470 Sentences With "car body" | Random Sentence Generator

Staff buff the outer shell while eyeing the car body for inconsistencies.

They've been spray-painted by professional car body specialists and are lacking lacquer.

Would an engineer accept widgets that didn't fit together or crooked car-body panels?

Ranger's gun dealing began with a police officer visiting him at work at a car body shop.

Grosvenor's disfiguring of the cars — his stripping away of things attached to the car body — is disturbing.

The plant in Queretaro will manufacture sound-dampening treatments and car body parts, it said in a statement.

On a production line a robot arm lifts a newly pressed roof, rotates it and sets it onto a car body.

That cloud, sprayed toward the car body, gets a light electric charge to attract it to the target, cutting down on waste.

The company said on its website the rubber is able to move with electric power and change the shape of the car body.

It's like when the rolling car body designs of the sixties and 70s started giving way to the aggressively geometric looks of the eighties.

The car body also encouraged both sides to agree simplified customs procedures and ensure that authorities were able to carry out necessary checks as rapidly as possible.

I'd been told the handles weren't automated as they are on the $23,000 Model S, so I was surprised to find them still flush with the car body.

"Side parts for car body production are currently in short supply in sections of downstream vehicle construction because of this technical problem," VW said in an emailed statement.

Yet, under the sports car body, the Honda Sports EV Concept hides some of the same technology as the Urban EV concept that's already set for production in 2019.

Shaw noted the proposed U.S. duty would take the total cost for the 150 kg (330 lbs) of aluminum contained of the average car body to $365 from $330.

In February, Canoo announced a deal with Hyundai to jointly develop an electric car platform — the chassis, electric motors, batteries and other components that sit below the car body.

Instead of making an aircraft's wing or car body by welding, riveting and bolting together hundreds of individual components, these bits can be consolidated into a single carbon-fibre structure.

Fascinated with the new materials becoming available, he designed a streamlined fiberglass car body that could be purchased as a kit and installed on the chassis of a Volkswagen Beetle.

"I got the feeling Lucas didn't want what he was in anymore," said neighbor Tyler Anderson, 41, a car-body technician, who showed Morton how to wire up solar panels.

The United States on Tuesday said it would impose duties of more than 500 percent on Chinese cold-rolled flat steel, widely used for car body panels, appliances and in construction.

An average car, both electric and non-electric, is full of semiconductors with about 50 throughout the powertrain (for EVs that means the electric motor and battery) and main car body.

Based on the iconic design of racing convertibles, the 10 has a low, single-seat cockpit, which designers called "the bathtub," since only the driver's head is visible above the car body.

The United States said on Tuesday it would impose duties of more than 500 percent on Chinese cold-rolled flat steel, which is widely used for car body panels, appliances and construction.

It helps that batteries in EVs usually lie flat on the bottom of the car body, making it easier for the car's cabin to open up for the driver and front passenger areas.

Next to vacant lots and car body repair shops live women like Paula Gaines, who sleeps in a trailer without any car to pull it, with a single green candle as her only source of light.

Aluminum is the most extensively used non-ferrous metal in the world, according to the London Metal Exchange, and is used in a variety of products ranging from window frames to car body panels, wiring and kitchen utensils.

In a marked escalation of the spat, the United States on Tuesday said it would impose duties of more than 500 percent on Chinese cold-rolled flat steel, widely used for car body panels, appliances and in construction.

The European Commission opened an investigation into the deal in March, worried that the deal may reduce competition in the supply of various semi-finished aluminum products, reduced choice in suppliers and higher prices for aluminum car body sheets.

It looks like a standard Jeep Cherokee Wagon SUV, but when it gets stuck in traffic, the car body can lift up, the wheel base widens and then the car can drive right over other bumper-to-bumper- cars.

"As the U.S. standards regulating fuel efficiency become stricter, car bodies need to become lighter and safer, which means demand for galvanized higher-strength steel used in the car body structure will likely increase in the future," he said.

The vehicles were tested in cold temperatures and snowy conditions for durability, powertrain calibration for certain road conditions, and tests to see how the chassis, car body, battery system, air condition and heating system all work in sub-optimal situations.

As he told me this, he sketched an agitated diagram on a scrap of paper, the rectangle of the car body, with an X in the back corner for him, an X in the opposite front corner for the driver.

It resembles Google's updated self-driving car, the panda-like EV, but it's got more cabin room and still uses an existing vehicle platform for the basic car body and drivetrain, fitted with a sensor array up top for autonomous features.

"If the car changes its line in that corner it may be a tire flexing, the suspension bushes that have gone through their stroke, or a problem with the stiffness of the car body, or its electronic stability program," Schoysman explained.

Yet the necessary patience and continuous investment in advancing technology improvement in machinery prevalent elsewhere in the world seems to be losing ground here in US. You do not see those large stamping presses used to make car body panels made in United States.

Visitors can tour the estate of Robert Samuel McLaughlin, who sold his family's carriage and car body factory to the U.S. company in 1918 and became a GM vice president, or watch the local hockey team, the Oshawa Generals, at the General Motors Centre.

Kobe Steel, which also makes aluminum automotive products, sees high-strength steel will be mainly used in car body structures where strong safety in cases of collision is required, while aluminum and resin will be increasingly used in panels such as rooftops and doors, Onoe said.

ON A back road in the Llobregat valley west of Barcelona, amid a jumble of old wine-growing villages and modern factories, stands a research centre owned by Gestamp, a Spanish firm that in just two decades has become one of the world's leading makers of car body-parts, doors and bonnets.

AIRC (International Car body repair Association) General Secretary Karel Bukholczer made clear that DRP's have had big impact on car body repair shops.

CAM was first used in 1971 for car body design and tooling.

Fisher and Ludlow was a British car body manufacturing company based in Castle Bromwich, Birmingham.

Buyers opting for the larger engined Type 68C had the chance to specify a racing car body.

The Glasspar G2 was a sports car body first manufactured by Bill Tritt in 1949. It is no longer built today. It was the first production all-fiberglass sports car body built by an American fiberglass manufacturer. A few were built as complete cars (in limited numbers) but most were offered as a body, or body/chassis kit.

Chevrolet C/K with Body side moldingAutomotive molding or car body molding are decorative and protective moldings on the car body. The term applies both to the detail and the material. Car moldings include side body molding, lower body molding, door moldings, window moldings, footrest molding, mudflaps, etc. They are often found in services in association with car mats, etc.

In 1930, each new car cost $39,201: $30,483 for the car body under contract R1, and $8,718 for trucks and motors under contract R2.

William Lawton-Goodman died in 1932, but his sons carried on the business, turning to commercial vehicle bodies but continuing some car body work.

In addition to his military service as a mechanic, Allingham spent the vast majority of his professional life as an engineer. His employers included Thorns Car Body Makers, Vickers General Motors and H.J.M. Car Body Builders.Allingham and Goodwin, pp. 133–137 He started his longest stretch of employment in 1934 designing new car bodies for the Ford Motor Company at their Dagenham plantAllingham and Goodwin, p.

Wilhelm Karmann Jr. joined the company at the age of 19. After an orientation phase, he started an apprenticeship at a Southern German car body company and at Deutsche Fiat. From 1935 to 1937, he studied at the Berlin Technical School for Car Body and Vehicle Construction. Following his exams, he worked as a design engineer in the production- engineering department of Ambi-Budd.

Barényi questioned the opinion prevailing until then, that a safe car had to be rigid. He divided the car body into three sections: the rigid non-deforming passenger compartment and the crumple zones in the front and the rear. They are designed to absorb the energy of an impact (kinetic energy) by deformation during collision. The first Mercedes- Benz car body developed using this patent was the 1959 Mercedes W111 “Tail Fin” Saloon.

Matiullah Turab (; born in the 1960s) is an Afghan poet. His poetry has been popular in Afghanistan. He grew up in Nangarhar Province and works as a car body maker.

The Skyactiv-Body is a next-generation, lightweight, highly-rigid car body, with improved crash safety performance. The Skyactiv-Body is 8% lighter and 30% more rigid than previous generations.

The situation forced Uhry to sell the vehicles below their real value and to take loans. Eventually, by 1932 the situation led to the bankruptcy of Uhry Imre Car body and Trailer Factory.

Like NASCAR, the car body designs are based on the Chevrolet SS, Dodge Charger, Ford Fusion, and the Toyota Camry. The most recent series champion is Josh Brock who piloted the #17 car.

Svim; for the construction and repair of the railway car body Alstom and RFI. Among the companies working with advanced teconology, Avio operates in the aerospace sector. Simmel business is in the war industry.

Johnny K. Larsson (born 19 July 1949) is a Swedish engineer and Technical Specialist, Body-in-White Joining Technologies, at Volvo Car Corporation, where he focuses on joining technologies for passenger car body structures.

In 1964 he travelled to the United States and lived in New York City for a year. Back in Switzerland, he made an apprenticeship at a car body tinsmith’s to learn the art of blacksmithing.

17; Issue 57152 By this time PS-F had become the world's largest independent car body and car body tool manufacturer, and supplied bodies and tools not only for the British motor industry but also for Volvo, Alfa Romeo and Hindustan Motors. Under BLMC the Pressed Steel-Fisher business became the Pressed Steel Fisher division. In 1975 BLMC was nationalised and became British Leyland Limited.Government takes over the restyled Leyland, British Leyland today joins the ranks of nationalized industries The Times, Monday, 11 August 1975; pg.

Now that turn-around time between two consecutive job-submissions (computer runs) did not exceed one day, engineers were able to make efficient and progressive improvements of the crash behavior of the analyzed car body structure.

It reveals until he guards the Heartcatch Mirage to test Pretty Cures and is defeated to leak his identity. He is named after Coupé, a type of closed car body style used on hardtop sports cars.

The first car body was assembled in Togliatti in October 2015 for testing, whereas the actual production of market vehicles started in December 2015. The first XRAYs appeared in the Russian market on 14 February 2016.

The Fiat Barchetta () (Type 183) is a roadster produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat from 1995 to 2005. "Barchetta" in Italian means "little boat", and also denotes a type of open-top sports car body style.

Both stages of the suspension incorporate shock absorbers: the axlebox suspension has 2 friction shock absorbers per axle, and the central suspension has 5 hydraulic shock absorbers (on trucks with coil springs only). The car body rests on skid pads on the cast side flanges of the bolster; these skid pads are made of layered plastic, and serve to reduce the rolling and yawing movements of the trucks and car bodies. The car body is also connected to the center of the bolster by means of the central pivot—a vertical steel rod mounted in the center of the bolster, which transmits the traction and braking forces from the truck to the car body, and also receives part of the car body's weight. On the trailer cars, the trucks are similar to those of ordinary passenger cars, but have shorter frames.

Thus, each car had a tramway-like platform on both ends used by passengers to board and leave the train when on surface. When on duty in the tunnel, passengers used the pair of sliding doors on each side of the car body. The CTAA bought 115 cars, all of them with the same technical characteristics but with two different car body layout (or "series"). The first series cars -numbered 5 to 50-, together with four English Electric luxury cars -numbered 1 to 4 and forming a special train-, began service on December 1, 1913.

Robert Lincoln recalled the incident in a 1909 letter to Richard Watson Gilder, editor of The Century Magazine. > The incident occurred while a group of passengers were late at night > purchasing their sleeping car places from the conductor who stood on the > station platform at the entrance of the car. The platform was about the > height of the car floor, and there was of course a narrow space between the > platform and the car body. There was some crowding, and I happened to be > pressed by it against the car body while waiting my turn.

Cathodic electrodeposition resins dominate and they have revolutionised corrosion protection in the automotive industry. They are applied as OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) rather than as a refinishing system. Cathodic resins contain amines on the polymer backbone which are neutralised by acids groups such as acetic acid to give a stable aqueous dispersion. When an electric current is passed through a car body that is dipped in a bath containing a paint based on a cathodic electrodeposition resin, the hydroxyl ions formed near the cathode deposit the paint on the car body.

Passwater worked at car repair shops. He opened a car body repair shop named Passwater's Auto Specialists in Broad Ripple. He retired in 1996 and moved to Sarasota, Florida. Passwater died in July 2020, shortly before his 94th birthday.

Dalscote is a small village in South Northamptonshire, England. It is north of Towcester and between Gayton and Eastcote. There is a car-body repair workshop there but no other amenities. It is in the civil parish of Pattishall .

One of a pair of plates which fit one into the other and support the car body on the trucks allowing them to turn freely under the car. The one on the truck may also be called center bowl.

The Aero was a Czechoslovak automobile company that produced a variety of models between 1929 and 1947 by a well-known aircraft and car-body company owned by Dr. Kabes in Prague-Vysocany. Now Aero Vodochody produces aircraft only.

Advertisement for Vincents of Reading, 1920s William Vincent Ltd., often known as Vincent of Reading, was a British coachbuilder founded in 1805 making carriages but in 1899 they made their first car body and later made bodies for commercial vehicles.

These films are typically cut on a computer-controlled plotter (see vinyl cutter) or printed in a wide-format printer. These sheets and films are used to produce a wide variety of commercial signage products, including car body stripes and stickers.

Contributing to the derailment was (1) the undesirable contact of the truck bolster bowl rim with the car body center plate and (2) the hollow worn wheels on the 18th car, which further diminished the steering ability of the truck assembly.

The Peugeot Type 10 was a 5-seater closed-top car (body style similar to that of an estate car) produced from 1894 to 1896 by Peugeot. The engine was a V-twin that displaced 1645 cc. Three units were made.

Fiat 306 Barbi in Modena, Italy The Fiat 306 was an Italian bus produced by Fiat Veicoli Industriali (FIAT's bus division before the creation of the IVECO consortium) from 1956. It was manufactured in 3 series: 306/2 was launched in 1960, while 306/3 was from 1962, with different car body. The Fiat 306 was delivered as a chassis, to which was later added a car body by different companies, including CANSA, Carrozzeria Orlandi, Menarini, Carrozzeria Barbi, the Belgian Van Hool, and others. The Fiat 306, whose production ended in 1982, was massively used in Italy by numerous local transport administration.

Starting in 2005, Tranz Metro undertook a major refurbishment of the DM/D sets. As part of this, DM 297 and D 2778 were painted in a new two-tone livery which would later be used on all sets with the exception of the three "heritage" units. The car body was "Cato Blue" with a grey roof and headlight mount, yellow cab fronts and black underfloor equipment and running gear. There was a Royal Blue window band along the side of the cars, while a black strip separated the grey roof colour from the car body.

65 This French 320 mm railway gun uses sliding recoil. The jacked-down sleepers are visible at full-size. Sliding recoil has the car body sitting on a set of wooden crossbeams or "sleepers" placed underneath it which have been jacked down on to a special set of girders incorporated into the track so that about half the weight of the mount has been transferred to them from the trucks. The gun, car body and trucks all recoil together with the friction generated by the crossbeams sliding on the girders absorbing the recoil force after moving only about to the rear.

The R10s were originally numbered 1803–1852 and 3000–3349. Cars 1803–1852 were renumbered 2950–2999 in 1970. The R10s introduced many innovations. For the first time, the car body was of an all-welded low-alloy high tensile (LAHT) steel construction.

Cabriolet Bugatti Type 57 Stelvio by Letourneur & Marchand (1938) Delage D6-70 by Letourneur et Marchand (1947) Letourneur & Marchand, located in the prosperous Paris suburb Neuilly-sur-Seine, was a car body manufacturing business which became one of the last French coachbuilders.

The company, based in Amesbury, Massachusetts, originally manufactured car bodies. Amesbury was a major center of car body manufacturers prior to the Great Depression. In 1907, S.R. Bailey began the production of automobiles. The brand name was Bailey, sometimes with the addition of Electric.

The car bodies of the end cars are made out of steel. The intermediate cars have aluminium car bodies. Beginning with the 2. batch units, the car body construction of the end cars was changed from steel to aluminium, in order to save weight.

A three-box coupé, the Fiat 124 A three-box hatchback, the European Ford Escort sedan/saloon, the Renault Dauphine pillar configurations of a sedan/saloon (three box), station wagon/estate (two box), and hatchback (two box) from the same model range. The configuration of a car body is typically determined by the layout of the engine, passenger and luggage volumes, which can be shared or separately articulated. A key design feature are the car's roof supporting pillars, described from front to rear of the car as A-pillar, B-pillar, C-pillar or D-Pillar. Common car body configurations are one-box (e.g.

Sportsmen at Seekonk Speedway, lined up to start a heat race Division 3 of NASCAR Whelen All-American Series racing at Seekonk Speedway are the sportsmen. The sportsmen at Seekonk Speedway run any stock American-made chassis made from 1970 to the late 1980s on 7 inch American Racer treaded racing slicks. The engines are 358 cubic inch General Motors and Ford engines and 366 cubic inch Chrysler engines, with the option of running a crate engine, generating ~300-350 horsepower. There is a large variety of car body styles allowed to compete, with any car body made in America from 1970 to 1988 is allowed to compete.

The car body rode on rollers fitted into two U-shaped arms at the front and back of each bogie. Hydraulic rams moved the car from side to side along these arms, tilting it up to 8.5 degrees.See diagram, , or image, This made the bottom of the coach slide sideways while it rotated, so that the axis of motion was in the middle of the car body, instead of the top (like the Turbo) or bottom (like most tilt systems). This reduced the feeling of motion on the passengers by keeping the rotation close to their center of gravity, and reduced loads to 0.5 g.

They decided to have a Bentley 3½ Litre (chassis number B187BL) fitted with a Vanvooren body featuring a pillarless sedan body, another Vanvooren patented speciality. The car body had no B-pillar, and the rear door hinges were at the rear edge of the doors, so that when both front and rear doors were opened the entire passenger area could be accessed without the encumbrance of a central pillar. The "Pillarless saloon" was subsequently made available to the leading British coach builders so that they could study it in detail. Collaboration with Rolls-Royce also led to a cooperative relationship with their leading UK based car-body builder, Park Ward.

In several countries insurance companies offer direct repair programs (DRP) so that their customers have easy access to a recommended car body repair shop. Some also offer one-stop shopping where a damaged car can get dropped off and an adjuster handles the claim, the car is fixed and often a replacement rental car is provided. When repairing the vehicle the car body repair shop is obliged to follow the instructions regarding the choice of original equipment manufacturer (OEM), original equipment supplier parts (OES), Matching Quality spare parts (MQ) and generic replacement parts. Both DRPs and non OEM parts help to keep costs down and keep insurance prices competitive.

The ornaments on a Japanese-style hearse vary by region. Nagoya style decorates both the upper and lower halves of the car body.全国霊柩自動車協会 (Nagoya type hearse house type) from 09net.jp Kansai style has a relatively modest decorations unpainted.

The car body is built of stainless steel, with only bolsters and coupler pockets made of mild steel. The length is , and , and the capacity 165-294 seats. A variant of the Regina is used in China as the CRH1. Top speeds of various models range from .

Blue laser projection on composite material A laser projector projects different laser lines on welding seams on an aluminum car body In the steel industry for example laser projectors are used for the steel framing. Thereby the frame where the steel needs to be welded can be displayed.

The touring car body style was popular in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the two-seat runabout and the roadster. By the mid-1910s, the touring car body had evolved into several types, including the four-door touring car which was equipped with a convertible top. Most of Model T's produced by Ford between 1908 and 1927 were four and then three-door models (with drivers sliding behind the wheel from passenger seat) touring cars, accounting for 6,519,643 cars sold out of the 15,000,000 estimated Model T's built. This accounted for 44% of all Model T's sold over the model's eighteen-plus year life span, making it the most popular body style.

This livery was applied to set DM 147 by Tranz Rail's suburban operator Tranz Metro during the late 1990s, and was the only unit to wear this livery. The car body was painted in the standard Tranz Rail "Cato Blue" with a grey roof, yellow ends and headlight mount, and black underfloor equipment and running gear. The doors were unpainted aluminium while there were two black bands on the car body, one at floor level separating the running gear and underfloor equipment from the "Cato Blue" body and the other at roof level separating the grey roof from the blue body. Standard Tranz Metro logos were applied along the centre of the car sides.

ACF built these cars between 1932 and 1933. The 500 R4s were numbered 400–899 to continue the R1's sequence of numbers. The R5 contract order was for trucks and motors for the R4 fleet. In 1932, each new car cost $30,633 for the car body under contract R4.

The other 19 were gauge and varied considerably from the standard RDC-1 design. The car body was based on the Pioneer III coach. Internal seating was 48 with a small buffet area or 56 in an all-coach configuration. Several RDCs remain active on the Serra Verde Express tourist train.

The first order of the GE C44-9WL (2500–2522) was also initially an order for 18 locomotives with the full-width Draper taper car body. They were changed to a standard long hood with a CN-style four-window cab and the order was increased to 23 locomotives at the same price.

The Flying Standard Fourteen was a four-door five-seat saloon with a gently tapering body. From March 1937 the same specification was also made available as a 'Touring Saloon' incorporating increased luggage accommodation for touring "and the weekend golf clubs".New Car Body Styles. The Times, Friday, Mar 12, 1937; pg.

In 1963, Porsche acquired the car body factory. What remained was renamed to Recaro (REutter-CAROsserie), changing its focus to high-end seats. The company began producing both OEM seats for Porsche and a separate line of after-market seats. 1965 Recaro presents the first Recaro sports seat at the Frankfurt Motor Show.

The front moulding is completely covered with a cushion of energy absorbing material to present safer surfaces in the event of collision with a pedestrian, and thus minimise injury. The headlights are mounted high to increase the deformable area presented during collision with a pedestrian."Pininfarina Nido Concept (2004)". Car Body Design.

The change occurred as a result of gradual improvements to the quality of the cars in recent years and the signing of a new sponsor to the division. The speedway announced that more modern muscle car body packages will be introduced for the 2011 season including Dodge Challenger, Chevrolet Camaro, and Ford Mustang.

Budd moved the air vents from the bottom, where they had been on the Metroliner, to the top of the car. The top-mounted vents were less susceptible to clogging during snowfall. An Amfleet car is tall, wide, and long. The car body itself is built up from spot-welded stainless steel sections.

Alain Damasio was born in Lyon. his father was a self-employed car body mender, his mother was "Agrégée" (a high level academic achievement) in English. Alain Damasio graduated from high school in science. He then passed the exam to enter one of the top French business schools, the ESSEC Business School.

Comprehensive use of lightweight design techniques that reduce the weight of the car body by 25% and optimised aerodynamics reduce operating and maintenance costs and limit carbon dioxide and noise emissions. Furthermore, the weight savings will enable a double-decker car for GB PG1 gauge to be in line with the TSI-PRM standards and offer better seating comfort than many UK trains currently in operation. The load-bearing structure of the car body is adapted to the requirements and loads, with structural characteristics that are needed to ensure stability. This means that the interior design can be optimised, for example with regard to the design and shape of the upper deck floor, making a double-decker concept with high flexibility possible.

The third choice is to allow the separate gun mount to rotate with respect to the rail car body, known as a top-carriage traversing mount. This usually requires the gun to be mounted on a central pivot which, in turn, is mounted on the car body. With few exceptions these types of mounts require some number of outriggers, stabilisers, or earth anchors to keep them in place against the recoil forces and are generally more suitable for smaller guns. The American post–World War I assessment of railway artillery considered that the utility of even a small amount of traverse for fine adjustments was high enough that either of the two latter traversing methods is preferable to a fixed mount.

Albert Fisher (January 2, 1864 – March 15, 1942) was a pioneer in the burgeoning auto industry in Detroit. He was the uncle of the seven Fisher brothers, founders of Fisher Body. Albert Fisher built some of the first bodies for many automobiles and trucks. He built the first touring car body for Henry Ford.

Builder's photo of 11851 The 11851 was built in 1932. The car body was similar to 11801 but the driving wheels were smaller and the axles were driven by double-motors with a Winterthur Universal Drive. The power was increased to 6070 kW. The locomotive was equipped with driver's seats during a refurbishment in 1961.

Two paint lines (one car body, one component) were constructed from 2015. By 2014, half of the factory area was in use. The floors, walls and ceiling are painted white with skylights and high-efficiency lighting to create an environment similar to a laboratory, and the production environment is cleaner and quieter than at NUMMI.

The car body is made of stainless steel, and the under frame shares the similar material with LAHT steel. The trains sport a livery of yellow and purple cheatlines. The upper yellow lines represent mango, the unofficial national fruit. The thicker purple lines are based from the ube, and it sports a geometric ethnic design.

