161 Sentences With "cingulum" | Random Sentence Generator

Illustration showing how an electrode was inserted into the cingulum bundle.

The new study is different in that positive feelings were induced in the patients, a consequence of stimulating the cingulum bundle.

Bijanki, with the help of Emory neurosurgeon Jon T. Willie, electrically stimulated the cingulum bundle of three epilepsy patients as they were undergoing preliminary diagnostic monitoring prior to brain surgery.

A distinct pathway in the white matter part of the brain known as the cingulum bundle can be used to alleviate stress and anxiety during awake brain surgery, according to new research published today in The Journal of Clinical Investigation.

The transverse surface groove is called the cingulum which runs laterally around the whole organism, whereas the other groove, sulcus, starts from ventral midpoint of the cingulum vertically down to the posterior end of the organism typically. The cingulum is a useful morphological feature in discerning species. For instance, the angle of descent of the cingulum varies among species. The theca is also separated by the cingulum into epitheca for theca above the cingulum and hypotheca for theca below the cingulum.

The middle segment of the cingulum contains connections with premotor and motor cortical areas. Another place of importance that explains the cingulum and its relation to mild cognitive impairment is the fact that the cingulum connects to the hippocampus. The cingulum takes memory information and integrates this to other parts of the brain. Damage to the cingulum also simultaneously damages the hippocampus.

The distance between the mesioincisal angle to the cingulum is slightly longer than the distance between the distoincisal angle to the cingulum.

A well-developed cingulum was present on the tongue side. The presence and position of the cingulum distinguishes Saloumia from Moeritherium. On both the tongue and cheek sides, the cingulum merged into a shearing edge. The enamel as a whole was thick and heavily grooved.

In recent years the cingulum has been associated with various brain disorders and diseases. One such area of interest is the disruption of white matter in the posterior cingulum causing mild cognitive impairment. Using diffusion MRI techniques, researchers have associated mild cognitive impairment with damage to the cingulum. The cingulum is a frontal association tract that could play a critical role because it connects sites repeatedly implicated in cognitive control.

Anterior cingulum with a well-defined parastyle with a moderate buccal cingulum. M2 and M1 with the metastyle quite a bit longer than the paracone-metacone. P3 short, with tall main cusp, posterior cusplet moderate, and much reduced protocone. Basal lingual cingulum strong, weaker on the buccal side.

From a dorsal view of the cell, the lipped cingulum (located equatorially) can be viewed. The cingulum is narrow and the inside surface has round pores with smooth edges. There are also marginal pores surrounding the lipped cingulum. Coolia also has a narrow sulcus that contains relatively short longitudinal flagellum at the posterior end.

Per Brodal: The Central Nervous System Cingulotomy, the surgical severing of the anterior cingulum, is a form of psychosurgery used to treat depression and OCD. The cingulum was one of the earliest identified brain structures.

On lower incisors, a cingulum usually is poorly developed or absent. Maxillary canines have a large, well- developed cingulum,Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition. 2003. p. 198. .

Around the neck of the crown, a thickened cingulum, or shelf, is present.

The cingulum is a major association tract. The cingulum forms the white matter core of the cingulate gyrus and links from this to the entorhinal cortex. Another major association tract is the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) that has three parts.

The lower premolar is tricuspidate and the first and second molars are quadritubercular with a broad cingulum.

The upper molars display shearing crests with a sharp ectoloph that is supported by well-developed, distinct stylar cusps that are connected via a buccal cingulum. A prominent lingual cingulum surrounds the protocone. There is no hypocone or pericone. Unlike early Eocene hoanghoniines, Sivaladapis is derived in having a fused mandible.

Wiccan High Priest Raymond Buckland has said that the cingulum should not be worn, but kept especially for spellcraft.

The lingual cingulum is incomplete; it is stronger in Phenacopithecus. M1 is similar to M2, but somewhat smaller. The ectoflexus is less apparent, the stylar shelf is narrower, there is no crest behind the metaconule, and the lingual cingulum is continuous. The condition of the parastyle more closely resembles that in Afrotarsius.

It is considerably larger than the type species, Pliopithecus antiquus. Epipliopithecus also has higher- crowned incisors, and upper central incisors with a notched lingual cingulum. The trigon base on the lower molars is also considerably reduced, as is buccal cingulum of the upper molars. Epipliopithecus lacks the triangle pliopithecine which is characteristic of most pliopithecoids.

This is vital because the hippocampus is pivotal in memory storage. Damage to gray matter, bodies of neurons, or white matter of axons in the cingulum therefore can affect humans cognitively because of this damage. Also variations in microstructure of a group of fibers in the rostral cingulum have been shown to be extremely sensitive to performance of cognitive control tasks. White matter pathology of the cingulum represents one of the earliest changes in development of age-related dementia and is currently aiding researchers worldwide to discover more about this relationship.

The distal and mesial marginal ridges are evident and the cingulum is prominent. The lingual fossa is more concave than the central incisor. The cingulum will often have a deep developmental groove on the distal side that can continue well into the root. The lingual view of the lateral incisor fits into the geometric shape of a trapezoid.

Zijlstra et al., 2010, pp. 862, 864–865, 867 The anterolabial cingulum and anteroconid are both absent on m3. The mesolophid is usually absent.

In neuroanatomy, the cingulum is a nerve tract – a collection of axons – projecting from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain, allowing for communication between components of the limbic system. It forms the white matter core of the cingulate gyrus, following it from the subcallosal gyrus of the frontal lobe beneath the rostrum of corpus callosum to the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus of the temporal lobe.J. Edward Bruni, Donald Montemurro, Human Neuroanatomy: A Text, Brain Atlas and Laboratory Dissection Guide, Oxford University Press, 2009 Neurons of the cingulum receive afferent fibers from the parts of the thalamus that are associated with the spinothalamic tract. This, in addition to the fact that the cingulum is a central structure in learning to correct mistakes, indicates that the cingulum is involved in appraisal of pain and reinforcement of behavior that reduces it.

Besides the molar relationship, the British Standards Institute Classification also classifies malocclusion into incisor relationship and canine relationship. Class I: The lower incisor edges occlude with or lie immediately below the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisors Class II: The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors Division 1 – the upper central incisors are proclined or of average inclination and there is an increase in overjet Division 2 – The upper central incisors are retroclined. The overjet is usually minimal or may be increased. Class III: The lower incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors.

Though some species of Gymnodinium have a cingulum placed back from the anterior end of the cell, none cross the midline as that of Torodinium does.

The paraconid is higher than the metaconid.Rauhut et al., 2002, p. 167 At the front margin, a cingulum is present that is divided into two small cusps.

The feature that defines the close association with Hadronomas was the upper first premolar, which was more bulbous with no lingual cingulum, differing it from most Macropods.

They are characterized by the differences of gonopods. They have distinct or indistinct geniculation cingulum which show a postfemoral part demarcated basally. Femorite is long and slender.

Lingually, the surface of the tooth is much more smooth compared to the very pronounced surface of the maxillary canine, and the cingulum is noted as less developed.

The name is related to the Dutch word omsingelen, "to surround", and comes ultimately from Latin cingulum, meaning "belt". Other Dutch towns also have ring-shaped canals named Singel.

A modern Cingulum militare replica A cingulum militare was a piece of ancient Roman military equipment in the form of a belt decorated with metal fittings, which was worn as a badge of rank by soldiers and officials and was used to hold their pants up in battle. Many examples were made in the Roman province of Pannonia.Crummy, Philip (1981). Colchester Archaeological Report 1/CBA Research Report 39: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester.

