Tax assessment was done by the village assembly who were responsible for collecting for the government. Land revenue was called Siddhaya and included original assessment (Kula) and various cesses. Cesses were collected in proportion to Kula. Taxes were levied on professions, marriage, goods in transit on chariots, carriages, domesticated animals.
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The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 1,76,000.Mardān Tahsīl Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 206.
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"land revenue and cesses".Abbottābād Tahsīl - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 5, p. 1 In modern India, it refers to a tax earmarked for a particular purpose, such as education.
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The total land revenue and cesses between 1905 and 1906 was one hundred thousand. Saraiki is the most spoken language in Bahawalpur. Punjabi is also spoken by a large number of people.
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The population in 1901 was > 234,465, compared with 250,336 in 1891. It contains 703 villages, of which > Shakargarh is the headquarters. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 > amounted to Rs. 4,29,000.
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The density of 48 persons per square mile was considerably above the District average. The Taluka contained 184 villages, of which Jamesabad was headquarters. The land revenue and cesses 1903-4 amounted to 370,000.
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The headquarters are at Kulachi (population, 9,125), and the tahsil also contains 81 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 96,000. The main language of the tehsil is Saraiki and Pashto.
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The tahsil contains the town and cantonment of RAWALPINDI (population, 87,688), the headquarters ; and 448 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2.6 lakhs. MANIKIALA and SHAHDHERI are places of great archaeological interest.
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It also contained the towns of Majitha (6,403) and Jandiala Guru (7,750); and 373 villages. The land revenue and cesses amounted in 1903-4 to Rs. 6,22,000.Amritsar Tahsīl - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 5, p. 327.
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Samundri - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 22, p. 26 The population in 1906 was 266,277, spread across 495 villages, including Samundri (population, 765), the headquarters. The land revenue and cesses in 1905-6 amounted to 600,000 to 700,000.
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The density of 48 persons per square mile was considerably above the District average. The Taluka contained 184 villages, of which Jamesabad was headquarters. The land revenue and cesses 1903-4 amounted to 370,000. Now Samaro in District Umerkot.
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The population in 1901 was 130,507 compared with 113,412 in 1891. It then contained the town of Tulamba (population in 1901 - 2526) and 320 villages, including Kabirwala, the headquarters. The land revenue and cesses in 1913-4 amounted to 520,000.
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The decrease being due to migration into the Chenab Colony. The tahsil contained the towns of Montgomery (1901 population, 6,602), the headquarters, and Kamalia (6,976); and 218 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 78,000.
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According to the 1901 census, taken during British rule the tehsil of Sialkot contained 637 villages and a population of 312,688 an increase of almost 10,000 since the 1891 census (302,866). The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs.4,00,000.Siālkot Tahsīl - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 22, p. 328.
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Except for a low ridge of sandstone hills along the Jhelum, the tahsil consists of a plain intersected by numerous ravines. The population in 1901 was 150,566, compared with 152,455 in 1891. It contains 381 villages, of which Gujar Khan is the headquarters. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2-7 lakhs.
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There were, however, two accidents resulting in fatalities to railway employees. The other was at Braunton Road. On 26 February 1913, four men of the Chelfham Bratton track gang were travelling in wagon No. 10 - a 4-ton open. They were in possession of the token and the wagon contained leaves and debris collected from trackside cesses.
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During British rule, Chakwal was a tehsil of Jhelum district, the population according to the 1891 census of India was 164,912 which had fallen to 160,316 in 1901. It contained the towns of Chakwal and Bhaun and 248 villages. The land revenue and cesses amounted in 1903-4 to 3–300,000.Imperial Gazetteer of India, v.
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During British rule, Bhakkar (larger in area today) was a tehsil of Mianwali District. The population, according to the 1901 census, was 125,803, compared with 119,219 in 1891. The 1901 census revealed that the tehsil contained the town of Bhakkar (population, 5,312) and 196 villages. The land revenue and cesses amounted in 1903/4 to 170,000.
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According to the 1901 census (during British rule) the population in 1901 was 77,087, compared with 80,171 in 1891. The density was 279 persons per square mile, or rather more than the District average. In the recent 2011 Census, population of Kalyan Tehsil was found to be 1276614 people. Land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2-2 lakhs.
