Scottish clanship contained two complementary but distinct concepts of heritage.
|
|
Accurate maps of tribal, ethnic and clanship boundaries are, of course, helpful.
|
|
Especially in the province of Moray, there were also feudal groups which adopted clanship.
|
|
The same applies to the patriarchal traditions of clanship and lineage that confined women.
|
|
Any regional confederation was likely to be only on the basis of intermarriage and clanship.
|
|
A strong sense of clanship pervaded these villages, making men from other clans feel like interlopers.
|
|
Clan support for the royal house of Stuart was based mainly on the political values of clanship.
|
|
It is one short step from parochial affiliations to local mafias that rely on clanship, clientalism, and identity politics.
|
|
Cultural differences and the common desire to break free from clanship values both foster and destroy a big love.
|
|
Clanship was thus not only a strong tie of local kinship but also of Feudalism to the Scottish Crown.
|
|
This is an economic statement rather than a statement of social status, which depends on other factors including kinship and clanship position.
|
|
Large families and clanship have always ensured that anyone down on their luck had a place to stay and a hot meal to eat, especially the elderly.
|
|
This action as a commercial landlord, letting land to the highest bidder, was a clear breach of the principle of . Modern historical thinking gives less importance to the Battle of Culloden as a factor in the demise of clanship. The Jacobite rising of 1745 used to be described as the pivotal event in the demise in clanship. There is no doubt that the aftermath of the uprising saw savage punitive expeditions against clans that had supported the Jacobites, and legislative attempts to demolish clan culture.
|
|
Famous ethnographies include The Nuer, by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, and The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi, by Meyer Fortes; well-known edited volumes include African Systems of Kinship and Marriage and African Political Systems.
|
|
In traditional Vietnamese culture, kinship plays an important role in Vietnam. Whilst Western culture is known for its emphasis on individualism, Vietnamese culture places high value on the roles of family. For specific information, see Vietnamese pronouns. Clanship plays a minor but visible role.
|
|
During the Wars of Scottish Independence, feudal tenures were introduced by Robert the Bruce, to harness and control the prowess of clans by the award of charters for land in order to gain support in the national cause against the English. For example, the Clan MacDonald were elevated above the Clan MacDougall, two clans who shared a common descent from a great Norse-Gaelic warlord named Somerled of the 12th century. Clanship was thus not only a strong tie of local kinship but also of feudalism to the Scottish Crown. It is this feudal component, reinforced by Scots law, that separates Scottish clanship from the tribalism that is found in aboriginal groups in Australasia, Africa, and the Americas.
|
|
T.M. Devine, Clanship to Crofters' War, (Manchester ; Manchester Univ. Press, 1994)pp212-3 Murdoch's kilted figure became familiar in crofting townships as he urged crofters to organise and stand up for themselves. Affectionately known as Murchadh na Feilidh (Murdo the kilt), he encouraged the crofting population to set higher value on their country, race, lore and language.
|
|
The existence of chiefship and chieftainship has been recognized by Scottish law; however, the disarming of the Highland clans after the 1745 Jacobite rising effectively eliminated clanship from ordinary civil or statutory law.Maclean of Ardgour v. Maclean, p.650 Most notable was the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act, of 1746 that abolished traditional rights of jurisdiction afforded to Scottish clan chiefs.
|
|
439 Google Books According to Günther Schlee, the Garre Somali clan replaced the Borana Oromo clan as the dominant ethnic group in this region. The Borana violence against their neighbors, states Schlee, was unusual and unlike their behavior inside their community where violence was considered deviant.Günther Schlee Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya. Manchester University Press (1989) pp.
|
|
From the late 1930s until the postwar period appeared a string of monographs and edited volumes that cemented the paradigm of British Social Anthropology (BSA). Famous ethnographies include The Nuer, by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, and The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi, by Meyer Fortes; well-known edited volumes include African Systems of Kinship and Marriage and African Political Systems.
|
|
Identity Strategies of the Argo-pastoral Pokot: Analyzing ethnicity and clanship within a spatial framework. Universiteit Van Amsterdam, 2007 p. 47 The Nandi account on the Settlement of Nandi displays a similar manner of occupation of the Nandi territory. The Kalenjin clans that moved into and occupied the Nandi area, thus becoming the Nandi tribe, came from a wide array of Kalenjin speaking areas.
