It's especially helpful for advancing through narrow chokepoints, and when paired with a well-placed Supercharger, pushes onto points or through chokepoints suddenly become a lot easier.
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Solar and wind are more distributed, less reliant on supply line chokepoints.
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They've collectively nicknamed certain chokepoints in the game and look forward to reaching them.
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Reinforcements and bulletproof barricades can help defenders create chokepoints, but they're in short supply.
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Snyder looked at the criminal ecosystem for chokepoints where she could make fraud more difficult.
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A large share of global grains trade passes through one or several of these chokepoints.
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The Bosphorus is one of the world's most important chokepoints for the maritime transit of oil.
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That's why the Strait is often referred to as one of the world's most important chokepoints.
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The 14 food trade chokepoints include shipping and overland trade routes as well as inland waterways.
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There is a key distinction between the two in terms of the chokepoints in the value chain.
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The Straits are a major oil and trade waterway and one of international trade's most important potential chokepoints.
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Among the most critical short-term needs for reducing delays is for workers who can manage station chokepoints.
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Each map has multiple paths to these key locations and chokepoints that allow for different offensive and defensive strategies.
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All of these procedural points (and others) created chokepoints that allowed the Republicans to stir up opposition to the law.
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Finally, the rail network also diversifies and strengthens China's transportation options, usefully by-passing chokepoints such as the Malacca Strait.
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One of the terminal chokepoints where Delta made an investment is through a stake it owns in biometric screening company Clear.
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Most chokepoints can be circumvented by using other shipping channels but some, such as the Strait of Hormuz, have no practical alternatives.
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"Auto traffic at chokepoints leading into San Francisco are showing decreased traffic, despite the relative safety versus public transportation," Orbital Insight said.
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About 48,000 vessels transit the straits each year, making this area one of the world's busiest maritime chokepoints, according to the U.S. government.
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The growing importance of global trade in agricultural commodities has increased the risks of disruption at key transport "chokepoints", potentially triggering food price surges.
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It's a conflict with the potential to escalate in one of the world's most important oil chokepoints, sending the global economy into a tailspin.
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Laura Wellesley, one of the report's authors, said the risks and vulnerabilities of key physical "chokepoints" in the global food trade had previously been ignored.
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By having a better overview, companies can more effectively spot chokepoints and performance issues that may be potentially holding back transactions and other kinds of action.
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On the one hand, you have significant geopolitical uncertainty around critical oil chokepoints, namely the Strait of Hormuz, where roughly one-fifth of total oil demand flows daily.
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The report found that Lincoln Tunnel drivers endure 3.4 million hours of delays each year due to bottlenecks, or chokepoints where the number of cars exceeds the tunnel's capacity.
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Inland and coastal chokepoints include the United States, Brazil, and the Black Sea which together account for more than half of the world's transfer of rice, maize and soybean.
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This along with low lighting, narrow chokepoints, and varied visibility (both too much and too little in different locations) have kept Inferno out of the map pool at professional tournaments.
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Here's Why It's Not Ready for the Big TimeA look at the chokepoints in bitcoin software and the high fees that deter widespread use, even as investors push up the price.
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For the most part, the stages are designed for close combat, with tight hallways and narrow chokepoints, but they're paired with some tall, open spaces perfect for ranged attacks as well.
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"A serious interruption at one or more of these chokepoints could conceivably lead to supply shortfalls and price spikes, with systemic consequences that could reach beyond food markets," warns the report.
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M.T.A. officials said there had been relatively few problems overall, and the result had been fewer chokepoints and shorter commutes, with drivers saving an average of 20 hours over a year.
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Chokepoints also leave oil tankers vulnerable to theft from pirates, terrorist attacks, political unrest in the form of wars or hostilities, and shipping accidents that can lead to disastrous oil spills.
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As tensions over Iranian influence in the Strait of Hormuz show, countries that can control major oil "chokepoints" can threaten energy dependent countries by preventing the safe passage of oil tankers.