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Harsawa played an important role in the abolition of Jagirs. Before independence in 1947, the conditions of the farmers were very bad. The farmers were exploited and oppressed by the Jagirdars during the British Raj, and were deprived of fundamental rights. When the Jagirdars did not receive cesses, known as "lag" or "begar", in time, the farmers were given hard punishments and their crops were destroyed.
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Only near Pindi Gheb town does the broad bed of the Sil river show a bright oasis of cultivation among the dreary uplands which compose the rest of the tahsīl. The population in 1901 was 106,437, compared with 99,350 in 1891. It contains the town of Pindi Gheb (population, 8,452), the headquarters; and 134 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 1 -9 lakhs.
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During colonial rule the tehsil was formed as a subdivision of the Gujranwala District of British Punjab. The population according to the 1901 census was 183,205 a slight increase from the 1891 census (183,606). According to the 1901 census the main towns were Wazirabad (population, 18,069), Ramnagar (7,121), Sodhra (5,050), and Akalgarh (4,961) - the tehsil also contained 254 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-,4 amounted to RS. 2,70,000.
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It was the official term used in Ireland when it was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, but has been superseded by "rate". The term was formerly particularly applied to local taxation. In colonial India it was applied, with a qualifying prefix, to any taxation, such as irrigation-cess, educational-cess, and the like.CESS - Encyclopædia Britannica They are collectively referred to as "cesses" in government censuses, e.g.
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Haji Shariatullah then intervened to object to such a practice and commanded his disciples not to pay these dishonest cesses to the landlords. The landlords even inflicted a ban on the slaughter of cows, especially on the occasion of Eid. The Faraizis ordained their peasant followers not to obey such a ban. All these heated instances added up to tensed and stressed relationships amongst the Faraizis and the landlords, who were all Hindus.
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The farmers of Harsawa united against the oppression of the Jagirdars and stopped giving cesses. Chaudhari Motaram and Chaudhari Bhagu Ram Bhaskar 15 others of Harsawa village were arrested by Raja of Sikar in 1935 and imprisoned for three months. Farmers, mainly Jats, joined "Sikar Jat-Kisan-Panchayat" and "Jaipur Praja-Mandal", along with the Shekhawati farmers. After a long struggle the farmers got rid of oppression and acquired ownership rights over the land they had been cultivating.
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On 3 September 1581, he and the Earl of Clancare presented themselves before the deputy at Dublin: Two months previously (23 July), he had given pledges of his loyalty to Captain Zouche, but in May 1582 we read that after killing Captain Acham and some soldiers he went into rebellion, whereupon his pledges were hanged by Zouche. cites: Ham. Cal. ii. 365, 369, 376. His position indeed was intolerable, what with the "oppressions" of the rebels and the "heavy cesses" of the government.
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During British rule Charsadda was the North-western tehsil of Peshawar District, its boundaries were larger than today lying between 34°2' and 34°32' N. and 71° 30' and 71° 56'E, with an area of . The population was 142,756 according to the 1901 census an increase of almost 10,000 since the 1891 census (132,917). It contained three towns, Charsadda, Prang (19,354) and Tangi, with 168 villages. The land revenue and cesses amounted in 1903-4 to Rs. 3,60,000.
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Many tenants alleged that Landlords had used strong-arm tactics to exact illegal cesses and to extort them in other ways. This issue had been highlighted by a number of lawyers/politicians and there had also been a Commission of Inquiry. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi and Peer Muneesh published the condition of Champaran in their publications because of which they lost their jobs. Raj Kumar Shukla and Sant Raut, a moneylender who owned some land, persuaded Gandhi to go to Champaran and thus, the Champaran Satyagraha began.
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Of the 439 villages, 438 were in the Bahriach district and one in the Barabanki district. It comprised an area of 468 sq miles, or about the same area of the then former German principality of Lippe. In 1914–15 The gross rental of the estate amounted to over rupees 12,00,000 and the government demanded land revenue and cesses of rupees 2,80,000. Taking a population of 350 person per sq miles [it was estimated that was the district average in the census of 1911] the estate contained a population of over 154,000.
