and kabeiroi came to be equated. Nineteenth Century classicists proposed that other European sprites may derive from belief in kobaloi. This includes spirits such as the Northern English boggart, Scottish bogle, French goblin, Medieval gobelinus, German kobold, and English Puck.
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Celts (also known as Belgae and Gauls) invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd century BC. When Julius Caesar invaded Gaul (58-50 BC), there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation of Normandy was achieved by the usual methods: Roman roads and a policy of urbanisation. Classicists mention many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy.
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Although it was inspired by the Epicurean poem De rerum natura by Lucretius (pictured), the Astronomica embraces Stoicism. Manilius frequently imitates Lucretius, who wrote the didactic poem De rerum natura. Some classicists have suggested that Manilius may have sought to emulate Lucretius by writing six books, but evidence for this hypothesis is scarce, and it remains mostly speculative.Volk (2009), p.
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Hirst was born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, in 1869. Her father, Alfred, was a prosperous wool- stapler, and her mother, Mary Wrigley Hirst, was first cousin to H. H. Asquith, British Liberal MP and Prime Minister from 1908-1916.William M. Calder III, ‘’Gertrude Hirst (1869-1962),” The Classical World Vol. 90, No. 2/3, Six Women Classicists (November 1996 - February 1997), pp.
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His publications include Masterpieces in Latin Literature (Boston, 1903), an edition of Selections from Ovid (New York, 1905), and an edition of the Phormio of Terence (Chicago, 1908), as well as Survivals of Roman Religion (1931).W.W. Briggs, Jr., ed., Biographical Dictionary of American Classicists (American Philological Association, 1994), 335-36 The Gordon J. Laing Award from the University of Chicago Press is named in his honor.
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In this document he explains the most important eleven rules which he believes classicist painters should be careful to observe. Although the Classicists did not swear by such rules, these were nevertheless always tightly observed. Almost all of these rules are taken from Karel van Mander's own Mannerist Schilder-boeck, in which history painting was presented as the highest of the hierarchy of genres.
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In the beginning, many classicists were suspicious of the project, due to fears of depriving Villa Lante of its funding. The institute began its operations in 1984, with Paavo Castrén as its director. In the beginning, the institute was situated in a modest residence, in the director's apartment in Makrygianni district. The Finns received a lot of help with practicalities from the Swedish Institute at Athens.
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Brasenose was frequently represented as boasting no academic prowess at all.Crook (2008). p. 312. Three of the ten fellows were set aside for non-classicists; a Junior Common Room (JCR) was created in 1887; in 1897 the library was opened up to undergraduates; in 1899, Fellows were granted a right to sabbatical leave. The fellows themselves were increasingly secular; only four of fourteen fellows were clergy.
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Smithson became famous for her natural presentation of characters, striking pantomime, and beauty. She introduced the French to natural English theatrical techniques that allowed her to become her characters instead of simply portraying them. The new acting style, emphasizing drama and truth, which appealed to the French Romantics, prevailed over traditional French Classicists' idea of great acting. Soon, many French actresses started to imitate her methodology.
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Morris Hicky Morgan (1859–1910) was professor of classical philology at Harvard University. Although he did not receive a classical schooling in the Harvard Graduate School, Morgan was immediately after his graduation appointed to the teaching staff. After the death of Frederic D. Allen in 1899 he succeeded to the chair of classical philology. He was praised by his fellow classicists as an interpreter of Vitruvius.
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Peter John Rhodes. A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia (Oxford University Press), 1981, 1993: introduction, pp. 2–5. The treatise revealed a massive quantity of reliable information about historical periods that classicists previously had very little knowledge of. Two modern historians even went so far as to state that "the discovery of this treatise constitutes almost a new epoch in Greek historical study."J.
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Morton Smith (May 28, 1915 – July 11, 1991)Neusner, Jacob, Christianity, Judaism, and other Greco-Roman Cults. Part 1: New Testament, ed. J. Neusner, Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty, vol 1, New Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975), p. ix.Calder III, William M. “Smith, Morton”, in Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists, Ward W. Briggs, Jr., (ed.) (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), p. 600.
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In this sense, Virgil Thomson proclaimed himself to be "most easily-labeled practitioner [of Neo-Romanticism] in America," : > Neo-Romanticism involves rounded melodic material (the neo-Classicists > affected angular themes) and the frank expression of personal sentiments. . > . . That position is an esthetic one purely, because technically we are > eclectic. Our contribution to contemporary esthetics has been to pose the > problems of sincerity in a new way.
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In the 1960s and 1970s, Lundeberg continued her journey through abstraction, exploring imagery associated with landscapes, interiors, still life, planetary forms and intuitive compositions. She often revisited compositions or themes in various palettes. In the 1980s, Lundeberg created a series of paintings that deal with landscapes and architectural elements. Her love of the 15th Century Italian Classicists is reflected in many of these works.
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Capital of Monument of Agonothetes The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora. It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the Austrian occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924–1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the Second World War.
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Classicists were tested by being presented phrases from the classic texts. Then they had to write the whole paragraph to complete the phrase. If the examinee was able to correctly answer five of ten questions, they passed. This was considered such an easy task that a 30-year-old candidate was said to be old for a classicist examinee, but young to be a jinshi.
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They found it in the zeal of like-minded classicists of the other nations of Europe, who hastened to found the initial foreign archaeological schools. These now semi-legendary archaeologists and schools dominated the culture scene, excavating places such as Delphi, Olympia, Mycenae, Knossos, and Troy in Turkey. There was little restriction on the removal of antiquities from the country, or on their private ownership. Permits were relatively easy to obtain.
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Gaertner, 2007, p.10. his work continued to serve as a literary influence on Latin writers who also experienced exile, from Seneca to Boethius. It was also a central point of reference for mediaeval imaginings of exile, as it was for Romantic portrayals of misunderstood genius. In modern times, classicists have questioned whether the exile was merely a farce, a misrepresentation by Ovid, or a rhetorical and literary device.
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Wahbi al-Hariri-Rifai (1914 – 16 August 1994) was a Syrian American artist who has often been called "the last of the classicists". As an artist he was remarkably prolific in the last years of his life despite a protracted and painful struggle with terminal cancer. He was also an accomplished architect, archaeologist, and author. His artwork has garnered international recognition and praise both in his lifetime and posthumously.
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Moudarres studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris for three years in the early 1970s, and honed his technical and compositional skills before returning to Syria to teach at the University of Damascus an opportunity that allowed him to interact with other young Syrian artists. During this time, he was mentored by Syrian artist Wahbi Al-Hariri, "The Last of the Classicists," with whom he would remain friends.
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Dee Clayman, Timon of Phlius 2009 pp 174-176The epigrams are more widely respected, and several have been incorporated into the Greek Anthology. According to Quintilian (10.1.58) he was the chief of the elegiac poets; his elegies were highly esteemed by the Romans (see Neoterics), and imitated by Ovid, Catullus, and especially Sextus Propertius. Many modern classicists hold Callimachus in high regard for his major influence on Latin poetry.
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The date of the poem is a matter of serious disagreement among classicists. In the middle of the 8th century BCE, the inhabitants of Greece began to adopt a modified version of the Phoenician alphabet to write down their own language. The Homeric poems may have been one of the earliest products of that literacy, and if so, would have been composed some time in the late 8th century.Wilson, Emily (2018).
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Essentially color serves him as a means of defining and regulating a form's relative importance in the composition. Each painting represents the outcome of a process of refinement." A touring exhibition "Birth of the Cool: California Art, Design and Culture at Midcentury" featured the abstract classicists. New York Times art critic Ken Johnson wrote in his 2008 review of the show at the Addison Gallery of American Art: "Mr.
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It was reported that the two sides, the "Classicists" and "Romanticists", both full of passion, met as on a field of battle. There was a lot of clamor in the theatre at each performance, even some fist fights. The newer Romantic movement carried the day, and French playwrights no longer had to confine their plays to one location, and have all of the action packed into one day.Simpson, Edwin.
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When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century BC, some people distinguished two forms: written as the literary post-classical form (which should not be confused with Atticism), and vernacular as the day-to-day vernacular. Others chose to refer to Koine as "the dialect of Alexandria" or "Alexandrian dialect" (), or even the universal dialect of its time. Modern classicists have often used the former sense.
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He returned to Germany in 1956 and died in Berlin in 1959. He is best known among classicists for his highly important work Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, a collection of text fragments of ancient Greek historians. Also significant is his long entry in the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft on the Greek historian Herodotus; written in 1913, this article established many of the questions that would come to dominate modern Herodotean scholarship.
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In 1872, he was appointed architect and over the next five years produced what Crook describes as a "full-blown scheme of early Renaissance decoration" for the interior which he intended would eclipse that of St Peter's in Rome. However, as Crook writes, his plans were "rather too creative for most Classicists" and these artistic, and linked religious, controversies led to Burges's dismissal in 1877 with none of his plans undertaken.
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Page 33. Soon after, this theory began to be adopted by other classicists in France and Germany, such as Ernst Kroker, Fr. Lenormant and M.J. Menant, who further brought in the idea that the ancient peoples of Anatolia and Mesopotamia had influenced the Greek religion, and that therefore they also had once venerated a great goddess.Hutton, Ronald (1999). The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft.
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In 1944 in his capacity as a professor emeritus at Missouri and at age 80, he completed the translation of Homer's Iliad in the English equivalent of the Greek poet's original dactylic hexameter. It was the first such work ever published. Begun by Tulane colleague William Benjamin Smith this work was hailed as a "triumph of ingenuity." Five years later Miller died in Columbia, Missouri, one of the last of his generation of U.S classicists.
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The first is of Doric order, in ashlar, with royal shield, and another with the arms of the founder. The second has two bodies: the lower one, with a half-point span framed by four pilasters in Doric order, and on which is seen a shield with arms of the Cardinal Silíceo. Both portals are Baroque classicists. In the place of the old main hall, there is now the church-chapel of the college.
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The Women's Classical Caucus, Inc. (WCC) is an affiliate of the American Philological Association, the organization for North American scholars and teachers of Greek and Latin language, literature, and culture (known as "classicists"), Greek and Roman historians, and scholars of ancient philosophy, science, material culture, papyrology, epigraphy, and other fields. The WCC also maintains liaisons with the American Institute of Archaeology and with the Lambda Classical Caucus, formerly the Lesbian and Gay Classical Caucus.
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It also strives to advance the goals of equality and diversity within the profession of Classics, to foster supportive professional relationships among classicists concerned with questions of gender, and to forge links with feminist scholars in other disciplines. The WCC also publishes Cloelia, an annual newsletter. Its Steering Committee meets each year at the APA Annual Meeting, when the group also hosts get-togethers for graduate students and a Business Meeting open to all members.
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The Colloquium Balticum is a conference series of Northern European classicists who study Greek and Latin antiquity and its reception mainly in the Baltic region. The conferences are organized annually by the members of the Baltic Network of Classical Scholars. As of 2007, the network includes University of Greifswald and University of Marburg (Germany), University of Lund (Sweden), University of Latvia, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Vilnius (Lithuania), and Saint Petersburg State University (Russia).
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Some classicists and philologists of the era cite the work as an example of late antiquity's "poverty of ideas". In 1849, William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology called the poem "trash" worthy of "no praise",Smith (1849), p. 134. and in 1911, P. Lejay of The Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that "the action of the poem is constrained and unequal, the manner absurd, [and] the diction frequently either obscure or improper".
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Fragmentary boustrophedon inscription (code of law) in the agora of Gortyna. Inheritance regulations, fragment of the 11th column of the Law Code of Gortyna, Louvre. Among archaeologists, ancient historians, and classicists Gortyn is known today primarily because of the 1884 discovery of the Gortyn Code which is both the oldest and most complete known example of a code of ancient Greek law.Ι.Α. Typaldos - Interpretation of the Gortyn inscription discovered at 1884 (Athens 1887)Marg.
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The classicist Natalie Haynes notes that Zuckerberg "is a classicist with a strong Internet pedigree". Zuckerberg is the founder and editor-in-chief of the online journal Eidolon, which publishes texts about classics that are not formal scholarship. Its authors are well-established classicists as well as new experts in the field. Aside from Eidolon, Zuckerberg's work has been published in numerous popular publications, including the Times Literary Supplement, Jezebel, The Establishment, and Avidly.
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The book has been generally well received. Natalie Haynes, Samuel Argyle, and Sarah Bond reviewed it positively, concurring with Zuckerberg's conclusions. In particular, Sarah Bond locates Zuckerberg within "a new generation of classicists, archaeologists, and premodern historians [who] have begun to realize that an insulated approach to scholarship is itself a form of privileged monasticism that we can no longer retreat to". Bond sees the work as shedding light into the crevices of the internet.
