The ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita nuclear code (translation table 6) is a genetic code used by certain ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita species. The ciliate macronuclear code has not been determined completely. The codon UAA is known to code for Gln only in the Oxytrichidae.
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Balantidium coli is a parasitic species of ciliate alveolates that causes the disease balantidiasis. It is the only member of the ciliate phylum known to be pathogenic to humans.
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Sterkiella histriomuscorum, formerly Oxytricha trifallax, is a ciliate species in the genus Sterkiella, known for its highly fragmented genomes which have been used as a model for ciliate genetics.
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In a study that used fluorescently labelled bacteria in fishponds to observe protistan bacterivory, ciliate grazing accounted for 56% of total protistan grazing and Halteria, along with two other ciliate genera, Pelagohalteria and Rimostrombidium were responsible approximately 71% of the total ciliate bacterivory.Šimek, K., Jürgens, K., Nedoma, J., Comerma, M., & Armengol, J. (2000). Ecological role and bacterial grazing of Halteria spp.: small freshwater oligotrichs as dominant pelagic ciliate bacterivores. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 22(1), 43-56.
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Some observations on the autecology of the ciliate Conchophthirus mytili.
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D. acuminata is basically a heterotroph feeding on the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. M. rubrum in turn feeds on green algae that contain plastids. (The endosymbiont is used by the ciliate for its own photosynthesis.) Microscopic observations of live cells using established cultures revealed that D. acuminata uses a peduncle, extending from the flagellar pore, to extract the cell contents of the marine ciliate M. rubrum. After about 1 minute the trapped M. rubrum becomes immobile after which the D. acuminata slowly consumes the ciliate, over 1–2 hours, filling its vacuoles with the ciliate's cytoplasm.
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Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Parazitologiia Institut, 5 pp. This small snail is also parasitized by several species of ciliates. It is the main host for the ciliate Trichodina baltica; the snails are usually 100% infected in the mantle cavity Another ciliate found in the mantle cavity is a species of Scyphidia. Two other parasitic ciliate species found in this snail are Protospira mazurica, and Hypocomella quatuor.
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Condylostoma is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea.
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The leaves are so closely overlapping that only a mass of ciliate projections is visible under a hand lens. The underleaves are prominent, wider than the stem but about or less than half the size of the leaves, 2-3 clefted, and with ciliate margins (even more finely divided into slender projections). The frequent perianths are plicate and narrowed to a ciliate mouth. Sporophytes are abundant from May to August.
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The theory of cellularization, also known as the syncytial theory or ciliate- acoel theory, is a theory to explain the origin of Metazoa. The idea was proposed by Hadži and Hanson. The cellularization theory states that metazoans evolved from a unicellular ciliate with multiple nuclei that went through cellularization. Firstly, the ciliate developed a ventral mouth for feeding and all nuclei moved to one side of the cell.
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The lobes are rounded at their apex and ciliate at the edge, or margin.
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ParameciumDB is a database for the genome and biology of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia.
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In Bioinformatics the Ciliate MDS/IES database is a biological database of spirotrich genes.
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Cnidium monnieri has bipinnate leaves that are alternate. The linear leaflets are ciliate and petiolate.
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Dichocoenia stokesi is also susceptible to black band disease, ciliate infection and dark-spot syndrome.
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Rigifilida is a clade of non-ciliate phagotrophic eukaryotes. It consists of two genera: Micronuclearia and Rigifila.
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The flowering glume is awned, strongly 5-nerved, nerves scabrid and ciliate, the lateral nerves being marginal.
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Anthene krokosua, the Krokosua ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana.
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In a confined environment, this species is prone to succumbing to "marine ich", infection by the ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans.
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Cupidesthes salvatoris, the Salvatore's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone.
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Bambusa binghamii is membranous, veined and ciliate. There are 6 stamen with its tips smooth. There are 3 smooth stigmas.
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Sicuophora multigranularis (Armophorea), a parasite of the rectum of Quasipaa spinosa Parasites of Quasipaa spinosa include the ciliate Sicuophora multigranularis.
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Anthene licates or White Ciliate Blue is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South-east Asia.
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Palpi upturned and thickly scaled. The third joint short. Antennae minutely ciliate in male, simple in female. Femora and tibia hairy.
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Climacostomum virens is a species of unicellular ciliate protists. It is one of just two formally described species in the genus Climacostomum.
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Anthene coerulea, the mauve ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon.
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The Condylostoma nuclear code (translation table 28) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum.
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The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate Parduczia sp.
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Antennae fasciculate in male, whereas ciliate in female. Head and thorax buff coloured. Abdomen brownish. Forewings are long, narrow with dark brown colour.
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The bracts are ciliate, long, and have elliptic nutlets. The flowers bloom from June to July and the fruits ripe from July to August.
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Perennial, very variable. Leaves ciliate at base and scabrous at margin. Inflorescence loose, more or less branching. Scales of calyx pale, membranous, briefly aristate.
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S. elegans lives for between 12 and 18 months. Chromidina elegans is a species of parasitic ciliate and is a parasite of Sepia elegans.
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Pseudaeromonas paramecii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Pseudaeromonas which has been isolated from the ciliate Paramecium caudatum.
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Genetic analysis showed that in the American coastal areas, the primary food of M. rubrum is the algae most closely related to the free-living Geminigera cryophila. But in Japanese coasts, the major algal species is Teleaulax amphioxeia. When these plastid-containing algae are ingested by the ciliate, they are not digested. The plastids remain functional and provide nutrition to the ciliate by photosynthesis.
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Internally eliminated sequences (IES) are noncoding regions of the germ-line genome found in Ciliates. They are defined as sections of DNA removed from the diploid micronuclear genome during which a copy of the micronuclear genome is converted to the macronuclear genome even though errors occur in which an IES sequence may not be deleted. There is little conservation of motifs between Ciliate species; however, C. uncinata, like other ciliate species, show a conserved IES sequence motif within a species. It is unknown if IES sequences have a function in the genome, but in the ciliate Paramecium, an IES sequence is used to determine the mating type of an individual.
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The cyst is a normal part of the annual life cycle, and even laboratory populations of this ciliate encyst at the same time as the natural population.
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Its nucleus is prominently situated at the centre, and is surrounded by organelles mostly derived from algae. For example, its cytoplasm contains numerous plastids, mitochondria and other nuclei. These organelles are properly separated such that the mitochondria are fully enclosed in a vacuole membrane and two endoplasmic reticulum membranes of the ciliate. This indicates that the ciliate is primarily a heterotroph, but after acquiring algal plastid, it transforms into an autotroph.
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Paramecium tetraurelia, a ciliate, with discharged trichocysts (artificially colored in blue). A trichocyst is an organelle found in certain ciliates and dinoflagellates. A trichocyst can be found in tetrahymena and along cila pathways of several metabolic systems. It is also a structure in the cortex of certain ciliate and flagellate protozoans consisting of a cavity and long, thin threads that can be ejected in response to certain stimuli.
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The base of the shell is plane. The flat whorls are margined below and ciliate-fimbriate above. The aperture ovate-lanceolate. The outer lip is callous-margined inside.
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Anthene atewa, the Atewa ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Ivory Coast and Ghana. The habitat consists of primary forests.
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The tetracyclines also have activity against certain eukaryotic parasites, including those responsible for diseases such as dysentery caused by an amoeba, malaria (a plasmodium), and balantidiasis (a ciliate).
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Anthene lychnides, the brown ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Nigeria and western Cameroon. The habitat probably consists of forests.
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The only member of the ciliate phylum known to be pathogenic to humans is Balantidium coli, which causes the disease balantidiasis. It is not pathogenic to the domestic pig.
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Twigs are deep red, 1–2 mm in diameter and glabrous. Terminal buds are red-brown, ovoid to subconic, 2.5–5 mm, and glabrous or with scales somewhat ciliate.
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Chloroviruses are the only viruses characterized thus far that infect freshwater algae. The hosts of chloroviruses are zoochlorellae, which are endosymbiotic green algae commonly associated with hosts Paramecium bursaria, coelenterate Hydra viridis, or the heliozoan Acanthocystis turfacea. In the ciliate Paramecium bursaria, for example, the algae lives within the cells of the host, providing nutrients via photosynthesis. Living inside the cells of the ciliate offers protection for the algae, and a mode of transportation.
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Hyalophysa clampi is a species of freshwater alveolates known as an apostome ciliate. It was found on crayfish and described by Jeremy S. Browning and Stephen C. Landers in 2012.
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Anthene helpsi, the creamy ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana and possibly Ivory Coast. The habitat consists of dense upland evergreen forests.
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Female with filiform (thread like) and ciliate (hair like) antennae. Labial palpi narrow, conspicuous and directed upwards. Forewing grayish, which is slightly darker in females. Postmedial line narrow, slightly darker.
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They include the common sea ivory (Ramalina siliquosa), the nationally scarce Roccella fuciformis, R. phycopsis, and golden hair-lichen (Teloschistes flavicans); and the BAP species ciliate strap-lichen (Heterodermia leucomela).
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Lomaspilis species have a wingspan reaching . Males have simple or fasciculate-ciliate antennae. Forewings have convexly curved outer margins. They are usually white or ochreous white, with dark bands and blotches.
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Ultrastructural aspects of the somatic cortex and contractile vacuole of the ciliate Ichthyophtirius multifiliis. Journal of Protozoology 30: 481–490.Fox, D. P., J. M. Kuzava, and G. B. Chapman. 1987.
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Cupidesthes paralithas, the precise ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (east and the Cross River loop) and Cameroon. The habitat consists of forests.
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Cupidesthes pungusei, the Punguse's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana and possibly Sierra Leone and Cameroon. The habitat consists of dense, wet forests.
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Stentor coeruleus is a protist in the family Stentoridae which is characterized by being a very large ciliate that measures 0.5 to 2 millimetres when fully extended. Stentor coeruleus specifically appears as a very large trumpet. It contains a macronucleus that looks like a string of beads that are contained within a ciliate that is blue to blue-green in color. Being that it has many myonemes, it has the ability to contract into a ball.
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Epixenosomes live on the dorsal surface of their hosts, marine ciliates in the genus Euplotidium. The name "epixenosomes" comes from the ancient Greek , meaning "external alien body", referring to their extracellular position on the host. The extrusive apparatus ejects its contents when triggered; this process helps to defend the ciliate host against predators. Although Euplotidium can grow and reproduce without epixenosomes, those with epixenosomes have much higher survival when exposed to predators such as the ciliate Litonotus.
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Fertile spikelets have ciliated, curved and filiform pedicels. Margins of lemma are ciliate. The lemma itself though is long and have obtuse apex. Fertile lemma is chartaceous and is long and wide.
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Anthene emkopoti, the Mkpot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop) and western Cameroon. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene sheppardi, the golden ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of forests. Adults are found in the forest canopy.
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Anthene radiata, the red-edged ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana. The habitat consists of moist primary forests.
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Anthene versatilis, the versatile ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of primary forests.
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The genus Halteria is abundant in many freshwater environments.Archbold, J. H., & Berger, J. (1985). A qualitative assessment of some metazoan predators of Halteria grandinella, a common freshwater ciliate. Hydrobiologia, 126(2), 97-102.
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The genus Frontonia, created by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1838, includes some thirty named and described species.Long et al. (2005). Frontonia lynni n. sp., a new marine ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hymenostomatida) from Qingdao, China.
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Loxodes is a genus of karyorelictean ciliates, belonging to family Loxodidae. It is the only known karyorelictean ciliate that lives in freshwater habitats. The term Loxodes derives from the ancient greek (), meaning "oblique, tilted".
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Anthene emolus, the ciliate blue, is a small butterfly found in India and southeast Asia that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. The species was first described by Jean-Baptiste Godart in 1823.
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Stentor roeselii is a free-living ciliate species of the genus Stentor, in the class Heterotrichea. It is a common and widespread protozoan, found throughout the world in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers and ditches.
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Leaves are attached to petioles that are long. The inflorescence is cymose and all parts are glabrous to puberulous with a length of . The pedicels are long. The calyx lobes triangular with ciliate margins.
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Anthene lycaenina, the pointed ciliate blue, is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family found in Indomalayan realm. The species was first described by Cajetan Felder in 1868.
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The wingspan of the male is about 36 mm. Antennae ciliate. Head, collar, coxa of forelegs and tibiae are fulvous. Thorax and base of abdomen are fuscous brown, with the remainder of abdomen crimson above.
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Anthene juba, the anomalous ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. The habitat consists of primary forests.
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Chilodonella uncinata is a single-celled organism of the ciliate class of alveoles. As a ciliate, C. uncinata has cilia covering its body and a dual nuclear structure, the micronucleus and macronucleus. Unlike some other ciliates, C. uncinata contains millions of minichromosomes (somatic chromosomes) in its macronucleus while its micronucleus is estimated to contain 3 chromosomes. Childonella uncinata is the causative agent of Chilodonelloza, a disease that affects the gills and skin of fresh water fish, and may act as a faculitative parasite of mosquito larva.
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The lemmas have hyaline margins broad. The apex is bifid and the cleft is deep. The awns are long, arising below the lemma. The paleas are shorter than the lemmas, with glabrous backs and ciliate keels.
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Flowers are ciliate, fleshy, and truncate. They also grow together, are long and have 3 anthers that are long. The fruits are long and are ellipsoid. They also have caryopsis with additional pericarp and linear hilum.
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Tadaxa bijungens is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in Sri Lanka. Labial palps are longer, slender and upcurved. Antennae of male are fasciculate or ciliate.
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Bethune-Baker, 1910 Transactions of the Entomological Society of London Anthene is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly called the ciliate blues or hairtails. The genus was erected by Edward Doubleday in 1847.
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Margins of lemma are ciliate. The lemma itself though is long hairs and have acute apex. Fertile lemma is chartaceous, lanceolate and is long. Palea is long, have ciliolated keels which are 2-veined, and asperulous surface.
