"Pope Francis accepted his resignation from the cardinalate and has ordered his suspension from the exercise of any public ministry, together with the obligation to remain in a house yet to be indicated to him, for a life of prayer and penance until the accusations made against him are examined in a regular canonical trial," the Vatican said in a statement.
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Clement XII created 35 cardinals in fifteen consistories held throughout his pontificate. The first individual he raised into the cardinalate was his nephew Neri Maria Corsini while he also raised his future successor Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico (Pope Clement XIII) to the cardinalate.
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Jacques-Paul Martin (26 August 1908 – 27 September 1992) was a French Roman Catholic cardinal, raised to the cardinalate in 1988.
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He was never promoted to the cardinalate, despite serving as camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church under Pope Alexander IV (1254–61).
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41 no. 7; and Zenker, pp. 185–186 concluded that he was actually promoted to the cardinalate. Refutation by Horn, pp. 42–45.
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Pope Gregory XIII elevated him to the cardinalate on 12 December 1583 and he was appointed as the Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello.
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Millini was born on 9 February 1677 in Rome, Italy. He was promoted to the cardinalate at the request of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
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He died at Rome, 15 September (according to others, 20 October) 1397. His tomb, constructed later, is in his Cardinalate Basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere.
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Several catalogs of the bishops of Palestrina do not mention him because he does not appear among signatories of any papal bulls issued during his cardinalate.
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168–169 no. 2. His successor as abbot of Montecassino, Desiderio, was also quickly promoted to the cardinalate, but continued to act also as abbot.Ganzer, p. 17–23 no.
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Cardinal Pierre Desprès, however, was Vice-Chancellor from 1325 to 1361, during the entire time of Bertrand de Déaulx' cardinalate. or in Déaulx.Mollat (1968), p. 393. Lützelschwab, p. 438.
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Every Archbishop of Westminster has been created cardinal. The current Archbishop of Westminster, Vincent Nichols, was elevated to the cardinalate on 22 February 2014 by Pope Francis in Rome.
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Dominique François Joseph Mamberti (born 7 March 1952) is the Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Francis in 2015.
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Like other great Catholic controversialists of his time, he had to suffer adverse criticisms; these were answered by Pope Leo XIII, who raised him to the cardinalate, 15 December, 1892.
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The three books of his Commentarii, an autobiography written in polished Latin, are an important source of information for the history of his cardinalate; they were edited at Rome in 1791.
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Tommaso Bernetti (29 December 1779 – 21 March 1852) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate and cardinal who served in the Secretariat of State and the Roman Curia during his time in the cardinalate. He came from Fermo and was named a cardinal in 1826 before beginning his work in the Curia. He had worked prior to his time in the cardinalate as a papal legate and governor with a dispensation for not having been a priest at that point.
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Arthur Hinsley (1865–1943) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1935 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1937.
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William Godfrey (1889–1963) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1956 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003) was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toronto from 1978 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.
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Estanislao Esteban Karlic (born February 7, 1926) is an Argentine Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paraná from 1986 to 2003, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007.
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Józef Glemp (18 December 192923 January 2013) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Warsaw from 1981 to 2006, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983.
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The new Pope Paul III deprived him of his cardinalate on 27 August 1534, and imprisoned him in the Castel Sant'Angelo, accusing him of misspending 19,000 ducats for the expedition against the Turks. The next year he paid a large sum of money and was restored to the cardinalate under some conditions. He wrote some works in Latin, including poetry. At the request of the later Pope, he wrote a treatise to assert the right of the pope to the Kingdom of Naples.
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Maleczek, p. 290 and 385, says that he was possibly created in the great consistory celebrated on 27 May 1206 but that the first documentary certification of his cardinalate is dated May 4, 1207.
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Pierre de Thury was promoted to the cardinalate by Pope Clement VII on 12 July 1385.Eubel, p. 324. He was named a Cardinal priest with the titular church of Santa Susanna.Eubel, p. 48.
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The reason a prelate of such transcendent merits received the cardinalate so late in life seems to have been that he had waived his claims to the elevation in favour of an older brother.
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The first priest from the Order of Augustinian Recollects elevated to the cardinalate was José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán, Bishop of David in the Republic of Panama, elevated by Pope Francis on February 14, 2015.
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Franz Hengsbach (10 September 1910 - 24 June 1991) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Essen from 1957 to 1991, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Giulio Boschi (2 March 1838 – 15 May 1920) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Ferrara from 1900 to 1919, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1901.
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Lawrence Trevor Picachy (7 August 1916 – 30 November 1992), was an Indian Jesuit priest, spiritual guide of Mother Teresa, and later Archbishop of Calcutta (1969 to 1992). He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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Giovanni Colombo (6 December 1902 – 20 May 1992) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Milan from 1963 to 1979, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Luigi Capotosti (February 23, 1863 - February 16, 1938) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Apostolic Datary from 1933 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1926.
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Maurice Roy (January 25, 1905 – October 24, 1985) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Quebec from 1947 to 1981, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Lorenz Jaeger (23 September 1892 – 1 April 1975) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Paderborn from 1941 to 1973, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 – 9 July 2016) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.
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Carlo Chiarlo (4 November 1881 – 21 January 1964) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as nuncio to several countries, mostly Latin American, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Michelangelo Celesia, O.S.B. Cas. (January 13, 1814 – April 14, 1904) was an Italian Benedictine monk who served as the Archbishop of Palermo from 1871 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1884.
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Emidio Taliani (19 April 1838 – 24 August 1907) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Nuncio to Austria from 1896 to 1903, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1903.
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Francis Alphonsus Bourne (1861-1935) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the fourth Archbishop of Westminster from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911.
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Paul Grégoire, (October 24, 1911 - October 30, 1993) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Montreal from 1968 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Hermann Volk (27 December 1903 – 1 July 1988) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Mainz from 1962 to 1982, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Before his elevation to the cardinalate he was canon regular of the Congregation of S. Frediano in Lucca. He was elevated to the cardinalate by his uncle shortly after his election to the papacy. He subscribed the papal bulls as Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme between 28 June 1144 and 12 September 1170. After the double papal election, 1159 he supported the obedience of Pope Alexander III and served as his legate at the council of Saint-Jean-de-Losne in 1162.
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On 7 June 1706, Conti was elevated to the cardinalate and was made the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta under Pope Clement XI (1700–21). His appointment came about as the replacement of Gabriele Filippucci who declined the cardinalate. He would receive his titular church on 23 February 1711. From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal nuncio to the Kingdom of Portugal, where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the Jesuits which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them.
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Filippo Camassei (14 September 1848 – 18 January 1921) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1906 to 1919, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1919.
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Giuseppe Callegari (November 4, 1841 – April 14, 1906) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Padua from 1882 until his death and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1903.
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José Salazar López (January 12, 1910 – July 9, 1991) was a Mexican Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Guadalajara from 1970 to 1987, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Pietro Maffi (October 12, 1858 - March 17, 1931) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Pisa from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1907.
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Alfred Bengsch (September 10, 1921 – December 13, 1979) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Berlin from 1961 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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Joseph-Marie Martin (9 August 1891 – 21 January 1976) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rouen from 1948 to 1971, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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James Aloysius Hickey (October 11, 1920 – October 24, 2004) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Washington from 1980 to 2000, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Domenico Serafini, O.S.B. Subl. (3 August 1852 - 5 March 1918) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served in various pastoral, diplomatic, and curial posts, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1914.
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Reinhard Marx (born 21 September 1953) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Pope Benedict XVI elevated Marx to the cardinalate in a consistory in 2010.
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Pope John Paul II elevated Scheid to the Cardinalate in the consistory of 21 October 2003, the last one held by the late pope, granting him the title of Cardinal-Priest of Santi Bonifacio e Alessio.
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Ugo Poletti (19 April 1914 – 25 February 1997) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Vicar General of Rome from 1973 to 1991, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Giuseppe Beltrami (17 January 1889 – 13 December 1973) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Internuncio to the Netherlands from 1959 to 1967, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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Luis Concha Córdoba (November 7, 1891--September 18, 1975) was a Colombian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bogotá from 1959 to 1972, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1961.
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Johannes Baptist Katschthaler (May 29, 1832--February 27, 1914) was an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1900 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1903.
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Károly Hornig (10 August 1840 – 9 February 1917) was a Hungarian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Veszprém from 1888 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1912.
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Narcís Jubany Arnau (12 August 1913 – 26 December 1996) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Barcelona from 1971 to 1993, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Bartolomeo Bacilieri (28 March 1842 – 14 February 1923) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Verona from 1900 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1901.
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Evaristo Lucidi (4 October 1866--31 March 1929) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura from 1916 to 1923, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1923.
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Carlo Cremonesi (4 November 1866 - 25 November 1943) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Territorial Prelate of Pompei from 1926 to 1928, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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Paul Zoungrana, MAfr (September 3, 1917 – June 4, 2000) was a Burkinabé Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Ouagadougou from 1960 to 1995, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Alexis-Armand Charost (14 November 1860 – 7 November 1930) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rennes from 1921 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1922.
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Tomás de Almeida (Lisbon, 11 September 1670 - Lisbon, 27 February 1754) was the first Patriarch of Lisbon, formerly Bishop of Lamego and later of Porto. Pope Clement XII elevated him to the cardinalate on 20 December 1737.
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José Clemente Maurer, C.Ss.R. (March 13, 1900--June 27, 1990) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Sucre from 1951 to 1983, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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Mar Joseph Parecattil (1 April 1912 – 20 February 1987) was an Indian prelate of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Ernakulam from 1956 to 1984, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Jérôme Louis Rakotomalala (15 July 1914 - 1 November 1975) was a Malagasy Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Tananarive from 1960 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Victor Razafimahatratra, SJ (8 September 1921 - 6 October 1993) was a Malagasy Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Antananarivo from 1976 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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Pietro Boetto, SJ (May 19, 1871 – January 31, 1946) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Genoa from 1938 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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Nicolás Fasolino (January 3, 1887 – August 13, 1969) was an Argentine Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santa Fe from 1932 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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Karel Boromejský Kašpar (16 May 1870 – 21 April 1941) was a Czech Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Prague from 1931 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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John Carmel Heenan (26 January 1905 – 7 November 1975) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1963 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Jean Verdier, PSS (19 February 1864 – 9 April 1940) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1929 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1929.
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Paul Joseph Marie Gouyon (24 October 1910 – 26 September 2000) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rennes from 1964 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Paolo Giobbe (10 January 1880 – 14 August 1972) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Papal Datary in the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1968, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Karl Joseph Schulte (14 September 1871 - 11 March 1941), was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cologne from 1920 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1921.
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George William Mundelein (July 2, 1872 – October 2, 1939) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1915 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1924.
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Bolesław Filipiak (1 September 1901 - 14 October 1978) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Dean of the Roman Rota from 1967 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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Pius IV created 46 cardinals in four consistories during his pontificate, and elevated three nephews to the cardinalate, including Carlo Borromeo. The pope also made Ugo Boncompagni, who would later be elected Pope Gregory XIII, a cardinal.
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Agustín García-Gasco y Vicente (12 February 1931 – 1 May 2011) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Valencia from 1992 to 2009, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007.
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Sergio Guerri (25 December 1905 – 15 March 1992) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as personal theologian to five popes from 1955 to 1989, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Basilio Pompili (16 April 1858 – 5 May 1931) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Vicar General of Rome from 1913 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911.
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Pierre-Lambert Goossens (18 July 1827 – 25 January 1906) was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Mechelen from 1884 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1889.
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A document in the Abbey concerning the coronation offerings gives him as Cardinal of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. In 1385 he was imprisoned at Nocera in Campania by Urban on a charge of conspiring with five other cardinals against the pope and was deprived of his cardinalate and deanery. With his fellow captives he was dragged across Italy arriving at Genoa in autumn 1385. Here the others were put to death but Adam was spared through the personal intervention of Richard II. The next pope, Boniface IX, restored his cardinalate on 18 December 1389.
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Bernardo degli Uberti was simultaneously a cardinal and abbot of Vallombrosa. In 1106 he became bishop of Parma and resigned his cardinalate with this appointment Almost simultaneously to the development of the College of Cardinals as a body of papal advisors, the popes started to elevate to the cardinalate some "external" abbots. After such appointments, they continued to reside in their abbeys and did not become members of the Papal curia. On the other hands, the elections of the cardinals to the posts of abbots of external monasteries were also ratified by the popes.
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This legend associated him with two other martyrs called Modestus and Crescentia who were identified as a married couple, his childhood tutor and nursemaid. As a result, the church was renamed San Vitale e Modesto in Macello Martyrum, which was also the name of the cardinalate. Later in the Middle Ages the cardinalate was renamed Santi Vitale, Modesto e Crescentia, but the church came to be called simply Santi Vito e Modesto, and the Macello Martyrum was forgotten.Guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni, by Giuseppe Melchiorri, Rome (1836); pages 314-315.
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Auguste-René-Marie Dubourg (30 September 1842--22 September 1921) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rennes from 1906 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1916.
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Dino Staffa (14 August 1906 - 7 August 1977) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura from 1967 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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John Joseph Glennon (June 14, 1862 – March 9, 1946) was a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, serving as Archbishop of St. Louis from 1903 until his death in 1946. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946.
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Domenico Maria Jacobini (3 September 1837 - 1 February 1900) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Vicar General of Rome from 1899 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1896.
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Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas (16 November 1906 – 1 December 1990) was a Dominican cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santo Domingo from 1961 to 1981, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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VI/1, p. 49–52 no. 101–120) Certainly, the episcopate and cardinalate were considered incompatible dignities.The only exception concerned bishops of the seven dioceses bordering the diocese of Rome (suburbicarian sees), who were the cardinals ex officio.
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Cossa was deprived of his cardinalate, but it was restored by Antipope Alexander V, who had been elected by the council.Lightbown, 1980, p. 4; Caplow, 1977, pp. 98–99. Cossa succeeded Alexander V as John XXIII in 1410.
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Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (23 July 1846--7 December 1928) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Catania from 1895 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.
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Vittorio Amedeo Ranuzzi de' Bianchi (14 July 1857 – 16 February 1927) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as papal majordomo from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1916.
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George Bernard Flahiff, CC, CSB (October 26, 1905 - August 22, 1989) was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Winnipeg from 1961 to 1982, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Salvador Casañas y Pagés (5 September 1834 – 27 October 1908) was a Spanish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Barcelona from 1901 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1895.
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Frederico Cattani Amadori (17 April 1856 - 11 April 1943) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura from 1924 to 1935, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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José Humberto Quintero Parra (September 22, 1902—July 8, 1984) was the first Venezuelan Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Caracas from 1960 to 1980, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1961.
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Luigi di Canossa SJ (20 April 1809 – 12 March 1900) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Verona from 1861 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1877.
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Bolesław Kominek. Bolesław Kominek (23 December 1903 – 10 March 1974) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Wrocław from 1972 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Immediately after he was raised to the cardinalate, Lunati was ordained as a priest. He supported Cardinal Ascanio Sforza in Cardinal Sforza's dispute with the pope. He was detained after visiting the Apostolic Palace on December 9, 1494.
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Patrick Joseph Hayes (November 20, 1867 – September 4, 1938) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of New York from 1919 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1924.
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John Morton (c. 1420 – 15 September 1500) was an English prelate who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1486 until his death and also Lord Chancellor of England from 1487. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1493.
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Alfredo Vicente Scherer (February 5, 1903-March 9, 1996) was a German- Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Porto Alegre, Brazil from 1946 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Carlo Perosi (18 December 1868 - 22 February 1930) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation from 1928 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1926.
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Ernesto Civardi (21 October 1906 - 28 November 1989) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops from 1967 to 1979, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.
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Giulio Bevilacqua, Orat (November 14, 1881 – May 6, 1965) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of Brescia from 1965 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Bernardus Johannes Alfrink (5 July 1900, Nijkerk, Gelderland – 17 December 1987, Nieuwegein Utrecht) was a Dutch Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Utrecht from 1955-75, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.
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Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano (27 August 1872 - 13 March 1952) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of Bologna from 1921 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1923.
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Léon-Étienne Duval (9 November 1903 - 30 May 1996) was a French prelate and cardinal of the Catholic Church in Algeria. He served as Archbishop of Algiers from 1954 to 1988, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Jozef Tomko (born 11 March 1924) is a Slovak Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 1985 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.
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His grandnephew Giovanni Antonio Cardinal Facchinetti de Nuce, Jr., was one of two cardinals appointed during the weeks of Innocent IX's pontificate. A later member of the Cardinalate was his great-grandnephew Cesare Facchinetti (made a Cardinal in 1643).
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Juan Francisco Fresno Larraín (26 July 1914 – 14 October 2004) was a Chilean cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santiago de Chile from 1983 to 1990, and was elevated to the Cardinalate in 1985.
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Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez (December 19, 1895--March 15, 1986) was a Mexican Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Mexico City from 1956 to 1977, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Niccolò Marini (20 August 1843 – 27 July 1923) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as secretary of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches from 1917 to 1922, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1916.
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Antonio María Barbieri, OFM Cap (October 12, 1892 – July 6, 1979), born Alfredo Barbieri, was an Uruguayan Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Montevideo from 1940 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate.
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Juan Baptista Benlloch i Vivó (29 December 1864 – 14 February 1926) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Burgos from 1919 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1921.
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Mario Luigi Ciappi, OP (6 October 1909 – 23 April 1996) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as personal theologian to five popes from 1955 to 1989, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1977.
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Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, OMI (November 2, 1883 - January 17, 1947) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Quebec from 1931 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1933.
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Joseph Schröffer (February 20, 1903 – September 7, 1983) was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities from 1967 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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Bernard William Griffin (21 February 1899 - 19 August 1956) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1943 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Lodovico Jacobini, 1875 Luigi Jacobini (January 6, 1832 - February 28, 1887) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Vatican Secretary of State from 1880 until his death; he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1879.
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Camillo Laurenti (20 November 1861 - 6 September 1938) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1929 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1921.
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James Charles McGuigan (November 26, 1894 - April 8, 1974) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toronto from 1934 to 1971, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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François-Marie-Anatole de Rovérié de Cabrières (30 August 1830 - 21 December 1921) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Montpellier from 1874 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911.
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Timothy Manning (Irish: Tadhg Ó Mongáin) (November 15, 1909 – June 23, 1989) was an Irish American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Los Angeles from 1970 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Benedetto Lorenzelli (11 May 1853 – 15 September 1915) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Studies from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1907.
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Mar Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni (Arabic: جبرائيل تبّوني, ) (3 November 1879 – 29 January 1968) was a leading prelate of the Syriac Catholic Church. He served as Patriarch of Antioch from 1929 to 1968, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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Avelar Brandão Vilela (June 13, 1912--December 19, 1986) was a Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia from 1971 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Giovanni Vincenzo Cardinal Bonzano PIME (27 September 1867 – 26 November 1927) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Apostolic Delegate to United States from 1912 to 1922, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1922.
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Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo (7 November 1845 – 11 July 1927) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Religious from 1913 to 1915, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1905.
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Federico Callori di Vignale (December 15, 1890 - August 10, 1971) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Master of the Sacred Apostolic Palace from 1958 to 1965, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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This decision was effective to the strategy of Pope Urban VIII to favour his own family, almost establishing a Barberini dynasty. A strategy not shared by Lorenzo Magalotti who, for example, opposed the elevation to cardinalate of Antonio Barberini in 1627.
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Johannes de Jong (September 10, 1885 - September 8, 1955) was a Dutch Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Utrecht from 1936 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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José María Justo Cos y Macho (August 6, 1838 – December 17, 1919) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Valladolid from 1901 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911.
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Giacomo Biffi (13 June 1928 – 11 July 2015) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, having served as archbishop there from 1984 to 2003. he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.
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Paul-Émile Léger (April 26, 1904 – November 13, 1991) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Montreal from 1950 to 1967, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
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Giuseppe Casoria (October 1, 1908 - February 8, 2001) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship from 1981 to 1984, and elevated to the cardinalate in 1983.
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Serafino Cretoni (4 September 1833 – 3 February 1909) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1896.
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Carlo Laurenzi (January 12, 1821 - November 2, 1893) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1889 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1884.
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Efrem Leone Pio Forni (10 January 1889 - 26 February 1976) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Nuncio to Belgium and Internuncio to Luxembourg from 1953 to 1962, and was elevated to the Cardinalate in 1962.
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Arcadio María Larraona Saralegui, C.M.F. (13 November 1887 – 7 May 1973) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1962 to 1968, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959.
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Carlo Salotti (25 July 1870 – 24 October 1947) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation of Rites from 1938 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in pectore in 1933.
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Carlos Oviedo Cavada, O. de M. (19 January 1927 – 7 December 1998) was a Chilean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santiago de Chile from 1990 to 1998, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994.
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Crisanto Luque Sánchez (February 1, 1889 – May 7, 1959) was a Colombian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bogotá from 1950 to 1959, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
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A campanile in Baroque style was added in the 1950s. The title of the cardinalate adds fuori Porta Cavalleggeri to the name of the church. The dedication is to the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title of Our Lady of Graces.
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Laurean Rugambwa (July 12, 1912 – December 8, 1997) was the first modern native African Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Dar es Salaam from 1968 to 1992, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.
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Mario Mocenni (22 January 1823--14 November 1904) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who served both in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893.
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He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1731 in Rome. Pope Clement XII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere. He also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia.
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Giulio Tonti (9 December 1844 – 11 December 1918) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Religious from 1917 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1915.
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Władysław Rubin (20 September 1917 – 28 November 1990) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches from 1980 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.
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Giuseppe Mori (24 January 1850—30 September 1934) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council from 1916 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1922.
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John Joseph Wright (July 18, 1909 - August 10, 1979) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy from 1969 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano (12 August 1903 – 9 November 1988) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Apostolic Palace from 1967 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Litas commemorative coin dedicated to Vincentas Sladkevičius Vincentas Sladkevičius, M.I.C. (20 August 1920 – 28 May 2000) was a Lithuanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kaunas from 1989 to 1996, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Luigi Raimondi (25 October 1912 – 24 June 1975) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 1973 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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Francesco di Paola Cassetta (12 August 1841 – 23 March 1919) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.
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José María Caro Rodríguez (June 23, 1866 - December 4, 1958) was a Chilean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santiago from 1939 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Filippo Giustini (May 8, 1852 - March 18, 1920) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1914.
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Filippo de Angelis (16 April 1792 – 8 July 1877) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as both Archbishop of Fermo from 1842 and Camerlengo from 1867 until his death. Angelis was elevated to the cardinalate in 1839.
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Agustín Parrado y García (5 October 1872--8 October 1946) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Granada from 1934 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Joseph Asajirô Satowaki (里脇 浅次郎 Satowaki Asajirō) (February 1, 1904--August 8, 1996) was a Japanese prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Nagasaki from 1968 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.
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Carlo Agostini (22 April 1888 – 28 December 1952) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Patriarch of Venice from 1949 until his death, and died shortly after the announcement for his elevation to the cardinalate in 1952.
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Gaetano Aloisi Masella. Gaetano Aloisi Masella (September 30, 1826 – November 22, 1902) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1887 and served as Prefect of the Congregation of Rites from 1899 until his death.
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Giovanni Simeoni (July 12, 1816 - January 14, 1892) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Propagation of the Faith from 1878 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1875.
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Owen McCann (26 June 1907 – 26 March 1994), was a South African cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and journalist. Archbishop of Cape Town from 1950 to 1984 (the first year as Apostolic Vicar), he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt (December 28, 1879 – March 20, 1963) was a Cuban Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Havana from 1941 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Fernando Quiroga Palacios (January 21, 1900 - December 7, 1971) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela from 1949 until his death and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
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Joaquín Anselmo María Albareda y Ramoneda, OSB (February 16, 1892 – July 19, 1966) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Vatican Library from 1936 to 1962, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1962.