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When it comes to land-based (onshore) turbines, that process begins to run into various non-technical limitations — transportation and infrastructure chokepoints, land use concerns, worries about views, large birds, shadows, etc.
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One-fifth of that funding could go toward improving road access, which is described in the plan as a "confusing spaghetti network for on-airport roads that lead to multiple bottlenecks and chokepoints".
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The Five Eyes pact was born to collect and share intelligence across the five countries, using each nations' diplomatic power and strategic locations as chokepoints to gather the rest of the world's communications.
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Encircled by maritime chokepoints including the Strait of Hormuz and the Strait of Bab al-Mandab, it depends heavily on wheat imports from the Black Sea region which come via the Turkish Straits.
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"Further development ensures Duqm supports a more efficient, flexible, and resilient [Central Command] posture with dispersed aerial- and sea-port of debarkation capabilities that mitigate movement constraints through strategic maritime chokepoints," it adds.
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Through its two narrow chokepoints – the Suez Canal in the north and the Bab el-Mandab Strait in the south – around 3.9 and 4.8 million oil barrels, respectively, flowed every day in 2016.
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The proposed river crossings would replace and rebuild one of the nation's most crucial infrastructure chokepoints, which is crumbling after more than a century of use and damage from 2012's Hurricane Sandy.
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When Syria attacked the Golan during the Yom Kippur war of 1973, Israel was able to repel over 1,000 Syrian tanks with just 177 of its own by exploiting the area's terrain, including natural chokepoints.
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Those are the passengers most likely to turn security checkpoints into chokepoints by trying to tote wrapped gifts in their carry-on luggage or bring items containing more than the allowable 3.4 ounces of liquid.
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The UN, citing a 2017 Chatham House report, has suggested that most international food trade relies on routes that have a small number of "chokepoints", with 14 of them identified as critical to food security.
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When these streams encounter submarine topography or key chokepoints, they navigate it by squeezing through valleys and around mountains, occasionally forming submarine waterfalls—much as a river flowing toward the sea does on the Earth's surface.
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Roughly 30% of all the world's seaborne flow of crude and products passes through the strait each year, so closure could result in a major disruption of global oil supplies ( "World transit chokepoints," EIA, July 2017).
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In fact doors are important because when you're dealing with numbers you need to realize that obstacles and chokepoints are far, far more valuable than the wicked right low kick you've been working on for years.
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The acting DHS secretary noted that the U.S. would also like to see Mexico take action at natural "chokepoints" that he said criminal organizations use to transport migrants bound for the U.S. from northern triangle countries.
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Roughly 30% of all the world's seaborne flow of crude and products passes through the strait each year, so closure could result in a major disruption of global oil supplies ("World transit chokepoints", EIA, July 2017).
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"Disruptions to these routes could affect oil prices and add thousands of miles of transit in alternative routes," the EIA said in a report last year, warning about what would happen if these chokepoints were disrupted.
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Furthermore, Asian countries are searching for alternative energy shipping routes through the Arctic and elsewhere, with the strategic aim of reducing dependence on energy and commodity imports that pass through chokepoints such as the Straits of Malacca.
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"We envision biometrics relieving stress at three critical travel chokepoints: TSA screening at airports, Customs and Border Protection entry and exit, and enhancing the Department of Homeland Security's trusted traveler programs," Dow said, referencing the Transportation Security Administration.
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One of the officials said Trump's request for the Pentagon included more money for shipbuilding, military aircraft and establishing "a more robust presence in key international waterways and chokepoints" such as the Strait of Hormuz and South China Sea.
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"This region provides a strong training opportunity for nations worldwide as three of the six major maritime chokepoints in the world are here: the Suez Canal, the Strait of Bab Al Mandeb and the Strait of Hormuz," Donegan said.