In common with many performance cars of the period, the Front UW 220 provided a claimed top speed of : presumably actual performance data would have varied according to the weight and wind-cheating qualities of each individual car body. Various body styles were offered, including four-door sports limousines and two-door cabriolets / roadsters.

The primary innovation in the pendulum car was in the design of the truck. The body of the car rested on coiled springs, which were in turn attached to the truck. This placed the car body, and the passengers, above the center of gravity. As the car entered curves, it could "tilt" or swing.

Fibreglass was originally used in the United Kingdom and United States during World War II to manufacture radomes. Uses of fibreglass include building and construction materials, boat hulls, car body parts, and aerospace composite materials. Glass-fibre wool is an excellent thermal and sound insulation material, commonly used in buildings (e.g. attic and cavity wall insulation), and plumbing (e.g.

The diesel generator set on the TE5 is not enclosed in a hood. Instead, it is placed in a car body and a boiler is provided for heating the cab and the machine room. The TE5 is designed to run short hood forward. The other structures, and thus the traction characteristics, are no different from the TE1.

Lexus production models are named alphanumerically using two-letter designations followed by three digits. The first letter indicates relative status in the Lexus model range (ranking), and the second letter refers to car body style or type (e.g. LS for 'luxury sedan'). The three digits indicate engine displacement in liters multiplied by a factor of one hundred (e.g.

The total weight is about 25% less compared to a conventional car-body. Each car has two small toilets and six priority seats at the lower deck. Depending on the train layout, a 200 m trainset with at least 627 and up to 700 seats can be achieved. This compares to a TGV Duplex with 510 seats.

De Tomaso Mangusta Maggiora was an Italian coachbuilder from Moncalieri near Turin. They produced the Fiat Barchetta and the Lancia Kappa Coupé which was designed by Centro Stile Lancia. In 2003 the company was closed. The company was formed in 1925 as Martelleria Maggiora by Arturo Maggiora as a high quality car body maker - a coach builder or 'Carrozzeria'.

"Flying Auto Crashes; Lands in California Mud Flats – Pilot Is Only Bruised. The New York Times, November 19, 1947. Using the same wing and another car body, the second prototype flew again on January 29, 1948 piloted by W.G. Griswold, but enthusiasm for the project waned and Convair cancelled the program."No. 2722. Convair 118 ConvairCar (NX90850).

There is a 15mm long exclusion zone behind the width of the front wheels. Car body The cars have to incorporate a virtual cargo horizontal to the track surface in between the centre of the axis of the wheels. This renders many "catamaran" designs insufficient. Cars have to be symmetrical to a vertically oriented reference plane.

The period children's book Wind in the Willows, pokes fun at early privileged motorists. The Automotive industry in France were the world leaders during this period. The Red Flag Act had obstructed automotive development in the UK until it was mostly repealed in 1896. The high wheeler was an early car body style virtually unique to the United States.

AR allows industrial designers to experience a product's design and operation before completion. Volkswagen has used AR for comparing calculated and actual crash test imagery. AR has been used to visualize and modify car body structure and engine layout. It has also been used to compare digital mock-ups with physical mock-ups to find discrepancies between them.

The undercarriage supports are integrated into the car body and take the form of cavity-sealed tubular steel frames. The design is torsion-free. The vehicle interior is predominantly aluminium, with no heat release. The vehicles are usually manufactured by Swiss cabin manufacturer, CWA Constructions, itself a subsidiary of Doppelmayr Garaventa Group; or Austrian cabin manufacturer, Carvatech.

The train car body is made of stainless steel, and similar to the 1000 class, the 1100 class have cheatlines of blue and yellow that run through its sides. The trains also served as a prototype for future LRVs made by Hyundai Precision, which bears resemblance to the trains used in the Adana Metro and the Istanbul T4 Line.

In the 1970s and 1980s, 112 T2 trams were modernized into T2R. Modernization included overhauling of electrical equipment (similar to Tatra T3) and some changes in the car body. That modernization helped the trams to survive into the 1990s. Two T2Rs were remodernized in the early 2000s in Liberec and these two remained in everyday use till 2018.

There, Prazina was last seen the night of 3 December 1993. He went out with his bodyguards after a game of cards and never came back. The next morning, German police found his Audi abandoned at the railroad station in Aachen. The car body had two bullet holes from a 9 mm handgun; presumed to be a Beretta.

Héctor O'Neill García was born on June 20, 1945 in Barrio Hato Nuevo of Guaynabo. His parents are Adrián O'Neill Meléndez and Heriberta García González. O'Neill studied his primary school at the Agustín Lizardi School in Hato Nuevo. He continued his studies at the Miguel Such Vocational School in Río Piedras where he graduated with a degree in car body repair and mechanics.

The incident took place at a local car body shop. Crawford had made a partial payment, but refused to pay the remainder after he wasn't satisfied with the work being done and amount being charged. He started to lower the car himself, damaging the hydraulic lift. At the hearing, Crawford was sentenced to 90 days in jail, but would be serving 53 days.

In 1943 to 1944, the remaining employees moved the company to Trebbin, Fläming Heath, twenty miles south of Berlin. In 1949, the last car body was manufactured (assembled on a Maybach SW 42 chassis). Destruction from war, a difficult economy and the separation of Berlin, caused huge problems for re-establishing the former business. Richard, son of Günter Peters, was the last CEO.

Some car bodies have been preserved after being removed from storage. Thus, a sidecar wreck in Oryahovo behind the station building and in Cherven Bryag two rail car body and a trailer body have been preserved. As a monument, the railcar 82-01 was set up in Bansko. At their delivery, the vehicles had a very modern silver-gray paint.

From the gearbox, the torque was transmitted to two drive axles using a transfer case and three driveshafts. The shafts and gearbox were in a special tunnel that ran along the car body. The front axle received a permanent drive, the rear - disabled. Both self- propelled axles were made rigid and attached to the chassis frame using leaf springs with hydraulic shock absorbers.

Feedback provides the position in space the car body occupies and what amount of actuator change needs to be applied to reach the next position and at what rate. Control also triggers various audio, receives location information from communications and adjusts power with Silicon Control Relays and Silicon Control Rectifiers to operate motors and switches, the most important switch being "STOP".

Buffalo Metro Rail LRV by Tokyu (1988) The car body shells and truck frames were built by Tokyu Car Corporation and the motors provided by Garrett, with assembly at the Boeing plant in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. After production was ended by Boeing, Tokyu Car Corporation built light rail cars for Buffalo Metro Rail which externally resemble the SLRV, but without articulation.

This vehicle, DB Class 488.0 (Panorama train) is a unique piece. The train consists of two railcars and a sidecar in between. It was created by conversion from old cars of the ET / EB 167, the later series 477/877. While the car body is largely a new build, many technical components of end-of-life vehicles were taken over in 1997-99.

The first trains had a Bo'1+1 Bo' axle layout, with later trains built to an articulated design, formed as two-car sets. Up to four sets can be coupled together to form a long train. The car body was constructed using lightweight steel, based on a design licensed from the American Budd Company. They are equipped with Kiepe-build quill drives.

His pictures of assembly line technology, car body parts and technical details of the Volkswagen Beetle were revolutionary, graphically designed photography through cropping and perspective. The Museum Folkwang and the F. C. Gundlach Foundation dedicated a comprehensive retrospective to the photographer in 2016 on the occasion of his 100th birthday under the title Peter Keetman. Gestaltete Welt (Peter Keetman. Shaping the World).

From 1988 to 1990 David Robertson of Invercargill, sold 6 Lotus 11 replicas called the Lotas 11. In 1989 Robertson introduced a new model called the Panache, By 1992 when production ended 8 cars had been sold. Of these 6 were similar in design to the Lotus 7 but more streamlined and the remaining 2 had a single mould sports car body.

When unoccupied, the remaining space, if any, under the seat's lid could be used for storing luggage. Illustration of rumble seat, c. 1913 Roadster, coupe and cabriolet car body styles were offered with either a luggage compartment or a rumble seat in the deck. Models equipped with a rumble seat were often referred to as a sport coupe or sport roadster.

Electrochromic paints change color in response to an applied electric current. Car manufacturer Nissan has been reportedly working on an electrochromic paint, based on particles of paramagnetic iron oxide. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles change spacing, modifying their color and reflective properties. The electromagnetic field would be formed using the conductive metal of the car body.

The ATA (Air Transport Auxiliary) were responsible for dispersing tested machines to the M.U.'s (Maintenance Units) around the country. As any build-up of machines on the airfield would be vulnerable to aerial attack, testing was carried out in any weather. After the war, the CBAF became a car body factory. It is now the Castle Bromwich Assembly plant of Jaguar Cars.

The Be 4/4 vehicles were designed to be of welded steel construction. This had to be regarded as a new construction, which is why car body loading tests were carried out with appropriate measurements. The matching unpowered cars, by contrast, have fully welded lightweight car bodies. The entire train composition from was designed the beginning to be operated by one man.

During the late 1940s Bill Burke of the So-Cal Speed Shop built the first "Lakester" from a surplus aircraft drop tank. The idea of using a tank as an aerodynamic car body came to Burke when he saw some drop tanks on a barge being taken ashore at Guadalcanal.Wilkinson, Stephan (2005). Man and Machine: The Best Of Stephan Wilkinson.

The car had come off the trucks, and the roof was completely crushed. The platform had been separated from the car body, and half of one side of the car had been smashed. The car interior was so jammed with wreckage that Tilden could neither enter the interior nor determine whether there were any bodies inside. At 2:00 p.m.

Milliput is a UK-based brand of epoxy putty used by modellers, and also for household and restoration applications. Created in 1968 by Jack and Lena Rickman, Milliput was initially marketed for use in DIY and car body repair projects. In 1970, the company realised that the material was used to sculpt models, and started to steer their product towards the modelling market.

The first post war owners were Fisher and Ludlow, themselves having been bombed out of their inner city factory. Fisher & Ludlow (later Pressed Steel Fisher) were a car body pressings sub-contractor for most of the (now-defunct) British Motor Corporation and later British Leyland marques, the last being Jaguar, who took over outright control of the factory in 1977.

Like the ABDeh 6/6, the ABDeh 8/8 has a second class compartment at the middle end of each car body. All three members of the class have a drive shaft with angled axle drive. In another departure from the ABDeh 6/6 configuration, the transformer in each vehicle is mounted under the floor, instead of above the entry platforms.

In each of the two car bodies, the compartment behind the cab was followed by an equipment room and toilet, then by an entry platform, and finally, towards the middle end of that car body, by the second class compartment. Both vehicles had a drive shaft with angled axle drive. The transformer in each vehicle was mounted above the entrance platform.

The engine was connected to the motor car's driving wheels via a Morse "silent" chain drive. After the restoration of Motor Car 22, the engine was replaced with a modern Caterpillar diesel engine because no original McKeen engine was available. The original chain drive was also replaced with a hydraulic drive. The car body was constructed from steel using a monocoque design and given an aerodynamic shape.

The Blue Line's Type I LRVs are numbered sequentially from 101 through 127. The Flexity Swift vehicle is an articulated design with three car-body sections, referred to as the A, B and C sections. The markings on the ends of LRVs indicate the vehicle number and section. For example, car 114 is marked 114A on one end and 114B on the other end.

Among other things, the physics engine simulates tires, the suspension, aerodynamics, the drivetrain, several gearbox types, clutch overheating, car body damage, and engine damage. The tire model features dynamic wear, dynamic dirt, flat spots, hot spots and tire wall deformation. The simulator supports 3D devices, including 3D TVs, headsets, projectors, the HTC Vive, and Oculus Rift (both DK1 and DK2, from version 0.6F and 0.6G).

The Škoda 15T ForCity was developed as highly modular; it is offered with up to five car body sections and in length. It may be used on gauges from up to and the body may be wide. The tram can be uni-directional or bi-directional. It can have from 60% of wheels driven up to all of the wheels driven for networks in hilly cities.

Yard switchers had diagonal orange stripes on the ends for visibility, earning this scheme the nickname of Tiger Stripe. Road freight units were black with a red band at the bottom of the car body and a silver and orange "winged" nose. "SOUTHERN PACIFIC" was in a large serif font in Lettering Gray (a very light gray). Railfans call this paint scheme Black Widow.

The R68's manufacturers suffered from significant system integration problems. Poor communication and coordination between the car body builder (ANF Industrie) and the chassis assembler (Westinghouse) led to operational failures. Due to this, the R68s became known as a "lemon". During the beginning of service, the R68s had problems with malfunctioning doors, faulty wiring, electrical controls that suddenly lost power, and malfunctioning air brakes.

Ideal introduced the Motorific line in 1964 as "The New Quick-Change Motor Toy",Ideal Toy Corporation v. The United States at Public.Resource.org offering a variety of popular car body styles that were interchangeable with common snap-on chassis and electric motors. Each of the three elements were sold separately and as sets in various combinations, as well as being packaged with a variety of track layouts.

Maruti 800 hatchback in India Hatchbacks are the highest selling car body style in India. The Maruti 800 sold over 2.5 million units since its launch in 1983. Since 2004, Maruti 800 has been overtaken by Maruti Alto as the car with highest annual sales. In 2015, Tata Motors launched a hatchback version of the Nano, the least expensive road car in the world.

Shooting-brake is a car body style which originated in the 1890s as a horse- drawn wagon used to transport shooting parties with their equipment and game. The first automotive shooting brakes were manufactured in the early 1900s in the United Kingdom. The vehicle style became popular in England during the 1920s and 1930s. They were produced by vehicle manufacturers or as conversions by coachbuilders.

De Dietrich, 1903 Roi-des-Belges body note: 1\. tulip shaped chairs and access restricted by chain drive so 2\. clean rear access for the then current very long clothes through (swivelling) front passenger seat Roi-des-Belges or tulip phaeton was a popular car body style for luxury motor vehicles in the early 1900s. It was a double phaeton with exaggerated bulges suggestive of a tulip.

In question, the film's production executive said Jug died of shock when he was in the water. He explained that the horse hit a (submerged?) car body with one hoof and had a heart attack. An investigation was required, and the authorities came to the conclusion that it was an accident. According to a spokesman for the Billings Humane Society, though, the sheriff's investigation was unsatisfactory.

In 1939, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships made Owens-Corning insulation standard in new warship construction. Warship insulation, called Navy Board, was a permanent form- board insulation covered with woven continuous fiber cloth. Owens-Corning produced a prototype boat hull constructed of fiber glass-reinforced plastic in 1944. In 1945, the company worked with an automaker to produce the first fiberglass-reinforced plastic car body.

There was one concept vehicle called the Chrysler 300, created in 1991. It featured a sports car body and a Viper engine. It was never produced. The 300 letter series name was resurrected in 1999 on the Chrysler 300M; but it is the 2005 300C that is closest to the original with its rear-wheel drive, and V8 engine once again bearing the "Hemi" name.

The design of the C341 train is very similar to the earlier C321 trains. However, upon closer inspection, there are several subtle differences with the car body, detrainment door, gangways and windows. Most notably, the trains initially did not have side LED destination displays or line colour indicators as they could not be installed during the warranty period. Such passenger information displays have however since been retrofitted.

Some very limited numbers of 'SW516i' station wagons were manufactured by New Armada, a local car body manufacturer based in Magelang, Central Java. It is based on the S516i. This item is now considered rare and highly priced by the car enthusiasts, however at the time it was officially sold in Timor dealers. TPN planned to build 50 SW516i, however only 30 was actually built.

In 1955 he switched to the design department, becoming director for car body development in 1959 at a time when the company was embarking on a period of intensive research into improving secondary safety – protecting the occupants of cars involved in accidents. His influence was especially evident in the designs of the SL sportcars, first the 300SL Gullwing and more recently the pagoda topped 230 SL.

In the early 1980s, using technology developed for the aerospace and nuclear industries, German car makers started complex computer crash simulation studies, using finite element methods simulating the crash behaviour of individual car body components, component assemblies, and quarter and half cars at the body in white(BIW) stage. These experiments culminated in a joint project by the Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik (FAT), a conglomeration of all seven German car makers (Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Opel (GM), Porsche, and Volkswagen), which tested the applicability of two emerging commercial crash simulation codes. These simulation codes recreated a frontal impact of a full passenger car structure (Haug 1986) and they ran to completion on a computer overnight. Now that turn-around time between two consecutive job-submissions (computer runs) did not exceed one day, engineers were able to make efficient and progressive improvements of the crash behaviour of the analyzed car body structure.

Although individual flat sheets of steel were structurally weak and prone to deform under pressure, once a steel sheet was stamped into a three-dimensional shape it became much more rigid, and by welding a number of these three-dimensional sheets together it became possible to create a car body stronger than a traditional timber framed car body, but one that weighed much less, so that the cars that used all steel bodies could be powered by smaller cheaper engines, or else provide more speed and better fuel economy. "All-steel" car bodies transformed the look, the noise and the smell car factories. They also transformed the economics of making cars. The heavy presses needed to make the steel panels were expensive, which was leading to a situation in Germany whereby many auto-makers would soon be buying their car bodies from one Ambi-Budd factory in Berlin.

53 Power was provided by an EMD 567B 16-cylinder engine which generated .The History of EMD Diesel Engines The GP7 was offered both with and without control cabs, and those built without control cabs were called a GP7B. Five GP7B's were built between March and April 1953. The GP7 was the first EMD road locomotive to use a hood unit design instead of a car-body design.

Primer as a step in the coating process of a car body. In practice, primer is often used when painting porous materials, including concrete and wood. Using a primer is considered mandatory if the material is not water resistant and will be exposed to the elements. Priming gypsum board (drywall) is also standard practice with new construction because it seals the wall from moisture and can prevent the growth of mold.

On the High Street is a fish and chip shop, "Docking Fish Bar" and a car body repair workshop, "Dennis Wright". The Village Hall, formally named the "Dr W.E. Ripper Memorial Hall", is also on the High Street and hosts an indoor market on Wednesday mornings. As Docking is close to the coastal resorts of Hunstanton, Heacham and Brancaster, there are several bed-and-breakfast establishments in the village.

There were also lighted signs to indicate whether a train was traveling via the Montague Street Tunnel or the Manhattan Bridge. The D-type is articulated, consisting of three car body sections, sequentially labeled A, B, and C carried on four trucks. All four trucks are powered by one motor each. Two trucks are placed on kingpins near the ends of the A and C sections and don't have contact shoes.

However, the railroad was not a major factor in local transportation at this time.Allentown Pennsylvania Bicentennial, Lehigh Country Sesquicentennial, Lehigh Country Historical Society, 1962. The primary passenger motive power for the LV in the diesel era was the ALCO PA-1 car body diesel-electric locomotive, of which the LV had fourteen. These locomotives were also used in freight service during and after the era of LV passenger service.

Alan Jensen's first Avon Special Jensen Motors Limited was a British manufacturer of sports cars and commercial vehicles in West Bromwich, England. Brothers Alan and Richard Jensen gave the new name, Jensen Motors Limited, to the commercial body and sports car body making business of W J Smith & Sons Limited in 1934. It ceased trading in 1976. Though trading resumed in 1998 Jensen Motors Limited was dissolved in 2011.

In the late 1920s Joseph Grose's children entered the business with Will Grose as Managing Director, Frank Grose as Sales Director and Kate as Company Secretary. Joseph died in 1939 and his children continued to run the Company. The company took a stand at the London Motor show for many years with their final appearance in 1936. Car body making continued until 1939 and commercial bodies until 1959.

This 1931 built locomotive had one Buchli drive per driving axle very similar to the SBB Ae 4/7. The drive was installed on the right side of each car body when looking in the direction of the driver's cab. The locomotive had a traction power of 5514 kW and was used in revenue service till 1975. It is now a preserved fully functional historic engine in the SBB-fleet.

Wegg 1990, p. 184. Hall subsequently designed a more sophisticated development of the Model 116, with a more refined car body and a more powerful "flight" engine. A Crosley engine was in the rear, powering the plastic-bodied 4-seat car and a Lycoming O-435C was used for the powerplant of the aircraft. A lofty production target of 160,000 was planned, with a projected $1,500 price tag.

The 38 was specially designed with an "offset" suspension, with the car body situated asymmetrically between the wheels, offset to the left using suspension arms of unequal length. Although in theory this was better suited for the ovals (which have only left turns), for example by evening out tyre wear between the two sides, in practice the handling was sufficiently idiosyncratic that the concept never caught on widely.

The car had bodywork developed by French firm SERA, who produced a car body with larger radius curves that someone remarked looked like a pig. Lapine painted the car pink, and added dotted lines with names of cuts of pork, giving the car the appearance of a butcher's diagram. The car was nicknamed "Die Sau" (German for "The Sow"), and the "Pink Pig". It raced at Le Mans in 1971.

This car was followed by many improved designs, including the first fully enclosed car body made in Australia. Later models included locally produced components including: engines, gearboxes and rear axles. The sole surviving Tarrant is on display at the RACV City Club, on the chancery level. In 1903, the Australian Motoring Association was formed in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria to protect the interests of motorists.

Cadillac town car, 1940 Ford introduced a town car body to its Model A line in December 1928. Designed by LeBaron and designated the 140-A, the Model A town car was sold until early 1930. 1,065 Model A town cars were built by the end of production in 1930. In 1940 and 1941, a limited edition model of the Cadillac Sixty Special carried the Town Car name.

1918 Studebaker Zeder then was hired in 1910 by a power plant in Detroit helping to build it. His next job, later in 1910, was at the E-M-F Company in Detroit taking charge of their engineering laboratory working on car body design, while still a consultant of the Detroit power plant construction project. Studebaker brothers (wagon builders) took over E-M-F. in 1912 to produce Studebaker automobiles.

The car body of a Model "T" Ford was wedged high up in the branches of a tree. In the 1960s and 1970s the national freight carrier IPEC housed its main office and distribution centre at Frewville. The building has now been subdivided into offices. On the northern side of the suburb, in the Glenside hospital, a chemical research company built a large two-storey building in Flemington Street.

Pearson was born near Spartanburg, South Carolina. When Pearson was young, he climbed a tree at the local stock car racing track (Spartanburg Fairgrounds) to see the races. Pearson said, "I'd always been interested in cars, and I decided right then that was what I wanted to do with my life." He worked with his brother in a car body repair shop, and used the money to purchase a Ford coach.

These small cars had a two-cylinder, two-stroke engine. The car was the first vehicle in the world to be industrially manufactured with a plastic car body. The former VEB Sachsenring manufacturing site was acquired by Volkswagen in 1990 and has since been redeveloped as an engine and transmission manufacturing facility. Audi-AG together with the city of Zwickau operates the August Horch Museum in the former Audi works.

Today it is used by many railcars and multiple units all over the world. In this construction, two adjacent car body ends of railway vehicles are based on a common bogie from which effort and weight can be saved. In the spring of 1914, the Association of German wagon factories was founded in Berlin. Jakobs became one of the two managing directors and moved with family Berlin-Dahlem.

The early Robin Hood S7 used the front subframe and mechanical components from any Dolomite, attached to a monocoque body made out of stainless steel. Later Robin Hoods were Ford based. The Latham F2 used Dolomite mechanicals (usually Sprints), but attached to a fibreglass sports car body. The Panther Rio was based on the Dolomite 1850 but was re-skinned with aluminium panels and had a completely revised interior.

At the time of the merger Pressed Steel was the largest independent manufacturer of car bodies and car body tooling in the world . In the third quarter of 1966 BMC completed its takeover of Jaguar CarsJaguars To Join Up With B.M.C. £18m. deal to strengthen front against Detroit The Times, Tuesday, 12 July 1966; pg. 1; Issue 5668190PC OF JAGUAR TAKE BMC The Times, Wednesday, 14 September 1966; pg.

At Kalmar production was carried out on 18 ft. battery-driven carriers, which held one single car body at a time. The carriers were designed to swivel and rotate the individual bodies so that workers could access every aspect of the car in a practical fashion. The best advantage with those carriers, was that they held car in best possible ergonomic position, and by that reduce the personnel's work related injuries.

The units also received a cut-down short hood for greater visibility. The D&H; was not overly fond of the conversions, referring to them as "Club Foots", because of their tendency to slip under heavy loads. It was thought that the 2000 hp prime mover was too powerful for the lightweight car body. Today, D&H; #506 survives at the Western New York & Pennsylvania Railroad as number 406.