Their outer side is convex. Sharp cutting-edges or carinae are lacking. Their apices are sharp and slightly bent inwards. They possess a cingulum, a thickened ridge at the crown base.

The lingual fossa is bordered incisally by the lingual incisal edge, mesially by the mesial marginal ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge, and cervically by the cingulum. Developmental grooves are found on the cingulum and lying into the lingual fossa. This side of the tooth tapers in size from the labial side of the tooth. As a result, the mesial and distal sides of the tooth are further away on the labial side than on the lingual side.

Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition. 2003. p. 105. . The majority of a lingual surface's cervical third is made up of the cingulum.

A cingulum (shelf) is present on the buccal margin of the tooth, but this cingulum is rather weak in the Pakistani fossil. On the M2, smaller cusps, the paraconule and metaconule, are present on the lingual sides of the paracone and metacone, but on the M1 the paraconule is missing and the metaconule is small and ridgelike. The small cusps are better developed in the Pakistani M2. A third major cusp, the protocone, is present on the lingual side of both upper molars.

Ambondro mahabo is a mammal from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Isalo III Formation (about 167 million years ago) of Madagascar. The only described species of the genus Ambondro, it is known from a fragmentary lower jaw with three teeth, interpreted as the last premolar and the first two molars. The premolar consists of a central cusp with one or two smaller cusps and a cingulum (shelf) on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth. The molars also have such a lingual cingulum.

Upon an investigation conducted by Carty and Cox (1986), Durinskia baltica was determined to belong in a different genus than Peridinium. While the representative or type species of both Peridinium and Durinskia baltica have five cingular plates, the irregular arrangement of the cingular plates in D. baltica differs from the typical cingular plate alignment with postcingular plates in Peridinium. Note that cingular plates are cellulose plates that make up the transverse groove, cingulum, in the outer armor of the organism, whereas precingular plates are plates that form part of the outer armor that is above the cingulum, and postcingular plates are plates that form the outer armor that is below the cingulum. More importantly, all species in Peridinium have seven precingular plates rather than six precingular plates as in D. baltica.

Relative to other primitive mammals, it is small. Each of the teeth has a prominent cingulum (shelf) on the inner (lingual) side.Flynn et al., 1999, p. 58 The p-last has a strong central cusp.

Coleroidion cingulum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1969.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.

Pain Physician, 19(8) 537-550. The objective of this procedure is the severing of the supracallosal fibres of the cingulum bundle, which pass through the anterior cingulate gyrus.Christmas et al.. (2004). Neurosurgery for mental disorders.

The crown is trapezoid in shape. In p4, there is a clear cingulum at the front and labial (outer) margins. The crown is triangular and the back edge is straight, not saddle-shaped as in M. schreibersii.

The sulcus is narrow and may widen as it extends to the posterior end of the organism as in D. agilis. The plates that form the theca immediately above and directly below the cingulum are called the precingular plates and postcingular plates respectively. In the genus Durinskia, organisms have 6 precingular plates and 5 postcingular plates; the cingulum and sulcus is composed 5 unequal plates and 6 plates respectively. Although the shape of the plates varies among species, all species have cingular plates that do not align with the postcingular plates.

According to Heckert, "R." hunti displays an orithischian-like feature not present in R. callenderi (teeth possessing a cingulum), suggesting that it represents a new genus of early ornithischian. This was challenged by Irmis et al. (2006), who found that the cingulum differed from that in true early ornithischians, and noted that some teeth had been found with skull bones and osteoderms that matched those of Revueltosaurus. Thus, they found that it was not a dinosaur, and provisionally retained it in Revueltosaurus; it may once again be R. hunti.

From a lingual aspect, they have well developed mesial and distal marginal ridges and a well-developed cingulum. A prominent lingual ridge divides the lingual aspect in half and creates the mesial and distal lingual fossae between the lingual ridge and the marginal ridges. From a proximal aspect, they resemble the incisors, but are more robust, especially in the cingulum region. Incisally, they are visibly asymmetrical, as the mesial incisal edge is slightly shorter than the distal incisal edge, which places the cusp slightly mesial to the long axis of the tooth.

758–759 On the other side of the tooth, the mesolophid (another accessory crest) is also present. On each of the lower molars, an anterolabial cingulum (a shelf on the front labial corner) is present.Turvey et al., 2010, p.

In the Class II Division 2 incisal classification of malocclusion, the lower incisors occlude posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors and the upper central incisors are retroclined. The overjet is usually minimal but it may be increased.

Cynosaurus has simple canines with an ovoid shape that lack cingulum (Botha- Brink et al., 2007). The post canines are posterior accessory cusp and Cynosaurus have a second posterior accessory cusp in the posterior-most teeth (Botha-Brink et al., 2007).

A shelf-like ridge on the lower part of the crown (on an upper molar) is called a cingulum; the same feature on the lower molar a cingulid, and a minor cusp on these, for example, a cingular cuspule or conulid.

In dinoflagellates, the cingulum is a groove that encircles the cell, splitting it into two regions, the anterior episome and the posterior hyposome; the longitudinal flagellum typically lies within this furrow. Similarly, the sulcus is a groove that runs longitudinally and typically contains the transverse flagellum. In Torodinium, both these grooves are extended into the episome, a feature believed to be unique to this genus. Although other genera, including Gymnodinium, Cochlodinium, and Warnowia are already known to possess the anterior extension of the cingulum, the addition of a sulcal extension as well appears to be unique to Torodinium.

In the various forms of British Traditional Wicca, cords, known as cingulum, or singulum (which literally translates as "girdle" or "belt"), are worn about the waist by adherents. These are often given to a Wiccan upon their initiation, and worn at each subsequent ritual.Cingulum, an article in Pentacle Magazine, issue 22, Autumn 2007, by an anonymous author Traditionally they are nine feet in length (nine being three times three, the magical number), and are used to measure the circumference of the magic circle so that it can be set up correctly. In many traditions of Wicca, the colour of a person's cingulum indicates what rank of initiation they are; in several Australian covens for instance, green denotes a novice, white denotes an initiate of the first degree, blue for the second, and a plaited red, white and blue for the third, with the High Priest wearing a gold cingulum (symbolising the sun), and the High Priestess wearing silver (symbolising the moon).

In response to the report that R. callenderi was not an ornithischian, Heckert (2005) erected a new genus for R. hunti, Krzyzanowskisaurus. He suggested that the denticulated shelf on the teeth represented a cingulum. Irmis et al. (2007) and Nesbitt et al.

Page accessed on January 24, 2007. All anterior teeth are formed from four centers of development, referred to as lobes. Three are located on the facial side of the tooth, and one on the lingual side. The cingulum forms from this lingual lobe of development.

They have a cingulum, which is anteriorly positioned, and the cells are laterally compressed. The structural plan and plate tabulation are conserved within the genus. Dinophysis thecae are divided in halves by a sagittal fission suture. Thecal ornamentation is a useful character for species identification.

The fossil skull itself no longer had any teeth in it but a single tooth was found, lacking the cingulum. Two osteoderms were found; one was intact. It has a length of 137 and a width of 115 millimetres. It is hollow and conical.

These are not marked off from the succeeding whorl. This one is, smooth, with 2 or 3 spiral red bands. The last two whorls increase rapidly in size. They are flat to slightly convex above, concave below before reaching the strong and prominent cingulum.

The whole forms a neural circuit in the limbic system known as the Papez circuit. The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the cingulum to other Broca's limbic areas. The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes.

