We ended up doing calendering and email and a bunch of other things like that.
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In one example, Ms. Thao studied a calendering process in which her suppliers from the Black H'mong ethnic group rode a rock weighing about 50 pounds, seesaw style, over hemp fabric to soften it.
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All of Kilomet109's dyeing, weaving, batik drawing and calendering (a finishing process) is done by nearly three dozen women artisans in four separate ethnic-minority communities across northern Vietnam, and much of the work is surprisingly labor-intensive.
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In practice, this can be a lot of undervalued, unpaid work, more added to the "mental load" that women carry, which — as illustrated in this comic by the French artist Emma — is the list-making and calendering that women do to administer the household.
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The process was gradually phased out, in lieu of Calendering. A similarity is the compression; however, with Calendering, the finish does not remain for the life of the cloth. This distinguishes it from Beetling.
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Calendering of textiles is a finishing process used to smooth, coat, or thin a material. With textiles, fabric is passed between calender rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as moire to produce its watered effect and also on cambric and some types of sateens. In preparation for calendering, the fabric is folded lengthwise with the front side, or face, inside, and stitched together along the edges.
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To make the paper very smooth and moist-resistant, it goes through the process repetitively, called super- calendering.
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Calendering is a finishing process used on cloth and fabrics. A calender is employed, usually to smooth, coat, or thin a material. With textiles, fabric is passed under rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as moire to produce its watered effect and also on cambric and some types of sateens.
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Changeable moire is a term for fabric with a warp of one color and a weft of another, which gives different effects in different lights. Moire fabric is more delicate than fabric of the same type that has not gone through the calendering process. Also, contact with water removes the watermark and causes staining. Moire feels thin, glossy and papery due to the calendering process.
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Several different finishes can be achieved through the calendering process by varying different parts. The main different types of finishes are beetling, watered, embossing, and Schreiner.
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The sheet is then pulled away from the dryer and wound up ready for further processes like calendering etc. or straightaway converting it into wrapping paper.
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Gown of moire or watered silk, 1840–44 Moire is produced from two distinctly different methods of finishing. Calendering produces the true moire, known as "moire antique" and "moire Anglaise", which is a purely physical phenomenon. In calendering, the fabric is folded lengthwise in half with the face side inward, and with the two selvedges running together side by side. To produce moire, ribbed rollers are used, and the ribs produce the watermark effect.
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Calendering is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface properties and relative speeds.
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The pressure and heat applied in calendering depend on the type of the finish required. The purposes of calendering are to upgrade the fabric hand and to impart a smooth, silky touch to the fabric, to compress the fabric and reduce its thickness, to improve the opacity of the fabric, to reduce the air permeability of the fabric by changing its porosity, to impart different degree of luster of the fabric, and to reduce the yarn slippage.
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The first products to use Pertex fabrics were the pile lined sleeping bags made by Buffalo Systems Ltd. in Sheffield. Subsequently, using the heat calendering expertise developed as parachute canopy fabric manufacturers, Perseverance Mills Ltd. began to produce downproof Pertex fabrics for down jackets and sleeping bags.
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The process of heat calendering reduces the interstices between the yarns of the fabric, resulting in fabrics with low air permeability and high resistance to down and fibre migration. In 2005, Perseverence Mills Ltd. went into liquidation and the Pertex trademarks were acquired by Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
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Other media and ink combinations cannot allow this. The biggest advantage of direct to media is drastically reduced waste. This method doesn't need printing on transfer paper first before calendering (or heat-pressing) it onto the media. Waste is both an economical and an ecological factor in print production.
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Components fall into three classes based on manufacturing process: calendering, extrusion, and bead building. The extruder machine consists of a screw and barrel, screw drive, heaters, and a die. The extruder applies two conditions pressure. The extruder screw also provides for additional mixing of the compound through the shearing action of the screw.
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Facial tissue and paper handkerchiefs are made from the lowest basis weights tissue paper (14–18 g/m2). The surface is often made smoother by light calendering. These paper types consist usually of 2–3 plies. Because of high quality requirements the base tissue is normally made entirely from pure chemical pulp, but might contain added selected recycled fiber.
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The fabric can be folded together at full width, however this is not done as often as it is more difficult. The fabric is then run through rollers that polish the surface and make the fabric smoother and more lustrous. High temperatures and pressure are used as well. Fabrics that go through the calendering process feel thin, glossy and papery.
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The latter is similar, though run at much higher temperatures, to melt-blown thermoplastic nonwovens. Wet laid mat is almost always wet resin bonded with a curtain coater, while batts are usually spray bonded with wet or dry resin. An unusual process produces polyethylene fibrils in a Freon-like fluid, forming them into a paper-like product and then calendering them to create Tyvek.
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DOTP is a general purpose plasticizer that is considered safer than ortho- phthalate plasticizers due to its reduced toxicity profile. The terephthalates exhibit none of the peroxisome proliferation of liver enzymes that some ortho- phthalates have shown in several studies.OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 17 (2003) It has uses in applications like extrusion, calendering, injection molding, rotational molding, dip molding, slush molding and coating.