They supplied their first car body in 1903. In 1907 they became Rolls-Royce agents and supplied many bodies on their chassis including on a 40/50 chassis the car known as the "Pearl of the East" probably the first Rolls-Royce to be exported to India. The long association with Rolls-Royce would continue with a Cockshoot bodied chassis appearing at every London Motor Show from 1911 to 1938 (except 1919).

Entering riders had to wait while exiting riders alighted from the train before they could begin a longboarding process. Consequently, the most prudent course of action was determined to be adding center doors to each Composite car. This modification took place from 1909–1912. Adding a center door to the car body, however, directly conflicted with the Manhattan style seating, so the center transverse seats had to be removed for these modifications.

Giuseppe Franco Angeli, the son of Erminia Angeli and Gennaro Gennarini, was born in Via dei Piceni in the Quartiere San Lorenzo district of Rome on May 14, 1935. Like his brothers Omero and Othello, he took his mother's surname. At the age of nine, following his father's death, Angeli began working as a storeroom boy. He also worked in a car body repair shop and was an upholsterer for a time.

From 1962 the business was concentrated on car body repairs, specialising in taxis. However, it did carry out a small series of bespoke conversions using Range Rovers, producing at least three lengthened-wheelbase "hunting vehicles" during the mid-1980s for General Secretary Erich Honecker. During its final years Rometsch turned to producing ambulance bodies and customising bus bodies for tour companies, while still also rebuilding damaged vehicles. The company closed in 2000.

Four similar EMD JT22CW-2 locomotives are used by Serbian Railways, designated as ŽS series 666. They were originally intended by Yugoslav Railways for use with Tito's special Blue Train, hence their all blue livery. These locomotives differ from the Irish units in being standard gauge rather than Irish 1600mm gauge and having a full width car-body. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the locomotives have been used to haul freight and passenger trains.

Little River in November 2006 The original VLocity livery consisted of purple and green facings on a stainless steel car body. In March 2008, newly built VLocity set VL41 was outshopped with an altered cab livery following recommendations in recent level crossing accident reports to make trains more visible to motorists. Portions of reflective yellow were added to the cabs, along with more reflective silver directly beneath the cab windscreen. All units were retrospectively treated.

Clerestory style vents in the upper roof opened for additional airflow. The car body was made entirely of steel, with drop sash windows running down the sides of the car. The cars used metal signage displayed in the side windows of the car to indicate destinations and routes. Kerosene lamps were displayed on the ends of trains as running lights – white for the front of the train and red for the rear.

Jaray designed the airship LZ 120 Bodensee on which airships such as the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, the LZ 129 Hindenburg and the LZ-130 were later based. Further experiments in LZ's wind tunnel led to his establishment of streamlining principles for car designs. In 1923 he moved permanently to Switzerland, opening an office in Brunnen. In 1927, Jaray founded the Stromlinien Karosserie Gesellschaft, which presented numerous designs for streamlined car body work.

The original livery of the DM and D class cars, introduced in 1938. This livery was replaced with standard "Midland Red" by 1949. The car body was painted in Royal Blue with a white band along the side below the windows and grey roof. The traction equipment and running gear were painted black, but were concealed under skirting until the war years when maintenance staff had them removed for ease of access.

The cab windows and headlight mounting were painted with a black surround. These sets were branded for New Zealand Railways Corporation suburban operator Cityline and carried the Cityline branding and logo under the central four windows on the car body side. The NZR logo was painted in front of the car numbers at either end. This was later removed when New Zealand Rail was split from the New Zealand Railways Corporation and Cityline renamed Cityrail.

The car body is made of stainless steel with a livery of sky blue and yellow fascia. Dimensions are nearly the same to the RT8D5M, which are also built for single-ended operations. It is connected by a Jacobs bogie and a gangway in each railcar section. It has a one-way eight- axle motorized car consisting of three articulations, which are connected to each other by the joint and the cover.

The other way is a window/wind-wing combo, using a wind-wing from a 65 Mustang in combination with a 1966 Ford LTD door glass and a regulator from a VW Karman Ghia. This is the type that the original Fiberfab manuals, gave instructions for. There are long door cars, and short door cars. The long door reaches all the way to the bottom of the car body and is a bit wider.

In a rear wheel drive car, the braking applied by the rear brakes is just as important as the power transmission, and the problem is the same and is solved in the same manner. Firmly anchoring the axle housing to the leaf springs transfers both directions of torque, (both acceleration and braking), to the car body. There is no connection between the Hotchkiss drive and the modern US suspension-modification company called Hotchkis.

The VW Karmann Ghia Type 14 is Karmann's best-known vehicle. Wilhelm Karmann Jr. conceived the idea in 1953, one year after taking over his father's car body company in Osnabrück. Karmann wanted to produce a sporty and open two-seater on the technical basis of the VW Beetle. Volkswagen was also interested in a sporty roadster that would be loved by American soldiers stationed in Europe and taken to the USA.

He switched to the Funny Car class in 2000 to join Foxen Canyon with Alan Johnson (the tuner) and Gary Scelzi. He opened the 2001 season with a win in Phoenix, and ended the season with a 6th-place points finish. In 2002, he came in mid-season when the team made a pioneering switch to a Toyota Celica funny car body. Sarver committed suicide by a gunshot on November 10, 2005.

The floor of the passenger car was a frame > of C-channel beams of 5 inch (12.7 cm) gauge. It was 51.16 feet (15.6 > metres) long, and 7.5 feet (2.3 metres) wide. The cylindrical car body was > formed of hoops of light iron T-bars bent into a circle of diameter 10.7 > feet (3.26 metres). The publicity emphasised the luxuriousness of the > fitting out: > >> The cars possess many novel features, both outside and inside.

The brake safety system had been bypassed with a small tree branch. The NTSB also noted a problem with the basic design: "The car body and the wheel-axle assembly are not articulated." The passing section of the track involves a short turning section which allows the cars to pass each other. The axles do not turn to follow the track, resulting in the wheel flanges grinding against the rail, causing excessive wheel wear.

The model designation stood for HR - High Reliability, 616 - 6 axles, 16 cylinder engine. One notable feature was the HR616 debuted the CN designed "Draper Taper" cowl car body as well as #2119 was the first to feature a desktop style control stand. The locomotives were retired from CN's fleet in the mid to late 1990s (2105 was first due to wreck damage suffered near London, Ontario), all units have been scrapped.

The trains were ordered in December 2015 as a replacement for the DT1 trains currently in service on the U-Bahn system. Construction of the trains began in 2017. The first painted car body was presented at the Siemens Vienna plant on April 17, 2018, and the first set was completed in December 2018. The order also includes options for 11 additional sets, six of which would replace the VAG Class DT2 trains.

Moskvitch-423 The Moskvitch 402 is a compact car manufactured by the former Soviet automobile maker MZMA, first time introduced in 1956 as a second generation of the Moskvitch series. In comparison with its predecessor, the Moskvitch-401, the M-402 model featured many improvements which included independent suspension with double wishbones, telescopic shock absorbers, 12-volt electrics, more solid and comfortable car body, more modern trunk, heater, standard car radio, wider viewing range for the driver, etc.

Her claws and teeth are sufficiently strong to puncture sheet steel, such as that found in a car body. Tigra also has a long semi-prehensile tail, and can willfully contact (but not grasp and lift) objects with it. Tigra's feline physiology grants her various superhuman attributes including superhuman strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, and resistance to physical injury. If she is injured, her physiology enables her to heal much faster and more extensively than an ordinary human.

The Turbine Car interior The car body is finished in a metallic, root beer-colored paint known as "turbine bronze". Its headlights, deeply-recessed taillights, turn signals, and pod- shaped backup lights are mounted in chrome bezels. The turbine-inspired style carries through to the center console design of the interior, which has bronze-colored leather upholstery, deep-pile bronze carpet, and brushed aluminum accents. The cars have black vinyl hardtop roofs, leather-upholstered bucket seats, and whitewall tires.

Virginia and Truckee Railway Motor Car 22 has a total length of , a width of and a height of . It was one of the largest railcars produced by the McKeen Motor Car Company. The car body was mounted onto a chassis on top of a pair of two-axle trucks; each of the unpowered axles has a set of wheels. Motor Car 22 was powered by a , gasoline internal combustion engine that was modeled after a marine engine.

Georg and Erich Heuer worked with their father in the business, later taking over from him in 1918, although the father remained active as a director till 1932. Georg, notably, concentrated on car body design, producing cabriolet and other designs in the early 1930s of remarkable harmony and symmetry. His "six- light" Pullman limousine design was a milestone both artistically and technically. The firm was also known for mechanically ingenious roof folding mechanisms, for which it held several patents.

Charles Weymann is remembered as an aircraft pioneer, and his car body designs, with timber frames and synthetic leather skins, clearly drew inspiration from the aircraft of the time. Vanvooren mounted Weymann designed bodies on various chassis including those of the Hispano-Suiza H6 and of the Bugattis T43 and T44. In 1927 a Vanvooren bodied Rolls-Royce "New Phantom" (chassis number 27EF) went to a British customer. This would be the first of many Vanvooren bodied Rolls-Royces.

Vanvooren bodied Panhard et Levassor X14 25hp (1911) Type 50s which featured in the 24 Hours Le Mans race of 1931 Vanvooren bodied Hispano-Suiza K6 (1934) Hispano-Suiza K6 Vanvooren Pillarless Saloon. Pillarless saloon bodies were another feature patented by Vanvooren. This one dates from 1937. Rolls-Royce Wraith Faux Cabriolet with Vanvooren coachwork (1939) Daste's car body building system became public at the Paris Motor Show in 1930 where it was identified as an important advance.

NASCAR cars are checked before qualifying, before racing, sometimes after a race. The process of checking car body against templates changed significantly with the Car of Tomorrow (CoT). Before the change, there were different templates applied to each car model to make sure it resembled the factory version of the car. The differing templates frequently caused NASCAR to adjust the templates to ensure that all makes of cars were as aerodynamically equal as possible (called "parity").

When first built there was a large eight-sided cooling air intake at the front, replaced by a smaller oval intake for the 1938 season. Another improvement for this second attempt was to paint a matt black arrow onto the side of the car. During the first attempts, the new photo-electric timing equipment had failed to detect the polished aluminium car body against the brilliant white salt. For the 1939 attempts, the streamlining was increased further.

The found compact car had a 20 HP DKW- engine. It was later replaced by the engine of a VW Käfer. The engineer installed some details that were revolutionary at that time: a driver’s seat that can be adjusted in height (patented in July 1938), headlights that follow the steering, a chassis that was adjustable in height and a self-supporting closed car body (patented in July 1932.First patent of Maier at the German DPMA).

One car body of unit 176 was donated to the Forschungs- und Versuchsamt des Internationalen Eisenbahnverbandes (ORE) and was used for fire research in Norway. The remains of the car were scrapped in Åmål, Sweden, in 1985. Two more units, 309 and prototype unit 092, had to be withdrawn after shunting accidents. After more than 40 years in service, the oldest Class A trains are scheduled to be phased out and replaced by newer Class C2 trains.

I went into business so that I could do interesting things that hadn't been done before." Starting in the 1980s, Bose developed an electromagnetic replacement for automotive shock absorbers, intended to radically improve the performance of automotive suspension systems, absorbing bumps and road shock while controlling car body motions and sway. Bose said that his best ideas usually came to him in a flash. "These innovations are not the result of rational thought; it's an intuitive idea.

He was also now obligated to leave his future work to the Foundation. As part of this contract, Bauer also received the last payment for a Duesenberg car body custom designed by Bauer. Bauer's life's work had become completely tied up in the Foundation, and he had been assured he would have a role in running it. This proved quickly not to be the case, and Bauer became very upset about the fate of his paintings.

Reliant's expertise in the area of composite car body production also saw the company produce lightweight bodyshells for Ford RS200 rally cars and a fibreglass-bodied taxi, the MetroCab – the first to have full wheelchair provision, manufactured by a division of Kamkorp, they also made Ford fibreglass truck cabs and Ford Transit hightops. With Reliant's expertise in fibreglass. the company created bodies for trains, kitchen worktops and boat/jet ski hulls. Reliant's main business was selling 3-wheeled vehicles.

The barycentric subdivision is chiefly used to replace an arbitrarily complicated convex polytope or topological cell complex by an assemblage of pieces, all of them of bounded complexity (simplices, in fact). A typical application is modeling the shape of a car body by a spline -- a piecewise-defined polynomial function. The algebra of such functions becomes much simpler and easier to program if each "piece" is a "topological triangle", i.e. is attached to exactly three other pieces.

This configuration differs from the "knock- off" spinners found on some racing cars and cars equipped with true wire wheels. While the knock-off spinner resembles an early hubcap, its threads also retain the wheel itself, in lieu of lug nuts. When pressed steel wheels became common by the 1940s, these were often painted the same color as the car body. Hubcaps expanded in size to cover the lug nuts that were used to mount these steel wheels.

A Gen-5 car body with Toyota Camry decals. NASCAR's early history included several foreign manufacturers, such as Aston Martin, Austin-Healey, Citroën, Jaguar, MG, Morgan, Porsche, Renault, and Volkswagen. At a 1954 road race in Linden, New Jersey, Jaguar cars finished first, fourth, fifth and sixth. As a matter of policy, NASCAR restricted entry to American car makers from the 1960s until 2004, when Toyota was allowed to enter the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series with the Toyota Tundra.

An EMD SD70ACe/45 owned by Eldorado Brasil The SD70ACe/45 is a diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD plant in Sete Lagoas, MG Brazil. Different from the SD70ACe in North America, the SD70ACe/45 has a longer frame (76 ft. 6 in.) and three radiator fans on the radiator section since it uses the same car body of the SD80ACe produced by EMD plant in London, Canada to Vale mining in Brazil. It uses gauge.

The Solar midget car was a type of midget car racing vehicle produced by the Solar Aircraft Company immediately following the end of World War II. The first midget car to be mass-produced,Western Metalworking, Volume 4. Jenkins Publishing Company, 1946. p.27. the vehicle was designed by Elmer Ross using a car body designed by Curly Wetteroth;White 2001, p.53. the car was developed as part of the company's 1944 Craftsmanship Contest;Bangs, Scholer.

These components were attached to a K-shaped structural crossmember. The K-shaped crossmember was isolated from the unitized car body by four rubber mounts. This transverse torsion bar suspension was also incorporated into the M- and J-body cars. The conventional leaf spring rear suspension was also rubber-isolated, so there was no metal-to-metal path through which road noise or vibration can be transmitted to the body; even the steering column was isolated.

On July 22, 1908, Albert, Fred and Charles Fisher formed the Fisher Body Co., capitalized at $50,000, with $30,000 cash paid in by Albert. Walter Flanders, a partner in E-M-F Company, suggested that the new company build an inexpensive closed car body. Closed cars at that time were not only expensive but were considered undesirable by Ford. As Fred and Charles began to experiment with closed sedan bodies, Albert not only protested but soon wanted out of the new venture altogether.

La Dawri Daytona La Dawri Coachcraft was founded by Leslie Albert Dawes in British Columbia, Canada in 1956 and is credited with making Canada's first fibreglass car, the La Dawri Cavalier. The company moved to the United States in 1957 where it became one of the largest fiberglass sports car body companies during the rebody/specials craze of the 1950s and 1960s. The company ceased operations in 1965. Its name came from a combination of L A Dawes and his friend Don Wright.

This increasingly restricted bespoke car body builders to the upper end of the price scale, but that was already the sector where Gläser-Karosserie were at their strongest, providing bespoke bodies for customers who had purchased their cars in bare chassis form from any one of a wide range of auto makers including (but not restricted to) Adler, BMW, Hanomag, Horch, Mercedes Benz, Opel, Steyr and Wanderer. Body types included the Phaeton, Coupé, Landaulet, Limousine, Pullman and (still a particular Gläser speciality) Cabriolet.

Not all couplers can handle very short radii. This is particularly true of the European buffer and chain couplers, where the buffers extend the length of the rail car body. For a line with a maximum speed of , buffer-and-chain couplers increase the minimum radius to around . As narrow- gauge railways, tramways, and rapid transit systems normally do not interchange with mainline railroads, instances of these types of railroad in Europe often use bufferless central couplers and build to a tighter standard.

The manufacturers built or purchased wooden bodies (with thin, non-structural metal sheets on the outside) to bolt onto the frame. The bodies were painted white prior to the final color. A folk etymology for body in white is the appearance of a car body after it is dipped into a white bath of primer (undercoat paint)-- despite the primer's actual gray color. BIW could also refer to when car bodywork would be made of timber - all timber products, furniture etc.

A related term in the automotive industry is "Body in black". This can refer to a car body that is formed of alternate materials such as composites rather than conventional metal; these composite materials, such as carbon fiber, are black rather than white. "Body in black" can also refer to a step in the design process in which a mock-up of a new car skin is built, in order to perform exacting measurements during the design and pre-production processes.

Lotus Exige Cup 430 On 9 November 2017, Lotus unveiled the most powerful version of the Exige to date called the Exige Cup 430, producing and using the Evora GT430's powertrain, modified to fit in the smaller Exige. The car body can produce of downforce. The Cup 430 is lighter than the Sport 380 due to the use of carbon fibre in body panels and interior and a titanium exhaust. The gearbox allows quicker gearshifts than the previous model.

The Goggomobil Dart was a microcar which was developed in Australia by Sydney company Buckle Motors Pty Ltd. and produced from 1959 to 1961. The Dart was based on the chassis and mechanical components of the German Goggomobil microcar, which was a product of Hans Glas GmbH of Dingolfing, in Bavaria, Germany.Tony Davis, Aussie Cars, 1987, page 75 The car featured an Australian- designed fiberglass two-seater open sports car body without doors, the whole package weighing in at only .

Ledwinka returned to Tatra company (originally Nesselsdorfer-Wagenbau) in Kopřivnice (Nesselsdorf), then in Czechoslovakia, and between 1921 and 1937 he was their chief design engineer. He invented the frameless central tubular chassis (so-called "backbone chassis") with swing axles, fully independent suspension and rear-mounted air- cooled flat engine. Another of Ledwinka's major contributions to automobile design was the development of the streamlined car body. Under him, Tatra brought the first streamlined cars that had been mass-produced to market.

22 (Goumaz was abandoned in 1957) (2005) In July 1917, a train car body was used as a living quarters for railroad employees assigned to Goumaz. By the next summer, seven railroad owned structures were on site. Two more tie houses were added in 1923, when a fence was also added around the section house because of the young families with children now living there. The buildings were taken down in 1957 after the local section forces stopped being used by the railroad.

Due to its historic and luxurious connections, the term found early favour amongst many North America automobile manufacturers. Manufacturers included Brewster & Co. (especially for Rolls-Royce, Packard and its own chassis), LeBaron and Rollston. In 1922, Edsel Ford had a Lincoln built with a town car body for his father's personal use. Seeking publicity and building on his work with Studebaker, Raymond Loewy had two Lincoln Continentals altered to coupés de ville in 1946 using a removable plexiglas cover over the chauffeur.

Tesla showroom in Munich, Germany Tesla opened its first European store in June 2009 in London. Tesla's European headquarters are in Amsterdam. A European service center operates in Tilburg, Netherlands, along with a assembly facility that adds drivetrain, battery and software to the (imported) car body to reduce EU import tax. In late 2016, Tesla acquired German engineering firm Grohmann Engineering in Prüm as a new division dedicated to helping Tesla increase the automation and effectiveness of its manufacturing process.

The car was offered in bare chassis form for customers wishing to purchase a car body from an independent coach builder. Standard bodies from the manufacturer started with a Torpedo bodied “Tourenwagen” and included 4-door ”Pullman- Limousine” (sedan/saloon) bodies. Bodies provided by specialist coachbuilders also included cabriolets and landaulets.Oswald, p. 223 The side-valve six- cylinder 2,968 cc engine delivered a maximum output of at 3,500 rpm which translated into a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).

The steering wheel stowed in the car and the bumper in the rear fuselage, then the car was backed into the fuselage opening and linked to the wings by attaching on each side a single lift strut to a bracket on the lower car body. This positioned the windscreen at the wing leading edge and the side windows enclosed the cabin. Entry was via standard car-type, forward hinged doors. Removing the grille revealed a propeller boss and the propeller was bolted on.

Fisher Body had an exclusive contract with General Motors (GM) to supply car body parts and so Fisher Body was the only company to deliver the components according to GM's specifications. In 1920, a sharp increase in demand occurred that was above expectations. It is claimed that Fisher Body used the unforeseen situation to hold up GM by increasing the price for the additional parts produced. It has been said that the hold up led to GM acquiring Fisher Body in 1926.

The Romanian vehicles do not differ technically and structurally from the Soviet. Since the vehicles were suitable, due to the smaller car body width, for most Romanian networks, they were used more frequently and differently from the T3. Delivery started to the ITB between 1973 and 1975, followed by Arad in 1974 and later in other cities from 1978. Their introduction in Bucharest required a specially-built depot for them along with a new team of well-trained technicians to fix these trams.

Baunatal is known for the Volkswagen factory, which is the second largest of the brand with 13,500 employees. The factory does not construct vehicles but rather delivers components and assemblies to other plants of the company. The sphere of business is mainly divided into the following parts: gear manufacturing, foundry, exhaust systems, car body pressing, Original Teile Center (original parts center), Volkswagen coaching. The premises have a total area of and are directly connected to the rail network and the motorway A 49.

The first prototypes appeared quickly in 1971 and 1972, but were rejected as too utilitarian, so doors and a hardtop were added. This version debuted in 1973 and was a major step away from the off-road vehicles of the period, seeing as they used an ordinary car body, in this case a modern hatchback of the time.Thompson, p.187. This took its inspiration from the prototype known as the VAZ-1101 (itself derived from the Fiat 127), and was created by designer Valery Pavlovitch.

For narrow-gauge conditions these vehicles were designed quite large, much larger than the known narrow-gauge railcars DR 137 322 to 325, which they still towered by three meters in length. But they had about the same number of seats as this series. In one end of the steel skeleton construction of the car body were placed the seats in wood lath construction and in the other end the machinery. Where the diesel engine was located, there was a luggage and payload compartment.

The new depot was an Erie Type V irregular depot, with a wooden frame and a slate roof that overhung the structure. This station was measured at , attached with a former passenger car body, serving as a freighthouse. The former station depot, built in 1873-1874, was razed for a couple sidings and a watchmen's structure at the crossing. In a strange outbreak, several hundred horses in the area were exposed to the glanders, an infectious disease, at Montclair Heights station itself in July 1905\.

A sedan (), or saloon, is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for engine, passenger, and cargo. Sedan's first recorded use as a name for a car body was in 1912. The name comes from a 17th-century development of a litter, the sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style of body include: close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan and sedanet/sedanette.

Entrance is free. Galschiøt's foundry works with bronze and silver castings from a few grams, up to 400 kg. It is presently one of the few places in Denmark where precious metal casters are educated. In the 1960s, the buildings were built for the Næsby Car Body Factory and served for many years as one of the largest garages at Funen, but in the context of the economic crisis in the late 1990s the factory closed, and the buildings stood empty for five years.

In June 2010, newly built set VL42 was released in a new livery of crimson stripe at roof level replacing the purple, and red replacing the green, a red stripe along the car body below the windows, white doors, and yellow front. The set also received high-intensity discharge (HID) headlights which project light for up to 1 kilometre, modified windscreen wipers and cab windows. In 2014, VL40 had a new Public Transport Victoria livery applied. All sets from VL52 were delivered in this livery.

Maybach 62 Landaulet at the Dubai International Airport in 2010. The Maybach 62 Landaulet, based on the Maybach 62S, revives the classic landaulet car body style, which was popular in the 1920s and 30s. Powered by the 62S's biturbo V12, the Landaulet's front seats are fully enclosed and separated from the rear passenger compartment by a power divider window; the opacity of this partition can be electronically controlled. A sliding soft roof allows back-seat passengers to take in the sun from the comfort of their seats.

The highest level audio system in the XC90 features a 1400W Class-D amplifier and 19 Bowers & Wilkins speakers as well as one of the first air-ventilated subwoofers in a car. Integrated into the car body, it turns the entire interior space into a large subwoofer. The latest sound processing software has been used to manage the timing of the sound and co-ordination of the speakers. The vehicle's seats have also been redesigned with adjustable side bolsters, seat cushion extension and massage.