The antero-internal cingulum is missing in the molars of Lepidolemur. Details about the anterior parts of the dentition, the canines and incisors, are difficult to determine. The bulle osseve are broken away. The foremost facial portion and base of the skull is also wanting.

The next upper premolar (P3) is very small, with a single, pointed cusp that contacts the lingual cingulum (a crest or ridge on the tongue side), which circles the base of the tooth. The two cusps on the last upper premolar (P4) are a large paracone and a smaller protocone. Like other cheirogaleids, their first lower premolar (P2) is caniniform and large, while the cingulids (ridges) on the three lower premolars are more developed compared to most other cheirogaleids. The first two upper molars (M1–2) have a developed hypocone, and the buccal cingulum (a crest or ridge on the cheek side) is well developed on all three upper molars.

One of the first characteristics discovered to separate Torodinium from the genus Gymnodinium was the marked torsion of the sulcus. Rather than forming a relatively symmetrical band down the anterior-posterior axis of the cell, the sulcus appears to twist approximately half a turn at the cell’s apical end in Torodinium, while remaining straight at the antapical end; no such turn exists in Gymnodinium. Equally important in the establishment of Torodinium as a genus is the posterior cingulum, from which extends the longitudinal flagellum. Contrary to that of Gymnodinium, the flagellar pore, typically anterior, is located very posteriorly in Torodinium, the cingulum extending almost to the antapex.

Lamna: Discus at the end of each apron strip that embrace the pensilium. Fibula: Buckle of the belt. The cingulum militare was used in conjunction with the helmet (Galea), the shield (Scutum), the overall armor on the upper body (Curias), a dagger (Pugio), and a sword (Gladius).

This sculpture becomes obscure toward the siphonal canal. Above the periphery is one well- marked cingulum slightly turretting the whorl which inclines from it to the suture in a flattened manner. The aperture is pointed in front, wider behind. The columella is simple, perfectly straight, anteriorly attenuated.

A cingulum is a convexity mesiodistally resembling a girdle, encircling the lingual surface at the cervical third, found on the lingual surface of anterior teeth. It is frequently identifiable as an inverted V-shaped ridge,Gray, Henry. XI. Splanchnology. 2a. The Mouth, from "Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body".

The dinoflagellate labeled above is the microscopic alga Karenia brevis. It is the cause of red tide in the Gulf of Mexico. The algae propel themselves using a longitudinal flagellum (A) and a transverse flagellum (B). The longitudinal flagellum lies in a groove-like structure called the cingulum (F).

Furthermore, white matter abnormalities in the cingulum bundle, a structure that connects the PCC to other limbic structures, are found in some patients with schizophrenia. In functional MRI studies, abnormal PCC function., has been linked to increases and decreases in functional connectivity. There are also abnormal PCC responses during task performance.

Cingulum means "belt" in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the corpus callosum. The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of Broca (1878) that consisted of a superior cingulate part (supracallosa) and an inferior hippocampic part (infracallosal).Broca, P (1878).

Natural enemies of the moth include several parasites such as the tachinid fly Lydella grisescens, the braconid wasp Macrocentrus cingulum, and the ichneumon wasp Eriborus terebrans. It is also susceptible to the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Nosema furnacalis. Additionally, the Asian corn borer has the potential to develop the insect disease muscardine.

The incisal view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side where the incisal edge is located. From this angle, only the crown of the tooth is visible, and overall the tooth looks bilateral. The labial surface appears broad and flat. The lingual surface tapers toward the cingulum.

The toponym Tschingel or Zingel is comparatively frequent in Central Switzerland. It is a derivation of Latin cingulum "girdle, belt" and refers to a horizontal band of naked rock, or striations in a rock face.Weibel, Viktor (1976): Die Staffelung romanischer Elemente der innerschweizerischen Bergnamengebung. In: Beiträge zur Schweizer Namenkunde 14, 293-308.

Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 529, 534, 538. On her wedding day, she belted her tunic with the cingulum, made from the wool of a ewe to symbolize fertility and tied with the "knot of Hercules", which was supposed to be hard to untie.Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 534–535; Festus 55 (edition of Lindsay) on the nodus Herculaneus, which was used for its apotropaic powers on jewelry as well. The Roman Hercules was a giver of fertility and a great scatterer of seed: he fathered, according to Verrius Flaccus, seventy children. The knot symbolized wifely chastity, in that it was to be untied only by her husband, but the cingulum also symbolized that the bridegroom "was belted and bound" to his wife.

The episome of Torodinium is very large and marked by about 12-14 clearly visible longitudinal ribs running in an anterior-posterior direction, in addition to thinner striations running longitudinally as well. In addition to the anterior extensions of the sulcus and cingulum mentioned above, there exists a third groove on the dextro- lateral side of the episome. The anterior end of this groove terminates between two converging longitudinal ribs, while the posterior end forms a short loop towards the left where it terminates above the anterior cingulum. Previously termed “slender canal” and “anterior pusule”, this groove of unknown function has most recently been deemed the lateral canal and is one of the structures contributing to the theory of possible mixotrophy in Torodinium species.

Weksler, 2006, p. 49 The second lower molar bears a crest, the anterolophid, before the two cusps, the protoconid and metaconid, that form the front edge of the molar in some other oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, p. 52 There is a distinct ridge (anterolabial cingulum) at the outer front (anterolabial) edge of the molar, before the protoconid.

This fossa provides space for the lower canine tooth when the jaw is closed. Above the upper canine at the top of the snout there is a small depression on the maxilla. The tip of the snout is covered in irregular pits, a unique feature of Boreogomphodon. Each upper postcanine has large central cusp and a posterior cingulum.

The sculpture consists of oblique opisthocline axial ribs, 11 on the first whorl, increasing to 12–13 on the body whorl, from suture to suture, and obsolescent on the base. The shell shows fine spiral striae 6–7 on the first whorl, increasing to about. 25 (between sutures) on the body whorl, crossing the ribs. No cingulum.

The occipital condyle, the contact with the neck, is obliquely pointing to below, an ankylosaurid trait causing the head to be pointing downwards. The beak is toothless. The tooth rows of the maxillae are rather straight and each consist of fifteen to sixteen small teeth, lacking a true cingulum, swollen basis. There is no armour on the snout.

Edge-to-edge articulation is when opposing front teeth meet along their incisal edges when teeth are in maximal intercuspal position. In Posselt's envelope this happens in ICP as the incisors of the mandible slide past the cingulum of the upper incisors to meet the biting edge and continue to maintain tooth contact as mandible protrudes forward.

At the University of Washington, Foltz received a John R. and Mary Markle scholarship in Medical Science to support his coma and cingulum studies. During that time he became committed to academic neurosurgery. In 1965, Foltz He became a full Professor in Neurological Surgery at the university. Foltz developed selective frontal leuotomy cingulotomy at the university, working with Dr. Arthur Ward.

The flagellar movement produces forward propulsion and also a turning force. The longitudinal flagellum is relatively conventional in appearance, with few or no hairs. It beats with only one or two periods to its wave. The flagella lie in surface grooves: the transverse one in the cingulum and the longitudinal one in the sulcus, although its distal portion projects freely behind the cell.

In front of the hypoconid, an ectostylid (a smaller cuspule) is present. The entoconid cusp, located lingually, is relatively high and is separated from the mesolophid before it by a deep valley. Another crest, the posterolophid, is present behind the hypoconid. At the front of the m2, crests known as the anterolophid and anterolabial cingulum are present before the protoconid and the metaconid.