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Cupidesthes robusta, the robust ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. The habitat consists of dense, wet forests.
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This low-growing creeping thyme with hairy or woolly leaves and stems, can be quite difficult to delineate between other hairy and non-hairy creeping thymes. It is of unknown specific origin in southern Europe. The leaves in wild creeping thyme vary from slightly glabrous (smooth) to sparsely covered in white hairs, or thickly covered on both surfaces, with the margins ciliate (hairy), or just ciliate at the base. Both growth low to the ground and leaf hairiness could be an adaptation to a cold or snowy climate, for example a mountainous habitat.
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There are nine series of bracts surrounding the flower head, the outer ones being ovate in shape, with a rounded apex, and are covered in silky hairs and have a fringe of hairs along their margins (ciliate). The inner bracts are more oblong and concave in shape, also ciliate, but with less silky hairs, with the innermost bracts glabrous and the length of the flowers. The plant is monoecious with both sexes in each flower. The fruits are woody and persistent, which means they are retained on the plant after senescence.
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Plants annual, 10–60(–80) cm. Taproot 2–3 mm thick. Stem solitary, striate, scabrous. Lower petioles 3–8 cm; blade ovate-lanceolate, 3–8 × 2–5 cm, 2–3-pinnate; ultimate segments linear to linear-lanceolate, 3–10 × 1–1.5 mm, veins and margins scabrous. Umbels 2–3(–5) cm across; bracts 6–10, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–3 mm, persistent, margins narrowly white membranous, very finely ciliate; rays 8–20(–30), 5–20 mm, unequal; bracteoles 5–9, linear, nearly equal pedicels, margins ciliate; umbellules 15–20-flowered; pedicels 3–5 mm.
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Daniel E. Gottschling, born 28 May 1955 in Gary, Indiana, is an affiliate professor of genome sciences at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center of the University of Washington in Seattle. He majored in chemistry at Augustana College and went to graduate school at the University of Colorado in Boulder. He helped Thomas Cech launch his lab where he studied ciliate chromosomes, with a focus on telomeres. After earning his PhD he went to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, continuing his work on ciliate telomeres in the yeast genetics lab of Virginia Zakian.
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In addition, the leaves of N. papuana are very densely ciliate, much more so than in N. neoguineensis. The wings are less developed in the upper pitchers of N. papuana and the fringe elements are more closely spaced.
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In other genera the inflorescence is erect and consists of one (e.g., Liparophyllum) to many flowers. The sympetalous, insect-pollinated flowers are five-parted and either yellow or white. The petals are ciliate or adorned with lateral wings.
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The Journal of Protozoology, 39(1), 159-176.Agatha, S., & Foissner, W. (2009). Conjugation in the spirotrich ciliate Halteria grandinella (Müller, 1773) Dujardin, 1841 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) and its phylogenetic implications. European Journal of Protistology, 45(1), 51-63.
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Anthene phoenicis, Karsch's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Senegal, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria and Cameroon. The habitat consists of forests. Adult males mud-puddle.
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A dictionary of zoology. Oxford University Press, 2003. An example is Balantidium coli, a ciliate. In other protozoa, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption.
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The membrane is eciliated, long and is lacerate. The panicle itself is open, linear, is long and carry 4–6 fertile spikelets. Spikelets are obovate, solitary, long and have pediceled fertile spikelets. The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy above.
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The outer line continues on the hindwing. There is no discal stain. The antennae of the males are slightly combed, those of females short ciliate. In Amur and Ussuri the specimens are often large and with the lines rather widely separated.
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The corolla is three times longer than the calyx. The vexillum is shorter than the wings. The carina is weakly ciliate. Pods are yellow-grayish-brown, with straight lines, necklace-shaped, short and closely hirsute, easy shattered, with 5–6 seeds.
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Eragrostis desertorum is a perennial herb spreading by means of stolons. It can reach a height of 60 cm. Leaves are stiff, filiform, mostly basal, up to 12 cm long, with ciliate sheaths. Inflorescence is paniculate, up to 18 cm long.
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They carry 2 fertile florets which are oblong and long. Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are curved, ciliate and filiform. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma is pubescent and have hairy veins with asperulous surface.
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Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are curved, ciliate, hairy, and filiform. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have ciliated margins that have a hairy middle. It fertile lemma is chartaceous, lanceolate, and is long by wide.
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Anthene lacides, the delicate ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Tshopo).
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Cupidesthes jacksoni, the Jackson's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ivory Coast and Ghana. The habitat consists of wet forests. Adults of both sexes have been found on the flowers of Eupatorium species.
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Naarda leptosigna is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Balázs Tóth and László Aladár Ronkay in 2015. It is found in Sri Lanka. Adult wingspan is 13–14 mm. Antennae filiform, ciliate and setose in both sexes.
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The upper surface is glabrous to mildly hairy, the underside hairless to averagely hairy, ciliate towards the leaf base. The structure of the flower - usually from the three pink petals and the white sexual organs - is similar to that of the other Tradescantia, but unlike what happens in those, the plant branches off thanks to new buds whose attachment starts below that of the leaf (and not above) The flowers are in groups, supported by two large foliage-like, narrow, ciliate bracts. The hermaphrodite, radial-symmetrical flowers are threefold. The three overgrown sepals are 2 to 3 mm long.
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Many species are pigmented, and some species from the deep sea that live near hydrothermal vents form large and extensive mats, which are called "blue mats" because of the color from the ciliates. These blue-mat folliculinids have a symbiotic association with bacteria, which may be found within the lorica, attached to the surface of the ciliate, and also inside the ciliate cells themselves. Most of these bacteria are methanotrophs, which can use methane coming from the hydrothermal vents as a source of carbon and energy. About 30 genera of folliculinids are known, including Folliculina and Eufolliculina.
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M. avidus is a scuticociliate first described in 1964. It was discovered during a study originally aimed at investigating viruses of marine mammals, and was isolated from the bodies of seahorses collected from waters near Miami, Florida. The name of the genus refers to the University of Miami, where the first studies of the ciliate were performed, and the specific name avidus refers to its "greedy feeding habits". The name Philasterides dicentrarchi was originally applied to a similar ciliate identified as an infectious parasite in Mediterranean sea bass, but is now recognized as a junior synonym of M. avidus.
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Bracteoles vary from 1.5–3 mm in length and are ovate to lanceolate in shape. They lack stipules and are ovate, acuminate, hairy and attached at the base of the calyx tube. Lobes acuminate to acute with ciliate margins, and ovaries visibly hairy.
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Spirostomum is a genus of free-living ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea. Species of Spirostomum are found in both salt and fresh water. All are elongated, flexible and highly contractile. Although unicellular, members of some species can grow as long as .
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Finley, Harold E. "The conjugation of Vorticella microstoma." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society (1943): 97-121. In most ciliate groups, however, the cells separate after conjugation, and both form new macronuclei from their micronuclei. Conjugation and autogamy are always followed by fission.
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Bambusa basihirsuta has 3 lodicules, all membranous and ciliate. It has anthers that are 7 mm long. It has 2 to 3 stigmas. It can grow to a 700–1200 cm in height, enabled by a 60–90 mm diameter woody stem.
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Like other ciliate mitochondrial genomes, those of O. trifallax are linear molecules and contain a number of split genes. Their mitochondria also possess a separate plasmid, which may have been involved in horizontal gene transfer during the evolution of the mitochondrial genome.
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The panicle is open, linear and is long. The axis of the panicle is dominant while the main panicle branches are appressed. Spikelets are elliptic, solitary, are long and have fertile spikelets that are pediceled. The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy above.
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Hyalophysa chattoni is an apostome ciliate of the order Apostomatida. The polymorphic symbiont is carried as an encysted phoront on the exoskeleton of few arthropods belonging to the subphylum Crustacea and undergoes metamorphosis during the host's premolt followed by various other life-cycle stages.
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Polykrikos was first seen in 1868 by Uljanin and was mistakenly considered as a metazoan larva of a turbellarian flatworms. In 1873 Butschili re-examined the specimen and concluded that the cell was an unusual ciliate, and Bergh later, in 1881, clarified Polykrikos dinoflagellate affinities.
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Dicyemids have never been reported from truly oceanic cephalopods, who instead host a parasitic ciliate fauna. Most dicyemid species are recovered from only one or two host species. While not strictly host specific, most dicyemids are only found in a few closely related hosts.
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The panicles have curved, filiform and pubescent pedicels which are hairy above. The spikelets are orbicular, solitary, and are long. They are comprised out of 1 fertile floret which is diminished at the apex. Its lemma have ciliate margins and scabrous surface with obtuse apex.
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Trichodina is a genus of ciliate alveolates that is ectocommensal or parasitic on aquatic animals, particularly fish. They are characterised by the presence of a ring of interlocking cytoskeletal denticles, which provide support for the cell and allow for adhesion to surfaces including fish tissue.
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Stentor muelleri, also called a trumpet ciliate, is a single-celled eukaryote which feeds on algae. It has a horned-shaped body and is usually long (exceptionally up to ) and is found in freshwater bodies of water and sometimes estuaries. Stentor muelleri is a heterotrich.
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Also they are elliptic and in length. They bear a few spikelets which are glabrous or ciliate and can range from in length. Compressed spikelets have only 1 floret which doesn't have rhachilla extension. It floret callus is elongated, bearded, pungent, straight, curved and is in length.
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Karyoklepty is this sequestration of nuclei; even after sequestration, the nuclei are still capable of transcription. Johnson et al. described and named karyoklepty in 2007 after observing it in the ciliate species Mesodinium rubrum. Karyoklepty is a Greek compound of the words karydi ("kernel") and kleftis ("thief").
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Calyx tubular, deeply 5-lobed, lobes linear, margins ciliate. Corolla 4 mm long with a slender tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip almost absent, the lower with 3 long lobes. Stamens exserted 4, style exserted, stigma bilobed. Fruit a small 1-seeded nut 1 mm, dark brown.
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The fruit is an ovoid to ellipsoidal schizocarp, cylindrical or compressed, with ciliate primary ribs and secondary ribs with a row of hooked spines. Some species have a small pale or white edible taproot, similar to a radish, which may or may not be bitter in taste.
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Heads are up to 4 mm in diameter, gray to olive, lacking the ciliate hairs common in many other species of the genus.Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
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There is a tendency for the leaves to cluster near the top of the stem or stems. A conspicuous, slightly ciliate bract with 5-9 lobes is located where the leaf petiole meets the stem. This bract wraps around the inflorescence, which consists of a green cyathium.
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Anthene kampala, the Kampala ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mongala, Uele, Tshopo, Kinshasa and Sankuru), Uganda and possibly eastern Nigeria and Cameroon. The habitat consists of forests.
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Commelina diffusa). They measure 1.2 to 3 cm in length, and rarely up to 3.7 cm long, by 0.5 to 1 cm in width. Their margins are not fused and are usually ciliate (i.e. with a fringe of hairs), while the apex is acuminate in outline.
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Cupidesthes mimetica, the black-spotted ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1910. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, western Nigeria, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene staudingeri, Staudinger's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and western Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.
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B. barkerae reaches up to 0.6 meters in height. It has ciliate leaf-margins, and relatively few, broad leaves. The cream-white flowers are distinctively fragrant (unlike those of the similar Bulbinella cauda-felis). They appear in September and October, on a thin, cylindrical, apically pointed raceme.
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The corolla is bell-shaped, with five deep lobes slightly ciliate. The flowering period extends from June through September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (bees, flies, butterflies, etc.) (entomophily). The fruit is a capsule with five pores near the base, where the seeds are spread.
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The ciliate parasite Orchitophrya stellarum has been found in the gonads of up to 20% of male Asterias forbesi in Long Island Sound. They feed on the tissue of the gonad and effectively castrate their host. A small number of females were also found to contain the parasite.
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Anthene lemnos, the large ciliate blue or large hairtail, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Africa. The wingspan is 27–30 mm for males and 27–31 mm for females. Adults are on wing year-round, with peaks in summer and autumn.
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The college has undertaken projects in the field of ciliate zoology and has reported new species of protozoans from Northeast India. It collaborates with the Natural History Museum, London and University of Camerino. It offers a dual credential programs in collaboration with University of the Fraser Valley and Avans.
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Until recently, the oldest ciliate fossils known were tintinnids from the Ordovician period. In 2007, Li et al. published a description of fossil ciliates from the Doushantuo Formation, about 580 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period. These included two types of tintinnids and a possible ancestral suctorian.
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Lemma margins are ciliate and hairy on the bottom with obtuse apex. It has 2-veined palea with ciliolated keels. The sterile florets are barren, oblong, grow in clump of 2–3, and are long. The lower glume is ovate, is long and is longer than upper glume.
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The species is perennial with short rhizomes and erect culms that are long. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular and closed on one end while the leaf-blades are conduplicate and are wide. They also have ciliate margins and rough, scabrous surface. The membrane is eciliated and is long.
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The first glume has one nerve and the second has three. The lance-attenuate lemmas are unequal, with the lower having a long tooth on each side of the awn and the upper tapering to the beak. The scabrous lemmas are strongly ciliate. The anthers are approximately long.
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Medicago ciliaris or ciliate medick is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is found throughout the Mediterranean basin. It forms a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Sinorhizobium medicae, which is capable of nitrogen fixation. It is considered by some to be a subspecies of Medicago intertexta.
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Epixenosomes, also known as Candidatus Epixenosoma are a genus of bacteria in the phylum Verrucomicrobia that form a symbiosis with marine ciliates of the genus Euplotidium, where they help to defend their ciliate hosts against predators. It is a monospecific genus, containing only the species Ca. Epixenosoma ejectans.
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The term was first used for ciliate protozoans such as Tetrahymena. This has two types of cell nuclei, a large, somatic macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus. Both exist in a single cell at the same time and carry out different functions with distinct cytological and biochemical properties.
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There is a sugar producing gland at the tip in which the leaves cup around. The margins are ciliate and the sides are pubescent. There are 5 white petals that are measured with a length of 5 millimeters. The petal margins are cupped and have an undulated (wavy) shape.
