He puts the cagoule on, again the useless arm first, but cannot zip it up.
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It was a light, saturating rain that pattered sharply on the cagoule he had put back on.
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Then he cut the toggle away from one end and took the drawstring from the hem of the cagoule to give himself a cord.
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L'Oréal founder Eugène Schueller was a member of La Cagoule, a fascist secret society bent on overthrowing France's democratic government in the years before World War II.
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He erected 40 translucent pup tents in four parallel rows, and then had his models march out in hooded floor-length coats that were half sleeping bag, half cagoule jacket.
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Festivals don't always have to be shivering in a field in a cagoule, squinting at what looks like it could be ZZ Top, taking turns to trek to the nearest bunch of overflowing portaloos.
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But he resigned in 1994 after exposés revealed that he had joined a fascist group called La Cagoule (the Cowl) early in the war and had written 103 anti-Semitic articles for La Terre Française, a Nazi organ.
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It also emerged that Liliane's father, besides backing La Cagoule in the 1930s, had founded the anti-Semitic Revolutionary Social Movement during the war and acquired property in Karlsruhe, Germany, that had been seized from Jews in 1938, according to a lawsuit by descendants of the original owners.
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Eugène Schueller, the company's founder, was an alleged Nazi sympathizer. L'Oréal concedes that Schueller was an anti-Semitic fascist. He was also a member of La Cagoule, which supported the Vichy regime, and was a violent, pro-fascist and anti- communist organisation. Eugène bankrolled La Cagoule and some meetings of La Cagoule were held at L'Oréal headquarters.
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Pierre Guillain de Bénouville, Claude Roy (the writer), Mitterrand and André Bettencourt all regularly visited the apartments in rue Zédé and rue Chernoviz, where La Cagoule met.according to Pierre Péan, in : Une jeunesse française, François Mitterrand 1934-1947, Fayard 1998, p.229 That does not prove that Mitterrand was a member of la Cagoule.
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It was as successful as "Fous ta cagoule" in terms of chart positions, becoming a number-one hit in France and Belgium (Wallonia).
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A cagoule which could be rolled up into a very compact package and carried in a bag or pocket was patented by former Royal Marine Noel Bibby and launched in the UK under the brand name Peter Storm in the early 1960s.Invisible on Everest—innovation and the gear makers, Cassie Crute and Mary Rose, In 1965, the French cagoule brand K-Way was introduced. Original versions were lightweight and packable with generally an integral hood, elastic or drawstring cuffs, and a fastening at the neck. Usually, the cagoule could not open fully at the front and was pulled on over the head.
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Although it was widely believed at the time that communists had set the bombs, the government took no official action against the French Communist Party, to the disappointment of the group's members. The Cagoule tried to infiltrate the International Brigades for the same purpose. One of the buildings bombed by la Cagoule on 11 September 1937 Organised along military lines, the Cagoule infiltrated parts of the French military via Georges Loustaunau-Lacau's Corvignolles as a means to acquire weapons."Monstrous Conspiracy", Time Magazine, 6 December 1937 It prepared to overthrow the Popular Front government in November 1937 to install a fascist government.
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Jean Filiol (born 9 May 1909, date of death unknown) was a French militant, who was active in La Cagoule before the Second World War. Brigitte and Gilles Delluc, Jean Filiol, du Périgord à la Cagoule, de la Milice à Oradour, Périgueux, Pilote 24 édition, 2005, p. 19, . After the war, he fled to Spain, where he worked for the local office of L'Oréal.
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Towards the end of 2006 they picked up a parody from their old Morning-Live times: the hardcore rappers Fatal Bazooka ("Lethal Bazooka"), in which they played two rappers called "Profanation Fonky" and "La Marmotte Infernale" who wore balaclavas. Using a hardcore style of rap, they rapped Fous ta cagoule ("Put on your balaclava"). It reached #1 on the French charts. The CD-single is "Fous ta cagoule" of 2006.
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In 1920, the company employed three chemists. By 1950, the team was 100 strong; by 1984 was 1,000 and is nearly 82,000 today. Schueller provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at L'Oréal headquarters. La Cagoule was a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group whose leader formed a political party Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement) which in Occupied France supported the Vichy collaboration with the Germans.
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Hubert Koundé (born December 30, 1970) is a French actor and film director. Koundé is best known for his role as Hubert in the film La Haine by Mathieu Kassovitz. He is also the author of a play: "Cagoule: Valentine and Yamina," performed in 2003 (Cagoule: Valentin et Yamina, montée en 2003). He made two short films: Qui se ressemble s'assemble and Menhir, and co-directed a feature film: Paris, la métisse.