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Ildebrando Antoniutti (3 August 1898 – 1 August 1974) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for Religious from 1963 to 1973, and was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII in 1962.
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Benedict XIV created 64 cardinals in seven consistories; among the new cardinals he elevated into the cardinalate was the Henry Benedict Stuart (1747). The pope also reserved one cardinal in pectore and revealed that name at a later time, therefore validating the creation.
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Massimo Massimi (10 April 1877 – 6 March 1954) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1946 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935.
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Joseph-Albert Malula (12 December 1917 – 14 June 1989) was a Congolese Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kinshasa (name changed from Leopoldville in 1966) from 1964 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Antonio Riberi (15 June 1897 – 16 December 1967) was a Monacan Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as the fifth Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland and later as Nuncio to Spain from 1962 until his death. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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See under Cardinalate on the website Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. He was a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit. His brothers Anne and Claude were captured in 1587 after the Battle of Coutras and killed in the general massacre that followed.
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Cardinal Paul Yü Pin (; 13 April 1901 – 16 August 1978) was a Chinese Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Nanking from 1946 until his death, having previously served as its Apostolic Vicar, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Paolo Marella (25 January 1895 – 15 October 1984) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served in the Roman Curia following a career as a delegate of the Holy See, and was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII in 1959.
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Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei (March 23, 1811, Recanati, Marche -- April 21, 1883) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Latin Patriarch of Constantinople from 1866 to 1875, and was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Pius IX in 1875.
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André Armand Vingt-Trois (; born 7 November 1942) is a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 2005 to 2017, having previously served as Archbishop of Tours from 1999 to 2005. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007.
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Francesco Morano (8 June 1872, Caivano, Province of Naples – 12 July 1968) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1935 until 1959, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959.
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André-Damien-Ferdinand Jullien, PSS (October 25, 1882--January 11, 1964) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Dean of the Roman Rota in the Roman Curia from 1944 to 1958, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Intern San Paolo alla Regola, a church in the diocese of Rome, was made a cardinalate deaconry by Pope Pius XII in 1946. Its present Cardinal-Deacon, since 21 November 2010, is Francesco Monterisi, archpriest emeritus of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.
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John Francis Cardinal D'Alton (11 October 1882 – 1 February 1963) was an Irish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Armagh and thus Primate of All Ireland from 1946 until his death. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953.
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Sebastião Leme da Silveira Cintra (January 20, 1882 – October 17, 1942) was a Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 1930 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1930.
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Giovanni Mercati (17 December 1866 – 23 August 1957) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives and Librarian of the Vatican Library from 1936 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1936.
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A surprised Ramazzotti appealed to the pope to rethink the appointment but his pleas were ignored. Official news on 22 August 1861 revealed that Ramazzotti would be promoted to the cardinalate on 27 September 1861 and when he heard he attempted to dissuade Pope Pius IX from the elevation due to his poor health - he suffered from angina pectoris. He also made an appeal to Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli on the grounds on his financial condition that he could not afford the expenses for the cardinalate. Angelo Ramazzotti died on 24 September 1861 in Crespano del Grappa where he had gone in order to recover from his ailments.
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By 1635, La Rochefoucauld had tired of the cardinalate, and perhaps of the politics of the Church at that time, and wished to end his life not as a cardinal but as a simple member of the Jesuits. He communicated his desire to resign the cardinalate and enter the Jesuits to the current General of the Society, Father Muzio Vitelleschi. Vitelleschi obtained the consent of Cardinal-Nephew Antonio Barberini, but Pope Urban VIII turned down the request. La Rochefoucauld remained a cardinal until the end of his life at 86 years of age, on 14 February 1645, at his old abbey at Sainte-Geneviève.
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Theodósio Clemente de Gouveia GCC GCIH (13 May 1889 - 6 February 1962) was a Portuguese Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as Archbishop of Lourenço Marques in Mozambique from 1940 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Rather than face the possibility of prison, Altieri resigned his cardinalate on 12 March 1798; Pope Pius VI reluctantly accepted his resignation on 7 September 1798. Altieri died in Rome on 10 February 1800. He is buried in the Altieri family chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
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Cesare Zerba (April 15, 1892 - July 11, 1973) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments in the Roman Curia from 1958 to 1965, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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He was also president of the historical and archaeological sections of the Accademia dei' Quiriti. He was raised to the cardinalate by Pius IX with the diaconal title of St. Nicholas at the Tullian Prison on 22 Dec., 1873, only a few months before his death.
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Jaime de Barros Câmara (July 3, 1894-February 18, 1971) was a Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 1943 to 1971, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Dom José da Costa Nunes (, 15 March 1880 – 29 November 1976) was a Portuguese Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Macau from 1920 to 1940, Patriarch of the East Indies from 1940 to 1953, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1962.
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Federico Tedeschini (12 October 1873 – 2 November 1959) was an Italian Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church who served as Papal Datary in the Roman Curia from 1938 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1933 in pectore (published 1935) by Pope Pius XI.
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Francesco Bracci (November 5, 1879 – March 24, 1967) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments in the Roman Curia from 1935 to 1958, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê (11 December 1898-27 November 1978) was the first Vietnamese cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Hanoi from 1960 until his death, having previously served as its apostolic vicar, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
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Benno Walter Gut, O.S.B. (1 April 1897 - 8 December 1970) was a Swiss Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship in the Roman Curia from 1969 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno (April 25, 1858 – September 16, 1933) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation of the Affairs of Religious from 1918 to 1920, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1915.
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Giacomo Violardo (10 May 1898 – 17 March 1978) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments in the Roman Curia from 1965 to 1969, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Raffaele Farina SDB (born 24 September 1933) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives, Librarian of the Vatican Library, and president (Consiglio di Presidenza) of Scuola Vaticana di Paleografia, Diplomatica e Archivistica.asv.vatican.va Farina was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007.
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Pietro Palazzini (19 May 1912 – 11 October 2000) was an Italian Cardinal, who helped to save the lives of Jewish people in World War II. He was consecrated bishop by the pope in 1962 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973. He has been commemorated by Yad Vashem.
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Luigi Traglia (3 April 1895 – 22 November 1977) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Vicar General of Rome from 1965 to 1968, and Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1974 until his death. Traglia was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.
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Nicholas Cheong Jin-Suk (born 7 December 1931) is a South Korean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Seoul, from 1998 until retirement in 2012, having previously served as Bishop of Cheongju from 1970 to 1998, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006.
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Jozef-Ernest van Roey (13 January 1874 - 6 August 1961) was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Mechelen from 1926 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1927. He was significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism in Belgium.
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Alfonso Maria Mistrangelo Sch. P. (26 April 1852 - 7 November 1930) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1899 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1915. He was also a member of the Piarists religious congregation.
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Giuseppe Pizzardo (13 July 1877 - 1 August 1970) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as prefect of the Congregation for Seminaries and Universities from 1939 to 1968, and Secretary of the Holy Office from 1951 to 1959. Pizzardo was elevated to the cardinalate in 1937.
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Thomas Joseph Winning DCL LLD (3 June 1925 - 17 June 2001) was a Scottish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Glasgow from 1974 and President of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland from 1985 until his death. Winning was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994.
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Pietro Fumasoni Biondi (4 September 1872 - 12 July 1960) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in the Roman Curia from 1933 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1933.
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Josef Richard Frings (6 February 1887 – 17 December 1978), was a German Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cologne from 1942 to 1969. Considered a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Pietro Ciriaci (2 December 1885 - 30 December 1966) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council in the Roman Curia from 1954 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
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The king replied that he never imagined any of his subjects would refuse a cardinalate. Toledo continued his priestly duties until his death. He died in Oropesa in 1590, in the middle of giving a sermon. He was buried in the monastery of the Immaculate Conception in Oropesa.
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Rodolfo Ignacio Quezada Toruño (8 March 1932 – 4 June 2012) was a Guatemalan cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Guatemala City, having previously served as Bishop of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas from 1980 to 2001. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003.
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Michael Michai Kitbunchu (, ; born 25 January 1929) is a Thai prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bangkok from 1973 to 2009 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. He has been the Protopriest of the College of Cardinals since 14 December 2016.
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Marco Cé (; 8 July 1925 – 12 May 2014Chiesa veneziana in lutto, morto oggi il patriarca emerito di Venezia 12 maggio 2014) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Patriarch of Venice from 1978 to 2002 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.
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Michael Cardinal Browne, O.P. (born David Browne, 6 May 1887 – 31 March 1971), was an Irish priest of the Dominican Order and a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Master General of the Dominicans from 1955 to 1962, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1962.
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Luigi Lavitrano (7 March 1874 - 2 August 1950) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Palermo from 1928 to 1944, and as prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Religious from 1945 until his death. Lavitrano was elevated to the cardinalate in 1929.
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Stéphanos I Sidarouss () (22 February 1904 – 23 August 1987) was a Cardinal and leader of the Coptic Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic sui juris particular church of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Patriarch of Alexandria from 1958 to 1986, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
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He was also presented with the cardinalate in two occasions, but respectfully declined to the Pope to continue serving the camaldolese order. Delfin was one of the main opposers to Savonarola, but still promoted the reform inside the Catholic Church which would lead to the Council of Trento.
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Paoli received offers from both Pope Innocent XII and from Clement XI to be received into the cardinalate – once for 21 June 1700 – but the friar refused for he feared that he might not be able to spend as much time with the poor. On the offers he said: "It would have been hurtful to the poor whom I would not have been able to help" due to the stringent demands of the cardinalate. He also befriended Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Tomasi who was the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Paoli was playing the organ on 14 January 1720 when a high fever struck him and confined him to his cell.
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Felix-Raymond-Marie Rouleau Coat of arms of Raymond-Marie Rouleau Félix- Raymond-Marie Rouleau, OP (April 6, 1866 – May 30, 1931) was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Quebec from 1926 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1927.
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Carlo Confalonieri (25 July 1893 – 1 August 1986) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops from 1967 to 1973, and Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1977 until his death. Confalonieri was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Marcello Mimmi (18 July 1882 – 6 March 1961) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Naples from 1952 to 1957, and Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation from 1957 until his death. Mimmi was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
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He received 28 votes on 29 October in the second ballot while the third saw him prevail. The cardinal protodeacon Andreas von Austria crowned Innocent IX as pontiff on 3 November 1591. He elevated two cardinals to the cardinalate in the only papal consistory of his papacy on 18 December 1591.
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Facade of Sant'Antonio di Padova a Circonvallazione Appia, Rome Sant'Antonio di Padova a Circonvallazione Appia (Saint Anthony of Padua at the Appian Ring- Road), a church in Rome, was made a cardinalate deaconry on 18 February 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI. It is currently assigned to Cardinal Karl-Josef Rauber.
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Façade of San Giovanni della Pigna San Giovanni della Pigna (Saint John of the Pine Cone) is a small Roman Catholic church located on Traversa Vicolo della Minerva #51 in the rione Pigna of Rome, Italy. The church was made a cardinalate deaconry by Pope John Paul II in 1985.
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Santiago Luis Copello (7 January 1880 – 9 February 1967) was an Argentine Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1932 to 1959, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. Copello served as the first Argentine cardinal and the first cardinal from Hispanic America.
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Bernardo's cardinalate is attested in some of the contemporary chronicles (cited by Bernhardi, p. 452 note 4); however, there are doubts concerning their factual accuracy due to lack of other documentary proofs of this affirmation, particularly the silence of Liber Pontificalis and the official papal documents. Bernhardi, pp. 451–452; Brixius, p.
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He became archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica. On January 18, 1519, he was named administrator of the see of Boiano, holding this post until July 24, 1523. He was deposed from the cardinalate on August 8, 1519, though later reinstated. Sometime after 1519, he opted for the deaconry of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.
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1 and remained such until the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). However, during this time the rank of cardinal became also the highest in the Catholic Church, inferior only to the Pope. The phenomenon of the "external" cardinalate was revived during the Great Western Schism, but in another form and for other reasons.
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Peter Tatsuo Doi (土井 辰雄 Doi Tatsuo) (22 December 1892--21 February 1970) was a Japanese Cardinal of the Catholic Church.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2002). "Doi Tatsuo" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 157. He served as Archbishop of Tokyo from 1937 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.
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Other conclavists have later been elevated to the cardinalate, such as Pierre Guérin de Tencin (1721), Niccolò Coscia (1724),Baumgartner, 2003, p. 171. Christoph Anton Migazzi (1740), and Carlo Confalonieri (1922). Pope Paul VI in effect eliminated the role of the historical conclavist by banning private aides and creating a common support staff.
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He elevated 43 new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories. He also canonized two saints: Bernard of Menthon in 1681 and Pedro Armengol on 8 April 1687. He beatified six individuals. Innocent XI was hostile towards the book Varia Opuscula Theologica (Various Theological Brochures) that the Spanish Jesuit Francisco Suárez published.
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Obviously Girard was not a residential bishop; Le Puy was only a benefice. He is on record as being in Avignon on 10 October 1387, when he dined with Jean Fabri, Bishop of Chartres, the diarist. He held the See until his promotion to the Cardinalate in 1390. Eubel, pp. 91-92.
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It was only completed in 1955, and became a parish church in 1958. Apparently, the original function of this building was to be the mausoleum of Mussolini. The parish is administered by the Franciscan Conventuals. The cardinalate title is Santi Pietro e Paolo in Via Ostiense, and the present titular is Pedro Barreto.
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Antonio Bacci (4 September 1885 – 20 January 1971) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of Briefs to Princes from 1931 to 1960, when he was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII. He is perhaps best known for his role in the Ottaviani Intervention.
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Franziskus von Sales Bauer (January 26, 1841 – November 25, 1915) was an Austro-Hungarian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Brno (1882 - 1904) and later Archbishop of Olomouc from 1904 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911. He was also deputy of Moravian Diet.
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Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, GCC, GCSE, GCIH (29 November 1888, Lousado, Vila Nova de Famalicão, PortugalBaptised in Vila Nova de Famalicão at the Parochial Church of Santa Marinha de Lousado, 3 December 1888, being his Godfather his maternal grandfather, of whom he inherited the name. – 2 August 1977, Buraca, Amadora, PortugalOther sources say he died in Lisbon, Benfica, on 11 August 1977.) was a Portuguese cardinal who served as Patriarch of Lisbon from 1929 to 1971. He was the last surviving cardinal elevated by Pope Pius XI, and his cardinalate of forty-eight years was the longest since the fifty-eight-year cardinalate of Henry Benedict Mary Clement Stuart of York which lasted from 1747 to 1805. He took part in three conclaves: in 1939, 1958 and 1963.
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King Ferdinand VI of Spain requested Mendoza's promotion to the cardinalate. Mendoza attended the consistory of April 1747. On 10 April 1747 he was elevated to Cardinal. The king gave him the red biretta of this rank in a ceremony on 16 August 1747 in the church of San Jerónimo el Real in Madrid.
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Diomede Angelo Raffaele Gennaro Falconio, O.F.M. (20 September 1842 - 8 February 1917) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for Religious from 1916 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1911. He was Apostolic Delegate to the United States from 1902 to 1911.
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Branda da CastiglioneAlso Branda Castiglioni. (Castiglione Olona, 4 February 1350 – Castiglione Olona, 4 February 1443 (in Latin)) was an early Italian humanist, a papal diplomat and a Roman Catholic cardinal.He might also be termed a pseudo-Cardinal, since he was raised to the cardinalate by John XXIII, who was later declared an anti-pope.
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Figueras. Mario Casariego y Acevedo, CRS (13 February 1909 – 15 June 1983) was a Spanish-born Guatemalan Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Guatemala City from 1964 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.Mario Casariego, arzobispo de Guatemala. El País, 18 June 1983, Spain.
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Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani (1 October 1871 – 13 January 1951) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Vicar General of Rome, Secretary of the Holy Office, and Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1930.
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Joseph Louis Bernardin (April 2, 1928 – November 14, 1996) was an American Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Cincinnati from 1972 until 1982, and as Archbishop of Chicago from 1982 until his death in 1996 from pancreatic cancer. Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II.
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Eventually the Cardinal was able to obtain his return. Frizon gives the name of the Bishop of Senlis as Jacques Petit, OP. Bishop Briconnet died in 1534. During his Cardinalate, he reorganized the statutes of the see of Paris. On 13 March 1534 King Francis I presented Cardinal Le Veneur to the Abbey of Bec.
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Since then no man has been elevated to the cardinalate at such a young age. The youngest in the past hundred years have been: Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira elevated in 1929 at the age of 41 and Jusztinián György Serédi elevated in 1927 at the age of 43. He received the red hat on 9 June 1902.
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Johann Konrad Maria Augustin Felix, Graf von Preysing Lichtenegg-Moos (30 August 1880 – 21 December 1950) was a German prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Considered a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism, he served as Bishop of Berlin from 1935 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.
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Sergio Pignedoli pictured in 1978. Sergio Pignedoli (4 June 1910 – 15 June 1980) was a prominent Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a top candidate for Pope. He served as deputy to Pope Paul VI, and as President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians from 1973 to 1980. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
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John Francis O'Hara (August 1, 1888 – August 28, 1960) was an American member of the Congregation of Holy Cross and prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as President of the University of Notre Dame (1934–39) and as the Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1951 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
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Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (11 November 1926 – 24 May 1993) was a Mexican bishop of the Catholic Church who served as the eighth archbishop of the see of Guadalajara and as a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Posadas Ocampo was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John Paul II on the consistory of 28 June 1991.
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On 15 April 1510 he was elected Bishop of Coutances; he subsequently occupied the see until 6 June 1519. During the conference of Bologna, 10 December 1515, Francis I of France personally asked Pope Leo X to elevate Bishop Gouffier to the cardinalate. As such, the pope made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 14 December 1515.
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Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel (born Tchela Claka, Ethiopia, 14 July 1948) is an Ethiopian Catholic cardinal. He is the head of the Ethiopian Catholic Church since his election in 1999, Ethiopian Catholic Archbishop of Addis Abeba, and the Chancellor for The Catholic University of Eastern Africa. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Francis in 2015.
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Francis John Joseph Brennan (May 7, 1894 – July 2, 1968) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Dean of the Roman Rota from 1959 to 1968, and then as Prefect of the Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments from 1968 until his death. Brennan was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.
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104–114 no. 43, p. 195–196 Archbishop of Reims Guillaume aux Blanches Mains was named cardinal priest of S. Sabina in 1179, but retained archdiocese of Reims;Ganzer, p. 125–129 no. 51 similarly bishops Giovanni of Toscanella, Ruffino of Rimini and Gerardo of Novara, elevated to the cardinalate in 1189, 1190 and 1211 respectively.
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Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent TisserantHis surname is sometimes misspelled Tisserand, as in the list of the members of the Académie française. (24 March 1884 – 21 February 1972) was a French prelate and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Elevated to the cardinalate in 1936, Tisserant was a prominent and long-time member of the Roman Curia.
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His cardinalate was published during the consistory of 22 January 1844. and his descendants came to be known as Dipasquale meaning "of Pasquale". In April 1844 he was Papal Legate to Forlì and its province. A Papal Legate in the Papal States was the bishop of the diocese, but also the civil governor of the area of the diocese.
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Franz König (3 August 1905 – 13 March 2004) was an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of Vienna from 1956 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958. The last surviving cardinal elevated by Pope John XXIII, he was the second-oldest and longest-serving cardinal worldwide at the time of his death.
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Corrado Bafile (4 July 1903 – 3 February 2005) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 1975 to 1980, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976. At the time of his death, he was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals.
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Joseph Höffner (24 December 1906 – 16 October 1987) was a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of Cologne from 1969 to 1987 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969. The Archdiocese of Cologne – in a 2007 statement – has indicated their intention to soon open the cause of beatification for the late cardinal.
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Pio Laghi (21 May 1922 – 10 January 2009) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. His service was primarily in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and the Roman Curia. He served as Apostolic nuncio to several countries and as the Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1991.
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The pope created 75 cardinals in 24 consistories in which the pope elevated 35 cardinals in pectore including his future successor Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who became Pope Pius IX. The pope also created six additional cardinals in pectore though the pope died before these names could be revealed therefore cancelling their appointments to the cardinalate.
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On January 21, 1974, Pope Paul VI appointed then-Archbishop of Jaro Jaime Sin as the 30th Archbishop of Manila. Archbishop Sin was named cardinal in 1976. In 2003, after undergoing juridical changes, the archdiocese received Gaudencio Rosales, Archbishop of Lipa, as successor to Cardinal Sin. Pope Benedict XVI later elevated Rosales to the cardinalate on March 24, 2006.
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On 27 Mar 1486, he was ordained a priest by Rinaldo Orsini, Archbishop of Florence. He became Bishop of Volterra in 1478, by nomination, resigning in 1509. In 1487, he was ordained and received his cardinalate in 1503, supported by Louis XII of France. He was Bishop of Cortona from 1504–1505 and held further church posts.
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Capranica was protesting against the new Pope Eugene IV's refusal of a cardinalate for him, which had been designated by Pope Martin V. Arriving at Basel after enduring a stormy voyage to Genoa and then a trip across the Alps, he successively served Capranica, who ran short of money, and then other masters.Mémoires, pp. 44, 46–47.
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In 1844 the archbishop went to Rome, where he was most kindly received by the pope and the Curia. The cardinalate, which was offered him by the pope, he refused with thanks and returned to Münster in October. He died there in 1845. Clemens August is the author of a few ascetical and ecclesiastico- political works.
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Lorenzo Nina (May 12, 1812 - July 25, 1885) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. A longtime member of the Roman Curia, he served as Prefect of the Congregation for Studies (1877–1878), Vatican Secretary of State (1878–1880), and Prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1881–1885). He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1877.
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In the final ballot on 19 May 1769 Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except of his own, which he gave to Carlo Rezzonico, nephew of Clement XIII and one of the leaders of Zelanti. He took the name of Clement XIV, in honour of Clement XIII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate.
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Herbert Alfred Henry Vaughan (1832–1903) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1892 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893. He was the founder in 1866 of St Joseph's Foreign Missionary College, known as Mill Hill Missionaries. He also founded the Catholic Truth Society.
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Gerard de Namur (died 1155) was a cardinal born in Namur in the modern-day Belgium. In older historiography he is wrongly identified as Gerardo Caccianemici, nephew of Pope Lucius II. He studied at the abbey of Lobbes in Hainaut. Then he became canon of the cathedral chapter in Liège. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Eugenius III in 1152.
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Seán Baptist Brady KGCHS (born 16 August 1939) is an Irish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh from 1996 until 2014, being elevated to the cardinalate in 2007. He faced repeated calls to resign over his role in an alleged cover-up of child abuse by priests in his jurisdiction.
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Luigi Maglione (2 March 1877 – 23 August 1944) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935 and served as the Vatican Secretary of State under Pope Pius XII from 1939 until his death. Pius XII never replaced Maglione, opting to assume the responsibilities of the office himself, with the assistance of two undersecretaries.
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The Pope felt that his authority was threatened and intended to summon Noailles before the Curia and, if needs be, demote him from the cardinalate. But the king and his councillors, seeing in this mode of procedure a trespass upon the "Gallican Liberties", proposed the convocation of a national council instead, which should judge and pass sentence upon Noailles and his faction.
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At the end of 1540, he wrote to Cardinal Farnese, expressing his anxiety about the diocese of Modena, which he considered to be worse than Prague in terms of dubious religious discussions. For his diplomatic work, he received the red hat of the cardinalate on 2 June 1542. On 16 October he was named Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church.Eubel, III, p.
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Tomb in Sant'Agata dei Goti (Rome) Enrico Dante (5 July 1884 – 24 April 1967) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Papal Master of Ceremonies from 1947 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965. His face became very familiar after assisting the popes at their Masses and other ceremonies for nearly twenty years.
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Pope Innocent XI elevated him into the cardinalate on 2 September 1686 as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna. He was transferred to the see of Montefiascone and Corneto in 1687 with the title of Archbishop. He established an orphanage in Corneto which was subsequently named "Orfanotrofio Barbarigo" in his honor. In 1685 Rose Venerini established a school for girls in Viterbo.