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The istimrari chieftains,Reginald M.A. Branson, Digest of all the Cases relating to India, page 1317 accordingly, acquired the habit of regarding themselves as holders at a fixed and permanent quit-rent; and although during the earlier period of British rule extra cesses were levied from time to time, in 1841 the Government remitted all such collections for the future. In 1873 sanads were granted to the various istimdars, declaring their existing assessments to be fixed in perpetuity. There is, however, a special due (nazardna) on successions, its amount being separately stipulated in each sanad.
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However, it was doubtful whether Goalpara was ever included in the Permanent Settlement. According to The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 8), a small assessment from the Bijni kingdom was always accepted in lieu of land revenue, though it has sometimes been argued it was nothing more than a tribute. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, which was published in 1902, states that the Bijni family paid a revenue of Rs. 1,500 and cesses amounting to nearly Rs. 19,000 for an estate which covered an area of 950 square miles (2,500 km2) with an estimated rent-roll of Rs. 2 lakh.
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The tehsil was created during the period of British rule, the population according to the 1891 census was 113,451, this had risen to 122,578 in 1901. At this time the tehsil was part of Mianwali District, at the time of the 1901 census it contained 2 towns - the capital Layyah (population 7,546) and Karor Lal Isa (population 3,243) as well as 118 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 1.6 lakhs. The tehsil was divided into the Thal and the Kacchi, the former a high sandy tract to the east and the latter a low-lying strip of country along the Indus.
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During British rule Isakhel became part of Mianwali District when the North-West Frontier Province was created in 1901. According to the 1901 census, it contained the municipalities of Isa Khel (population, 7,630), the headquarters, and Kalabagh (5,824); and 43 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 1.6 lakhs. Lying on the west bank of the Indus, this tehsil is cut off from the rest of the District, and would seem to belong more properly to the North-West Frontier Province, but is separated even more completely from Bannu by the semicircular fringe of the Chichali and Maidani hills, which leave it open only on the river side.
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After the Restoration he set them up again, and thus to Cuthbert Maxwell we owe the preservation of the beautiful font of St Nicholas. Concerning that belonging to All Saints’ the font thus saved was octagonal in shape, and carved with armorial bearings. At the demolition of the church it was given to Alderman Hugh Hornby, that enthusiastic collector of antiquities who built the carved stones from Tyne Bridge towers into the wall of his garden in Pilgrim Street. Of the early history of old All Saints' there are few records except accounts of repairs. We hear of the assembly of the “Four-and-Twenty”, and of the “Ancients of the Parish” – for the purpose of considering needful repairs, and of levying cesses for carrying them out.
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Thapar (2003), p382 South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, aloe wood, perfumes, sandalwood, camphor and condiments to China, Dhofar, Aden, and Siraf (the entryport to Egypt, Arabia and Persia).Thapar (2003), p383 Architects (Vishwakarmas), sculptors, quarry workers, goldsmiths and other skilled craftsmen whose trade directly or indirectly related to temple construction were also prosperous due to the vigorous temple building activities.Some 1500 monuments were built during these times in about 950 locations- More than 1000 monuments built by the Hoysalas creating employment for people of numerous guilds and backgrounds (Kamath 2001, p132) The village assembly was responsible for collecting government land taxes. Land revenue was called Siddhaya and included the original assessment (Kula) plus various cesses.
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The Ministry of Land & Land Reforms of West Bengal is a Bengal government ministry.Official Departmental Website of the Ministry of Land & Land Reforms Government of West Bengal (2011-05-25) It is a ministry mainly responsible for the formulation of policies, Acts, Rules and procedures relating to land matters, namely, land records and survey, land revenue, land reforms, land use, management of government lands, requisition and acquisition of land as well as their implementation by way of preparation and revision of Records of right, including recording of sharecroppers (bargadars); vesting and distribution of ceiling surplus land; determination of the requirement of land by tea gardens, factories etc.; mutation of ownership and conversion of classification of land; assessment and collection of land revenue and cesses; requisition and acquisition of land administration of the Calcutta Thika and other Tenancies and Lands (Acquisition & Regulation) Act, 1981, the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, the West Bengal Public Demand Recovery, 1913 and other Acts.
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