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Chemise cagoule in Sex Machines Museum, Prague A chemise cagoule (, "cowl shirt") was a heavy nightshirt worn by pious Catholic men and women during the Middle Ages in order to permit a husband to impregnate his wife without having to endure any unnecessary physical contact with her. The chemise cagoule covered all sexual areas, but left an opening for necessary contact. Pious couples were expected to use chemise cagoules at every lovemaking session, and thus would never see each other naked. A similar concept was allegedly employed in one or more unspecified Native American cultures as the "chastity blanket", an item of similar design held by tribal elders until requested for use by a man, according to anthropologist Gordon Rattray Taylor.
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La Cagoule (The Cowl, press nickname coined by the Action Française nationalist Maurice Pujo), officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire (Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action), was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terroristCullen, S. (2018) World War II Vichy French Security Troops, Osprey Pub. group that used violence to promote its activities from 1935 to 1941 French Third Republic. It was formed to overthrow the leftist Popular Front government. La Cagoule was founded by Eugène Deloncle.
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"Fous ta cagoule" (; ) is a 2006 song by comedy rap character Fatal Bazooka, the 1st single from album T'as vu released on 2007. This song achieved a huge success in France and Belgium.
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Peter Storm cagoule with zipped side-slit hand access to undergarments and extra-long sleeves with elasticated storm cuffs A cagoule (), also spelled cagoul, kagoule or kagool, is the British English term for a lightweight (usually without lining), weatherproof raincoat or anorak with a hood, which often comes in knee-length form.The Chambers Dictionary, 1994, The Canadian English equivalent is windbreaker or the French brand K-Way. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood or cross-chest front pocket doubles as a bag into which the shell can be packed.
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In his youth, Bettencourt was a member of La Cagoule (The Hood), a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group. Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at the company's headquarters. In the 1990s, Jean Frydman, a shareholder and board member of L'Oréal's film and television subsidiary Paravision, alleged that he had been sacked in 1989 as the senior management at L'Oréal sought to avoid an Arab boycott of firms with Jewish links. Frydman held joint French and Israeli citizenship.
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134 Clémenti became a co-founder of Ordre Nouveau, a "revolutionary nationalist force" made up of former associates of Pierre Poujade with erstwhile conspirators in La Cagoule and Organisation Armée Secrète.Shields, p. 159. See also Gordon et al., p.
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Retrieved 8 July 2010. In 1950, she married French politician André Bettencourt, who served as a cabinet minister in French governments of the 1960s and 1970s and rose to become deputy chairman of L'Oréal. Mr. Bettencourt had been a member of La Cagoule, a violent French fascist pro-Nazi group that Liliane's father, a Nazi sympathizer, had funded and supported in the 1930s and whose members were arrested in 1937. After the war, her husband, like other members of La Cagoule, was given refuge at L'Oréal despite his politically inconvenient past.Obituary: André Bettencourt, The Daily Telegraph, 22 November 2007; retrieved 7 July 2010.
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During the early twentieth century, Schueller provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at L'Oréal headquarters. La Cagoule was a violent French fascist-leaning, antisemitic and anti-communist group whose leader formed a political party Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement) which in Occupied France supported the Vichy collaboration with the conquerors from Nazi Germany. L'Oréal hired several members of the group as executives after World War II, such as Jacques Corrèze, who served as CEO of the U.S. operation. This involvement was extensively researched by Michael Bar-Zohar in his book, Bitter Scent.
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T'as vu ? (; ) is an album by French parody rap group Fatal Bazooka. It released in 2007 and contains 19 songs, five of which were released as singles : "Fous ta cagoule", "Mauvaise foi nocturne", "J'aime trop ton boule", "Trankillement" and "Parle à ma main".
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The first single by Fatal Bazooka, "Fous ta cagoule" ("put your balaclava on"), transposed the urban style to the snow-covered mountains of Savoy. The clip was produced by Nicolas Benamou. The single topped the chartsTop single Fatal-Bazooka in France in January 2006.
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Deloncle in 1937 Eugène Deloncle (20 June 1890 – 17 January 1944) was a French engineer and Fascist leader. A graduate of the École Polytechnique, Deloncle worked for the French Navy, and served as an artillery officer during World War I. Wounded on the Champagne frontline, he was awarded the Legion of Honor. Initially supportive of the integralist Action Française, he left the movement in 1935, in order to found his own group – the Comité Secret d'Action Révolutionnaire (CSAR), usually known as La Cagoule (a name given by the press). Cagoule kept the Orleanist and strongly anti-republican line of the Action Française, but added the rhetoric of Fascism.