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An Italian shepherd boy (1856) In 1855, Vermehren traveled with the Academy's support for two years via Cologne, Antwerp, Brussels, and Switzerland to Italy (Cervera, Gerano, Florence, Venice and Rome). In Italy, he painted interiors, street scenes, landscapes and figure studies. Vermehren also spent a short time in Paris where A Sheepherder from Jutland on the Prairie was exhibited. He came to admire the work of the French classicists, particularly Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier.
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During his career, Mynors gained a reputation as one of the leading Latinists of his generation. His chief interest lay in palaeography, the study of pre-modern manuscripts. He has been credited with unravelling a number of highly complex manuscript relationships in his catalogues of the Balliol and Durham Cathedral libraries. Mynors has been described as a distinguished editor of Latin texts by fellow Classicists, an activity aided by his mastery of palaeography.
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Thus, he became an important middleman between Italian Latinists and British classicists in the eighties. He kept close ties in particular with Gian Biagio Conte and Alessandro Barchiesi and the Italian peridiocal Materiali e discussioni per l'analisi dei testi classici. Fowler also was on the editorial boards of further periodicals (amongst others Journal of Roman Studies and Arachnion). Fowler married classicist Peta Fowler (née Moon) in 1977 and they had a daughter, Sophia.
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April 2013 suggests that a small ship with this type of seating arrangement would have been called a hemiolia, or a one-and-a-halfer. The name indicates that two oarsmen would have been seated on half of the benches and one on the others. Until this ship model was discovered, archaeologists, classicists, and historians had only been able to hypothesize on what the seating arrangement might have been like on a hemiolia based on its name.
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He admired Bernard Buffet, a young artist who was then enjoying a social and artistic success in Paris. “…By the way, Buffet is head and shoulders above everyone else. His exhibition was very impressive and he already has a following.” Another artist mentioned by Gat was Chaim Soutine. “Soutine, in terms of stature, is fit to stand side by side with the great classicists…Mourjansky has promised me to Katia Granoff so that I can view fifteen Soutines.
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This school steered a middle way between classicists such as Auguste Couder and romantics such as Eugène Delacroix. In 1827 Vinchon was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honor. After the July Revolution, on 30 September 1830 François Guizot, the Minister of the Interior, initiated three competitions for paintings for the meeting room of the new chamber of deputies. Each of the paintings was to represent the duties of the deputy to resist tyranny and resist sedition.
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1–2, 12 Its trade relied on mass sales of cheap Bibles, and its Delegates were typified by Gaisford or Martin Routh. They were long-serving classicists, presiding over a learned business that printed 5 or 10 titles each year, such as Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon (1843), and they displayed little or no desire to expand its trade.Sutcliffe pp. 2–4 Steam power for printing must have seemed an unsettling departure in the 1830s.
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P contains all the extant plays of Euripides, L is missing The Trojan Women and latter part of The Bacchae. In addition to L, P, and many other medieval manuscripts, there are fragments of plays on papyrus. These papyrus fragments are often recovered only with modern technology. In June 2005, for example, classicists at the University of Oxford worked on a joint project with Brigham Young University, using multi-spectral imaging technology to retrieve previously illegible writing (see References).
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The Ode to Aphrodite is strongly influenced by Homeric epic. Ruby Blondell argues that the whole poem is a parody and reworking of the scene in book five of the Iliad between Aphrodite, Athena, and Diomedes. Sappho's Homeric influence is especially clear in the third stanza of the poem, where Aphrodite's descent to the mortal world is marked by "a virtual invasion of Homeric words and phrases". Classicists disagree about whether the poem was intended as a serious piece.
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Beatriz Parra (2017) She earned several first places in vocal competitions in Barcelona and Santiago de Compostela. In 1975 she received the award "Conchita Badía" in Santiago de Compostela. For fifteen years she was a prima donna and soloist with the Colombia Opera Theater, where her repertoire included verismo such as Verdi and Puccini, romanticists such as Donizetti and classicists such as Mozart. She performed the role of Michaela in Carmen for the Bolshoi Opera House .
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An international network of classicists was being tentatively assembled just before the Second World War. In 1948, Juliette Ernst and Jules Marouzeau (from L'Année philologique) fond support in UNESCO, in Paris, which offered funding and logistical support from organizations such as the International Academic Union or the International Council of Philosophy and Human Sciences (ICPHS). The founding assembly was held on 28 and 29 September 1948 at Unesco. The first president was classical philologist Danish Carsten Høeg.
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Motteux used the phrase in the sense of "one chosen among many," rather than its common later connotation.Arnold, pp. 288-92. (Classicists have attempted to trace possible sources for the motto, ranging from Vergil to Aristotle to Horace to Cicero to St. Augustine.)Baldwin, p. 52. Motteux published early arguments in favor of the equality of the sexes; he re-titled the October 1693 issue of the Journal "The Lady's Journal," and devoted it to articles by and about women.
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Then, in 1904, she enrolled at the Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität, Berlin, studying Plato. She had classes with great classicists such as Ernst Cassirer, Otto Hirschfeld, Eduard Meyer and Friedrich Paulsen. However, her great mentor was Ulrich von Wilamowitz- Moellendorff, who between 1904 and 1914 offered several lectures and seminars on Plato and inspired her to produce her dissertation under his supervision, with Hermann Diels as second reader.Calder, W. M. Eva Sachs on Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff., Illinois Classical Studies, 1988, p. 205.
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Cotterill was born in Ampton in 1812 into an ecclesiastical family of committed Church Evangelicals. His father, Joseph Cotterill (1780 – 1858), was Rector of Blakeney, Norfolk, and a prebendary of Norwich Cathedral. His mother, Anne Boak, was a close friend of Hannah More. Educated at his father's old college, St John's College, Cambridge, he was both Senior Wrangler and headed the list of Classicists in 1835, on the strength of which he was elected as a Fellow of his college.
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The publication of the Cologne papyri in 2004, making the Tithonus poem almost complete, drew international attention from both scholars and the popular press. The discovery was covered in newspapers in the US and the UK, as well as online. The Daily Telegraph described the discovery as "the rarest of gifts", while Marylin Skinner said that the discovery was the find of a lifetime for classicists. Since the discovery, there has been a significant amount of scholarship on the poem.
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Notable faculty include Woodrow Wilson, chemists Arthur C. Cope and Louis Fieser, Arthur Lindo Patterson of the Patterson function, Edmund Beecher Wilson, philologists Catherine Conybeare, Grace Frank and Louise Holland, archaeologist Leicester Bodine Holland, Thomas Hunt Morgan, historian Caroline Robbins, mathematicians Emmy Noether and Lillian Rosanoff Lieber, classicists Richmond Lattimore, Tenney Frank and Lily Ross Taylor, the Spanish philosopher José Ferrater Mora, Germanic philologist Agathe Lasch, Classical philologist Wilmer Cave Wright, Hispanist and medievalist Georgiana Goddard King, and the poet Karl Kirchwey.
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The Second New England School or New England Classicists (sometimes specifically the Boston Six) is a name given by music historians to a group of classical-music composers who lived during the late-19th and early-20th centuries in New England. More specifically, they were based in and around Boston, Massachusetts, then an emerging musical center. The Second New England School is viewed by musicologists as pivotal in the development of an American classical idiom that stands apart from its European ancestors.
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"Skyscraper Lamp" designed by Arnaldo dell'Ira, 1929 "Piazza d'Italia", 1934 Hall for the Department of Communications, 1932 Arnaldo Dell'Ira (21 March 1903 – January 1943) was an Italian architect. He was hired as a draftsman in the main architectural firms of his time, both in Rome and Florence, and with his work well represents the Italian architectural culture during the interwar period in all its components, reflecting the contrasting formal trends (first secessionists, futurists and Art Deco, later rationalists and classicists).
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Libyan literature has its roots in antiquity, but contemporary writing from Libya draws on a variety of influences. Libyan poet Khaled Mattawa remarks: :"Against claims that Libya has a limited body of literature, classicists may be quick to note that ancient Greek lyric poet Callimachus and the exquisite prose stylist Sinesius were Libyan. But students of Libyan history and literature will note that a vast time gap between those ancient luminaries and the writers of today. [...] Libya has historically made a limited contribution to Arabian literature".
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However, he also wanted to protect the "learned" schools, which taught classical subjects, from too much influence from natural sciences and modern languages. A public polemic ensued between "classicists" and "realists"; Herman Foss and Anton Martin Schweigaard adhered to the latter. Among Bugge's supporters were professor and later principal of Christiania Cathedral School Ludvig Vibe. Although the classical subjects declined and never recovered, Bugge all in all became known as one of the "grand school strategists in 19th-century Norway", together with Ole Vig and Hartvig Nissen.
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Elinor Dashwood is a fictional character and the protagonist of Jane Austen's 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility. In this novel, Austen analyses the conflict between the opposing temperaments of sense (logic, propriety, and thoughtfulness, as expressed in Austen's time by neo-classicists), and sensibility (emotion, passion, unthinking action, as expressed in Austen's time by romantics). In this conflict, Elinor, a reserved, practical, and thoughtful young woman who embodies the "sense" of the title, is juxtaposed to her flighty younger sister Marianne who embodies "sensibility".
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The WCC held its launch event, 'Women in Classics: Past, Present and Future', at the Institute of Classical Studies on 11 April 2016. The WCC held its 2017 annual general meeting on 20 April 2017 at the Ioannou Centre, University of Oxford. The theme was 'Diversity in Classics'. The second WCC AGM was held at the Institute of Classical Studies again in April 2018, on the theme of activism with feminist classicists Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz and Donna Zuckerberg (editor of online magazine Eidolon) as guest speakers.
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Baker founded an Atlanta-based firm, William T. Baker & Associates, in 1985. He received the prestigious Arthur Ross Award for Architecture in New York City in 1993.Arthur Ross Award William T. Baker holds professional memberships in The Institute of Classical Architecture & Classical America (ICA), the American Institute of Building Designers (AIBD), and the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism (INTBAU). Baker is also the author of New Classicists, a book for architectural students and home design aficionados in the United States and Asia.
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The classicist examination (mingjing ke) originated as a category for recruitment by local authorities to the appointment of state offices. The term was created during the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu of Han for candidates eligible for official appointment or for enrolment in the Taixue. Classicists were expected to be familiar with the Confucian canon and the Taoist text Laozi. The classicist category fell out of use under Cao Wei and the Jin dynasty but was revived during the Southern Dynasties for filling places in the Taixue.
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When Hartlaub defined the idea of the Neue Sachlichkeit, he identified two groups: the verists, who “[tore] the objective form of the world of contemporary facts and represent current experience in its tempo and fevered temperature,” and the classicists, who “[searched] more for the object of timeless ability to embody the external laws of existence in the artistic sphere.” Although Roh originally meant the term 'Magic Realism' to be more or less synonymous with Neue Sachlichkeit, the artists identified by Hartlaub as 'classicists' later became associated with Roh's term. These 'Magic Realists' were all influenced by the classicism developed in Italy by the Novecento, and in turn by de Chirico's concept of metaphysical art, which had also branched into surrealism. Art critic Wieland Schmeid in 1977 posited that despite the fact that the terms were meant to refer to the same thing, the understanding of them as different groups derives from the fact that the movement had a right and left wing, with the Magic Realists on the right -- many later supporting fascism or accommodating to it-- and the verists we associate as the Neue Sachlichkeit on the left -- fighting against fascism.
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The Greeks and Romans knew of silk long before they understood its origin from silkworms, making sēr () a backformation. Other forms of the name include Serica Regio.. Flavius Josephus, in his book Antiquities of the Jews, book 1, paragraph 147, call that region "Σηρια", that in Latin letters is "Seria". Some classicists have argued that it was extremely improbable that a nation would be named after an insect. Lassen claimed to have identified references to the Seres in Hindu scripture, as the "Çaka [Sakas], Tukhâra [Bactria], and Kanka [Kangju]"..
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His widowed mother, born in Kotor (today Montenegro), who ran a bakery on the edge of the Sahara, educated her child on the basis of Roman Catholic tenets. Giuseppe Ungaretti's formal education began in French, at Alexandria's Swiss School. It was there that he became acquainted with Parnassianism and Symbolist poetry, in particular with Gabriele d'Annunzio, Charles Baudelaire, Jules Laforgue, Stéphane Mallarmé and Arthur Rimbaud. He also became familiar with works of the Classicists Giacomo Leopardi and Giosuè Carducci, as well as with the writings of maverick author Giovanni Pascoli.
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The Massacre at Chios by Eugène Delacroix reflects the attitudes of French Philhellenism. Philhellenism ("the love of Greek culture") and philhellene ("the admirer of Greeks and everything Greek"), from the Greek philos "friend, lover" and hellênismos "Greek", was an intellectual movement prominent mostly at the turn of the 19th century. It contributed to the sentiments that led Europeans such as Lord Byron or Charles Nicolas Fabvier to advocate for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire. The later 19th-century European philhellenism was largely to be found among the Classicists.