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The New York Times reported that Cortesi "will not return to Warsaw even if a new Polish state is formed, but will return to Rome and await his almost certain elevation to the Cardinalate". The Times also reported that the nuncio to Paris would be made internuncio to the government-in-exile to avoid having to formally replace Cortesi.Herbert L. Matthews.
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Those who suffered under his conscientious economics had managed to convince Pope Clement XIV to elevate him into the cardinalate. Braschi was elevated on 26 April 1773 in Rome as the Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio. This was a promotion which rendered him innocuous for a brief period of time. He then retired to the Abbey of Subiaco, of which he was commendatory abbot.
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Dupin was pre-eminently a Gallican. It was probably on this account that Louis XIV had him exiled to Châtellerault, on the occasion of the "Cas de conscience". Dupin retracted and returned, but his chair in the College of France was irretrievably lost. Later Dubois, who aspired to the cardinalate and sought therefore the favour of Rome, made similar accusations against Dupin.
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68 and 295) On the other hand, when cardinal- priest Uberto Crivelli was elected and consecrated archbishop of Milan in 1185, he retained his cardinalate and his Roman titulus (S. Lorenzo in Damaso). The posts of cardinal and bishop were no longer considered incompatible with each other. Moreover, the rank of cardinal-priest or cardinal-deacon became equal to that of bishop.
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He considered resigning the cardinalate on several occasions, hoping to join the Society of Jesus or the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, but was dissuaded from doing so by his confessor, the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Polanco. He died in Rome on 18 January 1559. He was buried in San Pietro in Montorio and his entrails were buried in San Bernardo alle Terme.
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Brancaccio was born in Naples. There is no information about his education. He has been abbot and papal acolyte. Pope Urban VI created him cardinal deacon in the consistory of 17 December 1384 with the deaconry of Ss. Vito e Modesto. During his long lasting cardinalate participated in the Papal conclave, 1389, then in the conclave of 1404 and of 1406.
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This was an important position due to the amount of information concerning European affairs which passed through the hands of the Spanish representative. On 16 April 1610 King Philip III awarded him the title of Knight of the Order of Alcántara. In 1614, aged around 42, he was made Marqués de Bedmar, which he would resign when promoted to the cardinalate.
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Emmanuel Célestin Suhard (; April 5, 1874 – May 30, 1949) was a French Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1940 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. He was instrumental in the founding of the Mission of France and the Worker-Priest Movement, to bring the clergy closer to the people.
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During his pontificate, the pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories; this included naming his nephew Filippo Boncompagni to the cardinalate in the pope's first consistory in 1572. Gregory XIII also named four of his successors as cardinals all in 1583: Giovanni Battista Castagna (Urban VII), Niccolò Sfondrati (Gregory XIV), Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti (Innocent IX), and Alessandro de' Medici (Leo XI).
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King Philippe IV asked the pope to offer the cardinalate to Bishop of Utrecht Guy d'Avesnes the in 1312 though the bishop declined the elevation when the pope extended the offer to him. #Guillaume de Mandagout Can. Reg. O.S.A. #Arnaud d'Aux #Jacques d'Euse #Bérenguer de Frédol iuniore #Michel du Bec-Crespin #Guillaume Teste #Guillaume Pierre Godin O.P. #Vital du Four O.F.M. #Raymond O.S.B.
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Guillaume Court Guillaume CourtGuillaume de Court Nouvel, Guglielmo Curti, Guilelmus Curti. (died 1361) was a French Cistercian theologian and Cardinal.From 1338 , with the title Ss. Quattro Coronati ; from 1350 as bishop of Frascati. He was briefly bishop of Nîmes, and then bishop of Albi, in 1337, but only for a year, as Pope Benedict XII shortly elevated him to the cardinalate.
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Jean-Claude Turcotte (); 26 June 1936 - 8 April 2015) was a Canadian Roman Catholic cardinal. Upon his elevation into the cardinalate he was made the Cardinal-Priest of Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament and the Holy Canadian Martyrs. He was the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal from 1990 to 2012, and was succeeded as Archbishop by Christian Lépine.
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On 21 February 1998, he was made a Cardinal in pectore by Pope John Paul II; his cardinalate was made public at the consistory of 21 February 2001. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. He speaks Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, German and Latin, in addition to his native Latvian.
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Cardinal Cerretti (in robe) with Queensland Premier William McCormack, about to place a wreath at Toowong Cemetery, Brisbane, 17 September 1928 Bonaventura Cerretti (17 June 1872 – 8 May 1933) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura from 1931 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1925.
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He entered the Order of Benedictines in the monastery of Cluny. His uncle Urban II elevated him to the cardinalate and named him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia ca. 1095. He participated in the papal election, 1099 and was a principal consecrator of Pope Paschalis II. He attended the council of Melfi in October 1100. Date of his death is not recorded.
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William John Cardinal Conway (22 January 1913 – 17 April 1977) was an Irish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland from 1963 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965. He was head of the Catholic Church in Ireland during the reforms of the Second Vatican Council.
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He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979, becoming Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Ausiliatrice in Via Tuscolana. He was Cardinal Protodeacon from 22 June 1987. Cardinal Caprio opted for the order of cardinal priests on 26 November 1990, and became the Cardinal-Priest of the titular church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. He was also a Knight of St. Januarius.
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He also witnessed the investing of the Chancellor, Antoine du Prat, with the symbols of the cardinalate which had been granted him by the Pope at the request of King Francis. His growing importance is reflected in a list of precedence of 1528, in which he and the King of Navarre follow immediately after the King.Michon, p. 41. Starkey, pp. 42–78.
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Giulio Canani was nominated for the cardinalate by Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara. He was created cardinal priest in the consistory of December 12, 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII, and was assigned the titular church of Sant'Eusebio on November 28, 1584. He participated in the two conclaves of 1590. He was transferred to the see Diocese of Modena on February 8, 1591.
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Edward Michael Egan (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. He was the twelfth Bishop, ninth Archbishop, and seventh Cardinal of the See of New York.
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After the death of her husband, Isabella ruled Mantua as regent for her son Federico. She began to play an increasingly important role in Italian politics, steadily advancing Mantua's position. She was instrumental in promoting Mantua to a Duchy, which was obtained by wise diplomatic use of her son's marriage contracts. She also succeeded in obtaining a cardinalate for her son Ercole.
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During his thirty-five years as a missionary he was exiled seven times, but he always returned. However, in 1880 he was compelled by ill- health to resign his mission. In recognition of his merit, Pope Leo XIII raised him to the titular Archbishopric of Stauropolis. Leo XIII also raised him into the cardinalate in 1884 as the Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Vitale, Gervasio e Protasio.
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Ersilio Tonini (20 July 1914 - 28 July 2013) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Ravenna-Cervia from 1975 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994. When Cardinal Paul Augustin Mayer died on 30 April 2010, Cardinal Tonini became the oldest living cardinal. He died on 28 July 2013, a week after his 99th birthday.
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The year after, the King nominated Richelieu for a cardinalate, which Pope Gregory XV accordingly granted in September 1622. Crises in France, including a rebellion of the Huguenots, rendered Richelieu a nearly indispensable advisor to the King. After he was appointed to the royal council of ministers on 29 April 1624,Lodge & Ketcham, 1903, p. 85. he intrigued against the chief minister, Charles, duc de La Vieuville.
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Bobo of San Teodoro (died 9 October 1199) was an Italian cardinal. He was relative of Pope Celestine III, who named him cardinal-deacon of San Teodoro on 20 February 1193. He subscribed papal bulls between 4 March 1193 and 19 June 1199. His death is recorded in the necrology of the Vatican Basilica, of which he was canon before his promotion to the cardinalate.
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Thomas Benjamin Cooray (Sinhala language: තෝමස් බෙන්ජමින් කුරේ), O.M.I. (28 December 1901 - 29 October 1988) was a Sri Lankan cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the Archbishop of Colombo from 1947 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965 by Pope Paul VI. His cause of canonization commenced in 2010 and he has been bestowed with the title of Servant of God.
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Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, pp. 214-216 He was chancellor of the diocese of Noyon from 1232 until his promotion to the cardinalate. He was created cardinal by Pope Innocent IV, initially as priest of S. Marcello on 28 May 1244, and then as cardinal-bishop of Sabina in 1251/52, shortly before his death. He subscribed papal bulls between 27 September 1244 and 12 June 1252.
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Francesco Roberti (7 July 1889 in Pergola - 16 July 1977) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1969, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958. He was also known for his work in moral theology.Catholic.net. The Gifts of the Holy Spirit May–June 1998Tradition in Action. Card.
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Harlay was the first to bear the title, which was then held by his successors at Paris till the Revolution. The Duke was likewise a pair of France. Harlay was also commander of the chivalric Order of the Holy Spirit and a member of the Académie française. In 1690 he was proposed by the king for the cardinalate, though this did not have effect.
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Nicola Canali (6 June 1874 – 3 August 1961) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State from 1939 and as Major Penitentiary from 1941 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. He was Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, a prestigious papal order of knighthood.
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He left immediately for his diocese but ruled it for less than a year; he died while making his first diocesan visitation. The epitaph on his tombstone in the cathedral of Ypres says: "Ob virtutem et omnimodam eruditionem ad has infulas assumptus". Letters found in his room after his death show that his promotion to the cardinalate had been determined on by the pope.
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From about this time he served successive kings of Aragon as a diplomat to the Holy See and France. He also served several popes as a diplomat, spending much of his time in Avignon. In 1337, he became bishop of Huesca, was transferred to the diocese of Barcelona in 1345 and transferred again to Tortosa in 1346. Although recommended for a cardinalate, he was never appointed.
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Sapieha thought that the Poles themselves should decide their affairs without outside influence and asked Ratti to leave the conference room. Sapieha was not elevated to the cardinalate by Ratti after he became Pope Pius XI in 1922. In 1922, Sapieha was elected senator from the Christian Union of National Unity party. He ordered a memorial service and issued a proclamation on the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz.
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Samuel Alphonsius Stritch (August 17, 1887 – May 27, 1958) was an American Cardinal prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1940 to 1958 and as pro-prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Propagation of the Faith from March 1958 until his death two months later. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Pius XII in 1946.
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He was then ordained to the priesthood in 1564. He succeeded Neri as superior in 1593. Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was from 1594, elevated him into the cardinalate on 5 June 1596 and also appointed him as the Librarian of the Vatican. Baronio was given the red hat on 8 June and received status as Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo on 21 June.
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Carlos de Borja y Centellas Carlos de Borja y Centellas (1663–1733) was a Spanish cardinal. He served as Patriarch of the West Indies.Catholic- Hierarchy: Carlos Cardinal Borja Centellas y Ponce de León He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1720, after receiving the recommendation of King Philip V.Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, vol. 6, p.
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Josip Bozanić (; born 20 March 1949) is a Croatian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He is the eighth and current Archbishop of Zagreb, having previously served as Bishop of Krk from 1989 to 1997. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003. He is a member of the Supervisory Commission of Cardinals of the Institute for the Works of Religion, along with other five cardinals.
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Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed July 6, 2016. He was also a patron of Nicolas Poussin, commissioning A Dance to the Music of Time from him and dictating its iconography. Pope Alexander VII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1657 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto Vecchio and was also appointed as the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1655 which he held until 1667.
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On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. The pope appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.
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Edmund Casimir Szoka (September 14, 1927 – August 20, 2014) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President Emeritus of the Governorate of Vatican City State, having previously served as Bishop of Gaylord from 1971 to 1981 and Archbishop of Detroit from 1981 to 1990. Szoka was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Alfons Maria Stickler (23 August 1910 – 12 December 2007) was an Austrian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church from 1985 to 1988. Stickler was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985, and was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals. A traditionalist, he was a strong supporter of the Tridentine Mass and clerical celibacy.
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Vicente Enrique y Tarancón (14 May 1907 – 28 November 1994), known in his country as Cardenal Tarancón or Tarancón, was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Madrid from 1971 to 1983, and as president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference from 1971 to 1981, during the difficult years of the Spanish transition to democracy. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
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Metropolitan and Gate of all India Mar Padiyara Anthony (11 February 1921 – 23 March 2000) was a Syro Malabar Major Archbishop and cardinal. He was the First Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. He was Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly from 1985 to 1996, having previously served as Bishop of Ootacamund (1955–1970) and Archbishop of Changanassery (1970–1985). He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.
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Foley with Yaroslav Ternovskiy Pope Benedict XVI named him as Pro-Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre on June 27, 2007. Foley was elevated to the College of Cardinals in the consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on November 24, 2007. He was named the Cardinal-Deacon of San Sebastiano al Palatino. He is the seventh priest of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia to be elevated to the cardinalate.
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Salviati was born in Florence to Jacopo Salviati, son of Giovanni Salviati and Maddalena Gondi, and Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici, elder daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici. Pope Leo X, who raised him to the cardinalate in 1517, was Lorenzo's son, and therefore Giovanni's uncle. His brother Bernardo Salviati and nephew Anton Maria Salviati also became cardinals. He was also Cousin of Catherine de' Medici from whom he derived patronage.
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In the Consistory of 13 July 1643 Archbishop Carlo Rossetti was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Urban VIII.Gauchat, p. 26. In September 1643, Rossetti was named Legatus a latere and sent as ambassador to Cologne, but he was recalled next year, due to the grave illness of the Pope. He left Germany on 11 May 1644, but did not reach Rome in time to be at the Pope's deathbed.
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Cardinal Jaworski died two weeks after his 94th birthday in 2020. In his condolence letter, Pope Francis recalled Jaworkski's deep friendship with St John Paul II, and his close collaboration, as a theologian and philosopher, with Pope Benedict XVI. For his part, Pope Francis said that Jaworski’s cardinalate was announced in 2001, at the same consistory where he, at the time, Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio, was also created a Cardinal.
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Despite the cases mentioned above, the pontificate of Innocent III marks also the beginning of the end of the "external" cardinalate. Stephen Langton was the last cardinal allowed by the Pope to become a diocesan bishop of the external see. From that time the popes constantly rejected all such postulations made by the cathedral chapters, indicating that the presence of the cardinals in the papal curia is indispensable.Paravicini Bagliani, p.
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On July 6 in the evening Carlo Rezzonico was elected Pope, receiving thirty- one votes out of forty-four, one more than the required majority of two- thirds. The remaining thirteen (including his own) fell to Cardinal Dean Rainiero d'Elci. Rezzonico accepted his election and took the name of Clement XIII, in honour of Pope Clement XII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate in 1737.L. Pastor, p.
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He held 8 consistories in which he elevated 25 new cardinals into the cardinalate. This included Cardinal Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari – the future Pope Gregory XVI – on 13 March 1826. Leo XII made himself unpopular with the people due to the fact that he constrained them to endless rules that concerned private life and public affairs. He decreed that a dressmaker who sold low or transparent dresses would incur ipso facto excommunication.
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He also served as an administrator to Campagna at the behest of the pope. The pope also elevated him to the cardinalate in 1099 as a Cardinal- Deacon and he opted for the order of Cardinal-Priest sometime after. He was appointed as the Bishop of Marsi in 1113 and he proved to be a reformer in his diocese. He battled against simony and pushed for the idea of clerical celibacy.
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Imbert du Puy was a Protonotary Apostolic. At the time of his elevation to the cardinalate Imbert Du Puy was Archdeacon of Langres. In his fourth Consistory for the creation of cardinals, held on 18 December 1327, Pope John XXII created ten new cardinals, among them Imbert Du Puy. He was named Cardinal Priest of the Basilica of the Twelve Apostles (XII Apostolorum), which had been unassigned since 1281.
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Guarino Foscari (c. 1080 - 6 February 1158) was an Italian Catholic Augustinian canon regular and also the Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina from December 1144 after his relative Pope Lucius II elevated him into the cardinalate. He is better known as "Guarinus of Palestrina" and is noted for his charitable compassion for the poor of Palestrina. Pope Alexander III canonized him as a saint of the Roman Catholic of Church in 1159.
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Rauscher was raised to the cardinalate in 1855. By 1 January 1857, ecclesiastical courts, for which Rauscher composed the instructions (Instructio pro indiciis ecclesiasticis), were established in all the episcopal sees. Provincial synods prescribed the special application of the Concordat to the individual dioceses. The decrees of the Viennese Council of 1858, directed by Rauscher and ratified by Rome, served as an important form of clerical life and ecclesiastical activity.
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Assumption building is the first building built in 1978. It was finished in half of the full plan at the time they opened in 1979 for its first academic semester. It was blessed by Cardinal Michael Michai Kitbunchu (then a regular Archbishop, pre-elevation to the cardinalate) and inaugurated by Sanya Dharmasakti, president of the Privy Council on August 25, 1979. The building was completed as planned in 1981.
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In August 1616 they secretly married in the chapel of the San Martino palace. Vincenzo asked Pope Paul V his release from his ecclesiastical vows. On 5 September of that year, his renounce of the cardinalate received an official approval. Ferdinando I was against this wedding, as he expected to influence through his younger brother's ecclesiastical status the policy of the Holy See in favor of the House of Gonzaga.
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Pope Alexander VIII elevated him to the cardinalate in 1690 despite his protests and made him the Cardinal- Deacon of Santa Maria in Aquiro but he later opted for the Diaconia of San Adriano al Forno and later, as the Cardinal-Priest, for the titulus of San Silvestro in Capite. He was then ordained to the priesthood in September 1700 and celebrated his first Mass in Rome on 6 October 1700.
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After his promotion to the cardinalate, he received private lessons from two Jesuit priests. Nicholas Francis was named abbot in commendam – a lucrative sinecure – of several abbeys and was sent on several embassies by his brother, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, and by Louis XIII of France. On 19 January 1626 he was created cardinal in pectore (secretly). The appointment was not proclaimed publicly until 30 August 1627.
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He left there at the close of Pius VIII's brief pontificate, and went to England, in 1829, to marry his sister to Sir Richard Throckmorton. Pope Gregory XVI made him assistant judge in the Civil Court of Rome. In 1837 he was made Auditor to the Apostolic Chamber, the highest Roman dignity after the cardinalate. Probably this was the first time it was even offered to a foreigner.
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Towards the end of 1188 he was elected bishop of Verona; he was confirmed by Clement III and took possession of the see in the following year (1189). At that time he resigned his titular church of S. Marcello, but retained his cardinalate and signed the documents as "Cardinal-Priest of the Holy Roman Church, humble bishop of Verona". He died after 17 July 1212,W. Maleczek, p.
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Labowsky, Besssarion's Library…, pp. 6–7 Elevated to the cardinalate in 1440, Bessarion enjoyed greater financial resources, and he added notable codices, including the precious tenth-century manuscripts of Alexander of Aphrodisias' works and of Ptolemy's Almagest that had once belonged to the library of Pope Boniface VIII.Labowsky, Besssarion's Library..., p. 8Zorzi, La libreria di san Marco..., pp. 45–46 "Venetus A", BNM ms Gr. Z. 454 (=822), fol. 24r.
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One of the most illustrious abbots in the 19th century was Dom Cölestin Ganglbauer (died 1889), who celebrated in 1877 the 1100th anniversary of the foundation, became Archbishop of Vienna in 1881 and was raised to the cardinalate in 1884. In the 20th century Dom Leander Czerny, the distinguished entomologist, was abbot from 1905 to 1929. Since 1625 the abbey has been a member of the Austrian Congregation, now within the Benedictine Confederation.
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On retiring as Archbishop of Durban in 1992, Hurley became chancellor of the University of Natal from 1993 to 1998. He also served as a parish priest for ten years at Emmanuel Cathedral, Durban, where he had officiated so many years earlier as a curate. Hurley was seen by some as a "liberal". Many believe that his respectful and very careful questioning of Humanae Vitae in 1968 made the cardinalate an impossibility.
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In the third, public, session (4 February 1546), Catharinus, pronounced a notable discourse, later published ["Oratio ad Patres Conc. Trid." (Louvain, 1567; Paris, 1672)]. Notwithstanding attacks upon his teaching he was appointed Bishop of Minori in 1546, and, in 1552, Archbishop of Conza, Province of Naples. Pope Julius III, successor of Paul III, called Politi to Rome, intending, says Jacques Échard, to elevate him to the cardinalate, but he died before reaching Rome.
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Jansenism, the Society's bitterest foe, received its death-blow in 1708 by a Bull of Clement XI ordering the suppression of Port-Royal. The destruction of Port Royal was coupled with the condemnation of the errors of Pasquier Quesnel by the papal bull Unigenitus (1711). Three Jesuits, Tolomei, Cienfuegos, and Salerno, were, in short succession, raised to the dignity of the cardinalate. At this period the debate over the Chinese Rites was at its height.
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Amico Agnifili was born ca. 1398 in Rocca di Mezzo, the son of a poor shepherd.Biography from Biographical Dictionary of Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church (His family had not yet adopted a family name, so when he was elevated to the cardinalate, he chose the name of "Agnifili", meaning "Friend of the Lamb".) His father sent him to L'Aquila to be educated. He later studied in Rome under Cardinal Domenico Capranica.
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Aaron Jean-Marie Lustiger (; 17 September 1926 – 5 August 2007Le cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger est mort, Le Monde, 5 August 2007 ) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church with Jewish Heritage. He was Archbishop of Paris from 1981 until his resignation in 2005. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II. His life is depicted in the 2013 film Le métis de Dieu (The Jewish Cardinal).
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James Francis Stafford (born July 26, 1932) is an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary from 2003 to 2009. He previously served as President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity (1996–2003), Archbishop of Denver (1986–1996), Bishop of Memphis (1982–1986), and Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore (1976–1982). He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John Paul II in 1998.
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In 1673, King Louis XIV of France sent Janson to Tuscany to repair his relationship with his cousin, Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, wife of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Thereafter he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary of France to Poland and then to the Netherlands. Janson announced his support for the Gallican proposals at the 1682 Assembly in Paris. As a result, Pope Innocent XI refused to elevate Janson to the cardinalate.
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Franc Rode (or Rodé; born 23 September 1934) is a Slovenian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, having served as prefect from 2004 to 2011. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006. He was raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest on 20 June 2016 by Pope Francis while retaining his titular church.
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Any church benefice, with the exception of the papacy, the cardinalate, the episcopate, and the prelatures of cathedral, collegiate and monastic churches, may be the object of the right of patronage. All persons and corporate bodies may be subject to the right of patronage. But persons, besides being capable of exercising the right, must be members of the Catholic Church. Thus non- Christians, Jews, heretics, schismatics and apostates are ineligible for any sort of patronage.
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Pope Pius X appointed him Archbishop of Vienna on 2 May 1913. He was consecrated on 1 June 1913. Pope Pius raised him to the Cardinalate, creating him Cardinal-Priest of S. Marco on 25 May 1914. He participated in the conclaves of 1914 that elected Pope Benedict XV and 1922 that elected Pope Pius XI. He was the last prince-archbishop of Vienna, holding office at the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918.
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Manuel García Gil (14 March 1802 - 28 April 1881) was a Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal and member from the Order of Preachers who served as the Archbishop of Zaragoza from 1858 until his death. He served prior to this as the Bishop of Badajoz and before that served as a professor in various Dominican houses. Pope Pius IX raised him to the cardinalate in 1877 as the Cardinal-Priest of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio.
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Jules-Géraud Saliège (24 February 1870 – 5 November 1956) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toulouse from 1928 until his death, and was a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism in France. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII. For his efforts to protect Jews during the Nazi Holocaust he was recognised as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem.
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In January 1157 Archbishop Eskil personally presented a petition to Adrian in Rome, requesting protection from King Swein of Denmark. Adrian both appointed the Bishop of Lund his Legate in the region and recognised him as primate over both Sweden and Denmark. Other cardinalate appointments of Adrian's included that of Alberto di Morra in 1156. Di Mora, also a canon regular like Adrian, later reigned briefly as Pope Gregory VIII in 1187.