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Reactions to the plot and the revelations by the French government about the Cagoule varied among the international media. In the United States, the editors of the New York Times were initially suspicious of the accounts. The journalists of Time magazine likened La Cagoule to the American Ku Klux Klan, a right-wing group that had a widespread revival from 1915 and reached its peak of influence in 1925, with members elected to political office in midwestern cities and states as well as the South. At the outbreak of World War II, the French government released imprisoned Cagoulards to fight in the French Army.
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During World War II, members of the Cagoule were divided. Some of them joined various Fascist movements; Schueller and Deloncle founded the Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire, which conducted various activities for Nazi Germany in occupied France. It bombed seven synagogues in Paris in October 1941. Others became prominent members of Philippe Pétain's Vichy Regime.
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Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast-paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled "Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!" ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola. The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
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Jeantet in the 1930s Jeantet's early political involvement was with the ultra-conservative Action Française and he served as a student leader for this group.Mouré & Alexander, p. 88 He joined La Cagoule when the movement was established, citing his fear of an imminent communist revolution as the main reason for his decision to join.Soucy, p.
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"Joining Right Wing Groups - World At War Biography" He formed his own Fascist outfit, the Chevaliers du Glaive (Knights of the Sword); in the 1930s he became prominent among La Cagoule, or the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"), a secret terrorist group that organised bombings and assassinations, and that stored arms in depots all over France.
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In June 1937, Carlo Rosselli and his brother visited the French resort town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne. On 9 June, the two were killed by a group of "cagoulards", militants of the Cagoule, a French fascist group, with archival documents implicating Mussolini's regime in authorizing the murder.Peter Isaac Rose (2005). The Dispossessed: An Anatomy Of Exile.
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In June 1937, Nello went to visit his brother, Carlo, at the French resort town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, Orne. On 9 June, the two were killed by a group of "cagoulards", militants of the Cagoule, a French fascist group, with archival documents implicating Mussolini's regime in authorizing the murder.Peter Isaac Rose (2005). The Dispossessed: An Anatomy Of Exile.
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In the political world there are persistent suspicions that Pierre Michelin had financial links with a cell of the neo-fascist Cagoule movement. France under the Popular Front government was undergoing a surge in nationalist extremism and industrial unrest at this time, but during the ensuing decades the suspicions involving Pierre Michelin never progressed beyond the status of rumor.
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In 1938, he was imprisoned for several months, charged with having taken part in the conspiracy of La Cagoule, a far right terrorist group. He was released because of lack of proof. Following the 1940 defeat of France against Nazi Germany, Jacques de Bernonville joined the Vichy government. In 1943 he was appointed as a commander of the collaborationist Milice, the Vichy police.
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After the Occupation of France, Dormoy as a representative refused to approve providing full powers to Marshal Philippe Petain and the Vichy government. He was arrested in 1940 and interned in house arrest in Montelimar. He was assassinated there in July 1941 by a bomb set off at his house. It was believed to be the work of La Cagoule terrorists.
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Raymond Millet, "Une nouvelle extrême gauche va-t-elle se former?", in Le Temps, June 15, 1937, p. 8 In September 1937, following bombing attacks by members of La Cagoule, he was interrogated by police. Clémenti stated his sympathy for the group, while criticizing its methods; he also argued that the attacks were in fact staged by a Trotskyist cell of Simca employees.
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The local did however obtain the prohibition in 1933 of La Marche au Soleil, a film about the nudism in France. In 1936, it mounted a campaign, along with members of the La Cagoule (an illegal underground organization), against Abel Gance's film, Lucrezia Borgia. The film was banned by Georges Cohendy, the president of the special delegation of Lyon under Vichy in November 1940.
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Biographical notice on Maurras on the Action française's website On the other hand, the Minister Roger Salengro was pushed to suicide after attacks by a right-wing newspaper. Finally, the Cagoule terrorist group attempted several attacks. In 1938, Marceau Pivert's Revolutionary Left tendency was expelled from the SFIO, and he created the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (PSOP) along with Luxemburgists such as René Lefeuvre.
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She was known to have had various lovers, leading police to initially suspect a crime of passion. However, further investigation revealed she had been working as a spy. She had been employed to infiltrate La Cagoule, a far-right terrorist group that was often overlooked later in post-war France. The case was dropped two years later at the outbreak of the Second World War.