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Since the classicists of the early 20th century, biblical archaeologists often identify the place-name Tarshish in the Hebrew Bible with Tartessos, though others connect Tarshish to Tarsus in Anatolia or other places as far as India. (See entry for Jonah in the Jewish Encyclopedia.) Tarshish, like Tartessos, is associated with extensive mineral wealth (Iberian Pyrite Belt). In 1922, Adolf Schulten gave currency to a view of Tartessos that made it the Western, and wholly European source of the legend of Atlantis.A. Schulten, Ein Beitrage zur ältestens Geschichte des Westens (Hamburg 1922).
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According to social anthropologist Jack Goody, there are two interpretations that regard the origin of the alphabet. Many classical scholars, such as historian Ignace Gelb, credit the Ancient Greeks for creating the first alphabetic system (c. 750 BCE) that used distinctive signs for consonants and vowels. But Goody contests, "The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific vowel signs to the set of consonantal ones that had been developed earlier in Western Asia".Goody, Jack (1987).
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During the Age of Radhanath the literary world was divided between the classicists, led by the magazine The Indradhanu, and the modernists, led by the magazine The Bijuli. Gopabandhu Das (1877–1928) was a great balancer and realized that a nation, as well as its literature, lives by its traditions. He believed that a modern national superstructure could only endure if based on solid historical foundations. He wrote a satirical poem in The Indradhanu, which led to punishment by the Inspector of Schools, but he refused to apologise.
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Contesting some of Whitmore's claims, Hutton then criticises Whitmore's final chapter, which he calls a "meanspirited" collection of "every criticism that he has been able to find of anything that I have written."Hutton 2010. p. 257. He went on to challenge Whitmore on this, asking why his work in Triumph of the Moon had not been criticised by "leading figures of British and American Paganism" and by "professional historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, classicists, and literary experts" if it had been as flawed as Whitmore claims.Hutton 2010. p. 258.
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Multi Triangles (Untitled # 26) by Karl Benjamin, 1969, Honolulu Museum of Art Karl Benjamin: "Orange, Red, Umber" 1958, 52 x 36 inches. ©Benjamin Artworks, reproduced by permission. Benjamin had early success in Southern California, showing his work in museums and community galleries, but the event that put his work under a national spotlight and gave him a lasting label was "Four Abstract Classicists". Also featuring the work of Lorser Feitelson, John McLaughlin and Frederick Hammersley, the 1959-60 exhibition was viewed as Los Angeles' answer to Abstract Expressionism.
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Lorser Feitelson (1898–1978) was an artist known as one of the founding fathers of Southern California-based hard-edge painting. Born in Savannah, Georgia, Feitelson was raised in New York City, where his family relocated shortly after his birth. His rise to prominence occurred after he moved to California in 1927. Feitelson, along with his peers Karl Benjamin, Frederick Hammersley and John McLaughlin, was featured in the landmark 1959 exhibition Four Abstract Classicists at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and later at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
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Thucydides undoubtedly heard some of these speeches himself while for others he relied on eyewitness accounts. These speeches are suspect in the eyes of Classicists, however, inasmuch as it is not clear to what degree Thucydides altered these speeches in order to elucidate better the crux of the argument presented. Some of the speeches are probably fabricated according to his expectations of, as he puts it, "what was called for in each situation" (1.22.1).Donald Kagan, "The Speeches in Thucydides and the Mytilene Debate", Yale Classical Studies (1975) 24:71–94.
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Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 3rd ed. p.388-400. The term maenad has come to be associated with a wide variety of women, supernatural, mythological, and historical,Jane Ellen Harrison remarked of the 19th-century (male) classicists, "so persistent is the dislike to commonplace fact, that we are repeatedly told that the maenads are purely mythological creations and that the maenad orgies never appear historically in Greece." Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, 3rd ed. (1922). p.388 associated with the god Dionysus and his worship.
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Some classicists suggest that the fact that he only won a single prize was due to his non-Athenian birth, as the men of Athens were loath to honor any but their own fellow-citizens. Achaeus of Eretria belongs to the classic age, but is not recognized as a classic writer. His satyric plays were much admired for their spirited style, albeit somewhat labored and lacking in clarity. The philosopher Menedemus thought his plays second only to Aeschylus, he was part of the Alexandrian canon, and Didymus wrote a commentary on him.
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Kotoske developed an allergic response after working with plastics for over a decade, and he returned to painting, this time working in a hard edge geometric style. In the 1970s he created three series, titled “Meet Me On the Square,” “Long Island” and “Alhambra.” The compositions in this body of abstract geometric work followed in the tradition of the California Hard Edge Abstract Classicists, as well as that of painter and lifelong friend, Oli Sihvonen. Kotoske continued exploring the issues of color and form in his paintings over the next thirty years.
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The restorers' decision to have the figure look over her back greatly affected subsequent interpretations, to the point that the classicists Mary Beard and J. G. W. Henderson describe it as having "created a 'masterpiece' in place of a fragment". The restored statue's pose draws further attention to the naked buttocks, and gives the figure a distinctly erotic aspect. The restoration recalled in the minds of viewers a story recorded in Athenaeus' Deipnosophists about the founding of a temple of "Aphrodite Kallipygos" in ancient Syracuse, Sicily.Haskell and Penny, p. 317.
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212–213 Like the Classicists, Heliade favored a literature highlighting "types" of characters, as the union of universal traits and particular characteristics, but, like the Romantics, he encouraged writers to write from a subjective viewpoint, which he believed to be indicative of their mission as "prophets, ... men who criticize, who point out their society's plagues and who look on to a happier future, waiting for a savior".Măciucă, p.XXI–XXII Through the latter ideal of moral regeneration, Heliade also complimented the Romantic stress on "national specificity", which he adopted in his later years.Măciucă, p.
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"Epitaph for Cecilia Bulstrode" manuscript, 1609 Jonson's poetry, like his drama, is informed by his classical learning. Some of his better-known poems are close translations of Greek or Roman models; all display the careful attention to form and style that often came naturally to those trained in classics in the humanist manner. Jonson largely avoided the debates about rhyme and meter that had consumed Elizabethan classicists such as Thomas Campion and Gabriel Harvey. Accepting both rhyme and stress, Jonson used them to mimic the classical qualities of simplicity, restraint and precision.
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Bacon was one of a number of classicists employed by the Navy in this field of work, including her Bryn Mawr College professor, Richmond Lattimore. Bacon was known as "Bake" by her colleagues. Following World War II, Bacon returned to graduate studies at Bryn Mawr College and completed her PhD in 1955 with a dissertation entitled "Barbarians in Greek Tragedy", which was published by Yale University Press in 1961. Bacon taught at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, then the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina.
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Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He was one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902 for being "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome", after having been nominated by 18 members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
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Contrary to the cultural tradition in Britain that considered red hair unattractive, the Pre-Raphaelites fetishized red hair. Siddal was portrayed by Rossetti in many paintings that emphasized her flowing red hair. The other Pre-Raphaelites, including Evelyn De Morgan and Frederick Sandys, academic classicists such as Frederic Leighton, and French painters such as Gaston Bussière and the Impressionists, further popularized the association of henna- dyed hair and young bohemian women. Opera singer Adelina Patti is sometimes credited with popularizing the use of henna in Europe in the late nineteenth century.
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Although Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary was widely used in the English world by the end of the nineteenth century, its faults were widely felt among classicists. While Oxford University Press had attempted the creation of a new Latin dictionary as early as 1875, these projects failed. The OLD was spurred by the submission of a report in 1924 by Alexander Souter on the deficiencies of Lewis and Short; he eventually became the dictionary's first editor. The compilation of the more than one million quotations on which the work was based began in 1933.
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The criminal law was not so much a demand of justice, or as Kant would have it, a "categorical imperative," as a state tool for the enforcement of state authority that the state may or may not choose to employ. Liszt accused Binding and his fellow classicists of advocating pointless punishment. (That’s not quite fair, as we just saw, since Binding thought punishment served the purpose of maintaining state authority.) Liszt insisted that punishment, to be legitimate in a modern enlightened state, had to serve some purpose. Punishment could never be an end in itself.
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Albert Heinrichs, 'Nietzsche in Greek Tragedy and the Tragic', in A companion to Greek Tragedy, Justina Gregory (ed.), Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2005), p. 447 But literary figures, such as the poet Robert Browning and his wife Elizabeth Barrett Browning, could study and admire the Schlegels, while still appreciating Euripides as "our Euripides the human" (Wine of Cyprus stanza 12). Classicists such as Arthur Verrall and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff reacted against the views of the Schlegels and Nietzsche, constructing arguments sympathetic to Euripides,L.P.E.Parker, Euripides: Alcestis, Oxford University Press (2007), Introduction pp.
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Garreau 1984, p. 532. Today, it is more remembered for the demonstrations which accompanied the first performance and for being the inspiration for Verdi's opera Ernani than it is for its own merits. Hugo had enlisted the support of fellow Romanticists such as Hector Berlioz and Théophile GautierToday in Literature: Hugo, Hernani, Hero to combat the opposition of Classicists who recognised the play as a direct attack on their values. It is used to describe the magnitude and elegance of Prince Prospero's masquerade in Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Masque of the Red Death".
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Cromwell is a play by Victor Hugo, written in 1827. It was influenced by Hugo's literary circle, which identified itself as Romanticist and chose as a model dramatist Shakespeare instead of the Classicists Jean Racine and Pierre Corneille (who were supported by the French Academy). Due to its length of 6920 verses as well as the logistical problems of recreating Hugo's absurdly large cast of characters, the play remained unperformed until 1956. It tells the story of Oliver Cromwell's internal conflicts in being offered the crown of England.
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Qian had important ties to the local writers and artists in the Jiading and Kunshan area outside modern Shanghai. In one case, he assisted Liu Rushi's fellow courtesan Dong Xiaowan to marry a nobleman by paying off her 3,000 gold taels worth of debt and having her name struck from the musicians register. Preceding this generation of individuals was the prose master Gui Youguang (1507–1571) who opposed the classicists headed by Wang Shizhen (1526–1590). The antagonism to the classicist school would continue throughout the life and writings of Qian Qianyi himself.
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The second generation of Classicists, often trained in philosophy as well (following Heidegger and Derrida, mainly), built on their work, with authors such as Marcel Detienne (now at Johns Hopkins), Nicole Loraux, Medievalist and logician Alain De Libera (Geneva),L'art des Généralités, Paris, 1999. Ciceronian scholar Carlos Lévy (Sorbonne, Paris) and Barbara Cassin (Collége international de philosophie, Paris).Barbara Cassin,L'effet sophistique, Paris, Gallimard, 1995 Sociologist of science Bruno Latour and economist Romain Laufer may also be considered part of, or close to this group. Also French philosophers specialized in Arabic commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric.
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At the time, most students paid little heed to the subject. Cohon believed that the Classicists overemphasized morals and ethics, ignoring the important functions of ceremonial acts, practical observance and Jewish particularism, expressed in such elements as Hebrew prayer. He was deeply influenced by Ahad Ha'am and Mordecai Kaplan, who espoused basically Judaism as a Civilization and not a religious belief, though he never accepted it as such. He was one of the first to criticize the latter for reducing the role of faith to little more than an appendage to culture and folkways.
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During the Tang dynasty, candidates were either recommended by their schools or had to register for exams at their home prefecture. In 693, Wu Zetian expanded the examination system by allowing commoners and gentry previously disqualified by their non-elite backgrounds to take the tests. p. 97 Six categories of regular civil-service examinations were organized by the Department of State Affairs and held by the Ministry of Rites: cultivated talents, classicists, presented scholars, legal experts, writing experts, and arithmetic experts. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang also added categories for Daoism and apprentices.
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Most of the artists of the New Objectivity did not travel widely, and stylistic tendencies were related to geography. While the classicists were based mostly in Munich, the verists worked mainly in Berlin (Grosz, Dix, Schlichter, and Schad); Dresden (Dix, Hans Grundig, Wilhelm Lachnit and others); and Karlsruhe (Karl Hubbuch, Georg Scholz, and Wilhelm Schnarrenberger). In Cologne, a constructivist group was led by Franz Wilhelm Seiwert and Heinrich Hoerle. Also from Cologne was Anton Räderscheidt, who after a brief constructivist phase became influenced by Antonio Donghi and the metaphysical artists.
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He later served as the Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge from 1944 to 1953 and as the Corpus Christi Professor of Latin at Oxford from 1953 to 1970. He died in a car accident on the way to his country residence in 1989. At the time of his death in 1989, Mynors had earned a reputation as one of Britain's foremost classicists. (subscription required) An expert on palaeography, he has been credited with unravelling a number of highly complex manuscript relationships in his catalogues of the Balliol and Durham Cathedral libraries.