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On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have received the red hat, or cardinal's biretta. Traditionally Christian women were required to wear a headscarf while in Church, however this custom has been in decline since the 1900s and is only followed by women of certain denominations and cultures. Male Sikhs are required to wear turbans. Some Sikh women also wear a turban however it is not a requirement for female Sikhs.
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Sisto Riario Sforza (5 December 1810 - 29 September 1877) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Naples from 1845 until his death.di Domenico, Francesco, La vita del Cardinale Sisto Riari Sforza, Arcivescovo di Napoli, Naples, 1904. Sforza's rapid rise through the Church ranks began with various appointments before he served as the Bishop of Aversa for seven months. He was promoted to the Naples archdiocese and cardinalate.
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Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 February 1924 – 2 June 2014) was an Indian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in the Roman Curia and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985. His episcopical motto was Aedificare domum Dei which means "To build the house of God". He was the fourth cardinal from India and the first curial cardinal of Asia outside of the Middle East.
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Guglielmo Fieschi Guglielmo Fieschi was an Italian cardinal and cardinal- nephew of Pope Innocent IV, his uncle, who elevated him on May 28, 1244. He was born between 1210 and 1220 in Genoa, but nothing is known about his life before his elevation to the cardinalate. As cardinal, he received the title of deacon of Sant'Eustachio. He subscribed with this title the papal bulls issued between September 27, 1244, and August 28, 1255.
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Ganganelli became a friend of Pope Benedict XIV, who in 1758 appointed him to investigate the issue of the traditional blood libel regarding the Jews, which Ganganelli found to be untrue.Ganganelli, Lorenzo. "The Ritual Murder Libel and the Jew", (Cecil Roth ed.), The Woburn Press, 1934 Cardinal Ganganelli. Pope Clement XIII elevated Ganganelli to the cardinalate on 24 September 1759 and appointed him as the Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Panisperna.
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Sir James Darcy Freeman (19 November 1907 – 16 March 1991) was an Australian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Freeman was the sixth Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney and Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria Regina Pacis in Ostia. He was ordained a priest of the Sydney archdiocese on 13 July 1930, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney on 9 December 1956 and ordained Titular Bishop of Hermopolis. In 1973 he was elevated to the cardinalate.
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On June 2, 1492, he asked the pope to allow him to resign the cardinalate and, with the pope's permission, he retired to a Camaldolese monastery. However, the other members of the College of Cardinals objected, and he was forced to return to Rome. He participated in the papal conclave of 1492 that elected Pope Alexander VI. He died in Rome on February 4, 1493. He is buried in St. Peter's Basilica.
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The pope created 42 new cardinals in eight consistories including two cousins (one who would become his successor Pope Clement VII) and a nephew. He also elevated Adriaan Florensz Boeyens into the cardinalate who would become his immediate successor Pope Adrian VI. Leo X's consistory of 1 July 1517 saw 31 cardinals created, and this remained the largest allocation of cardinals in one consistory until Pope John Paul II named 42 cardinals in 2001.
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The 1585 papal conclave (21–24 April), convoked after the death of Pope Gregory XIII, elected Cardinal Felice Peretti Montalto (O.F.M.Conv), who took the name of Pope Sixtus V. Forty-two of the sixty cardinals participated in the conclave. The absence of thirty percent of the cardinalate makes this conclave one of the most sparsely attended in the history of the modern Roman Catholic Church. Fourteen of Gregory XIII's thirty cardinals failed to attend, a startlingly high number.
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This was a misguided attempt at reforming the Church which Aleman believed was vital. Eugene IV was responded to this and excommunicated the antipope while also depriving Aleman of all his ecclesiastical dignities. This also meant that Aleman could no longer be considered a cardinal and he was deprived of the dignities that came with the cardinalate. This occurred on 11 April 1440: he was stripped of Arles as his archdiocese and was stripped of his titular church.
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Born in Genoa, Fransoni was ordained a priest on 14 March 1807, at 31 years of age, by Cardinal Pietro Francesco Galeffi. On 7 September 1822, he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Nazianzus and ordained to the episcopate three months later. On 21 January 1823, aged 47, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal. On 2 October 1826, aged 50, he was elevated to the cardinalate and named cardinal priest of the Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli.
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Pope Francis announced in January 2014 that he would be elevated to the cardinalate at the consistory of 22 February 2014. He was appointed Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Madre della Providenza a Monte Verde. In September 2014 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Congregation for Catholic Education, and Pontifical Council for Laity. In 2016 Cardinal Tempesta had to shelter behind his car during a gun battle between police and armed bandits.
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This jurisdiction has been finally suppressed only in 1692 see Salvador Miranda The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.Guide to documents and events. 17th Century (1605–1700) Florida International University. Retrieved on August 27, 2009 The phenomenon of the external cardinalate in the late Middle Ages constituted the first exception to the rule, that cardinals – members of the clergy of the diocese of Rome – cannot serve simultaneously in another, external church, which is now common practice.
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Sacchetti was papal nuncio to Madrid from 1624-1626. His service in the Spanish Nunciature and ties to the new pope ensured his becoming a cardinal only two years after his consecration. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Urban VIII on 19 January 1626, and named Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna. He was appointed papal legate to Ferrara from 1627 to 1631,Zirpolo, L.H. Ave Papa, Ave Papabile (2005) 98 and to Bologna from 1637 until 1640.
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Carlos Carmelo Vasconcellos Motta (16 July 1890 in Bom Jesus do Amparo, archdiocese of Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil – 18 September 1982 in Aparecida, São Paulo, Brazil) was a long-serving cardinal. Until Eugênio de Araújo Sales surpassed him in 2005, he was the longest-serving Brazilian cardinal, and during his cardinalate the Church in Brazil underwent tremendous expansion, involving the development of many new movements that were to develop after he had largely disappeared from the scene.
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Pope Eugene IV elevated him to the cardinalate on 2 May 1444 after he managed to reconcile the pope and King Alfonso V of Aragon. He was elevated as the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati. He took up his official residence in Rome and was a member of the Roman Curia. He participated in the papal conclave of 1447 that saw the election of Pope Nicholas V. He was known for an austere and charitable life.
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He elevated to Cardinal by Pope Leo XIII in the consistory of 22 June 1896. He spent the early part of his cardinalate in now-abolished positions such as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Indulgences and Relics. He was named Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship. In January 1914 Pope Pius X named him to succeed Mariano Cardinal Rampolla, who had died on 13 December 1913, as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office.
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Bernard d'Albi held a licenciate in Canon Law, and was a papal Chaplain. He was Dean of the Cathedral of Beauvais when he was appointed Bishop of Rodez on 31 January 1336 by Pope Benedict XII.Duchesne, "Histoire", p. 486, says that it was Philip VI de Valois (1328-1350) who procured him the bishopric as well as the cardinalate, and that Bernard had previously been a Councillor of Philip V (1316-1322) and Charles IV (1322-1328).
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Barberini coat-of-arms (three bees) surmounted by papal tiara and crossed keys on coin struck for Pope Urban VIII. Barberini arms in Rome on a plaque commemorating Urban VIII. The Barberini acquired great wealth and influence when Cardinal Maffeo Barberini was elected to the papal throne in 1623, taking the name Pope Urban VIII. He elevated a brother Antonio Marcello Barberini (Antonio the Elder) and two nephews, Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini, to the cardinalate.
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The cardinal was in Villacastin and remained there until he learned of the death of the king. Then he went back to Valladolid to celebrate the requiem in the church of San Pablo. He was ordered by the count of Olivares to reside in Tordesillas but he did not obey and appealed to the pope. Gregory XV and the Sacred College defended him, considering his banishment an attempt against ecclesiastical freedom and the prestige of the cardinalate.
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Cardinal Domenico was Grand Prior of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, and held the rank of Knight Grand Cross of that Order. He was Knighted in the Illustrious Royal Order of St. Januarius (L'Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro). Cardinal Domenico died of gout before receiving the red hat and title of his cardinalate, and was buried in the church of the Congregation of Clerks Regular of the Divine Providence (The Theatines), in Palermo.
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It lost large pieces of its territory with the formation of the Dioceses of Halifax and Kingston in 1817, the Diocese of Charlottetown in 1829, the Diocese of St. Boniface in 1844 and the Diocese of Montréal in 1852. It is common, but not inherent to the title, for the Archbishops of Québec to either be named to the cardinalate while serving or when transferred to a larger archdiocese or to a post in the Roman Curia.
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Medici was elevated into the cardinalate in 1583 and Pope Sixtus V made the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta: a title he received on 9 January 1584. It was a titular church reverted from its previous name of San Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane. In the period after this, he would opt for other titular churches. In 1596 Pope Clement VIII sent him as the papal legate to France where Maria de' Medici was queen.
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The Catholic Historical Review. 90, 1: 127–129. For example, in 1616, 24 of the 30 abbeys belonging to Borghese were rented out, a practice the Council of Trent had attempted to eliminate. A thorough financial analysis of Borghese's cardinalate by Reinhard Volcker (based on a series of extant account books) examines the strategies Borghese used to build up wealth during his uncle's pontificate and non-ecclesiastical assets before his uncle's death, which Volcker considers to be exemplary of Baroque papal families.
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Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.
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On July 18, 1516, he opted for the titular church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. On June 22, 1517, he was deposed as a cardinal by Pope Leo X, arrested, and placed in the Castel Sant'Angelo for his failure to disclose the assassination plot of Cardinal Alfonso Petrucci. The pope restored him to the cardinalate sed non ad vocem activam et passivam on July 31, 1517, then restored him completely on December 25, 1517. Cardinal Sauli died in Monterotondo on March 29, 1518.
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Eubel, p. 335. Pope Paul III finally elevated Miguel da Silva to the cardinalate on 19 December 1539, though the appointment was kept secret (in pectore) for the time being.Eubel, p. 27 no. 39. Seniority in the College of Cardinals is measured from the date of appointment, not the date of publication. Falling out of favour with King John III of Portugal, D. Miguel da Silva ran away to Rome in 1540, where he was warmly welcomed to the Curia by Paul III.
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Antonio Cañizares Llovera (; born 15 October 1945) is a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who is the Archbishop of Valencia. He is the former Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments from 2008 to 2014, and former Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain from 2002 to 2008. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006. He was appointed Archbishop of Valencia in August 2014, a move which removed him from the Congregation.
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest () is the primatial seat of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary and the Metropolitan of one of its four Latin rite ecclesiastical provinces. The Metropolitan archbishopric retains the title of Primate, which gives this see precedence over all other Latin Hungarian dioceses, including the fellow Metropolitan Archbishops of Eger, Kalocsa–Kecskemét and Veszprém, but the incumbent may be individually (and temporarily) outranked if one of them holds a (higher) cardinalate. Its current Archbishop is Péter Erdő.
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He returned to Paris following this. It was during his time in Paris that he learnt that Pope Leo XII intended to elevate him into the cardinalate on 2 October 1826. He arrived in Rome not long after and months later received his red biretta and his title as Cardinal-Deacon of San Cesareo in Palatio. Bernetti later participated in the 1829 conclave that elected Pope Pius VIII and again in the 1830-31 conclave that elected Pope Gregory XVI.
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Pope Innocent X appointed him to the cardinalate and in 1652 at the request of the Venetian government and he was made the Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro. He was appointed as Bishop of Brescia in 1654 and later received episcopal consecration in the church of San Marco in Rome. He would spend a quiet decade in his diocese. He opted to be Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1660 and resigned as Bishop of Brescia in 1664.
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Oswald Gracias (born 24 December 1944) is an Indian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was appointed Latin Church Archbishop of Bombay by Pope Benedict XVI on 14 October 2006 and was raised to the cardinalate in 2007. In 2008, he became Vice-President of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India; and in 2010, he was elected President. He was also elected Secretary General and then President of the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences from 2010 to 2019.
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Neither Ferdinand II nor Ferdinand III had succeeded in their efforts to obtain the cardinalate for Wolfradt. In 1633 he belonged, together with Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg and Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff, to those who considered Wallenstein a conspirator and advised Ferdinand II to arrest him. As a bishop, he sought by religious instruction and preaching to achieve a reconciliation of the Protestants with the Catholic faith. For this he promoted the Jesuit Order both in Vienna and Bohemia.
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Façade of Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, with the coat of arms of Cardinal Marchisano on the left Santa Lucia del Gonfalone is a church in the diocese of Rome, Italy. It is located on Via dei Banchi Vecchi just one block south of Corso Vittorio Emanuele. The last reconstruction was by Marco David in 1764; the interior was frescoed by Francesco Azzurri in 1866. The church was made a cardinalate deaconry by Pope John Paul II on 21 October 2003. Interior.
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Rumors then persisted in late 1903 and into 1904 that Pope Pius X wanted to choose him as the pope's successor as the Patriarch of Venice which also meant an inevitable elevation into the cardinalate. Scalabrini declined this and pointed to his advanced age as a reason that he chose to decline. Pius X assured Scalabrini that - upon his return from Brazil - he would be made a cardinal but the pope relented upon Scalabrini's ardent request that he not be elevated.
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Cardinal Danneels in full choir dress (left) Godfried Maria Jules Danneels (4 June 1933 – 14 March 2019) was a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels and the chairman of the episcopal conference of his native country from 1979 to 2010. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. His resignation that he had submitted in 2008 at the age of 75 was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 18 January 2010.
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Vincenzo Moretti (14 November 1815 – 6 October 1881) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and the Archbishop of Ravenna from 1871 until his resignation in 1879. He was elevated to the cardinalate in late 1877. He served first as the Bishop of Comacchio (1855–60) and then as the Bishop of Cesena (1860-1867); he later served as the Bishop of Imola (1867–71) before being transferred to the Ravenna archbishopric. He participated in the 1878 conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII.
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A few times, moreover, he was chosen visitor general of his congregation. Finally, on 2 June 1542, Paul III created him cardinal-priest and appointed him a member of the committee of cardinals for the preparation of the Council of Trent. Towards the end of the same year he became Bishop of Urbino. During the five years of his cardinalate he was an esteemed friend and adviser of Paul III, and used all his influence to bring about reform of the Church.
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Fiorenzo Angelini (1 August 1916 – 22 November 2014) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the former President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers in the Roman Curia, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1991. When Cardinal Ersilio Tonini died on 28 July 2013, Cardinal Angelini became the oldest living cardinal until the next consistory where Pope Francis appointed 98-year-old Archbishop Loris Francesco Capovilla as a cardinal.
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Year after year, he sent Memorandums to the President of the Republic, requesting that the country's laws and international agreements be observed with regard to the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church. In 1969, Pope Paul VI asked Hossu to accept an appointment to the cardinalate. As Hossu was reluctant to leave his people, the Pope created him a Cardinal only "in pectore", i.e. without publishing the fact, that was only revealed on March 5, 1973, three years after Bishop Hossu's death.
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The original tomb of Lorenzo Cybo which was later dismantled (17th century drawing)The previous chapel on this site was erected by Cardinal Lorenzo Cybo de Mari, nephew of Pope Innocent VIII, and dedicated to St Lawrence. Giorgio Vasari claimed that the patron was Cardinal Innocenzo Cybo but the dedication over the altar recorded the actual patron. Lorenzo Cybo de Mari was promoted to the cardinalate in 1489. The chapel was constructed during the time between his elevation and his death in 1503.
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Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert Graf von Schönborn, O.P. (; born 22 January 1945), is a Bohemian-born Austrian Dominican friar and theologian, who is a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Vienna and was the Chairman of the Austrian Bishops' Conference from 1998–2020. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1998. He is also Grand Chaplain of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch), of which he has been a member since 1961.
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From that time, he became known as Il Cavaliere Ventura Salimbeni Bevilacqua. The title of Cavaliere was similar to being knighted. While knighthood was the first and most common of Italy's entitlements, it is not hereditary as are the royal titles. Knighthood is an individual title conferred by members of an Italian royal family for an individual’s outstanding or meritorious service. In 1612, one year before Salimbeni died, he painted a portrait in celebration of Bonifacio’s elevation to the cardinalate.
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On 20 December 1737, he ascended to the cardinalate. He received the red hat in the Oratory of the Palace where he lived near the church of São Roque. He came to Lisbon to receive, on 3 March 1738, Julio Sacchetti, envoy of the Holy See, Canon of St. Peter in the Vatican and the Pope's chief chamberlain. On 13 November 1746, the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral which the King had built after the extinction of the Eastern diocese by Benedict XIV, was destroyed by an earthquake.
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Nicholas III, though a man of learning noted for his strength of character, was known for his excessive nepotism. He elevated three of his closest relatives to the cardinalate and gave others important positions. This nepotism was lampooned both by Dante and in contemporary cartoons, depicting him in his fine robes with three "little bears" (orsetti, a pun on the family name) hanging on below. After the death of Nicholas III, in December, 1316, his namesake Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was appointed a cardinal by Pope John XXII.
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Benedetto Caetani (died 14 December 1296) was an Italian cardinal. He was born in Anagni, the son of Giacomo Caetani and nephew, or remoter kinsman, of Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303), who elevated him to the cardinalate at the beginning of 1295. During his early life he was canon of the cathedral chapter of Anagni, a short distance to the south-east of Rome. He subscribed papal bulls as cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano between 21 June 1295 and 7 May 1296.
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As Cardinal, Contarini figured among the most prominent of the Spirituali, the leaders of the movement for reform within the Roman church. In April 1536 Paul III appointed a commission to devise ways for a reformation, with Contarini presiding. Paul III received favorably Contarini's Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia, which was circulated among the cardinalate, but it remained a dead letter. Contarini in a letter to his friend Cardinal Reginald Pole (dated 11 November 1538) says that his hopes had been wakened anew by the pope's attitude.
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John Patrick Foley (November 11, 1935 – December 11, 2011) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. From 2007 until 2011, he was Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, an order of knighthood under papal protection, having previously served as President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications from 1984 to 2007. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007. He provided the commentary for the American television viewers of the Christmas Midnight Mass from St Peter's Basilica, Rome.
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On 9 September 1856 he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Austria. On 16 March 1863, aged 57, he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati and elevated to the Cardinalate. On 15 July 1878, he was promoted Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina by Pope Leo XIII He was named Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church on the same day, and was granted the titular church of S. Lorenzo in Damaso held in commendam (under administration), a church to which a Vice- Chancellor was usually assigned.
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He later became that body's treasurer-general. He was appointed Commissary of the papal troops during the Wars of Castro and Intendant-General of the galleys of the Papal State.Lorenzo Raggi by S. Miranda (Florida International University, last updated May 2012) At times when Cardinal Fausto Poli was not in Rome, Raggi acted at Majordomo of the papal household. Some historians have suggested that Urban intended to elevate Raggi to the cardinalate but was unable to prior to his illness and subsequent death in 1644.
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Likewise in 1759 the king issued a decree suppressing the Jesuits in Portugal. Carvalho e Mendonça's elevation to the cardinalate was recommended by the king to Clement XIV who granted it in pectore in December 1769 and announced in January 1770. However, the candidate had already died before the news reached Lisbon. Paulo António de Carvalho died on January 17 1770 at the age of 67 years and was buried in the Church of Our Lady of Mercy (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Nossa Senhora das Mercês), Mercês.
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85-86 Boso was an Englishman from St Albans and nephew of Nicholas Breakspear, future Pope Adrian IV, on his mother's side. He ostensibly joined the Order of Benedictines at St Albans Abbey in the young age, and then entered the Roman Curia when his uncle Nicholas became cardinal. Shortly after his election to the papacy he was promoted to the cardinalate and died ca. 1181. This view was still accepted at the beginning of the 20th century, but subsequently was challenged by the number of scholars.
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At the consistory of 21 February 1998, Jaworski was created Cardinal by John Paul II in pectore, one of four such secret cardinal appointments he made while pope; Jaworski's cardinalate was made public at the consistory of 21 February 2001. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. He surpassed the age of 80 in 2006, losing the right to participate in future conclaves. In October 2008, Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation as archbishop.
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Cardinal bishops were equal to the other bishops, even if celebrating the rite of consecration of the new pope gave them considerable prestige, while the dignity of the cardinal priest or deacon was considered lower than that of a bishop. The liturgical service in the five patriarchal basilicas of Rome, as well as day pastoral duties in constant presence of the cardinals at Rome.On the early Roman cardinalate see Klewitz, p. 14–31, 47–60 and 79–87; Hüls, p. 3–44; Robinson, p.
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Cardinal Mazarin (depicted here in 1660, age 58) succeeded Richelieu in office. Towards the end of his life, Richelieu alienated many people, including Pope Urban VIII. Richelieu was displeased by the Pope's refusal to name him the papal legate in France;Perkins, p. 273. in turn, the Pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy. However, the conflict was largely healed when the Pope granted a cardinalate to Jules Mazarin, one of Richelieu's foremost political allies, in 1641.
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Alfonso entered the Roman Curia in the household of Gian Pietro Carafa in 1548. His great-uncle continued to show him favour as pope, appointing him as an apostolic protonotary and insisting that the young boy sleep in his own private chambers. In March 1557 he was promoted to the cardinalate and a few weeks later made archbishop of Naples. After the disgrace of his uncles Carlo and Giovanni in January 1559, Alfonso assumed the role of Cardinal Nephew for the last few months of Paul's pontificate.
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Pietro di Miso (died September 17, 1174) was Italian cardinal. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Adrian IV in the consistory of February 1158.Salvador Miranda: Consistories of the pontificate of Pope Adrian IV Initially he was cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio, but in 1166 he was promoted to the order of cardinal-priests and received titulus San Lorenzo in Damaso. After the double papal election in 1159 he supported the obedience of Pope Alexander III and served as his legate in Hungary.
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In 1709, when his health had already deteriorated, he obtained the Papal dispensation from the cardinalate, and was forced to marry Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, daughter of Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, in an attempt to save the dynasty. Married by proxy on 16 June 1709, the couple were married in person on 14 July 1709. Contemporaries agreed that Gonzaga was an attractive woman with beautiful skin, eyes, mouth, and waist.Acton, p 246 However, it was soon clear that the marriage was not to be a fruitful union.
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Boccasini was elevated to the cardinalate on 4 December 1298 by Boniface VIII, and assigned the title of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina.Eubel, pp. 12-13. He entered the Roman Curia on 25 March 1299 and thus began to receive his share of the profits of the Chamber of the College of Cardinals. He was promoted to the rank of Cardinal-Bishop of the See of Ostia on 2 March 1300 and also received episcopal consecration. On 13 May 1301 he was appointed Apostolic Legate to Hungary.
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The next most prominent leader was Herbert Vaughan (1832–1903), who succeeded Manning as Archbishop of Westminster in 1892 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893.Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age (1958) pp 454–58 Manning was among the strongest supporters of the pope and especially of the doctrine of papal infallibility. In contrast Cardinal Newman acknowledged this doctrine but thought it might not be prudent to define it formally at the time. Manning promoted a modern Catholic view of social justice.
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Pius X created 50 cardinals in seven consistories held during his pontificate which included noted figures of the Church during that time such as Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1907) and Pietro Gasparri (1907). In 1911 he increased American representation in the cardinalate based on the fact that the United States was expanding; the pope also named one cardinal in pectore whose name he later revealed thus validating the appointment. Pius X also named Giacomo della Chiesa as a cardinal who would become his immediate successor Pope Benedict XV.
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Cardinal Rezzonico between 1737 and 1744 Pope Benedict XIV died of gout in 1758 and the College of Cardinals gathered at the papal conclave in order to elect a successor. Direct negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the election of Rezzonico. On the evening of 6 July 1758, Rezzonico received 31 votes out of a possible 44, one more than the required amount. He selected the pontifical name of "Clement XIII" in honor of Pope Clement XII, who elevated him to the cardinalate.