The apical pore in one Durinskia species is a slit-like pore that is located at the apex of the epitheca. The epitheca is either similar in size or slightly longer than the hypotheca. There are no ornaments on the smooth and thin theca in this genus. The cingulum slightly descends downward toward the medial of the organism by around half its width.

Exiguodon is distinguished from other hyainailourines by the following features: diminutive dimensions, lower molars (m3 – m2) with greatly reduced talonid; protoconid and paraconid similar in size. Paraconid of the molars lingually oriented. M2 and M1 close in size and morphology. Occlusal outline sub-triangular, with greatly reduced protocone, which appears like an antero-lingual cingulum which extends anteriorly and buccally.

Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. 4: 1–170. Although Kofoid and Swezy admit in their paper to have only observed T. teredo, their suspicions as to the existence of T. robustum, inferred from Schütt’s drawings, were later confirmed. Torodinium was deemed its own genus due to its characteristic sulcal torsion and posterior cingulum housing the longitudinal anterior flagellar pore.

Polykrikos is a colony of zooids (units of a colonial organism) that carry out simultaneous functions of a whole cell. All Polykrikos species have: 1) a slightly curved longitudinal furrow, sulcus, extending to posterior end of the organism 2) a loop-shaped acrobase, which is an anterior extension from the sulcus 3) a transverse furrow, cingulum, with the displacement 4) taeniocyst- nematocyst complexes 5) two or four times less the number of nuclei than of zooids, and 6) ability to disassemble into pseudocolonies with fewer zooids and only one nucleus. The most distinctive trait of this genus is the formation of multinucleated pseudocolonies that consist of an even number of zooids. Each zooid has a pair of flagella (transverse and longitudinal flagella) and has its own transverse groove, cingulum, but zooid longitudinal furrows, sulci, are fused.

There is a cingulum, or shelf, on the buccal side of m2. The last lower molar, m3, is smaller and has a longer talonid, with a well-developed hypoconulid lobe at the back, and generally resembles that of Phenacopithecus, but the trigonid is smaller. The paraconid is distinct. The hypoconulid lobe is longer than in Afrotarsius and the entoconid is located further to the front.

Cingoli was founded in the province as Cingulum, also known as "The Balcony of the Marche" due to its views of the surroundings. Tolentino was founded by the Romans as Tolentinum, while Recanati is widely known as the birthplace of poet Giacomo Leopardi. Massimo Girotti, an actor, was born in Mogliano in the province of Macerata. of the province is agricultural land, and is urbanised.

Two dissimilar flagella that are involved in locomotion are present in the cingulum and sulcus. The cytoplasm contains many yellow-green chloroplasts. The plastid of Karenia is especially notable as it is the product of tertiary endosymbiosis, by uptake of a haptophyte. Therefore, they lack the typical dinoflagellate pigment peridinin and have a plastid with pigments chlorophylls a+c and 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, typically haptophyte pigments.

There is a distinctive, downward-sloping curve along the snout (rostrum). Its dental formula is incisors: 1/1; unicuspids: 5/1; premolars: 1/1; molars: 3/3. Of the five upper unicuspids the third is distinctly smaller than the fourth, and they have a pigmented ridge extending to the cingulum. There is a large medial tine on the large upper incisor, in the anterior pigmented region.

The skull has been estimated to have a length of . The morphology and distribution of the cups on the postcanines is considered to be very similar to Thrinaxodon liorhinus differing in the fact that the cingulum is lingually wider. The coronoid, prearticular and angular processes, Bonaparte considered, were more developed than those in Thrinaxodon, being more similar to Tribolodon (now Bolotridon). The lower postcanines are buccolingually expanded.

As his praetorship was in 60 or 59 BC, Titus Labienus most likely was born around 100 BC.Tyrrell(3) Many sources suggest that he came from the town of Cingulum in Picenum. His family was of equestrian status. He most likely had early ties with Pompey during his time as a patron for Picenum and his desire to rise in military rank. His early service was c.

Presence of a strong parastyle in an antero-buccal position, united to the apex of the paracone by a well defined crista. The buccal cingulum borders a wide buccal platform, particularly large in the M2. Paracone tall and narrow, elongated blade-like metastyle. P4 broadened, with reduced protocone and presence of a notch between the main conical cusp and the blade- like posterior cusp.

These three have interspaces equal to or wider than themselves. On the body whorl in front of the periphery the cinguli are flat-topped little elevated wide bands with narrower interspaces, this sculpture becoming obscure toward the siphonal canal. Above the periphery is one well-marked cingulum slightly turreting the whorl which inclines from it to the suture in a flattened manner. The aperture is pointed in front, wider behind.

The buccal ridge runs cervico-occlusally in approximately the center of the buccal surface of premolars. The labial ridge is one that runs cervico-incisally in approximately the center of the labial surface of canines. The lingual ridge extends from the cingulum to the cusp tip on the lingual surface of most canines. The cervical ridge runs mesiodistally on the cervical third of the buccal surface of the crown.

The pellicle divides into two structures known as the epicone and hypocone that lie above and below the transverse groove, the cingulum, respectively. Two rows of plates surround the epicone and hypocone in a particular pattern that may be inherited by offspring. These patterns may be used to identify groups of dinoflagellates or even species of Ceratium. The plates contain expanded horns, which is a characteristic feature of Ceratium species.

Species of Ceratium contain two flagella of different lengths that are orientated in the transverse and longitudinal positions. The transverse flagellum is structurally complex and wraps around the cingulum. The movement of the flagellum is described as "wave-like" and allows the organism to spin as it swims. The longitudinal flagellum extends from a groove known as the sulcus, and this flagellum is simpler in structure than the transverse flagellum.

The anteroconid—the cusp at the front of m1—is usually divided in two by a central indentation (the anteromedian fossettid) in A. donovani, but this fossettid is absent in A. praeuniversitatis. Behind the anteroconid is the protoconid—metaconid pair of cusps. There is an anterolabial cingulum—a crest at the front labial margin, in front of the protoconid. There is a long crest behind the metaconid, a mesolophid.

Since most volaticotherian remains are based on teeth, the diagnostic characteristic of the group is its molar morphology. Though classified as "triconodont" in shape, volaticotherian molars are highly atypical, possessing high, curved, backwards facing cusps aligned anteroposteriorly, lacking a cingulum. Canines and incisors tend to be fairly large. In the two forms that do possess postcranial remains, Argentoconodon and Volaticotherium, we see a highly specialised femur, lacking a femoral neck.

The town occupies the site of the ancient Cingulum, a town of Picenum, founded and strongly fortified by Julius Caesar's lieutenant Titus Labienus (probably on the site of an earlier village) in 63 BCE at his own expense. Its lofty position at an elevation of about made it of some importance in the civil wars, but otherwise little is heard of it. Under the Roman Empire it was a municipium.

Dinophysis acuta is a marine unicellular protist, and is the largest among Dinophysis. It is an armoured species with a distinct body covering called theca or test. The body is laterally compressed with a small, cap-like epitheca and a much larger hypotheca. It has the double collars (known as cingulum) around the top of the cell, and a further wing (known as the sulcus) running vertically down the cell.

Further towards the inner side, a crest, the entocristid, rims the talonid basin; on m1, it is swollen and on m2, it contains two small cuspules, but a distinct entoconid cusp is absent. This entocristid is continuous with the lingual cingulum. Wear facets are areas of a tooth that show evidence of contact with a tooth in the opposing jaw when the teeth are brought together (known as occlusion).Luo et al.

Undescribed Early Jurassic heterodontosaurids are also known from the United States and Mexico, respectively. In addition, beginning in the 1970s, a great deal of fossil material was discovered from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation near Fruita, Colorado in the United States. Described in print in 2009, this material was placed in the genus Fruitadens. Heterodontosaurid teeth lacking a cingulum have also been described from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous formations in Spain and Portugal.