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Jacques Corrèze Jacques Corrèze (11 February 1912 – 28 June 1991) was a French businessman and politician. He was the chief executive officer of the United States-based operation of L'Oréal for the Americas (Cosmair), the world's leading company in cosmetics and beauty products. He was the secretary of Eugène Deloncle. Corrèze was a member of La Cagoule, a violent fascist-leaning and anti-communist group.
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Some of the criminal activities perpetrated by La Cagoule include firearms transportation, assassinating a former minister, and firebombing six synagogues. Other controversy arose when Jean Frydman, a shareholder and board member of Paravision, a film subsidiary of L'Oréal, was fired. He claims that he was let go because L'Oréal wanted to avoid an Arab boycott of businesses associated with Jews. In turn, Frydman decided to expose the past of L'Oréal executives.
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Kalash Criminel was born in Zaïre, now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 14 February 1995. He was born albino. Initially, he lived in Kinshasa with his family, but with the onset of the First Congo War, he and his family fled to France."Kalash Criminel: sous la cagoule du rappeur, la douleur et de la rage" [archive], France 24, 22 novembre 2018 (retrieved on 29 December 2018).
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Important national footpaths such as the Pennine Way are mentioned. He includes advice on essential equipment such as clothing including anorak or cagoule, compass, aneroid barometer, map, rucksack and climbing boots (the most important item), and when necessary, ice axe. Tweed is preferable to corduroy or cotton, and he personally prefers plus fours. Woollen clothing, especially pullovers or sweaters are also useful, and external clothing should be coloured red for visibility.
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A member of the Popular Front's government, cabinet secretary to Léon Blum, he played a part in negotiating the Matignon Accords. From 1936 to 1938 he was Minister of the Interior (replacing Roger Salengro). He worked to suppress violent far right groups such as the Cagoule. He used his authority to depose Jacques Doriot, mayor of Saint-Denis, arguing that the Saint-Denis commune had become the site of anti-republican agitation.
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Laetitia Nourrissat Toureaux (1907–1937) was a murder victim. She was found dead in a Paris Métro carriage at Porte Dorée on 16 May 1937. This crime was widely discussed at the time, and the interwar period generated multiple speculations, involving the secret services and the violent political group La Cagoule. Toureaux entered an unoccupied metro car at one stop, and was found stabbed to death less than 90 seconds later at the next stop.
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During its early period, Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oreal, provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at L'Oréal headquarters. During the Second World War both Jacques Corrèze and Eugene Schueller, as well as many other L'Oreal executives, were very active supporters of the Vichy regime. When the Gestapo raided Deloncle's home, killed him and injured gravely his son Louis Deloncle, Corrèze was present but escaped. He later married Deloncle's widow, Mercedes Deloncle.
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50 As the group's main theoretic writer during its existence, Jeantet sought to steer the group towards a socialist economic position, arguing in 1942 in favour of a "national and socialist revolution" similar to that associated with Strasserism. This was despite the fact that Jeantet was fully aware of La Cagoule being funded by wealthy industrialists such as Jacques Lemaigre-Dubreuil and Louis Renault, all of whom despised the concept of socialism.
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Always a minor movement within the French far-right, it was initially a dissident wing of Henry Coston's Francistes. Temporarily re-absorbed by that party in 1934, it reemerged following Coston's personal row with Clémenti. Its activity was interrupted in 1936, though it returned to incite industrial workers against the Popular Front government. Clémenti was the subject of interrogations during the clampdown on La Cagoule, and briefly jailed in early 1939 for spreading racial hatred.
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François Mitterrand furthermore had some personal and family relations with members of the Cagoule, a far-right terrorist group in the 1930s.Henry Rousso, Le Syndrome de Vichy, p.365 François Mitterrand then served his conscription from 1937 to 1939 in the 23rd régiment d'infanterie coloniale. In 1938, he became the best friend of Georges Dayan, a Jewish socialist, whom he saved from anti-Semitic aggressions by the national- royalist movement Action française.
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The Revolutionary Social Movement (in French: Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire MSR) was a fascist movement founded in France in September 1940. Its founder was Eugène Deloncle, who was previously associated with La Cagoule . The MSR supported the return of Pierre Laval to the Vichy government, led by Petain, who removed Laval from the government in December 1940. The MSR collaborated with and was a factions of the Rassemblement National Populaire (RNP), which was founded in January 1941.
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D'Astier was one of the founders of the Stockholm Committee; he denounced the Soviet Union leadership under Nikita Khrushchev after the crushing of the Hungarian uprising, and broke ties with communists. His brother, Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie, was from the far right, and, initially a member of the Action Française, may even have been involved with the Cagoule terrorist group. Ultimately, Henri d'Astier also took part in the Résistance. Emmanuel d'Astier died in Paris in 1969.