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After calendering, the web has a moisture content of about 6% (depending on the furnish). The paper is wound onto metal spools using a large cylinder called a reel drum. Constant nip pressure is maintained between the reel drum and the spool, allowing the resulting friction to spin the spool. Paper runs over the top of the reel drum and is wound onto the spool to create a master roll.
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Moire ribbons Moire ( or ), less often moiré, is a textile with a wavy (watered) appearance produced mainly from silk, but also wool, cotton and rayon. The watered appearance is usually created by the finishing technique called calendering. Moire effects are also achieved by certain weaves, such as varying the tension in the warp and weft of the weave. Silk treated in this way is sometimes called watered silk.
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At the top of Stony Brow (later Junction Street and now Jutland Street) there was the multi-storey drysalters factory of Thomas Hassall. It was said that this was the only drysalters in England and it supplied rock salt, moss litter and all kinds of other things. There were also chemical works (especially alum), floor-cloth works and finishing and calendering works that rolled cloth to smooth or glaze it.
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Calendering is an operation carried out on a fabric to improve its aesthetics. The fabric passes through a series of calender rollers by wrapping; the face in contact with a roller alternates from one roller to the next. An ordinary calender consists of a series of hard and soft (resilient) bowls (rollers) placed in a definite order. The soft roller may be compressed with either cotton or wool-paper, linen paper or flax paper.
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Historically calendering was done by hand with a huge pressing stone. For example in China huge rocks were brought from the north of the Yangtze River. The pressing stone was cut into a bowl shape, and the surface of the curved bottom made perfectly smooth. After a piece of cloth was placed underneath the stone the worker would stand on the stone and rock it with his two feet in order to press the cloth.
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The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering.
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For the reinforcement of complex shaped rubber products like bellows most manufacturers use these fabric reinforced rubber sheets. These sheets are made by calendering of rubber onto pre-woven fabric plies. The products are manufactured by wrapping (mostly manually) these sheets around a mandrel until enough rubber and reinforcement is applied. However, the disadvantage of using these sheets is that it is impossible to control the positioning of the individual fibres of the fabric when applied on complex shapes.
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His work has appeared in magazines in the United States and Spain, and been collected in several anthologies. Some of his poems have been translated into English by Gary Racz and published in the journal Downtown Brooklyn Long Island University. He has collaborated, among others, in the following magazines: Aldonza, Clarín, calendering, The height, Grama, Propeller, Hermes, Humerus Bone, Manx, Spanish poetry, Hourglass, Revistatlántica and Turia. Late, came to BMCC in 2003 after teaching at Princeton University.
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In 1971, the world's first production machinery for three-metre wide conveyor belts was purchased. Since 1999, conveyor and processing belts, even up to a width of 4.5 metres, have been made using a calendering process. Over time, several hundred different belt types with specific characteristics for various industries and applications have been developed. New product groups, such as plastic modular belts and plastic timing belts, gradually turned the company into a full-range supplier of belts.
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A blue chambray fabric, made of a blend of linen and cotton, with blue warp and white filling Cambric is a finely woven cloth with a plain weave and a smooth surface appearance, the result of the calendering process. It may be made of linen or cotton. The fabric may be dyed any of many colors. Batiste is a kind of cambric; it is "of similar texture, but differently finished, and made of cotton as well as of linen".
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Calendered vinyl film or sheeting is manufactured by mixing powdered PVC, liquid softener and coloring agent into a molten dough-like mixture. The mixture is then extruded through a die and pressed into an increasingly thin sheet using a series of hard pressure rollers, called calendering rolls. When the material reaches the rollers, it passes through a series of decreasing gaps, which in turn increases the temperature and uniformity of the mixture. After each pass, the film becomes thinner and wider until the material is formed into a thin sheet of vinyl.
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This so-called phase separation between both blocks can be more or less important, depending on the polarity and the molecular weight of the flexible chain, the production conditions, etc. The crystalline or pseudo crystalline areas act as physical cross-links, which account for the high elasticity level of TPU, whereas the flexible chains will impart the elongation characteristics to the polymer. These "pseudo crosslinks", however, disappear under the effect of heat, and thus the classical extrusion, injection molding and calendering processing methods are applicable to these materials. Consequently, TPU scrap can be reprocessed.
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John Holker (1719 – 27 April 1786) was a Jacobite soldier, industrialist, and one of the world's first industrial espionage agents, born in Stretford, England, to blacksmith John Holker and his wife Alice. He married a local woman, Elizabeth Hilton, in 1740, and while still in his twenties, he set up a calendering business in Manchester, in partnership with Peter Moss. When Bonnie Prince Charlie's army entered the town in 1746, both men purchased commissions in the Jacobite regiment that was raised there. Holker and Moss were captured at Carlisle during the army's retreat, and were incarcerated in Newgate Prison, in London.
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Although the baryta layer plays an important part in the manufacture of smooth and glossy prints, the baryta paper of the 1890s did not produce the lustrous or glossy print surface that became the standard for fine art photography in the twentieth century. Matting agents, textured papers, and thin baryta layers that were not heavily calendering produced a low-gloss and textured appearance. The higher gloss papers first became popular in the 1920s and 30s as photography transitioned from pictorialism into modernism, photojournalism, and “straight” photography. Research over the last 125 years has led to current materials that exhibit low grain and high sensitivity to light.