|
|
Millington is a civil parish in the Borough of Cheshire East in England. Its name is a "relic of Saxon clanship – the ton or town of the Millings". The parish is primarily agricultural, with a number of farms including Moss House Farm, Newhall Farm, Mereside Farm, Boothbank Farm and Stonedelph Farm. Millington has been recently described on Britain Streets as a "hamlet or isolated settlement in inhabited countryside".
|
|
Scottish clanship contained two complementary but distinct concepts of heritage. These were firstly the collective heritage of the clan, known as their , which was their prescriptive right to settle in the territories in which the chiefs and leading gentry of the clan customarily provided protection.Way of Plean; Squire (1994): p. 14. This concept was where all clansmen recognised the personal authority of the chiefs and leading gentry as trustees for their clan.
|
|
Since their origin in the early Middle Ages, clans were the major social unit of the Highlands. They were headed by a clan chief, with members of his family taking positions of authority under him. The mechanisms of clanship gave protection and agricultural land to the clansmen, who in return paid with service and rent which was paid, especially in earlier periods, mostly in kind (as opposed to money). Service included military service when required.
|
|
Overall, this reduced the need for the protection provided by a clan whilst increasing the costs for the clan leaders. The clan chiefs who fully subscribed to this new system of regulation were rewarded with charters that formalised their ownership of clan lands. The combination of these initiated the demise of clanship. The process continued as clan chiefs began to think of themselves as landlords, rather than as patriarchs of their people.
|
|
After the rebellion's failure, Scottish Jacobites were quick to blame O'Sullivan for "tactical ineptitude",MacInnes, A. (1996) Clanship, commerce and the House of Stuart, 1603-1788, Tuckwell, p.202 a view repeated by 19th century historians and into modern times. More recent scholarship has challenged this view, concluding that this reputation was probably undeserved and that O'Sullivan was effective in the roles given to him.Reid, S. (2012) The Scottish Jacobite Army 1745–46, Bloomsbury, p.
|
|
This was arguably accelerated by some of the punitive laws enacted after the rebellion.Stephen Conway, War, State, and Society in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland by Stephen Conway (2006), p. 139. These included the Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1746, which removed judicial roles from clan chiefs and gave them to the Scottish law courts. T. M. Devine warns against seeing a clear cause and effect relationship between the post-Culloden legislation and the collapse of clanship.
|
|
Historically, the term "sept" was not used in Ireland until the 19th century, long after any notion of clanship had been eradicated. The English word "sept" is most accurate in referring to a subgroup within a large clan, particularly when that group has taken up residence outside their clan's original territory (e.g. the O'Neills, MacSweeneys, and O'Connors). Related Irish clans often belong to larger groups, dynasties, such as the Dál gCais, Uí Néill, Uí Fiachrach, and Uí Maine.
|
|
MacQueen was ordained in 1740 and was appointed minister of Kilmuir and of Kilmaluag. He was the author of a number of works including Reflections on Clanship (1763) and a Dissertation of the Government of the People of the Western Isles (1774). He was also employed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland to revise (with other selected ministers) the translation of the Pentateuch into Gaelic.Alexander Cameron, History and Traditions of the Isle of Skye (E.
|
|
The Garre are divided into the Tuff and Quranyow sub-clans. While the Tuffs are further divided into the Ali and Adola groups, the Quranyow are divided into the Asare and Furkesha.UNDP paper (Kenya) In history, Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya, by Gunther Schlee, Voice and Power, by Hayward and UNDP Paper on Kenya, the Garre are divided into the following clans. The Garre split in 2 great sub-clans, Tuf and Kuranyo.
|
|
The concept of mentioned above held precedence in the Middle Ages; however, by the early modern period the concept of was favoured. This shift reflected the importance of Scots law in shaping the structure of clanship in that the fine were awarded charters and the continuity of heritable succession was secured. The heir to the chief was known as the and was usually the direct male heir. However, in some cases the direct heir was set aside for a more politically accomplished or belligerent relative.