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Clement was born in Saint-Gilles-du-Gard in the Languedoc region of France, the son of successful lawyer Pierre Foucois and his wife Marguerite Ruffi. At the age of nineteen, he enrolled as a soldier to fight the Moors in Spain. He then pursued the study of law in Toulouse, Bourges and Orleans, becoming a noted advocate in Paris. In the latter capacity he acted as secretary to King Louis IX, to whose influence he was chiefly indebted for his elevation to the cardinalate.
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In 1960, the issue was resolved by Pope John XXIII at the request of Patriarch Maximos IV in favour of the use of vernacular languages in the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. Pope John also consecrated a Melkite priest, Father Gabriel Acacius Coussa, as a bishop, using the Byzantine Rite and the papal tiara as a crown. Bishop Coussa was almost immediately elevated to the cardinalate, but died two years later. His cause for canonization was introduced by his religious order, the Basilian Alepian Order.
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Paolo Burali d'Arezzo (1511 – 17 June 1578) was an Italian priest of the Theatine Order, a bishop, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. His legal skills made him a prominent figure in the law courts of Naples, and then in the councils of government as a defender of the rights of citizens. He abandoned his career to pursue a calling to the religious state, where he became a leader in the Theatine Order. Pope Pius V elevated him to the cardinalate in 1570.
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Francisco de Asís Vidal y Barraquer (Catalan: Francesc d'Asís Vidal i Barraquer, October 3, 1868 – September 13, 1943) was a Spanish Catalan Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Tarragona from 1919 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1921. He famously refused to sign the 1937 Collective Letter in which the Spanish Church's hierarchy gave their support to Francisco Franco's forces,Payne, Stanley G. The Franco regime, 1936-1975 at Google Books and died in exile in Switzerland.
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In 1429 he was present at the Council of Tortosa where the schism was resolved. Jordi attended the Council of Basel in 1437, where the Antipope Felix V appointed him (anti-)cardinal-priest of the Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino, and afterwards of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The legitimate pope, Eugene IV, deposed Jordi from his see and his cardinalate, although he continued to exercise episcopal authority at Vic down to 1445. In 1449 Jordi was reconciled with Pope Nicholas V, who appointed him bishop of Carpentras.
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He was elected archbishop of Besançon, 17 March 1755, and raised to the cardinalate by Pope Clement XIII in the consistory of 23 November 1761. Choiseul de Beaupré, usually styled the Cardinal de Choiseul, participated in the conclave of 1769 that elected Pope Clement XIV. The younger son of Antoine-Clériadus, comte de Choiseul, marquis de Beaupré, seigneur de Daillecourt (1664—1726)De La Chesnaye des Bois, Dictionnaire he was born at the family château of Daillecourt (Haute-Marne ), in the diocese of Langres, France. He studied theology at the University of Paris.
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Born in Mantua, and was educated there in grammar and dialectic.Fr. Alban Butler. "Saint Anselm, Bishop of Lucca, Confessor". Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Principal Saints, 1866. CatholicSaints.Info. 17 March 2013. Web. Anselm was a nephew of Anselm of Lucca the Elder, who became Pope Alexander II in 1061 and who designated Anselm to succeed him in his former position as Bishop of Lucca (1071) and sent him to Germany advising him to take investiture from Emperor Henry IV. Alexander II, may have elevated him to the cardinalate ca. 1062.
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However the promotion was contingent on certain conditions that Sanseverino never complied with, so his elevation to the cardinalate was never published and neither Pope Leo X nor Pope Adrian VI ever recognized him as a cardinal. Pope Clement VII made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of November 21, 1527. He received the red hat and the titular church of Santa Susanna from Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio in the Castel Sant'Angelo on April 27, 1528. He received the tonsure from Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. On August 31, 1528, he was elected Archbishop of Taranto.
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In 1535, Paul III unexpectedly made the secular diplomat a cardinal in order to bind an able man of evangelical disposition to the Roman interests. Contarini accepted, but in his new position did not exhibit his former independence. At the time he was promoted to cardinal, May 21, 1535,The consistory also promoted to the cardinalate Desiderius Erasmus, John Fisher and Jean du Bellay he was still a layman. However, already in October 1536 he was appointed Bishop of Belluno One of the fruits of his diplomatic activity is his De magistratibus et republica Venetorum.
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Angelo Francesco Ramazzotti (3 August 1800 – 24 September 1861) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Patriarch of Venice. He established the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions in 1850. Ramazzotti had served as the Bishop of Pavia prior to his relocation to Venice and died less than a week before Pope Pius IX could elevate him to the cardinalate. He became well known across Venice for his love of the people and for his careful attention and consideration of the social and pastoral issues that faced the archdiocese.
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Louis Aleman (16 September 1450) was a French Roman Catholic cardinal and a professed member of the now-suppressed Canons Regular of Saint John Baptist. He served as the Archbishop of Arles from 1423 until his resignation in 1440 when he had resigned from the cardinalate. But he was later reinstated as a cardinal on 19 December 1449 at which point he served as the Protopriest and also reclaimed his titular church. Aleman served as the Bishop of Maguelonne from 1418 until his archepiscopal elevation at which point he was later named a cardinal.
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Aleman once led opposition to Pope Eugene IV while pledging allegiance to an antipope which led to Eugene IV stripping Aleman of all ecclesiastical dignities that he had been entitled to. But he later convinced the antipope to abdicate as a means of ending the Western Schism at which stage Aleman was restored to the cardinalate and returned to full communion with the Roman see under Pope Nicholas V. He has often been dubbed as the "Cardinal of Arles". His beatification received approval on 9 April 1527 from Pope Clement VII.
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Cardinals have the privilege of wearing pontifical vestments, including the ring, even if they are not themselves consecrated as bishops. The privilege of wearing a ring has belonged to cardinal-priests at least since the time of Innocent III.See Sägmüller, Stetigkeit und Stellung der Cardinale, 163. Cardinal bishops and cardinal priests are conferred a ring by the pope himself in the consistory, in which the new cardinal is named to a particular titular church (for a cardinal priest) or suburbicarian diocese (for a cardinal bishop) and elevated to the cardinalate.
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Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie de' Cardinali della Chiesa Romana Santa IV, 272, exaggerates in giving Tiberio Crispo three years in office. Tiberio Crispo was raised to the cardinalate on December 19, 1544 by Paul III. He was assigned the deaconry of S. Agata de' Goti from 1545 to 1551. On November 20, 1551 he was promoted to the Order of Cardinal Priests, but he was allowed to continue to hold the deaconry of S. Agata as though it were a titulus, pro illa vice (on that one occasion) until 1562.
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Schuster was named Archbishop of Milan on 26 June 1929 to succeed Eugenio Tosi. On the following 13 July he took the oath of allegiance to the Italian state in front of King Vittorio Emmanuele III; he was the first Italian bishop to do this since the new Lateran Concordat required it according to Article 20 of the concordat. Pope Pius XI elevated Schuster to the cardinalate in 1929 as the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Carlo Cremonesi and Agostino Zampini served as the co-consecrators.
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However, he still considered him an Englishman. The monograph of F. Geisthardt (1936) about Cardinal Boso refuted almost all elements of his traditional biography concerning the period before his promotion to the cardinalate. He has proven that Boso's curial career much predated the career of his alleged uncle Nicholas Breakspear. He served at the papal curia from at least 1135 as member of the household of cardinal Guido of SS. Cosma e Damiano from Pisa, and it was Guido, not Nicholas, who was his early protector at the papal court.
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In 1673 Baldeschi was elevated to Cardinal by Pope Clement X in pectore and his elevation was published the following year, in 1674. The year after, he was appointed cardinal-priest of the church of San Marcello al Corso. Upon his elevation to the cardinalate, he was adopted by Sciarra Colonna di Carbognano and began using his adopted name; that of the Colonna family. When Clement X died, Colonna participated in the conclave of 1676, which elected Pope Innocent XI. He was appointed Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1683 until 1684.
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Tommaso da Capua, archbishop elect of Naples from 1215, also resigned his see after becoming cardinal in 1216 (Ganzer, p. 162 no. 69; Maleczek, p. 201–03). More obscure is the case of Rolando, bishop-elect of Dol from 1177 and cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico 1185–87; certainly he never resided in his diocese and after his promotion to the cardinalate he appears in the documents only as cardinal- deacon, which indicates his resignation, but the exact dates of his death and of the appointment of his successor are not known (cf.
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He was born in Gainago, in the diocese of Parma, studied law at the University of Bologna, and became canon of the cathedral chapter of Parma. He began his career in the Roman Curia as a chaplain of Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254) and scriptor in the chancellery (attested in 1245).Peter Herde, "Bianchi, Gerardo", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 10 (1968) He is attested as litterarum apostolicarum contradictorum Auditor (Auditor of the Rota) on April 30, 1277. At the time of his elevation to the Cardinalate he was a Protonotarius apostolicus.
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He was president of the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference in 1987-94 and 1999. In 1995, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from University College Galway, his alma mater.National University of Ireland, Galway profile of Wilfrid Cardinal Napier National University of Ireland, Galway report on Napier's elevation to the cardinalate Napier is a Member of the Episcopal Board of the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL). Napier was made a Cardinal-Priest in 2001 and assigned the titular church of San Francesco d'Assisi ad Acilia.
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2013 Pope Nicholas II elevated him into the cardinalate the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco on 6 March 1058. He opted to be the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia in 1059. Desiderius rebuilt the church and conventual buildings, perfected the products of the scriptorium and re-established monastic discipline, so that there were 200 monks in the monastery in his day. On 1 October 1071, the new Basilica of Monte Cassino was consecrated by Pope Alexander II. Desiderius' reputation brought gifts and exemptions to the abbey.
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The pope was well-informed of Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše regime, even possessing a list of clergymembers who had "joined in the slaughter", but decided against condemning the regime or taking action against the clergy involved, fearing that it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state.Phayer, 2008, pp. 9–16 Pius XII would elevate Aloysius Stepinac—a Croatian archbishop convicted of collaborating with the Ustaše by the newly established Yugoslav Communist regime—to the cardinalate in 1953.Phayer, 2008, pp.
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Not a man of worldly matters, Benedict XIII made an effort to maintain his monastic lifestyle. He endeavoured to put a stop to the decadent lifestyles of the Italian priesthood and of the cardinalate. He also abolished the lottery in Rome and the Papal States, which only served to profit the neighboring states that maintained the public lottery. A man fond above all of asceticism and religious celebrations, he built several hospitals, but according to Cardinal Lambertini (later Pope Benedict XIV) "did not have any idea about how to rule".
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Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer (born 19 April 1944) is a Spanish Jesuit, theologian and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. After a thirty-year career teaching theology, he joined the Roman Curia in 2004 as Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission. An archbishop from 2008 until his appointment to the cardinalate in 2018, he became Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) in 2017. Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 28 June 2018 and named him the Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Ignazio Loyola in Campo Marzio.
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The University had drawn up some new statutes, which (the Bishop believed) infringed his traditional rights as bishop of the diocese in which the University was situated. The two arbitrators were unable to reach a solution at the time when both were elevated to the cardinalate. Cardinal Bertrand in 1339 imposed a settlement, in favor of the bishop. When Guillaume became a cardinal, he was succeeded as Abbot of Montolieu by his brother Raymond Roger (died 7 November 1347), who had also been a monk at Lézat.J.-M.
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Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands (4 September 1909 in Bovenkarspel, North Holland - 1 August 2006)Cardinal J. Willebrands, 96, Who United Faiths, Dies was a Dutch Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity from 1969 to 1989, and Archbishop of Utrecht from 1975 to 1983. Elevated to the cardinalate in 1969, Willebrands was central to the increased ecumenism of the Church in the second half of the 20th century, and was considered papabile at the two conclaves held in 1978.
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Cardinal Okogie volunteered to die in place of a Muslim woman who had been condemned to death by stoning by an Islamic court for adultery. He was proclaimed Cardinal by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 21 October 2003, and holds the title of Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria del Monte Carmelo a Mostacciano (or in English Blessed Virgin Mary of Mt. Carmel of Mostacciano). During his cardinalate, Okogie was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI.
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Tomb Giorgio Fieschi (ca. 1395 – October 1461) was an Italian cardinal, of the counts of Lavagna. He was elected Bishop of Mariana, in Corsica, on 27 May 1433. On 3 October 1436 he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Genoa, which he occupied until 18 December 1439, when Pope Eugenius IV raised him to the cardinalate in order to secure the support of Republic of Genoa in the conflict with antipope Felix V. He was bishop in commendam of Sagona (1443–45), bishop of Noli (1447–48) and bishop of Albenga (1448–59).
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After the ascension of Pope John Paul I to the papacy in 1978 and his death thirty-three days later, Cé was named his successor as Patriarch of Venice by Pope John Paul II on 7 December 1978. He took canonical possession of the see on 1 January 1979 and made his official entrance into his new archdiocese on the following 7 January. Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate on 30 June 1979 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco. Cé resigned as the head of his patriarchate on 5 January 2002.
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By the end of the 5th century they numbered 25, as is confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis. The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, the number is given as 28. Many more have received the status of titular churches in modern times, other were abandoned, or assigned to another order of cardinals (from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or pro hac vice), just for the duration of one incumbent's cardinalate.
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On January 6, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI announced that Dolan would be created a cardinal at the consistory of the church held on February 18, 2012. Archbishop Dolan was formally elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Benedict XVI on February 18, 2012, receiving the traditional red biretta and gold ring during a ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica. The day prior, he addressed the pope and the College of Cardinals on spreading the faith in a secularized world. He was created Cardinal-Priest of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario.
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The first major event in Ó Fiaich's cardinalate was the first ever papal visit to Ireland from 29 September to 1 October 1979 by Pope John Paul II. The Pope celebrated Mass before one million people in Phoenix Park, Dublin. His major speech calling on all the organisations that were prolonging The Troubles to end their activities was made in the Archdiocese of Armagh and was followed by a visit to the Marian Shrine at Knock, County Mayo. Cardinal Ó Fiaich was at the Pope's side during the entire visit.
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Apart from the cardinals mentioned above sometimes it is erroneously claimed that Celestine II created also some other persons to the cardinalate, who actually were created by other popes or are confused with other cardinals. Cardinal-priests Giulio of S. Marcello and Robert Pullen of S. Martino, and cardinal-deacon Giacinto Bobone (future pope Celestine III) almost certainly were created by Lucius II.Brixius, p. 52-53 no. 6, 8 and 9, and p. 104. On the other hand, cardinal- deacon GregorioConsistory of Ash Wednesday 1144 by Salvador Miranda.
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On 24 June 1360 he went Carcassonne to the marriage of Count of Poitiers with Jeanne, daughter of John I, Count of Armagnac, dead in 1388. John II, "the Good", obtained for him the cardinalate from Pope Innocent VI in 1361. He was then appointed by Pope Urban V as being one of the Commissioners to reform of the University of Paris. Pope Gregory XI commissioned him as an arbitrator in the dispute between Peter IV of Aragon and the Duke Louis I, Duke of Anjou to the Kingdom of Majorca.
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Pileo fled to Genoa, where he and Cardinal Galeazzo Tarlati da Petramala repudiated UrbanDondi assures his reader that Pileo repudiated Urban not because he thought the election of 1378 to be uncanonical, but because he was horrified at Urban's behavior. and sought refuge in Avignon.Theoderic, p. 111. Pileo was denounced by Urban VI as a "son of iniquity" in a bull of 25 August 1385, written at Lucca; and on 5 October 1385 he deprived Pileo of his cardinalate, his bishopric of Tusculum, and the archbishopric of Ravenna.
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Born in Mantua, he was the son of the Marquis Francesco Gonzaga and Isabella d'Este, and nephew of Cardinal Sigismondo Gonzaga. He studied philosophy at Bologna under Pietro Pomponazzi, and later took up theology. In 1520, or as some say, 1525, Sigismondo renounced in his favour the See of Mantua; in 1527 his mother Isabella brought him back from Rome the insignia of the cardinalate. He was chosen to be a cardinal at the very young age of 20, this quick ascention to power being the fruit of the diplomatic mastery of Isabella Gonzaga.
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His character and erudition, gained him the confidence of eminent dignitaries in Italy, and Cardinal Altieri, subsequently Pope Clement X, is said to have urged his promotion to the cardinalate. Meetings with Hacket at Milan and Cremona was believed to have influenced Lord Philip Howard, afterwards cardinal, to enter the order of St. Dominic. Hacket passed the greater part of his life at Rome, where his works were published. He died at the Minerva convent, Rome, on 23 August 1676, and was interred in the convent church, in front of the altar of St. Dominic.
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Raffaele Rossi (28 October 1876 – 17 September 1948) - born Carlo - was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church and professed member from the Discalced Carmelites. Rossi served in the Sacred Consistorial Congregation in the Roman Curia from 1930 until his death and as a friar had the religious name "Raffaele of Saint Joseph". Pope Pius XI elevated him into the cardinalate in 1930. Rossi also served as an investigator into the stigmata of Padre Pio at the behest of Pope Benedict XV and reported back to him with a favourable view on the Franciscan friar.
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The first patriarch was Tomás de Almeida (See Illus. 5) whose formal entry into Lisbon and enthronement took place on 13 February 1717. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1737 and remained in office until his death in 1754. This sublimation of the patriarch to the authority of the king was demonstrated by the co-relationship of the patriarchal throne within the king's court, the fact that the patriarch was also the king's chaplain, and by virtue of the way the king constructed the patriarchal residence as a wing of Ribeira Palace.
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This is according to Salvador Miranda.The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Other sources consulted do not mention his promotion to the cardinalate. He is not listed among the cardinals of the 11th century in the modern printed prosopographies of the cardinals of that period (R. Hüls, Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen 1977; H.W. Klewitz, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957; K. Ganzer, Die entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater, Tübingen 1963) Anselm went to Germany, but was loath to receive the insignia of spiritual power from a temporal ruler and returned without investiture.
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The fame of his preaching spread beyond the boundaries of his native land, and at the request of the Cardinal-Infante, Dom Henrique of Portugal, son of King Manuel, he was transferred to Portugal, where he became Prior Provincial of the Portuguese Dominicans in 1557. His extraordinary sanctity, learning, and wisdom soon attracted the attention of the queen regent, who appointed him her confessor and counselor. The Bishopric of Viseu and the Archbishopric of Braga were successively offered to him only to be courteously, but firmly, refused. The honours of the cardinalate, offered to him by Pope Sixtus V, were also declined.
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Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate and made him the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia on 22 February 1965; he received his red hat and title on 25 February. He was made a member of both the Congregation for the Clergy and the Congregation for Rites. In 1965 he participated in the last session of the Second Vatican Council. During the council's discussion on its document Dignitatis humanae on 20 September 1965 he suggested that expiation for past attacks on religious freedom was a possible cause of the Church's modern suffering.
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Josef Beran (29 December 1888 – 17 May 1969) was a Czech Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Prague from 1946 until his death and was elevated into the cardinalate in 1965. Beran was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II after the Nazis had targeted him for "subversive and dangerous" behavior where he almost died in 1943 due to disease. He was freed in 1945 upon Allied liberation and Pope Pius XII nominated him to head the Prague archdiocese. But the introduction of the communist regime saw him imprisoned and placed under house arrest.
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The Patriarchs of some Orthodox Churches (for example, the Patriarch of Moscow) wear a white headress similar to the klobuk that is rounded on top, decorated with embroidered images of seraphim, and surmounted with a cross. Patriarchs and bishops of the Coptic Catholic and Armenian Catholic churches wear klobuks as well, although it is not a headgear worn by their Oriental Orthodox counterparts. Red klobuks have been worn by a Coptic Catholic patriarch, an Armenian Catholic catholicos, and a Ukrainian Catholic major archbishop after being elevated to the cardinalate. A purple klobuk has been used by a Ukrainian Catholic bishop.
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As the cardinalate was a rank rather than one of the priestly orders, Charles hoped that Henry might yet make a politically advantageous marriage, and was dismayed to discover that his brother had been ordained a priest on 1 September 1748. Later that month, Henry was made Cardinal-Priest, retaining his diaconal church. In 1751, he was made Arch-Priest of the Vatican Basilica. Louis XV of France bestowed on the Cardinal the abbeys of Auchin and St. Amand as compensation for having had to evict his brother pursuant to the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
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Gesù e Maria ("Jesus and Mary") is a Baroque church located on Via del Corso in the Rione Campo Marzio of central Rome, Italy. It faces across the street the similarly Baroque facade of San Giacomo in Augusta. It is more correctly called Chiesa dei Santi Nomi di Gesù e Maria ("Church of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary"). The church was made a cardinalate deaconry by Pope Paul VI in 1967 with the name of Santissimi Nomi di Gesù e Maria in Via Lata ("Most Holy Names of Jesus and Mary on Via Lata").
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Borghese was born in 1599 in Siena, the son of Marcantonio Borghese and Camilla Orsini. Despite the rampant nepotism that was to later define papal politics of the 17th century, Borghese received no particular benefits from his great uncle Pope Paul V whose reign continued until 1621. Maffeo Barberini, however, was raised to the cardinalate by Pope Paul and felt a need to recognise the Borghese family with a similar honour. When he was elected to the papal throne as Pope Urban VIII in 1623, he set about repaying those who had advanced his own career.
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Also, the 1989 murder of a South African refugee was the stimulus for the People of Peace initiative directed primarily toward migrants but including the poor and elderly in some of its programs. Pope Francis' closeness to the community was demonstrated when in July 2019 he appointed Mateo Bruni, a prominent member of the Sant' Egidio community, as Director of the Press Office of the Holy See. In October of the same year he raised to the Cardinalate Archbishop Matteo Zuppi of Bologna, a key member of the community in peace negotiations during the Mozambican Civil War.
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Giacomo Altoviti followed his friend when Fabio Chigi was appointed by Urban VIII papal legate to Ferrara and in Mata, when his friend and protector was sent there in 1635 as inquisitor and apostolic visitor. He also took part in Fabio Chigi appointment to the cardinalate, using his influence with his cousin cardinal Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, who had already had the opportunity to appreciate Chigi's talents and to conceive a profound esteem for him. Later the Altoviti and Sacchetti supported Fabio Chigi in the negotiations and conclave of that led to his election as Pope Alexander VII. Giacomo Altoviti career flourished.
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Western Lisbon and metropolitan rights over Leiria, Lamego, Funchal and Angra, together with elaborate privileges and honours, were granted to the new patriarch and his successors. It was further agreed between pope and king that the patriarch of Lisbon should be made a cardinal at the first consistory following his appointment (Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii, 1737). The first patriarch of Lisbon was Tomás de Almeida (1670–1754), formerly bishop of Porto; he was raised to the cardinalate on 20 December 1737 by Pope Clement XII. There thus existed side by side in the city of Lisbon two metropolitical churches.
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He participated in the first papal conclave of 1590 that elected Pope Urban VII; the second papal conclave of 1590 that elected Pope Gregory XIV; the papal conclave of 1591 that elected Pope Innocent IX; and the papal conclave of 1592 that elected Pope Clement VIII. He was a member of the cardinalate commission for Germany and the Kingdom of Hungary. When Cardinal Ludovico Madruzzo was not in Rome, Spinola served as cardinal protector for the Holy Roman Empire. He died in Rome on 20 August 1593 and was buried in his titular church of Santa Sabina.
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Pamphili chose to be called Innocent X, and soon after his accession he initiated legal action against the Barberini for misappropriation of public funds. The brothers Francesco Barberini, Antonio Barberini and Taddeo Barberini fled to Paris, where they found a powerful protector in Cardinal Mazarin.George L. Williams, Popal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes, (McFarland & Company, 1998), 109. Innocent X confiscated their property, and on 19 February 1646, issued a papal bull decreeing that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission would be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself.
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This service was remembered in McKinley's assignment of him to be Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Belgium from May 4, 1897, to April 11, 1899. He was later assumed the same post for Spain from April 12, 1899, to September 26, 1902. His friend Theodore Roosevelt then assigned him as the ambassador to Austria-Hungary from 1903 to March 1906. Although Roosevelt asked Storer to intervene with the Pope regarding a cardinalate for John Ireland, Roosevelt later had second thoughts, and Storer's activity on Ireland's behalf led to his dismissal from the Austria- Hungary post.