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Zoothamnium niveum is a species of ciliate protozoan which forms feather- shaped colonies in marine coastal environments. The ciliates form a symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic bacteria of the species "Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli", which live on the surface of the colonies and give them their unusual white color.
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Anthene kikuyu, the Kikuyu ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Mauritania, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, central and western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of dry savanna. Adults of both sexes are often attracted to the flowers of Acacia species.
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Anthene leptines, Leptines ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Uele and Sankuru). The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene locuples, the curious ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana, Nigeria (west and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa). Adults are known to mud-puddle.
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The flowers are in size. Their color is usually bluish-purple, but may be white, pink or lilac, with petals and sepals fused (gamopetalous and gamosepalous). There are four petals, ciliate at the base. There are also four sepals, which differ in size (two are wide and two narrow).
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Anthene gemmifera, the jewelled ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, south-western Kenya and along the coast, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone and deciduous woodland. Adult males mud-puddle.
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Anthene fasciatus, the tiny ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon and the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.
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Cupidesthes arescopa, the green ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests. The larvae feed on the leaves of Thea sinensis.
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Anthene schoutedeni, the Schouteden's hairtail or Schouteden's indigo ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, the east-central part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene scintillula, the golden ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene definita, the common ciliate blue or common hairtail, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Africa. The wingspan is 21–27 mm for males and 24–29 mm for females. Adults are on wing year-round in warmer areas, with a peak in summer.
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Palea is scabrous on the bottom and is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, ciliate or glabrous, oblong, truncate, and grow together. They are long and have 3 anthers each of which is long. Fruits have caryopsis which also have attached pericarp, are in length and are dark brown in colour.
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The panicle itself is contracted, linear, secund, is long and bears a small amount of spikelets. Spikelets themselves are solitary, elliptic, and are long. The species fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are ciliate, curved, hairy and filiform. Florets are diminished at the apex and have a pubescent callus.
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A wide range of protozoans live commensally in the rumens of ruminant animals, such as cattle and sheep. These include flagellates, such as Trichomonas, and ciliated protozoa, such as Isotricha and Entodinium. The ciliate subclass Astomatia is composed entirely of mouthless symbionts adapted for life in the guts of annelid worms.
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Three surface colonising bacteria are anchored on the surface. The flagella and cilia are actually two different single celled organisms. The ciliate belongs to an archaic group that used to be called archezoa but this term is no longer in fashion. It has four weak flagella, which serve as a rudder.
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Anthene mahota, the Mahota ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria (the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mongala and Sankuru). The habitat consists of dense forests.
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Digitalis ciliata, the ciliate foxglove or hairy foxglove, is a member of the genus Digitalis, which is well known both for its beautiful bell-shaped flowers and use of the chemicals found mainly in the leaves and the seeds for treatment of heart conditions and potential anti-proliferative use in cancer.
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There are several species of Mycena that have a basal disc similar to M. stylobates. Mycena mucor is usually smaller than M. stylobates, and grows on fallen, decaying leaves of oak. It has different cheilocystidia, with very slender excrescences. Also, the margin of the basal disc is not ciliate like M. stylobates.
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There are forty-odd species, mainly South African, mainly occurring in the Western Cape, about 25 endemic to fynbos. Their leaves are usually opposite, but sometimes alternate. Their flowers are sessile and generally solitary, but sometimes in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower is accompanied by two ciliate bracteoles.
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Anthene seltuttus, the dark ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia and a number of bordering Pacific islands. The wingspan is about 25 mm. The larvae feed on Cassia fistula, Pongamia pinnata, Cryptocarya hypospodia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Syzygium wilsonii, Cupaniopsis anacardioides and Brachychiton acerifolium.
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Recent research has shown that the nuclear pore complexes in a binucleated ciliate may be distinct in their composition. This leads to the differences seen in the micronucleus and macronucleus. The nuclear pore complex is made up of nucleoporins, which are proteins. These nucleoporins, Nups, are specific for each type of nucleus.
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Anthene afra, the black-edged ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, North Kivu and Lualaba), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests. Adult males mud-puddle.
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M. rubrum is a free-living marine ciliate. It is reddish in colour and form dark-red mass during blooming. Its body is almost spherical, looking like a miniature sunflower with its radiating hair-like cilia on its body surface. It measures up to 100 μm in length and 75 μm in width.
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Anthene lusones, the large red-spot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
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Stentor amethystinus is a single-celled eukaryote. It is often long and is found in freshwater ponds and lakes. Algae live in symbiosis with Stentor amethystinus, providing food for the ciliate, which then protects the algae. Unlike many of its relatives, Stentor amethystinus is red-violet in color, due to the chemical amethystin.
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Hackelochloa granularis is an annual plant. The stems grow to 5–100 cm in length and have bearded nodes. The leaf sheaths are loose with hairs growing from tubercles. The leaves are 2–5 cm in length and 4–12 mm wide with hairs on the surface and ciliate around the edges.
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Flowers carry two ciliate and membranous lodicules that are long. The also have three stamens that are long and are yellow in colour. Their ovary is hairy at the apex. The fruits are caryopses and are long with an additional pericarp, which just like flowers is hairy at the apex as well.
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Its purplish spikelets are long and bear four to six flowers. The first glume is long, hyaline, acute, and has one nerve, and its second glume is long, narrowly ovate, obtuse, and has three nerves. The oblanceolate palea is long and ciliate on its nerves, with lower cilia longer. The grass flowers in August.
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The spikelets themselves are made out of 2–3 fertile florets are oblong and are long. Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are ciliate, flexuous, hairy and are long. Florets are diminished at the apex. Its lemma have scabrous surface and emarginated apex with fertile lemma being coriaceous, keelless, oblong, and long.
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Even at a height of only 30 cm, plants of the species can flower. The terminal, compact inflorescences consist of three to 20 non-fragrant flowers. The inflorescence axis is 3 to 7 mm long and glabrous. Below each flower are one or two foliage-like bracts, 1 to 10 mm long, lanceolate and ciliate.
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Similar to Paramecium aurelia, the parasitic ciliate Tetrahymena rostrata has also been shown to engage in meiosis, autogamy and development of new macronuclei when placed under nutritional stress. Due to the degeneration and remodeling of genetic information that occurs in autogamy, genetic variability arises and possibly increases an offspring’s chances of survival in stressful environments.
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Anthene lycaenoides, the pale ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from Malaya to New Guinea. The wingspan is about . The larvae feed on Bridelia tomentosa, Rhyssopterys timorensis, Flagellaria indica, Clerodendrum floribundum, Faradaya splendida, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Pongamia pinnata, Caesalpina crista, Senna alata, Cassia fistula, Senna gaudichaudii and Senna surattensis.
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This is because the mixing of water by the beating of the oral cilia result in a more optimal concentration of both oxygen and sulfide in the water there. The bacteria at the oral region can thus be used as a food source and are swirled into the mouth (cytostome) of the ciliate and digested.
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Anthene inconspicua, the inconspicuous ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1910. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mongala, Uele and Lualaba), Uganda and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
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In a study published in 2013, Ochitophrya stellarum, the parasitic ciliate, was discovered in 2007 in the tissues of blue crabs. Hemolymph smears showed the ciliates of the parasite. This was surprising, because ochitophrya stellarum was previously only associated with infecting sea stars. This opportunistic pathogen was responsible for a number of histophagous scuticociliate infections in the blue crabs.
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However the final and (usually) stable type is genetically determined by a single genetic locus mat with three alleles, one for each type, with type I being dominant over type II, and II over III.A. L. Yudin and Z. I. Uspenskaya (2006), Mating types in the ciliate Dileptus anser. Inheritance and genetic determination. Citologiâ volume 48, issue 4, pp.
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The ciliate protozoan Orchitophrya stellarum is sometimes a parasite of the common starfish. It normally lives on the outer surface of the starfish feeding on sloughed-off epidermal tissue. It appears to become parasitic when the host starfish has ripe gonads and is a male. It enters the starfish through the gonopores, the orifices where gametes are released.
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Phaiogramma etruscaria has a wingspan reaching 17.7-19.3 mm in males, 20-23.3 mm in the females. Wings are light green, with clearly visible white antemedial lines and small marbled striations. Hind tibia bear only terminal spurs in males, two pairs of spurs in females. Antennae are ciliate in males, while in females they are filiform.
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The leaflets are rounded to acuminate at their apex and rounded to acute at their base, as well as pubescent on both sides with densely ciliate margins. The petiole is long, and there are two petiolules, approximately long. It has two to five inflorescences that are sometimes 10-flowered. The peduncle is long and the pedicels are long.
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66: 2883–2892. it contains exclusively obligate endosymbionts dwelling in cells of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus and related species. This is in contrast to other species of the genus Polynucleobacter, which exclusively harbour free-living bacteria dwelling in the water column of freshwater systems (lake, ponds, puddles and running waters). The genome of P. necessarius has been completely sequenced.
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Alveolata is a large group, which includes Dinoflagellata, Ciliophora, and Apicomplexa. Toxoplasmosis life cycle between humans and animals Balantidium Coli (Balantidiasis) is an example of a member of the phylum Ciliophora. Balantidiasis is the only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans, and swine are the primary reservoir host. Balantidiasis is opportunistic and rare in Western countries.
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The ciliate Mesodinium rubrum retains functioning plastids from the cryptophyte algae on which it feeds, using them to nourish themselves by autotrophy. These, in turn, may be passed along to dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis, which prey on Mesodinium rubrum but keep the enslaved plastids for themselves. Within Dinophysis, these plastids can continue to function for months.
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Tetrahymanol is a gammacerane-type membrane lipid first found in the marine ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. It was later found in other ciliates, fungi, ferns, and bacteria. After being deposited in sediments that compress into sedimentary rocks over millions of years, tetrahymanol is dehydroxylated into gammacerane. Gammacerane has been interpreted as a proxy for ancient water column stratification.
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Growing to tall, O. dubium is a bulbous perennial with 3-8 yellowish green leaves. The leaf margins are ciliate with scapes long. The flowers are borne in winter or spring, in cylindrical to almost spherical racemes consisting of 5-25 flowers. The tepals may be orange, red, yellow or rarely white, often with a green or brown center.
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Red bloom in a harbor. The vibrant color of the blooms attracts attention from scientists and local community members. Red blooms, a type of plankton bloom with a characteristic scarlet pigment, occur every year in the Columbia River estuary, lasting several months during late summer to early fall. The marine ciliate Myrionecta rubra is responsible for this annual discoloration.
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Anthene otacilia, the Otacilia hairtail or Trimen's ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae, found in Africa. Near Qudeni, KwaZulu- Natal left The wingspan is about 22–23 mm in males and 23–24 mm in females. The flight period is from September to May peaking in November and March. The larvae feed on Acacia species.
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Anthene flavomaculatus, the yellow-spot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon and northern Angola. The habitat consist of forests. The larvae are associated with the following ant species: Crematogaster buchneri race winkleri, Crematogaster buchneri race alligatrix, Pheidole rotundata and Odontomachus haematodes.
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Anthene lachares, the silky ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The habitat consists of primary forests and dense secondary forests. Adult males mud-puddle.
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Anthene amarah, the black-striped hairtail, leaden hairtail or leaden ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in tropical Africa and Arabia (up to Aqaba). The habitat consists of savanna and occasionally open areas in the forest zone. The wingspan is 21–26 mm for males and 23–29 mm for females.
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Anthene obscura, the obscure ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1910. It is found in Ghana (the Volta Region), Nigeria (west and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Sankuru and Lualaba). The habitat consists of forests.
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Cupidesthes lithas, the Volta ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri, Équateur, Kinshasa, Kasai and Lualaba) and Uganda. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene starki, the western black-spot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, north-central Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and the northern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of Guinea savanna and dry forest mosaic. Adult males mud-puddle.
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The thallus is loosely attached to its substratum, and measures across. Its lobes are thick, with a scalloped (crenate) margin, and typically measure 5–10 mm wide. The margins have simple, unbranched cilia up to 3 mm long. Distinguishing morphological characteristics of Parmotrema abessinicum include its ciliate lobe margins, perforate apothecia, and simple rhizines in the thallus centre.
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Diagram of a ciliate A cytostome (from cyto-, cell and stome-, mouth) or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles. Only certain groups of protozoa, such as the Ciliophora and Excavata, have cytostomes.Allaby, Michael.
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In addition, the ciliate has also been reported to cause infections in other flatfishes, such as the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea and the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) in Peru, as well as in seadragons (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus and Phycodurus eques), seahorses (Hippocampus kuda and H. abdominalis), and several species of sharks in other parts of the world.
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Exbury Henry's lime is a deciduous tree growing to 25 m in height, its bark pale grey and fissured. The sea green leaves are cordate, < 10 cm long, with distinctive ciliate margins, and are borne on 3–5 cm petioles. The tiny pale, almost white, fragrant flowers appear in clusters of up to 20 in autumn.
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Calyx is gamo-sepalous, about 0.15 in long, somewhat puberulent, obtusely 5-ribbed and 5-lobed with obtuse, ciliate lobes. Corolla tube is narrowly infundibuliform, white, sweet- scented, about half-inch lobed with five lobes. The lobes are very obtuse and completely recurved when the flower is fully open. Stamens oblong, five in number, alternate with the corolla lobes, brown in colour, included.
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The lemmas typically have five (rarely six or seven) veins. The lemmas have acute to attenuate apices that are occasionally doubly pointed, and terminal awns or mucros. The bidentate paleas are shorter to longer than the lemmas, with scabrous-ciliate veins. The regions between the veins are smooth and glabrous near the base of the paleas and become scabrous or puberulent distally.
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Methanoplanus endosymbiosus is a species of archaeon, an endosymbiont of the marine sapropelic ciliate Metopus contortus. It is an irregular, disc-shaped bacterium with a diameter of 1.6–3.4 μms and type strain MC1. Its 16S DNA was sequenced in 1994, eight years after the initial isolation, and it was found to share considerable similarity with that of Methanoplanus limicola.