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The region includes three critical chokepoints for shipping - the Strait of Hormuz at the southern end of the Gulf, and the Suez Canal and the Strait of Bab al Mandeb at the northern and southern ends of the Red Sea respectively.
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The Bosphorus is one of world's most important chokepoints for the maritime transit of oil with over three percent of global supply - mainly from Russia and the Caspian Sea - passing through the 17-mile waterway that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
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To take out some of the major chokepoints of the internet wouldn't be impossible, and it would have pretty devastating consequences, but any kind of attack on such a space at scale would require a degree of coordination and resources more likely in the hands of a sovereign country than a terrorist cell.
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Dyn is one of many vulnerable, centralized chokepoints in the infrastructure of the web; a targeted attack on this one company allowed the perpetrators to momentarily disable a big chunk of the internet for people all over the US. The attack is an unsettling precedent and should serve as a warning: Our digital infrastructure is more fragile than we imagine.
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The Chokepoint project was established in 2011 following the Internet blackouts in Egypt and Libya. The internet blackouts inspired two members of the P2P Foundation, James Burke and Chris Pinchen, to create the Chokepoint Project. The project's aim is to create a live visual map of the internet that identifies Chokepoints and people holding access to these Chokepoints. Chokepoints are defined as points of Internet access vulnerability.
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A decisive factor in A2/AD strategies is geography. However, a specific geography is not a necessary component of an A2/AD strategy, it can prove helpful for particular operations on land and sea as geographical chokepoints and difficult terrain provide favorable opportunities for A2/AD operations.maritime chokepoints lend themselves well into anti-access measures and make it easier to implement area denial strategies. An anti- access strategy is easiest to implement when there are limited ways to reach the target under the best circumstances.
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Cory Doctorow, author and sometime Electronic Frontier Foundation activist, has described the process of the switch as unwiring, a move away from a global internetwork, which in reality passes through many chokepoints where data may be controlled and inspected, toward one which uses available bandwidth frugally by passing communications in a mesh and avoiding chokepoints. He and Charles Stross wrote a collaborative short story Unwirer on the process. The blending of civil liberty and technology may be considered as an effort to reimplement the Internet in the interests of the users, freedom and democracy.
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Water transportation is the slowest form of transportation in the movement of goods and people. Strategic chokepoints around the world have continued to play significant roles in maritime industry. Although the slowest form of transportation compared to road and rail transport, it is the most cost effective.
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190 - 193.Schlight, p. 26. In October 1969, 7th Air Force chose the 8th TFW for a night Fast FAC assignment flying interdiction against the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Flying under the call sign "Night Owl", the FACs dropped flares to illuminate air strikes against chokepoints along the Trail.
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What is the geo-strategic potential of the Great Channel? How can it curtail the benefits of the Malacca Strait?, Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis. Shallow, congested and narrow archipelagic chokepoints in the influence zone of ANC are Straits of Malacca and Lombok Strait to and from South China Sea.
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Flying in daylight in large formations, U.S. doctrine held tactical formations of heavy bombers would be sufficient to gain air superiority without escort fighters.Boyne (2003), pp.235–6 The intended raids would hit hard on chokepoints in the German war economy such as oil refineries or ball bearing factories.Gross (2002), p.
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Other two less frequently used channels within Indian EEZ are the Preparis Channel in north and the Ten Degree Channel between the Andaman and Nicobar island groups. Alternative to the shorter and busiest route through Malaca Strait and Six Degree Channel in Indian EEZ, guarded by Indian Military Base in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is Sunda and Lombok Straits chokepoints in Indonesia in the influence zone of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian Military Base. Together, these chokepoints are the entry and exit points between Indian and Pacific Oceans, all of which lie within combined India-Australia military incluence zone. This provides geostrategic advantage to Indian and Australian militaries [part of QUAD along with USA and Japan] for joint anti-signal intelligance gathering, submarine tracking and warfare missions in Indian and Pacific Oceans.