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He was an admirer of Charles Maurras, a prominent monarchist intellectual and poet. It is possible that d'Astier was involved in La Cagoule, a fascist-leaning organisation that sought the French Republic's overthrow. When World War II broke out, d'Astier was called back into active service. Although his political views could be deemed close to fascism, he was also determined to see France stand as a strong nation, and, therefore, he vehemently opposed the German invasion.
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The prosecution alleged that Smith had started walking out on the footpath from Castleton, and had come across Susan walking back into town. The Crown argued that Smith had made some kind of approach to Susan, and there had been a struggle in which she fought back as Smith tried to strip her. He had then manually strangled her. He then covered her face and head with her own cagoule, and placed her jeans over her legs to make her look decent.
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Among others, the founder of the cosmetics company L'Oréal, Eugène Schueller, bankrolled the clandestine movement. The group performed assassinations, bombings, sabotage of armaments, and other violent activities, some intended to cast suspicion on communists and add to political instability. Planning a November 1937 overthrow of the government, La Cagoule was infiltrated by the police, and the national government arrested and imprisoned about 70 men. At the outbreak of World War II, the government released the men to fight in the French Army.
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Some entered the Milice, such as Jacques de Bernonville. During the Occupation of France in 1940, the Vichy government arrested Dormoy, as he had refused to vote for full powers for Pétain, and it eventually interned him under house arrest at Montélimar. He was assassinated on 26 July 1941 by a clockwork bomb set off at the house. It was believed to have been done by Cagoule terrorists in reprisal for Dormoy's arrests in 1937 and his attempt to suppress the organization.
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Collaboration refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans whereas collaborationism refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own. Organizations such as La Cagoule opposed the Third Republic, particularly when the left-wing Popular Front was in power. Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944. To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created.
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Paul Dungler Paul Dungler (Thann, Haut-Rhin, 1902 - Colmar, 1974) was a French industrialist, royalist militant and Resistance worker. Dungler joined the ranks of Action Française then of La Cagoule, and launched himself into politics during the inter-war period. Upon France's defeat in 1940, he was in Périgord where he returned to Alsace to join the Resistance. He returned secretly to Thann in Alsace on 25 August 1940, and founded the 7e Colonne d'Alsace, registered at London under the name of the Martial network.
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His next stop in 1932 was the Ligue des Contributables, one of the Far right leagues that, with its anti-tax message, pre-empted the later Poujadist movement. He then became a supporter of Eugène Deloncle and in 1937 joined La Cagoule. Charbonneau dropped out of politics in 1939 when he enlisted in the 1st Regiment of Zouaves. He returned to France in 1941 and joined Deloncle's Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire and soon became a member of the Filiol tendency that turned against Deloncle in 1942.
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Marx Dormoy in 1932 René Marx Dormoy (1 August 1888 – 26 July 1941) was a French socialist politician, noted for his opposition to the far right. Under his leadership as Minister of the Interior in the government of Léon Blum, the French police infiltrated La Cagoule, which was planning the overthrow of the French Third Republic, led by the Popular Front government. Dormoy directed the arrest and imprisonment of 70 cagoulards in November 1937. The police recovered 2 tons of armaments from their sites.
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After a stint in the army of occupation in Germany, he participated in the campaign against the forces of Kemal Atatürk in Cilicia. He ended his service in July 1921 as a sub-lieutenant (second lieutenant). He worked as a cabinetmaker and later founded his own transportation company in Nice. Between the wars, Darnand joined a number of far-right political, paramilitary organizations: l'Action Française in 1925, the Croix-de-Feu in 1928, La Cagoule and Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (PPF) in 1936.
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Filliol was one of the founding members of La Cagoule, after being previously a member of the Camelots du Roi. He was one of suspects in the killing of the Italian anti- fascists Carlo and Nello Rosselli in 1937, for which a French court convicted him to death in absentia in 1948. Filliol was interned in 1942, but released in 1944, on the orders of Joseph Darnand. He fled to Spain after the war, which refused to extradite him to stand trial in France.
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Georges Loustaunau- Lacau and Marie-Madeleine Fourcade—who had both supported La Cagoule—founded the Alliance network, and Colonel of the Vichy secret services founded the Gilbert network. Some members of Action Française engaged in the Resistance with similar nationalistic motives. Some prominent examples are Daniel Cordier, who became Jean Moulin's secretary, and Colonel Rémy, who founded the Confrérie Notre-Dame. These groups also included Pierre de Bénouville, who, together with Henri Frenay, led the Combat group, and Jacques Renouvin, who founded the group of resisters known as Liberté.