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The College is part of the Holy See, which forms a separate sovereign entity from Vatican City. Cardinals in the Catholic Church are required to be male, with voting Cardinals generally always Bishops, and only men are eligible to be elected Pope. With that being said, however, the cardinalate is a privilege and office bestowed by the Pope; it is not a separate, fourth degree of Holy Orders, along with deacon, priest, and Bishop, though it ranks above them, so theoretically, the laws could be amended to allow for women to be Cardinals, though that is very unlikely currently.
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The Armenian Cardinal Gregorio Pietro Agagianian (Krikor Bedros Aghajanian ) (September 18, 1895 -May 16, 1971) was a leading prelate of the Armenian Catholic Church. He served as Patriarch Catholicos of Cilicia for Armenian Catholics from 1937 to 1962, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples) in the Roman Curia from 1958 to 1970. Agagianian was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII. Cardinal Agagianian was born in Akhaltsikhe (in modern Georgia), he studied at the seminary in Tbilisi and the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome.
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Following the relatively early death from cancer of William Cardinal Conway in April 1977, Monsignor Ó Fiaich was appointed Archbishop of Armagh by Pope Paul VI on 18 August 1977. He was consecrated bishop on 2 October 1977. The principal consecrator was the papal nuncio Archbishop Gaetano Alibrandi; the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Francis Lenny, the auxiliary Bishop of Armagh, and Bishop William Philbin, the Bishop of Down and Connor.Ordination of Tomás Ó Fiaich to bishop Pope John Paul II raised Ó Fiaich to the cardinalate on 30 June 1979; he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of S. Patrizio that same day.
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The next decisive moment came in 1983 after Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate as the Cardinal-Priest of San Girolamo dei Croati. He retired from his see after over two decades of service in mid-1997 and soon after lost the right to participate in a future papal conclave after he turned 80 in 1999. In 1991 the conflict over independence broke out and Kuharić pleaded for peace and forgiveness on both sides while asking both sides to negotiate for the good of the nation. He reiterated the same thing during the Bosnian War later that decade.
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In 1452 he accompanied Frederick to Rome, where Frederick wedded Eleanor and was crowned emperor by the pope. In August 1455 Aeneas again arrived in Rome on an embassy to proffer the obedience of Germany to the new pope, Calixtus III. He brought strong recommendations from Frederick and Ladislaus V of Hungary (also King of Bohemia) for his nomination to the cardinalate, but delays arose from the Pope's resolution to promote his own nephews first, and he did not attain the object of his ambition until December of the following year. He did acquire temporarily the bishopric of Warmia (Ermeland).
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He represented Felix V at the Parliament of Bourges in 1440, at the Diet of Mainz in 1441, and the Diet of Frankfurt in 1442. At the end of the schism in 1449 he resigned the cardinalate, was appointed titular Bishop of Caesarea by Eugene IV, and retired to a monastery. John spent much of his retirement in Aiton advocating peaceful dialogue with the Islamic world and the translation of the Koran into Western languages, Castilian, with the assistance of an Islamic scholar:Bernard F. Reilly, The Medieval Spains (1993), p. 187; Ulli Roth,“Juan of Segovia’s Translation of the Qur’ān,” al- qantara.
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In his position Rossi was the head of that congregation as the pope held the title of Prefect in its traditional sense. He was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1939 papal conclave that selected Pope Pius XII. Rossi attempted to eschew much of the trappings of the cardinalate and attempted also to keep the ascetic life of a Discalced Carmelites and was held in high esteem by both his colleagues and the pope himself. Rossi later became the Superior General for the Scalabrini Fathers and became quite close to them in his work with them.
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He received the red hat and the titular church of Santa Prisca on February 24, 1496. From the time of his promotion to the cardinalate, he lived in Rome permanently, participating in the ceremonies, consistories and religious feasts and celebrating masses; he was the executor of the will of Cardinal Bartolomé Martí. On November 6, 1499, he became the apostolic administrator of the see of Schleswig, occupying this post until July 29, 1502. He became involved in a dispute with two mother superiors at the Monastery of Pedralbes; this led to Ferdinand II of Aragon on March 12, 1500, forbidding Cardinal Castro to interfere in the affairs of the monastery.
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On 24 November 2007, Archbishop Brady was created Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta as a symbol of the new cardinal's role in helping the pontiff to minister to the diocese of Rome. Following his elevation to the cardinalate, he joined Cahal Cardinal Daly, Desmond Cardinal Connell and Keith Cardinal O'Brien as one of four living Irish cardinals, a record in Irish history. Senior Vatican figures suggested that the archbishop's positive contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process weighed heavily in Pope Benedict's decision to make him a Cardinal. Cardinal Brady, as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, was elected President of the Irish Episcopal Conference.
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In 1985, his Jesuit confrere, Aloysius Jin Luxian, S.J., was illicitly ordained as the Auxiliary Bishop of Shanghai, and became the Bishop of Shanghai upon the death of Zhang in 1988. In the meantime, Bishop Kung was released from prison and placed under house arrest in 1985 and then sent to the United States in 1988, where he would die in 2000. Bishop Kung was made a cardinal in pectore in 1979 and officially informed of his cardinalate in 1991. Upon the death of Cardinal Kung, the Holy See recognized 82-year-old Joseph Fan Zhongliang, S.J. of the underground Church as the legitimate successor in 2000.
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Pius IX held Altieri in great esteem and Altieri proved himself the center of opposition within the cardinalate to Giacomo Antonelli. He was the aide for the Congregation for Memorials from 1855 to 1857 and was later appointed Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church on 19 March 1857; the cardinal held that position until his death. He later opted for the order of Cardinal-Bishops and assumed the suburbicarian see of Albano on 17 December 1860. He was later appointed as the Prefect of the Congregation of the Index on 5 September 1861 and then appointed as the archpriest for the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 8 March 1863.
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He died in Siena at an Augustinian convent on 9 May 1443 due to a severe case of kidney stones resulting in renal failure. He had been travelling with the pope and cardinalate to Rome from Florence but his failing health forced him to remain in Siena where he died after his condition worsened. Eugene IV presided over his funeral on 11 May and his remains were interred in the Monte Acuto convent of the Carthusians in Florence. His red galero was suspended from the ceiling of the Siena Cathedral and another suspended above his heart deposited in the Augustinian convent's chapel next to the main altar.
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Before appointing Imperiali governor, the pope elevated him to cardinal but the elevation was reserved in pectore until Imperiali stepped down as governor in 1654; his cardinalate was published in the consistory of 2 March 1654 and he was appointed cardinal-priest of the Church of San Crisogono. He participated in the papal conclave of 1655 which elected Pope Alexander VII. In 1660 he was again named governor of Rome by Pope Alexande, but in 1662 he fell victim of the Corsican Guard Affair. Contemporary John Bargrave recounts that while he was governor, François, Duke of Créquy and ambassador of France, visited Rome with his wife.
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Pope Clement XII raised him to the cardinalate on 24 September 1731 as the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti and he accepted in obedience to the pope. Guadagni arrived in Rome from Arezzo on 7 November and then entered though Porta Pia on 11 November before receiving the red hat on 22 November and his titular church on 17 December. Guadagni was enthroned in his church on 30 December at a solemn Mass. He was appointed to several important congregations in the Roman Curia and held posts in the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars and the Congregation for Rites amongst others.
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Carlo Maria Martini (15 February 1927 – 31 August 2012) was an Italian Jesuit and cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Milan from 1980 to 2002 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983. A towering intellectual figure of the Roman Catholic Church, Martini was the liberal contender for the Papacy in the 2005 conclave, following the death of Pope John Paul II. According to highly placed Vatican sources, Martini received more votes in the first round than Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the conservative candidate: 40 to 38. Ratzinger ended up with more votes in subsequent rounds and was elected Pope Benedict XVI.
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Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster OSB (, ; 18 January 1880 – 30 August 1954), born Alfredo Ludovico Schuster, was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate and professed member from the Benedictines who served as the Archbishop of Milan from 1929 until his death. He became known as Ildefonso as a Benedictine monk and served as an abbot prior to his elevation to the cardinalate. He led the Milanese archdiocese during World War II and was known to have supported Fascism at first. But his views changed to opposition after the annexation of Austria and the introduction of racial laws prompting vocal criticisms of anti-Christian aspects of the Mussolini regime.
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Julián Herranz Casado (born 31 March 1930) is a Spanish Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as president of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts in the Roman Curia from 1994 to 2007, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003. One of two cardinals – along with Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne – who belong to Opus Dei, Herranz Casado is the organisation's highest-ranking member in the Church's hierarchy. He is also considered one of the foremost experts in canon law, and to have been one of the Vatican's most influential figures during the period shortly before the death of Pope John Paul II.
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Albert Malcolm Ranjith Patabendige Don (Sinhala language: ඇල්බට් මැල්කම් රංජිත් පටබැඳිගේ දොන්) (born 15 November 1947), often known simply as Malcolm Ranjith or Albert Malcolm Ranjith, is a political activist who is also the ninth and current Archbishop of Colombo, Sri Lanka, serving since 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2010. Ranjith previously served as auxiliary bishop of Colombo (1991–1995), Bishop of Ratnapura (1995–2001), Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (2001–2004), Apostolic Nuncio to Indonesia and East Timor (2004–2005), and Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (2005–2009).
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After the death of Pope Sixtus V a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany had been appointed a cardinal at the age of fourteen, but was never ordained to the priesthood. At the age of thirty-eight, he resigned the cardinalate upon the death of his older brother, Francesco in 1587, in order to succeed to the title. (There were suspicions that Francisco and his wife died of arsenic poisoning after having dined at Fernando's Villa Medici, although one story has Fernando as the intended target of his sister-in-law.) Ferdinando's foreign policy attempted to free Tuscany from Spanish domination.
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Immediately after his election on 12 July 1691, Innocent XII declared his opposition to the nepotism which had afflicted the reigns of previous popes. The following year he issued the papal bull, Romanum decet Pontificem, banning the curial office of the Cardinal-Nephew and prohibiting popes from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative. Further, only one relative (and only "if otherwise suitable") was to be raised to the cardinalate. At the same time he sought to check the simony in the practices of the Apostolic Chamber and to that end introduced a simpler and more economical manner of life into his court.
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The Pontiff received the Viaticum on 9 August since doctors were of the belief that the Pope had little time left to live. On 11 August Cardinal Leandro Colloredo met with him to remind him that the pope was set to raise ten men into the cardinalate but the pope refused to do so despite the cardinal's insistence. On the morning of 12 August he lost the ability to speak and suffered from breathing difficulties. Innocent XI died on 12 August 1689 at 22:00 (Rome time) after a long period of ill health due to kidney stones, from which he had suffered since 1682.
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Code of Canon Law (1917), canon 239 §1 21° The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence. The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church, but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses. Because of their resulting importance, the term cardinal (from Latin cardo, meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began.
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Ladaria, just before his elevation to the cardinalate in 2018, said that while female deacons did exist in the early Church, they were not the same as their male counterparts and said that the commission he headed on the subject had to determine what the meaning of 'deaconesses' was. Ladaria had repeatedly said prior to this that the commission was not tasked with making an actual determination, but rather to present their findings to Pope Francis. The month before, Ladaria wrote an article for L'Osservatore Romano in which he argued that the ruling against women being ordained to the priesthood was both infallible and definitive.
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In 1853, he became prefect of studies in the German college, and, in 1857, professor of dogmatic theology in the Roman college, where he remained for nineteen years, winning for himself by his lectures and publications a foremost place among the theologians of that time. During this period, he acted as Consultor to several Roman Congregations and aided in the preliminaries of the First Vatican Council. In 1876, despite his protests, he was raised to the cardinalate by Pope Pius IX, and participated in the papal conclave of 1876 which elected Pope Leo XIII. Though of delicate heath, the appointment made little change in his scrupulously simple lifestyle.
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In 1889, Pope Leo XIII authorized the founding of The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, and granted it Papal degrees in theology The United States frequently attracted his attention and admiration. He confirmed the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884) and raised James Gibbons, the archbishop of that city, to the cardinalate in 1886. On 10 April 1887, a pontifical charter from Pope Leo XIII founded The Catholic University of America, establishing the national university of the Catholic Church in the United States. American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because they claimed that he was attempting to gain control of American public schools.
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These high papal officials are the highest class of Monsignor, are often raised directly to the cardinalate, and hold distinctive privileges in address and attire. Current practice is based on Pope Paul VI's two motu proprios, Pontificalis Domus of March 28, 1968 and Pontificalia Insignia of June 21, 1968. They are addressed formally as "most reverend monsignor," and they wear the mantelletta, the purple choir cassock, the biretta with red tuft, and rochet for liturgical services, the black cassock with red piping and purple sash at other times, and may add the purple ferraiuolo to the black cassock for formal ceremonies of a non-liturgical nature, e.g., a graduation.
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After the death of Julius, Innocenzo took part in the two papal conclaves of 1555. In 1559, on the way to a third conclave from Venice he murdered two men, father and son in Nocera Umbra who had "uttered ill words about him". For this crime he was arrested and imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo, by order of Pope Pius IV; and the following year he was moved to the abbey of Montecassino, and placed in solitary confinement. Following the intervention of Cosimo I de' Medici, duke of Florence, Innocenzo was released but nevertheless forced to face a fine of 100,000 scudi, and threatened with the stripping of his cardinalate.
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The purpose of the synod was to establish a new ecclesiastical discipline in Ireland. This included rules relating to the celebration of Mass, the administration of the sacraments and the maintenance of registers and archives."Paul Cullen (1852–1878)", Archdiocese of Dublin Cullen was transferred to the See of Dublin on 1 May 1852 and 14 years later, in 1866, was elevated to the cardinalate as Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Montorio the first Irish cardinal. Cullen was sent to Ireland to bring the Irish church into conformity with Roman canon law and usage and to that end he recruited new clergy and orders of religious brother and sisters.
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One of the greatest ways in which a Pope can reward his supporters is to raise them to the Cardinalate. On 20 September 1342, four months after his coronation, Clement VI held a Consistory for the creation of cardinals. He appointed ten prelates, including three nephews, Hugues Roger, Ademar RobertiLützelschwab, p. 424. and Bernard de la Tour d'Auvergne.Lützelschwab, pp. 437-438. He also elevated Guy de Boulogne, Archbishop of Lyon, the son of Robert VII, Comte d' Auvergne et de Boulogne, and Gerard de Daumar de la Garde of Tulle, the Master-General of the Dominicans and a papal cousin, who died a year after his creation, on 27 September 1343.
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He appointed two priests as vocation directors to aid him in promoting the vocation to the priesthood, although they were unable to reverse the declining trend. He was elevated to the Cardinalate by Pope John Paul II at the Consistory of February 21, 2001,Howe, Bob. "Edward Cardinal Egan 1932-2015", Fordham News, March 5, 2015 becoming the Cardinal- Priest of Ss. Ioannis et Pauli (Sts. John and Paul). This was the same title held by all of the archbishops of New York since Cardinal Francis Spellman in 1946 was given the title by Pope Pius XII, who had held it himself when he was Cardinal Pacelli.
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The cardinal's plans were thwarted and the mission of Roger Palmer, Earl of Castlemaine to Rome showed the rise of another spirit that he did not share. When the crisis he foresaw came, he had the consolation at least of knowing that his foundation at Bornem was beyond the grasp of the anti-Catholic reaction in England. Cardinal Howard assisted at three conclaves, for the election of Innocent XI in 1676, Alexander VIII in 1689, and Innocent XII in 1691, and held the position of Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals. He died in the twentieth year of his cardinalate, at the age of 64, and was buried in his titular church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva at Rome.
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He was a successful bishop and his fame spread through the ranks so much to the point that his old friend Alexander VII elevated him to the cardinalate on 5 April 1660 at the Quirinale Palace. He was made the Cardinal-Priest of San Tommaso in Parione on 21 June 1660 but later opted to become the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco on 13 September 1677. In 1664 he was made Bishop of Padua and upon entrance into his new diocese he strove to model himself upon the example of Charles Borromeo. His procurator the Archpriest Galeazzo Mussato took possession of the see on Barbarigo's behalf on 24 April before the cardinal entered the see on 22 June.
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Carlos María Javier de la Torre y Nieto (15 November 1873, Quito, Ecuador - 31 July 1968, Quito, Ecuador) was an Ecuadorian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop of Quito, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII, the first Ecuadorian to be admitted to the College of Cardinals. After finishing his studies at the Conciliar Seminary in Quito, Carlos María moved to the prestigious Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he earned doctorates in theology and canon law. He was ordained a priest on 19 December 1896, served as Professor of dogmatic theology at the Seminary where he had been a student and was for a time pastor in Pelileo.
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Maurice Michael Otunga (January 1923 - 6 September 2003) was a Kenyan Roman Catholic prelate and cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Nairobi from 1971 until his resignation in 1997. Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate in 1973 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane. Otunga was the son of a tribal chief and denied taking his father's place so as to pursue a path to the priesthood after completing his studies at home and in Rome. He was made a bishop in the 1950s and then transferred to a new diocese at its head; he later was transferred to Nairobi and was a participant in the Second Vatican Council.
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In 1645 De Luca went to Rome, where he soon won a high reputation for his legal ability and became one of Italy's pre-eminent advocates. As a close collaborator of the reform-minded pope Innocent XI, who acceded to the Holy See in 1676, he exerted influence over the organisation of the Roman Curia, but stirred up much enmity and jealousy among the conservative leaders of the Church, notably Innocent's secretary Agostino Favoriti. This caused his influence to wane over time. At an advanced age he became a priest and was made first referendary Utriusque Signaturae, then auditor of the Sacred Palace by Innocent, who finally in 1681 raised De Luca to the cardinalate.
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Angelo Paoli (1 September 1642 – 20 January 1720) – born Francesco – was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Carmelites. Paoli became known as the "father of the poor" due to his strong charitable outreach towards those who were poor and sick, for which he received praise from a number of cardinals and other prelates while living in Rome. This extended to his friend Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Tomasi and to popes Innocent XII and Clement XI who both offered him the cardinalate, which he refused. Paoli's beatification was celebrated on 25 April 2010 in the Basilica di San Giovanni Laterano, with Archbishop Angelo Amato presiding on the behalf of Pope Benedict XVI.
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Pio Alberto del Corona (5 July 1837 – 15 August 1912) - born Alberto del Corona and in religious Pio - was a Roman Catholic Italian prelate and the founder of the Suore Domenicane dello Spirito Santo. He served as the Bishop of San Miniato from 1897 until his resignation one decade later. The bishop served as a humble pastor though reluctant as he was to accept his episcopal appointment while even protesting against an idea to elevate him into the cardinalate. He exercised his duties until his serious ill health forced him to resign from his see though was given a ceremonial position since Pope Pius X did not wish to relieve him of all his episcopal duties and functions.
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Giberne spent the late 1840s and 1850s in Rome working as an artist, living first with the Colonna and then the Borghese families. She produced portraits in chalk and then in oils, of members of those families and of subjects including Newman, Henry Wilberforce, and Pope Pius IX. When Newman was raised to the cardinalate, she produced a portrait of Saint Francis de Sales for his private chapel.Shawn Tribe, "Some Liturgical Effects of Blessed John Henry Newman," Liturgical Arts Journal 12 October 2018 Giberne professed vows as a sister of the Visitation at the convent in Autun, France, in 1863, taking the name Maria Pia in honour of Pius IX. She died at the convent in 1885.
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On 20 October 2010, Pope Benedict XVI announced a Consistory for the creation of new Cardinals to be held on 20 November 2010, and made public the names of 24 Prelates he intended to raise to the Cardinalate on that occasion, Archbishop Ranjith being among those chosen for promotion to the Sacred College. Accordingly, Archbishop Ranjith was created a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church at the Consistory of 20 November 2010, and was assigned the title of Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina. On 13 February 2011 Cardinal Ranjith took possession of his titular church in Rome. Cardinal Ranjith participated as a cardinal- elector in the 2013 conclave which elected Pope Francis.
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Sacchetti was presented by Antonio Barberini, at the instruction of Cardinal Mazarin, the French first minister, as the French nomination for the papacy at the papal conclave of 1644. So certain of victory was Sacchetti's brother Matteo, that he threw open the doors of his cellar and began giving away wine in celebration shouting, "Viva Papa Sacchetti!" (Long live Pope Sacchetti!). Contemporary John Bargrave suggested Matteo's certainty stemmed from the fact that the Barberini (two of whom were cardinals and nephews of the previous Pope Urban VIII) had started referring to him as Your Eminence; a title reserved for cardinals, suggesting his brother's elevation to the papacy (and thus his own to the cardinalate) was imminent.
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Though he was described as a happy young man, pleasant to friends and staff, contemporary records of his cardinalate suggest he lost interest in his new-found piety fairly quickly, leading a lazy life, sometimes not rising from bed until 7:00 pm. The role of cardinal-nephew had become by the second half of the sixteenth century a significant position in the administration of the Papal States, but Innocent X distributed much of the responsibilities. Some of the duties were shared with the Secretary of State Giovanni Giacomo Panciroli. Military tasks were delegated to his two brothers-in-law, Niccolò Ludovisi and Andrea Giustiniani, husband of his older sister Maria Flaminia.
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The two families were already close; Aldobrandini's maternal uncle, Niccolò Ludovisi, had married Camillo's sister, Costanza. Against his mother's wishes he resigned the cardinalate on 21 January 1647 and a few weeks later (10 February 1647) the two were married. The choice of the bride so displeased the Pope and his mother, who both favored a union with the Barberini, that neither of them took part in the wedding. His cousin, Francesco Maidalchini, was appointed Cardinal-nephew. Aldobrandini's dowry included a collection of paintings (including masterpieces removed from the Duke of Ferrara's "Camerino d’Alabastro"), villas in Montemagnanapoli and Frascati, the great Albodrandini estates in Romagna on the Corso in Rome and the Palazzo Aldobrandini.
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According to several sources, Bernard was created cardinal in the consistory of 1265 or 1268, being the only cardinal created by Pope Clement IV. Some scholars (e.g. Konrad Eubel), however, doubt his promotion to the cardinalate, because he did not participate in any papal conclave or election celebrated after his alleged promotion, did not subscribe any papal bulls issued in this time, and did not reside in the papal curia. It is not known also to which cardinalatial order he belonged and which title or deaconry he received. He frequently acted as a papal legate: in France against the Cathars and in Constantinople against the Greek Orthodox and in promoting a Crusade.
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Peter of Tarantaise was elevated to the cardinalate on 3 June 1273, in a Consistory held at Orvieto by Pope Gregory X, and named Bishop of the suburbicarian See of Ostia. He participated in the Second Ecumenical Council of Lyons.Benedictine Monks of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana 4 (Paris 1728), p. 150. Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio Tomus 24 (Venice 1780), 37-136, at p. 62. During the Council, he sang the Funeral Mass and delivered the sermon at the funeral of Cardinal Bonaventure, Bishop of Albano, who had died on 15 July 1274, and was buried on the same day in the Church of the Franciscans in Lyons.
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Ferrari was elevated to the cardinalate in 1894 and Pope Leo XIII named him as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Anastasia (the title and red hat were conferred a week after the elevation). It was just a week after his elevation that he was transferred to the Archdiocese of Milan and was granted the pallium prior to his departure; he also took Carlo as a middle name in honour of Charles Borromeo who was a predecessor during the Counter-Reformation period. His private assistant while in Milan was Father Giovanni Rossi. Ferrari was a strong supporter and promoter of Rerum Novarum and espoused the core themes of social justice that the pope highlighted in that document.
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Commander of the Legion of Honour received in 1953 Roncalli received a message from Mgr. Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new Patriarch of Venice in light of the nearing death of Carlo Agostini. Furthermore, Montini said to him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate. Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal. On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII.