The chassis was of a multitubular spaceframe construction which when combined with lightweight carbon fibre body was designed to be a full convertible var. Specialist Rhoddy Harvey-Bailey at H.B.Engineering worked on the handling characteristics and carried out road going testing and development of both chassis and suspension. During the year 2000/2001 development work was carried out on a new carbon fibre process and material called SPRINT Technology. Ronart were the first to use this new low cost material and process for car body production.

MEV Rocket Ariel Atom An exoskeleton car has a visible external frame, being made of steel, aluminum or carbon fiber tubes. Body styles are open wheel sports cars, with their wheels outside of the main body and each wheel covered by its own lightweight mudguard, usually carried as unsprung weight supported on the hub carrier. The chassis has four large longitudinal tubes, two on each side of the car body, inboard of the wheels. These main chassis tubes are spaced apart by smaller diagonal or vertical tubes.

1976–1977 JPS Capri II, Capri II S - Black or white car body with gold striping, "black chrome" trim, gold and black styled steel wheels and gold badging and grille surround. In Europe, the JPS Capri II celebrated the success of the John Player Special-sponsored Team Lotus Formula 1 team, and emulated its black and gold livery. In the US, anti-tobacco advertising laws required a name change to Capri II S. The interior received special seats and door panels: black with gold cloth inserts.

Class 185 multiple working at York Each carriage contains a separate diesel powertrain driving both axles on one bogie via cardan shafts.Class 185 (technical information), Siemens p.3 Each powertrain consists of a Cummins QSK19 engine driving a Voith T 312 bre three-speed hydrodynamic transmission which drives two axles in one bogie via a Voith SK-485 final drive.Diesel-hydraulic railcar "Class 185" .. (Voith), p.2 The engine and torque converter were frame mounted underfloor and suspended from the car body by flexible mounts.

Bertone was the sixth of the seven sons from a farming family. He had worked as a carriage wheelmaker, and was employed at Diatto (1907) when he established his own carriage building and repair shop in Corso Peschiera (1912). Being a friend of Vincenzo Lancia, he got contracts from Fiat and thus entered the automobile design market, his first self made car body being based on a (Società Piemontese Automobili) S.P.A. 9000 in 1921. Another early success at this time was the Fiat 501 competition car.

The car was offered in bare chassis form for customers wishing to purchase a car body from an independent coach builder. Standard bodies from the manufacturer started with a Torpedo-bodied "Tourenwagen" and included 2 or 4-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) bodies. There was also a choice from (initially) two different Mercedes-Benz cabriolet bodies.Oswald, p. 219 The side-valve six-cylinder 1,988 cc engine delivered a maximum output of at 3,400 rpm, which translated into a top speed of 75 km/h (47 mph).

Because of increasing safety worries about the speed differential between the smallest and largest- engined cars, a separate four-hour race for GT cars of under one litre was organized at Sebring in 1960. Stirling Moss drove a Sebring Sprite to a class win and second overall in this event. In the twelve-hour race, John Sprinzel drove a prototype Sprite with a GRP Falcon kit-car body, built and entered by the Donald Healey Motor Company, to another impressive class win, finishing 41st overall.

Rear view The car body is constructed from aluminium, and is said by Jaguar to be the smallest car that they have made since the XK120 of 1954. The drivetrain comprises a hybrid unit, combining a supercharged 3-litre V6 petrol engine with a electric motor and an eight-speed ZF automatic transmission. The battery pack, which is mounted behind the front seats, is charged using a brake regeneration system. The car can run on engine alone, motor alone or on both in combination.

48-49 Each wagon could hold two motor car bodies, one on the floor and another suspended on removable beams attached to stanchions where the doors had previously been attached to the wagon bodies. The wagons weighed 7.5 tons each. In 1962 a further 100 wagons were added to the KW fleet, becoming KW125–224; these ex-open wagons only had their doors removed, so could only transport one car body each rather than two.Bray, Vincent & Gregory, Fixed Wheel Freight Wagons of Victoria K-Z, 2009, , pp.

After his active duty service with the Navy (and continued service as reservist for a few more years thereafter), Max returned to EMD where he was assigned as project manager for the NW5. The NW5 was an early concept road-switcher, and was used to switch passenger cars at major passenger stations such as Chicago's Union Station. After the NW5, Max headed development of the Branch Line locomotives – BL1 and BL2. The BL models were intended to address the shortcomings of a car body style locomotive.

The use of salt brine to de-ice city streets has corroded parts on the older streetcars so much that such parts must often be cut off the car. The TTC Harvey Shops must manufacture some of the replacements sections, such as the chevrons which attach the bogies to the car body. The upholstery department constructs the bellows used between the articulated sections of the ALRV. Each set of bellows takes 240 hours to construct from a vinyl-like material using electric sewing machines.

In the United States, the Gomaco Trolley Company has built at least 18 replica Birney cars, in the style of the less-common double-truck Birney car design, since 1999. Gomaco fitted these with trucks from ex-Milan, Italy Peter Witt streetcars. These have been supplied to Tampa, Florida; Charlotte, North Carolina; Little Rock, Arkansas and Memphis, Tennessee. Gomaco also restored an original single-truck Birney car body in 2002–3 for the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District in Fresno, California; this was intended for static display in a local park.

The Composite was a New York City Subway car class built from 1903 to 1904 by the Jewett, St. Louis, Wason, and John Stephenson companies for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and its successor, the New York City Board of Transportation. The Composite derived its name from its build as a "protected wooden car". The car frame was made of steel, while the car body itself was made from wood encased in a layer of copper sheathing. The copper skin was intended to protect the car in the event of a fire in the subway.

During the Edo period, the Kishū Tokugawa daimyō ruled from Wakayama Castle. Tokugawa Yoshimune, the fifth Kishū Tokugawa daimyō, became the eighth Tokugawa shōgun. This castle is a concrete replica of the original, which was destroyed in World War II. Wakayama is home to one of Japan's three Melody Roads, which is made from grooves cut into the pavement, which when driven over causes a tactile vibration and audible rumbling transmitted through the wheels into the car body. Wakayama Prefecture is famous across Japan for its umeboshi (salty pickled plums) and mikan (mandarins).

The construction of the plant started in 1966 on a former airfield. On 16 September 1966, the foundation stone was laid. In 1968, the production of car body panels for Renault started. The plant commenced car production on 16 January 1970, and was formally opened in the presence of Henry Ford II six months later in June 1970. It was designed to co-produce with Ford’s Halewood plant the company’s recently introduced Escort model, itself intended to compete head-on with Opel’s successful Kadett in the various markets of continental Europe.

"Gap filler signals" are used at the 14th Street–Union Square station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and at the Times Square–42nd Street station on the 42nd Street Shuttle station. They were formerly used at the Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall and South Ferry Loop stations. These stations are part of the A Division, which consists of lines built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). At these stops, gap fillers extend out from the platforms to bridge the space between the platform and the car body and door at the curved stations.

The store in 2006 Ilkeston Co-operative Society was a consumer co-operative society based in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, England. By 2006, Ilkeston had created one of the largest independent travel companies in the UK, operating 42 branches throughout the East Midlands and South Yorkshire. It also operated a department store, two bedding stores, a banqueting suite and two car body shops, having sold its car retail business to United Co-operatives in 2004. In August 2006, directors of the Society outlined plans to merge with the Midlands Co-operative Society.

This basically used the saloon car body, but with a larger rear deck incorporating an opening boot lid, a folding hood, new fibreglass bonnet, plain door panels, no chrome side trim and non-opening quarter lights. In standard form it came with the 35A engine, but the side trim and 4T engine were available as an option. Saloon and Tourer production ceased in October and December 1965 respectively, whilst production of the Ranger and the Estate ended in April 1966. The last ever Minicar produced was an Estate painted only in primer in November 1966.

The rear wheels received a maximum of 8 hp via a rotating drive-shaft. The Type 68C was similarly powered except that the single-cylinder engine had a capacity of 987 cc. The car had a wheelbase. The open carriage Tonneau format body offered space for four as did the covered carriage format Phaeton / Torpedo bodied version. In retrospect the car can be seen as Peugeot’s first Torpedo bodied car, although the classification is anachronistic since the term “Torpedo” to describe a car body was coined only in 1908.

A traverser moved the body to one road of the car body shop, where there were facilities for removing and maintaining reciprocating compressors, door engines and valves, brake valves, drawgear, electrical equipment and other items requiring servicing. Cars then moved to the paint shop, until the advent of unpainted aluminium bodywork. In a separate workstream, the service bogies were stripped down into their component parts. Motors were taken to the motor shop, and when only the frames and wheelsets were left, ultrasonic testing of the axles was carried out.

The plans were for 100 trains, each of seven cars. The British Transport Commission approved the project "in principle" in 1950, and a design contract was awarded to Metro-Cammell. A mock-up of a car body was constructed at Acton Works, and included some features which had been tried out on individual cars of 1938 stock, including some circular windows, and others that ran up above the roof line, to give passengers better visibility at stations. It was originally called 1951 Stock and then 1952 Stock when the programme was delayed.

The Italian term Superleggera (meaning 'super-light') was trademarked by Carrozzeria Touring for lightweight sports-car body construction that only resembles a space-frame chassis. Using a three-dimensional frame that consists of a cage of narrow tubes that, besides being under the body, run up the fenders and over the radiator, cowl, and roof, and under the rear window, it resembles a geodesic structure. A skin is attached to the outside of the frame, often made of aluminum. This body construction is, however, not stress-bearing, and still requires the addition of a chassis.

Six sets were fitted with Linienzugbeeinflussung (LZB) in 1980 and 1981 and were used for driverless operation trials on the line to Großhansdorf station. The automatic operation was observed by a conductor permanently sitting in the cab, they also had to dispatch the train in stations. The experimental operation ended in 1985, since then the units were in normal operation. During the refurbishment of many DT3 units in the 1990s, the DT3-LZB only received the interior and car body refurbishment and did not get their front replaced.

Test pilot Reuben Snodgrass flew the prototype, registration No. NX90850, for the first time on November 15, 1947. On November 18, 1947, while on a one-hour demonstration flight, it made a low fuel forced landing near San Diego, California destroying the car body and damaging the wing. The pilot, who escaped with minor injuries, reportedly took off with little or no aviation fuel aboard. Although the fuel gauge he had visually checked during the pre- flight check indicated that the tank was full, it was the automobile's fuel gauge, not the aircraft's gauge.

Taoyuan Metro's Commuter (left) and Express (right) electric multiple units at Linkou station. Interior of the Commuter train Interior of the Express Train Kawasaki Heavy Industries manufactured all Express Train cars and one Commuter Train set in Japan; Taiwan Rolling Stock Company (TRSC) manufactured the remaining Commuter Train cars. The car body is constructed from stainless steel. Each car is powered by traditional, AC three-phase induction motors with 750 V DC power supplied via third rail and are controlled with both automatic train control (ATC) and automatic train operation (ATO).

They featured independently suspended wheels and in some cases weight-saving monocoque steel bodies. Most German automakers had responded to the introduction of all-steel car bodies a few years earlier by entering into a contract with the Berlin- based specialised steel-body maker, Ambi Budd. Daimler Benz were unusual among German auto-makers in havoing insisted, from the outset, on including their own car-body-building facilities as part of their own plant. That put them in a strong position to pioneer monocoque car bodies in Europe.

Today the community has but one full-time farmer. According to official statistics, in 1999, there were 4 agricultural operations with a working area of 89 ha, of which 53 ha was cropland and 34 ha was meadowland. Thus it came to pass that a former farming village changed into a residential one. Among industries that have settled in the community, a metalworking (flexible wire parts) business, a special firm for machinery add-ons, a concrete works – mostly for prefabricated floors – and a car body shop can be named.

The R11 was the first stainless steel R-type car ever built (the Budd BMT Zephyr holds the title of being the first stainless steel subway car in the city). Fifteen years after the building of the R11s, the Budd Company built the first bulk order of stainless steel cars in New York City Subway history, the R32. The ornamental design of the car body featured standee windows separated by a heavy brace from the lower windows. This was due to the influence of noted industrial designer Otto Kuhler (US patent Des.

If the cars do not incorporate a continuous center sill extending the entire length of the car, the two draft sills at each end are referred to as stub sills, and the tank carries draft forces between couplers. In this case, reinforcing bars may be extended underneath the tank between the draft sills. Body bolsters and their associated body bolster pads centered above the railcar trucks support the tank and protect it against lateral forces. The draft sill center plate serves as the attachment point between the tank car body and the truck assembly.

The type CIV is a CI experimental train, which received this name only from 1944. The car numbers were therefore initially classified in the CI. The train - consisting of two traction and a sidecar (Tw 111 and 112, Bw 268) - was built in 1930/31 by the coach factory Busch in Bautzen using aluminum profiles. The empty mass was thus about 12% less than the other C-cars. Externally, the train was noticeable through the tonneau roof and the more pronounced corners on the car body and window.

Audi Sport GmbH specialises in four 'key' areas, including the design, testing and production of specialist and high performance Audi automobiles, such as the Audi RS3, Audi RS4, Audi RS5, Audi RS6, Audi RS7, Audi RS Q3, Audi TTRS and the Audi R8. They also design and specify roadwheels, and design and produce sports suspension, and the specialist car body parts (such as front bumpers and splitters, side skirts, rear bumpers and diffusers, and rear spoilers) which are mainly used on the Audi "S line" trim specification available on most of the model range.

As in previous games within the Ridge Racer series, the gameplay centers on high speed circuit racing featuring "drift" handling, where the player slides the car around turns without great loss of speed. New features in this iteration include car body and engine customization which can affect the performance, handling and nitrous boost system of the car. Ridge Racer 7 also actively encourages players to slipstream other cars, whereas previous iterations did not mention that this technique increases speed. A global ranking system is used to rank players.

Automoblox is a brand name of a wooden car construction toy designed by Patrick Calello and produced by Automoblox Company, LLC of Cranford, New Jersey. The toy consists of wooden car body sections with patented plastic interconnects, polycarbonate wheels and rubber tires, plastic passengers and polycarbonate screens. Each car can be disassembled into its component parts and re-assembled, parts from different cars can be combined to let children design their own models. It is very commonly used to teach cad They have also been noted for their extensive use in the PLTW program.

Austrian-Hungarian engineer Béla Barényi originally invented and patented the crumple zone concept in 1937 before he worked for Mercedes-Benz, and in a more developed form in 1952.The crumple zone man – AutoSpeed Barény questioned the prevailing opinion until then, that a safe car had to be rigid. He divided the car body into three sections: the central, rigid, non-deforming passenger compartment, and the crumple zones in the front and the rear. They are designed to absorb the energy of an impact (kinetic energy) by deformation during collision.

This gave the body great strength, as the body and underframe were welded together to form a single, durable, and rigid car body, which had strong structural integrity. The R10s also featured a new type of braking system known as the "SMEE" schedule braking, which introduced dynamic braking. Dynamic braking reduced wear and tear on brake shoes, reducing maintenance costs. Improved propulsion, in the form of four traction motors design, instead of the traditional two motors (the setup used in the Arnines), improved acceleration from 1.75 mph per second to the current 2.5 mph/s.

The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad also ordered three units, but found them unsuitable in mountain service, and they were sold to the SP in early 1964. Upon arrival, a special track was set up at the locomotive shops in Roseville, California, just for servicing the ML-4000s. The first order of the ML-4000s are referred to as “cab units,” given that they have a fully enclosed car body, similar to that of the EMD F-unit. Following extensive testing SP returned to Krauss- Maffei for an additional fifteen units.

Production ended in October 1939, more abruptly than for some smaller Opel passenger cars, with the outbreak of the war. The military insisted that every 3,626 cc engine that Opel could produce should be fitted in an Opel 3.5 ton Blitz truck for military use. The army also requisitioned many Admirals directly before the outbreak of war, either in order to use them as officers' "staff cars", or in order to cut away the back portion of the car body directly behind the B-pillar and modify them for use as ambulances or light trucks.

In an effort to reverse the downward sales trend created when Detroit rolled out its own compacts in 1960 and 1961, new Studebaker-Packard president Sherwood Egbert called upon his friend, noted industrial designer Brooks Stevens, to effect a striking yet cost-effective 1962 update. Stevens lengthened the car body, especially at the rear, and modernized the interior. Studebaker's board of directors were reportedly pleased with the extent of the changes Stevens was able to make. They could not believe he could do so much for so little money.

In 1965 BMC had purchased Pressed Steel, Britain's major car body manufacturer, and in the third quarter of 1966 it purchased Jaguar Cars."Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the sitting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited." Official statement released at press conference at the Great Eastern Hotel, London, 1966 Three months later, to recognise the changed nature of their business, the company name was changed to British Motor (Holdings) Limited on 14 December 1966.

Buchmann became partner of well known German companies including car and paint manufacturers. Buchmann saw himself as a car couturier, because his designs were further advanced than those of commercial car tuning companies. He excelled also by technical his developments. Beside his car body modifications he was a pioneer for leading edge automotive electronics, which is today common in many mass produced cars: a remote control for the central locking system, infrared sensors as park assistants, digital computer systems and the multi function steering wheel, for which he filed a patent, and the speaking cockpit.

Early milk cans had been soldered from three pieces, but they were later replaced by rolled and molded single-piece cans, which avoided uncleaned cracks in the solder joints. Milk tank cars were first made of glass-lined steel, and later of stainless steel. These tanks were often enclosed for insulation within a car body resembling a boxcar. These tank cars were usually filled with milk pre-cooled to at a central collection point just prior to pickup by a milk train with a delivery schedule avoiding need for additional cooling during transit.

Yet another section was a trailer terminal, with various mechanical devices that would semiautomatically hitch or unhitch a semi-trailer, and reverse the direction of the tractor_unit. There was also a collapsing bridge section, complete with a detour. A special custom edition of the Motorific Torture Track was sold through Flying A (now Getty) gas stations in 1966, consisting of three individual sets with custom Flying A signs for the hazards. In the first two years of distribution, there were 18 different Motorific car body styles offered for sale.

The purpose of automobile suspension is to let the wheels move vertically with respect to the body. It is thus undesirable to allow them to move forward and backwards (longitudinally), or side to side (laterally). The Panhard rod prevents lateral movement.RPM Net Tech Articles: Understanding Coil Springs - Powered by: AFCO The Panhard bar is a simple device, consisting of a rigid bar running sideways in the same plane as the axle, connecting one end of the axle to the car body or chassis on the opposite side of the vehicle.

The auto industry changed from rear fenders bolted onto a quarter panel to an enlarged welded-on quarter panel that fulfilled both functions. This resulted in one piece where there had previously been two, and name of the larger welded piece, the quarter panel, survived the consolidation. Quarter panels are at the rear, with an exception made for dual rear wheel trucks, where the panel at the rear is called a fender. For vehicles with a narrow car body that exposes the tire, the fender is an exposed curve over the top of the tire.

The blue stripes on the side of the cars were removed, resulting in the appearance of an entirely unpainted car body (the fiberglass ends remain painted silver to match the stainless sides). Other improvements included the rebuilding of all mechanical systems and making the R46 more compatible with other car types. Also, their trouble-prone WABCO RT-5 or P-Wire braking system was removed, and replaced with a more reliable NYAB Newtran SMEE braking/control system. After their overhaul, the R46s were renumbered 5482–6258 in the early 1990s.

However, the Japanese counterpart uses linear-inductive actuators instead of three hydraulic rams. The 35 gallons of hydraulic fluid used on the Disneyland version takes two hours to clean up the track when a hose splits, in which if there is hydraulic failure, the vehicle is incapable of driving. Because of Japan's environmental codes regarding oil spills, the design team elected to substitute electromagnetic actuators on the ride vehicle. Three of these actuators are used to create a three-dimensional (pitch, roll, and elevation) motion platform chassis on which the car body sits.

Tijeras Musical Road Grooves cut into the street to let the passing car vibrate and produce the melody A musical road is a road, or section of a road, which when driven over causes a tactile vibration and audible rumbling that can be felt through the wheels within car body. This rumbling is heard within the car as well as the surrounding area, in the form of a musical tune. Musical roads are known to exist in Denmark, Hungary, Japan, South Korea, the United States, China, Iran, San Marino, Taiwan, the Netherlands, and Indonesia.

Affectionately nicknaming him "Bertunot", he commissioned Bertone to create complete car bodies, above all for the limited series that the companies of the day were not always equipped to manufacture. This was Bertone's first opportunity to carry out limited production of special cars on standard mechanical bases, and was the beginning of a great industrial experience. These are very exciting years for Bertone himself, and also for the evolution of industrial style and design. The car body shapes are slowly but continuously changing, angular shapes begin to fade, wings start to be joined together.

Fioravanti studied mechanical engineering at the Politecnico di Milano, specializing in aerodynamics and car body design. He worked twenty-four years with Pininfarina, joining as a stylist in 1964, aged 26, and eventually becoming Managing Director and General Manager of Pininfarina's research arm, Pininfarina Studi & Ricerche for 18 years. He then joined Ferrari as a Deputy General Manager, and in 1989 moved to Fiat's Centro Stile as Director of Design. In 1991 he left Fiat and joined Fioravanti Srl which evolved from an architecture studio to a design studio.

The car has 5 doors, an 80 kW engine with a maximum speed of 140 km/h, is rechargeable with AC power (3.7 kW or 22 kW) and direct current (50 kW). The battery will have a realistic range of 250 km. The solar cells (1.208 Wp) integrated into the car body charge the battery so that, in good sunshine, up to 30 km of additional range per day are possible. It is possible to use the current of the battery in the Sion to operate electrical devices or to charge other electric cars.

In railway passenger cars fitted with flexicoil suspension, the springs are the only mechanical connection between the bogie and the car body. In heavier types of flexicoil suspension rolling stock, a bogie pivot fitted with rubber-metal bearings is used to hold a cross anchor yoke, which transfers the forces to the bogie frame via two cross anchor link pins. Some, such as the Italian D.445 class, have additional traction rods. Locomotive bogies are usually also provided with a weight transfer linkage, or with a different tension transmission.

This proved to be more efficient than the car body design as the hood unit cost less to build, was cheaper and easier to maintain, and had much better front and rear visibility for switching. Of the 2,734 GP7's built, 2,620 were for American railroads (including 5 GP7B units built for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway), 112 were built for Canadian railroads, and 2 were built for Mexican railroads. This was the first model in EMD's GP (General Purpose) series of locomotives. Concurrently, EMD offered a six-axle (C-C) SD (Special Duty) locomotive, the SD7.

The GP7, GP9 and GP18 locomotives share a similar car-body that evolved over time. Most GP7s had three sets of ventilation grills under the cab (where the GP9 only had one), and two pair of grills at the end of the long hood (where only the pair nearest the end was retained on the GP9). However, some late GP7s were built with car-bodies that were identical to early GP9s. Early GP7s had a solid skirt above the fuel tank, while late GP7s and early GP9s had access holes in the skirt (see photo of Illinois Terminal 1605, top left).

CKD kit as delivered to AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik for assembly, probably a Plymouth In the automotive industry, the most basic form of a vehicle in KD kit lacks the wheels, internal combustion engine, transmission, and battery. They are either supplied as parts for assembly (a "complete" kit), or obtained from third parties (an "incomplete" kit); all of the interiors are already installed at the originating factory. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a complete, welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To gain some extra tax preferences, the manufacturer needs to further localise the car, i.e.

Anyang City Hall has a project named 'Anyang Art City 21 Project' which aims to create "a beautiful city, an art city and a well- being city by adding virtuosity to the exterior of city buildings and harmonizing the city sight with natural environment". Anyang also has the country's only Singing Road, which is made from grooves cut into the ground, which driven over causes a tactile vibration and audible rumbling transmitted through the wheels into the car body. Drivers can hear the tune of "Mary Had a Little Lamb", and the road is intended to help motorists stay alert and awake.

CRSS Architects designed the FCA US LLC Headquarters and Technology Center in a cross-axial formation where its elongated atrium topped concourses converge with an octagonal radiant skylight at its center. The rounded-off exterior corners are meant to evoke a polished car body. It was reported on an NPR game-show that according to a Businessweek article, the Chrysler headquarters was designed so that it could be converted to a shopping mall. It was later reported, based on mall industry analysis and speculation from local real estate investors, that the mall design story was a hoax.