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With World War II, the Fall of France, and the German period of occupation, Deloncle created a movement backing Vichy France and Philippe Pétain, the Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement). MSR, a more radical form of the Cagoule, strongly supported Pétain's traditionalism, as well as the political experiment engineered in Southern France. Afterwards, he approached the National Popular Rally (RNP) of Marcel Déat, but conflicts with the latter got him expelled in May 1942, when he was succeeded as leader by Jean Fontenoy.David Littlejohn (1972) The Patriotic Traitors, London: Heinemann, p.
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Dormoy was backed by Léon Blum, and a motion of confidence was passed in the Parliament on 23 March. In November 1937, Dormoy ordered the arrest of 70 members of La Cagoule after the police infiltrated the far-right organization. It had been planning the violent overthrow of the government that month and the installation of a fascist government. The French police seized 2 tons of high explosives, several anti-tank or anti-aircraft guns, 500 machine guns, 65 submachine guns, 134 rifles and 17 sawed-off shotguns.
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Two years later, after the Fall of France, he was one of the minority of parliamentarians who refused to grant full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. Pétain's Vichy France regime had him suspended from his office as mayor on 20 September 1940, and arrested five days later. Dormoy was imprisoned in Pellevoisin, then in Vals-les-Bains, before being placed under house arrest in Montélimar. He was killed in July 1941 by a bomb that exploded at his house; it was believed to have been placed by Cagoule terrorists.
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The group initially intended to make Philippe Pétain chief of state, but he refused its overtures. The Cagoule chose Marshall Louis Franchet d'Esperey as their future chief of state. It was infiltrated by the French police. On 15 November 1937, Marx Dormoy, Minister of the Interior and the highest officer of law enforcement, denounced its plot and ordered wide arrests of members. The French police seized 2 tons of high explosives, several anti-tank or anti-aircraft guns, 500 machine guns, 65 submachine guns, 134 rifles and 17 sawn-off shotguns.
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"Terrible Gravity", Time Magazine, 29 November 1937 Some of the arms were of German or Italian origin, and about 70 men were arrested. Deloncle had boasted that he had 12,000 men under his order in Paris, and 120,000 in the provinces, but it is likely there were no more than 200 men who knew much about the organization and its structure, and another several hundred who were more loosely affiliated with the group. Socialite masquerade of the Cagoule conspiracy after the revelations by the French government in 1937.
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He believes himself to be truly gifted in the art of acting, and often blames his failures on his agent or society itself. He did appear in one episode of EastEnders and often brags about it, delaying for as long as he can the fact that he was in one scene, had one line, and did nothing but buy a cagoule from Bianca Jackson's market stall. He also appeared in Daylight Robbery as an extra, standing in a queue in the background. He had one line but it was cut due to timekeeping.
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Paul Vigouroux (1919–1980), also known as Mathieu Laurier, was a French political activist and anti-communist. He was a member of the Jeunesses Patriotes, La Cagoule, and was secretary general of the Parti français national-collectiviste (PFNC), a political party that was one of the forerunners of the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism. After the French Occupation by Germany in 1941, he volunteered to fight against the USSR in the Eastern Front with the Legion of French Volunteers. In 1942 he joined Franc-Garde, the armed wing of the paramilitary force Milice.
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Bénouville was a member of the resistance groups Combat and Noyautage des administrations publiques (NAP). In late 1942, the non-occupied zone was invaded by the Germans. François Mitterrand left the Commissariat in January 1943, when his boss , another , was replaced by the collaborator André Masson, but he remained in charge of the centres d'entraides. In the spring of 1943, along with Gabriel Jeantet, a member of Marshal Pétain's cabinet, and Simon Arbellot (both former members of La Cagoule), François Mitterrand received the Order of the Francisque (the honorific distinction of the Vichy Regime).
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These efforts continued until La Cagoule could be infiltrated and dismantled in 1937. Like the founder of Action Française, Charles Maurras, who acclaimed the collapse of the Republic as a "divine surprise", thousands not only welcomed the Vichy régime, but collaborated with it to one degree or another. But the powerful appeal of French nationalism drove others to engage in resistance against occupying German forces. In 1942, after an ambiguous period of collaboration, the former leader of Croix de Feu, François de La Rocque, founded the Klan Network, which provided information to the British intelligence services.