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Preliminary risk analysis for LNG tankers approaching a maritime terminal. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 22, pp. 634-638.. LNG is naturally linked to maritime terrorism, as disputed areas and chokepoints -such as the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait- has the potential to result in hijacking and bombs as the area becomes more activeLee, P. T.-W. & Chang, Y. T., 2010.
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The Growing Strategic Importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Future Directions org, 15 JUNE 2017.More muscle for India’s Andaman and Nicobar defence posts to counter hawkish China, Hindustan Times, 26 Aug 2017. Sea lines of communication (SLOC) carry more than 90% of global trade. In Indo-Pacific Asia, US$5 trillion annual shipping trade passes through the SLOC and chokepoints of Southeast Asia and South China Sea (SCS).
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Schistosomes have four superoxide dismutases, and levels of these proteins increase as the schistosome grows. Antioxidant pathways were first recognised as a chokepoints for schistosomes, and later extended to other trematodes and cestodes. Targeting of this pathway with different inhibitors of the central antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) results in reduced viability of worms. Decay accelerating factor (DAF) protein is present on the parasite tegument and protects host cells by blocking formation of MAC.
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In addition, FCS has two types of unattended ground sensor systems, Tactical-Unattended Ground Sensors (T-UGS) and Urban- Unattended Ground Sensors (U-UGS). T-UGS provide intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance awareness to the BCTs, while U-UGS support clearing operations in confined spaces or urban chokepoints. All sensors are connected to the Common Operational Picture. The Common Operational Picture (COP) gives the Soldier a good overview and understanding of their battlespace.
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This map would potentially allow people to identify the degree and precise location of internet outages. Much of the data used for the mapping is supplied by volunteers. The Chokepoint project also works to dispel the assumption that the internet is a decentralized medium that is not subject to government power. For those who are subject to internet blackouts, the Chokepoint projects also provides methods of circumventing these chokepoints and information on legal matters regarding the internet blackouts.
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Directive 2002/59/EC established a maritime-vessel monitoring, control, and information system. Because 90 percent of the EU's external trade is seaborne, and the ocean trade routes with Europe have notable geographic chokepoints like the Strait of Dover and the Strait of Gibraltar, heavy oceangoing traffic can occur, increasing the risk of an environmental accident. Therefore, a traffic monitoring and control system reduces the risk of accidents. All ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards, regardless of cargo, are covered.
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As of 2011, an estimated 15.1 million barrels of oil per day pass through the Strait of Malacca,Strait of Malacca - World Oil Transit Chokepoints, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy which would be the canal's nearest alternative. Excluding port fees and tolls, it costs about US$0.00106 per ton- mile to operate a 265,000 DWT double-hulled tanker in 1995 dollars.Characteristics and Changes in Freight Transportation Demand: Appendix F. - Estimating Transport Costs p. F-18. Cambridge Systematic, Inc.
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On 24 May, once the PVA/KPA advance had been halted, the UN began a counteroffensive there also. In the west UN forces were unable to maintain contact with the PVA/KPA as they withdrew faster than the UN advance. In the central area the UN forces made contact with the PVA/KPA at chokepoints north of Chuncheon inflicting heavy losses. In the east UN forces had remained in contact with the PVA/KPA and progressively pushed them back north of the Soyang River.
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Awareness of the network dimension must encompass the links and nodes that enable orbital flight and the movement of information in, from, and to the domain. This includes the frequency, location, access, and power of electromagnetic spectrum links along with the physical and logical pathways required to transmit information across space architectures. SDA provides insight into key redundancies and chokepoints in the network dimension. Awareness in the space domain’s cognitive dimension encompasses the actors who operate or rely on space systems, along with their decision-making processes, biases, cultural values, and psychological tendencies.