The cingulum reaches incisally a great length and is large enough to create small fossa on either side of it. Depicted by the cementoenamel junction, the cervical line is the border between the root and crown of a tooth. On the mesial and distal surfaces, the cervical line curves incisally, which is also seen in the permanent maxillary central incisor. The root of this tooth is cone-shaped with a rounded apex.

During root canal therapy, access into the pulp is frequently located centrally on the lingual surface between the incisal edge and the cingulum. At the level of the cervical line, the shape of the canal is triangular but becomes circular at the middle level of the root. Although the root is generally straight, the most common points of curvature is near the apex, and their direction is more common toward the distal and lingual.

The cingulate cortex includes the entire cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe. It receives inputs from the thalamus and the neocortex, and projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory.

In the first two upper molars, the lingual cingulum (a shelf on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth) is expanded towards the front. The two species differ in details of tooth morphology. P. insignis had narrower lower premolars and molars, and the buccal (outer) cusps on these teeth are located to the front of their lingual counterparts. Relative to the ruffed lemurs, Pachylemur has more massive jaws and larger molars.

Overlapping abnormalities in white matter volume and diffusivity have been reported. Increased white matter volume and decreased Fractional anisotropy has been observed in anterior midline tracts, interpreted as indicating increased crossings. However, given these effects were most pronounced in medicated adults, it is possible that medication plays a role An ALE meta analysis has observed increased FA in the superior longitudinal fasiculus and corpus callosum, and decreased FA in inferior longitudinal and cingulum fibers.

Mammelons are usually found as three small bumps on the incisal edges of anterior teeth. They are the remnants of three lobes of formation of these teeth, the fourth lobe represented by the cingulum. Since this surface of the tooth is the first to wear away from attrition, mammelons may not be visible on teeth of older people. Instead, the best chance to see this characteristic is soon after eruption of the tooth into the mouth.

Olshevsky, G., 1991, A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2, 196 pp In 2014, Victoria Megan Arbour determined that the rear skull was not different from that of many other ankylosaurids and that the single distinguishing trait of the teeth, a zigzag pattern on the cingulum, was shared with Pinacosaurus. She concluded that Maleevus was a nomen dubium.Arbour, Victoria Megan, 2014, Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs.

The British Standard Institute (BSI) classify class III incisor relationship as the lower incisor edge lies anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors, with reduced or reversed over jet. The skeletal facial deformity is characterized by mandibular prognathism, maxillary retrognathism or a combination of the two. This effects 3-8% of UK population with a higher incidence seen in Asia. One of the main reasons for correcting Class III malocclusion is aesthetics and function.

On her wedding day, she belted her tunic with the cingulum, made of ewe wool to symbolize fertility, and tied with the "knot of Hercules", which was supposed to be difficult to untie.Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 534–535; Festus 55L on the nodus Herculaneus, which was used for its apotropaic powers on jewelry as well. The Roman Hercules was a giver of fertility and a great scatterer of seed: he fathered, according to Verrius Flaccus, seventy children.

The cingulum is described from various brain images as a C shaped structure within the brain that wraps around the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe right above the corpus callosum. It is located beneath the cingulate gyrus within the medial surface of the brain therefore encircling the entire brain. There are two primary parts of the cingulate cortex: the posterior cingulate cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. The anterior is linked to emotion, especially apathy and depression.

The palatal view of this tooth considers the portion of the tooth visible from the side where the tongue would be. The palatal side of the maxillary central incisor has a small convexity, called a cingulum near the cervical line and has a large concavity, called the lingual fossa. Along the mesial and distal sides are slightly raised portions called marginal ridges. The lingual incisal edge is also raised slightly to the level of the marginal ridges.

The lingual surface of the crown is convex near the cingulum and near the incisal edge, but for the most part is concave along the surface between those two areas. More than any other tooth in the mouth, the cervical line from this view curves tremendously toward the incisal. In an average crown length of 10.5 to 11 mm, the curvature of the cervical line in a maxillary central incisor is 3 to 4 mm. Distal view.

Known vertebra fragments, compared to a complete Stegosaurus dorsal vertebra (F) Thirteen teeth are preserved in Paranthodon, but as they extend to the back of the maxilla there were possibly more in life. The teeth are symmetrical as in stegosaurs except Chungkingosaurus. Along the base of the tooth crown there is a swelling (cingulum), which is seen in all other known stegosaurid teeth except Huayangosaurus. The teeth have a middle ridge, with five fewer prominent ridges on either side.

The androphilic transsexuals differed from both control groups in multiple brain areas, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the right anterior cingulum, the right forceps minor, and the right corticospinal tract. The study authors concluded that androphilic transsexuals were halfway between the patterns exhibited by male and female controls. A 2016 review reported that early-onset androphilic transgender women have a brain structure similar to cisgender women's and unlike cisgender men's, but that they have their own brain phenotype.

Scutosaurus has 18 teeth in the upper jaw (which feature anywhere from 9–11 cusps), and 16 in the lower (13–17 cusps). The tips of the upper teeth jut outward somewhat. The tongue side of the lower teeth bear a triangular ridge, and some random teeth in either jaw can have a cusped cingulum. Unlike other pareiasaurs, Scutosaurus has a small tubercle (a bony projection) on the base of the skull between the basal tubera.

Overjet is the extent of horizontal (anterior-posterior) overlap of the maxillary central incisors over the mandibular central incisors. In class II (division I) malocclusion the overjet is increased as the maxillary central incisors are protruded. Class II Division I is an incisal classification of malocclusion where the incisal edge of the mandibular incisors lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the maxillary incisors with normal or proclined maxillary incisors (British Standards Index, 1983). There is always an associated increase in overjet.

Generalized cusp of a mammalian molar: ant, anterior; pos, posterior; ci, lingual cingulum; pa, paraconid; pr, protoconid; me, metaconid; hy, hypoconid; hl, hypoconulid; ec, entocristid; tb, talonid basin Each major cusp on an upper molar is called a cone and is identified by a prefix dependent on its relative location on the tooth: proto-, para-, meta-, hypo-, and ento-. Suffixes are added to these names: -id is added to cusps on a lower molar (e.g., protoconid); -ule to a minor cusp (e.g., protoconulid).

Brachoria dentata, the Pennington Gap mimic millipede, is an Appalachian mimic millipede in the Xystodesmidae family. It is common in Eastern United States mixed mesophytic deciduous forests of the Appalachian Mountains in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. Similar to Apheloria virginiensis corrugata and several co-occurring Brachoria species, it is boldly patterned black and yellow or red. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the presence and placement (cephalic side) of the cingulum on the telopodite of the male gonopod.

MAP3K12, otherwise known as DLK, can initiate coordinated signalling cascades that culminate in the phosphorylation of C-Jun N-terminal kinases or JNK. Several experiments have implicated this interaction as having a role in the developing mammalian nervous system. For example, neuronal migration and axon growth are critical components of neuronal development. DLK null mice have defects in neuronal migration, hypoplasia of several different axonal tracts and reduced axon number in various areas of the brain such as the cingulum and internal capsule.

1, 1a The first lower molar is rounded at the front end and the labial and lingual conules of the anteroconid, the frontmost cusp, are barely distinct. The second lower molar is elongated and has a crest, the anterolophid, before the two cusps that form the front edge of the molar in some other oryzomyines, the protoconid and metaconid.Carleton and Musser, 1989, p. 43 A distinct ridge (anterolabial cingulum) is at the outer front (anterolabial) edge of the molar, before the protoconid.

