Students' fall semesters were disrupted, and academic calenders were thrown into a frenzy.
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Fabric calenders produce an upper and lower rubber sheet with a layer of fabric in between. Steel calenders do so with steel cords. Calenders are used to produce body plies and belts. A creel room is a facility that houses hundreds of fabric or wire spools that are fed into the calender.
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Calenders utilize downstream equipment for shearing and splicing calendered components.
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Bombi calenders are used in the geotextile, wipes, filter, felt, automotive and resin impregnated waddings markets.
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A calender consists of two or more rolls, where pressure is applied to the passing paper. Calenders are used to make the paper surface extra smooth and glossy. It also gives it a more uniform thickness. The pressure applied to the web by the rollers determines the finish of the paper.
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With the expansion of the rubber industry the design of calenders grew as well, so when PVC was introduced the machinery was already capable of processing it into film. As recorded in an overview on the history of the development of calenders, "There was development in both Germany and the United States and probably the first successful calendering of PVC was in 1935 in Germany, where in the previous year the Hermann Berstorff Company of Hannover designed the first calender specifically to process this plastic". In the past, for paper, sheets were worked on with a polished hammer or pressed between polished metal sheets in a press. With the continuously operating paper machine it became part of the process of rolling the paper (in this case also called web paper).
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In eighteenth century China, workers called "calenderers" in the silk and cotton cloth trades, used heavy rollers to press and finish cloth. In 1836, Edwin M. Chaffee, of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, patented a four-roll calender to make rubber sheet. Chaffee worked with Charles Goodyear with the intention to "produce a sheet of rubber laminated to a fabric base". Calenders were also used for paper and fabrics long before later applications for thermoplastics.
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After the conflagration in 1860 Gregor Fichtner rebuilt the factory and installed in 1886 the first paper machine. It is still in full activity and therefore one of the oldest running machines in Europe. In 1904 the paper mill was taken over by Ludwig Alois Kohler, an ancestor of today's owner. He had the revolutionary idea of producing coloured paper and he introduced a wide variety of different structures to the basic paper using felt markings and embossing calenders.
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Calender process Calender at end of paper machine Old calender machine Threading paper through calender rolls, 1941 Calender rolls for milling and mixing rubber Calender machine for electrode pressing in Lithium-ion battery manufacturing A calender is a series of hard pressure rollers used to finish or smooth a sheet of material such as paper, textiles, or plastics. Calender rolls are also used to form some types of plastic films and to apply coatings. Some calender rolls are heated or cooled as needed. Calenders are sometimes mis-spelled calendars.
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The pressure between the rollers, the "nip pressure", can be reduced by heating the rolls or moistening the paper surface. This helps to keep the bulk and the stiffness of the web paper which is beneficial for its later use. Modern calenders have "hard" heated rollers made from chilled cast iron or steel, and "soft" rollers coated with polymeric composites. The soft roller is slightly non-cylindrical, tapered in diameter toward both ends, to widen the working nip and distribute the specific pressure on the paper more evenly.
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A supercalender is a stack of calenders consisting of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls through which paper is passed to increase its density, smoothness and gloss. It is similar to a calender except that alternate chilled cast iron and softer rolls are used. The rolls used to supercalender uncoated paper usually consist of cast iron and highly compressed paper, while the rolls used for coated paper are usually cast iron and highly compressed cotton. The finish produced varies according to the raw material used to make the paper and the pressure exerted on it, and ranges from the highest English finish to a highly glazed surface.
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She has also in men's magazine Loaded in 2009 and as the cover girl in 2011, Porter celebrated being voted Hottest Female Soap Star by the readers of FHM UK Magazine in 2012 by appearing on the cover of the September issue of the magazine. She appeared topless (covered) with then co-star and boyfriend James Atherton in September 2012 issue of Cosmopolitan magazine in support of a Breast Cancer. She released her own calendar for the first time in 2015, then again in 2016, Further calenders were released in 2017, 2018, and 2019. She was selected amongst the 10 sexiest Hollyoaks actresses of all time in the soap's 20th anniversary year in 2015 by the Liverpool Echo .
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These were to Illuminate the House, > and turn the Night into Day; which custom, in some Measure, is still kept up > in the Northern Parts. It hath, in all probability, been derived from the > Saxons. For Bede tells us, That [sic] this very Night was observed in this > Land before, by the Heathen Saxons. They began, says he, their Year on the > Eight of the Calenders of January, which is now our Christmas Party: And the > very Night before, which is now Holy to us, was by them called Mædrenack, or > the Night of the Mothers … The Yule-Clog therefore hath probably been a Part > of those Ceremonies which were perform'd that Night's Ceremonies.
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Calenders can also be applied to materials other than paper when a smooth, flat surface is desirable, such as cotton, linens, silks, and various man-made fabrics and polymers such as vinyl and ABS polymer sheets, and to a lesser extent HDPE, polypropylene and polystyrene. The calender is also an important processing machine in the rubber industries, especially in the manufacture of tires, where it is used for the inner layer and fabric layer. Calendering can also be used for polishing, or making uniform, coatings applied to substrates- an older use was in polishing magnetic tapes, for which the contact roller rotates much faster than the web speed. More recently, it is used in the production of certain types of secondary battery cells (such as spirally-wound or prismatic Lithium-ion cells) to achieve uniform thickness of electrode material coatings on current collector foils.
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