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There are some occasions when a knight can be worth more than a bishop, so this exchange is not necessarily made at every opportunity to do so. Many of the Classicists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century claimed that two bishops versus rook and knight were equivalent. While today the view is that a pair of bishops shouldn't be underestimated, but the rook and knight are still superior. A pair of active bishops is frequently adequate compensation for a pawn - or even the exchange in a middlegame position.
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Burgundian scribe Jean Miélot in his scriptorium (15th century) Christian monasteries in Europe are credited with keeping the institution of libraries alive after the fall of the Roman Empire. It is during this time that the first codex (book as opposed to scroll) enters popularity: the parchment codex. Within the monasteries, the role of librarian was often filled by an overseer of the scriptorium where monks would copy out books cover to cover. A monk named Anastasias who took on the title of Bibliothecarius (literally "librarian") following his successful translations of the Greek classicists.
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Carolingian manuscript (8th century), Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium Isidori Hispalensis Opera Omnia (1797) Isidore was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa of universal knowledge, in his most important work, the Etymologiae (taking its title from the method he uncritically used in the transcription of his era's knowledge). It is also known by classicists as the Origines (the standard abbreviation being Orig). This encyclopedia – the first such Christian epitome – formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 volumes.MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates Etymologiae viii.
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Colonel Tiltman states that he had been advised to recruit students with scholarships to study the Classics at Oxford and Cambridge, and for this purpose he approached Dr Alexander Lindsay, the Master of Balliol College, Oxford, and Mr Martin Charlesworth, the President of St John's College, Cambridge.Tiltman, p. 9. In fact, whereas most students studying scientific subjects or modern languages had already been called up for special war service, nobody had yet thought of a use for classicists, so Tiltman could take his pick of the best.Tuck, Bedford Japanese School, p. 20.
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The classicists feared that the dismantling of meter by the decadent Symbolist 'barbarians' would undermine the French language, and thus attack the very foundations of social order. Elasticity, one of Kahn's favorite words used to describe free verse, would become the title of well known Futurist works by Umberto Boccioni, as well as two paintings by Roger de La Fresnaye, a proto- Cubist work and later a cubist work entitled Marie Ressort (ressort meaning elasticity or spring). These paintings, writes Robbins, are an homage to the prose of Jules Laforgue, whose poems concerned the life of his sister Marie.
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Here he mounted his most renowned work, The Builders. This work is the sum total of all the other pieces included in the show. They are a far cry from the works of the first Philippine national artist and most popular painter Fernando Amorsolo and the other classicists who painted bright cheery scenes of flawless Filipinos and their idealized daily routines. Edades, on the other hand, presented figures in muddy earth colors – yellow ochres and raw sienna accented by bold black contours. Subjects are distorted figures (those whose proportions defy classical measure), and Edades’ brush strokes are agitated and harsh.
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The surviving evidence for the content of the unwritten doctrines is thought to derive from this oral teaching. In the middle of the twentieth century, historians of philosophy initiated a wide- ranging project aiming at systematically reconstructing the foundations of the unwritten doctrines. The group of researchers who led this investigation, which became well-known among classicists and historians, came to be called the 'Tübingen School' (in German: Tübinger Platonschule), because some of its leading members were based at the University of Tübingen in southern Germany. On the other hand, numerous scholars had serious reservations about the project or even condemned it altogether.
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Amphiaraus had instructed his son Alcmaeon to avenge him against his mother, and Alcmaeon killed her, either before or after the war of the Epigonoi, depending on the version of the myth. Alcmaeon was then pursued by the Erinyes, similar to the fate of Orestes after killing his mother Clytemnestra. The play was lost for centuries, except for a few fragments, but in April 2005, classicists at Oxford University, employing infrared technology previously used for satellite imaging, discovered additional fragments of it. The fragment translates to the following: :Speaker A: … gobbling the whole, sharpening the flashing iron.
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Lines 96-138 of the Ichneutae on a fragment of Papyrus Oxyrhynchus IX 1174 col. iv-v, which provides the majority of the surviving portion of the play The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (342-291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include Misoumenos, Dis Exapaton, Epitrepontes, Karchedonios, Dyskolos and Kolax. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of Greek theatre.
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Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, p. 88. In subsequent publications, Wicker sought to refine and elaborate the basic environmental unit of ecological psychology, the behavior setting. According to Scott, "Wicker emerged as the individual in this group of researchers [ecological psychologists following Barker] who has taken the theoretical conceptualizations the farthest. Wicker (1987) proposed four extensions of behavior setting theory, now adding considerations of the life cycles of behavior settings, the larger contextual environments of the molar level setting environments, the individuals within the settings (this point brought him into some disagreement with the classicists), and more practical applications of settings".
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Interview Magazine Artnet named Ryden and his wife, the painter Marion Peck, the King and Queen of Pop Surrealism and one of the ten most important art couples in Los Angeles. Ryden's aesthetic is developed from subtle amalgams of many sources, from Ingres, David and other French classicists to Little Golden Books. Ryden also draws his inspiration from anything that will evoke mystery: old toys, anatomical models, stuffed animals, skeletons and religious ephemera found in flea markets. He designed artwork for prominent musicians including Aerosmith's "Love in an Elevator", Michael Jackson's Dangerous (1991) and Red Hot Chili Peppers' One Hot Minute (1995).
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His busts, of which there are more than one hundred, include seventeen colossal heads in the Walhalla, Ratisbon; Goethe, Wieland, and Fichte were modelled from life. Prinzessinengruppe: Schadow's famous statue of Friederica (right), with her sister, Louise Of church monuments and memorial works thirty are enumerated; yet Schadow hardly ranks among Christian sculptors. He is claimed by classicists and idealists: the quadriga on the Brandenburger Tor and the allegorical frieze on the facade of the Royal Mint, both in Berlin, are judged among the happiest studies from the antique. Schadow, as director of the Berlin Academy, had great influence.
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The composers of the Second New England School are considered the artistic ancestors of later "academic" and "conservative" U.S. composers such as Walter Piston, Howard Hanson, Douglas Moore, and Carlisle Floyd.Wilfrid Mellers, Music in a New Found Land (Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 31–5. The Americanist nationalist school of Aaron Copland and Roy Harris has no direct connection except nationality. Some composers who were students of the Boston Classicists, such as Henry F. Gilbert (student of MacDowell) and Charles Ives (student of Parker), rejected much of their masters' styles and embarked in radical new vernacular directions.
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Her publications include Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family (Princeton, 1984). She edited a special edition of the journal The Classical World with William M. Calder III, 'Six North American Women Classicists' (1996–97). Alongside Marilyn B. Skinner, she edited Roman Sexualities (Princeton, 1997). She also edited Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken with Sheila K. Dickison; Women Writing Latin (Routledge, 2002); "Roman Mothers" for the journal Helios (2006); and British Classics Outside England: The Academy and Beyond with Christopher Stray (Baylor, 2008).
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Libyan poet Khaled Mattawa remarks: :"Against claims that Libya has a limited body of literature, classicists may be quick to note that ancient Greek lyric poet Callimachus and the exquisite prose stylist Sinesius were Libyan. But students of Libyan history and literature will note a vast time gap between those ancient luminaries and the writers of today. [...] Libya has historically made a limited contribution to Arab literature". Many of Aesop's fables have been classified as part of the 'Libyan tales' genre in literary tradition although some scholars argue that the term "Libya" was used to describe works of Non-Egyptian territories in ancient Greece.
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Self-Portrait, 1950 Oil on CB panel; 23 x 18 in. He began a teaching career at Jepson in 1948, staying until 1951. Subsequent teaching positions included Pomona College (1953–62), Pasadena Art Museum (1956–61), Chouinard (1964–68), and University of New Mexico (1968–71). Hammersley first gained widespread acclaim when his paintings were featured in the landmark Four Abstract Classicists exhibit, which also showcased the work of Karl Benjamin, John McLaughlin, and Lorser Feitelson. This 1959 exhibit was organized by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and curated by Jules Langsner, who, with Peter Selz, coined the term "hard-edge painting" to describe the work of these artists.
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The University of Berlin From 1927 to 1928, Cherniss studied with some of the leading classicists in Germany: in Göttingen with Hermann Fränkel and in Berlin with Werner Jaeger and Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. Cherniss thus arrived in the middle of a period (1924–1929) known in Germany as the Golden Era (German: Goldene Zwanziger) of the left-leaning Weimar Republic during which the economy was growing and there was a consequent decrease in civil unrest.See Weimar Republic. These were relatively uneventful years between the hyperinflation of 1921-24 and the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany.
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The pamphlet advocated incorporating the study of sociology, anthropology and art, and to take on the aim of "assist(ing) the radicalisation and mobilisation of political opinion outside the university". In response, some minor changes were made, with influential leftist writers such as Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray being added to politics reading lists, but the core of the programme remained the same. Christopher Stray has pointed to the course as one reason for the gradual decline of the study of classics, as classicists in political life began to be edged out by those who had studied the modern greats.Christopher Stray, Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830–1960.
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Fortunata, illustration by Norman Lindsay This section of the Satyricon, regarded by classicists such as Conte and Rankin as emblematic of Menippean satire, takes place a day or two after the beginning of the extant story. Encolpius and companions are invited by one of Agamemnon's slaves, to a dinner at the estate of Trimalchio, a freedman of enormous wealth, who entertains his guests with ostentatious and grotesque extravagance. After preliminaries in the baths and halls (26–30), the guests (mostly freedmen) enter the dining room, where their host joins them. Extravagant courses are served while Trimalchio flaunts his wealth and his pretence of learning (31–41).
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Rusafi's literary critics, especially his inveterate adversary, Jalal al-Hanafi, in his book al- Rusafi fi awjih wa hadidih (Rusafi in his Apogee and Perigee), note that Rusafi gives colloquialism an unwarranted place both in his verse and prose. Khulusi believes that Rusafi is the only traditional, classical poet, in the Arabic language, who approved of both blank verse and free verse. His broad definition of poetry covers much that is regarded by classicists and purists as ornate prose, al-shi'r al-manthur (prose poetry). For Khulusi, Rusafi had a hypnotic manner in his recital with an overwhelming sense of the movement of the meter.
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Romanticism came to Spain through Andalusia and Catalonia. In Andalucía, the Prussian consul in Cádiz, Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber, father of novelist Fernán Caballero, published a series of articles between 1818 and 1819 in the Diario Mercantil (Mercantile Daily) of Cádiz, in which he defended Spanish theatre of the Siglo de Oro, and was widely attacked by the neo- Classicists. Against him were José Joaquín de Mora and Antonio Alcalá Galiano, who argued from a traditionalist, antiliberal, and absolutist point of view. Böhl de Faber's ideas were incompatible with theirs (since they were still tied to the Age of Enlightenment), despite the fact that they represented European Literary Modernism.
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Cullhed also reasons that if Anicia Proba had written De laudibus Christi, the Latin poet Claudian would have almost certainly praised her poetic abilities in his AD 395 panegyric celebrating the joint consulship of her sons Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius and Anicius Probinus. Cullhed concludes: "The evidence for discrediting Isidore's attribution [of Faltonia Betitia Proba as the author of the cento] is not sufficient, and so, I will assume that the cento was written in the mid-fourth century by Faltonia Betitia Proba."Cullhed (2015), pp. 2223. Today, the general consensus among classicists and scholars of Latin is that De laudibus Christi was indeed written by Faltonia Betitia Proba.
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The fashionable subject ensured the book's success. Although Hugo described it as "this impractical book of pure poetry" (ce livre inutile de poesie pure), the general theme of the poems is a celebration of liberty, linking the Ancient Greeks with the modern world, freedom in politics with freedom in art, and reflecting the evolution of Hugo's political views from the royalism of his early twenties to a rediscovery of the Napoleonic enthusiasms of his childhood (for example, see the fortieth, Lui). The poems are also intended to undermine the classicists' exclusive claim on antiquity. The depiction of Turks in Les Orientales mixes condemnation, idealisation, and crude envy.
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After a long struggle with cancer, Wahbi al-Hariri-Rifai, "known as the last of the classicists, died ... at the age of 80" on 16 August 1994, in Aleppo, the birthplace he had not visited for over twenty years. Dr. Esin Atil notes that until the end he overtly maintained an optimistic view of his condition and remained driven and "inspired by an unyielding thirst for knowledge and constant search for beauty." A couple of streets in Aleppo were named in his honor after his death. The Swedish consulate in Aleppo is located on one of these streets, Mohamed Wahbi al-Hariri Street, in the Sebil Area.
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After his death, a large number of his early oil paintings, watercolors, and photographs—some dating back to 1933—were found, having been apparently saved from the initial studio fire that destroyed much of his other works of that period. After undergoing extensive restoration several pieces were included in a retrospective collection and were shown to the public as part of a travelling exhibition of al-Hariri's art. According to Dr. Atil, Wahbi al- Hariri is referred to as "the last of the classicists because his work transcends time, period, and region." She explains that: The majority of his work is held by the family.