Aerial view of Plant Oxford (large white buildings) Plant Oxford located in Cowley, southeast Oxford, England, is a BMW car assembly facility where Mini cars are built. The plant forms the Mini production triangle along with Plant Hams Hall where engines are manufactured and Plant Swindon where body pressings and sub-assemblies are built. The original Morris Motors site at Cowley had three manufacturing plants, separated by the eastern Oxford Ring Road and B480 road. The present site of Plant Oxford was the car body manufacturing business of the Pressed Steel Company, later known as Pressed Steel Fisher, which was founded 1926.

Sunbeam Trolley Bus, Guy Motors and Daimler Transport Vehicles went into the truck and bus division of British Leyland when BMH was taken into British Leyland Britain's last electric trolleybuses were run by Bradford. The decision to replace them with diesel buses was announced in March 1972. The next year thirty-one nations adopted "plans to save Europe's Heritage by removing overhead trolleybus cables, electricity and telephone wires and big unsympathetic shop windows." The dormant Sunbeam Trolleybus Company legal entity was renamed Pressed Steel Fisher in 1978 and given by Michael Edwardes British Leyland's freshly separated car body business.

The car body had also not been designed with the strength necessary to support a center door, so when this modification was made, it was necessary to add fishbelly girders underneath the center doors to provide added strength for the car's frame. The cars as delivered featured rattan seats and incandescent lighting, staples of most pre-WWII subway cars in New York City. All areas of the cars were lit, as bulbs were placed along the center roofline and down the sides of each car's interior. Additionally, pairs of bulbs on each end lit each end vestibule.

The Aigle Aigle, which has been legally independent in its own right alongside the design studio and car body builder Ghia in Turin existed. In contrast to the standard vehicle, the 'Ace-Aigle' had a modified front and a fixed hardtop. The roof top had two unusual vaults to give the rider and co-driver plenty of headroom - actually the "double bubble" design, typical of Zagato, and implemented in its 1958 coupé. The normal, aerodynamically relatively unfavorable front body of radiator grille, front fenders and bonnet was replaced by a new front and made of lightweight polyester front.

A pair of ALCO FA-2 FB-2 car body diesel-electric locomotives were also purchased to augment the PAs when necessary. These were FAs with steam generators, but they were not designated as FPA-2 units. The Lehigh Valley Railroad had its peak of passengers during the 1940s, however during the 1950s, the number of railroad passengers declined drastically which caused the Lehigh Valley Railroad to terminate all of its passenger service which happened on February 4, 1961. Budd Rail Diesel Car service would continue on a branch line (Lehighton- Hazleton) for an additional four days.

As of 2018, Gunma is home to eleven of Japan's over thirty Melody Roads. 2,559 grooves cut into a 175-meter stretch of the road surface in transmit a tactile vibration through the wheels into the car body. The roads can be found in Katashina, Minakami, Takayama, Kanna, Ueno, Kusatsu, Tsumagoi, Nakanojo, Takasaki, Midori, and Maebashi. Each is of a differing length and plays a different song. Naganohara also used to be home to a Melody Road playing “Aj, lučka lučka siroka”, though the road in question was paved over in 2013 due to noise complaints.

Max Brose opened a trading company for automobile accessories in Berlin on March 4, 1908, while also working as general agent for his father's car body manufacturing company in Wuppertal. After the First World War, Max Brose and Ernst Jühling, who grew up in Coburg, founded Metallwerk Max Brose & Co. in Coburg on June 14, 1919. Operating as a general partnership, the company manufactured and sold metal goods, tools, devices and materials especially for vehicles and airplanes. For this purpose, they took over the staff, buildings and machines from "Metallwaren Haußknecht & Co." located in the Ketschendorfer Straße.

The Alvis TB 21 produced by Alvis cars was a two-seater open car based on the running gear of the TA 21 saloon and made only in 1951. Alvis had previously contracted AP Metalcraft, a Coventry coachbuilder, to produce the TB 14 two door open car body to fit on the TA 14 chassis. With the replacement of the TA 14 by the larger TA 21 in 1950, AP were asked to modify their design for the new running gear. The TB 21 dropped the controversial grille used on the TB 14 in favour of the traditional Alvis one.

The following year was to have a new rear design with more contemporary tailfins , but this was not implemented. Instead, the car body received several reinforcement supports and the novel, but ultimately troublesome central lubrication system was removed. The iconic deer mascot of the early Volgas The actual model designation of the Sharks was such that the automatic-equipped vehicles would retain the GAZ-M-21 with no suffix designation and the GAZ-M-21E (though by this point these have all but disappeared from the line-up). Also unchanged was the taxicab GAZ-M-21A.

The concept of a collective work (œuvre collective) in French law is complicated and unclear, and case law and scholarly views do not always agree. Bernard Edelman, in his l’œuvre collective : une définition introuvable (1998), describes the legal definition of collective works as "obscure and tangled". However, all authorities agree that the concept of an oeuvre collective in France covers dictionaries, encyclopaedias and periodical works such as newspapers or magazines. Courts have also ruled that collective works may include such things as the elements of a car body, a computer program, a poster and a guide of administrative formalities.

Aluminum and Cor-Ten steel were also used in lightweight car construction, but stainless steel was the preferred material for car bodies. Stainless steel cars could be and often were, left unpainted except for the car's reporting marks that were required by law. By the end of the 1930s, railroads and car builders were debuting car body and interior styles that could only be dreamed of before. In 1937, the Pullman Company delivered the first cars equipped with roomettes – that is, the car's interior was sectioned off into compartments, much like the coaches that were still in widespread use across Europe.

Manufactured in accordance with the Transportation Accessibility Law, the 2000 series has from its beginning had wheelchair spaces and over-door LED information displays to indicate on which side the doors will open with multi-lingual support. 8000 series rolling stock was remodeled to include these features also. The intercom and emergency stop button were also moved close to the wheelchair space and their height adjusted to be usable from a wheelchair. Car body interior space was enlarged (by removing the baggage areas found in the 8000 series), and the elevation difference between platform and entry/exit doors reduced.

In the United States, diesel–electric propulsion was brought to high- speed mainline passenger service in late 1934, largely through the research and development efforts of General Motors dating back to the late 1920s and advances in lightweight car body design by the Budd Company. The economic recovery from World War II caused the widespread adoption of diesel locomotives in many countries. They offered greater flexibility and performance than steam locomotives, as well as substantially lower operating and maintenance costs. Diesel–hydraulic transmissions were introduced in the 1950s, but, from the 1970s onwards, diesel–electric transmissions have dominated.

As on the ER1, the ER2 car bodies are of a welded all-metal semi-monocoque load-bearing design (the entire car body bears all structural loads). The framework is built up from bent and extruded steel profiles, and consists of ring frames which are covered with corrugated sheet steel 1.5-2.5 mm thick. The automatic couplers and their shock absorbers are mounted on short spine beams at each end of the car. The doors and wire conduits are made of aluminum, which helped to keep the weight down and resulted in the cars being only slightly heavier than those of the ER1.

The 2nd generation featured a redesigned car body. The front end of the train was changed completely, and a train event recorder was introduced. Unlike the 1st generation trains, the 2nd generation trains were delivered with air- conditioning; thus SIV systems were introduced to power the air conditioners. All trains had the old Korean National Railroad (KNR) livery, but received the new livery following overhaul. Trains 1-42~1-63 were built from 1986 to 1989 with long, rectangular-windowed doors while trains 1-64~1-73 were built from 1991 to 1992 with short, square-windowed doors.

Griffin Mill is occupied by a variety of small businesses including a paint factory, a painting and decorating retail business, a fitness centre, an antiques emporium, a computer supplier, a printmaking co- operative and an art shop. Hope Mills business centre contains a tree maintenance company, a car body repair centre, a banner maker and an electrical, plumbing and building maintenance contractor. Phoenix Mill is a trading estate containing, among others, a swimming pool installer, a hot sauce manufacturer, an electronic component manufacturer, a brewery and a printer. Port Mills is occupied by a publishing company, The History Press.

The UltaCommuter project commenced in 2000 out of the University of Queensland's award-winning solar car project, the SunShark. Dr Geoff Walker said the aim was to make a car that people could register and drive from the knowledge gained making the SunShark. The car body toured Queensland in 2005 and 2006 as part of RACQ's roadshow on the history of Queensland motoring called Bulldust to Bitumen and Beyond. In 2007 Matthew Greaves, Ben Guymer, and Bernie Walsh who started the UltraCommuter project formed HybridAuto and passed development on to Waikato University School of Engineering team lead, Dr. Mike Duke.

Class 351000 (2nd generation) train 351-27 (ex-Class 2030 train 2-86) The second generation of Class 351000 trains were built in 2003 by ROTEM (Railroading Technology System) to address the extension of the Bundang Line from Suseo Station to Seolleung Station. The car body as a whole was redesigned; the cab ends of the driving cars were changed completely, and the side windows are now coated and in a single piece (as opposed to the two-window setup between doors). Because of the circular front view, the trains are nicknamed "round face" (동글이). The trains are numbered 351-23~351-28.

Originally introduced on the EM/ET class sets, several of the DM/D sets refurbished for the Johnsonville Branch were later repainted in this livery during the late 1980s. The car body was repainted in olive green with a grey roof and black underfloor equipment and running gear. A white band surrounded the windows on the sides of the car, ending between the first passenger window and the driver's cab window. The doors and ends were painted yellow with white block numbers and classification letters on the side and black numbers on the '1' and '2' ends of the train.

On the outside the car looked, at first glance, like a mildly futuristic four seat coupé. On closer inspection, one could see that there was no hood, that is, no access panel permitting access to the car’s engine. Engine maintenance required taking out the whole front end of the car body, preferably in some establishment with the required space and equipment. This was not supposed to happen often, as the engine was designed to need an oil change only after and to automatically send a radio message to a garage a short time before any required maintenance.

Located a short distance downstream from Paris along the (here fully navigable) River Seine, Poissy was near to Asnières, which was home to Chausson, at that time a car body producer and principal supplier to Ford France. The site was also adjacent to the main railway line connecting Paris with Le Havre. British propaganda showing the bombing of the Ford plant in 1942. The principal product to be produced at Poissy was to be closely based on the Matford “Alsace” V8, itself a version of the existing US 3622 cc Ford Model 48 but with a restyled rear.

The 40 class were the first mainline diesel electric locomotives to be built for the New South Wales Government Railways. Built by the Montreal Locomotive Works in 1951/52, they were based on the ALCO RSC-3 design.40 class Vicsig There were subtle deviations from the standard RSC-3 built by the American Locomotive Company. These included cab sides that angled inwards from just below the cab window-sill level upwards to reduce the width of the locomotive at the eaves of the cab roof, and placement of the handrails on the car body rather than the standard walkway arrangement.

Hokkaido can also be reached by ferry from Sendai, Niigata and some other cities, with the ferries from Tokyo dealing only in cargo. The Hokkaido Shinkansen takes passengers from Tokyo to near Hakodate in slightly over four hours. Within Hokkaido, there is a fairly well-developed railway network (see Hokkaido Railway Company), but many cities can only be accessed by road. Hokkaido is home to one of Japan's three Melody Roads, which is made from grooves cut into the ground, which when driven over causes a tactile vibration and audible rumbling transmitted through the wheels into the car body.

The body's structural role in maintaining the overall rigidity of the car body was thereby reduced, placing less stress on the roof and allowing for thinner window pillars. Although the use made of a separate platform resembled, in some respects, the use that pre- war designs would have made of a chassis, the outcome was a structure described as semi-monocoque, and it would later allow Renault to use the R4 platform, with very little modification, to build new models such as the Renault 6 and Rodeo. (Later, the successful Renault 5 used the R4 running gear, but in a monocoque shell).

Reckitt's social club hall was used as a Voluntary Aid Detachment hospital. In the 1920s the Zebo liquid grate polish, Windo (later Windolene) window cleaner; Karpol car body wash; and Reckitt's Bath Cubes brands were launched. The black lead works of competitor Hargreaves in Gipsyville, Hull was acquired in 1922 and closed after that company became insolvent. In 1926 the major acquisition of the Belgian ultramarine manufacturer S.A. des Usines Destrée was made, which included factories in Haren, Melle and Comines.Other 1920/30s acquisitions included the Lancashire Ultramarine Company of Backbarrow; the British Ultramarine Co.; Rawlins (Smalts) Ltd.

Some modern car designs have an extremely flat A-pillar angle with the horizon. For example, the Pontiac Firebird and Chevrolet Camaro from 1993 to 2002 had a windshield angle of 68° with the vertical, which equals just 22° with the horizon. A flatter A-pillar's advantages include reducing the overall drag coefficient and making the car body stronger in a frontal collision, at the expense of reducing driver visibility in a 180° field of view from left to right. A flatter A-pillar (and therefore windscreen) is also a factor when calculating the effects of a collision with a pedestrian.

They also had a double-latching door, to prevent accidental discharge of hot coals caused by the rocking motion of the caboose. Cabooses are non-revenue equipment and were often improvised or retained well beyond the normal lifetime of a freight car. Tradition on many lines held that the caboose should be painted a bright red, though on many lines it eventually became the practice to paint them in the same corporate colors as locomotives. The Kansas City Southern Railway was unique in that it bought cabooses with a stainless steel car body, and so was not obliged to paint them.

Richard Gaylard Shattock revived the name after the Second World War with the RGS Atalanta, offering complete cars with fiberglass bodywork or parts kits until 1958. Lea-Francis, Ford and Jaguar engines were used, at least 1 car was equipped with an Aston Martin DB2/4 2.6 L or 3 L triple SU H6 carburettor engine. 1939 Atalanta 2 litre Roadster ex Midge Wiltby team car; body by Abbott of Farnham. In the late 1930s there was also an open sports version of the Atalanta, with a huge 7L American side-valve engine and an 8- position, gated gear change.

The chassis was made in two lengths and carried a variety of coachwork. The long chassis was available as Torpedo (four-seat tourer), Torpedo Sport, Conduite Intérieure,Conduite Intérieure = carrosserie entièrement fermée - ie saloon/sedan car body. The driver sits inside the car's cabin in front of the passengers (though maybe separated from their conversations by a glass partition). The contrast is with earlier carriages and carriage based car designs which placed the passengers inside while the driver sat at the front, unprotected from the weather, driving the car as twenty years earlier he had driven the horses.

A new company trading as Avon Bodies Ltd took over the business moving to smaller premises at The Cape and managed to fit the existing stock of bodies onto Triumph Dolomite chassis. Lea-Francis was now back in business and the old ties were re-established with Avon supplying the Waymaker saloon bodies for their two litre model. During World War II Avon was occupied rebuilding aircraft and with peace tried to go back to car body making. That market had largely disappeared for good, but they were kept occupied by repair work and some conversions including hearses.

When the train rounded a bend, the centrifugal forces caused the car body to swing out like a pendulum, reaching the proper tilt angle naturally. However, this system had a distinct delay between entering the curve and the body swinging out, and then swung past this angle and then oscillated briefly until settling at the right angle. When traversing a series of curves, like in a switchyard, it tended to swing about alarmingly. Although a number of semi- experimental designs of the 1970s made use of it, like the UAC TurboTrain, the concept was not widely used.

So, finally, the design team chose to place the engines back-to-back in the centre of the train. The two engines would be identical and both would carry a pantograph to pick up power, but in normal operation only the rear of the two engines would raise its pantograph, and the other engine would be fed power through a coupling along the roof. Power was converted to direct current by ASEA thyristors, supplying four DC traction motors mounted in each power car. The traction motors were moved from the bogies to inside the car body, thereby reducing unsprung weight.

A1-class air- electric PCC 4024 The first PCC acquisitions, classes A1 to A8, were for new PCCs, with each class representing a separate order to the manufacturer. PCCs ordered new by the TTC were built in Montreal, Quebec by Canadian Car and Foundry under license from the St. Louis Car Company of St. Louis, Missouri. The car body shells and trucks were fabricated by St. Louis Car Company, and shipped to Canadian Car and Foundry, who then installed the components and completed the cars. Initially, the first 3 PCC classes were numbered PC1, PC2 and PC3.

ALCO, Fairbanks-Morse, and Baldwin had all introduced road switchers before EMD, whose first attempt at the road-switcher, the BL2 was unsuccessful in the market, selling only 58 units in the 14 months it was in production.Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973) p. 51 Its replacement, the GP7, swapped the truss-framed stressed car body for an un-stressed body on a frame made from flat, formed and rolled structural steel members and steel forgings welded into a single structure (a "weldment"), a basic design which is still being employed today. Unfortunately, in heavy service, the GP7’s frame would bow and sag over time.

Myer was a leading figure in the Victorian department store chain Myer, one of his most recent projects having been the initiator behind the vast Chadstone Shopping Centre (1961) in Melbourne's suburban south-east. After Roy Grounds purchased Penders in 1964, John and Mary Cremerius, who lived nearby were employed by Grounds to help "clean up" the site. Mary Cremerius recalls that at this time Penders was covered in rubbish as it seemed to have also been used as a bit of a local dump site for refuse. Broken bottles, tins, crockery and car body parts were removed from the site during the clean up at that time.

Interior view of the railcar class 05 on a factory photo of Ganz Works The vehicles were optimally designed for the conditions of the Rhodopebahn as mountain railcars with the highest friction weight (identical to the service mass). For narrow-gauge conditions they were designed quite large, much larger than the known narrow-gauge railcars DR 137 322 to 325, which they still towered by three meters in length. But they had about the same number of seats as this series. In one end of the steel skeleton construction of the car body were placed the seats in wood lath construction and in the other end the machinery.

While similar to the R16 in outward appearance, as an A Division car, it is smaller and contains only three doors on each side of the car (instead of four). Side windows are of a two-pane, pull-down drop sash type (used until the Main Line R36s). The R17, like many older New York City Subway cars built for the A Division, also features two sets of mid-car body passenger windows on each side. Normally arranged in two pairs of three on the R15, on the R17, one set of windows on each side contains a rollsign in lieu of a third window.

Although related to the Audi B5 S4, many of the outer body panels were altered, with wider front and rear wheel arches, to allow for the wider axle track on the RS 4. With unique front and rear bumpers and side sills, and the rear spoiler from the S4 Avant, the aerodynamic modifications achieved a drag coefficient of Cd 0.34. Although the B5 S4 came in a saloon car body style, the B5 RS 4 was only available in the Avant version. Luggage space, measured according to the industry standard VDA method was with the rear seats in the upright position, and with the seats folded flat.

Since Need for Speed: High Stakes, the series has also integrated car body customization into gameplay. Although the games share the same name, their tone and focus can vary significantly. For example, in some games the cars can suffer mechanical and visual damage, while in other games the cars cannot be damaged at all; in some games, the software simulates real-car behavior (physics), while in others there are more forgiving physics. With the release of Need for Speed: Underground, the series shifted from racing sports cars on scenic point-to-point tracks to an import/tuner subculture involving street racing in an urban setting.

News release drawing of the 1942 Nash 600 showing its unibody construction The Nash 600 is generally credited with being the first mass-produced American automobile that was constructed using unitized body/frame construction techniques in which the car body and the frame are welded as one unit, rather than the more traditional body-on-frame (the body is bolted to the frame method). Unitized construction allowed Nash to advertise that the car was lighter in weight, quieter, and more rigid than its competitors. Elimination of the frame in favor of a combined body-and-chassis construction reduced the car's weight by . Nash's innovation also required new techniques for collision repairs.

According to Wyndham Mortimer, the UAW officer put in charge of the organizing campaign in Flint, he received a death threat by an anonymous caller when he visited Flint in 1936. GM also maintained an extensive network of spies throughout its plants. This forced UAW members to keep the names of new members in secret and meeting workers at their homes. As the UAW studied its target, it discovered that GM had only two factories that produced the dies from which car body components were stamped: one in Flint that produced the parts for Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles, and another in Cleveland that produced Chevrolet parts.

Volandia Park and Flight Museum is the largest Italian aeronautical museum, as well as one of the largest in Europe. Volandia displays over 100 aircraft on a total area of over 250,000 m² - 32,000 m² of which indoor -. The museum, located in Somma Lombardo and adjacent to the Milan-Malpensa Airport, is placed in the buildings of the historic Officine Aeronautiche Caproni 1910. Since its foundation in 2010, the park-museum has been enriched with numerous collections, including the Luciano Piazzai Modeling Collection, and the Flaminio Bertoni Museum; it also houses the Gruppo Bertone Collection, which brings together some of the most famous cars designed by the Turin car body shop.

In bare chassis form the listed price of the W22 was 13,000 Marks and many buyers will have chosen to buy a car body separately from a bespoke coach builder. Cars using any one of the six standard Mercedes-Benz bodies were all listed at 19,500 Marks. A four-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) body was offered along with a traditional Torpedo bodied 2 door “Tourenwagen”. There was a "Sport- Roadster" and three different cabriolet bodied cars, designated the "Cabriolet A", the "Cabriolet B" and the "Cabriolet C". The principal differences involved the number of seats (2 or 4) and the number of side windows (2 or 4).

Cars for overhaul would arrive at a small platform near the trimming shop, where the seats would be removed for refurbishment. At the lifting shop, the car body would be lifted off its original bogies, and mounted onto accommodation bogies, which provided much more clearance below the car, so that items below the car floor could be accessed more easily. A system of haulage chains, mounted in channels underneath the workshop floors, was used to move the car bodies through the various workshops. Dirt and accumulated debris was removed by high-pressure air jets, before insulation testing of the electrical circuits was carried out.

A vertical fracture was present across the middle of the skull, which had apparently been sealed with car body filler. In hopes of making it look more complete and valuable, the fossil traders had severely obscured the skull beneath plaster; a widespread practice among local collectors in the Chapada do Araripe, especially on fish fossils. The buyers were unaware of the modifications to the illegally collected specimen until it was sent to universities in the United Kingdom for CT scan imaging. This revealed the collectors had tried to reconstruct the skull by grafting parts of the maxilla (main upper jaw bone) onto the front of the rostrum (snout).

1937 302 Darl'mat prepared for the 24 heures du Mans race Peugeot Museum Émile Darl'mat (1892–1970) was the creator and owner of a Peugeot distributor with a car body business established at the rue de l'Université in Paris in 1923. In the 1930s the firm gained prominence as a low volume manufacturer of Peugeot-based sports cars. Business was interrupted by the Second World War, but at least one prototype was kept hidden throughout the period and directly after the war Darl'mat returned to the construction of special bodied Peugeots, although in the impoverished condition of post-war France business never returned to the volumes achieved during the 1930s.

Toys in the United States almost always were simpler castings of zinc alloy (zamac), pressed steel or plastic and often castings of only seven parts (a car body, four plastic wheels and two axles) – while more complex plastic and zamac models in Europe often had precision detail with more working features (Ralston 2007). This provides instruction on different regions of the world and their varied cultures, markets, labor and economies. Citroen Ami 6 pressed tin toy. Europe quickly developed niche marketing after World War II. The greater availability of labor there generally allowed the development of relatively complex toys to serve different markets in different countries.

The total of 120 provided for the Moscow Metro cars were loaded in September 1945 and brought by rail to the Soviet capital. These cars were adapted to the new conditions: they were converted to the Russian broad gauge of 1524 mm, the car body received the typical blue paint and the door handles were removed. The doors were opened and closed by the driver. The designation of the series was type В (the Cyrillic В [W], the third letter of the alphabet, arranged behind the then types А (railcar) and Б (B, control car), which had been built in 1930 for the opening of the Moscow metro).

Located in Derbyshire the European Global Production Centre is a hub for the teaching of best practices and training of production staff and supervisors from all over Europe. Toyota's Accessory and Service Centre in Brussels houses after-sales, conversion and accessories activities. Functions include overall coordination of Toyota’s aftersales service operations, investigation of technical matters in the field, car body and paint training, accessories development and planning, as well as vehicle conversion. Created in 2000 in Nice, France, Toyota Europe Design Development (ED²) concentrates on design concepts for the European market, including advanced design, design competition, production support for European models and design research information.

This increased the capacity of each unit by 40% to 244 seats, and allows the company to manage the annual 10% growth in passengers. The delivery of the fourth cars started in 2008 and were built by Bombardier Transportation, who has bought ADtranz, with the rebuilding scheduled to be completed during 2009. The rebuilding created several challenges for Bombardier, since most of the components used in the class were no longer available. Significant components such as the car body and rectifiers had to be built by Bombardier based on abandoned production lines, and many of the original manufacturers for the interior have become defunct.