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After the D-Day landings in 1944, librarians became part of information search teams under Army command, searching especially for current intelligence, as well as patents and technical manuals. Back in Washington, analysts mined the information for projects such as targeting key industrial centers, railroads and chokepoints, and identifying concentration camps and prisoner of war facilities. When Berlin fell, there was a rush to obtain documentation of top- secret German military research. Furthermore the teams rescued over twp million books stolen from libraries, and 160,000 Jewish books stolen by the Nazis.
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The apex of these developments was reached by the deployment of the AC-130E Spectre, a conversion of the venerable C-130 Hercules cargo transport, in February 1968. By 1970 the Spectre had become the most formidable weapon platform fielded by the Air Force in its war against trucks.The PAVN 377 Air Division's history notes "Just one hour when AC-130s did not operate over our chokepoints was both precious and rare."This process of adaptation and innovation is described in detail in Jack S. Ballard, Development and Employment of Fixed-Wing Gunships, 1962–1972.
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The narrow passageways lead to the dangerous chokepoints for passengers moving between the platforms or levels, especially during the rush hour. The U1/U2/U7/U8 platforms have only one corridor in the middle, connecting to the U3/U6 platform and upper levels. The combined landings of ascending and descending escalators and wide staircases from U3/U6 platform are placed too close to the U1/U2/U7/U8 platforms at either end of middle corridor. This causes the severe congestion during the rush hour when the passengers going downstairs must push through the passengers who are going upstairs.
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The Great Notch Stage came to an end as the Wisconsin Glacier withered to reveal a gap in First Watchung Mountain in Paterson. The gap's initial opening likely caused a flood which carved the valley of Weasel Brook, but the outflow eventually migrated further north, forming the course of the Passaic River as it exists today. The release of water through the gap at Paterson saw the destruction of the last remaining ice dam holding back the lake. But topography and moraine deposits left in key chokepoints allowed the remains of the Great Notch Stage to split into three lakes of considerable size.
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It struck coastal defenses in June 1944 in preparation for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion, and on D-Day attacked transportation chokepoints and marshalling yards. In late July, it attacked enemy positions to support Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo. In late December 1944 and early January 1945, it carried out attacks on German fortifications and transportation to support forces engaged in the Battle of the Bulge. As the Allies made their final thrust through France into Germany, it attacked troop concentrations and communications targets. The squadron flew its last mission on 20 April 1945.
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142 Strategic industrial targets for the squadron in Germany included the AGO Flugzeugwerke factory at Oschersleben and the Henschel Flugzeugwerke factory at Marienberg; a battery manufacturing plant at Stuttgart, oil refineries at Ludwigshafen and Merseburg and rail marshalling yards at Munich and Oranienburg. It also attacked Luftwaffe bases at Beauvais/Tille Airfield and Chartres Airfield, France. The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing mission to perform air support and interdiction missions. It struck coastal defenses in June 1944 in preparation for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion, and on D-Day attacked transportation chokepoints and marshalling yards.
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142 Strategic industrial targets for the squadron in Germany included the AGO Flugzeugwerke factory at Oschersleben and the Henschel Flugzeugwerke factory at Marienberg; a battery manufacturing plant at Stuttgart, oil refineries at Ludwigshafen and Merseburg and rail marshalling yards at Munich and Oranienburg. It also attacked Luftwaffe bases at Beauvais/Tille Airfield and Chartres Airfield, France. The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing mission to perform air support and interdiction missions. It struck coastal defenses in June 1944 in preparation for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion, and on D-Day attacked transportation chokepoints and marshalling yards.
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The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing mission to perform air support and interdiction missions. It struck coastal defenses in June 1944 in preparation for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion, and on D-Day attacked transportation chokepoints and marshalling yards. In late July, it attacked enemy positions to support Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo. In late December 1944 and early January 1945, it carried out attacks on German fortifications and transportation to support forces engaged in the Battle of the Bulge. As the Allies made their final thrust through France into Germany, it attacked troop concentrations and communications targets.