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Ryan Hamm of Under the Radar views that Remi and No I.D.'s production "lean[s] toward opulent and epic", while Pitchforks Jayson Greene writes that the latter's produced songs "exude the warm TV-fireplace crackle of ... throwback production." Anupa Mistry of Now writes that "boom bap classicists Salaam Remi and No I.D. weave a raw, funky, orchestral lattice customized for Nas's age-appropriate raps". Life Is Good features nostalgic and adult themes, including aging and maturity. Nas' rapping is characterized by internal rhymes, a relaxed, plainspoken flow, and transparent lyrics addressing moments in his life, including his youth and the personal events leading up to the album.
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Edith Hamilton (August 12, 1867 – May 31, 1963) was an American educator and internationally known author who was one of the most renowned classicists of her era in the United States. A graduate of Bryn Mawr College, she also studied in Germany at the University of Leipzig and the University of Munich. Hamilton began her career as an educator and head of the Bryn Mawr School, a private college preparatory school for girls in Baltimore, Maryland; however, Hamilton is best known for her essays and best-selling books on ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Hamilton's second career as an author began after her retirement from Bryn Mawr School in 1922.
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390px The Temple of Juno in Agrigento (German - Junotempel in Agrigent) is an 1828-1830 oil on canvas painting of by Caspar David Friedrich. It is now in the Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte in Dortmund, which bought it from a Cologne art dealer in 1951. It is said to have been previously owned by the F. A. Brockhaus publishers in Leipzig. The work shows the 460-450 BC Temple of Hera Lacinia in the Valle dei Templi in Agrigento, Sicily, sacked by the Carthaginians around 406 BC, rebuilt by the Romans and the subject of renewed interest for classicists and antiquarians from the mid 18th-century onwards.
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In Christian countries, cremation fell out of favour due to the Christian belief in the physical resurrection of the body and as a mark of difference from the Iron Age European pre-Christian Pagan religions, which usually cremated their dead. It was even made a crime punishable with death by Charlemagne in 789 for this reason. Beginning in the Middle Ages, rationalists and classicists began to advocate cremation. In Medieval Europe, cremation was practised only on special occasions when there were many corpses to be disposed of simultaneously after a battle, after an epidemic or during famine, and there was an imminent danger of disease spread.
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Neither Late Latin nor Late Antiquity are modern terms or concepts; neither are they ancient; their origin remains obscure. A notice in Harper's New Monthly Magazine of the publication of Andrews' Freund's Lexicon of the Latin Language in 1850 mentions that the dictionary divides Latin into ante- classic, quite classic, Ciceronian, Augustan, post-Augustan and post-classic or late Latin, which indicates the term already was in professional use by English classicists in the early 19th century. Instances of English vernacular use of the term may also be found from the 18th century. The term Late Antiquity meaning post-classical and pre-medieval had currency in English well before then.
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The monk who performed this was more successful in some places than others. He seems to have begun furiously, scrubbing out Plautus' alphabetically arranged plays with zest before growing lazy, then finally regaining his vigor at the end of the manuscript to ensure not a word of Plautus was legible. Although modern technology has allowed classicists to view much of the effaced material, plays beginning in letters early in the alphabet have very poor texts (e.g. the end of Aulularia and start of Bacchides are lost), plays with letters in the middle of the alphabet have decent texts, while only traces survive of the play Vidularia.
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The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and Early Modern times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary Attic Greek of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of Ancient Greek. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention. The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine Greek began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire Hellenistic period and Roman Empire. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability.
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Hartlaub first used the term in 1923 in a letter he sent to colleagues describing an exhibition he was planning.Roh et al. 1997, p. 285 In his subsequent article, "Introduction to 'New Objectivity': German Painting since Expressionism", Hartlaub explained, The New Objectivity was composed of two tendencies which Hartlaub characterized in terms of a left and right wing: on the left were the verists, who "tear the objective form of the world of contemporary facts and represent current experience in its tempo and fevered temperature"; and on the right the classicists, who "search more for the object of timeless ability to embody the external laws of existence in the artistic sphere".
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Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World Tr. Helene Iswolsky. The M. I. T. Press (1968) For Bakhtin, the novels of Dostoevsky represent the highest point in the development of the genre.Bakhtin (1984). p121 In a series of articles, Edward Milowicki and Robert Rawdon Wilson, building upon Bakhtin's theory, have argued that Menippean is not a period-specific term, as many Classicists have claimed, but a term for discursive analysis that instructively applies to many kinds of writing from many historical periods including the modern. As a type of discourse, “Menippean” signifies a mixed, often discontinuous way of writing that draws upon distinct, multiple traditions.
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Through its divisions of Research, Education, Publications, Professional Matters, and Program, the Society conducts a variety of activities to support and disseminate knowledge of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. For example, it operates a Placement Service, gathers statistical information about the demographics of classicists, hears complaints of violations of professional ethics, provides advice and funding for major research projects (such as the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World), and publishes monographs, textbooks and software. The Outreach Division produces a newsletter, Amphora, for non-specialists, and the electronic newsletter The Dionysiac, which gives information about performances of classical plays and other events related to ancient performance.
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Greek Homosexuality (1978; second edition 1989; third edition 2016) is a book about homosexuality in ancient Greece by the classical scholar Kenneth Dover, in which the author uses archaic and classical archaeological and literary sources to discuss ancient Greek sexual behavior and attitudes. He addresses the iconography of vase paintings, the speeches in the law courts, and the comedies of Aristophanes, as well as the content of other literary and philosophical source texts. The first modern scholarly work on its topic, Greek Homosexuality received some negative reviews but was enormously influential, helping to shape the views of other classicists. Dover has been praised for discussion of sexual practices such as intercrural copulation.
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These scholars distinguished nine successive cities, from prehistory to the Hellenistic period. Their work has been criticized as rough and damaging — Kenneth W. Harl wrote that Schliemann's excavations were carried out with such rough methods that he did to Troy what the Greeks couldn't do in their times, destroying and levelling down the entire city walls to the ground. Meanwhile, the work of Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos in Crete revealed the ancient existence of an advanced civilisation. Many of the finds from this site were catalogued and brought to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, where they could be studied by classicists, while an attempt was made to reconstruct much of the original site.
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Maria Pantelia, also a classics professor at UC Irvine, succeeded Theodore Brunner in 1998, and has been directing the TLG since. TLG's name is shared with its online database, the full title of which is Thesaurus Linguae Graecae: A Digital Library of Greek Literature (the TLG, in italics, for short). The challenge of this huge undertaking was originally met with the help of several classicists and technology experts but primarily thanks to the efforts of David W. Packard and his team who created the Ibycus system, the hardware and software originally used to proofread and search the corpus. Packard also developed Beta code, a character and formatting encoding convention used to encode Polytonic Greek.
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His later editions (which came about towards the end of the 19th century) divide the Imperial Age into parts: 1st century (Silver Age), 2nd century ( the Hadrian and the Antonines), and the 3rd through 6th centuries. Of the Silver Age proper, Teuffel points out that anything like freedom of speech had vanished with Tiberius: The content of new literary works was continually proscribed by the emperor, who exiled or executed existing authors and played the role of literary man, himself (typically badly). Artists therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which Teuffel calls "utter unreality." Cruttwell picks up this theme: Marcus Aurelius, emperor over the last generation of classicists and himself a classicist.
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After an assistant professorship at Columbia University in New York in 1995, Obbink was appointed to the post of Lecturer in Papyrology and Greek Literature in the Faculty of Classics at Christ Church, Oxford University Classicists at British Universities and was appointed the head of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a large collection of ancient manuscript fragments discovered by archaeologists at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. They include thousands of Greek and Latin documents, letters and literary works. Oxford University Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project In addition, from 2003 to 2007, Obbink was a faculty member at the University of Michigan, as a professor of classical studies and the Ludwig Koenen Collegiate Professor of Papyrology.
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The theater of Calderón de la Barca is treated as a symbol of the Spanish spirit, and any dislike of it is deemed unpatriotic. The contemporary Neo-classical Enlightenment writer José Joaquín de Mora countered that the worst thing to befall Spanish culture was the work of Calderón, in which bad taste was the norm. This exchange ignited a row between the two that would appear in newspapers in Madrid. Between 1818 and 1819, Böhl de Faber published in the Diario Mercantil Gaditano a series of articles defending Spanish theater of the Siglo de Oro, a genre much maligned by the Spanish Neo-Classicists who rejected its style along with the reactionary and traditionalist ideology it represented.
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The speech Against Neaera is significant as the best extant narrative of the life of a woman in the classical period. It is the most extensive surviving source on Greek prostitution, and is also valuable for what it says about women and gender relations in the classical world. Accordingly, it is today frequently used in teaching about Athenian law and society, though due to the focus on prostitution, it was "not deemed appropriate for undergraduates of earlier generations", and so has only recently been the subject of much scholarly attention. Since 1990, Against Neaera has been the subject of much attention by classicists, including two editions with translation and commentary, and a biography of Neaera.
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Page's reputation as a scholar rested chiefly on his work as an editor of Greek poetic texts. He has been described by Lloyd-Jones as the most accomplished scholar amongst his contemporaries in this field, rivalled only by Edgar Lobel. His complete critical edition of the Greek Lyric poets (Poetae Melici Graeci) is consulted as the standard edition of their texts and was praised for its "philological and critical judgement, and masterly knowledge of dialects" by classicist G. M. Kirkwood in a 1964 review. Although his work on tragedy has not garnered the same admiration from fellow classicists, Page's edition of Euripides' Medea was considered "indispensable" by a reviewer for the Journal of Hellenic Studies.
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Before the day of deans, Thacher did much of the work which a dean would perform today. He was known as one of the best disciplinarians that the college ever had and yet he retained the devotion and affection of undergraduates to an extraordinary degree. As an undergraduate he had been "exuberant in spirit," and one who was a student under him in Yale writes of "Tutor Thacher, the florid and fiery, of perpetual youth and enthusiasm." He and Professor Theodore Dwight Woolsey were the first advocates at Yale of graduate instruction in non-technical fields and he himself was one of the first classicists to go abroad for the advancement of his scholarship.
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Many notable Classicists and Digital Humanists are on the advisory board of the Digital Classicist, including Richard Beacham (of the King's Visualisation Lab), Alan Bowman (Professor of Ancient History at University of Oxford), Gregory Crane (of the Perseus Project), Bernard Frischer (of the Virtual World Heritage Laboratory), Michael Fulford (Professor of Archaeology and Pro-Vice-Chancellor at University of Reading), Willard McCarty (winner of the Lyman Award and Professor of Humanities Computing at Department of Digital Humanities), James O'Donnell (Provost of Georgetown University), Silvio Panciera (of University of Rome La Sapienza) and Boris Rankov (Professor of Ancient History at Royal Holloway, University of London). A former member was the late Ross Scaife (Stoa Consortium and University of Kentucky).
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The term juste milieu has been applied to art in the July Monarchy (1830-1848) to describe a style of painting that reconciled classicists such as Auguste Couder and romantics such as Eugène Delacroix. Juste milieu artists included Désiré Court, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste Vinchon, Hanna Hirsch-Pauli, Horace Vernet, Charles-Émile-Callande de Champmartin and Ary Scheffer. The art historian Albert Boime extended the term from this common usage to also cover a "compromise movement" that he detected among artists in the 1880s. There does indeed seem to have been a group of artists who were recognized at the time as falling between the Impressionists and such pompier artists as William-Adolphe Bouguereau.
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Paulinus wrote an annual hymn (natalicium) in honor of St. Felix for the feast day when processions of pilgrims were at their peak. In these hymns we can understand the personal relationship Paulinus felt between himself and Felix, his advocate in heaven. His poetry shares with much of the work of the early 5th century an ornateness of style that classicists of the 18th and 19th centuries found cloying and dismissed as decadent, though Paulinus' poems were highly regarded at the time and used as educational models. Many of Paulinus's letters to his contemporaries, including Ausonius and Sulpicius Severus in southern Gaul, Victricius of Rouen in northern Gaul, and Augustine in Africa, are preserved.
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Kataplous, or Downward Journey also served as the source for Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Übermensch or Overman. Nietzsche's declaration of a "new and super- human way of laughing – at the expense of everything serious!" echoes the exact wording of Tiresias's final advice to the eponymous hero of Lucian's dialogue Menippus: "Laugh a great deal and take nothing seriously." Professional philosophical writers since then have generally ignored Lucian, but Turner comments that "perhaps his spirit is still alive in those who, like Bertrand Russell, are prepared to flavor philosophy with wit." In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many classicists viewed Lucian's works negatively and read them with preconceived ideas in mind about the "Oriental" character.