The length of the shell attains 6.8 mm. (Original description) This species ditters from Glyphoturris diminuta by having one more rib (nine in all) and in having the basal cingulum obsolete so that the prominence of the posterior nearly peripheral angulation though not enlarged is much more apparent. This is shown in the figure. Another specimen shows a further modification, in which the number of primary spirals is diminished, and those that are left are less prominent, thus making the whorls appear more rounded.

They also found that greater damage to the cingulum bundle, that connects the PCC to the anterior DMN, was correlated with sustained attention impairment. In a subsequent study, it was found that TBIs are related to a difficulty in switching from automatic to controlled responses. Within selected tasks, patients with TBI showed impaired motor inhibition that was associated with failure to rapidly reactive the PCC. Collectively, this suggests that the failure to control the PCC/DMN activity can lead to attentional lapses in TBI patients.

Some of the earliest buckles known are those used by Roman soldiers to strap their body armor together and prominently on the balteus and cingulum. Made out of bronze and expensive, these buckles were purely functional for their strength and durability vital to the individual soldier. The baldric was a later belt worn diagonally over the right shoulder down to the waist at the left carrying the sword, and its buckle therefore was as important as that on a Roman soldier’s armor.Meredith, Alan and Gillian. (2008). Buckles.

The overall length of the deciduous maxillary central incisor is 16 mm on average, with the crown being 6 mm and the root being 10 mm. In comparison to the permanent maxillary central incisor, the ratio of the root length to the crown length is greater in the deciduous tooth. The diameter of the crown mesiodistally is greater than the length cervicoincisally, which makes the tooth appear wider rather than taller from a labial viewpoint. The marginal ridges and the cingulum of the tooth are well-developed.

Otherwise he is dressed in a military outfit. On his upper body, he wears a Roman muscle cuirass over his tunic, which is held in place by flat leather straps over his shoulders and a Cingulum militare around his midriff. Over his hips he wears the Pteruges, with deep furrows in between them. Over his cuirass the god wears a paludamentum, which is gathered over his right shoulder and hangs down from his left shoulder such that it is visible in the background behind him.

Necromantis adichaster has a skull length of about 32 mm and an estimated weight of 47 g, making it one of the largest bats in the Quercy Formation. Due to the lack of postcranial remains aside from a humerus, its exact wingspan is unclear. The other two species are smaller in size, and possess several differences in regards to the trigon and cingulum. As noted by most researchers, Necromantis is unique among extinct and extant bats due to the sheer robustness of its jaws and skull.

Its skull is in the shape of a pear and its widest portion of the skull can be found in the posterior end of its zygomatic arch. While the molars do not undergo strong crenulation, the nasal bones extend and stop where the premaxilla stops. Its dentition continues with the cingulum being quite large and very well-developed and sitting between the lopids of the lower molars. The backside of the skull where the paroccipital processes are located are longer in comparison to the rest of the skull.

206 In M. rummeli, the back part of the mandible is higher and the coronoid process is distinctly higher than the condyloid process.Ziegler, 2003, pp. 484-485, 487 The preserved alveoli show that p2 is about as large as p3, not smaller as in the "tristis group" of Miniopterus.Wołoszyn, 1986, p. 208 The premolars in M. tao are placed closely together, which distinguishes the species from M. schreibersii and fossil European species, including M. rummeli.Wołoszyn, 1986, pp. 208-209; Ziegler, 2003, p. 487 The p3 is robust and surrounded by a well-developed cingulum (shelf).

Dental sealants (also termed pit and fissure sealants, or simply fissure sealants) are a dental treatment intended to prevent tooth decay. Teeth have recesses on their biting surfaces; the back teeth have fissures (grooves) and some front teeth have cingulum pits. It is these pits and fissures which are most vulnerable to tooth decay because food and bacteria stick in them and because they are hard-to-clean areas. Dental sealants are materials placed in these pits and fissures to fill them in, creating a smooth surface which is easy to clean.

Figure 2. Generalized australosphenidan lower molar seen from above, illustrating major features. Abbreviations: ant, anterior (towards the front); pos, posterior (towards the back); ci, cingulum; pa, paraconid; pr, protoconid; me, metaconid; dm, distal metacristid; co, cristid obliqua; hy, hypoconid; hl, hypoconulid; ec, entocristid; tb, talonid basin. Ambondro was described on the basis of a fragmentary right mandible (lower jaw) with three teeth in it (Figure 1), interpreted as the last premolar (p-last) and the first two molars (m1 and m2). It is in the collection of the University of Antananarivo as specimen UA 10602\.

The knot symbolized wifely chastity, in that it was to be untied only by her husband, but the cingulum also symbolized that the groom was bound to his wife.Cinctus vinctusque, according to Festus 55 (edition of Lindsay); Karen K. Hersch, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 101, 110, 211 . The bride's hair was ritually styled in "six tresses" (seni crines), and she was veiled until uncovered by her husband at the end of the ceremony, a ritual of surrendering her virginity to him.

Therefore the use of the terms pedium and luxuria are suggested instead. Within the cyst wall, a thick cellulose-like layer called the endospore is present which is birefringent under crossed nichols. Cysts may be identified using the overal body shape but more often based on the characteristic furrows housing the flagella (cingulum and sulcus) or details of the patterns of plates covering many motiles (thecal tabulation). The one distinctive feature common to all cysts is the excystment opening (archaeopyle) through which the emerging new motile stage exits.

Activity in many parts of the brain is associated with pain perception. Some of the known parts for the ascending pathway include the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, lentiform nucleus, somatosensory cortices, insular, prefrontal, anterior and parietal cingulum. Then, there are also the descending pathways for the modulation of pain sensation. One of the brainstem regions responsible for this is the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, which both relieves pain by behavior as well as inhibits the activity of the nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Miniopterus zapfei is a fossil bat in the genus Miniopterus from the middle Miocene of France. First described in 2002, it is known only from the site of La Grive M, where it occurs with another fossil Miniopterus species, the smaller and more common Miniopterus fossilis. M. zapfei is known from five mandibles (lower jaws) and an isolated fourth upper premolar (P4). The fourth lower premolar is more slender than in M. fossilis and the cingulum shelf surrounding the P4 is less well-developed than in living Miniopterus.

Unlike mouse lemurs and more like dwarf lemurs, giant mouse lemurs have a prominent anterior lower premolar (P2). Also more aligned with dwarf lemurs, the first two upper molars (M1–2) have a more anterior hypocone that sits opposite the metacone, compared to the mouse lemurs' more posterior hypocone, which is presumably a symplesiomorphic (ancestral) trait. Also on M1 and M2, the cingulum (a crest or ridge on the tongue side) comprises two small cuspules. In all other dental characteristics, giant mouse lemurs are noticeably similar to both dwarf and mouse lemurs.

The superior parietal lobule is involved with spatial orientation,Sylvius entry on "superior parietal lobe" and receives a great deal of visual input as well as sensory input from one's hand.Brainmind.com "Parietal Area 5" It is also involved with other functions of the parietal lobe in general. There are major white matter pathway connections with the superior parietal lobule such as the Cingulum, SLF I, superior parietal lobule connections of the Middle longitudinal fasciculus and other newly described superior parietal white matter connections.Kamali A, Sair HI, Radmanesh A, Hasan KM. (2014).