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Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses. Of these sees, the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia, while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees. Traditionally, only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop, but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals, they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, without being assigned a suburbicarian see. The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon, the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses, and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate.
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In 1874 he was named Bishop of Málaga, but, before taking charge of this diocese, he was consecrated Bishop of Córdoba in October 1875. Eight years later he was removed to the archiepiscopal See of Seville, and in November 1884, he was created cardinal by Pope Leo XIII, with Santa Maria sopra Minerva as his titular church. In May, 1885, Cardinal González was appointed to the primacy of Spain, was made Patriarch of the West Indies, vicar-general of the army, and major-chaplain to the royal chapel. After many years of service González, in December 1889, resigned all his offices and dignities, except that of the cardinalate, and retired from active life.
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On 30 January 1901 he had received the congratulations of Pope Leo XIII for the 25th anniversary of his episcopal consecration but the celebrations were postponed to June 1901; in February 1901 he had declined an elevation to the Archdiocese of Ravenna knowing that it implied the cardinalate. On 17 June 1901 he celebrated a Pontifical Mass with Cardinal Domenico Svampa and thirteen bishops in attendance though there would have been more had the date not been moved to June as was done. Even Cardinal Andrea Carlo Ferrari could spend just a few hours with him due to his own schedule. Scalabrini also set up a dinner that night that would accommodate for 200 old poor people.
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Façade of the church Santa Maria delle Grazie alle Fornaci fuori Porta Cavalleggeri (Saint Mary of Graces at the Furnaces outside the Cavalleggeri Gate), is a Baroque style, Roman Catholic parish and titular church located at Piazza di Santa Maria alle Fornaci, south of Vatican City and north of the San Pietro train station in the Aurelio quarter. It was made a cardinalate deaconry by Pope John Paul II on 25 May 1985, and assigned it to Cardinal Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy, then Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. The church became vacant on 2 June 2014 after the death of Cardinal Lourdusamy. On November 11, 2016 it was announced that Mario Zenari will succeed him.
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This appointment was confirmed after Ferdinando II proposed him to the Pope to take the Naples see on 6 September. The pope sent him the pallium as the archbishop on 24 November while naming him the archdiocese's head. He was enthroned in his new archdiocese at a formal Mass held on 8 December 1845. The culmination to his rise through the ranks came in 1846 after the pope elevated him into the cardinalate; he received a special dispensation for having an uncle who was a cardinal since the rules did not allow relations to both act as cardinals. He received the red hat and his titular church of Santa Sabina on 16 April 1846.
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But because flesh > and blood told, he made him cardinal. So he made those four cardinals from > his own family (parentela). So he built, as other Roman popes had, Sion on > his own blood, of which Miceas III says, "who builds Sion on blood and > Jerusalem on iniquity." I believe certainly on my conscience, I am > persuaded, that there are a thousand friars minor of the Order of Saint > Francis (of which order I am a minor and inferior friar) who are better > suited to be raised to the cardinalate both by reason of their learning and > their saintly lives, than many of those who by reason of their being related > to the Roman pontiff are elevated.
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He was appointed Consultor of the Sacred Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, of the Council, and of Studies; Consultor and Secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs; Canonist of the Sacred Penitentiary; and member of the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law. In all these offices he left traces of his acuteness and skill in handling arduous and delicate questions. Austria, Spain, and Portugal honoured him with titles and distinctions, while the sovereign pontiff made him successively canon of several Roman basilicas, rector of the Roman Seminary, Domestic Prelate, and finally, 18 April 1901, raised him to the cardinalate as Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria ad Martyres. Cavagnis died in Rome at the age of 65.
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He then moved to Rome, where he first taught and then headed the Pontifical Armenian College until 1937 when he was elected to lead the Armenian Catholic Church, which he revitalized after major losses the church had experienced during the Armenian Genocide. Agagianian was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Propaganda Fide) from 1958 to 1970. Theologically a moderate, a linguist, and an authority on the Soviet Union, he served as one of the four moderators at the Second Vatican Council and was twice considered a serious papal candidate, during the conclaves of 1958 and 1963.
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In 2004 he joined the Archdiocese of New York. A further letter to Cardinal Sean O'Malley of Boston, written in June 2015, was never passed on to O'Malley. When the news broke in the summer of 2018 that McCarrick's behavior with his seminarians was known to church authorities, not only in the Vatican but apparently also by many American bishops and others, serious questions were raised as to how he could have been named archbishop of Washington (2000) and then been elevated to the cardinalate (2001). Ramsey is the author or translator of several books on the Fathers of the Church, notably Beginning to Read the Fathers, and of numerous articles on various theological topics.
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Through the Guise party, whose cause he had aided, he became Bishop of Mende in France, but Charles, Duke of Guise pleaded unsuccessfully with Gregory XIII to have him made cardinal. Pope Sixtus V, immediately on his elevation, appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and on 4 October 1585 he was consecrated bishop by Iñigo Avalos de Aragón, with Enrico Caetani and Annibale de Capua serving as co-consecrators. On 18 December 1587, at the request of the Duke of Mantua, raised him to the cardinalate with the title of cardinal priest of Santa Maria del Popolo. Sixtus also made constant use of his services in the execution of his policies, domestic and foreign.
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After the outbreak of the Great Western Schism in 1378 he gave his allegiance to the Antipope Clement VII, in consequence of which he lost his position as Dean of the collegiate chapter of York. Cardinal Grimoard was never able to participate in either of the conclaves held during his cardinalate as he was serving in Italy when his brother died, and was in Avignon for the following one, which was held in Rome. He authored several liturgical music compositions during his lifetime, and was the founder of several monasteries in Apt, Avignon and Montpellier. After his death on 13 April 1388, he was buried in the Abbey of St. Rufus, his original monastery, as he had directed.
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The same custom still obtains in the case of an apostolic nuncio who is elevated to the cardinalate: he retains his office for a time, but with the title of "Pro Nuncio". This theory of De Luca is not certain, but is at least probable. Etsi ad Singula prescribed that the principal of the Cancellaria be titled "Chancellor", which was proper because the office had been occupied for centuries by cardinals. For the rest, the office in question was always regarded as one of the most dignified and important of the Roman Curia, as is evident from Moroni's account of the funeral of Cardinal Alexander Farnese, Vice Chancellor and Archpriest of the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano.
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Bruno once made the mistake when he claimed that priests who committed simonical acts could not perform the Sacraments but he was proven to be wrong since it did not undo the sacrament of ordination despite how severe it was. There is confusion as to whether or not Bruno had been made a cardinal. It is said that he declined the cardinalate while other sources suggest he had been made the Cardinal-Bishop of Segni even though the suburbicarian diocese had not existed at that stage. Some sources suggest that Urban II named him as a cardinal in 1086 while others believe that he was named as a cardinal on 18 July 1079.
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Pope Leo X (born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was pope and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death on 1 December 1521. Born into the prominent political and banking Medici family of Florence, Giovanni was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of the Florentine Republic, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489. Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the Sacred College. Early on in his rule he oversaw the closing sessions of the Fifth Council of the Lateran, but struggled to implement the reforms agreed.
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The second gallery contains the memorabilia of Cardinal Ricardo Vidal, who, when first assigned in Cebu, was a resident of this convento as the parish priest of the cathedral. Among his memorabilia are prayer books, notebooks and a sample ballot used in the election of a pope, as well as a cardinal’s ring given to him by his predecessor, Cardinal Julio Rosales, and the vestments he used during his Episcopal ordination, his elevation to the cardinalate. Gallery three shows how churches were constructed in the Spanish era and shows photographs as well as actual building materials used. The fourth gallery is a gathering of Saints, exhibiting a collection of statues of saints from various parishes, including one of St. Joseph at his deathbed.
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After his elevation to the cardinalate, Cardinal Amat continued his previous work as a papal legate in various parts of Italy until the late 1840s. He participated in the conclave that elected Pius IX and in 1852 opted for the order of cardinal bishops. He was Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from later that year until he died. During most of Pius IX's reign Cardinal Amat held control of the police force in the Papal States: it has come to light that early in Pius's reign he sacked many policemen because of their political sympathies and was involved in many major political incidents as sympathy within the Papal States for a united Italy increased in the early 1860s.
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It was sixteen years more before the preliminary work could be begun on the new edition, and ten years more before its publication could be started. While the historical element had been especially emphasized in the first edition, the dogmatic and exegetical side was expanded to equal dimensions in the second edition. The subjects to be treated were chosen by Adalbert Weiss, professor at the Freising lyceum, and the editorial chair was held by Joseph Hergenröther until his elevation to the cardinalate, and afterwards by Franz Philip Kaulen, the exegete of Bonn. The stupendous plan, which Benjamin had cherished since 1841, of building up a "Theologische Bibliothek" (Theological Library) according to an equally logical and symmetrical scheme, he was unable to realize until thirty years later.
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Santi Nereo e Achilleo is a fourth-century basilica church in Rome, Italy, located in via delle Terme di Caracalla in the rione Celio facing the main entrance to the Baths of Caracalla. The Cardinal Priest of the Titulus Ss. Nerei et Achillei was Theodore Edgar McCarrick until his resignation from the cardinalate on 28 July 2018.The cemetery church of the catacomb of Saint Domatilla on the Appian Way, virtually lost in the early Middle Ages and rediscovered in the 1870s by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi, carries the same dedication to Nereo and Achilleo; it is discussed by Joan M. Petersen, "The identification of the Titulus Fasciolae and its connection with Pope Gregory the Great", Vigiliae Christianae 30.2 (June 1976:151-158).
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Coat of arms of Giuseppe Pecci In 1879, the College of Cardinals, led by Camillo, Cardinal di Pietro, insistently asked Pope Leo XIII to elevate his brother to their ranks,Kühne, 247Schmidlin, Papstgeschichte der Neuesten Zeit, Pustet München 1934, 537Acta Leonis XIII PM Romae, 1881, Acta I, 35 ff and at the age of 71 Giuseppe Pecci was created Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Agata dei Goti on 12 May 1879 in his brother's first consistory. He was the last member of a Pope's family elevated to the cardinalate. The ceremony was described by Ludwig von Pastor in his diary: On 15 May at 11 am, Pope Leo XIII entered the hall in pontifical vestments, before him the College of Cardinals. The Swiss Guards stood to attention.
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His successor as bishop was Cardinal Piero Gonzaga on 21 November 1527, and he died on 28 January 1529. His father Girolamo had been one of the commissioners who negotiated the terms of the release of the Pope from imprisonment in the Castel St. Angelo in 1527 during the Sack of Rome. Giovanni was seven years too young to be consecrated a bishop, and in any event his appointment was disputed by the future Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, son of the Duke of Ferrara, who claimed that the Pope had promised the See of Modena and a Cardinalate for him in a treaty of 14 November 1528.Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa Tomo Quarto (Roma 1793), 240.
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Although this sudden absence was once frequently attributed to his death, in fact Boso had merely resigned his cardinalate, as required by canon law, to assume the office of bishop of Turin. The date of his election as bishop is unknown, but he is first recorded in office on 13 December 1122. The author of the Historia compostellana was apparently aware of Boso's resignation and election, for he records that Diego had a precious cross made specifically as a gift for Boso as bishop of Turin, in gratitude for the work Boso had done on his behalf during the crisis of 1121. Less is known of Boso's years at Turin than of his legations in Spain, since his episcopate is not covered by any narrative sources.
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It was sixteen years more before the preliminary work could be begun on the new edition, and ten years more before its publication could be started. While the historical element had been especially emphasized in the first edition, the dogmatic and exegetical side was expanded to equal dimensions in the second edition. The subjects to be treated were chosen by Adalbert Weiss, professor at the Freising lyceum, and the editorial chair was held by Joseph Hergenröther until his elevation to the cardinalate, and afterwards by Franz Philip Kaulen, the exegete of Bonn. The stupendous plan, which Benjamin had cherished since 1841, of building up a "Theologische Bibliothek" (Theological Library) according to an equally logical and symmetrical scheme, he was unable to realize until thirty years later.
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He continued to study at Jesuit colleges in Poznań, Vilnius, and Rome. Radziwiłł began his duties as Bishop of Vilnius in 1579. He established Vilnius Seminary and helped to obtain university status for the Jesuit Academy in Vilnius. He was ordained to priesthood (April 10, 1583), and was not consecrated a bishop until December 26, 1583. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Gregory XIII only on December 12, 1583, and was assigned the titulus of S. Sisto July 14, 1586. He did not participate in the Conclave of 1585, which elected Sixtus V; or the Conclave of September, 1590, which elected Urban VII; or the Conclave of October 8-December 5, 1590, which elected Gregory XIV. In 1591, he became Bishop of Kraków.
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Patriarchs of the Barberini family conferred, on various family members, the title of Prince of Palestrina. During the reign of Urban VIII, the title became interchangeable with that of Commander of the Papal Army (Gonfalonier of the Church) as the Barberini family controlled the papacy and the Palestrina principality. The Wars of Castro ended (while Taddeo Barberini held both titles) and members of the Barberini family (including Taddeo) fled into exile after the newly elected Pope Innocent X launched an investigation into members of the Barberini family. Later the Barberini reconciled with the papacy when Pope Innocent X elevated Taddeo's son, Carlo Barberini to the cardinalate and his brother Maffeo Barberini married a niece of the Pope and reclaimed the title, Prince of Palestrina.
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Patriarch Maximos IV accepted the title of cardinal in February 1965. Previously he had refused three times the honor on the grounds that "for a Patriarch to accept a cardinalate is treason". Patriarch Maximos IV's objections were rooted in history and ecclesiology: he argued that the Patriarchs of the Eastern Churches were heads of their respective churches and successors to their respective apostolic sees only subordinate to the Roman Pontiff but were not subordinate to the cardinals whose position was that of being members of the principal clergy of the diocese of Rome. Patriarch Maximos IV also argued that the rank of patriarch being only subordinate to the pope had been repeatedly confirmed by past ecumenical councils and never explicitly revoked by any pope.
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Pope Adrian, comments Sayers, "was not unmindful of the interests and well-being of his English homeland", and Robinson identifies his pontificate as "the period in which English influence was strongest in the papal curia". Adrian remained faithful to the cult of St Alban and often promoted King Henry's political ambitions when he could. For example, suggests Brooke, following his lengthy stay with Adrian, John of Salisbury seems to have acquired the belief that he would at some point receive a cardinalate. However, John fell out with King Henry for a now- unknown reason, and Adrian—probably wishing to promote his friend but essentially a diplomat and a realist—could not afford to alienate his only major supporter in northern Europe.
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The Archbishop of Esztergom (which contains the Hungarian capital of Budapest) is traditionally made a cardinal, Pope Leo XIII elevated Vaszary to the cardinalate less than a year later, on 16 January 1893. At the same time the Habsburg monarchy recognised his services to the community by giving him the order of Sankt Stefan. Cardinal Vaszary served as an Archbishop for twenty years, participating in the conclave of 1903. At a time when bishops typically served as long as they lived, and today's practice of resigning at the age of 75 had not yet begun, Cardinal Vaszary's health declined so much that in November 1912 it was absolutely impossible for him to continue fulfilling any of the work of an archbishop, and he announced his resignation.
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In his youth he studied at Bologna and, after joining the Friars Minor, was sent to complete his studies at Paris. In 1507 he was elected vicar provincial of his order at Bologna, in 1514 vicar general of the Cismontane Franciscan families, and in 1517 he became minister general of the whole order of Friars Minor. Less than a month later he was raised, in spite of his protests, to the cardinalate by Pope Leo X, who in presence of the Sacred College paid a splendid tribute to Christopher's great learning and prudence and to his still greater holiness of life. In 1520 he became Bishop of Alatri (in Latin) and Bishop of Isernia in Italy, and in 1526 Bishop of Riez in Provence.
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In 1916 Pope Benedict XV elevated Sbarretti to the cardinalate as Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite. Then serving as Assessor of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, he became Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council (predecessor of today's Congregation for the Clergy) in 1919. A Cardinal Bishop after 1928, he finally became Secretary of the Holy Office (today's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith), of which the Pope then personally served as Prefect in 1930, and Vice-Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1935. He died less than a month after participating in the conclave that elected Pope Pius XII, and according to his will was buried in the parish church of Montefranco, where he had been born.
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Giovanni Berardi (1380 – January 21, 1449), Italian Cardinal, of the counts of Tagliacozzo, was elected Archbishop of Taranto in 1421, and occupied the see until December 1439, when Pope Eugenius IV raised him to the cardinalate. He represented Eugene at the Council of Basel, and he later served as papal legate in Germany against antipope Felix V (1439–40), and as legate a latere to establish peace between kings of Sicily and Aragon, 1440-41. He was named bishop of the suburbicarian see of Palestrina on March 7, 1444, and grand penitentiary, at the end of that same year. As the most senior cardinal-bishop residing in Roman Curia, he became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1445.
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Aloisius Joseph Muench (February 18, 1889 – February 15, 1962) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Fargo from 1935 to 1959, and as Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1951 to 1959. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959. Muench was the most powerful American Catholic and Vatican representative in Allied-occupied Germany and subsequently in West Germany from 1946 to 1959 as the liaison between the U.S. Office of Military Government and the German Catholic Church in the American occupation zone (1946–1949), Pope Pius XII's apostolic visitor to Germany (1946–1947), the Vatican relief officer in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany (1947–1949), regent in Kronberg (1949–1951), as well as nuncio to Germany.
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Conway was appointed Titular Bishop of Neve and Auxiliary of Armagh on 31 May 1958, consecrated on 27 July 1958 in St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh where he served under Cardinal John D'Alton. He was made Administrator of St. Mary's Church in Dundalk and at forty-five was the youngest Bishop in Ireland at the time. After D'Alton's death Conway was appointed Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland on 9 September 1963 by Pope Paul VI. Conway was the leading Irish participant in the Second Vatican Council, at which his peritus was future Archbishop of Armagh Cahal Daly. On 22 February 1965 he was raised by Pope Paul VI to the cardinalate at the same consistory as his friend John Carmel Heenan of Westminster.
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Sforza promised to place all his troops at the king's service. Briçonnet having shortly before this lost his wife, Raoulette de Beaune, by whom he had three sons, had entered the ecclesiastical state and been named Bishop of St.-Malo. To flatter his ambition the Milanese ambassadors assured him that the king's influence would raise him to the cardinalate. Briçonnet, thus won over to the Sforza interest, adroitly encouraged the warlike dispositions of his sovereign, triumphed over the opposition of the royal council, of the Duke of Bourbon, and of Anne of France, the Duke's wife, influenced Charles to sign a secret treaty with Sforza, and assured the king of his ability to raise the funds necessary to carry on the war both on land and sea.
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Born in Florence, Angelo was elected Bishop of Rapolla in 1375, but in 1383 he was transferred to the see of Florence where he had been preceded by a previous family member many years before, Angelo Acciaioli. He was promoted to the cardinalate on 17 December 1384 by Pope Urban VI. He defended legality of the election of Urban VI and his successors against the claims of the antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII. In the Papal conclave, 1389 he was actively working on being elected to the papacy, but an anonymous narrative of the Conclave accuses him of simony (bribery), managing thereby to acquire six votes of the thirteen cardinals in the Conclave.Johannes J. J. Döllinger, Beiträge zur politischen, kirchlichen, und cultur- Geschichte der sechs letzten Jahrhunderte III.
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That may or may not have been the case, but there was one cardinal whose cardinalate preceded the Schism, Guy de Malsec, who had helped summon the Council and who voted in the papal election. It was also feared that some would make use of this temporary expedient to proclaim the general superiority of the sacred college and of the council to the pope, and to legalize appeals to a future council, a tactic which had already been tried by King Philip IV of France. The position of the church became even more precarious; instead of two heads there were three popes. Yet, because Alexander was not elected in opposition to a generally recognized pontiff, nor by schismatic methods, his position was better than that of Clement VII and Benedict XIII, the popes of Avignon.
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By doing so he had intended to draw attention to the Church's current attitude towards gay Catholics which he felt was regressive and damaging. In his resignation letter he thanked Pope Francis for some of his words and gestures towards the gay community. However, in contrast strongly criticized the institution of the Catholic Church for being "frequently violently homophobic" and "insensitive, unfair and brutal" towards people that are gay; noting the irony that he felt there were significant numbers of gay men active at all levels within the Church (including the cardinalate). He called for all statements from the Holy See that are offensive and violent against gay people to be withdrawn, citing Pope Benedict XVI's signature of the 2005 document that forbids men with deep-rooted homosexual tendencies from becoming priests as particularly "diabolical".
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In 1493, at the end of the 15th century, Cardinal Mendoza supervised the closing of the last vault of the cathedral and expressed in his will his desire to be buried in the presbytery. In the first decade of the 16th century, the cenotaph was built in Renaissance style. This work is attributed to a team working under the leadership of Domenico Fancelli, although some authorities attribute it to Andrea Sansovino. Cardinal Cisneros occupied the cardinalate office for twenty-two years; under his influence and sponsorship important works were done (perhaps the most important was the Mozarabic chapel), realised by masters of the stature of Juan Francés (reja, or the ironwork screen, of the Mozarabic chapel), Enrique Egas, Juan de Borgoña (paintings of the Mozarabic chapel) and its grandmaster Pedro de Gumiel.
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Three Barnabites are counted among the canonized saints: Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Alexander Sauli and Francis Bianchi, while some others are being investigated for possible canonization, including the Venerable Karl Schilling, the only post-Reformation Norwegian to be officially considered for sainthood, and the Italian physician and priest Vittorio De Marino. Vincenzo Sangermano was a Barnabite who was a missionary in Burma and wrote multiple books about the Burmese people. The Order has also numbered several cardinals, the first of these being Giacomo Antonio Morigia, one of its founders, raised to the cardinalate in 1699. John Bellarini, who was the Visitor of the Order and twice held the office of Assistant Superior General, was also a noted theologian who wrote a number of works including an influential commentary on the Council of Trent.
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How little in accordance with his wishes, however, ecclesiastical affairs developed in the next years, he himself states in a letter of 1556, in which he sets forth the reasons why he did not wish to accept the dignity of the cardinalate which had been offered to him. A letter of the following year betrays a still gloomier mood; he begged Petrus Canisius not to be suspicious of him if he held aloof from the religious colloquy soon to be held in Worms. In 1558 he saw new dangers arise for those near him, when Johann Gebhard von Mansfeld was chosen archbishop of Cologne. To prevent his confirmation by the pope, Gropper decided to make the journey to Rome, whither Paul IV had formerly invited him in vain.
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Vincenco II by Justus Sustermans Vincenzo II Gonzaga (7 January 1594 – 25 December 1627) was Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1626 until his death. He was the son of Duke Vincent I and Eleonora de' Medici and inherited the duchy at the death of his elder brother Ferdinand, receiving the imperial investiture on 8 February 1627. He had also received a cardinalate on Ferdinando's succession, but had dismissed it in 1616 to be able to marry his relative Isabella Gonzaga, daughter of Alfonso Gonzaga, Count of Novellara. Conscious of his unstable health, the childless Vincenzo set up a descendance for his lands through the marriage of his niece Maria (daughter of the former Duke Francis IV) with Charles of Nevers' son Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers.
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European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917), 27. Inter Caetera of 1456 was in direct contradiction to the stance taken by Pope Eugene IV in the 1435 bull Sicut Dudum, which prohibited capturing slaves in the Canary Islands. Callixtus III ordered a new trial for Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431), at which she was posthumously vindicated.Helen Castor, Joan of Arc, (HarperCollins, 2015), 231,241. Callixtus III canonized the following four saints during his pontificate: Vincent Ferrer (3 June 1455), Osmund (1 January 1457), Albert of Trapani (15 October 1457), and Rose of Viterbo (1457). Callixtus III elevated nine new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories on 20 February 1456 and 17 December 1456,Miranda, Salvador.