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Fayard Mohammed El Maadi, the head of La Cagoule for French Algeria, started the anti-Semitic newspaper Er Rachid and organised the North-African Brigade, known as SS-Mohammed, in 1944. The group drew most of its members from Orléanists disappointed by the lack of action by the Action française founded by Charles Maurras. It opposed the Popular Front government, created from an alliance of left-wing groups. Historians believe that many low-level members were recruited in the belief that it was an auto- defense organiaation, which was intended to fight against a communist takeover.
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Others believed that he had been killed by Joseph Stalin's secret service, the NKVD, as the Great Purge was underway in the Soviet Union."Foreign News: Stalin, Navachine & Blum", Time Magazine, 8 February 1937, accessed 24 July 2012 To ease its obtaining arms from Fascist Italy, on 9 June 1937, the group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the Rosselli brothers, who were refugees in France. It sabotaged airplanes clandestinely supplied by the French government to the Spanish Republic. On 11 September 1937, the Cagoule blew up two buildings owned by the Comité des Forges (Ironmasters Association) to create the impression of a communist conspiracy.
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André Bettencourt (21 April 1919 - 19 November 2007) was a French politician. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre, and was a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He had been a member of La Cagoule, a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group, before and into the Second World War; he then joined the anti-German Resistance late in the war. His earlier affiliation was not known when he later served as a cabinet minister under presidents Pierre Mendès France and Charles de Gaulle, and was awarded for his bravery in the Resistance against the Nazis.
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It was also revealed that Eugène Schueller hired Jacques Correze, who was the honorary head of L'Oréal's U.S. affiliate, Cosmair, and was involved with La Cagoule. Further controversy arose when it was revealed that L'Oréal had its German headquarters for over 30 years, before being sold in 1991, on land confiscated from a Jewish family during World War II. The Jewish family has been battling for restitution from the company for three generations, the latest of which is Edith Rosenfelder, a Holocaust survivor. Fritz Rosenfelder, was forced to sell the house to a Nazi official, of which the family never received the proceeds of the sale. Instead, the family was deported.
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He worked for the publishing house Fayard and was for a time associated with the historian and rightist Pierre Gaxotte, whilst also spending brief periods as a member of both La Cagoule and Croix-de-Feu before, in 1934, becoming close to Paul Marion and the neosocialists. In keeping with his shifting loyalties Jeantet also wrote for a number of journals, including Candide, Je suis partout and Le Petit Journal.Robert Soucy (1995) French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933–1939, Yale University Press, p. 233, His main writing topics were his opposition to democracy and his desire for a rapprochement with Nazi Germany and indeed in 1936 he attended the Nuremberg Rally.
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The government was opposed by right-wing extremist leagues such as the Croix-de-Feu, by the anti-Semitic, monarchist Action Française and by the fascist terrorist group La Cagoule. On 14 July, France's national day, celebrated with military ceremonies, the Action Française's newspaper published a libelous article claiming that Salengro had not been captured by German forces in 1915 but had instead deserted. The claim was relayed by other far-right movements, and reprinted repeatedly in far-right newspapers such as Gringoire, sparking the "Salengro Affair". It was echoed in the National Assembly by far-right Members of Parliament such as Henri Becquart.
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Laura Cantoni was born in Milan, daughter of Achille Cantoni and Maria Cantoni, but moved to Florence in 1899, after marrying poet Angiolo Orvieto. she was a very generous person She collaborated with the magazine "Il Marzocco" (1896 - 1933) and published several books for children, some of which translated in numerous languages. The most famous of them is Storie della storia del mondo ("Stories of World History"). She was a friend of the Italian writer Amelia Pincherle Rosselli (the mother of the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, assassinated by La Cagoule, secret services of the Fascist regime, and grandmother of the poet Amelia Rosselli), and of the actress Eleonora Duse.
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In Paris, it organised militias and demonstrations and amassed arms. It attempted to assassinate French Prime Minister Léon Blum, trained men in terrorism, built underground prisons and "ran guns in Belgium, Switzerland and Italy". Police investigating the murder of Dimitri Navachine in January 1937 La Cagoule directed its members in various actions aimed at creating suspicions of communists to destabilise and to destroy the French Republic. Some argue that in the Bois de Boulogne on 26 January 1937, Jean Filiol stabbed to death Dimitri Navachine, who was a Soviet national and for several years the respected director of the Paris branch of the Soviet State Bank.