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In a gruesome scene, she finds a dead body, fills it with potions, and raises it from the dead. The corpse describes a civil war that is plaguing the underworld and delivers a prophecy about what fate lies in store for Pompey and his kin. Enrichto's role in Pharsalia has often been discussed by classicists and literary scholars, with many arguing that she serves as an antithesis and counterpart to Virgil's Cumaean Sibyl, a pious prophetess who appears in his work the Aeneid. In the 14th century, the Italian poet Dante Aligheri referenced her in his Divine Comedy (wherein it is revealed that she, using magic, forced Virgil to fetch a soul from Hell's ninth circle).
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Housman was one of the foremost classicists of his age and has been ranked as one of the greatest scholars who ever lived.'a man who turned out to be not only the great English classical scholar of his time but also one of the few real and great scholars anywhere at any time'. Charles Oscar Brink, English Classical Scholarship: Historical reflections on Bentley, Porson and Housman, James Clarke & Co, Oxford, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986 p.149 He established his reputation publishing as a private scholar and, on the strength and quality of his work, was appointed Professor of Latin at University College London and then at the University of Cambridge.
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Greek love is a term originally used by classicists to describe the primarily homoerotic customs, practices, and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. It was frequently used as a euphemism for homosexuality and pederasty. The phrase is a product of the enormous impact of the reception of classical Greek culture on historical attitudes toward sexuality, and its influence on art and various intellectual movements.Blanshard, Alastair J. L. Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) > 'Greece' as the historical memory of a treasured past was romanticised and > idealised as a time and a culture when love between males was not only > tolerated but actually encouraged, and expressed as the high ideal of same- > sex camaraderie.
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In 2018 she joined the classics faculty at Princeton University. She has also been consulted on her work on a number of popular radio stations and television shows, including: discussing the Iliad with poets Carol Ann Duffy and Ruth Padel (BBC Radio 3, Proms Interval Talks), assessing the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri together with a team of classicists, scientists and journalists (on BBC Channel 4 and Channel 2); arguing about the location of Ithaca with Quentin Cooper and John Underhill (Material World, BBC Radio 4), discussing her work with Bill Buschel on US Public Radio, and talking about Homer and Sappho on BBC Radio 3 (The Essay: Greek and Latin Voices).
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DS publishes not only manuscripts of firm attribution but also ones that need the attention of further scholarship that traditionally would have been unlikely candidates for reproduction. Because it is web-based, it also allows for updates and corrections, and as a matter of form individual records in DS acknowledge contributions from outside scholars. Because the DS consortium consists of academic, public, and rare book libraries, it encourages a broad audience that benefits from a reciprocally beneficial body of knowledge. While attending to the needs of community of specialists: medievalists, classicists, musicologists, paleographers, diplomatists, literary scholars and art historians, DS also recognizes a public user community that values rare and unique works of historical, literary and artistic significance.
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As a result of his growing sympathy for the working-classes and poor, Morris felt personally conflicted in serving the interests of these individuals, privately describing it as "ministering to the swinish luxury of the rich". Continuing with his literary output, Morris translated his own version of Virgil's Aeneid, titling it The Aeneids of Vergil (1876). Although many translations were already available, often produced by trained Classicists, Morris claimed that his unique perspective was as "a poet not a pedant". He also continued producing translations of Icelandic tales with Magnússon, including Three Northern Love Stories (1875) and Völuspa Saga (1876). In 1877 Morris was approached by Oxford University and offered the largely honorary position of Professor of Poetry.
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Schoellkopf was born in Moscow in 1869 to French parents. He matriculated to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he trained under the patrons Julien Guadet and then Edmond Paulin when the latter took over Guadet's atelier in 1895. These men were traditional classicists; in 1863–64 Guadet had been one of the students who led a successful revolt against the medievalist Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-duc when the latter had been appointed to head the school. Beginning his studies in 1889 in the entry- level second class, he distinguished himself with four medals there and was promoted to the first class in 1892, receiving medals for his work submitted to the salons of 1895 and 1896.
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The Great Goddess hypothesis theorizes that, in Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and/or Neolithic Europe and Western Asia and North Africa, a singular, monotheistic female deity was worshiped prior to the development of the polytheistic pagan religions of the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Having first been proposed as an idea relating to ancient Greek religion in 1849, it subsequently achieved some support amongst classicists. In the early 20th century, various historians began to postulate about the theory applying across Europe, and it was widely propagated by the archaeologist Marija Gimbutas in the 1980s. It has since been adopted by various feminist religious groups such as Dianic Wicca as a part of the mythology of their faith.
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Fowler was from a Birmingham working-class background and went to King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys there. After completing his studies at Christ Church, Oxford, Fowler was first appointed Lecturer in Classics at Magdalen College (1976–77), subsequently Dyson Junior Research Fellow in Greek Culture at Balliol College (1978–80), then, at the early age of 28 years, Fellow and Tutor in Classics at Jesus College, holding simultaneously a University Lecturership in Greek and Latin Literature at Oxford University (1981–99). Endowed with an outgoing temperament, Fowler was connected to numerous classicists in North America and Europe. His command of Italian enabled him to give even extemporized talks in that language.
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A December 1930 issue of Construction, "A Journal for the architectural, engineering and contracting interests of Canada" featured an illustrated article, praised the Temple: > Neither our great Canadian classicists nor such well-known American > practitioners as McKim, Mead and White have produced anything finer in > Grecian adaptation than this Montreal building. As a work of architectural > merit it ranks with Henry Bacon’s Lincoln Memorial , John Russell Pope’s > Temple of the Scottish Rite and McKim, Mead and White’s J.P. Morgan Library. > The modern Canadian buildings that are nearest to its class are Cobb’s > Toronto Registry Office and Lyle’s Bank of Nova Scotia, at Ottawa. One year later, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada gave its First Award, Class I, Monumental Buildings, to the Montreal temple.
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In later coins likely originating near the end of Octavian's war with Sextus Pompey, the star supplants Caesar's name and face entirely, clearly representing his divinity. One of the clearest and earliest correlations of Caesar to a comet occurred during the Secular Games of 17 BC when money maker M. Sanquinius fashioned coins whose reverse sports a comet over the head of a wreathed man whom classicists and numismatists speculate is either a youthful Caesar, the Genius of the Secular Games, the Julian family, or Aeneas’ son Iulus. These coins strengthened the link between Julius Caesar and Augustus since Augustus associated himself with the Julians. Another set of Spanish coins displays an eight-rayed comet with the words DIVVS IVLIVS, meaning Divine Julius.
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The variant manuscripts seen by the Alexandrines were not corruptions, but rhapsodic variants, as is attested by Flavius Josephus in Against Apion. He said that the poetry of Homer was “preserved by memory … and assembled … later from the songs.” The link missing from the evidence, apart from the circumstantial, is the connection between the texts produced by Peisistratus and the Alexandrine Vulgate. What is lacking is either an “Athenian prototype,”, or a conjectural “Wolfian vulgate,” or multi-text assembled from oral variants wrongly marked as spurious by the Alexandrines. The Homeric classicists of the 19th century believed they had inferred a Voralexandrinsche Vulgata, “Pre-Alexandrine Vulgate,” to use the expression of Arthur Ludwich. This was a hypothetical 4th- and 5th-century BCE version of the Alexandrine Vulgate.
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It was generally well received by classicists. Other members of the editorial staff included C.O. Brink (1938–42), E.A. Parker (1939–46), M. Alford (1942–45), J. Chadwick (1946–52), B.V. Slater (1947–49), D.C. Browning (1949–50), W.M. Edwards (1950–69), J.D. Craig (1952–53), C.L. Howard (1952–58), G.E. Turton (1954–70), R.H. Barrow (1954–82), S. Trenkner (1955–57), R.C. Palmer (1957–82), G.M. Lee (1968–82), and D. Raven (1969–70). In 2012, a second edition of the dictionary was published in two volumes (the binding of the 1982 single-volume edition has a tendency to fall apart under the paper's weight), removes some English translations now considered to be archaic, and presents the material in a clearer fashion using the Arno typeface.
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Status quaestionis, a Latin phrase translated roughly as "the state of investigation," is most commonly employed in scholarly literature to refer in a summary way to the accumulated results, scholarly consensus, and areas remaining to be developed on any given topic. The phrase is often used by ancient historians, classicists, theologians, philosophers, biblical scholars, and scholars in related fields, such as (Christian) church history.Multiple instances of use could be cited, as can be confirmed by any search of JSTOR or Google Books. The term began to be used regularly in Latin-language dissertations published by Germans during the late 19th century, and entered into regularly scholarly use after 1909, since year we find the first of 655 uses in JSTOR (as of July 2011).
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Tang dynasty government hierarchy The Tang dynasty and the Zhou interregnum of Empress Wu (Wu Zetian) expanded examinations beyond the basic process of qualifying candidates based on questions of policy matters followed by an interview.Yu, 55 Oral interviews as part of the selection process were theoretically supposed to be an unbiased process, but in practice favored candidates from elite clans based in the capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang (speakers of solely non-elite dialects could not succeed). p. 228 Under the Tang, six categories of regular civil-service examinations were organized by the Department of State Affairs and held by the Ministry of Rites: cultivated talents, classicists, presented scholars, legal experts, writing experts, and arithmetic experts. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang also added categories for Daoism and apprentices.
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The Past, The Present, The Future received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 69, based on seven reviews. Anupa Mistry from Pitchfork, wrote that Jodeci, led by producer/singer DeVante Swing, remains a group of soul classicists, thematically inspired by the intimacy and lewdness of sex and buttressed by the aesthetic and energy of hip-hop." Jon Caramanica of The New York Times, described the best Jodeci songs as "slick marches that focus on the body, like this album’s “Checkin for You” and “Stress Reliever.” Atop it all is K-Ci. He may have roots in the church, but the Lord's favor isn’t what his music typically craves.
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It was in the following year that he wrote All'Italia ("To Italy") and Sopra il monumento di Dante ("On the Monument of Dante"), two very polemical and classical patriotic hymns in which Leopardi expressed his adherence to liberal and strongly secular ideas. In the same period, he participated in the debate, which engulfed the literary Europe of the time, between the classicists and the romanticists, affirming his position in favour of the first in the Discorso di un Italiano attorno alla poesia romantica ("Discourse of an Italian concerning romantic poetry"). In 1817 he fell in love with Gertrude Cassi Lazzari and wrote Memorie del primo amore ("Memories of first love"). In 1818 he published Il primo amore and began writing a diary which he would continue for fifteen years (1817–1832), the Zibaldone.
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The critical reception to the album was generally mixed. Based on 21 reviews, review aggregate website Metacritic reported a rating of 61%. Heather Phares of Allmusic discussed the pairing of Dave Fridmann with Tapes 'n Tapes, and said that, "while teaming a quintessential indie rock producer like him with a band of indie rock classicists like Tapes 'n Tapes might seem like a good idea on paper, it doesn't quite work". Many reviewers compared Walk It Off to the band's debut album, The Loon, as with Jessica Braham of the BBC, who said that Walk It Off was a poor follow-up, and said it was difficult to believe that Walk It Off was by the same band who released the "innovative, abstract, and gritty debut album, The Loon".
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The Universalist nature of Orosius's work is perhaps its most notable aspect. In fact, despite the lack of agreement regarding all other aspects of Orosius's life, including his biography and his works, most experts agree on the universalist nature of this work, including classicists such as Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo and even more modern historians such as Torres Rodríguez.Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, “Paulo Orosio…”, p. 75. In addition, his works are not only identified as universalist but as the first Christian universalist history, or put another way, the last classical universalist history.Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, “La metodología…”, p. 373. Paulus Orosius is not only a widely studied author he also described his own thoughts on his historical methodology in some of the prologues to the volumes that comprise his “Histories”.
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In 1904, Healy posted the fastest ever time in the 100 yd freestyle, 58s, but there were no official world records at the time. In 1905, his time of 58s in the 110 yd freestyle at the Australasian Championships equalled the world record to earn him his first Australasian title. He was a proponent of the new crawl stroke, raising eyebrows among classicists who perceived it to be inelegant. In 1906, Healy was sent to the 1906 Intercalated Olympics, one of only five athletes for whom the necessary funding was allocated. At the Games in Athens, Healy came third in the 100 m freestyle behind the United States' Charles Daniels and Hungary's Zoltan Halmay. Halmay and Daniels were the gold and silver medallists respectively at the 1904 Summer Olympics.
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Headteachers, historically known as the "Master" and now as the "Head Master", have included Vincent of Scarning, the earliest known headteacher (c. 1240), author Samuel Hoadly (1700–1705), Whig writer Samuel Parr (1778–1785), classicists Edward Valpy (1810–1829) and Thomas Kidd, writer George William Lemon, first principal of the University of Sydney John Woolley (1849–1852), historian Augustus Jessopp (1859–1880), author O. W. Tancock (1880–1890), clergyman Theodore Acland (1930–1943), and former Chindit and author Philip Stibbe (1975–1984). Past principal deputy heads, a post historically known as "usher", have included Archbishop of Armagh John Hoadly, writer William Beloe, author and clergyman Henry Stebbing FRS (1825–1826), and clergyman Cecil Matthews (1903–1907). Other notable staff have included John Crome, founder of the Norwich School of painters,.