Inside the car body is a transmitting RF module (Richwave "RW67TX-NA03") and a black-and-white camera module (based around the OmniVison OV5116 IC). Similarly, the remote control unit contains a corresponding video receiver (Richwave "RW67RX-NA03") and a 3.5 mm phono jack which carries the video signal to the headset. The headset is based around the Kopin CyberDisplay 300M LV LCD and A300 controller IC. It contains simple optics and a diffused, white LED backlight. All of the components run on a 9v DC source (each has its own voltage regulator), and the Rx/Tx set operates on the 2.4 GHz range.

The Alvis TB 14 was a British two seater open car produced by Alvis cars based on the running gear of the TA 14 saloon and made only in 1950. Alvis contracted AP Metalcraft, a Coventry coachbuilder, to produce the two door open car body to fit on the TA 14 chassis. The car had heavily cut away door tops on the rear hinged doors and very long sweeping front wings and a fold down windscreen. The radiator grille was a controversial item being pear shaped with the bottom side bulges concealing the headlights which consequentially were a long way from the side of the car.

Instead of a pair of horizontal bolts that allow the caliper to move straight in and out respective to the car body, a swinging caliper utilizes a single, vertical pivot bolt located somewhere behind the axle centerline. When the driver presses the brakes, the brake piston pushes on the inside piston and rotates the whole caliper inward, when viewed from the top. Because the swinging caliper's piston angle changes relative to the disc, this design uses wedge-shaped pads that are narrower in the rear on the outside and narrower on the front on the inside. Various types of brake calipers are also used on bicycle rim brakes.

1908 Thomas 4-20 town car Coupé de ville — also known as town car or sedanca de ville — is a car body style produced from 1908 to 1939 with an external or open-topped driver's position and an enclosed compartment for passengers. Although the different terms may have once had specific meanings for certain car manufacturers or countries, the terms are often used interchangeably. Some coupés de ville have the passengers separated from the driver in a fully enclosed compartment while others have a canopy for the passengers and no partition between the driver and the passengers (passengers enter the compartment via driver's area).

Leather-upholstered car seats An automotive upholsterer, also known as a trimmer, coach trimmer or motor trimmer, shares many of the skills required in upholstery, in addition to being able to work with carpet. The term coach trimmer derives from the days when car frames were produced by manufacturers and delivered to coach builders to add a car body and interior trimmings. Trimmers would produce soft furnishings, carpets, soft tops, and roof linings often to order to customer specifications. Later, trim shops were often an in-house part of the production line as the production process was broken down into smaller parts manageable by semi-skilled labor.

The site can be divided into four zones, covering respectively administration, logistics (with general support), quality and production. Of these four elements it is, of course, production that uses most of the space, and the production activities are in turn divided between four sections as follows: :• Stamping: The principal metal components of the body and chassis are stamped into shape using heavy hydraulic presses. :• Body shop: The panels are welded together using robotic welding machines, and emerge as recognisable car bodies. :• Paint shop: The painting process, which is also highly automated, involves immersion of each car body in a succession of basins with the final coats being robotically spray painted.

The gun cars allowed only 1° left and right traverse, achieved by pivoting the entire gun car body about the forward bogies, in the two Vickers carriages, or about the rear bogies in the Armstrong carriages. Like most railway guns in the war it was operated on specially-constructed curved sections of track and moved forward or backward to point it at a new target. Fine adjustment could then be achieved by onboard traversing, which at the gun's maximum range covered an arc of about 1,000 yards.Miller 1921, page 154 The initial shock of firing was absorbed by a hydro-spring mechanism, allowing 34 inches of recoil within the gun mounting.

The car was offered in bare chassis form for customers wishing to purchase a car body from an independent coach builder. Standard bodies from the manufacturer started with a Torpedo-bodied “Tourenwagen” and included 2 or 4-door ”Limousine” (sedan/saloon) bodies. There was also a choice from (initially) three different Mercedes-Benz cabriolet bodies, carrying according to the number of seats and of side windows, and listed respectively as the “Cabriolet A”, the “Cabriolet C” and the “Cabriolet D”.Oswald, p 219 In 1933 the manufacturer also produced a Mercedes-Benz W11L with its wheelbase lengthened by to . Intended to accommodate longer six- seater Pullman-bodied cars.

In late July 1979, inspections revealed that the steel where the car body was joined to the truck was wearing away, a severe safety issue. At the end of 1979, many other flaws were discovered in the R46 fleet, and the Transit Authority filed another US$80 million charge against Pullman Standard and a number of other subcontractors. This lawsuit invalidated an agreement made with Pullman by executive director John G. DeRoos for US$1.5 million in spare parts to remedy the defects. In 1983, organizations for the blind stated that the gaps in between R44 and R46 cars were dangerous, since the blind could mistake the spaces for doorways.

Besides the remixed and original theme song and cameo by Michael Knight, the original KITT is shown (still in pieces) in the scene where the antagonists search the garage. The Trans-am body (sans-hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rest the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labeled "Knight Two Thousand") and "KNIGHT" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. Also, when the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: The 3000, The 2000 under the tarp and a 2000 without any of the parts missing.

Lagonda Rapier Edward Dixon Abbott (1898- )Graces Guide - Edward Dixon-Abbott had been employed in the design department of Wolseley Motors before he joined coachbuilders 'Page and Hunt' who had started operations in 1920.Graces Guide - Page and Hunt Abbott became their London Sales Manager and when Page and Hunt's business failed in 1929 he took over their Farnham works forming a new company using his own name. Many of the early orders were for commercial vehicles which kept the business afloat during the worst of the depression but some car body making continued. From 1931 Abbott took a stand each year at the London Motor Show.

The result of putting a car body on the old was one or two very long overhangs: in the case of the 1937 W143 the overhang was concentrated at the back.Oswald, p. 256 Whether because the excessive rear overhang looked rather odd, or for other reasons, the original W 143 failed to gain market acceptance, and although the short-wheelbase cars continued to be offered for sale till the end of 1937, well before that the model had effectively been relaunched with the longer wheelbase that had already been offered on special long-wheelbase version of the Mercedes Typ 200 (W 21) for several years.

In the extended-vision or wide-vision caboose, the sides of the cupola project beyond the side of the car body. Rock Island created some of these by rebuilding some standard cupola cabooses with windowed extensions applied to the sides of the cupola itself, but by far, the greatest number have the entire cupola compartment enlarged. This model was introduced by the International Car Company and saw service on most U.S. railroads. The expanded cupola allowed the crew to see past the top of the taller cars that began to appear after World War II, and also increased the roominess of the cupola area.

But there were several new engines, and the front hood was reshaped to give a smoother profile. At the back was a higher boot/trunk than before which improved aerodynamics and also marginally increased luggage capacity from . The apparently minor changes in the shapes of the ends of the car, together with tighter tolerances applied to major pressings which permitted a reduction in the panel gaps on the car body, enabled the manufacturer to boast of an improved aerodynamic profile which marginally improved performance and reduced fuel consumption. The published drag coefficient was reduced from 0.42 Cd on the Rekord E1 to 0.36 Cd on the Rekord E2.

Erwin Komenda, the leader of the Porsche car body construction department, was also involved in the design. When 356 production came to an end in 1965, there was still a market for a 4-cylinder car, particularly in the USA. The Porsche 912, a slightly downscaled 911 fitted with the 356's engine, was introduced the same year as its replacement. In 1967, Porsche introduced the more powerful 911S. Alloy wheels from Fuchs, in a distinctive 5-leaf design, were offered for the first time. A racing version of the 911 engine was developed and used in the mid-engined Porsche 904 and Porsche 906 track cars.

World's first plastic car Plastic car frame patent 2,269,452 (January 13, 1942) Soybean car frame patent, Fig. 2 The soybean car was a concept car built with agricultural plastic. The New York Times in 1941 states the car body and fenders were made from a strong material derived from soy beans, wheat and corn. One article claims that they were made from a chemical formula that, among many other ingredients, included soy beans, wheat, hemp, flax and ramie; while the man who was instrumental in creating the car, Lowell E. Overly, claims it was "…soybean fiber in a phenolic resin with formaldehyde used in the impregnation" (Davis, 51).

After World War II Franay built the Talbot-Lago Grand Sport and in 1955 President René Coty's ceremonial car, a Citroën Traction Avant with a "three-box" modern body designed not by Marius Franay himself, but by Philippe Charbonneaux. It was, perhaps, indicative of Franay's parlous financial condition by this time that even for manufacturing the "presidential special" he used, where possible, parts already designed and in production for other manufacturers. The windscreen and bumpers came from a Ford Comète, the wheel trims from a Ford Vendôme, the rear window from a Buick and the tail lights from a Chevrolet. Franay car body production stopped in late 1955.

Johannes Hörnig was born into a working-class family in Leppersdorf a small village between Dresden and Bautzen. The population of the village had declined significantly in recent decades thanks to the lure of higher wages in the industrialising towns and cities of eastern Saxony. His father was a factory worker. In 1935 the younger Hörnig undertook an apprenticeship with Gläser-Karosserie, a bespoke coachbuilder (car-body manufacturer), in nearby Radeberg. He stayed with the firm till 1940, which is when he reached the age of 19 and joined the army, rising to the rank of junior officer in the armory division by 1945.

Regulations on engine and body are based on the United Super Late Model Rules Alliance using an Approved Body Configuration legal body, with 358 cubic inch engines. Car body designs are based on the Holden Commodore (VF), Dodge Charger, Ford Fusion, and the Toyota Camry. Most races are 100-125 laps long, except the Winchester 400 at Winchester Speedway, the Redbud 400 at Anderson Speedway, the Berlin 251 at Berlin Raceway, and the SpeedFest 200 at Watermelon Capital Speedway. The CRA Super Series is based out of Indiana, but in the past few years has been expanding its series to visit a variety of racetracks from Michigan to Florida.

The car took its chassis from the manufacturers' existing sports saloon, the Talbot Baby. Beccia designed a new four door steel body which closely resembled the larger body of the six cylinder Talbots Cadette and Major. For traditionally minded customers preferring to select their own car body, the Minor could also be ordered in bare chassis form. The steering wheel and driving seat were on the right-hand side of the car, following a convention that had been almost universal among European auto-makers twenty years earlier, but which was now seen as rather old fashioned in countries where traffic drove on the right.

Bay View Books 1997. Harry Cross and Alf Ellis worked together in the bodyshop at the Daimler Company factory in Coventry during World War I. In 1919 they went into business together in a works in Stoke Row, Coventry making motor cycle sidecars at first before also making commercial vehicle bodies and then car bodies. They were major suppliers to the Coventry companies Alvis making their first car body for their 10/30 model in 1921 and Lea-Francis. In 1934 they were trying to widen their customer base and took their own stand at the London Motor Show and exhibited a coupe built on a Triumph Gloria chassis.

Karl Wilfert (1 July 1907, Vienna – 8 March 1976) was chief of car body development at Daimler Benz AG between 1959 and 1976. When he died he was recently, and reluctantly, retired. “I still have so many ideas…” He was born in Vienna, the son of an architect, and one of a creative generation of Austrian engineers to whom the early development of the European auto industry was much indebted. He started out as a development engineer with Steyr in 1926, moving in 1929 to work with the Mercedes-Benz Vienna branch, from where he relocated to the Mercedes Sindelfingen plant: here, from 1933, he headed up the Research department.

The "shovelnose" styling was modified on later models because the streamlined headlight was found less satisfactory than more common types with vertical lenses, and the elegantly sloped nose had a bad habit of deflecting vehicles up toward the cab in a grade crossing collision. More enduring was the paint scheme—E1 number two and her booster #2A were the first locomotives to wear the world-famous Santa Fe "Warbonnet" red and silver colors. In fact, these units used stainless steel sides on the car body to better match the road's new stainless passenger cars. This decor was not developed by the Santa Fe, but by EMC—or rather, by GM's Art and Color section.

Project U3 aimed to create a vehicle that was more spacious in terms of passenger capacity, more reliable, and, for which, most of the components could be manufacturer in Japan itself. Specific tasks were allotted to each of the four collaborators - MHI took over bogies, brakes, and inner/outer rigging; Kinki Sharyo focused on design, car body, articulations, and drivers cabin; while Toyo Denki Seizo took responsibility for electric parts and control and drive units. Hiroden was closely involved in this project as its “operation-service” adviser. The result was the "Green Mover Max", a vehicle that had more passenger seats, wider aisles (830 mm – to enable movement of wheelchairs) and lower dependence on foreign patented technology & component makers.

A crash simulation with a slender (left) and obese (right) female passenger. A crash simulation is a virtual recreation of a destructive crash test of a car or a highway guard rail system using a computer simulation in order to examine the level of safety of the car and its occupants. Crash simulations are used by automakers during computer-aided engineering (CAE) analysis for crashworthiness in the computer-aided design (CAD) process of modelling new cars. During a crash simulation, the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, that a vehicle has before the impact is transformed into deformation energy, mostly by plastic deformation (plasticity) of the car body material (Body in White), at the end of the impact.

Data obtained from a crash simulation indicate the capability of the car body or guard rail structure to protect the vehicle occupants during a collision (and also pedestrians hit by a car) against injury. Important results are the deformations (for example, steering wheel intrusions) of the occupant space (driver, passengers) and the decelerations (for example, head acceleration) felt by them, which must fall below threshold values fixed in legal car safety regulations. To model real crash tests, today's crash simulations include virtual models of crash test dummies and of passive safety devices (seat belts, airbags, shock absorbing dash boards, etc.). Guide rail tests evaluate vehicle deceleration and rollover potential, as well as penetration of the barrier by vehicles.

Production was increased and soon reached 750 cars per year. Maudslay was reported to be a designer of "considerable ability", and reputedly invented the side-entrance car body so familiar today, but his contribution to the development of Standard after the First World War is "difficult to assess". He relied heavily on the engineering skills of others such as John Budge and later John Black, who by 1933 was joint managing director with Maudslay. Maudslay's enthusiasm for the export market drove the company's finances into the doldrums during the 1920s, particularly in 1927 after an anticipated large Australian order, to which most of the company's production had been diverted, failed to materialise.

Ilario Bandini in 1956 The technical regulation imposed a restyling to 750 sports torpedo. It was not carried out a body including wheels but were created wheel that could be attached to the body while maintaining the standard of performance and lightness that were requested. It was amended to make uniform the line; whole body became more smooth and round and away considerably from the model of departure but adding aesthetic pleasantness aerodynamic performance. A recent contest of elegance in USA This type is characterized also for the curious position of the headlights, mounted between the wheels and the car body, resting position not oppose any resistance but aerodynamic meet with the mere presence requirements of the regulation.

Based on the Fiat Tipo 3, it was a four-door seven-seat sedan using a town car body style powered by a front-mounted 2.8-litre straight-4 engine driving the rear wheels, and was capable of speeds up to . 22 were built at the company's Kobe shipyard, including prototypes, between 1917 and 1921. Because it was expensive to produce—it was built entirely by hand, with the interior rear compartment furnished with lacquered white cypress—it could not compete with cheaper American and European competition, and Mitsubishi halted production after four years. Concentrating instead on its successful Fuso commercial vehicles, the Model A would be the company's last passenger car until the Mitsubishi 500 of 1960.

During the early 1920s, mainstays of this output was the Model-10 which had the engine mounted up in the baggage compartment, as was the fashion of most all other manufacturers. In 1926 the company started delivery of the new Model-20. What set the Model-20 apart from the Model-10 and competitor's models was the ingenious, patented, power truck design, with the motor set into the front truck frame instead of being up in the car body. Edwards output during the 1930s was mainly export cars including the "modern" streamlined Model-21 and the streamlined version of the Model-10, with their distinctive shovel-nose, first developed by Edwards in 1935.

The car was introduced in the 2007 Cup season at the Food City 500 on March 25 and ran a partial schedule of 16 races. The plan was to require all teams to use the new car in 2009, but NASCAR officials moved the date up to the 2008 season as a cost-saving measure. The fifth-generation car's body style was retired by NASCAR after the 2012 Ford EcoBoost 400. The sixth-generation car, which featured the additional chassis safety improvements but utilized improved body designs, debuted in 2013; many teams simply removed the fifth-generation car bodies, added the new chassis safety improvements, and installed a sixth-generation car body.

1972 Porsche 911T Targa: where the designation "Targa" appears for the first time. Targa top, or targa for short, is a semi-convertible car body style with a removable roof section and a full width roll bar behind the seats. The term was first used on the 1966 Porsche 911 Targa, and it remains a registered trademark of Porsche AG. The rear window is normally fixed, but on some targa models, it is removable or foldable, making it a convertible-type vehicle. Any piece of normally fixed metal or trim which rises up from one side, over the roof and down the other side is sometimes called a targa band, targa bar, or a wrapover band.

A competitor to the Turbo had been brewing for some time at this point. As early as 1966 an engineer in Alcan had been formulating ideas for a new lightweight train and introduced the design to CN. The car body design was made mostly of aluminum for light weight, and built two inches lower than conventional sets to cut down wind resistance. The entire underside and running gear were also streamlined and tight-fitting from car to car to reduce the inter-car gap and the drag that causes. Active tilt in the cars would allow them to take advantage of higher speeds on existing lines, and an advanced suspension design would offer a smooth ride at all speeds.

Although Rubay went out of business in 1923, Baker-Raulang continued to supply leftover Rubay bodies to Rubay's former customers and as late as 1927, a Rubay-designed town car body was used on Moon's Diana Town Car. Raulang even made an appearance at the 1929 Auto Salons where they displayed a custom-bodied Ruxton Town Car. Although Budd built all of the Ruxton's closed production bodies, Raulang furnished the bodies for Ruxton's roadster, their most popular model. Baker, Rauch & Lang's Industrial Truck Division introduced a number of new products in the early twenties including a ram truck for carrying heavy steel coils as well as a line of low- lift platform truck and cranes.

Stock wheels (left) and modified (one gram) wheels (right) The force accelerating a pinewood derby car is gravity; the opposing forces are friction and air drag. Therefore, car modifications are aimed at maximizing the potential energy in the car design and minimizing the air drag and the friction that occurs when the wheel spins on the axle, contacts the axle head or car body, or contacts the track guide rail. Friction due to air drag is a minor, although not insignificant, factor. The wheel tread can be sanded or turned on a lathe and the inner surface of the hub can be tapered to minimize the contact area between the hub and body.

When the war finally ended in 1918, the company was one of the most significant manufacturers. On the one hand because the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and Uhry's company was one of the few not finding itself on the outer side of the new borders, on the other because the company was taking a significant part in the war production. In the early 1920s, another enlargement of the company was due to happen, which eventually resulted in a new name: Uhry Imre Car-body and Trailer Factory (). Prior to 1930s the company was primarily producing various and unique superstructures on foreign companies' chassis, like Ford, Mercedes- Benz, FIAT, Büssing or Gräf & Stift.

A damaged MÁVAG N2h/39 during World War II In 1933, the children of Imre Uhry established a new company on the ruins of the old, which was called Uhri Siblings Car-body and Vehicle Factory (). The children were using their family name with the letter "i" instead of "y". The new company's first three years went by steadily, without any major success, but in 1936 the BSzKRt, the company then responsible for Budapest's public transportation, ordered 50 diesel buses on MÁVAG–Mercedes chassis. These vehicles were still produced with wooden body, but the factory did hire new engineers, who started to work on a metal body variant, which was to be mass-produced.

87012 Coeur de Lion entered service with black numbers on the cab side but no logo. 73123 Gatwick Express had white numbers and a large double arrow logo on the dark grey of its bodyside, although the new Gatwick Express service was not operated by the InterCity Sector. In use there were problems with the light colour showing dirt on the diesel HSTs and so dark grey was extended from the roof to cover louvres near the top of the power car body, and the logotype was changed from an outline to solid white to make it more striking. The use of the term 'Executive' was dropped in 1985 and the livery was then referred to as just 'InterCity'.

The terminus was close to the Kingsteignton road, and consisted of a basin with buildings on both sides. The basin was filled in to enable lorries to turn, and the buildings were for many years used by A J Booker's Autobodies as a car body workshop. Although they were grade II listed structures, all except one were demolished in 2001 as part of a redevelopment of the area. The tow-path followed the north bank of the canal, and the water supply entered the canal from a leat which passed under the tow-path to the east of the wharf buildings, crossing over a drainage ditch on an aqueduct before it did so.

The second- generation Lincoln Town Car would become the first domestic Ford vehicle engineered outside of the company and constructed by foreign suppliers, with International Automotive Design of Brighton, England handling the engineering, while Japan-based Ogihara Iron Works supplying all of the Town Car body panels from its own factory near the Wixom plant. To improve quality of prototypes, project managers broke from automotive industry precedent, requiring successive hand-built prototypes to be built to production-level quality to determine the locations and causes of specific issues of tooling and manufacturing. From 1988 to 1989, the Town Car would go from over a year behind its production date to two weeks ahead of schedule.

The is a series of automobiles manufactured by Honda since 1976, best known for its four-door sedan variant, which has been one of the best-selling cars in the United States since 1989. The Accord nameplate has been applied to a variety of vehicles worldwide, including coupes, station wagons, hatchbacks and a Honda Crosstour crossover. Since initiation, Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord, and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially. It debuted in 1976, as a compact hatchback, though this style only lasted through 1989, as the lineup was expanded to include a sedan, coupe and wagon.

For wide body vehicles that cover the tire, the fender forms the wheel well surrounding the tire, and is not directly visible from above the car body. The fender's openings for the wheel wells tend to be much larger than the diameter of the tire, because they do not move with the tire suspension and consequently must be large enough to allow the full range of tire motion on the suspension without touching the interior of the wheel well. The streamlined 1949 Nash 600 and Ambassador design was first to feature fenders that enclosed the front wheels. More elaborate designs include fender skirts for enclosing the outside edge of the wheel well, and stylized pontoon fenders for exposed fenders.

While rules vary from country to country, most series require that the competitors start with a standard car body, but virtually every other component may be allowed to be heavily modified for racing, including engines, suspension, brakes, wheels and tires. Aerodynamic aids are sometimes added to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are usually designed to limit costs by banning some of the more exotic technologies available (for instance, many series insist on a "control tire" that all competitors must use) and keep the racing close (sometimes by ballast weight where winning a race requires the winner's car to be heavier for subsequent races). Touring cars share some similarity with American stock car racing governed by NASCAR.

Once the car got moving, the body had twisted and flexed, causing sections of bodywork to become detached and doors to open spontaneously. The B10 had inherited its chassis from the B2, but it was quickly apparent that a stronger and stiffer chassis would be needed to complement the necessary rigidity of an all-steel car body. The "Type B12" came with a newly reinforced chassis which addressed the rigidity issues, but the car was nevertheless significantly heavier. With the engine still offering the same 20 HP of horsepower as before, the manufacturer's listed top speed was now 70 km/h (44 mph) as against the 72 km/h (45 mph) claimed four years earlier for the "Type B2".

GAZ M-72 was the world's first series-produced monocoque four-wheel drive (1955). carbon fiber composite monocoque In motor racing, the safety of the driver depends on the car body, which must meet stringent regulations, and only a few cars have been built with monocoque structures. Monocoque – Survival Cell, Technical F1 dictionary Passive car safety, Steven De Groote, 26 Mar 2006 An aluminum alloy monocoque chassis was first used in the 1962 Lotus 25 Formula 1 race car and McLaren was the first to use carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers to construct the monocoque of the 1981 McLaren MP4/1. In 1990 the Jaguar XJR 15 became the first production car with a carbon-fiber monocoque.

Torque reaction effects on a leaf spring in a Hotchkiss drive system Most shaft-drive systems consist of a drive shaft (also called a "propeller shaft" or Cardan shaft) extending from the transmission in front to the differential in the rear. The differentiating characteristic of the Hotchkiss drive is the fact that the axle housing is firmly attached to the leaf springs to transfer the axle torque through them to the car body. Also, it uses universal joints at both ends of the driveshaft, which is not enclosed. The use of two universal joints, properly phased and with parallel alignment of the drive and driven shafts, allows the use of simple cross-type universals.