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After leaving the army, Pharah took a job with Helix Security International, a private security firm contracted to protect an artificial intelligence facility below the Giza Plateau. Pharah is a solid attacker able to consistently maintain pressure on the enemy team. Her rocket launcher allows her to hold chokepoints or lay out suppressive fire onto objectives both in offense and defense, and her vertical agility renders her out of reach for characters reliant on close-range fighting. Her Concussion Blast disrupts enemy formations, and in the hands of a skilled player it can be used to score environmental kills.
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As the paratroopers were being dropped into the Sinai, the Israeli 9th Infantry Brigade captured Ras al-Naqb, an important staging ground for that brigade's later attack against Sharm el-Sheikh. Instead of attacking the town by a frontal attack, they enveloped the town in a night attack, and negotiated their way through some of the natural chokepoints into the rear of the town, surprising the Egyptians before they could ready themselves to defend. The Egyptians surrendered, with no Israeli casualties sustained. The 4th Infantry Brigade, under the command of Colonel Josef Harpaz, captured al- Qusaymah, which would be used as a jumping off point for the assault against Abu Uwayulah.
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Its operating cost and endurance were expected to be better than other surveillance options. The airship could serve as a steady communications relay, ensuring that groups of soldiers in mountainous areas would never lose contact with one another, even if they do not have direct line of sight to each other. The LEMV could have tracked important convoys, key roadways, or other key infrastructure as semi-permanent overwatch escorts, monitor an urban area of interest to prepare for major battles or enforce security, or focus on shutting down border chokepoints. The LEMV would have enabled the American DoD to fly the most technologically advanced payloads in the near term as they became available.
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Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (nowadays also known as punji sticks), and the use of small caltrops have been a feature of anti-infantry warfare since antiquity. However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of limited areas or chokepoints, especially during sieges, where they were used to help seal breaches. Increasing ease of production still did not prevent these methods from slowly falling out of favor from the late Middle Ages onward. Caltrops are still sometimes used in modern conflicts, such as during the Korean War, where Chinese troops, often wearing only light shoes, were particularly vulnerable.
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Rapid transit topologies are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network.
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The first was in 1999 where the Moro Islamic Liberation Front within the Southern Philippines had enquired as to the possibility of purchasing mini-submarines from North Korea. The second was in 2000, where the Tamil Tigers were exposed in the process of building one submarine and three mini-submarines in Phuket, Thailand. Murphy also notes the possibility of certain rarer or unprecedented uses of maritime terrorist tactics being used at sea in the future. These include: -Running an oil tanker aground or sabotaging it in a similar fashion to the M/V Limburg in 2002 to cause intense oil pollution through the leakage, subsequently closing ports or blocking critical chokepoints, like the Malacca Straits.
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Tibet's Chumbi Valley pointing towards India's Siliguri Corridor between Nepal and Bangladesh Scholar Susan Walcott counts China's Chumbi Valley, to the north of Doklam, and India's Siliguri Corridor, to the south of Doklam, among "strategic mountain chokepoints critical in global power competition". John Garver has called the Chumbi Valley "the single most strategically important piece of real estate in the entire Himalayan region". The Chumbi Valley intervenes between Sikkim and Bhutan south of the high Himalayas, pointing towards India's Siliguri Corridor like a "dagger". The latter is a narrow 24 kilometer-wide corridor between Nepal and Bangladesh in India's West Bengal state, which connects the central parts of India with the northeastern states including the contested state of Arunachal Pradesh.
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The Bab-el-Mandeb acts as a strategic link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, an estimated of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about moved by tankers.World Oil Transit Chokepoints , Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy The distance across is about 20 miles (30 km) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 2 miles (3 km) wide and 16 fathoms (30 m) deep, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 16 miles (25 km) and a depth of 170 fathoms (310 m).