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The inflorescence is long, and around in diameter. When young they are obovoid and obtuse in shape. The flower head contracts toward the base, this constricted part is a peduncle up to long, formed of scaly stipes. The involucral bracts are arranged in a series of nine to ten rows, and are ciliate (fringed with a hairs like an eyelash).
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The leathery leaves are long, egg-shaped to elliptical, with wedge-shaped bases. They have pale laminar glands that are very numerous and a few intramarginal black glands.Each plant has 3 to 5 flowers and the flowerheads are corymbiform with hairy and glandular bracts. The sepals are approximately 2 mm long and are oblong, with a margin that is regularly glandular or ciliate.
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The colors of flowers are pink maroon or pale yellow, often with red-tinged margins, or striped red, 5~8 mm long, 1~5 flowered assemble to an umbellate; pedicels sparsely ciliolate, pubescent bracts. Sepals 1.5~3.0 ?0.5~1.0 mm, lanceolate-subulate,acute, ciliate, ovate- subulate; petals 4.0~6.5 ?0.7~1.5 mm, linear-oblong,obtuse to subacute lanceolate; night-fragrant, gynodioecious.
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They have fertile spikelets that are pediceled, the pedicels of which are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy. Lemma is chartaceous, lanceolated, and is long and wide. Its lemma have either erose or obtuse apex while the fertile lemma itself is chartaceous, keelless, oblong and is long. The species also carry 2–3 sterile florets which are barren, cuneate, clumped and are long.
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The flat surface is hairless and indistinctly spotted by round resin glands lying in the leaf blade. The broadened leaf base slightly runs down the stem, and is hairless or has a ciliate margin and has woolly hairs in the axil. The floral heads are medium in size. They sit on largely leafless, up to long inflorescence stalks in the typical subspecies.
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Mesodinium rubrum Mesodinium rubrum is a ciliate that steals chloroplasts from the cryptomonad Geminigera cryophila. M. rubra participates in additional endosymbiosis by transferring its plastids to its predators, the dinoflagellate planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis. Karyoklepty is a related process in which the nucleus of the prey cell is kept by the predator as well. This was first described in M. rubra.
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The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy. Besides the pedicels, the spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex and have pubescent callus as well. The sterile florets are also present and are long, barren, elliptic, and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are hairy on the bottom, keelless, membranous, ovate and have puberulous surfaces.
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In ciliates and Apicomplexa, the pellicle is supported by closely packed vesicles called alveoli. In euglenids, it is formed from protein strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Familiar examples of protists with a pellicle are the euglenoids and the ciliate Paramecium. In some protozoa, the pellicle hosts epibiotic bacteria that adhere to the surface by their fimbriae (attachment pili).
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, often termed "ICH", is a parasitic ciliate described by the French parasitologist Fouquet in 1876. Only one species is found in the genus which also gave name to the family. The name literally translates as "the fish louse with many children". The parasite can infect most freshwater fish species and, in contrast to many other parasites, shows very low host specificity.
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Sonneborn spent 1928 and 1929 researching the ciliate Colpidium with Jennings as a National Research Council fellow. He remained at Hopkins until 1939, with appointments as research assistant, research associate, and associate. He was offered a faculty position at Indiana University, where he served as associate professor, professor (1943), distinguished service professor (1953), and distinguished service professor emeritus (1976).Preer, 271-2.
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Jessica Polka's electron micrograph of negatively stained purified type 51 R bodies in their extended (low pH) state R bodies (from refractile bodies, also R-bodies) are polymeric protein inclusions formed inside the cytoplasm of bacteria. Initially discovered in kappa particles, bacterial endosymbionts of the ciliate Paramecium, R bodies (and genes encoding them) have since been discovered in a variety of taxa.
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Leaves can have one to two ribs from the base; they are also generally thin and have an acute to obtuse tip. Leaf margins are either entire or slightly dentate, more so towards the leaf tip. Leaf surfaces are light green and are ciliate or contain hairs visible only by magnification. The lower leaves are also hairy and lighter in color.
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Anthene levis, the Levis ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Equateur and Lualaba), Uganda and Zambia. The habitat consists of dense woodland and forest fringes. The larvae feed on Loranthus species.
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Anthene ligures, the lesser indigo ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western and central Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests. Adult males are attracted to damp patches.
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By several cellularization processes, the ciliate ancestor evolved into the currently known turbellarian flatworms, which are therefore the most primitive metazoans according to the theory. The theory of cellularization is based on the large similarities between ciliates and flatworms. Both ciliates and flatworms have cilia, are bilaterally symmetric, and syncytial. Therefore the theory assumes that bilateral symmetry is more primitive than radial symmetry.
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Anthene talboti, the Talbot's hairtail or Talbot's ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from South Africa to Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. In South Africa it is found in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands, through to Orange Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, the Limpopo Province and the North West Province. It is also present in the North Cape.
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While internal ones are linear-ovate and ~2mm long. Sepals 4, broadly ovate to oblong, obtuse, rigid, brown, margins on the upper and under surfaces slightly hairy and up to 4mm long. Four petals that are white ovate and about 8mm long. Many stamens but rarely less more than 20, filaments up to 4m long and surrounded by short tubular ciliate effigurations.
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In many cases, there are both free living and parasitic species that can be compared and their lost genes identified. Good examples are the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the latter of which has a dramatically reduced genome. Another beautiful example are endosymbiont species. For instance, Polynucleobacter necessarius was first described as a cytoplasmic endosymbiont of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus.
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Anthene chryseostictus, the medium red-spot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mongala, Uele and Lualaba), Uganda and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
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Anthene rufoplagata, the orange-patch ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (east and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and Uganda. The habitat consists of primary forests. Adult males mud-puddle.
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Anthene wilsoni, the Wilson's hairtail or Wilson's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana (the Volta Region), northern Cameroon, southern Sudan, south-western Ethiopia, north-eastern Uganda, western Kenya, western Tanzania, Zambia and north-eastern Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of wet parkland savanna and dry savanna. Adults are on wing from late November to mid-February.
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Anthene sylvanus, the common indigo ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests and dense Guinea savanna.
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Astomes (order Astomatida) are a group of ciliate eukaryotes commonly found in the guts of annelid worms, especially oligochaetes, and other invertebrates. As their name implies, these parasites are characterized by an absence of mouth. The cell is covered by uniform cilia; in addition, some astomes attach themselves to their hosts by suckers, while others use various hooks or barbs. Asexual reproduction is by transverse fission.
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At the DCM region of the large deep lakes, the mixotrophic ciliate Ophrydium naumanni were dominant. Their phototrophic abilities come from their endosymbiotic algae Chlorella, which are strong competitors in poor light conditions. In addition, the ciliates can undergo phagotrophy to obtain other necessary elements. In shallower lakes, O. naumanni were found to be absent, likely due to higher levels of competition with phytoplankton and turbulence intensity.
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Foraging workers often visit Pisonia flowers and will feed on the nectar. Other flowers they will visit include Canavalia, Commicarpus, Ipomoea, Melanthera, Plumbago and Scaevola. Ochetellus flavipes regularly attends the mealybug Prorsococcus acanthodus and protects it by building shelters. They also attend a number of butterfly larvae, including Anthene lycaenoides (Pale Ciliate Blue), Ogyris amaryllis (Satin Azure), Ogyris olane (Olane Azure) and Ogyris oroetes (Silky Azure).
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Some species have sheaths that persist over years and typically have deciduous blades, and some species have sheaths that quickly shred into fibers and decay in senescence and typically have blades that are not deciduous. Species lack auricles. The membranous ligules measure and are typically longest at the margins. The ligules are typically truncate and ciliate, though they can occasionally be acute or erose.
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Spirostomum reproduces by binary fission. Reproduction may be purely asexual, or it may follow conjugation, during which compatible mating individuals come together and transfer genetic material across a cytoplasmic link. Members of the genus are extremely contractile. When startled, Spirostomum ambiguum can contract its body length by more than 60% within a few milliseconds (a contraction speed similar to that of the ciliate Vorticella).
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Ciliates use small flagella called cilia to move through the water. One ciliate will generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. During movement, an individual cilium deforms using a high-friction power stroke followed by a low-friction recovery stroke. Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display collective behavior in a metachronal rhythm.
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The pedicels are ciliate, curved, filiform, and hairy above. The spikelets have 2 fertile florets which are diminished at the apex while the sterile florets are barren, lanceolate and clumped. Both the upper and lower glumes are keelless and membranous, but every other feature is different; Lower glume is flabellate and is long with erosed apex. Upper glume is lanceolate and is long with an obtuse apex.
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When contaminated animals are consumed, they cause severe diarrhoea. D. acuminata blooms are constant threat to and indication of diarrhoeatic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Dinophysis acuminata is a photosynthesising Dinophysis species by acquiring secondary plastids from consuming the ciliate Myrionecta rubra, which in turn had ingested them from the alga Teleaulax amphioxeia. Thus, D. acuminata is a mixotroph, primarily a heterotroph, but autotroph once it acquires plastids.
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Halofolliculina corallasia was first observed in reefs near Motupore Island in Bootless Inlet, Papua New Guinea in 1988, and named in 2001. The species name corallasia is a combination of "coral" and the Greek word lasios (λάσιος), which means "densely overgrown". H. corallasia is a member of the ciliate group of protozoans. Ciliates are among the most complex of single-celled eukaryote organisms, distinguished by three characteristics.
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They are ciliate, meaning they have small hairy projections emerging from the margins of the leaf, while the apices, or tips of the leaves, are acuminate, meaning they taper to a point. The adaxial (i.e. upper) surfaces of the leaves are nearly hairless or sparsely hairy, while the abaxial (i.e. lower) surfaces are sparsely hairy with the veins being more villous, or covered in shaggy hairs.
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Jovibarba heuffelii, common name Hen-and-chickens, as a plant species native to the Balkans and to the Carpathians in Europe but reportedly naturalized in Wisconsin and probably in other parts of North America. It grows on rocky outcrops.Flora of North America v 8 p 170. Jovibarba heuffelii is a perennial herb forming basal rosettes of succulent leaves that are ciliate along the margins.
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The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes was a ciliated cell with centrioles. Some lineages of eukaryotes, such as land plants, do not have centrioles except in their motile male gametes. Centrioles are completely absent from all cells of conifers and flowering plants, which do not have ciliate or flagellate gametes. It is unclear if the last common ancestor had one or two cilia.
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Potential predators of orangutans include tigers, clouded leopards and wild dogs. The absence of tigers on Borneo has been suggested as a reason Bornean orangutans are found on the ground more often than their Sumatran relatives. The most frequent orangutan parasites are nematodes of the genus Strongyloides and the ciliate Balantidium coli. Among Strongyloides, the species S. fuelleborni and S. stercoralis are commonly reported in young individuals.
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Anthene kersteni, the Kersten's hairtail or Kersten's ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from South Africa to Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia. In South Africa it is found in coastal lowland forest in KwaZulu-Natal, from the coast to Kosi Bay, inland across the Makathini Flats. The wingspan is 26–28 mm for males and 23–29 mm for females.
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Anthene butleri, the pale hairtail or Butler's ciliate blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from South Africa to Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia. In South Africa it is found in coastal lowland forest in KwaZulu- Natal, from the coast to Kosi Bay, inland across the Makathini Flats. The wingspan is 23–28 mm for males and 25–32 mm for females.
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Cupidesthes leonina, the leonine ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Sankuru and Lualaba), Uganda and Tanzania. The habitat consists of wet forests. Adults of both sexes have been found on the flowers of Eupatorium species.
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Anthene lamias, the blotched ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests, the forest/Guinea savanna transition zone and secondary forests. The larvae feed on Lecanium farquharsoni.
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Anthene rubricinctus, the indigo ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. The habitat consists of forest, especially stream banks. Adults of both sexes are attracted to flowers and males sometimes mud-puddle.
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Symplocos tinctoria (the common sweetleaf, horse-sugar, or yellowwood) is a deciduous or evergreen shrub or tree. It is recognized by pith of twigs chambered; by foliage not notably aromatic when bruised, leaves finely hairy beneath. Shrubs or trees to 17 m tall by 36 cm DBH. The largest first-year twigs are under 3 mm across, terminal buds with acute tip, scales ciliate.
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They are light green, oblanceolate, and often pinnatifid with shallow lobes that are pointed at their tips. Their margins are often ciliate, slightly undulate, and sparingly dentate. Each flowering stalk is unbranched and devoid of leaves; it is largely hairless, although there may be a few scattered hairs along its length, especially near the top. Both the basal leaves and flowering stalks contain a white latex.
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When Climacostomum is threatened by a predator, such as the ciliate Dileptus margaritifer, these cortical cysts release a defensive cytotoxin called Climacostol. This substance has been synthesized in the laboratory and found to be highly toxic to certain species of ciliates. It is believed that this toxicity is accomplished by the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. It has been shown to have toxic effects on certain human cancer cells.
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Aeonium hierrense is a species of succulent flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae that is endemic to the island of El Hierro in the Canary islands. It has whorls of strongly ciliate leaves borne on a stem up to 1m in height. The leaves takes on an attractive purple colour during the summer, being quite green in the winter. It produces whitish pink flowers that have 8-fold symmetry.
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The ovary has 2 separate follicles with glabrous or ciliate, oblong seeds that develop into deep blue podlike, schizocarp fruit, between 7–40 cm long. The plants contain a milky latex, rich in poisonous alkaloids. The Alstonia macrophylla is commonly known in Sri Lanka as 'Havari nuga' or the 'wig banyan' because of its distinct flower that looks like a woman's long wig. Alstonia trees are used in traditional medicine.
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Trimastix is a genus of excavates, the sole occupant of the order Trimastigida. Trimastix are bacterivorous, free living and anaerobic. When first observed in 1881 by William Kent, the morphology of Trimastix was not well describedKent, W. S. (1881). A manual of the infusoria: including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa, British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges (Vol. 1).