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Until twentieth-century archaeologists concluded that Pausanias was a reliable guide to the sites they were excavating,In this, Heinrich Schliemann was a maverick and forerunner: a close reading of Pausanias guided him to the royal tombs at Mycenae. Pausanias was largely dismissed by nineteenth- and early twentieth-century classicists of a purely literary bent: they tended to follow the usually authoritative Wilamowitz in regarding him as little more than a purveyor of second-hand accounts, who, it was suggested, had not visited most of the places he described. Habicht (1985) describes an episode in which Wilamowitz was led astray by his misreading of Pausanias in front of an august party of travellers in 1873, and attributes to it Wilamowitz's lifelong antipathy and distrust of Pausanias. Modern archaeological research, however, has tended to vindicate Pausanias.
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Graydon Parrish's style is a mix of Classical Realism and contemporary realism.Lee Sanstead, "A Brief Introduction to Artist Graydon Parrish", 2006, accessed August 19, 2011Meghan Daily, Jane Harris, Sarah Valdez, Curve: The Female Nude Now (New York: Universe Publishing/Rizzoli, 2003), 160–1, He has shown with avant-garde favorites and reactionary classicists including Lisa Yuskavage and Walton Ford.2002 The Great American Nude, Bruce Museum of Arts and Science, Greenwich, ConnecticutWilliam Zimmer, "ART; Off With the Clothes And on With the Art", New York Times, July 21, 2002Ask Art: "Painters of Nudes", accessed August 19, 2011 His style has also been described as New Old Master by Donald Kuspit. Parrish counts among his contemporary influences realist painters Odd Nerdrum, Jacob Collins, Steven Assael, Christopher Pugliese and Daniel Sprick, as well as Bridget Riley.
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Use of such casts was particularly prevalent among classicists of the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 there were extensive collections in Berlin, Paris, Vienna and elsewhere. By creating copies of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures held at various museums across Europe in this way, a reference collection of all the best and most representative sculptural types could be formed, at a fraction of the cost of purchasing original sculptures, which scholars could consult without necessarily having to travel abroad to see all the originals. These casts could also be used in experiments in polychromy (reconstructing paint layers found on sculptures), reconstruction (e.g. Adolf Furtwängler's reconstruction of the Lemnian Athena from pieces found in different places), and for filling holes in a museum's collections of actual sculpture (e.g.
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The sources of their inspiration included 19th-century art, the Italian metaphysical painters, the artists of Novecento Italiano, and Henri Rousseau.Schmied 1978, p. 11 The classicists are best understood by Franz Roh's term Magic Realism, though Roh originally intended "magical realism" to be synonymous with the Neue Sachlichkeit as a whole.Schmied 1978, p. 9 For Roh, as a reaction to expressionism, the idea was to declare “[that] the autonomy of the objective world around us was once more to be enjoyed; the wonder of matter that could crystallize into objects was to be seen anew.”Zamora and Faris 1995 With the term, he was emphasizing the “magic” of the normal world as it presents itself to us—how, when we really look at everyday objects, they can appear strange and fantastic.
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She also contributed to the Blackwell Companion to Women in the Ancient World (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) along with Eva Stehle, her colleague at the University of Maryland. She is the co-author of the essay "Roman Elegy and the Roman Novel" with Judith Hindermann for A Companion to the Ancient Novel (Wiley- Blackwell, 2014). She contributed "Omnia Movet Amor: Love and Resistance, Art and Movement in Ovid's Daphne and Apollo Episode (Metamorphoses 1.452-567)" to Kinesis: The Ancient Depiction of Gesture, Motion, and Emotion (Michigan University Press, 2015). She is the co-author of "Raising the Iron Curtain, Crossing the Pond: Transformative Interactions Among North American and Eastern European Classicists since 1945" with Professor Dorota Dutsch for Classics and Class: Greek and Latin Classics and Communism at School (2016).
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This was a situation and reasoning uncomfortably reminiscent of contemporary events in Nazi Germany and the other fascist regimes of the time. Syme relies on prosopography, especially the work of German scholars Friedrich Münzer and Matthias Gelzer, to show the extent to which Augustus achieved his unofficial but undisputed power by the development of personal relationships into a "Caesarian" party, then used it to defeat and diminish the opposition one by one. The process was slow, with the young Octavian initially just using his position as a relative of Julius Caesar to pursue Caesar's assassins, then over a period of years gradually accumulating personal power while nominally restoring the Republic. In addition, the portrait he paints of Augustus as a somewhat sinister autocratic figure has been immensely influential among subsequent generations of classicists.
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Kane is one of several philosophers and scientists to propose a two-stage model of free will. The American philosopher William James was the first (in 1884). Others include the French mathematician and scientist Henri Poincaré (about 1906), the physicist Arthur Holly Compton (1931, 1955), the philosopher Karl Popper (1965, 1977), the physicist and philosopher Henry Margenau (1968, 1982), the philosopher Daniel Dennett (1978), the classicists A. A. Long and David Sedley (1987), the philosopher Alfred Mele (1995), and most recently, the neurogeneticist and biologist Martin Heisenberg (2009), son of the physicist Werner Heisenberg, whose quantum indeterminacy principle lies at the foundation of indeterministic physics.Two-stage models of free will Kane's model goes beyond Daniel Dennett's by trying to keep indeterminism as late as possible in the process of deliberation, indeed as late as the decision itself in the SFAs (Self-Forming Actions).
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The atlas' production began in 1988 at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and involved a team of 221 classicists and 22 map makers. The effort was funded by $4.5 million—"an unusually large sum for a project in the humanities"—in federal and private donations. The largest individual contributor was Robert B. Strassler's family philanthropy The Barrington Foundation which supported the project with over $1 million and for which, in accordance with the donor's wishes, the atlas is named. (The foundation, in turn, is named after the Strassler family's place of residence, Great Barrington, Massachusetts.) The atlas provides an up-to-date reference for ancient geography, superseding William Smith's An Atlas of Ancient Geography, Biblical and Classical (London: John Murray, 1872–1874), the last successfully completed attempt to comprehensively map the Greco-Roman world and reflect the state of scholarship.
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Much of Havelock's work was devoted to addressing a single thesis: that all of Western thought is informed by a profound shift in the kinds of ideas available to the human mind at the point that Greek philosophy converted from an oral to a literate form. The idea has been very controversial in classical studies, and has been rejected outright both by many of Havelock's contemporaries and modern classicists. Havelock and his ideas have nonetheless had far-reaching influence, both in classical studies and other academic areas. He and Walter J. Ong (who was himself strongly influenced by Havelock) essentially founded the field that studies transitions from orality to literacy, and Havelock has been one of the most frequently cited theorists in that field; as an account of communication, his work profoundly affected the media theories of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan.
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Following the seminal work of Milman Parry, most classicists agree that, whether or not there was ever such a composer as Homer, the poems attributed to him are to some degree dependent on oral tradition, a generations-old technique that was the collective inheritance of many singer- poets (or , aoidoi). An analysis of the structure and vocabulary of the Iliad and Odyssey shows that the poems contain many regular and repeated phrases; indeed, even entire verses are repeated. Thus according to the theory, the Iliad and Odyssey may have been products of oral-formulaic composition, composed on the spot by the poet using a collection of memorized traditional verses and phrases. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have pointed out that such elaborate oral tradition, foreign to today's literate cultures, is typical of epic poetry in an exclusively oral culture.
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Classicists use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the Latin that developed in Renaissance Italy as a result of renewed interest in classical civilization in the 14th and 15th centuries. Neo-Latin also describes the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, during and after the Renaissance. The beginning of the period cannot be precisely identified; however, the spread of secular education, the acceptance of humanistic literary norms, and the wide availability of Latin texts following the invention of printing, mark the transition to a new era of scholarship at the end of the 15th century. The end of the New Latin period is likewise indeterminate, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare after the first few decades of the 19th century, and by 1900 it survived primarily in international scientific vocabulary and taxonomy.
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Margaret Hamilton was born on June 13, 1871, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the daughter of Gertrude Pond (1840–1917) and Montgomery Hamilton (1843–1909). Her older sister Edith Hamilton (1867–1963) was an internationally-known author who was one of the most renowned classicists of her era; Alice Hamilton (1869–1970) was one of the founders of industrial medicine; Norah Hamilton (1873–1945) was an artist; Arthur Hamilton (1886–1967) was a writer, professor of Spanish, and assistant dean for foreign students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Alice says of Margaret "Margaret is two and half years younger than I, but because she was the only one of us who had ill health as a child, she did not seem really younger." She grew up in Fort Wayne, and worked in its first library, the Women's Reading Room.
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On 29 May 1937, in Columbus, Ohio, a "Declaration of Principles" (eschewing the more formal, binding "platform"), promoted a greater degree of ritual observance, supported Zionism – considered by the Classicists in the past as, at best, a remedy for the unemancipated Jewish masses in Russia and Romania, while they did not regard the Jews as a nation in the modern sense – and opened not with theology, but by the statement, "Judaism is the historical religious experience of the Jewish people". The Columbus Principles signified the transformation from "Classical" to the "New Reform Judaism", characterized by a lesser focus on abstract concepts and a more positive attitude to practice and traditional elements.Dana Evan Kaplan, The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism, Cambridge University Press, 2005. . pp. 119–123. The Holocaust and the establishment of the State of Israel reinforced the tendency.
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The Civil War had depleted the University of Vermont of students and the funds that came with them. When he assumed the presidency in 1866, Angell's primary responsibility was to improve both the size of the student body and the university's finances. He oversaw the integration of a state agricultural college formed following passage of the Morrill Act in 1862, which had introduced land-grant colleges in the United States. This effort faced resistance both from classicists worried about the influence of the new college on the quality of education and from farmers who doubted the university curriculum had much to offer them, but Angell was able to build enough trust between the groups that the integration went forward, and both the finances and enrollment began to recover; the latter grew from 31 in 1866 to 67 in 1870.
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Shape note singers who have kept this music alive to the present day sometimes use the term "Yankee tunesmiths", as did academic musicologists such as H. Wiley Hitchcock (1966). Other scholars working from a classical music perspective worked backwards, beginning with research into the Boston Classicists ( "Boston Six") of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, who were first defined as a "school" in 1966, then Hitchcock explicitly defined as this group as the "Second New England School" in 1969, generating the term "First New England School" as a by-product. The Yankee tunesmiths were definitely not a "school": all were self taught, scattered across New England, and did not share common publishers or affiliations. All were craftsmen who worked part-time as itinerant singing school teachers, which gave them opportunities to sell their self-published tune books.
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There is no sharp distinction between Old Latin, as it was spoken for most of the Republic, and Classical Latin, but the earlier grades into the later. The end of the republic was too late a termination for compilers after Wordsworth; Charles Edwin Bennett said, "'Early Latin' is necessarily a somewhat vague term ... Bell, De locativi in prisca Latinitate vi et usu, Breslau, 1889, sets the later limit at 75 BC. A definite date is really impossible, since archaic Latin does not terminate abruptly, but continues even down to imperial times." Bennett's own date of 100 BC did not prevail but rather Bell's 75 BC became the standard as expressed in the four-volume Loeb Library and other major compendia. Over the 377 years from 452 to 75 BC, Old Latin evolved from being partially comprehensible by classicists with study to being easily read by scholars.
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Greenberg's work in the mid-1970s was influenced both by the American "grays" (Moore, Venturi, Robert A.M. Stern, et al.) with whom he became associated, and by modern classicists such as Edwin Lutyens and Mott B. Schmidt. But as he came to better understand the achievements of these 20th-century masters, he increasingly pushed his work toward a more traditional vocabulary. His breakthrough projects came in the early 1980s with his design of a large country house for Peter and Sandra Brant in Greenwich, Connecticut (a commission wrested from Venturi), and George Shultz's extensive classical suite at the State Department in Washington, D.C. After their publication Greenberg's office flourished, and many students interested in traditional design came to New Haven to work with him. No architect in America has had a more profound influence on the younger generation of traditional architects who are practicing today.
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The car was marketed as a unique combination of comfort and sporting performance, and the slogan that appeared in sales material was "Le quattro poltrone piu veloci del mondo" ("the four fastest seats in the world"). The choice of Athens for the press launch was connected to the car's new name, Fidia, which was the name (commonly spelled "Phidias" by anglophone classicists) of the artist who some 24 centuries earlier had supervised creation of the friezes which originally decorated the Parthenon (and which in 1816 turned up in the British Museum, following their controversial removal in 1802 by Lord Elgin). In some ways, Athens was not a good choice for a press launch: locally available fuel was of too low an octane for the (single) car made available to journalists and the brief test drive round the city suburbs was characterized by "horrible pinking".