|
|
In Highland society there was a system of fosterage among clan leaders, where boys and girls would leave their parent's house to be brought up in that of other chiefs, creating a fictive bond of kinship that helped cement alliances and mutual bonds of obligation.A. Cathcart, Kinship and Clientage: Highland Clanship, 1451–1609 (Brill, 2006), , pp. 81–2. "Rait's Raving", a poem by a fifteenth-century gentleman, describes young children up to the age of three as only concerned with food, drink and sleep.N. Orme, Medieval Children (Yale University Press, 2003), , pp. 175–6.
|
|
The various intervals of warfare since the Statutes of Iona intermittently paused the steady transition to landlordism, because the ability to raise a band of fighting men at short notice became important again. So, the civil war that started in 1638 reinvigorated the military aspects. The restoration of Charles II in 1660 brought peace, but also increased taxes, restarting the financial pressure. The succession of Jacobite rebellions emphasised again the martial aspects of clanship, but the defeat at Culloden brought an end to any willingness to go to war again.
|
|
The long-term economic benefits took a couple of generations to be realised, and long-standing distrust continued for generations. The risk of war between the two was greatly diminished, although Jacobite raids launched from the north hit England for another forty years. The new Britain used its power to undermine the clanship system in the Scottish Highlands Devine, The Scottish Nation: A History, 1700–2000 (1999) pp 31–48. Ambitious Scots now had major career opportunities in the fast-growing overseas British colonies, and in the rapidly growing industrial and financial communities of England.
|
|
Common childhood diseases included measles, diphtheria and whooping-cough, while parasites were also common. In Lowland noble and wealthy society by the fifteenth century the practice of wet-nursing had become common. In Highland society there was a system of fosterage among clan leaders, where boys and girls would leave their parent's house to be brought up in that of other chiefs, creating a fictive bond of kinship that helped cement alliances and mutual bonds of obligation.A. Cathcart, Kinship and Clientage: Highland Clanship, 1451–1609 (Brill, 2006), , pp. 81–2.
|
|
Bonds of manrent and friendship tied obviously non-related kin groups into a wider military, political, and land/food resource sharing clanship. Today, sept lists are used by clan societies to recruit new members. Such lists date back to the 19th century, when clan societies and tartan manufacturers attempted to capitalise on the enthusiasm and interest for all things Scottish. Lists were drawn up that linked as many surnames as possible to a particular clan, regardless of whether there was an actual historical connection to that clan surname.
|
|
Stewart was a member of the local Jacobite clan the Stewarts of Appin, who had recently suffered evictions on Campbell's orders. Stewart was found guilty of aiding and abetting by a jury composed largely of Campbells (the presiding judge was the Campbell chief) and Stewart was hanged. In 1753 he offered himself as a candidate for the forthcoming general election for Inverness-shire (which had a total of about 26 electors) but the 3rd Duke of Argyll, worried this might reignite feelings of clanship, persuaded Fraser not to stand.
|
|
7 Beginning in the second millennium B.C., particular Nilotic communities began to move southward into far South Sudan, where most settled. However, the societies today referred to as the Southern Nilotes pushed further on, reaching what is present-day north-eastern Uganda by 1000 B.C. The earliest area in the Great Lakes region that is recognized as inhabited by the Southern Nilotic speakers lies in the present day Jie and Dodoth country in Uganda.De Vries, Kim. Identity Strategies of the Argo-pastoral Pokot: Analyzing ethnicity and clanship within a spatial framework.
|
|
After 1745, the popular perception of Highlanders changed from that of "wyld, wykkd Helandmen," racially and culturally separate from other Scots, to members of a noble warrior race. For a century before 1745, rural poverty drove increasing numbers to enlist in foreign armies, such as the Dutch Scots Brigade. However, while military experience itself was common, the military aspects of clanship had been in decline for many years, the last significant inter-clan battle being Maol Ruadh in August 1688. Foreign service was banned in 1745 and recruitment into the British Army accelerated as deliberate policy.