Jordan formed his own company, O.F. Jordan Company, in 1898 and continued construction of Jordan Spreaders. By 1906, the company had moved to Chicago, Jordan was a U.S. Citizen, and the spreader was a far more sophisticated device, with blades on both sides of the car, pneumatic power for raising and lowering each blade, and considerably more rugged construction.Oswald Jordan, Railroad Spreader, , granted May 7, 1907. By 1909, the spreader was being built on a steel-framed car body instead of the wood used in earlier models, and a plow was mounted on the front, with an extension in front of that for shifting material across the track from side to side.Oswald Jordan, Railroad Spreader, , granted July 12, 1910.

Non-traversing (top); car traversing mount (middle); top carriage traversing mount (bottom) 12-inch howitzers on top-carriage traversing mounts, traversed 90°, Catterick, December 1940 The first method of traverse is to rely entirely on movement along a curved section of track or on a turntable with no provision to traverse the gun on its mount. The second is to traverse the rail car body on its trucks, known as a car-traversing mount. Generally this is limited to a few degrees of traverse to either side unless an elaborate foundation is built with a centre pivot and traversing rollers. The design of the foundation is the only limit to the amount of traverse allowed in this latter case.

The principal longitudinal bars of the chassis curved up at the ends which meant that the car body sat lower on the road than on cars featuring a more traditional 1920s style "overslung" chassis.An overslung chassis sits directly above the car's axles below the chassis frame. An underslung chassis hangs directly below the axles, resulting in a lowered centre of gravity and a lower look for the car The Dauphine’s chassis was also noteworthy for following the recent trend to independent front suspension, the front wheels being suspended from a transverse leaf spring, and here combined with rack and pinion steering. At the back there was a traditional rigid axle suspended from a pair of longitudinally mounted leaf-springs.

34 Influenced by the public response to the introduction of the Mercedes-Benz 300SL and Mercedes-Benz 190SL in 1954, BMW began development of a sports car based on the platform of the BMW 502 luxury sedan.Norbye, pp. 95-96 The styling was contracted out to industrial designer Albrecht von Goertz, who designed a two-seat roadster and a four-seat grand tourer versions.Norbye, pp. 113-114 The BMW 507 roadster was introduced at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York in early 1955,Seeliger, Georg, BMW 503/507: Die V8-Sportmodelle, p. 83BMW 507 and 503 (1955-1960), Car Body Design, 21 November 2006 while the BMW 503 four-seater was introduced a few months later.

The first successful frontal full car crash simulation: a Volkswagen Polo collided with a rigid concrete barrier at 50 km/h (ESI 1986). In the following years, German car makers produced more complex crash simulation studies, simulating the crash behavior of individual car body components, component assemblies, and quarter and half car bodies in white (BIW). These experiments culminated in a joint project by the Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik (FAT), a conglomeration of all seven German car makers (Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Porsche, and Volkswagen), which tested the applicability of two emerging commercial crash simulation codes. These simulation codes recreated a frontal impact of a full passenger car structure (Haug 1986) and they ran to completion on a computer overnight.

Even by 1930s standards, the range of different 402 models based on the single chassis was large, comprising at one stage, by one estimate, sixteen different body types, from expensive steel bodied convertible cars, to family saloons which were among the most spacious produced in France. An aspect of the all- steel car bodies that became mainstream among the larger European automakers in the 1930s was the very high initial cost associated with the heavy steel presses and the dies needed to cut and stamp pressed steel sheeting into the panels that, when welded together, would form a sufficiently rigid and robust car body. The wide range of car bodies was therefore carefully devised to maximise the sharing of panels between the different body variants listed.

The first production model, produced for 1908, was powered by a four-cylinder engine of 2200cc. The car featured an “underslung” chassis (with the axles protruding from above the principal longitudinal chassis elements and not, as was more normal at the time, with the principal chassis elements all mounted above the axles). This provided for a lowered car body that would remain a key element in the appeal of Stabilias. . Between 1912 and 1914 the manufacturer broadened its range, offering cars of 1500cc, 1700cc and 2700cc engine capacity. Production resumed after the war in 1919, and at the Motor Show in October 1919 the company exhibited a 15HP 4-cylinder powered car with 3168cc of engine displacement and the choice of a or wheelbase.

Graphite (carbon) fiber and carbon nanotubes are also used in carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and in heat-resistant composites such as reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC). Commercial structures made from carbon fiber graphite composites include fishing rods, golf club shafts, bicycle frames, sports car body panels, the fuselage of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and pool cue sticks and have been successfully employed in reinforced concrete. The mechanical properties of carbon fiber graphite- reinforced plastic composites and grey cast iron are strongly influenced by the role of graphite in these materials. In this context, the term "(100%) graphite" is often loosely used to refer to a pure mixture of carbon reinforcement and resin, while the term "composite" is used for composite materials with additional ingredients.

As with other competition-spec SWBs, this car had a lightweight body and chassis, minimal trim, and a more powerful 286 bhp Tipo 168 engine with Testarossa-type heads. Bizzarrini applied all the ideas he had developed working on the GTO and together with the car body specialist Piero Drogo developed an aerodynamically advanced body, even lower than the GTO's, with the roof line dramatically extended to the rear end following Kamm aerodynamic theory. The resulting shooting-brake appearance led to the French press nicknaming it "La Camionnette" (little truck), while the English- speaking journalists called it the "Breadvan." Bizzarrini moved the engine and radiator further back to the center of the chassis than the GTO, and lowered it by fitting a dry sump system.

Sports or racing car body formats were listed. Willingness to maximise component standardisation on a relatively wide range of cars reflected an appreciation on the part of the manufacturer of the need to concentrate on making cars easy to produce at reasonable cost, an approach which would resonate down the decades to come, and which does much to explain why Peugeot has survived and grown, whereas most of the major auto-makers familiar in France during the first decade of the twentieth century would disappear within fifty years. Nevertheless, the relatively high price of the Type VY was reflected in the relatively small number of cars produced. 142 were produced, compared with about 1,000 of the slower Types VC and VC1.

The history of the Korean automotive industry began in August 1955, when Choi Mu-seong, a Korean businessman, and two of his brothers (Choi Hae-seong and Choi Soon-seong), mounted a modified and localized jeep engine on a US military jeep-style car body made with the sheet metal from a junk oil drum can and military junk Jeep parts to manufacture its first car, called the Sibal (car). Sibal translates as new go or new start. To develop the automobile industry, the Korean government announced an "Automobile Industry Promotion Policy" in 1962, and The Automobile Industry Protection Act to protect the infant industry. Foreign automakers were barred from operating in Korea, except in joint ventures with local business entities.

Tritton Trench-Crosser, May 1915 Killen-Strait tractor fitted with a Delaunay-Belleville armoured car body, shortly after the 30 June 1915 experiments The No1 Lincoln Machine, with lengthened Bullock tracks and Creeping Grip tractor suspension, September 1915 Little Willie design, December 1915 The Lincolnshire firm Richard Hornsby & Sons had been developing the caterpillar tractor since 1902, and built an oil engine powered crawler to move lifeboats up a beach in 1908. In 1909 The Northern Light and Power Company of Dawson City, Canada, owned by Joe Boyle, ordered a steam powered caterpillar tractor. It was delivered to the Yukon in 1912. Hornsby's tractors were trialled between 1905 and 1910 on several occasions with the British Army as artillery tractors, but not adopted.

Above all, the MTA greatly increased their anti- graffiti budget. Many favored painting sites became heavily guarded, yards were patrolled, newer and better fences were erected, and buffing of pieces was strong, heavy, and consistent. Stainless steel, to which paint adheres poorly (and was easily removed by the powerful cleaning solutions and spinning brushes used in automatic car washers at the yards) had also become the car body material of choice for new rolling stock, retiring hundreds of worn out carbon-steel bodied subway cars whose exteriors had made an ideal canvas for taggers. As a result of rolling stock being harder to paint, more graffitists went into the streets, which is now, along with commuter trains and box cars, the most prevalent form of writing.

Chrysler Corporation advised state licensing bureaus that beginning in 1955, the Imperial was to be registered as a separate make. It was an attempt to compete directly with GM's Cadillac and Ford's Lincoln distinct luxury-focused marques. Frequently and erroneously referred to as the "Chrysler Imperial", these cars had no "Chrysler" badging anywhere on them until 1971 (although it was removed by 1974), and were a separate distinct marque, just as Lincoln and Cadillac were for Ford and GM. Starting with the 1974 Imperial models, the "Chrysler" badging was again removed from its car body, with only the "Imperial" nameplate appearing. In April 1955 Chrysler and Philco announced the development and production of the world's first all-transistor car radio.

1929 saw another milestone when company boss Marius Daste, working in collaboration with his new business partner Romée de Prandières, developed and patented a flexible metal-reinforced car-body structure, employing the "Silentbloc" rubber anti-vibration mountings and joints manufactured by a neighbouring firm called "Repusseau and company" ("Repusseau et cie."). These were used to connect the massive steel ladder format chassis of the luxury cars of the time to the Vanvooren timber frames of the car bodies, and successfully eliminated the unavoidable squeaks and rattles that had hitherto been a feature of large coach-built cars. They also removed the risk of timber bodies becoming torn in response to excessive flexing from the steel chassis to which they were attached.

Custom frame Frames from older cars or light trucks are sometimes preferred for rat rod conversions due to the chassis that is used for these types of vehicles—the chassis type provides a sturdy base for subsequent alterations. Older cars in poor condition are often advertised as candidates for rat rod conversions and, in some cases, the owner will purchase a custom frame, or design and build it himself/herself. In other cases, a rat rodder may use a small pick-up chassis, such as a Chevy S-10 or Dodge Dakota, to insert into an older car body, in order to create a vehicle that features the look of a classic rat rod, while also maintaining the reliability of a modern vehicle.

Class 311000 (2nd generation) train 311-45 (ex-Class 5000 train 5-46) The second generation of Class 311000 trains are very identical to the second generation Class 341000 cars. The car body as a whole was redesigned; the front ends of the train were changed completely, and the side windows are now coated and in a single piece (as opposed to the two-window setup between doors). Because of the circular front ends on these trains, railfans nicknamed the trains "round face" (동글이). The second generation trains are numbered 311-42~311-65. Trains 311-42~311-47 were built by Rotem from 2002 to 2003 to address the Line 1 Gyeongbu Branch's extension from Suwon to Byeongjeom Station.

Many years after most passenger cars had transitioned to a unibody construction, most SUVs continued to use a separate body-on-frame method, due to being based on the chassis from a light truck, commercial vehicle, pickup truck, or off-road vehicle. The first mass-produced unibody four-wheel drive passenger car was the Russian 1955 GAZ-M20 Pobeda M-72, which could be considered the first crossover car. The 1977 Lada Niva was the first off-road vehicle to use both a unibody construction and a coil-sprung independent front suspension. The relatively compact Niva is considered a predecessor to the crossover SUV and combines a hatchback-like passenger car body with full-time four-wheel drive, low-range gearing and lockable center differential.

It was also produced in Austria as the Puch 500. Fiat had also launched the larger 1955 Fiat 600 with a similar layout but with a water-cooled in-line four-cylinder engine, it even had a six-seater people carrier / MPV / mini-van version called the 'Multipla', even though it was about the same size as a modern supermini. Car body corrosion was a particular problem from the 1950s to the 1980s when cars moved to monocoque or uni-body construction (starting from the 1930s), from a separate Body-on-frame chassis made from thick steel. This relied on the shaped body panels and box sections, like sills/rockers, providing the integrity of the body-shell rather than a separate frame (vehicle) for strength.

The best-known livery, all cars of the DM and D classes wore the "Midland Red" livery at one time during their working lives. When the EM/ET class was introduced in the early 1980s in an olive paint scheme, the red of the DM/D class became a distinguishing feature and they came to be nicknamed "old reds" in New Zealand railway jargon. The car body and skirting over the traction equipment was painted in "Midland Red" with the roof in grey and separated from the red body by a black strip and black underfloor equipment and running gear. Car numbers were painted in gold on a black background, but were later replaced by solid white numbers during the TMS era.

It was reported at the time that, unlike the three artists before him, Warhol opted to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer his scale-model design to the car.Bmw Art Car 1979: M1 by Andy Warhol, Car Body Design, March 27, 2006 (archived) It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes to paint the entire car. Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques—silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors—whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images of suicide, car crashes, and disasters, as in the 1962–63 Death and Disaster series.

The R16s were numbered 6300–6499. When delivered, the R16s quickly became the new standard in car design for the New York City Transit Authority. Structurally and mechanically, they were the larger versions of the R15s and the R17s, and basically an improved version of the R10s, sharing the same exact dimensions. The only exception was that the R16s had electrically operated door motors while the R10s had air-powered door motors. When they were new, the R16s could give the R10 some competition when it came to speed – both cars were mechanically similar with four 100 horsepower motors and a balancing speed of 55 MPH. The R16s, like the older Arnines, R10s, and R11s, featured three sets of mid-car body passenger windows on each side.

" He further stated that a layman would not understand the difference between a serious crack and a minor one, and that publicly disclosing the cracks could have caused undue panic. The Land Transport Authority blamed the cracks on impurities in the car body, and stated that the trains remained safe for service. Factwire released an open letter in response to Khaw's comments, stating that it "deeply regretted" the remarks and criticised the minister for blaming the news agency "instead of taking responsibility for an incident which has damaged the Singaporean public’s trust in the authorities". The agency denied that its reporting was politically motivated and explained that "every investigative report published by FactWire must be founded on impregnable evidence and cover serious public interests at stake.

1966 Rolls-Royce Phantom V State Landaulet 1934 Austin 12/4 taxicab A landaulet, also known as a landaulette, is a car body style where the rear passengers are covered by a convertible top. Often the driver is separated from the rear passengers by a division, as with a limousine. During the first half of the 20th century, taxicabs were often landaulets, with models such as the Austin 12/4 and the Checker Model G and early Checker Model A being a common sight in larger cities. Around the middle of the 20th century landaulets were built for public figures such as heads of state to use for formal processions or parades when they wished to be more visible to large crowds.

Opel Kadett B body options Opel had built a reputation for providing stylish cars, and the simple well balanced proportions of the recently introduced Opel Rekord Series A had continued the tradition. The unapologetic slab-sided functionalism of the Kadett B disappointed some commentators. However, customers were not deterred, possibly because the simple car body enabled the car to provide an aggressively priced practical and modern car with far more interior space than the Volkswagen which hitherto had dominated the German small car market without serious challenge for more than a decade. The range of bodies was widened with the Kadett B. The entry level model, priced in September 1965 at 5,175 Marks, was the two-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon).

The subsequent cooperation with Nash Motors resulted in high-volume production of Pinin Farina designs and provided a major entry into the United States market. In 1952, Farina visited the U.S. for the unveiling of his design for the Nash Ambassador and Statesman lines, which, although they did carry some details of Pinin Farina's design, were largely designed by Nash's then-new in-house styling staff when the original Farina-designed model proved unsuited to American tastes, exhibiting a popular 1950s appearance called "ponton". The Nash-Healey sports car body was, however, completely designed and assembled in limited numbers from 1952 to 1954 at Pinin Farina's Turin facilities. Nash heavily advertised its link to the famous Italian designer, much as Studebaker promoted its longtime association with Raymond Loewy.

From 1921, several attempts were made to modernise them, so prototypes were built upon working and scrapped units. Some of them, such as units 90 and 121, were imitations of Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel cars running in lines C, D and E while others were entirely new designs. Besides, units 124 and 125 were completely manufactured at Polvorín workshop in 1944 to enhance Subte services during World War II as a lack of imported spare pieces for tramways and buses left most of the surface transport out of order. In 1987, fifteen cars were taken to EMEPA, a workshop established in the city of Chascomús (Buenos Aires province) specialized in rolling stock overhauls, where a new car body made of metal was built upon the original 1913 chassis and mechanics.

The 1996 Stock has an identical exterior car body to the 1995 Stock, but the two rolling stocks have different interiors, seating layouts and cabs (designed by Warwick Design Consultants), traction packages and train management systems, and slight differences in tripcock geometry. 1995 Stock uses LED body-side lights, 1996 Stock filament bulbs. The most apparent difference is the bogie: 1996 Stock uses an Alstom bogie with a rubber suspension, 1995 Stock has AdTranz bogies with air suspension to cope with the arduous track conditions of the underground portions of the Northern line. The main technical differences arose because 1996 Stock was designed for "cheapest first cost", while 1995 Stock was designed for "life cycle cost", as Alstom had won the contract to act as the service provider and maintainer of this stock.

The resulting eleven syllable name was evidently no handicap in the marketplace, since the "Caravan" name would turn up on many subsequent Opel estate models. The styling was upbeat and an unapologetic tribute to the designs that General Motors were producing in Detroit, with a particularly striking open mouthed front grill which reminded commentators of a shark's mouth (der "Haifischmaul-Kuelhergrill"). Some customers may have been irritated that all the cars were delivered with their standard steel wheels painted black regardless of the colour of the car body, although sellers of after-market wheel trims were no doubt delighted by Opel's cost-cutting approach to painting the car's wheels.Oswald, p 179 The advertised price in Germany was DM 6,410 for the 2-door "Limousine" (sedan) and DM 6,710 for the "Cabrio-Limousine" and "Caravan" (estate).

Callahan is pursued through San Francisco's hilly streets in his unmarked Oldsmobile 98 squad car by a miniature R/C (remote-controlled) car (assembled and controlled by Rook) containing an R/C bomb for Rook to detonate. The R/C car used for the film was a highly modified Associated RC10 electric race buggy powered by a Reedy motor that had to be geared up high to an 8.4v NiCd battery, topped with an off-the- shelf 1963 Chevrolet Corvette R/C car body by Parma International. The RC10 had its suspension lowered from the original to a lower ground clearance for better high-speed stability. Needing the best R/C car driver to control the RC10 action, Van Horn hired the 1985 off-road world champion R/C driver Jay Halsey.

Integral-type bodies for wheeled vehicles are typically manufactured by welding preformed metal panels and other components together by forming or casting whole sections as one piece, or by a combination of these techniques. Although this is sometimes also referred to as a monocoque structure, because the car's outer skin and panels are made load-bearing, there are still ribs, bulkheads, and box sections to reinforce the body, making the description semi-monocoque more appropriate. The first attempt to develop such a design technique was on the 1922 Lancia Lambda to provide structural stiffness and a lower body height for its torpedo car body. The Lambda had an open layout with unstressed roof, which made it less of a monocoque shell and more like a bowl.1,000 were produced.

A Delaunay-Belleville armoured car body was fitted, making the Killen-Strait machine the first armoured tracked vehicle, but the project was abandoned as it turned out to be a blind alley, unable to fulfil all-terrain warfare requirements. After these experiments, the Committee decided to build a smaller experimental landship, equivalent to one half the articulated version, and using lengthened US-made Bullock Creeping Grip caterpillar tracks. This new experimental machine was called the No1 Lincoln Machine: construction started on 11 August 1915, with the first trials starting on 10 September 1915. These trials failed however because of unsatisfactory tracks. Development continued with new, re-engineered tracks designed by William Tritton, and the machine, now renamed Little Willie, was completed in December 1915 and tested on 3 December 1915.

Builder's photo of 11852 The 11852 was an improved version of 11851. The running gear and the drives were the same as in 11851 but the car body was built in new light weight technology and with a new futuristic streamline design. The locomotive became very famous in Switzerland since it was shown off at the , where it showed the capabilities of the Swiss industry and supported the spiritual defence of the Swiss Nation during World War II. The locomotive was therefore nicknamed Landi-Lok, where Landi stays for the short form of Landesausstellung (German for Swiss National Exhibition) and Lok as short form of Lokomotive (German for locomotive). The 11852 had 8170 kW traction power and was therefore for a long time the most powerful locomotive in the world.

Consolidated Vultee Aircraft (later Convair) like many other manufacturers, had anticipated the post-war aviation boom would require a commercially viable product. Aircraft engineer and designer Theodore P. "Ted" Hall who had studied the concept of a flying car before World War II, with Consolidated, had unsuccessfully proposed the idea for use in commando-type raids. Following the end of the War, Hall and Tommy Thompson designed and developed the Convair Model 116 featured in Popular Mechanics magazine in 1946. The Model 116 consisted of a two-seat car body, powered by a rear-mounted 26 hp (19 kW) engine, with detachable monoplane wings and tail boom, fitted with their own tractor configuration 90 hp (67 kW) Franklin 4A4 (later 95 hp 4AL) engine driving a two bladed wooden propeller.

There had therefore been various attempts to modify the GAZ-A using locally designed elements, but the body structures in question had used traditional timber frames with panels attached, which were labour-intensive to produce and excessively prone to deform. In the US car body construction was changing radically during the later 1920s, using technology pioneered by Budd Company, for the production of all steel car bodies. The new approach used far more complicated steel pressings than had hitherto been possible, and the same new techniques were adopted by the more prosperous of the volume auto-makers in the west of Europe through the 1930s. GAZ’s western technology partner, Ford, took a conservative approach to these developments, but during the early 1930s they, too, would join in the switch to all-steel car bodies.

At its 1931 launch the car was offered in bare chassis form (for customers wishing to purchase a car body from a coach builder) at a manufacturer's recommended price of 3,800 Marks, a four- door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) for 4,400 Mark or as a Cabriolet for 5,575 Marks. Subsequently, differently configured cabriolets, a sports roadster and, for military use, a Kübelwagen were added to what was, by 1934, an unusually a wide range of standard body types offered. Initially large luggage would need to be fastened to a rack on the outside of the car at the back. In 1934 the bodies for the two mainstays of the range, the four-door sedan/saloon and the "Cabriolet C", received new more "streamlined" bodies and sloping tails which incorporated an internal luggage compartment.

Although the car was in a weathered condition and had been cut in half at some point, it was still relatively complete despite missing the seats, bogies (removed in the late 1970s at Otahuhu Workshops), and its diesel engines. This railcar was purchased to become the replacement for the damaged half of RM 133 and moved to Pahiatua where restoration work began. The other half of RM 121 had been separated in the mid-1980s after the railcars were used as offices at a former theme park in the Auckland area and had ended up at a holiday camp in Waitomo. The Trust negotiated with the owners to buy the car body and were eventually able to purchase the car in 2011 in exchange for two former wooden passenger cars.

Jetty on Thames serving the works in 1950 After the Second World War, Ford’s UK operation set the pace for the UK auto industry, and Dagenham products included models such as the Zephyr, Cortina, and (until production of Ford’s smaller saloons transferred to Halewood), the Anglia. The 1950s was a decade of expansion: a £75 million plant redevelopment completed in 1959 increased floor space by 50% and doubled production capacity. This went hand-in-hand with the concentration in-house of car body assembly, following the acquisition in 1953 of the company's principal UK body supplier, Briggs Motor Bodies. In 1960s, Ford finally began to merge its previously competing British, German and the lesser competing Ford of Ireland subsidiaries, culminating in the creation of Ford of Europe in 1967 in Cork, Ireland.

In his own words he had many different jobs in the years between the World Wars, including cab driver, common laborer, and he even considered trying his hand at home-made liquor during Prohibition. However, his bootleg liquor-making thoughts were very short lived as he was convinced that every knock at the door would be the police. The Detroit Police Department had a very long and well-deserved reputation of police abuse and abusive tactics, and he had no desire to go to prison. By 1935, Bates was working at the Briggs Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Michigan; a company founded in 1909 by Walter Briggs, Sr.. Walter Briggs, Sr. had worked his way up to Vice President of the B.F. Everitt Company (car body makers) in 1906.

He divided the car body into three sections: the rigid non-deforming passenger compartment and the crumple zones in the front and the rear. The first Mercedes-Benz carbody developed using this patent was the 1959 Mercedes W111 “Tail Fin” Saloon. The safety cell and crumple zones were achieved primarily by the design of the longitudinal members: these were straight in the centre of the vehicle and formed a rigid safety cage with the body panels, the front and rear supports were curved so they deformed in the event of an accident, absorbing part of the collision energy.1959 Mercedes-Benz W111 Fintail – Mercedes-Benz A more recent development was for these curved longitudinal members is to be weakened by vertical and lateral ribs to form telescoping "crash can" or "crush tube" deformation structures.

The "new" or "second" KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a very different vehicle and microprocessor unit. The original Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although again in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Pontiac Trans-Am body (without its hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled "Knight Two Thousand") and "KNIGHT" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black muscle car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp, and a complete 2000.