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Felicia tenella is an annual, sometimes biennial, herbaceous plant that may be slightly woody at its base, of tall, that is assigned to the daisy family. The species is very variable in size and hairiness. Its branches may be erect or ascending, and the leaves are narrowly line-shaped, long and about 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The leaves have a callous tip, lack visible nerves, and are mostly rigidly ciliate.
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Across all organisms, there are six main genome types found in mitochondrial genomes, classified by their structure (e.g. circular versus linear), size, presence of introns or plasmid like structures, and whether the genetic material is a singular molecule or collection of homogeneous or heterogeneous molecules. In many unicellular organisms (e.g., the ciliate Tetrahymena and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), and in rare cases also in multicellular organisms (e.g.
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Bion 8 carried a payload of biological and radiation physics experiments from nine countries. The landing was several hundred miles from the expected recovery site, which resulted in considerable difficulties. The biological payload on the spacecraft included 2 monkeys, 10 rats, fruit flies, grasshoppers, beetles, guppies, Hynobiidae, Chlorella ciliate, newts and corn. More than 50 NASA-sponsored scientists were involved in conducting the 33 American experiments on board.
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For example, stretches of DNA in human sperm which lack methylation are more prone to mutation. In general, the mutation rate in unicellular eukaryotes (and bacteria) is roughly 0.003 mutations per genome per cell generation. However, some species, especially the ciliate of the genus Paramecium have an unusually low mutation rate. For instance, Paramecium tetraurelia has a base-substitution mutation rate of ~2 × 10−11 per site per cell division.
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The plant is no more than 4 centimeters long with a single leaf and three-seven slender stems. Eltoroensis stands apart from its genus of Lepanthes orchids due to its comparatively long inflorescence, obovate leaves ( 0.4-0.9 in long x 0.2-0.4 in wide) and ciliate sepals. The solitary flowers with red/orange petals (two lobed petals; three lobed lip) lie against the leaf and are just a few millimeters long.
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Selaginella bifida is a lycophyte native to Rodrigues Island in the Mascarene Islands. It was found firstly in 1991 on the Mont Limon at 20–150 m high and was confused with S. rodrigueziana Baker because of their strong phenotypical homologies. However, fastidious studies in 2009 highlight ciliate lateral leaf margins on several specimens and bifid microsporophyll apices during the emergence of reproductive parts, which differentiate a new taxon.
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The sparsely hairy to glabrous phyllodes have ciliate margins with three main longitudinal veins. The pale yellow globular flower-heads have a diameter of and contain 10 to 25 flowers and appear singly or in pairs in the leaf axils between July and October in the species' native range. The papery, straight, flat seed pods are slightly raised over seeds with a length of and a width of .
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Bromus ciliatus is a species of brome grass known by the common name fringed brome. It is native to most of North America, including most of Canada, most of the United States except for some portions of the South, and northern Mexico. It is a plant of many habitats, including temperate coniferous forest. The specific epithet ciliatus is Latin for "ciliate", referring to the delicate hairs of the leaf blades.
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Title page of ALfred Kahl's 4-volume compendium on ciliates, Wimpertiere oder Ciliata, 1930-35 Alfred Detlef Fritz Kahl (18 February 1877 – November, 1946) was a German schoolteacher who took up microscopy in mid-life and became a leading authority on ciliated protozoa. In a burst of scientific productivity that lasted just nine years, he published 1800 pages of scholarly work, in which he described 17 new ciliate families, 57 genera, and about 700 previously unknown species. During his brief career as a protozoologist, he redescribed and illustrated nearly all the species of ciliates known in his time, and fit them into a taxonomic scheme that remains influential today.Foissner, Wilhelm. Life and Legacy of an Outstanding Ciliate Taxonomist, Alfred Kahl (1877-1946), Including a Facsimile of his Forgotten Monograph from 1943. Acta Protozoologica 2004 (Suppl.) 43: 1-69Corliss, John O. A Salute to Fifty-Four Great Microscopists of the Past: A Pictorial Footnote to the History of Protozoology.
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They tolerate 25% natural sea-water (25 parts of sea-water diluted with 75 parts of distilled water) but do not live for more than a week when the salinity goes up to the strength of 35% natural sea-water (sea water itself being about 32 parts per thousand). Their tadpoles are thought to feed on algae. A ciliate in the genus Cepedea has been recorded living in tadpoles of this species.
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In addition, the leaves of N. papuana are very densely ciliate, much more so than in N. neoguineensis. The wings are less developed in the upper pitchers of N. papuana and the fringe elements are more closely spaced. Based on the structure of its inflorescence, it has been suggested that N. neoguineensis belongs to a group of relatively primitive Nepenthes species, which includes N. distillatoria and N. pervillei.Nerz, J. Nepenthes neoguineensis. Joachim-Nerz.de.
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Erect shrub up to 2 m high with slender branches. Leaves 3.5-7 x 0.5–3 cm, alternate, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, entire, glabrous, acute, attenuate at the base, erect to erectopatent, evergreen. Inflorescences in dense globular heads with tomentose to glabrescent ovate axillary bracts, with densely long ciliate margins. Heads often less than 1.5 cm across, often crowded towards the tips of the stems, pale powder blue or whitish, hermaphrodite and zygomorphic.
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It is found on steep, narrow mountain slopes at 950–1800 m altitude, on limestone soils. A larger population has been reduced by over-cutting before its scientific discovery and protection in 1950. The leaves are needle- like, 2.5–5 cm long, have ciliate (hairy) margins when young, and grow around the stems in a spiral pattern. The cones are 3–5 cm long, with about 15–20 scales, each scale bearing two winged seeds.
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Mesodinium chamaeleon is a ciliate of the genus Mesodinium. It is known for being able to consume and maintain algae endosymbiotically for days before digesting the algae. It has the ability to eat red and green algae, and afterwards using the chlorophyll granules from the algae to generate energy, turning itself from being a heterotroph into an autotroph. The species was discovered in January 2012 outside the coast of Nivå, Denmark by professor Øjvind Moestrup.
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Colpoda, a kidney-shaped ciliate common in organic rich conditions, is representative. Most ciliates placed here were originally considered advanced trichostomes, on the assumption that they lacked true oral cilia. However the Bursariomorphida, large carnivorous ciliates whose oral cavity forms a deep anterior pocket, were considered heterotrichs because of their prominent oral polykinetids. The modern class was first defined by Small & Lynn in 1981, based mainly on the structure of the body kinetids.
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Ciliate Uroleptus piscis categorized in Stichotrichia by Small and LynnIn more recent classifications, members of Stichotrichia, as defined by Small and Lynn., are placed in the subclass Hypotrichia, and euplotid ciliates are placed in the subclass Euplotia. Like the euplotids, stichotrichs (or hypotrichs, in the sense of Gao et al., 2016) have body cilia fused into cirri, but these are mostly arranged into rows, running along the ventral surface or edges of the cell.
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Furthermore, the syncytial theory cannot explain the flagellated sperm of metazoans. Since the ciliate ancestor does not have any flagella and it is unlikely that the flagella arose as a de novo trait in metazoans, the syncytial theory makes it almost impossible to explain the origin of flagellated sperm. Due to both the lack of molecular and morphological evidence for this theory, the alternative colonial theory of Haeckel, is currently gaining widespread acceptance.
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Frontonia is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the order Peniculida. As Peniculids, the Frontonia are closely related to members of the genus Paramecium. However, whereas Paramecia are mainly bacterivores, Frontonia are capable of ingesting large prey such as diatoms, filamentous algae, testate amoebas,Dias, Roberto and D'Agosto, Marta. 2006. "Feeding Behavior of Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg)." Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia 23 (3): 758-763 and even, in some circumstances, members of their own species.
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Pentachaeta bellidiflora is a small annual wildflower growing from a slender taproot, which, although it appears smooth, is actually covered by fine hairs. The sparsely hairy stems may number between in length and are typically simple, or branching in the lower half of plant. They are erect, generally flexible, and of green to reddish color. White-rayed Pentachaeta leaves are normally narrowly linear, ciliate (fringed with hair) and green, measuring less than long and one millimeter wide.
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These broadly effective defenses, which appear unusual among invertebrates inhabiting soft sediment, may be important in allowing Phoronopsis viridis to reach high densities. Some parasites infest phoronids: progenetic metacercariae and cysts of trematodes in phoronids' coelomic cavities; unidentified gregarines in phoronids' digestive tract; and an ancistrocomid ciliate parasite, Heterocineta, in the tentacles. It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.
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Ciliates reproduce asexually, by various kinds of fission. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus elongates and undergoes amitosis (except among the Karyorelictean ciliates, whose macronuclei do not divide). The cell then divides in two, and each new cell obtains a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus.left Typically, the cell is divided transversally, with the anterior half of the ciliate (the proter) forming one new organism, and the posterior half (the opisthe) forming another.
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Some are harmless or beneficial to their host organisms; others may be significant causes of diseases, such as babesia, malaria and toxoplasmosis. Isotricha intestinalis, a ciliate present in the rumen of sheep. Association between protozoan symbionts and their host organisms can be mutually beneficial. Flagellated protozoans such as Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha inhabit the guts of termites, where they enable their insect host to digest wood by helping to break down complex sugars into smaller, more easily digested molecules.
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The inner phyllaries are between linear and lanceolate in shape with a purplish colouration towards the apices, while the outer ones are more oblong. All of the phyllaries are strongly unequal with hardened bases, margins that are somewhat scarious (i.e. thin, membranous and dry) as well as fimbriate- ciliate, meaning fringed with hair at the margins. Their apices are rounded to acute in shape, while the surfaces are sparsely haired, though sometimes sparsely covered in stipular glands.
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Bracts absent, or rarely 1-2; bracteoles 5-8, shorter than pedicels, ciliate, eventually deflexed. Flowers white; sepals absent; outer petals not radiating; styles with enlarged base, forming stylopodium. Fruit usually , slightly laterally compressed, oblong but narrowing toward apex, constricted at commissure; mericarps having broad, rounded ridges; carpophore present; vittae solitary, conspicuous; pedicels without a ring of hairs at apex; styles roughly as long as stylopodium, recurved; stigma capitate. Cotyledons tapered gradually at base without distinct petiole.
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Two genome projects are finished on P. necessarius strains: one project on an obligately freeliving strain isolated from an acidic freshwater pond,GOLD CARD: Gc00537 Genome project: Polynucleobacter necessarius subsp. asymbioticus QLW-P1DMWA-1, GOLD - Genomes OnLine Database and one project on an obligate endosymbiont of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus.GOLD CARD: Gc00757 Genome project: Polynucleobacter necessarius subsp. necessarius STIR1, GOLD - Genomes OnLine Database Analyses of the genome sequences resulted in the discovery of a conserved RNA motif.
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Anthene crawshayi, Crawshay's hairtail or Crawshay's ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The habitat consists of savanna and open forests. Adult males mud-puddle and both sexes are attracted to the flowers of Acacia trees.
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This in turn is made up of 2-7 compact clusters, with the basal cluster sometimes on a long erecto-patent peduncle. The colour of the subglabrous, linear-lanceolate lower bract ranges from straw-brown to scarious; this bract is much shorter than the inflorescence at a length of . No pedicels are present. The dark brown bracteoles are ovate, obtuse and sparsely ciliate above with either dentate or lacerate margins, reaching a length of up to .
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They have a long receptacles which are conical in shape. The flower head is surrounded by petal-like structures called 'involucral bracts', these are glabrous and arranged in a series of nine or ten rows. The outer bracts have somewhat pointy ends, ovate in shape and minutely ciliate (having a fringe of hairs like an eyelash at their margins). The inner bracts are oblong or spathulate-oblong in shape, and are longer than the actual flowers.
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Anthene hades, the black ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Tshuapa, Equateur, Sankuru and Lualaba), Uganda, western Kenya and western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests, open country in the forest zone and Guinea savanna. Adults have been recorded feeding from flowers.
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Underneath, the leaves are copper-brown and lepidote (scaly), with large scales of up to in diameter, which are not very noticeable, at least when dry. The leaf scales are peltate (shield-shaped), ciliate-radiated (fringed), and deeply-lobed in three to five parts. In addition to the scales, long strands of stellate hairs and other trichomes of varying size form a soft tomentose (fuzzy) surface. The leaf midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top.
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P. conicum, a large feeding veil — a pseudopod called the pallium — is extruded to capture prey which is subsequently digested extracellularly (= pallium- feeding). Oblea, Zygabikodinium, and Diplopsalis are the only other dinoflagellate genera known to use this particular feeding mechanism. Katodinium (Gymnodinium) fungiforme, commonly found as a contaminant in algal or ciliate cultures, feeds by attaching to its prey and ingesting prey cytoplasm through an extensible peduncle. Two related species, polykrikos kofoidii and neatodinium, shoots out a harpoon-like organelle to capture prey.
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Trichonympha was first described in 1877 by Joseph Leidy. He described the species Trichonympha agilis in the termite genus Reticulitermes, though at the time he was unaware that multiple species of Trichonympha exist. While fascinated by the unique morphology of Trichonympha, Leidy was unable to place Trichonympha in a group due to the now-outdated technology of the time. He determined that Trichonympha was either a ciliate, a gregarine or a turbellarian, all of which turned out to be incorrect.
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This genus consists of annual plants whose above surface architecture emanates from slender taproot, which appears smooth, but actually is covered by fine hairs. The stems are typically simple or branching in the lower half of plant, and they are erect, generally flexible, and of green to reddish color. Pentachaeta leaves are normally narrowly linear, ciliate and green. The terminal inflorescences are solitary with heads radiate, disciform or discoid; peduncles manifest as wispy with bell-shaped involucres measuring three to seven millimeters.