|
|
The second concept was the wider acceptance of the granting of charters by the Crown and other powerful land owners to the chiefs, chieftains and lairds which defined the estate settled by their clan. This was known as their and gave a different emphasis to the clan chief's authority in that it gave the authority to the chiefs and leading gentry as landed proprietors, who owned the land in their own right, rather than just as trustees for the clan. From the beginning of Scottish clanship, the clan warrior elite, who were known as the ‘fine’, strove to be landowners as well as territorial war lords.
|
|
But Rivers is unable to sustain this focus throughout the work, so after a brilliant opening, the book tails off somewhat. We get a good idea of the Toda dairies and the ideas of ritual purity that protect them; but then the author returns to the ready-made categories of the day: gods, magic, kinship, clanship, crime and so on, and says no more about the dairies. Moreover, he failed to discover the existence of matrilineal clans alongside the patrilineal ones. A second, and more important, limitation of his study is its failure to view Toda society as a local and specialized variant of—as A.L. Kroeber wrote—“higher Indian culture”.
|
|
Scholars sometimes disagree about whether it is better to use the terms "sept" or "clan" when referring to traditional Irish family groups. Historically, the term 'sept' was not used in Ireland until the nineteenth century, long after any notion of clanship had been eradicated. It is often argued that the English word 'sept' is most accurate referring to a sub-group within a large clan, especially when that group has taken up residence outside of their clan's original territory (O'Neill, MacSweeney, and O'Connor are examples). Related Irish septs and clans often belong to larger groups, sometimes called tribes, such as the Dál gCais, Uí Néill, Uí Fiachrach, and Uí Maine.
|
|
On 29 March 1899, the British Vice Consul wrote a very stern and insulting letter to him asking him to return the gun immediately, which someone in Hassan's camp had reported stolen. This enraged Hassan and he sent a very brief and curt reply refuting the allegation. While Hassan had really been against the Ethiopian invaders of Somalia, this small incident caused a clash with the British.The Failure of The Daraawiish State: The Clash Between Somali Clanship and State System Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe - the 5th International Congress of Somali Studies December 1993 The Dervish forces successfully repulsed the British Empire in four military expeditions, and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.
|
|
In the decades following the failed 1719 Rising, Highland society and economy became more integrated with the outside world but remained one of the poorest areas of Europe. Poverty was particularly marked in the Western Isles and Lochaber, made worse by fines imposed after the 1715 Rising; this led to abuses such as the sale of tenants into indentured servitude by MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod. Highland chiefs traditionally rented land to tacksmen, often relatives, who provided men for military service as part of their rent. However, the military aspects of clanship had been in decline for many years, the last significant inter-clan battle being Maol Ruadh in August 1688 which meant paying for a capacity that was rarely used.
|
|
It was a powerful and enduring belief > which lived on long after the military rationale of clanship itself had > disappeared and tribal chiefs had shed their ancient responsibilities and > become commercial landlords. Land agitation in Scotland began because of the "Home Rule" movement in Ireland and information and opinions of this movement brought by fishermen to the Outer Hebrides. Believing that they were the rightful owners of the land, crofters used rent strikes and what came to be known as land raids: crofter occupations of land to which crofters believed they should have access for common grazing or for new crofts, but which landlords had given over to sheep farming and hunting parks (called deer forests). The strife grew more intense; the landlords hired warships for protection from the crofters.
|
|
However, ultimately the top two lists, in terms of number of votes received, featured candidates hailing from, and relying on clanship connections with, the Fujianese and Guangdong communities. Macau’s strong “association culture” that advantages such candidates was demonstrated clearly in this year’s elections with the win of ACUM’s pro-Beijing candidate, Chan Meng-kam, who is both a Fujianese community leader and a casino owner. He secured the highest number of votes at 26,385 (18% of the total), breaking a record in Macau by winning three seats from a single candidate list. Meanwhile, newer, pro-democrat candidates such as Jason Chao Teng-hei, a radical young candidate for New Macau Liberals faced difficulties winning out at the polls. Initially hoping to secure the youth vote, he was only able to get 3,227 votes in the face of the new restrictions on campaigning, ultimately resulting in a loss of one of the democrats’ three seats.
|
|