One of the diagnostic features of this subfamily is that later species acquired a hypocone, or an extra cusp on the upper molars, from the postprotocingulum, instead of the lingual cingulum (a shelf on the margin of the tooth at the side of the tongue) as in cercamoniines. Many later species show increasing adaptation for folivory including increased body size, the loss of the paraconids, and the fusion of the mandible. Hesperolemur is unique among notharctines in having the tympanic ring partially fused to the auditory bulla. Postcranial remains of Notharctus have linked notharctine locomotion with that of living lemurs.

A. donovani usually has a small labial root between the two large roots and often also another small root at the lingual side, but only one of four A. praeuniversitatis m1s even has the labial rootlet. There is no anteroconid in m2 and the tooth lacks an additional crest (the anterolophid) in front of the metaconid, but there is an anterolabial cingulum in front of the protoconid. There is a mesolophid. In addition to a large root at the back, there are two roots at the front in A. donovani, which are sometimes partially fused, but only one in A. praeuniversitatis.

The term refers to the same condition as dens evaginatus, but the talon cusp is the manifestation of dens evaginatus on anterior teeth. Talon cusp can simply be defined as hyperplasia of the cingulum of an anterior tooth. Talon cusp was first described by W.H. Mitchell in 1982 and named by J. Kimball Mellor B.S., D.D.S. and Louis W. Ripa, D.D.S., M.S. due to its similar appearance to an eagle's talon. Some sources define a talon cusp as an extra cusp which extends at least half the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the incisal edge of the tooth.

For the outer (facial) surfaces of all teeth, the height of curvature is located in the cervical third of the teeth. In the inner (lingual) surfaces of anterior teeth, both upper and lower, the height of curvature is also located in the cervical third of the tooth, on the cingulum. In the posterior teeth, both in upper and lower jaw, the lingual height of contour is found at the middle third of the inner surface of the tooth. The lower second premolar proposes an exception as its height of curvature in inner surface is located in the occlusal third of the inner surface.

The type specimen of Siamoperadectes is a single third upper molar found in the Li Mae Long Basin, northern Thailand. It displays a rectilenear predilambdodont centrocrista, lacks an hypocone and has a moderately slender lingual part of the molar, all charactertistics that most closely connect it to peradectid metatherians. However, it also displays several unique characteristics: \- a deep and narrow protofossa; \- very weak conules; \- an anteroposteriorly compressed protocone; \- a posterior cingulum at the base of the metacone. The molar is quite small, and in life would probably have belonged to a creature about the size of a modern Monodelphis opossum.

If there is, it is a particular of the denomination in question, and not a universal practice. However, there is a traditional form of dress, (usually a floor-length tunic and a knotted cord cincture, known as the cingulum), which is often worn by worshipers during religious rites. Among those traditions of Wicca that do dictate a specific form of dress for its clergy, they usually wear the traditional tunic in addition to other articles of clothing (such as an open-fronted robe or a cloak) as a distinctive form of religious dress, similar to a habit.

Biogeographic distribution of heterodontosaurids in time While originally known only from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa, heterodontosaurid remains are now known from four continents. Early in heterodontosaurid history, the supercontinent Pangaea was still largely intact, allowing the family to achieve a near-worldwide distribution. The oldest known possible heterodontosaurid remains are a jaw fragment and isolated teeth from the Laguna Colorada Formation of Argentina, which dates back to the Late Triassic. These remains have a derived morphology similar to Heterodontosaurus, including a caniniform with serrations on both anterior and posterior edges, as well as high-crowned maxillary teeth lacking a cingulum.

Fossils of Micodon were discovered in the La Victoria Formation, that has been dated to the Laventan, about 13.5 Ma. Micodon is the smallest primate found in the La Venta fauna, and within size range of Saguinus and Callithrix. It differs from most callitrichines in the generally low-relief morphological pattern, large size of the talon basin, and particularly, the considerably large size of hypocone. The morphology and position of the hypocone is distinctly different from the conditions found in such genera as Callimico and Saimiri. By comparison with Micodon, the hypocone is far smaller in Callimico, where it appears as an excresence of the lingual cingulum.

Cingulotomy was introduced in the 1940s as an alternative to standard prefrontal leucotomy/lobotomy in the hope of alleviating symptoms of mental illness whilst reducing the undesirable effects of the standard operation (personality changes, etc.). It was suggested by American physiologist John Farquhar Fulton who, at a meeting of the Society of British Neurosurgeons in 1947, said "were it feasible, cingulectomy in man would seem an appropriate place for limited leucotomy". This was derived from the hypothesis of James Papez who thought that the cingulum was a major component of an anatomic circuit believed to play a significant role in emotion.S Corkin (1980) A prospective study of cingulotomy.

Based on the description of the okapi by Pygmies, who referred to it as a "horse", Sclater named the species Equus johnstoni. Subsequently, zoologist Ray Lankester declared that the okapi represented an unknown genus of the Giraffidae, which he placed in its own genus, Okapia, and assigned the name Okapia johnstoni to the species. In 1902, Swiss zoologist Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major suggested the inclusion of O. johnstoni in the extinct giraffid subfamily Palaeotraginae. However, the species was placed in its own subfamily Okapiinae, by Swedish palaeontologist Birger Bohlin in 1926, mainly due to the lack of a cingulum, a major feature of the palaeotragids.

As with all dinoflagellate genera, Torodinium species have a central nucleus and chloroplasts as well as a golgi apparatus and rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Torodinium chloroplasts have been found to stretch longitudinally, clustering close to the side of the cell and tend to be either oblique or transverse in shape when localized in the apex and cingulum. Chlorophyll a has been confirmed to be present but reports on pigmentation are contradictory. A study by Elbrächter found that the chloroplasts were greenish-yellow to pale brown in T. teredo and definitively brown in T. robustum, while Steidinger and Jangen, who worked with Hasle and colleagues on their book, found the opposite.

Monaco was inspired by numerous contemporary examples of Histories of the Virgin cycles, such as the Baroncelli Chapel by Taddeo Gaddi, the Rinuccini Chapel by Giovanni da Milano and others, in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Orcagna's frescoes in Santa Maria Novella, the Holy Cingulum Chapel by Agnolo Gaddi in the Prato Cathedral and the stained glass of Orsanmichele, which perhaps Lorenzo Monaco had collaborated on. The frescoes were covered by white plaster in 1740, and were rediscovered in 1885–1887 by Augusto Burchi. In 1944, the retreating German forces blew up the nearby Ponte Santa Trinita, also causing damage to the frescoes. They were restored in 1961 and again in 2004.

Similarities between jackals and coyotes led Lorenz Oken, in the third volume of his Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte (1815), to place these species into a new separate genus, Thos, named after the classical Greek word "jackal", but his theory had little immediate impact on taxonomy at the time. Angel Cabrera, in his 1932 monograph on the mammals of Morocco, questioned whether or not the presence of a cingulum on the upper molars of the jackals and its corresponding absence in the rest of Canis could justify a subdivision of that genus. In practice, Cabrera chose the undivided-genus alternative and referred to the jackals as Canis instead of Thos. Oken's Thos theory was revived in 1914 by Edmund Heller, who embraced the separate genus theory.

After the deacon vests the pope with the usual amice, alb, the cingulum and sub-cinctorium, and the pectoral cross, he places the fanon on the pope by means of the opening (with the embroidered cross in front), and then pulls the back half of the upper piece over the pope's head. Then he vests the pope with the stole, tunicle, dalmatic, and chasuble, after which he turns down that part of the fanon which had been placed over the head of the pope, draws the front half of the upper piece up from under the chasuble, and finally arranges the whole upper piece of the fanon so that it covers the shoulders of the pope like a collar. The pallium is placed over the fanon.