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Low shrubby perennial to 1 m. Stems branched, white-tomentose in the upper parts and with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves alternate, entire, deciduous but long persistent after withering, crowded towards the ends of the branches, 6–10 cm x 6–15 mm, lanceolate, coriaceous, green and glabrescent above, densely white tomentose beneath, subsessile and with a few ciliate spines at the base. Capitulum 15–30 mm in diameter (excluding outer bracts), discoid to hemispherical on short peduncles solitary or in corymbs.
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Fig 7. Simplified Sulfurimonas Food Web / Chain Photo Credits: Suman Rana Members of the bacterial genus Sulfurimonas are known to affect the relative abundance of species around them. In the case of S. gotlandica strain GD1, it was demonstrated that heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) populations decreased while ciliate and dinoflagellate abundances remained relatively constant in oxygen / hydrogen sulphide rich conditions. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed in suboxic conditions, in that HNF and ciliates increased in abundance, whereas dinoflagellates remained constant.
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Skeletal eroding band (SEB) is a disease of corals that appears as a black or dark gray band that slowly advances over corals, leaving a spotted region of dead coral in its wake. It is the most common disease of corals in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and is also found in the Red Sea. So far one agent has been clearly identified, the ciliate Halofolliculina corallasia. This makes SEB the first coral disease known to be caused by a protozoan.
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A Manual of the Infusoria: Including a Description of All Known Flagellate, Ciliate, and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and Foreign, and an Account of the Organization and the Affinities of the Sponges. London: D. Bogue, 1880. Bacteria of this genus were later anonymously described as “Capillary Eels” in the 1703 issue of Philosophical Transactions by a “Sir C. H.” because of their thin, wormlike appearance. Additionally, the naturalist O. F. Müller documented eight species of the genus Vibrio in his work on infusoria.
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In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts, occurring in some strains of the ciliate Paramecium. Paramecium strains possessing the particles are known as "killer paramecia". They liberate a substance also known as paramecin into the culture medium that is lethal to Paramecium that do not contain kappa particles. Kappa particles are found in genotypes of Paramecium aurelia syngen 2 that carry the dominant gene K. Kappa particles are Feulgen-positive and stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis.
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Moreover, a number of songbirds can be found and pheasants which were equally introduced as game are common. Lizards and amphibians, such as moor frog, natterjack toad and smooth newt are other examples of land vertebrata. In the sea surrounding Amrum numerous fish species typical of the North Sea can be found, like plaice and atlantic herring. A 1940 report mentioned several worms like Nematodes, Archiannelida, Oligochaeta and Turbellaria, crustaceans like ostracods, and ciliate protozoans in the sands of the Kniepsand beach.
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Colpidium colpoda illustration by Alfred Kahl The first record of Colpidium colpoda was in 1829 by Mathaeo Losana, who placed it in the genus Paramaecia. It was more thoroughly described by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in his two volume publication Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen (which roughly translates to “The Infusoria as Perfect Organisms”) in 1838. The species was described in detail by Ganner and Foissner in 1989. C. colpoda is considered an intermediate sized ciliate, typically between 50 and 150 μm long.
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Most ciliates live as single-celled organisms in aquatic environments, and the single cell carries out all functions of life, such as nutrition, metabolism, and reproduction. Colonies of Z. niveum are composed of numerous individual cells that form a feather-like colonial unit, with several different cell types. Old branches of the colony illustrate the polymorphism of the zooids when viewed under the microscope. Three different forms of the individual ciliate cells are present, which are distinct in both form and function.
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AFP found from the metagenome of the ciliate Euplotes focardii and psychrophilic bacteria has an efficient ice re-crystallization inhibition ability. 1 μM of Euplotes focardii consortium ice-binding protein (EfcIBP) is enough for the total inhibition of ice re-crystallization in –7.4°C temperature. This ice- recrystallization inhibition ability helps bacteria to tolerate ice rather than preventing the formation of ice. EfcIBP produces also thermal hysteresis gap, but this ability is not as efficient as the ice-recrystallization inhibition ability.
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Anthene larydas, the spotted hairtail or common ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and western Kenya. The habitat consists of forests and Guinea savanna. Adult males mud-puddle and are also attracted to sand soaked by urine as well as by human sweat.
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The sheath is furthermore dilated, having three keels and five veins on the lower part. The sheath has a lip (pollen-presenter) which is 10.6mm long. The lip has three prongs, and is glabrous on the lower portion except for the ciliate margin, but increasingly covered in pubescence near the apex, and ending in a dense woolly tuft. The two prongs at the sides are 4.2mm long, linear in shape and woolly, whereas the middle prong is 2.1mm long, linear and woolly.
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Anthene nigeriae Anthene nigeriae, the false hairtail or Nigerian ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kabinda, Maniema and Lualaba), southern Sudan, Uganda, western Kenya, western Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (the Copperbelt and eastwards) and eastern Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of forest margins, open areas in Guinea savanna and coastal scrub. Adults are on wing in mid- summer.
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Anthene lunulata, the lunulated hairtail and red-spot ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Uele, Ituri, Equateur, Sankuru, Lualaba and Shaba), Angola, Zambia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and north-eastern Botswana. The habitat consists of savanna and forests. Adults of both sexes are attracted to flowers, including those of Tridax species.
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The exact species of scuticociliate responsible for a given outbreak is often not identified. As a result, differences in virulence and disease course among different scuticociliates are not well characterized. In one study, infection by Miamiensis avidus was reported to have a higher mortality rate than Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, Pseudocohnilembus hargisi and Uronema marinum. Infections by U. marinum show a less severe disease course, possibly restricted to the skin surface; it has been suggested that this ciliate may be only a secondary pathogen.
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The scale worm Arctonoe fragilis is often found living on the surface or in an ambulacral groove of the mottled star as a commensal. The parasitic ciliate Orchitophrya stellarum has several hosts, one of which is the mottled star. It lives among the spines on the body and arms until the starfish is ready to breed when it moves inside its host, probably entering through a gonopore. It makes its way to the gonads of the male starfish and feeds on the sperm, effectively castrating its host.
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Sempervivum arachnoideum, the cobweb house-leek, is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to the Alps, Apennines and Carpathians. Growing to tall by wide, it is a rosette-forming succulent perennial, valued in cultivation for its ability to colonise hot, dry areas via offsets. The specific epithet arachnoideum refers to its furry central rosettes (long ciliate leaf margins), resembling spider webs. It flowers in July, with pink flowers that are raised on stems and are hermaphroditic (having both male and female organs).
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Felicia macrorrhiza is an evergreen, more or less strongly branched dwarf shrub of up to high, with a strongly gnarled woody base. The branches are covered with gray brown bark and some long hairs. Older branches are densely set with persistent dry leaf bases, the younger ones with leaves. The leaves are alternately set, linear, sometimes spoon-shaped, more or less succulent, 1–2 cm long and wide, with up to wide, pale, ciliate margin, the inner base with long woolly hairs, evenly long- haired.
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The perimeter of the disk can be contracted, allowing it to act as a sucker to hold the ciliate against the surface of its host while it feeds. Because the adhesive disk is a complex and variable structure, and clearly visible in the light microscope, it has been used by taxonomists to differentiate between species and genera within Mobilida. Mobilids typically feed commensally on bacteria and organic debris surrounding their host, but can also consume epithelial cells and other cellular matter shed by the host itself.
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Anthene irumu, the Irumu ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri, Uele and Sankuru), Uganda, north- western Tanzania, Zambia (the Copperbelt and the north-eastern part of the country) and Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of drier forests and open areas in the main forest zone, as well as Guinea savanna. The larvae feed on Loranthus species.
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In order for the plastids to be normally active, they still require enzymes, which are synthesised by the sequestered algal nuclei. The single nucleus can survive and remain genetically active up to 30 days in the cytoplasm of the ciliate. As the retention time of the prey nuclei is short, an average M. rubrum cell may contain eight algal plastids per single prey nucleus and the nuclei need to be replaced by continuous feeding on fresh algae. Thus, the algal organelles are not permanently integrated.
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The flowers of Digitalis ciliata are a distinguishing feature that gave the entire genus its name, as it has a campanulate structure that also resembles a thimble and fits on the tip of the finger. The perianth has five parts and the color of the corolla is a pale- yellow. The species name, ciliate, is indicative of the tiny “hairs” that are apparent on the upper and lower lips of the corolla. There are also tiny hairs that cover the leaves of the plant.
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Fox (Vulpes vulpes vulpes) The major threats to most of the plant and animal species in the valley are development, fire and introduced species. The Kangaroo River Nature Reserve was used for gravel extraction in the building of roads. It was also used for grazing. Within the nature reserves of Barrengarry, Roday and Cambewarra Range reserve areas the threats from human settlement started with the logging of red cedar (Toona ciliate) trees in the early 1800s This was then followed by clearing of the forests for agricultural reasons.
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Based on its amino acid profile C-5 sterol desaturase appears to have four to five membrane-spanning regions, suggesting that it is a transmembrane protein. C5SD activity has been demonstrated in microsomes from rat tissue, implying that rat enzyme localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum Fluorescence microscopy experiments have shown that in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila C5SD localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and that in S. cerevisiae C5SD localizes to both the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. In Arabidopsis thaliana C5SD is located in both the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid particles.
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There has been debate surrounding whether the plastids of D. caudata are permanent or kleptoplastids.Kim, M., Nam, S. W., Shin, W., Coats, D. W. and Park, M. G. 2012: Dinophysis caudata (Dinophyceae) sequesters and retains plastids from the mixotrophic ciliate prey Mesodinium Rubrum. Journal of Phycology, 48: 569-579. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01150.x It is now known that the plastids of D. caudata are kleptoplastids and the explanation for the discrepancy among molecular and ultrastructural data is due to structural modification during the acquisition of plastids through feeding.
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The outer bracts are ovate in shape, with their ends obtuse (blunt) to somewhat obtuse, and when very young are covered in a layer of greyish, finely pubescent hairs, with the margins of the bracts being ciliate (i.e. fringed with a hairs like an eyelash), although this soon falls off and they become glabrous. The inner bracts are oblong and elongated in shape and their ends are obtuse; they are just a bit smaller in length than the actual flowers. The plant is monoecious with both sexes in each flower.
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However, other types of fission occur in some ciliate groups. These include budding (the emergence of small ciliated offspring, or "swarmers", from the body of a mature parent); strobilation (multiple divisions along the cell body, producing a chain of new organisms); and palintomy (multiple fissions, usually within a cyst). Fission may occur spontaneously, as part of the vegetative cell cycle. Alternatively, it may proceed as a result of self- fertilization (autogamy), or it may follow conjugation, a sexual phenomenon in which ciliates of compatible mating types exchange genetic material.
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These may impact both on starfish and on echinoderm populations in general, and a ciliate protozoan parasite (Orchitophrya stellarum) of starfish, which eats sperm and effectively emasculates male starfish, thrives at higher temperatures. However, temperature was not related to the initial outbreak of sea star wasting disease at many places along the coast. Unlike with many other wildlife diseases, there was no link between the density of sea stars at a location before disease outbreak and the severity of population decline. Thus, this outbreak has defied prediction using what is typically understood about disease spread.
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The large flower heads are set individually on top sparingly hairy, towards the top more densely hairy, up to long stalks with some small leaves along their lengths. The involucre is about 1 cm in diameter and consists of about four rows of lance-shaped, green, overlapping bracts, often with the margin tinged reddish, hardly papery and ciliate towards the tip. The outer involucral bracts are about long and wide with long hairs, the inner bracts long and 1 mm wide with fewer long hairs. The flower heads never have ray florets.
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This is a large but morphologically uniform genus of rather delicate erebid moths with distinctively patterned wings, the hindwings usually having most elements of the forewing pattern. The ground color of the wings is usually pale fawn or grayish, and the forewing postmedial line is usually angled or curved round the discal area, though its more posterior oblique section may be continued by one of its components towards the apex. The male antennae are ciliate, and the legs are often tufted with scale crests and hair pencils. The labial palps are typical for catocalines.
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It is 12-15mm wide in the middle, but 5-6mm wide at the end where it joins the leaf blade. The adaxial side of the petiole, the upper surface, is flat, and it has scattered appressed hyaline (glassy-looking) scales, with ciliate hairs along their margins. Both left and right edges of the petiole have short, flat, brown, blunt, triangular, 5-8mm long spines down their entire length, these spines reduce in size as they march towards the leaf blade. The sheath is coloured dark, chocolate brown.
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The ciliate family Grossglockneridae, including the species Grossglockneria acuta, feed exclusively on fungi. G. acuta first attaches themselves to a hyphae or sporangium via a feeding tube and then a ring-shaped structure, around 2 μm in diameter is observed to appear on the fungus, possibly consisting of degraded cell wall material. G. acuta then feeds through the hole in the cell wall for, on average, 10 minutes, before detaching itself and moving away. The precise mechanism of feeding is not known, but it conceivably involves enzymes including acid phosphatases, cellulases and chitinases.
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Zoochlorellae (green) living inside the ciliate Stichotricha secunda Members of the genus Chlorovirus are found in freshwater sources around the world and infect the green algae symbionts zoochlorellae. There is a lack of information about the role chloroviruses play in freshwater ecology. Despite this, chloroviruses are found in native waters at 1–100 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml and measurements as high as 100,000 PFU/ml of native water have been obtained. A plaque-forming unit is the number of particles capable of forming visible structures within a cell culture, known as plaques.
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Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361(1470):1055-67. Review. In most cases, hydrogenosomes are genomeless, though genomes have persisted in some lineages such as Neocallimastix, Trichomonas vaginalis or Tritrichomonas foetus. However, a hydrogenosomal genome has been detected in the cockroach ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, and the stramenopile Blastocystis. The similarity between Nyctotherus and Blastocystis, which are only distantly related, is believed to be the result of convergent evolution, and calls into question whether there is a clear-cut distinction between mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and mitosomes (another kind of degenerate mitochondria).