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On November 4, 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque succeeded Dom Francisco de Almeida as Governor of the Portuguese State of India, after the arrival in India of the Marshal of Portugal Dom Fernando Coutinho, sent by King Manuel to enforce the orderly succession of Albuquerque to office.João Paulo de Oliveira e Costa, Vítor Luís Gaspar Rodrigues (2008) de Afonso de Albuquerque: Conquista de Goa, 1510–1512 p. 18 Unlike Almeida, Albuquerque realized that the Portuguese could take a more active role breaking Muslim supremacy in the Indian Ocean trade by taking control of three strategic chokepoints – Aden, Hormuz, and Malacca. Albuquerque also understood the necessity of establishing a base of operations in lands directly controlled by the Portuguese crown and not just in territory granted by allied rulers such as Cochin and Cannanore.
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A ship sailing on the Strait of Malacca, as seen from Bukit Melawati in Kuala Selangor From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. Over 94,000 vesselsAljazeera.net pass through the strait each year (2008) making it the busiest strait in the world,Strait of Malacca - World Oil Transit Chokepoints , Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy carrying about 25% of the world's traded goods, including oil, Chinese manufactured products, coal, palm oil and Indonesian coffee.. A book review citing this information can be found at University of Toronto Quarterly, Volume 74, Number 1, Winter 2004/5, pp.
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Madja-as was founded on Panay island (named after the destroyed state of Pannai as well as populated by Pannai's descendants, Pannai was a constituent state of Srivijaya which was located in Sumatra and was home to a Hindu-Buddhist Monastic-Army that successfully defended the Strait of Malacca, the world's busiest maritime choke-point,Strait of Malacca – World Oil Transit Chokepoints, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy which was a significant challenge to defend due to it being surrounded by the three most populous nations of the world back then, China, India and Indonesia. The people of Pannai policed the Strait against all odds for 727 years.) Upon their rebellion against an invading Chola Empire, the people of Madja-as, being loyalist warriors, conducted resistance movements against the Hindu and Islamic invaders that arrived from the west from their new home base in the Visayas islands."saleeby 152–153" This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas.
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Traffic volumes on I-495 had grown steadily through the 1960s, growing twenty percent in a three-year period between 1964 and 1967. By the late 1960s, some sections of the highway could no longer handle the amount of traffic that used it each day, and average rush-hour speeds were about . Major chokepoints existed at the intersections of I-278, the Grand Central Parkway, I-678, I-295, and the Cross Island Parkway. Other bottlenecks existed in Elmhurst, Queens, where a westbound exit to Junction Boulevard was immediately adjacent to a westbound entrance from 108th Street. In 1966, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the reconstruction of the cloverleaf interchange between I-495 and I-278 in Queens. The intersection would be rebuilt and replaced over three years at a cost of $68 million. At that location, tight ramps and traffic lights would be replaced with a three-level grade-separated interchange, and a new double-decked highway would be built between Maurice Avenue and 48th Street. A ramp from the eastbound I-495 to I-278 opened in 1968.
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The original planners in the 1960s and 1970s did not envision the massive growth of passengers, increased number of subway lines, and continued extensions of current subway lines in the forthcoming years. Thus, they did not design the subway stations accordingly as to make them "future proof". The intersecting subway lines cause the overcrowding and frustrating movements between two station platforms, especially at Hauptbahnhof (U1/U2/U7/U8, U4/U5, and future U9 as well as S-Bahn), Sendlinger Tor (U1/U2/U7/U8 and U3/U6), and Odeonplatz (U3/U6 and U4/U5). The platform width and passage between stations and a fewer number of escalators were inadequate for larger number of people moving from one station to other as well as from aboveground to the underground during the rush hour. ; Sendlinger Tor station (U1/U2/U7/U8 and U3/U6) — Renovation In Progress Due to poor design and unanticipated explosive growth of passenger traffic, Sendlinger Tor station has severe congestion and chokepoints for passengers moving between upper U3/U6 and lower U1/U2/U7/U8 platforms as well as upper levels (mezzaine and street).
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