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In the light of a climate hostile to the Church, Leo continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy without major modifications. In his relations with the Italian state, Leo continued the Papacy's self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold any elected office. In his first consistory in 1879, he elevated his older brother, Giuseppe, to the cardinalate. He had to defend the freedom of the Church against what Catholics considered Italian persecutions and attacks in the area of education, expropriation and violation of Catholic Churches, legal measures against the Church and brutal attacks, culminating in anticlerical groups attempting to throw the body of the deceased Pope Pius IX into the Tiber on 13 July 1881.
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He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001, as Cardinal-Deacon of Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova. Kasper was one of a dozen or more like-minded cardinals and bishops who met annually from 1995 to 2006 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to discuss reforms with respect to the appointment of bishops, collegiality, bishops' conferences, and the primacy of the papacy as well as the Church's approach to sexual morality. They differed among themselves in varying degrees, but shared the view that Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was not the candidate they hoped to see elected at the next conclave. Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Kasper and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions pending the election of a new pope.
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The French poet Joachim du Bellay, who lived in Rome during this period, wrote in 1555: "Yet seeing a footman, a child, a beast,/ a rascal, a poltroon made a cardinal / for having taken care of a monkey well, / a Ganymede wearing the red hat on his head / ...these are miracles, my dear Morel, that take place in Rome alone."Joachim Du Bellay, Les Regrets, Sonnet CV (Paris, 1555), cited in Robert Aldrich, Garry Wotherspoon, eds, Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II (Routledge, 2002), page 278. Innocenzo's affair with his future sister-in-law, the noted poetess and favorite in the papal court, Ersilia Cortese, resulted in scandal. Julius considered demoting him from the cardinalate after having compromised the pope's credibility.
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Sales' third mission as special papal envoy was performed when he travelled to Braga, Portugal, and there presided, on 8 December 2004 over celebrations commemorating the centennial of the coronation of the image of Our Lady of Sameiro and the sesquicentennial of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. As of July 2011, Pope Benedict XVI held three days of prayer and reflection, each on the eve of an ordinary public consistory for the creation of new Cardinals. Although those days of prayer and reflection were not convoked as formal extraordinary consistories, all members of the College of Cardinals (electors and non-electors) were summoned to attend the meetings, together with the prelates that were about to be raised to the cardinalate. Sales attended all three of those meetings, on 23 March 2006, 23 November 2007 and 19 November 2010.
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On 8 November 2010 the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro held celebrations to commemorate the Cardinal's 90th birthday; by the time of his 90th birthday, Sales was already the last living Cardinal created in the Consistory of 28 April 1969. He was thus the last living person to have been raised to the Cardinalate before the entry into force of the modern form of the Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI with the Constitution Missale Romanum. Although retired, Sales still engaged in pastoral activities. He still kept the commitment of writing a weekly article on a topic of faith or morals, which was published in the O Globo newspaper, and as of March 2011 he was still often seen celebrating Mass on Sundays or other holy days in the parish church of Our Lady of Peace in the neighbourhood of Ipanema.
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The 1917 Code of Canon Law decreed that from then on only those who were priests or bishops could be chosen as cardinals,canon 232 §1 thus officially closing the historical period in which some cardinals could be clergy who had only received first tonsure and minor orders. The same rule is repeated in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which adds that those who are not already bishops are to receive episcopal ordination.canon 351§1 Any priest who has been nominated for the cardinalate may ask for dispensation from the obligation to be ordained to the episcopacy before being created Cardinal, but in practice it is usually Jesuits who ask for and are granted this dispensation. For example, the dispensation was requested by the theologian Avery Dulles upon being named cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001 who granted it.
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Cardinal Albizzi was born in Cesena on 24 October 1593 to Tommso Albizzi and FRancesca Funetti. He was ordained Priest in 164. Pope Innocent X made him a Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Via on 2 March 1654 and reclined it on the 23rd. During his Cardinalate he attended the following Conclaves of conclave of 1655, conclave of 1667, conclave of 1669-70, conclave of 1676 which elected Popes Alexander VII, Clement IX, Clement X and Innocent XI respectively after the conclusion of the following conclaves he had opted for the following titles: Title of Santi Quattro Coronati on 24 August 1671, Title of Santa Maria in Trastevere on 8 January 1680 and Title of Santa Prassede in 1 December 1861, He also became the Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals on January 1667.
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It is noticeable from the groundplan that the entrances were in the north and south sides of the building, and not along the east–west axis.This may possibly be the consequence of a superstition that evil would come from the west, and that an entrance on that side might allow it to enter the house of God. Many religious buildings in the Meuse region have this feature. Frederic of Lorriane, later Pope Stephen IX, was canon and archdeacon of this churchPatrick Healy, The Chronicle of Hugh of Flavigny: Reform and the Investiture Contest in the Late Eleventh Century, (Ashgate Publishing, 2006), 50. before being raised to the cardinalate by Pope Victor II.Charles Radding and Francis Newton, Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics in the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079, (Columbia University Press, 2003), 89. Many alterations were made to it during the decades 1140–1180.
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Although he was not a priest but a layman, soon after the elevation of his uncle to the papacy he was loaded with several offices and honours. In the spring of 1456 he was named Captain-General of the Church and castellan of Sant'Angelo, in the autumn of the same year the Pope made him Governor of Terni, Narni, Todi, Rieti, Orvieto, Spoleto, Foligno, Nocera, Assisi, Amelia, Civita Castellana, and Nepi, and at the beginning of 1457 the governorships of the provinces of Patrimony and Tuscany were added to these.L. Pastor, p. 460 In the same time his older brother Rodrigo Borgia was created Cardinal Deacon, Commander-in-Chief of the papal troops and Vice- Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, while another relative Luis Juan del Mila y Borja was also elevated to the cardinalate.
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The Duke turned to Bishop of Mantua with a request to declare the marriage invalid, in order to return Vincenzo to the cardinalate; his position was shared by his wife Catherine de' Medici, who even tried to convince her mother Christina of Lorraine to obtain the support of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in this matter. At first Vincenzo desperately resisted, but when he was banished to Goito and deprived of a number of material advantages, he broke down, and in December 1616 agreed with his older brother's demands to had his marriage with Isabella annulled. Isabella was kept under surveillance for some time in Gazzuolo, but when it was confirmed that she wasn't pregnant, she was allowed to return to San Martino. However, the annulment of her marriage with Vincenzo turned out to be very difficult.
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Two weeks after Giovanni Pietro Carafa was elected pope, as Paul IV, he raised Carlo to the cardinalate on 7 June 1555. His tenure as Cardinal Nephew was not a great success, and he and Paul IV effectively brought the Papacy to a humiliating defeat against the Spanish that nearly resulted in another Sack of Rome. Carlo's government proved unpopular and he developed a reputation for avarice, cruelty and licentiousness, as well as for homosexual sodomy (Paul had chastised Cardinal Ghisleri for not sharing his suspicions on this latter point).Miles Pattenden, Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter Reformation Rome In January 1559, Paul finally accepted the accuracy of the accusations made and exiled both his nephews from Rome and replaced Carlo as Cardinal Nephew with Carlo's own nephew Alfonso Carafa, Cardinal Archbishop of Naples.
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For example, Pope Clement X gave the office to Cardinal Paoluzzi-Altieri, whose nephew had recently married Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of Clement X's family. Many historians consider Olimpia Maidalchini, the sister-in-law of Pope Innocent X (1644–1655), to have been a de facto Cardinal Nephew; the position was formally held by her son, Camillo Pamphili, then her nephew, Francesco Maidalchini (after Pamphili renounced his cardinalate in order to wed), and (after Francesco proved incompetent) Camillo Astalli, her cousin.Chadwick, 1981, p. 303. Popes often had only a few choices for the creation of a Cardinal Nephew. According to papal historian Frederic Baumgartner, Pope Sixtus V's (1585–1590) reign "started badly" because Alessandro Peretti di Montalto was "his only nephew eligible for the office, but he could hardly serve the Pope as a trustworthy confidant", causing several cardinals to refuse to attend his investiture.Baumgartner, 2003, p. 130.
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In one of his visitations Smith was deprived of his large crozier by Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, who deposited it in York Minster. On the flight of the king, Smith left York and sought refuge in the house of Francis Tunstall of Wycliffe, who gave him hospitality and protection till the time of his death. At different times, Smith assumed the aliases of Brown, Harper, and Tarlton to avoid the penal laws. In 1700 it was contemplated that he should be promoted to the cardinalate and to the office of Protector of England, which had been vacant since the death of Cardinal Howard; the Duke of Berwick and Dr. George Witham were commissioned from St. Germain to solicit this appointment from Clement XI. Upon the death of John Leyburn in 1702, Smith was solicited for the London District, but expressed his reluctance to accept and recommended instead Bonaventure Giffard.
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In 1975 he preached the Spiritual Exercises to Paul VI and the Roman Curia at the pope's invitation. Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate and named him as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva on 30 June 1979. Ballestrero resigned as the Archbishop of Turin on 31 January 1989 and retired to the Santa Croce convent in La Spezia (though he would still continue to give spiritual retreats); he lost the right to vote in a papal conclave on 3 October 1993 after he turned 80. Ballestrero attended the various episcopal gatherings that the pope called and he was also appointed as a special papal representative to the inaugural ceremonies of the Theresian Year that commemorated the fourth centennial of the death of Saint Teresa of Avila which was from 14 October until 15 October 1981 in both Alba de Tormes and Ávila.
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Nepotism thus diminished King Charles' control over Rome and central Italy. In 1280, Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini was Auditor causarum (Judge) in a case involving the Bishop of Brescia and a Canon of Parma.Registres de Nicolas III, p. 282, no. 634 (5 April 1280). When Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury was promoted to the cardinalate on 12 March 1278, leaving the See of Canterbury vacant, the electors chose the Bishop of Bath and Wells, Robert Burnell as his successor; but his translation to Canterbury was refused by Pope Nicholas III, and John Peckham was appointed instead; then Robert Burnell was elected to the vacancy at Winchester following the death of Nicholas Ely, and that election was submitted for examination to a committee of cardinals which included Cardinal Matteo, but the Pope decided that he could not allow that translation either, though it was in proper form, as a matter of principle.
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He was raised to the cardinalate, and his nephew and heir, Antoine de Blanchefort, assumed the name and coat-of-arms of Créquy. Charles I de Blanchefort (1578-1638), Prince de Poix, Seigneur de Créquy, de Fressin et de Canaples, Marquis de Vizille et de Treffort, Comte de Sault, Baron de Vienne-le-Chastel et de La Tour d'Aigues, Duc de Lesdiguieres, Marshal of France and peer of France, son of Antoine de Blanchefort, saw his first fighting at Laon in 1594 and was wounded at the capture of Saint-Jean-d'Angély in 1621. In the following year, he became a marshal of France. He served through the Piedmontese campaign in aid of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy in 1624, as second in command to the Constable of France, François de Bonne, Duc de Lesdiguires, whose daughter, Madeleine, he had married in 1595.cf.
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De Magistris became head of the Apostolic Penitentiary in 2001, an important position in the Vatican bureaucracy which normally is followed by elevation to the cardinalate, but he retired less than two years later and was made a cardinal only in 2015 by Pope Francis. According to Kenneth Woodward, author of "Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't, and Why," Opus Dei members put hundreds of bishops under financial pressure in order to have them send positive reports about Escrivá to the Vatican. Especially in the Third World, bishops were allegedly told that financial contributions from Opus Dei might be in jeopardy if they did not answer the request for positive testimony. According to Woodward, 40% of the testimony came from just two men, (Alvaro) Portillo (deceased Opus Dei prelate and Escrivá's successor) and his assistant Father Javier Echevarria, (current Opus Dei prelate).
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On 7 November 1716, the Royal Chapel became a patriarchal metropolitan See by the papal bull In supremo apostolatus and José Manuel became a member of the Colégio dos Principais, and as its rector, he presided over the Te Deum, in which for the first time all the dignities used habits of prelate. Assigned as a judge of the Supreme Court of the Inquisition of Lisbon, and president of the Great Curia. Deputy for the Board of the Three States and Ombudsman of Atalaia. Named by the King, primarius principalis of the cathedral church of Lisbon, and protonotary apostolic. He was promoted to the cardinalate at the request of King João V, and was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 10 April 1747, with a brief apostolic of 17 April 1747, Monsignor Carlo Livizzani took the cardinal's cap to Lisbon, since he never went to Rome to receive the cap and the title.
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The first known cardinal-nephew after 1059 is Anselm of Lucca, the nephew or brother of Pope Alexander II (1061–1073), although until the end of 12th the majority of the alleged cases of such appointments are dubious, either because the relationship between the Pope and cardinal is not proven, or because the cardinalate of the papal kinsman is uncertain.For the discussion concerning dubious cases see List of cardinal-nephews. However, it is beyond doubt that the promotions of papal relatives to the College of Cardinals were common in 13th century. Pope Paul III with his cardinal-nephew Alessandro Farnese (left) and his other grandson, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (right) According to historian John Bargrave, "by the Council of Bazill, Session 21, the number of cardinals was not to be above 24, and not any nephew of the Pope or of any cardinal was to be of that number. (Session 23.)"Bargrave, John, edited by James Craigie Robertson, 1867.
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On 5 March 1537 he became administrator of the Diocese of Bisignano. His elevation to the cardinalate was published in the consistory of 13 March 1538; he received the red hat and the deaconry of San Nicola in Carcere on 16 April 1538. On 8 August 1539 he was elected Bishop of Conza. He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Capua on 5 May 1546. He resigned the administration of Bisignano on 13 March 1549. He participated in the papal conclave of 1549-50 that elected Pope Julius III. He became administrator of the see of Quimper on 14 July 1550. On 9 March 1552 he opted for the deaconry of Sant'Eustachio. He participated in both the papal conclave of April 1555 that elected Pope Marcellus II and the papal conclave of May 1555 that elected Pope Paul IV. He later participated in the papal conclave of 1559 that elected Pope Pius IV. On 7 January 1560 he was named governor of Cesi, Terni.
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In 2005, Veronese was appointed by California Senator John Burton to the California Commission on Criminal Justice. In this capacity, Veronese has focused on reforming marijuana enforcement practices so the state can use tens of millions of federal dollars to reduce guns, gangs, and violent crimes throughout the state. Also in 2005, Veronese called for the city to investigate alleged misuse of public funds by Gary Delagnes, president of the police union, who was taking a yearly police salary of $100,000 while working full-time for the union; Delagnes demanded Mayor Newsom fire Veronese. In April 2006, Veronese was chosen by Mayor Newsom to represent San Francisco in Rome at the consistory that raised William Levada to the cardinalate; Veronese led a delegation of interfaith leaders of every large religious group in San Francisco to Rome and continues to work with religious groups to find common ground on difficult and controversial issues facing San Francisco.
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Donna Olimpia Aldobrandini was born 20 April 1623, the daughter of Giorgio Aldobrandini (Prince of Meldola, Sarsina and Rossano) and Ippolita Ludovisi (daughter of Orazio Ludovisi, sister of Niccolò Ludovisi and a niece of Pope Gregory XV).Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes, by George L. Williams (2004) In 1638, she married Prince Paolo Borghese of the Borghese family who died in 1646. The following year, in 1647, she married Camillo PamphiliDoria Pamphilj Gallery (see also Doria Pamphilj Gallery) (son of Olimpia Maidalchini and nephew of Pope Innocent X) who renounced a cardinalate to become her husband.Note: The two families were already close - Olimpia's uncle Niccolò Ludovisi had married Camillo's sister, Costanza Pamphili. Part of her dowry of her second marriage was a collection of paintings (including masterpieces removed from the Duke of Ferrara's "Camerino d’Alabastro"), villas in Montemagnanapoli and Frascati, the great Aldobrandini estates in Romagna on the Corso in Rome and the Palazzo Aldobrandini.
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There was change in the constitution of the College of Cardinals during the course of the fifteenth century, especially under Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII. Of the twenty-seven cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than ten were Cardinal-nephews, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the Holy See; only four were able career churchmen. On the death of Pope Innocent VIII on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the Papacy were the sixty-one-year-old Borgia, seen as an independent candidate, Ascanio Sforza for the Milanese, and Giuliano della Rovere, seen as a pro-French candidate. It was rumored but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule-loads of silver.
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Anastasio Alberto Ballestrero (3 October 1913 – 21 June 1998) - in religious Anastasio del Santissimo Rosario - was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and professed member from the Discalced Carmelites who served as the Archbishop of Turin from 1977 until his resignation in 1989. Ballestrero was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979 and became a leading progressive voice in the Italian episcopate during his time as the head of the Italian Episcopal Conference in the pontificate of the conservative Pope John Paul II. Ballestrero likewise was known for being reserved when it came to the Shroud of Turin as opposed to the enthusiasm of John Paul II for the relic. The cardinal allowed for testing of the shroud and announced that the relic itself was a product of the Middle Ages as opposed to the genuine burial cloth of Jesus Christ. The beatification process was launched in Turin and he became titled as a Servant of God.
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50) In the Copiador version there are passages (omitted from the printed editions) petitioning the monarchs for the honors promised him at Santa Fe, and additionally asking for a cardinalate for his son and the appointment of his friend, Pedro de Villacorta, as paymaster of the Indies. The Copiador letter signs off as "made in the sea of Spain on March 4, 1493" ("Fecha en la mar de España, a quatro días de março"), a stark contrast to the February 15 given in the printed versions. There is no name or signature at the end of the Copiador letter; it ends abruptly "En la mar" ("At sea"). In the printed Spanish editions (albeit not in the Latin editions nor the Copiador), there is a small postscript dated March 14, written in Lisbon, noting that the return journey took only 28 days (in contrast with the 33 days outward), but that unusual winter storms had kept him delayed for an additional 23 days.
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But he sent to Rome, Chevalier, the Jansenist Vicar-General of Meaux whom the Pope did not, however, admit to his presence, when it became known that his sole purpose was to wrest the admission from Clement XI that the Bull was obscure and required an explanation. In a consistory held on June 27, 1716, the Pope delivered a passionate allocution, lasting three hours, in which he informed the cardinals of the treatment which the Bull had received in France, and expressed his purpose of divesting Noailles of the cardinalate. The following November he sent two new Briefs to France, one to the regent, whose co-operation he asked in suppressing the opposition to the Bull; the other to the acceptants, whom he warned against the intrigues of the recalcitrants, and requested to exhort their erring brethren to give up their resistance. On March 1, 1717, four bishops (Soanen of Senez, de La Broue of Mirepoix, Colbert of Montpellier and Delangle of Boulogne) drew up an appeal from the Bull to a general council, thus founding the party hereafter known as the "appellants".
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Cathedral of Valencia, which Borja never visited during his tenure as archbishop of Valencia, a post held by a Borja since 1429 On 20 March 1500 his grand uncle Pope Alexander VI created him cardinal deacon in pectore; Borja's cardinalate was published during another consistory on 28 September 1500 and he was formally given the Red Hat on 2 October 1500; effective from 5 October 1500 his deaconry was S. Maria in Via Lata. While already a cardinal, Borja was elected archbishop of Valencia, a post he would hold until his death, on 29 July 1500, succeeding his brother, Juan. Borja would never visit the diocese as archbishop; instead he took possession of it through a procurator, Guillem Ramón de Centelles, on 29 August 1500. There is no evidence that he was ever consecrated, although he received the post of penitentiary major on the condition that he receive priestly ordination, which he did in 1502, assuming the post on 7 December 1503; he would remain penitentiary until his death.
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Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. Cardinal-priest Thomas Wolsey While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly.
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When this was renamed the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1965, Parente became secretary, but he was viewed by Paul VI as too outspoken in personality to be given the job of prefect - which was given to the lesser-known but friendly and tactful Yugoslav Franjo Šeper. Parente was elevated to the cardinalate on 26 June 1967, ceasing thereupon to be Secretary of the Congregation, since that post, subordinate to that of Prefect, could not be held by a cardinal. Although his knowledge and ability was still seen as very valuable in later years, Parente's days as one of the foremost theologians in the Vatican had largely gone by the time he became a cardinal. He was originally highly dubious about the Vatican rehabilitating Galileo during the Vatican Council, but was less opposed to it by the time Pope John Paul II officially did so in 1979, and he spoke at the age of 91 on the 1700th anniversary of the conversion of Armenia to Christianity in an effort to unite the Roman and Armenian Churches.
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Hyacinthe Thiandoum (2 February 1921 – 18 May 2004) was the first native Archbishop of Dakar (Senegal) and who was elevated to the cardinalate in mid-1976 by Pope Paul VI. Born 1921 in Poponguine, Senegal, his father was a catechist. After finishing his secondary studies, he entered the regional seminary of Dakar and was ordained a priest on April 18, 1949, did parish work for two years and then went to Rome for further study at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He returned to Senegal in 1953 and, after working as a chaplain to Catholic action groups, became parish priest of the Dakar cathedral in 1960 and Vicar General the following year. On May 20, 1962, he was consecrated as Archbishop of Dakar by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, his predecessor in the see. He was made a Cardinal-Priest by Paul VI in the Consistory of May 24, 1976, receiving the Title of Santa Maria del Popolo. Until 1987, he was president of the Bishops’ Conference of Senegal-Mauritania, and an elected member of the Council of the World Synod of Bishops.
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Doria studied philosophy and theology in Spain being promoted to the Cardinalate at the instance of King Felipe II of Spain. Once king Philip II died, he was created cardinal deacon, aged 31, in the consistory of June 9, 1604. Doria was granted permission to receive the sacred orders outside the Ember days, December 9, 1604. He participated in the first conclave of 1605, which elected Pope Leo XI, and in the second conclave of 1605, which elected Pope Paul V. Doria received the red hat, the deaconry of S. Adriano, December 5, 1605, and Abbot commendatario of San Fruttuoso in Camogli. He was elected titular archbishop of Tessalonica and named coadjutor, with right of succession, of Palermo, on February 4, 1608 and was consecrated, May 4, 1608, at Rome, by Pope Paul V. He succeeded to the see of Palermo, Sicily, July 5, 1608. Viceroy of Sicily and lieutenant of the king of Spain, February 8, 1610 – March 1611, July to August 1616, from August 1, 1624 to 1626 and from 1639 to June 1641.
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Pope Pius X appointed him Bishop of Loja on 30 December 1911 and de la Torre worked as a parish priest throughout this period. Despite his unusually youthful appointment as a bishop, it took a long time for him to advance further: he was only transferred to the more important diocese of Guayaquil in 1926 and promoted to Archbishop of Quito at the age of fifty-eight in 1933. However, his ability was recognised eventually after World War II by Pope Pius XII in 1946 when he became Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, and gradually over the next decade his long period of service to the Church was recognised though his elevation to the cardinalate at the advanced age of seventy-eight in January 1953 (when he had already been a bishop for forty years). He was also decorated by the Spanish government with the Cruz of Alfonso X el Sabio at the same time and in the following years he began addressing the issue of extreme social inequality in Latin America and the problem of the evangelical inroads that were just beginning to emerge in Latin America.
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Giovanni Battista Scalabrini (8 July 1839 – 1 June 1905) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate and the Bishop of Piacenza from 1876 until his death; he was the founder of both the Missionaries of Saint Charles and the Mission Sisters of Saint Charles. Scalabrini's rise to the episcopate came at a rapid pace after giving a series of lectures on the First Vatican Council in 1872 and his staunch dedication to catechism which led Pope Pius IX to dub him as the "Apostle of the Catechism"; successive popes Leo XIII and Pius X held him in incredible esteem and both failed to convince him accept archdioceses or the cardinalate. He made five pastoral visits across his diocese which proved to be an exhaustive but effective mission of evangelization and his efforts at reforming seminaries and pastoral initiatives earned him praise even from the secular detractors who criticized him for his strict obedience to the pope. The bishop's episcopal tenure resulted in the establishment of the "Saint Raphael Association" dedicated to the care of Italian migrants which proved to be a cause he held close to his heart.
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