A separate company was formed in 1905 called The Whitlock Automobile Company which continued to market the Whitlock-Aster cars which, although well received, could not have been a commercial success as the company closed down in 1906. Meanwhile, another coachbuilder had been operating in Liverpool founded in 1870 by Jo Lawton and called J A Lawton and Company. It also turned to car body making and in the early 1900s opened a London works run by William Lawton-Goodman, Jo Lawton's nephew. Lawton died in 1913 and left the company in his will to his brother, leaving William with nothing, so he started a new company, Lawton-Goodman Ltd, and took over the defunct name of Whitlock and moved to new premises in Slade Works, Cricklewood, north London.

Adler Trumpf 1.7 EV Karmann Body; 1936 The Trumpf 1.7 was replaced directly in May 1936 with the Adler Trumpf 1.7 EV. It came with the same 1,645 cc engine as before, for which of maximum power was claimed. The wheel base was longer than before and the body, more streamlined than before and with a longer rear overhang, was now ( longer than before ). As before, the body for the standard “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) came from the steel car body specialists Ambi-Budd of Berlin, now featuring four doors and a “six light” construction. Customers wishing for a two-door Adler “Limousine” of this class would need to await the launch in 1937 of the two-door Primus. The stylish standard cabriolet bodies for the Trumpf 1.7 EV came from Karmann of Osnabrück.

The transport car body is attached by three hydraulic rams to the frame of the chassis, which allows the shell to articulate independently. A guest's physically intense experience is programmed to achieve the illusion of greater speed and catastrophic mechanical failure using the enhanced-motion vehicle's ability to add several feet of lift then rapidly descend, shudder and tremble, and intensify cornering with counterbank and twist. The intensity of each experience varies as the on-board computer constantly chooses between pre-programmed intensity versions already stored in its memory as it traverses the show building with its load of guests. This ride system was invented specially for the Indiana Jones Adventure, and has only been implemented in one other attraction: Dinosaur, located at Disney's Animal Kingdom (opened as CTX: Countdown to Extinction).

South-east facing side of Pressed Steel's Cowley site in January 2007Geoffrey Tyack, Oxford: An Architectural Guide OUP, 1998, M Stratton, B S Trinder, Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology, Taylor & Francis, 2000, now home of MINI Plant Oxford Swindon Pressings plant, Swindon Pressed Steel Company Limited was a British car body manufacturing business founded at Cowley near Oxford in 1926 as a joint venture between William Morris, Budd Corporation of Philadelphia USA, which held the controlling interest,Offer for sale of shares – Pressed Steel Company Limited. The Times, Tuesday, 7 April 1936; pg. 21; Issue 47343 and a British / American bank J. Henry Schroder & Co. At that time the company was named The Pressed Steel Company of Great Britain Limited. It acquired Budd's patent rights and processes for use in the United Kingdom.

Joseph Ledwinka (December 14, 1870 - November 26, 1949, aged 78)Buddgette, January 1950 was an automobile engineer. Ledwinka, a distant relative of Hans Ledwinka, was born in Vienna, and emigrated to the United States in 1896 and was employed in his first job as carriage trimmer (upholsterer) at the Chicago Coach and Carriage Company where he developed his first patented design for a four-wheel-drive electric vehicle with four-wheel brakes, several of which were built by Westinghouse. Later he became a chief engineer for the Chattanooga Railroad of Tennessee, where he designed special drives for electric trolley cars. Coming to Philadelphia he started working with Edward Gowen Budd for the Hale & Kilburn company where they pioneered the pressed- steel car body panelling manufacturing process starting in 1909.

Before the construction of Waterloo International terminal in 1990, the vehicles were hoisted individually by the Armstrong Lift outside the north wall of Waterloo main line station. The procedure is now carried out using a road-mounted crane in a shaft adjacent to the depot, south of Waterloo main line station on Spur Road. This is only necessary for major maintenance work that requires lifting of the car body, as the Waterloo depot is fully equipped for routine maintenance work. The remaining stub of the siding tunnel that led to the Armstrong Lift can still be seen on the left-hand side of the train shortly after leaving Waterloo for Bank, but the lift itself was buried (along with the entire Western sidings) in 1992 as part of the construction of Waterloo International station, the terminal for Eurostar trains.

Consolidated Vultee Aircraft (later Convair) was seeking entry into the post-war aviation boom with a mainstream flying car. Theodore P. "Ted" Hall had studied the concept of a flying car before World War II, with Consolidated unsuccessfully proposing the idea for use in Commando type raids. Following the end of the War, Hall and Tommy Thompson designed and developed the Convair Model 116 Flying Car featured in Popular Mechanics magazine in 1946,"Drive Right Up", April 1946, Popular Science Ted Hall's original concept "roadable" airplane which was the starting point for the Model 116 which consisted of a two-seat car body, powered by a rear-mounted engine, with detachable monoplane wings and tail, fitted with their own tractor configuration Franklin 4A4 engine driving a two bladed wooden propeller. This flew on July 12, 1946, completing 66 test flights.

As with its predecessor, the Lloyd 400, the full name of the Lloyd 600 featured a two letter prefix that identified the body shape as follows: LP600 ("Limousine" / saloon), LC600 ("Cabrio-Limousine" / cabriolet), LK600 (panel van) and LS600 (estate). With the Lloyd Alexander these prefixes were dropped. There was, in any case, no "Cabrio-Limousine" version of the Lloyd Alexander listed. Ten years earlier, with steel in desperately short supply, Lloyds in this class had been constructed round a timber frame, and covered with synthetic leather, or more recently using a combination of steel panels for the "outer door skins" and fabric covering for parts of the car body not needing the same level of exterior rigidity. This history was reflected in the structural architecture of the newer steel-bodied Lloyd 600 and Lloyd Alexander models.

Eight months after the last Adler Primus had been produced, a re- bodied Primus appeared, still with rear wheel drive, still with 1,645 cc engine for which of maximum power was claimed, and still sitting on a wheel base. The only body offered was that of a 2 door “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) which as before came from the steel car body specialists Ambi-Budd of Berlin. Karmann of Osnabrück had also come forward with a proposal for a full range of bodies for the 1937 Primus, but the Karmann bodied design never progressed to production.Oswald, p 30 The claimed maximum speed was now increased to 100 km/h (63 mph), though since the body was slightly heavier than before, and the maximum power and gearing were both unchanged, it is a little hard to understand the claims of improved performance.

A station wagon, also called an estate car or wagon, is a car body style which has a two-box design, a large cargo area and a rear tailgate that is hinged to open for access to the cargo area. The body style is similar to a hatchback car, but station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roof-line extended to the rear of the car (resulting in a vertical rear surface to the car) to increase the available cargo space. The names "station wagon" and "estate car" are a result due to the initial purpose of the car being to transport people and luggage between a country estate and the nearest train station. The first station wagons, produced in the United States around 1910, were wood-bodied conversions of an existing passenger car.

In the Europa, the vertical "strut" element pivots on the wheel hub at its lower end and doesn't control wheel camber angle as-in earlier Lotus designs. Wheel location and alignment is controlled instead by interaction between a fixed- length, articulated driveshaft top link, a simple tubular lower link, and a large box-section radius arm running diagonally forward to the chassis. These radius arms played a critical role in giving the precise tracking and handling desired, as the Chapman Strut's use of the driveshaft to resist lateral forces was compromised by the rubber engine and transaxle mounts needed to isolate vibrations from the car body. A careful compromise between the radius arm mount's stiffness, isolation and car handling was required, culminating eventually in a sandwich bush that was flexible against shear but stiff in compression and tension.

Notable racing classes where silhouette cars have been used include Trans-Am, NASCAR, Group 5 Special Production Cars, Group B rallying, DTM, JGTC/Super GT, Monster truck and the Australian Supercars Championship. Beneath Mickey Thompson's 1971 Mustang "Funny car" body is a racing chassis that shares no commonality with the production vehicle Silhouette cars often employ radically different chassis construction techniques such as tubular space frames or carbon fibre tubs in place of regular monocoques, and many also have completely different drivetrain configurations than their road-going counterparts. The bodyshells themselves are generally made of lightweight materials such as glass-reinforced plastic or carbon fibre and often few or no parts are shared between race and road versions of the cars. These changes are aimed at improving the desirable characteristics of the components, such as increasing the stiffness of the chassis,GM Racing Technology or the output of the engine.

Steyr 220 Gläser Roadster, Berlin Motorshow 1939 During the war Gläser switched to war production, making wings and landing gear for Fokker fighter planes. After 1918 the focus returned to car bodies and horse-drawn carriages. Simultaneous production of both car bodies and horse carriages was not a problem, since at this stage both employed the same meticulous timber frame technology, with the gaps in the frame filled by hand-made sheet panels or by fabric, applying the Weymann patented methods. It was not till the 1930s that timber frame bodies began to be superseded by "all-steel" car bodies, manufactured using large expensive presses (or labour-intensive hand-beaten steel panels), applying, in particular, the patent technology from Ambi Budd who built their own large-scale car body factory in Berlin, transforming the economics of automobile production by the end of the 1930s.

In August 1922 the question of running either tramcars or motorbuses to Beeston was raised and consideration given to their operation along University Boulevard. The trustees of Sir Jesse Boot intimated that they could not agree to the laying of a tramway along the boulevard, and consequently motorbuses were decided upon In June a further ten car body saloons were ordered from the English Electric Company, together with 20 D.B. lK3B controllers. Requests were continually being made by various departments and organisations to put work in hand to relieve unemployment and, in October, permission was given to go ahead with the relaying of Castle Boulevard and Lenton Boulevard as far as Derby Road, and along Sherwood Rise and Nottingham Road. The first section was relaid, but work on the other was deferred pending a report on the advisability of adopting this route for trolleybuses.

On 5 July 2016, Hong Kong based investigative news agency, FactWire broke news about 35 SMRT trains being secretively shipped back to China for repair by manufacturer CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Company Ltd. It was reported that cracks were found in the structure connecting the car body and the bogie. After remaining silent for a week, Khaw came out to explain that the cracks were not safety issues and that the news could result in “undue panic” during a briefing at the Bishan Depot. He criticised the news agency for mischief and even suggested that Singapore is a victim caught in the rivalry between political factions in Hong Kong and China. FactWire noted that instead of taking responsibility for an incident which has damaged the Singaporean public’s trust in the authorities, Khaw chose to blame the news agency for exposing the cover up.

Between 1927 and 1929 the company produced the Cyklon 9/40 which at the time was the most inexpensive six cylinder powered car sold in Germany. The conservative looking car featured a modern all-steel body produced by Germany's leading producer of steel car bodies, Ambi-Budd's Berlin based business.Oswald, pp 82 & 438 It was, in fact, the first all-steel standard car body produced by Ambi-Budd in Berlin and, incongruously to some modern readers, was shared with the Adler Standard 6, a more powerful and higher priced six cylinder car from one of Germany's mainstream auto-makers of the 1930s. The sale by Gothaer Waggonfabrik of the cash-strapped Dixi business to BMW meant an end to Cyklon's access to a sales network, and highlighted the lack of cash for running the auto-business which rapidly fizzled out after 1928, although Cyklon was not formally wound up till 1931.

In 1957 Opel Product Director Karl Stief was mandated by General Motors headquarters in Detroit to develop "the perfect Anti-Volkswagen" ("einen perfekten Anti-VW"). The development team was headed up by Stief, supported by Hans Mersheimer (car-body) and Werner K. Strobel (engine and running gear), under conditions of such secrecy that even now very little is known of the development history of the 1962 Kadett. It has been alleged that GM was trying to conceal a new technique of platform and design sharing between Opel and its British sister company Vauxhall, which released the strikingly similar Viva HA in 1963, a year after Opel introduced the Kadett. Over the subsequent two decades Opel and Vauxhall's ranges would rapidly converge as Vauxhall's design independence from Opel was eroded to the point where by 1985, Vauxhall's car range entirely consisted of rebadged Opel models.

The original vehicle from 1957 was delivered to the Swiss company Pattheys in 1958; Who commissioned the Carrozzeria Zagato to produce a single, individual car body for the vehicle to be used at local races and the Pescara rally. Zagato designed and built a coupé body made of thin-walled aluminium sheet with Zagato's trademark "Double Bubble", a solid roof with two vaults above the driver's and co-driver's seat to ensure sufficient headroom at low headroom. Pattey sold the finished vehicle to an Englishman who lived in Switzerland, who was arguing with him for various rides near Lake Geneva; Later the racing driver Jo Siffert acquired the single piece, which he used at different racing events and historical races like the Mille Miglia. On the circuit, the single took part only in a well-known races, on 5 October 1958, at the Coupes du Salon, where it won the class in the class up to 2000 cc.

They lack axlebox guides (the longitudinal movements of the axles relative to the truck frame are limited solely by the suspension springs themselves), the springs are softer, the central pivot is made of 3 segments (which gives it a degree of flexibility), and the axlebox suspension friction shock absorbers are mounted inside the springs (on the power car trucks, they are mounted outside). The leading truck of the driving trailer has brackets for mounting the cab signal receiver coils. The early ER2 trailer cars had KVZ-5/E type trucks (identical to those on the ER1); later examples had the KVZ-TsNII/E type. The latter had the following design changes: the springs were softer; the bolster was attached to the frame by means of 2 swing links with rubber/metallic elements; the weight of the car body was borne by the bolster only via the skid pads (on the earlier type, part of the weight was also borne by the central pivot).

The 2012 Ford EcoBoost 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on November 18, 2012 at Homestead Miami Speedway in Homestead, Florida. Contested over 267 laps, it was the thirty-sixth in the 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, as well as the final race in the ten-race Chase for the Sprint Cup, which ends the season. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race, his second win of the season and Hendrick's first win at Homestead Miami (and their 10th win of the season), while Clint Bowyer finished second and Ryan Newman finished third. The race was notable for three lasts: the last race for Dodge in the foreseeable future, the last race with the fifth-generation Sprint Cup car body, and the last for long-time Hendrick Motorsports sponsor DuPont with Jeff Gordon, as DuPont was leaving the #24 team at the end of the season following a spinoff of its automotive coatings division to The Carlyle Group.

Ashanti region with Kumasi metropolis has 99% of the timber industry of Ghana, and the Kaasai Industrial Area in Kumasi metropolis plays an important role in the Ashanti region and Kumasi metropolis industry with the Kumasi metropolis submetro Suame's renowned Suame Magazine amiable indigenous automobile and light industrial hub where small engineering based industries are sited is recognised as an efficient mechanical and electrical and car body building workshop, and Suame Magazine contributes immensely to the engineering based industries economy of Kumasi metropolis as Suame Magazine is the largest industrial area in Kumasi metropolis. Ashanti region capital Kumasi is renowned for its local enterprise and artisan skills, particularly in the areas of furniture-making and vehicle engineering. Woodwork, leatherwork and textile production (especially the traditional 'kente' cloth) are established skills amongst the Ashanti region local population. Significant non-traditional skills are also present in Ashanti region capital Kumasi's workforce, for example the broad range of metalworking shops within the 'Suame Magazine'.

In the years 1970 attempts were made to simulate car crash events with non-linear spring- mass systems after calibration, which require as an input the results of physical destructive laboratory tests, needed to determine the mechanical crushing behavior of each spring component of the modeled system. "First principle" simulations like more elaborate finite element models, however, need only the definition of the structural geometry and the basic material properties (rheology of car body steel, glass, plastic parts, etc.) as an input to generate the numerical model. The origins of industrial first principle computerized car crash simulation lie in military defense, outer space and civil nuclear power plant applications. Upon presentation of a simulation of the accidental crash of a military fighter plane into a nuclear power plant on May 30, 1978 by ESI Group in a meeting organized by the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) in Stuttgart, car makers became alerted to the possibility of using this technology for the simulation of destructive car crash tests (Haug 1981).

Schuler AG’s headquarters in Göppingen, Germany Hot Stamping TechCenter in Göppingen, Germany Factory premises in Weingarten, Germany Canton, Michigan Schuler Innovation Tower at headquarters in Göppingen, Germany Transfer press at the Erfurt site Large boring machine for the processing of press parts weighing up to 120 tons Aerial photo of the location at Schwerborner Straße Schuler AG is a German company headquartered in Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg which operates in the field of forming technology and is the world's largest manufacturer of presses. The presses are used to create car body sheets and other car parts as well as items such as beverage and aerosol cans, coins, sinks, large pipes, and parts for electric motors. The company has production sites in Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, USA and China and in addition to the automotive industry and its suppliers, it also supplies the household appliances and electrical industry, the forging, energy, aerospace and railway industries as well as mints. In total, the company has a presence in 40 countries with its own sites and representatives.

The fluid drive fluid coupling was also used in conjunction with Chrysler's M6 Presto- Matic semi-automatic transmissions. The M6 was in reality a two-speed manual transmission with a conventional clutch mounted behind the same fluid coupling unit that was installed in straight Fluid Drive cars. The M4 Vacamatic had two forward speeds and reverse. There was a manual Pull-Cable to lock out the underdrive in the early models. From 1949–1952, Dodge models with the conventional 3-speed Fluid Drive carried front fender emblems that said “Fluid Drive.” The M6 Models had emblems that proudly proclaimed “Gyromatic.” In the 1941 brochure for Chrysler automobiles, a silhouette of the car's drivetrain was depicted against an outline of the car body, with the caption of an arrow pointing to the transmission: "Miracle Happens Here"! The transmission shown was an early variant (M4 "Vacamatic") of the later M6 transmission and was marketed to compete with the new Oldsmobile fully automatic, clutchless Hydramatic transmission, introduced in the fall of 1939 on 1940 Model year Oldsmobiles.

The Daily Review, November 16, 1970: After almost five months of tests at the French autodrome in Montlhéry, the Soviet Moskvich-412 received an international passport as one of the safest cars for drivers and passengers.Tarasov A. M. Avtomobilnaya promyshlennost' - narodnomu khozyaystvu. 1971. P. 53 It was upgraded with dual-circuit braking system with power assistance (servo), disc brakes on the front wheels since 1970 (models with front drum brakes continued to be built, but were generally not exported), reinforced car-body structure, and passive safety features such as soft grip steering wheel cover, soft interior parts, seat belts, and padded dashboard. It was the first Moskvitch to pass safety-features tests in France, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden in 1970–71, and in Western Germany in 1972. The modernized model, both for export and domestic market, received a factory code M-412IE (IE for "export rendition"), to mark, that it fulfils new safety requirements. Moskvitch-412, "Avtolegendy SSSR" Nr. 46, DeAgostini 2010, ISSN 2071-095X, pp.5–6 While AZLK continued to manufacture the 408 version, Izh stopped production of the 408 in order to concentrate exclusively on the 412.

From 1968 onward all car body manufacturing was transferred to the Riga Railroad Machinery Plant, the Kalinin plant only producing the trucks for the trailer cars. In 1974, the engineer's cab was redesigned, its shape changing from round to rectangular. (This was done to increase commonality with later ER22 trainsets.) The total production run for the ER2 numbered 850 complete trainsets; of these, 629 were built with 10 cars each, 134 with 12 cars, 75 with 8 cars, 7 with 6 cars and 5 with 4 cars each. Unlike the ER1, the cars in the ER2 trainsets were not permanently coupled, which allowed their length to be adjusted according to traffic levels. To facilitate this, from 1964-1970 and from 1981-1984 the Kalinin and Riga plants produced 133 separate driving trailers (to allow the splitting of trainsets into shorter sections); in 1967-68, the Riga plant produced 52 separate power cars to go with the driving trailers; from 1967 onward, 173 intermediate 2-car sections were produced (to lengthen trainsets as needed); from 1973 onward, 58 head-end 2-car sections (with an engineer's cab) were produced; and in 1980, 4 intermediate trailers were built.

The Diablo SV was introduced in 1995 at the Geneva Motor Show, reviving the Super Veloce title first used on the Miura SV. The SV is based on the standard Diablo and thus lacks the four-wheel drive system of the VT. A notable feature of the SV is an increase in power output to at 7,100 rpm and of torque at 5,900 rpm which, paired with the two-wheel drive layout, can increase the likelihood of loss of traction during hard driving. Despite its higher power output, the SV was priced as the entry-level model in the Diablo range, falling below the standard Diablo by a small margin. An adjustable rear spoiler was installed as standard equipment and could be color-matched to the car body or formed from carbon fibre. Other exterior changes included black tail lamp surrounds, repositioned rear fog and reverse lamps as on the SE30, dual front fog lamps (rather than the quad style found on all previous models), an extra set of front brake cooling ducts, an engine lid similar to that installed on the Diablo SE30 Jota, and optional "SV" decals for the sides of the car.

The car was then raced in the season by Rosberg and team mate Laffite. Both drivers found extra power of the engine to their liking, but not the chassis which suffered from the sudden bursts of power that the Honda gave, upsetting the balance of the car- and the engine power delivery was so abrupt that parts of the 1.5L Honda block were actually found to have twisted during the race. Furthermore, the car body was found to produce a lot of drag at high speeds. The problems with the 1984 chassis were noted by broadcaster Clive James, opining in FOCA's season review video that "Rosberg had managed to make the Williams look driveable, which everyone including Frank Williams knew it really wasn't".'Two Till The End' (1984) – VHS – EAN: 5017559030650 – Publisher: Duke Video – Studio: Formula One Constructors Association Keke Rosberg won the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix in a Williams FW09 Reliability was also a problem, with Laffite only recording five finishes during the whole season, but the basic speed was there with the Honda powered FW09 consistently among the fastest cars through the speeds traps on many tracks despite the car itself producing high drag.

The first AC Cobra, CSX2000, at the Shelby Museum In 1957 racing driver Carroll Shelby opened a sports car dealership in Dallas, with fellow racer Jim Hall and Hall's older brother Dick, selling Maseratis across the American Southwest. They raced Maseratis in the 1957 SCCA National Sports Car Championship, while across the Atlantic Brian Lister's Lister Motor Company enjoyed racing success after installing a Jaguar XK engine in his sports cars. Shelby and Hall met Lister in England with the idea of swapping a Chevrolet small-block engine into the Lister body. They returned to Dallas with six cars, five of which they sold and the sixth they transplanted the Chevrolet engine into, which Hall raced in the SCCA National Championship. This was Shelby's first experience putting an American V8 engine into a British sports car body. With funding from oil driller and amateur racer Gary Laughlin, in 1959 Hall and Shelby approached General Motors with the idea of creating a new sports car using the Chevrolet Corvette chassis and engine, but with an aluminum body much lighter than the factory- built Corvette, in order to make a competitive touring car.

Staying true to its Delahaye roots, the 171 gained greatly in credibility with its target market by competing with distinction in the Mediterranean-Cape Town Rally that was run along the length of Africa between 31 December 1950 and 21 February 1951. The cars were run by a team from the French Army. The “Break” (station wagon) version of the 171 was also offered, from 1952, as a nine-seater “familiale” which makes this one of several vehicles that could claim to have inspired the SUVs that became mainstream only in the 1990s. Even in this form the vehicle had only two doors, but with a width of 1930 mm (more than six feet) access was not a problem since on the passenger side the front bench seat did not extend to the full cabin width, so it was possible to access the middle two seats without much difficulty and possible to access the rear bench seat by passing between the two single seats of the middle row. The “Break” bodied cars had their bodies built by a car body firm called “Carrosserie de Levallois” which appears to have been one of a number of such firms concentrated in the car making a quarter of Paris.

But with market demand for small cars growing rapidly in the 1930s, economies of scale entered the picture, and if a manufacturer could amortise the initial capital costs for a single model over many tens of thousand of cars, the unit cost of an all-steel body was no longer prohibitive. In 1936 Adler started to produce the Trumpf Junior saloon/sedan with an all-steel body and priced the car at 2,950 Marks, which was exactly the same price that they were now asking for the same car with a timber frame body. Both body types continued to be listed until 1939, but following a 250 Mark price reduction for the steel bodied car in 1937, it was the steel bodied car that came with the lower price. The standard all-steel bodies were provided by Germany's larger supplier of steel car bodies, Ambi-Budd of Berlin. Slightly unusually for a car-body design, this one had a name, and the steel bodied Trump Juniors were known as the “Jupiter” bodied Trumpf Juniors. However, the name was one which was shared with the slightly larger steel bodied Adler Trumpf which had been available with an all-steel “Jupiter” steel body from Ambi-Budd since 1932.