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Arthropods have also been found to be a common predator to a wide range of vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals. Paramecium, a predatory ciliate, feeding on bacteria Seed predation is restricted to mammals, birds, and insects and is found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Egg predation includes both specialist egg predators such as some colubrid snakes and generalists such as foxes and badgers that opportunistically take eggs when they find them. Some plants, like the pitcher plant, the Venus fly trap and the sundew, are carnivorous and consume insects.
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The unusual autotrophic property was discovered in 2006 when genetic sequencing revealed that the photosynthesising organelles, plastids, were derived from the principal food of the ciliate, the photosynthetic algae called cryptomonads (or cryptophytes). It is, thus, both autotrophic and heterotrophic. This nature also indicates that it is an example of endosymbiosis, supporting the endosymbiotic theory, as well as the concept of stealing of cell organelles called kleptoplastidy. Moreover, M. rubrum represents additional endosymbiosis by transferring its plastids to its predators, the dinoflagellate planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis.
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Kahl worked alone, using a basic monocular microscope, equipped with an oil-immersion objective providing a maximum magnification of 500X. He preferred to examine living subjects, and rarely used fixed specimens or chemical stains. From his close scrutiny of living organisms, he produced simple informative freehand drawings to accompany his written observations. Despite his simple procedures, absence of collaborators and lack of formal training, he came to dominate his field, to the extent that the period from 1930-1950 has been characterized as the "Kahlian era" of ciliate systematics.
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Stolons allow for vegetative propagation The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of P. orchidioides are smooth, rigid, and succulent, and generally green in color. The laminae are generally ovate to lanceolate, between 20 and 46 millimeters (2–5 in.) long and 6–18 millimeters wide, and have deeply involute margins. These are supported by 10–30 millimeter petioles with ciliate margins. The "winter" or "resting" rosette of P. orchidioides is 6–13 millimeters (¼–½ in.) in diameter and consists of 25 to 36 small, compact, fleshy, non-glandular leaves.
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The micronuclear genome has also been sequenced, and contains about 3,500 scrambled genes. Scrambled genes are genes whose individual segments are located in different parts of the micronuclear genome, and therefore have to be "unscrambled" during the DNA editing step into a conventional gene in the macronuclear genome. More than 225,000 individual DNA segments have to be unscrambled during the development of a macronuclear genome from its micronuclear precursor. The mitochondrial genome has also been sequenced, and is the largest known ciliate mitochondrial genome, with a length of about 70 kbp.
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Myzocytosis (from Greek: myzein, (') meaning "to suck" and kytos (') meaning "container", hence referring to "cell") is a method of feeding found in some heterotrophic organisms. It is also called "cellular vampirism" as the predatory cell pierces the cell wall and/or cell membrane of the prey cell with a feeding tube, the conoid, sucks out the cellular content and digests it. Myzocytosis is found in Myzozoa and also in some species of Ciliophora (both comprise the alveolates). A classic example of myzocytosis is the feeding method of the infamous predatory ciliate, Didinium, where it is often depicted devouring a hapless Paramecium.
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There may be a pheromone that alerts it to the fact that the testes are ripe and causes it to change its behaviour. As different species of starfish breed at different times of year, Orchitophrya stellarum may move from one species to another in accordance with their reproductive cycles. In the Atlantic Ocean, it may alternate between parasitising Asterias forbesi and Asterias rubens during the spring and summer and the winter host may be Leptasterias spp.. The ciliate has been found in the testes of all these species. When inside the gonad, it phagocytoses the sperm thus rendering the starfish infertile.
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Competence is a physiological state that allows bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual process called transformation. Among eukaryotic microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual interaction in numerous species.Danton H. O’Day, Paul A. Horgen (1981) Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Academic Press, New York. These species include the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa and Mucor mucedo, the water mold Achlya ambisexualis, the aquatic fungus Allomyces macrogynus, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, the ciliate protozoan Blepharisma japonicum and the multicellular green algae Volvox carteri.
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Fossils resembling tintinnid loricas in shape and size, Calpionellids, appear as early as the Ordovician period but are formed of calcite and as no extant ciliate taxa forms calcite shells they are unlikely to be tintinnids and probably not ciliates at all. Fossils which can be reliably related to extant tintinnids (e.g. fossils of agglutinated lorica) are in the fossil record during the Jurassic but do not become abundant until the Cretaceous. Tintinnids are an important part of the fossil record because of the rarity with which most other ciliates become preserved under the conditions of the marine environment.
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Cosmos bipinnatus flowers in Sivas, Turkey The very conspicuous cup-shaped inflorescences have a diameter of usually 5 to 7 (rarely 8) cm and contain tongue and tubular flowers, which are surrounded by bracts. The outer bracts are usually eight and are ovate to lanceolate-tail-shaped, 7 to 15 mm long, 3 to 5 (rarely 6) mm wide. The inner bracts are ovate-lanceolate and 8 to 12 mm long. They are translucent with many black stripes and a clear edge up to 1 mm wide, sometimes with yellowish or pink pigments, the tip is ciliate.
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The flower heads are often produced one per stem but are also often produced in corymbiform arrays with 2 to 7 flowers per stem. The cups that hold the flowers called receptacles, are hemispheric to ovoid in shape with paleae 2.5 to 4 mm long, the apices are obtuse to acute in shape with the ends usually glabrous and the apical margins ciliate. The flower heads have 10 to 15 ray florets with laminae elliptic to oblanceolate in shape and 15–25 cm long and 3 to 6 mm wide. The abaxially surfaces of the laminae have strigose hairs.
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Predators of Semibalanus balanoides include the whelk Nucella lapillus, the shanny Lipophrys pholis, the sea star Asterias vulgaris, and nudibranchs. Although they have no eyes, barnacles are aware of changes in light, and withdraw into their shells when threatened. Parasites of S. balanus include Pyxinoides balani, a protozoan which lives in the barnacle's midgut, and Epistylis horizontalis, a ciliate which lives on the gills. The isopod Hemioniscus balani occurs from France to the Faroe Islands and the Oslofjord, and from Labrador to Massachusetts, and is a parasite of S. balanoides, effectively castrating the barnacle if it is heavily infested.
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So far one agent has been identified, the ciliate protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia. Skeletal eroding band is the first recorded disease of corals that is caused by a protozoan, and thus the first known to be caused by an eukaryote – most are caused by prokaryotic bacteria. For example, black band disease is caused by microbial mats of variable composition, and White pox disease by the bacterium Serratia marcescens. H. corallasia is a sessile protozoan that secretes a bottle-like housing called a lorica (Latin for cuirass, flexible body armor), that is anchored to a surface and into which the cells retract when disturbed.
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Conjugation of two ciliates consists of the exchange of their micronuclear genetic information, leading to the formation of two new micronuclei, followed by each ciliate re-assembling the information from its new micronucleus to construct a new functional macronucleus. The latter process is called gene assembly, or gene re-arrangement. It involves re-ordering some fragments of DNA (permutations and possibly inversion) and deleting other fragments from the micronuclear copy. From the computational point of view, the study of this gene assembly process led to many challenging research themes and results, such as the Turing universality of various models of this process.
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Its blooms when forming red tides are likely stimulated by environmental factors, such as drops in salinity or increases in prey abundance. O. marina may also affect the environment by producing dimethyl sulfide, which is released when it grazes on some prey types, such as E. huxleyi. Predators of O. marina include protozoa such as the ciliate Strombidinopsis jeokjo, copepods such as Acartia tonsa and rotifers. The mixotrophic flagellate Prymnesium parvum is a prey item for O. marina when the former is nutrient- replete, but can become a predator when it is nutrient-stressedYang, Z., et al. (2011).
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In general, it is believed that ciliates form a monophyletic group that diverged from other eukaryotes early in evolutionary history, following the evolution of heterokaryotic genetic systems but prior to the evolution of multicellularity and some organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Colpidium falls within the ciliate taxonomic order Hymenostomatida, which also includes the well-studied Tetrahymena and Glaucoma genera. Previous work suggests that Colpidium seems to be more closely related to Glaucoma than to Tetrahymena. However, more recent analyses have found the opposite – that Colpidium is, in fact, more closely related to Tetrahymena than to Glaucoma.
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Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in dinoflagellates of the genus Lepidodinium, euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested green algae,Plastid phylogenomics with broad taxon sampling further elucidates the distinct evolutionary origins and timing of secondary green plastids and in the latter retain a nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium, and in Hydra viridissima and in flatworms.
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The outer bracts are ovate and covered in silky-pubescent hairs, and grow until they become long and leaf-like. The inner bracts are oblong to spathulate-oblong, are fringed with ciliate hairs along their margins, have the same type of silky-pubescent indumentum on their outside surfaces and are the same length as the actual flowers. The plant is monoecious, both sexes occur in each flower. The petals and sepals of the florets are fused into a tube-like, 23.3mm long perianth- sheath which is membranous, dilated and glabrous at the very base, but otherwise largely covered in reddish pubescence.
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Anthene lucretilis, the irrorated ciliate blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The larval host plant is unknown, but the larvae are known to be associated with the ant species Crematogaster buchneri race winkleri, Crematogaster buchneri race alligatrix and Pheidole rotundata. The dark green larvae feed in pits they make in the soft cortex of stems of the food plant and shelter inside the hollowed out stems containing nests of the host-ant.
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Their margins are membranous and ciliate (fringed with hairs). The inner bracts longer than the actual flowers and are shaped obtuse, in-curved at their tops, slightly concave and covered in minute pubescent hairs on their outsides. The petals and sepals of the flowers are fused into a 19mm long perianth-sheath. This sheath is dilated, having three keels and three veins at its base, and reddish, pilose hairs on the outside of the very top of the sheath, where it has a 5mm long lip with the underside covered in a few, stiff, setose (bristly) hairs of a reddish colour.
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Figure 1: “Philasterides dicentrarchi, image provided by José Manuel Leiro, Jesús Lamas. University of Santiago de Compostela” Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine protozoan ciliate that was first identified in 1995 after being isolated from infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in France. The species was also identified as the causative agent of outbreaks of scuticociliatosis that occurred between summer 1999 and spring 2000 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultivated in the Atlantic Ocean (Galicia, Northwest Spain). Infections caused by P. dicentrarchi have since been observed in turbot reared in both open flow and recirculating production systems.
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Included in this number are many ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some obligate and opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species range in size from as little as 10 µm in some colpodeans to as much as 4 mm in length in some geleiids, and include some of the most morphologically complex protozoans. In most systems of taxonomy, "Ciliophora" is ranked as a phylum under any of several kingdoms, including Chromista, Protista or Protozoa. In some older systems of classification, such as the influential taxonomic works of Alfred Kahl, ciliated protozoa are placed within the class "Ciliata" (a term which can also refer to a genus of fish).
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A survey in the Caribbean Sea conducted in 2004 and published in 2006 reported a disease with very similar symptoms, affecting 25 species of coral within 6 families. Although the authors initially suspected H.corallasia, more detailed examination showed that the culprit was another species that was previously unknown and has not yet been formally named, although it is clearly a member of the same genus, Halofolliculina. A follow- up analysis noted that the Caribbean infestations were commonest in oceanic waters, while those in the Indian and Pacific Oceans were more prevalent in coastal waters. Because of these two differences, the authors gave this new manifestation the name "Caribbean ciliate infection".
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A survey in the Caribbean Sea conducted in 2004 and published in 2006 reported a disease with very similar symptoms as SEB, affecting 25 species of coral within 6 families. Although the authors initially suspected H.corallasia, more detailed examination showed that the culprit was another species that was previously unknown and has not yet been formally named, although it is clearly a member of the same genus, Halofolliculina. A follow- up analysis noted that the Caribbean infestations were most common in oceanic waters, while those in the Indian and Pacific Oceans were more prevalent in coastal waters. Its authors therefore gave this new manifestation the name "Caribbean ciliate infection".
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The midrib supports the upper half with a lengthy cuspidate tip, no lateral veins and oil gland and keel apex ciliate. The leaves and shoots are red- green, and pale-green spreads through the red or bright green colour of the leaves. The leaf and shoot lamina are (0.8-) 5.2 x 9–7.8) x (0.6-) 0.8 (-1.2) mm, with a narrow oval shape. The mature leaf has a dark glossy green or bronze green colour with the leaf margin and base red with a lamina of (2.0-) 3.7 (-6.3) x (0. 8- ) 1.1 (1.8) mm with a narrow oval shape with no hair and smooth surface.
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Flower buds Fruit Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax is a small Southern African tree belonging to Capparaceae, the caper family, occurring eastwards along the coast from Knysna, then further inland and northwards through KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland to the Transvaal, southern Mozambique and southern Zimbabwe. The genus Maerua comprises about 60 species found in Africa and Asia. It may reach about 8m in height and occurs in dune bush, open woodland or on forest fringes. The leaves are digitately compound with from 3 to 5 leaflets, with entire, ciliate margins and petiolules of only 10mm or less in length, while the petiole may be up to 60mm long.
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Blepharisma is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists found in fresh and salt water. The group includes about 40 accepted species, and many sub-varieties and strains. While species vary considerably in size and shape, most are easily identified by their red or pinkish color, which is caused by granules of the pigment blepharismin. All members of the genus possess a long series of membranelles on the left side of the oral groove, and an "undulating membrane" (a structure resembling a flap, scarf or small sail, composed of long cilia fused together as a single sheet) on the right side of the peristome, toward the posterior.
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The margins of the leaves of all ages are elegantly ciliate, being fringed with eyelash-like bristles. The plant is strictly deciduous and endemic to a mainly winter-rainfall, partly semi-arid, region; the leaves emerging near the time of the first rains, about when the plant sheds the infructescence. The leaves dry out, curl up somewhat and detach towards late springtime or mid-summer, leaving little sign of the whereabouts of the dormant, buried bulb. If torn, whether live or as yet undecayed, the leaves dried sap forms silky threads that in past times cattle herders used to apply to bleeding cuts as a styptic.