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The third type of finish is called a plater finish, and whereas the first two types of finish are accomplished by the calender stack itself, a plater finish is obtained by placing cut sheets of paper between zinc or copper plates that are stacked together, then put under pressure and heating. A special finish such as a linen finish would be achieved by placing a piece of linen between the plate and the sheet of paper, or else an embossed steel roll might be used. After calendering, the web has a moisture content of about 6% (depending on the furnish). It is wound onto a roll called a tambour, and stored for final cutting and shipping.
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Holker came to the attention of Daniel-Charles Trudaine, head of the French bureau of commerce. Trudaine believed that Holker would be able to increase the competence of the French cotton industry, based in Rouen, raising it to the standards of the English, and he provided funds and resources to allow Holker to set up two factories: one for spinning and weaving, and the other for the finishing of cloth, particularly by calendering. Holker returned to England, and with help from his mother, managed to recruit a sufficient number of skilled workers for his new factories. He also managed to acquire some of the necessary textile machinery and have it shipped to France.
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The gum was inexpensive then, and by heating it and working it in his hands, he managed to incorporate in it a certain amount of magnesia which produced a white compound which appeared to take away the stickiness. He thought he had discovered the secret, and through the kindness of friends was able to improve his invention in New Haven. The first thing that he made was shoes, and he used his own house for grinding, calendering and vulcanizing, with the help of his wife and children. His compound at this time consisted of India rubber, lampblack, and magnesia, the whole dissolved in turpentine and spread upon the flannel cloth which served as the lining for the shoes.
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One application for vulcanized fibre that attests to its physical strength is that it is the preferred material for heavy sanding discs. Physical strength is anisotropic, owing to the roller calendering process, with it typically being 50% stronger in the sheet's longitudinal direction, rather than transverse. The electrical properties exhibited by vulcanized fibre are high insulating value, and arc and track resistance with service temperature of up to 110 to 120°C. Fibre was popular as an electrical insulator for a large part of the mid-20th century, not because its resistance as an insulator was particularly good, especially not if moisture levels were high, but it showed far better resistance to tracking and breakdown than early wood flour-filled polymers like Bakelite.
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With the expansion of the rubber industry the design of calenders grew as well, so when PVC was introduced the machinery was already capable of processing it into film. As recorded in an overview on the history of the development of calenders, "There was development in both Germany and the United States and probably the first successful calendering of PVC was in 1935 in Germany, where in the previous year the Hermann Berstorff Company of Hannover designed the first calender specifically to process this plastic". In the past, for paper, sheets were worked on with a polished hammer or pressed between polished metal sheets in a press. With the continuously operating paper machine it became part of the process of rolling the paper (in this case also called web paper).
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Also at Plastiform, the first in line extrusion and thermoforming were developed and a compact extrusion / calendering system (named subsequently Compact) was designed to be put in line with thermoformers especially for the FC and Rotoform series.Estratti del consiglio di amministrazione conservati presso l'archivio storico della Camera di Commercio di Milano The Rotoform machines were the first ever used by the Swiss group Ovotherm for the production of polystyrene (PS) egg containers. During the 1970s, Ovotherm opened several factories all over the world for the production of eggs in PS and Covema was the partner who supplied the necessary machines for thermoforming. Other companies belonging to the Covema group were Ombia spa of Solbiate Arno, which specialized in the start of the production of pipe systems and the GBF of Milan, which dedicated itself to the production of injection molding machines.
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Calenders can also be applied to materials other than paper when a smooth, flat surface is desirable, such as cotton, linens, silks, and various man-made fabrics and polymers such as vinyl and ABS polymer sheets, and to a lesser extent HDPE, polypropylene and polystyrene. The calender is also an important processing machine in the rubber industries, especially in the manufacture of tires, where it is used for the inner layer and fabric layer. Calendering can also be used for polishing, or making uniform, coatings applied to substrates- an older use was in polishing magnetic tapes, for which the contact roller rotates much faster than the web speed. More recently, it is used in the production of certain types of secondary battery cells (such as spirally-wound or prismatic Lithium-ion cells) to achieve uniform thickness of electrode material coatings on current collector foils.
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In virtually every debate on the various Factories Bills, opponents had thought it a nonsense to pass legislation for textile mills when the life of a mill child was much preferable to that of many other children: other industries were more tiring, more dangerous, more unhealthy, required longer working hours, involved more unpleasant working conditions, or (this being Victorian Britain) were more conducive to lax morals. This logic began to be applied in reverse once it became clear that the Ten Hours Act had had no obvious detrimental effect on the prosperity of the textile industry or on that of millworkers. Acts were passed making similar provisions for other textile trades: bleaching and dyeworks (1860 – outdoor bleaching was excluded), lace work (1861), calendering (1863), finishing (1864). A further Act in 1870 repealed these acts and brought the ancillary textile processes (including outdoor bleaching) within the scope of the main Factory Act.
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