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Bowie's first book (based on his doctoral thesis) addressed the relationship between the language of the Lesbian poets, Homer, and spoken Aeolic. He showed that the language of Sappho and Alcaeus was a true poetic diction, the traditions of which stem form a poetic Koine, and that the origins of this Koine are presumably to be sought back in the Mycenaean period at least. His most influential book has been Aristophanes: Myth, Ritual and Comedy (1993; reprinted in 1994, 1995, 1996, 2005; and translated into Modern Greek in 1999),Modern Greek edition: in which he traces patterns from mythology, rituals, and rites of passage in the extant Aristophanic comedies (usually found in a reversed form than expected). In a decade when structuralism was seen as outdated and restrictive by classicists, and deconstruction was becoming more and more popular, this book contributed to a positive re-evaluation of structuralist approaches to literature.
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Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include Misoumenos, Dis Exapaton, Epitrepontes, Karchedonios, Dyskolos and Kolax. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of Greek theatre. Among the Christian texts found at Oxyrhynchus, were fragments of early non-canonical Gospels, Oxyrhynchus 840 (3rd century AD) and Oxyrhynchus 1224 (4th century AD). Other Oxyrhynchus texts preserve parts of Matthew chapter 1 (3rd century: P2 and P401), 11-12 and 19 (3rd to 4th century: P2384, 2385); Mark chapters 10-11 (5th to 6th century: P3); John chapter 1, and 20 (3rd century: P208); Romans chapter 1 (4th century: P209); the First Epistle of John (4th-5th century: P402); the 3 Baruch (chapters 12-14; 4th or 5th century: P403); the Gospel of the Hebrews (3rd century AD: P655); The Shepherd of Hermas (3rd or 4th century: P404), and a work of Irenaeus, (3rd century: P405).
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In April, when temporary power was reestablished in Bologna, Michele was initially dismissed from teaching and then readmitted after a retraction. Regarded with suspicion and denied any possibility of career advancement, in 1836 the family decided to move to Geneva, where Michele was hired as a teacher of Latin literature at the University thanks to the recommendations of Camillo Cavour and the Latinist . In Geneva, Franceschi taught a course on Italian literature in French from 1838; initiated with the lesson L'état actuel de la poésie en Italie (The Actual State of Poetry in Italy). She spoke on the theme of the juxtaposition between the Romantics and Classicists with a more balanced viewpoint than in the past, by criticizing the tired imitation of the ancients in modern Classicism and comparing it with an appreciation for the newness introduced by Romantic literature; that is, historical themes and Christian inspiration.
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Kennedy was born in the family home at 9 Campden Hill Villas, Kensington, London on 11 March 1846, the eldest son of the Rev William James Kennedy and his cousin, Sarah Caroline Kennedy, and grandson to the Rev Rann Kennedy. He was born into a family of distinguished classicists: three of his uncles had been senior classics at Cambridge; Benjamin Hall Kennedy, the former headmaster of Shrewsbury School and Professor of Greek at Cambridge, who headed the Tripos in 1827; Charles Rann Kennedy, a barrister and noted translator of Demosthenes, in 1831; and George John Kennedy, in 1832. All three were also Porson medallists at Cambridge (Kennedy's father was also claimed to be a Porson medallist, but his name is not listed). Kennedy was sent to study at Eton College rather than the traditional family school of Shrewsbury, largely as his uncle was headmaster there.
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Lobel was born in Iași, Romania on 24 December 1888., who adds: "or 12 December under the Julien calendar then in force in Romania." incorrectly reports that Lobel was born in Higher Broughton in 1889, and this year is repeated at the Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project website As a youth he moved to Higher Broughton with his parents Amelia and Arthur Lobel, a shipowner. He was educated at Kersal School before moving on to Manchester Grammar School where he was head boy and won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford in 1906., Despite the fact that his father had been compelled by poverty to emigrate to the United States, Lobel took up his scholarship in 1907 and studied under several noted classicists, including the Lucretius scholar Cyril Bailey and A.W. Pickard-Cambridge , In 1911 he graduated having taken first class in Mods and Greats, in addition to winning the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse and several other University honours.
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Richard Lefebvre des Noëttes (1856–1936) was a French officer and early historian of technology. After his early retirement from the French army in 1901, Lefebvre devoted his time to technological studies, then quite a new field, becoming a main proponent of the negative impact of slavery on technological progress in classical antiquity. Although dissenting voices emerged as early as the 1930s, his primitivist views of ancient traction technology met with considerable success in the 1950s and 1960s when authorities like the medievalist Lynn White and the sinologist Joseph Needham, but also many classicists, relied rather uncritically on his research. He was also a good friend of Jean Francois Champollion Based on a thorough reexamination of the pictorial evidence, much of it not available in Lefebvre's time, as well as experimental archaeology, modern scholars like Georges Raepsaet have refuted Lefebvre's findings, particularly his glaring underestimation of the capacities of ancient horse-drawn ploughs and carriages.
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Richard Owen, 1878 With more space for displays and able to accommodate large numbers of visitors, the new British Museum proved a success with the public, and the natural history department proved particularly popular. Although the museum's management had traditionally been dominated by classicists and antiquarians, in 1856 the natural history department was split into separate departments of botany, zoology, mineralogy and geology, each with their own keeper and with botanist and palaeontologist Richard Owen as superintendent of the four departments. By this time the expansion of the British Empire had led to an increased appreciation of the importance of natural history on the part of the authorities, as territorial expansion had given British companies access to unfamiliar species, the commercial possibilities of which needed to be investigated. By the time of Owen's appointment, the collections of the natural history departments had increased tenfold in size in the preceding 20 years, and the museum was again suffering from a chronic lack of space.
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Already as crown prince Ludwig had the plan to erect a patriotic monument in his royal capital of Munich. He consequently had lists drawn up of “great” Bavarians from all walks of life. In 1833 he launched a competition which was intended to collect preliminary ideas for the design of a hall of fame and thus only specified the project's key features: the hall was to be erected above the Theresienwiese and provide space for about 200 busts. The only requirement was, “... that the building should not duplicate the Walhalla; as many Doric temples as there were, none of them was a copy of the Parthenon ....” Front view of the ensemble of the Bavaria statue and the Hall of Fame (Ruhmeshalle) The regulations did not exclude a building in the style of the Classicists as in the Walhalla, a parallel construction project, but it can be assumed that the architects were free to submit other architectural styles.
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Solon had supposedly tried to adapt the Atlantis oral tradition into a poem (that if published, was to be greater than the works of Hesiod and Homer). While it was never completed, Solon passed on the story to Dropides. Modern classicists deny the existence of Solon's Atlantis poem and the story as an oral tradition.Mauro Tulli, "The Atlantis poem in the Timaeus-Critias", in The Platonic Art of Philosophy, Cambridge University 2013, pp. 269–282 Instead, Plato is thought to be the sole inventor or fabricator. Hellanicus of Lesbos used the word "Atlantis" as the title for a poem published before Plato,"The following papyrus, 1359, which Grenfell and Hunt identified as also from the Catalogue, is regarded by C. Robert as part of a separate epic, which he calls Atlantis." Bell, H. Idris, "Bibliography: Graeco-Roman Egypt A. Papyri (1915-1919)", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr.
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The conflict of Aeschylus with Herodotus regarding the basic history of the Medes and Persians is so obvious that Walther Kranz stated, "Certainly one could complain, that thus Aeschylus (like his hearers) knew nothing about the enormous revolution in the East regarding the changeover of the dominion to the Persians." Steven Anderson writes, "The attempt to reconcile Aeschylus with Herodotus thus breaks down, not only because of the problem of correlating the Median kings, but also because of the problem of a Medo- Persian confederacy. Aeschylus presents the Medes and Persians as a united host right from the first Median king in the list, and does not indicate that there was a violent conquest of Media by Cyrus, as Herodotus claims there was." In the past, the interpretation taken by many classicists was that the two Median kings preceding Cyrus in this reference were Astyages and Xenophon's Cyaxares II. This was the position of Thomas Stanley, who edited what became the standard edition of the works of Aeschylus from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.
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The success of the Stanford/Oxford/AIRC collaboration led to two AIRC-organized and semester-long architecture programs with California Polytechnic State UniversityAIRC Study Abroad Program with Cal Poly AIRC and Cal Poly, Study Abroad in Rome, Architecture (Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo) and Northeastern University.AIRC and Northeastern University American Institute For Roman Culture and Northeastern University's Study Abroad Program for Roman Archaeology From 2007 until 2011, AIRC hosted a semester Classics program and Maymester Program with the College of the Holy Cross,AIRC and the College of the Holy Cross Friends, Romans, Classicists, Lend Us Your Ears! Announcing: The American Institute for Roman Culture and the College of the Holy Cross Rome Program in Archaeology and Classics Arya has served as AIRC's CEO/Executive Director since spring 2008, acting as principal fundraiser and liaison with the Italian Ministry of Culture.AIRC and MIBAC Italian Ministry of Culture and the American Institute for Roman Culture collaboration In addition to Arya, AIRC staff includes Alberto Prieto, PhD (archaeology, video), Shelley Ruelle (academic programs), Simone Di Santi (video), and Erica Firpo (social media).
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In June 2019, the foundation awarded one of its largest grants to the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School for its Ancient DNA Atlas project that seeks to sequence the DNA of ancient human remains in order to tell the story of human migration and development through the addition of DNA sequences of 10,000 individuals spanning 50,000 years. The funding was used to solve a riddle that had puzzled historians, classicists, linguists, anthropologists and archaeologists for 200 years - whether the bulk of the European civilization had arrived from Anatolia or the Pontic Steppes of Central Asia, and how Indo-European languages spread over an enormous geographical area from Britain to India, becoming the largest linguistic group today. The funding was used to embrace a multi-disciplinary approach and crowd-source results before the final manuscripts were completed, receiving commentary and feedback from academics of various institutions on several continents, according to geneticist David Reich, lead researcher on the project. The study was also funded by the governments of the US, Russia, Germany (Max Planck Institute), European Union and India.
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War Music is the working title of British poet Christopher Logue's long-term project to create a modernist poem based on Homer's Iliad, begun in 1959. It was originally the name of the first volume of that project, uniting the separately completed Patrocleia (Book 16), GBH (Books 17/18) and Pax (Book 19), which was published in 1981. In 2001 the further sections Kings and The Husbands were added, covering Books 1-4. It was followed by two additional sections, All Day Permanent Red (2003) and Cold Calls, the latter of which won the 2005 Whitbread Poetry Award. These were founded on Books 5-9 and were collected with the former sections, still under the collective title War Music, in 2016. Also added to this volume was an appendix with Logue’s notes and drafts-in-progress for further episodes.Sarah Crown’s review, The Guardian, 28 April 2016 Logue's work created controversy among classicists since Logue did not know Ancient Greek, and instead based his work on other translations of the Iliad and on a word-for-word crib provided by Classical scholar Donald Carne-Ross, who first proposed the project to Logue for the BBC.War Music 1981, p.
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It is said in many writings of the Greeks that there were many treasures stored inside the temple, such as Persian swords and small statue figures made of precious metals. Archaeologist Joan Breton Connelly has recently argued for the coherency of the Parthenon's sculptural program in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity back through the ages: from the birth of Athena, through cosmic and epic battles, to the final great event of the Athenian Bronze Age, the war of Erechtheus and Eumolpos. She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon's sculptured decoration, one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth, memory, values and identity.Joan Breton Connelly, The Parthenon Enigma,"" New York, Knopf, 2014, p. 35Daniel Mendelsohn, "Deep Frieze", The New Yorker, 14 April 2014 While some classicists, including Mary Beard, Peter Green, and Garry WillsMary Beard, "The Latest Scheme for the Parthenon", The New York Review of Books, 6 March 2014Mary Beard, Peter Green, Garry Wills "‘The Parthenon Enigma’—An Exchange", The New York Review of Books, 22 May 2014 have doubted or rejected Connelly's thesis, an increasing number of historians, archaeologists, and classical scholars support her work.
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He was born in 1911 as Asen Charakchiev in the town of Nevrokop, in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, now the town of Gotse Delchev, Bulgaria. In 1935 as a student of philosophy he was expelled from University of Sofia for anti-fascist activities and was sentenced to 12 1/2 years of imprisonment. In the prison, he illegally studied the classicists of Marxism-Leninism and guided circles in philosophy. Freed in 1940, he again joined the illegal anti-fascist movement. On 24 January 1943 he married Liliana Milosheva. In March 1944 he was imprisoned for a second time. On 9 September 1944 he was liberated by the victorious socialist revolution in Bulgaria. Under socialism, Asen Kojarov worked as a functionary of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the state apparatus and as a journalist. In 1948 he graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sofia as a correspondent student. In 1949-1951 he was lecturer in philosophy at the Polytechnical School in Sofia. From 1952 to 1972, with a short interruption, he was scientific secretary and deputy editor in chief of the Filosofska Missal magazine. In 1957 he went to specialize in Moscow.
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