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Those on the stalks are shaped like rods, but those in the region of the ciliated oral apparatus of the zooids are shaped like small spheres. Three different forms of the individual ciliate cells are present at the ends of the stalk, which are distinct in both morphology and function: # The large macrozooids, the adult developed cell, size varies considerably (20–150 μm) and can transform into swarmer cells and leave the colony. These cells are large and spherical and attached at several random locations throughout the branching colony. # The microzooids are small cells specialized for feeding, which the colony does by consumption of their symbiotic bacteria and other organic particles.
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Outer tepals are oblong-ovate, slightly tapering to a blunt tip, long, white with a light green vein, have a ciliate or very finely serrated edge, and on the outside with little glandular hairs. Inner perianth leaves are white, elongate with a blunt tip, a vein and adhere with the slightly longer upper outer perianth leaf, thereby forming an upward decurved upper lip. The lower lip is pale green with a wide irregular jagged edge of crystal-like transparent white growths, oblong, approximately long and 2½–3 mm (0.10–0.12 in) wide, trough-shaped, rounded and without lobes and at its top bending down. Both lips give the flower as a whole a trumpet shape.
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For instance, the malaria parasite Plasmodium feeds by pinocytosis during its immature trophozoite stage of life (ring phase), but develops a dedicated feeding organelle (cytostome) as it matures within a host's red blood cell. Paramecium bursaria, a ciliate which derives some of its nutrients from algal endosymbionts in the genus Chlorella Protozoa may also live as mixotrophs, supplementing a heterotrophic diet with some form of autotrophy. Some protozoa form close associations with symbiotic photosynthetic algae, which live and grow within the membranes of the larger cell and provide nutrients to the host. Others practice kleptoplasty, stealing chloroplasts from prey organisms and maintaining them within their own cell bodies as they continue to produce nutrients through photosynthesis.
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Like his brother Don, he is characteristically stubborn and obsessive ("one part exuberance, two parts obsession"), especially when it comes to work, but he's rather naïve when it comes to human behavior. The latter often interferes with his FBI work and, thus, is the cause of much distress for him at times. He is extremely talented in chess, as it requires both his father and brother to play against him and a distraction to defeat him. Charlie also has a vast understanding of theoretical physics, often assisting Larry with his multi-dimensional supergravity theory and papers on gravity waves, and biology, extending to knowledge of ciliate protozoa and the spread of infectious diseases.
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This incorrect segregation of chromosomes may result from hypomethylation of repeat sequences present in pericentromeric DNA, irregularities in kinetochore proteins or their assembly, dysfunctional spindle apparatus, or flawed anaphase checkpoint genes. Many micronucleus assays have been developed to test for the presence of these structures and determine their frequency in cells exposed to certain chemicals or subjected to stressful conditions. The term micronucleus may also refer to the smaller nucleus in ciliate protozoans, such as the Paramecium. In fission it divides by mitosis, and in conjugation it furnishes the pairing of gamete nuclei, by whose reciprocal fusion a zygote nucleus is formed, which gives rise to the macronuclei and micronuclei of the individuals of the next cycle of fission.
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Description: Flowers nodding, resupinate. Pedicellate ovary terete, to 4 cm long. Sepals and petal dark wine red, spotted white toward the base, membranous; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, to 1.6 cm wide and 7 cm long; petals narrowly ovate, acuminate, to 1.4 cm wide and 6 cm long. Labellum 3-lobed, to 1.6 cm wide and 3 cm long, with a central plate-like callus between the lateral lobes, this callus with two-teeth-like backward and forward projections, the forward projection lightly bifid, a series of irregular, fleshy papillae between the plate-like callus and the base; lateral lobes, falcate, acute, the lateral margins thickened; midlobe trullate, the margins ciliate in the apical half, the upper and lower surface and the margins pailose, the apex rounded, slightly concave.
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The island was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its maritime communities; internationally rare lichens; bryophyte, vascular plant and bird species; and intertidal communities. Nationally important flowering plants include sharp rush, rock sea lavender, small adder's tongue and western clover, and the rare purple loosestrife is found in places.Celtlands : Ynys Enlli : Fauna Retrieved 16 August 2009 Two nationally rare heathland lichens are found on the slopes of Mynydd Enlli: the ciliate strap lichen and golden hair lichen; and there are over 350 lichen species in total.Bardsey Island Trust : Natural History Retrieved 16 August 2009 The leafcutter bee, named after its habit of cutting neat, rounded circles in rose leaves, used to seal the entrance to its nest, is native.
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Tibouchina araguaiensis PJF Guim is a shrub that has been found only in Araguaia National Park in the state of Tocantins, Brazil and was described in 2014. It grows in the transitional area between forest and meadows at 200 metres in sandy soil. This species is very similar to Tibouchina papyrus Distinguishing characters include the triangular hypanthial scales which cover the entire hypanthium, and the abaxial leaf surface which is only sparsely covered by ciliate scales; in T. papyrus, the prominent scales cover the entire lower leaf surface. These species also differ in their distribution; Tibouchina araguaiensis is found on the flat topography of Araguaia National Park, while T. papyrus is endemic to the higher elevation campos rupestres in southeast Tocantins and western Goiás.
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The existence of a compensatory mechanism for telomere shortening was first found by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973, who also suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere's connections to cancer. Telomerase in the ciliate Tetrahymena was discovered by Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984. Together with Jack W. Szostak, Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery. The role of telomeres and telomerase in cell aging and cancer was established by scientists at biotechnology company Geron with the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay for telomerase activity called the TRAP assay, which surveys telomerase activity in multiple types of cancer.
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Plants (10–)30–100(–160) cm. Stems viscid. Leaves: petiole 1.5–4.5(–8) cm, glandular-hirsute; leaflet blade ovate to oblanceolate-elliptic, (0.6–)2–6 × 0.5–3.5 cm, margins entire and glandular-ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glandular-hirsute. Racemes 5–10 cm (10–15 cm in fruit); bracts (often deciduous), trifoliate, 10–25 mm, glandular-hirsute. Pedicels 6–30 mm, glandular-hirsute. Flowers: sepals green, lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glandular-hirsute; petals arranged in adaxial semicircle before anthesis, radially arranged at anthesis, bright yellow, sometimes purple basally, oblong to ovate, 7–14 × 3–4 mm; stamens dimorphic, 4–10 adaxial ones much shorter with swelling proximal to anthers, green, 5–9 mm; anthers 1.4–3 mm; ovary 6–10 mm, densely glandular; style 1–1.2 mm.
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Clockwise from top left: Blepharisma japonicum, a ciliate; Giardia muris, a parasitic flagellate; Centropyxis aculeata, a testate (shelled) amoeba; Peridinium willei, a dinoflagellate; Chaos carolinense, a naked amoebozoan; Desmerella moniliformis, a choanoflagellate Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to describe single-celled protists (that is, eukaryotes that aren't animals, plants, or fungi) that feed by heterotrophy. Some examples of protozoa are Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Trypanosoma.
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Survival of the species inside the host and adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle are attributed to the existence of physiological adaptations at the level of mitochondrial metabolism. Such adaptations include the presence of a second terminal oxidase (which enables the ciliates to obtain energy and survive low levels of oxygen), antioxidant enzymes, inorganic pyrophosphatases (capable of producing energy by an ATP alternative pathway produced during oxidative metabolism) and the ability of the species to survive in hyposaline environments. Although the route of entry to the host is unknown, the findings of experimental infection studies suggest that the ciliate probably gains access through lesions in the gills and/or the skin. Infected fish show haemorrhagic ulcers on the skin (particularly around the operculum), abundant ascitic fluid in the abdominal cavity, uni- or bilateral exophthalmia, and systemic infection with the presence of ciliates in blood, gills, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, kidneys and musculature.
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The twigs are slender, zigzag, brown, glabrous or slightly pubescent; lateral buds are about 6 mm long, ovoid, acute but not sharp-pointed, smooth or sparingly downy, chestnut-brown. Leaves are deciduous, simple, alternate, short- petioled, 2-ranked, dark green (closest to 006600 on HTML True Color Chart), 10-15 cm (4-6 inches) long, 2.5-5 cm (1-2 inches) wide and oblong-obovate to elliptical, the margin coarsely doubly serrate, the apex acuminate while the base is typically inequilateral; surfaces glabrous (smooth) or slightly scabrous (roughened) above, usually pubescent below; veins alternate, ascending, parallel and extending from central vein to apex of longest serrations. The perfect apetalous wind-pollinated flowers are vernal, appearing before the leaves unfold, born in long-pedicelled fascicles of 3 or 4. The fruit is a samara maturing in the spring as the leaves unfold; about 12 mm (½ inch) long, oval to oblong-obovate, deeply notched at apex, margin ciliate with smooth surfaces.
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Their apices are acute to acuminate while the surfaces are glabrous, puberulent, or hirsute-ciliate, meaning with longer, shaggier hairs. The spathes are borne on peduncles, or stalks, that measure and sometimes up to long. The two large blue petal limbs and their claws attaching them to the floral axis are visible; the smaller lower white petal is mostly obscured; the three yellow staminodes with central maroon spots are above, the central fertile stamen with maroon connective is below them, and the two brown lateral fertile stamens and the curving style between them are lowest; notice the contrasting veins on the spathe surrounding the flower There are often two cincinni present, though the upper, or distal, cincinnus may be vestigial. The lower, or proximal, cincinnus bears 1 to 4 bisexual flowers and is nearly included in the spathe, while the upper cincinnus has 1 to 2 male flowers and is about long.
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Cross section of the mantle tissue of a giant clam showing the symbiotic protozoa A ciliate with green zoochlorellae living inside it endosymbiotically Zooxanthellae are particularly associated with reef-building corals but they also inhabit other invertebrates and protists; their hosts include many sea anemones, jellyfish, nudibranchs, certain bivalve molluscs like the giant clam Tridacna, sponges and flatworms as well as some species of radiolarians and foraminiferans. Many different species of zooxanthellae are present in host organisms, each species with its own adaptive capabilities and degree of tolerance of varying environmental factors. Diagram of radiolarian containing zooxanthellae (z) A juvenile organism or newly established colony can acquire its zooxanthellae via sexual reproduction or directly from the environment. The egg from which the individual developed may have already been infected by zooxanthellae at the time of fertilization, or cells of the symbiont may have been transferred from the mother in a period during which the larva was brooded by its parent.
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Herbs, slightly woody to woody at base, few- to many-branched, 20–40 cm tall. Stems moderately to densely pubescent with multicelled unbranched erect glandular hairs ca. 0.3–0.5 mm long, these mixed with less frequent slightly longer 1–3-celled unbranched eglandular hairs. Sympodial units defoliate, solitary or more commonly geminate, the smaller leaves up to half the size of the larger ones. Leaves simple, the blades 1–4 × 1–3 cm, ovate-elliptic to cordiform, chartaceous to membranaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent on both sides with 1–2-celled unbranched erect eglandular hairs, these denser on the primary and secondary veins; venation camptodromous, with the primary and one pair of secondary veins emerging from the leaf base (sometimes just one, in the case of an asymmetric base), the primary and secondary veins barely visible to the naked eye, slightly prominent abaxially and less visible adaxially; base attenuate to cordate, slightly decurrent into petiole; margins entire, ciliate with hairs like those of the blade; apex acute to attenuate; petioles 0.5–2.2 cm long, with pubescence similar to that of the stems but with fewer eglandular hairs.
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Annual with spreading branches, 10–50 cm, glaucous-green or grey-purple, densely glandular- and nonglandular-hairy. Stems paniculately branched; herbage green, pubescent (spreading-viscid and short-glandular-pilose) with long soft white hairs. Leaves of main stem alternate, deeply divided into 3 linear to thread-like segments, 20–40 mm; of the branches entire, few and remote. Inflorescences "leafy" 2—4 flowered small capitate spikes, 15–20 mm, head-like; bracts gland- tipped, of 2 kinds: those subtending the spike 4–7, linear-lanceolate, palmately divided (lobes 3 in lower ½), 10–20 mm; those subtending each flower entire or pinnately divided, 12–18 mm, elliptical, acute, entire, arched outward, purplish. Flower calyx purplish, 10–15 mm (shorter than the inner floral bract), tube 2–4 mm, tip bifid 2–3 mm deep, ca 1/3 of the calyx length; corolla 10–20 mm, erect, straight or nearly so, maroon, puberulent with reflexed hairs; lips subequal in length: galea pale, whitish, with a yellow- tip, finely pubescent and dark purple dorsally: lower lip shorter than upper: throat moderately inflated, 4–6 mm wide; stamens 2: filaments glabrous or nearly so, dilated above base and forming a U-shaped curve near the anther: anther sac 1 (with vestiges of a second), ciliate.
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Young infructescence (as above) The authors describe Pinanga cattienensis, as differing from all previously described species of Pinanga from Vietnam, by its leaf sheaths which do not form expanded/extended bases of the leaves to form a crown ("crownshaft") and inflorescences which are not situated below the leaves. Instead, the inflorescences push through the persistent, disintegrating, subtending leaf sheaths: they are spreading, with peduncles 5 mm long, 9 mm wide; "prophylls" (the lowest tract of the inflorescence) are 90–140 mm long, persistent and erect, splitting abaxially. There is no rachis, but 3-4 "rachillae" are 90–130 mm long, rectangular in cross-section, glabrous. Flower "triads" (two male and one female flowers in groups, common with palms) are spirally arranged. Staminate flowers are 6 mm long, with sepals forming a 3-lobed, flat, membranous calyx 1.5 mm long; three petals, 6 mm long, triangular, fleshy, acute; stamens 20-22. Pistillate flowers are 2.5 mm long: the calyx is 2.5 mm long with 3, free, imbricate, scarcely ciliate, non-acuminate sepals; the corolla similar to the calyx; ovary 2.5 mm long. Note: the inflorescences are similar to P. humilis, but P. cattienensis differs from the latter in its spirally (versus distichously) arranged triads, 900–950 mm long (versus 380–390 mm long) rachis and 9–13 (vs. 5–7) pinnae per side of the rachis.
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