23–24 In a well-preserved mandible, the length from the alveolus for the first incisor to the end of m3 is 8.80 mm and the depth of the mandible at m1 is 1.50 mm. Miniopterus zapfei can be identified as a Miniopterus on the basis of the possession of three lower premolars (designated p2, p3, and p4, because the original first premolar has been lost); a two-rooted p3; and the nyctalodont molars, with the posterolophid (a crest at the back of the molar) behind the entoconid cusp. M. zapfei is about 30% larger than M. fossilis and has a more slender p4. Compared to living Miniopterus, the cingulum (shelf) that surrounds the P4 is less well-developed and the parastyle crest is weaker.

The primitive Parasorex species Parasorex pristinus is about as large as G. kostakii, but its molars are narrower, the first lower premolar (p4) is smaller, and the metacone cusp on M2 has a straight anterior arm. Furthermore, Galerix kostakii lacks the paralophid on p4, a crest that connects the paraconid and protoconid cusps. Galerix kostakii shares some of the features present in Parasorex and Schizogalerix, both derived descendants of Galerix, including the presence of a hypocone on P3, a partitioned posterior cingulum on m1 and m2, and the absence of the protocone-metaconule connection in most M1 and M2. However, it also retains primitive, Galerix-like features, including the condition of p4 and the presence of a protocone-metaconule connection in some specimens.

Basal forms like Abrictosaurus had cheek teeth in both maxilla and dentary that were generally similar to other ornithischians: widely spaced, each having a low crown and a strongly-developed ridge (cingulum) separating the crown from the root. In more derived forms like Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus, the teeth were chisel-shaped, with much higher crowns and no cingula, so that there was no difference in width between the crowns and the roots. These derived cheek teeth were overlapping, so that their crowns formed a continuous surface on which food could be chewed. The tooth rows were slightly inset from the side of the mouth, leaving a space outside the teeth that may have been bounded by a muscular cheek, which would have been necessary for chewing.

Thereuodon is a genus of extinct mammal known from the Early Cretaceous of southern England and Morocco. The type species, named by Denise Sigogneau- Russell in 1989 for teeth from the earliest Cretaceous deposits of Morocco, is Thereuodon dahmani, while the referred species named by Sigogneau-Russell and Paul Ensom for teeth from the Lulworth Formation of England is Thereuodon taraktes. The two species are separated by a break in the cingulum in T. dahmani, a more obsute medial crest in T. taraktes, a duller stylocone in T. taraktes, a "c" cuspule in T. dahmani, and a reduced facet A in T. taraktes. The genus Thereuodon is the only taxon in the symmetrodont family Thereuodontidae, which may be closely related to Spalacotheriidae.

Roughly 10 million years after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous- Paleogene boundary that eliminated many organisms, including the non-avian dinosaurs, adapiform primates appear simultaneously in the fossil record of the Holarctic along with many other mammalian lineages that rapidly evolved and diversified. Adapiform and omomyid primates are the first true primates appearing in the earliest Eocene around 55 million years ago. Within the broader adapiform radiation, Sivaladapidae represents a monophyletic group containing several genera and species with synapomorphies distinguishing them from other recognized adapiform families. Key features differentiating sivaladapids from other adapiforms include upper molar shearing crests, the twinning of the hypolconulid and entoconid on the lower molars, and a continuous lingual cingulum on the upper molars.

Goin et al., 2004, pp. 151–152 There are also some resemblances to the early rodents Ivanantonia from Asia and Nonomys from North America, but Ivanantonia has a central groove and lacks fossae, and Nonomys has a prominent cingulum (shelf) at the edges of the tooth and also lacks the fossae of LACM 149371.Goin et al., 2004, p. 152 The tooth resembles multituberculates—a large group of extinct mammals with many-cusped teeth—in the shapes of the valleys and crests, but multituberculates lack fossae and usually have quadrangular teeth with two longitudinal rows of cusps separated by a central valley. In the same features, LACM 149371 resembles gondwanatheres, a small and enigmatic group of mammals from the Cretaceous through Eocene of the southern (Gondwanan) continents that may be related to multituberculates.

43–44; Pardiñas, 2008, table 2 The first molars are the longest and the third molars are longer but narrower than the second molars. The molars lack many accessory ridges, including the anteroloph on the first upper molar, the posteroloph on the first and second upper molar, and the anterolophid and mesolophid on all lower molars. The first and second upper molar have a short mesoloph and the front cusp of the first lower molar, the anteroconid, encloses a large internal pit. Most of the folds between the cusps and crests are open at the margins of the molars, but two—the posteroflexid on the lower second molar and the entoflexid on the lower third molar—are closed by a wall, or cingulum, at the inner margin of the tooth.

MacLean believed that there was a connection between a human's violent actions and rational behaviour. In addition, MacLean coined the idea of the limbic system, the set of brain structures that surround the hypothalamus and are responsible for human emotions, memories and arousal. The research made by MacLean was based on previous studies by Dr James Papez, a neuroscientist who during the 1930s and 1940s delved into the circuit between the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulum, and how their connection is the basis for human emotion. MacLean proposed that the limbic system had developed over time in early mammals to control both fight and flight responses. MacLeans findings and proposals on the limbic system are both still questioned and debated by modern-day neuroscience researchers, failing to conclude whether MacLeans’ proposal is of accuracy.

The paraconid, metaconid (both cusps in the trigonid), and entoconid (a cusp in the talonid) are lower than in Paratriaenops auritus. The hypoconulid (part of the talonid) is small but distinct and is the lowest cusp. It is separated from the entoconid by a gap. T. goodmani lacks a ridge, the preentocristid, connecting the entoconid to the metaconid.Samonds, 2007, pp. 46–47 There is a crest (cingulum) at the front and back of the tooth. The last two molars are similar to m1, but in m2 the talonid is only slightly wider than the trigonid and in m3 the two are of equal width. In addition, a shelf is present between the protoconid and hypoconid on m2 and m3 is smaller, lacks the gap between the entoconid and hypoconulid, and has a weak ridge between the entoconid and metaconid.

The conjoined crests are one of the synapomorphic (shared-derived) characters of the Nectomys subclade. The maxillary toothrows are parallel to each other. The molars are bunodont (with the cusps higher than the connecting crests) and brachyodont (low- crowned) and have the inter-cusp valleys on the labial (outer) sides closed by a cingulum (shelf). The valleys on the labial and lingual (inner) sides of the molars meet at the midlines. Each of the upper molars has three roots—unlike in most of the closest relatives of Pennatomys, there is no additional labial root on M1. The m1 has four roots—two large roots at the front and back and two smaller ones in the middle. There are three roots under m2, two at the front and one at the back, and two under m3, at the front and back.Turvey et al., 2010, p.

Afrasia is known from four isolated teeth: a first upper molar (M1), with a length of 2.13 mm and width of 3.06 mm; a second upper molar (M2), the holotype, of 2.27 mm by 3.35 mm; a second lower molar (m2) of 2.09 mm by 1.41 mm; and a third lower molar (m3) of 2.05 mm by 1.27 mm. Like other eosimiiforms, it was a small primate that weighed around , which is estimated based on the measurements of its m2 and M1, respectively. It is generally similar to other eosimiiforms in general and Afrotarsius in particular; some distinguishing features are the well-developed small cusps (conules) on the upper molars, the variable development of the lingual cingulum (a shelf on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth) of the upper molars, and the unreduced talonid (posterior portion) on the m3. Its teeth are smaller than those of the eosimiids Phenacopithecus, Bahinia, and Phileosimias.