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In 1948 Jeantet was arrested along with a number of other surviving members of La Cagoule and stood trial on charges relating to a plot by the organisation to set a series of bombs off in Paris in 1937. It was during this trial that Jeantet revealed the extent to which leading figures in French industry, many of whom continued to dominate post-war France, had been involved in providing the movement with financial support.Herbert R. Lottman (2003) The Michelin Men: Driving an Empire, I.B.Tauris, pp. 200–202. During the late 1960s Jeantet was involved in the formation of the far-right umbrella group Ordre Nouveau.
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However, with the rise of fascism and the creation of seemingly fascist leagues, added to the 1926 Papal condemnation, the royalist movement was weakened by various dissidents: Georges Valois would create the fascist Faisceau, Louis Dimier would break away, while other members (Eugène Deloncle, Gabriel Jeantet, etc.) created the terrorist La Cagoule group. The retired Admiral Antoine Schwerer became president of the League in 1930, succeeding Bernard de Vésins in difficult circumstances. He was a talented orator. At the December 1931 congress, "greeted by loud acclamation", he gave himself to a full presentation of "the general situation of France", external, financial, economic, interior and religious.
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Born in Paris, he is the nephew of François Mitterrand, who was the President of France from 1981 to 1995, and the son of engineer Robert Mitterrand (1915–2002) and Edith Cahier, the niece of Eugène Deloncle, the co- founder of "La Cagoule". He attended the Lycée Janson de Sailly in Paris and studied history and geography at the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, and political science at Sciences Po. He taught economics, history and geography at EABJM from 1968 to 1971. In 1978, he was a film critic at J'informe. From 1971 to 1986, he ran several art film cinemas in Paris (Olympic Palace, Entrepôt and Olympic-Entrepôt).
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The Germans forced Déat at first to merge his new party (RNP) with Eugène Deloncle's MSR (Social Revolutionary Movement), a far-right party, the successor of the Cagoule terrorist group. The merger was a failure and Déat later expelled MSR elements from his party, before trying to form a unified front of Collaborationist parties. Déat also founded, along with fellow Collaborationists Jacques Doriot and Marcel Bucard, the Légion des Volontaires Français (LVF), a French unit of the Wehrmacht (later affiliated with the Waffen-SS). While reviewing troops from the LVF with Vichy figure Pierre Laval in Versailles on 27 August 1941, Déat was wounded in an assassination attempt—carried out by French Resistance member Paul Collette.
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The Cité catholique also included Marcel Lefebvre, who later founded the priestly Society of St. Pius X, free from neo-modernist and indifferentist currents. As the Cagoule had done before the war, the Cité catholique had as aim to infiltrate the Republic's elites in order to form a National Catholic state, on the model of Francoist Spain.Sophie Coignard and Marie-Thérèse Guichard, Les Bonnes fréquentations : Histoire secrète des réseaux d’influence (Editions Grasset, 1997) Close to Lefebvriste's contacts, Jean Ousset published in 1949 Pour qu'Il règne, a title which was chosen by the Belgian section of the Society of St. Pius X as title of its newspaper. The preface of the book was signed by Marcel Lefebvre.
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French milice and résistants, July 1944 Before the war, there were several ultrarightist organisations in France including the monarchist, antisemitic and xenophobic Action Française. Another among the most influential factions of the right was Croix-de-Feu (Cross of Fire), which gradually moderated its positions during the early years of the war and grew increasingly popular among the aging veterans of the First World War. Despite some differences in their positions on certain issues, these organizations were united in their opposition to parliamentarism, a stance that had led them to participate in demonstrations, most notably the "political disturbance" riots of 6 February 1934. At about the same time, La Cagoule, a fascist paramilitary organisation, launched various actions aimed at destabilising the Third Republic.
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An officer of extreme right-wing and anti- communist views, he was one of the founders of the Union des Comités d'action défensive--also known as the Corvignolles network--the military branch of La Cagoule. His complicity with this organisation was discovered during the investigations ordered by Minister of the Interior Marx Dormoy and he was dismissed from the army in 1938 by order of the Minister of War Édouard Daladier. He was recalled to active service on the outbreak of the Second World War, but was arrested on the orders of Daladier on 22 March 1940 and imprisoned at Obernai. Later in 1940, under Pétain's new Vichy regime, Loustaunau-Lacau was appointed to head the Légion française des combattants, a veteran's organisation created by the regime.
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Although police intelligence services appeared in the Ancien Régime, the term "Renseignements Généraux" dates back to 1907, with the creation by the Director of the General Security, Célestin Hennion, of an intelligence department parallel to the judiciary services. During the 1930s, the activities of fascist groups such as La Cagoule, some of which were manipulated by foreign powers, triggered the creation of a Direction des services de renseignements généraux et de la police administrative (1937), followed by an Inspection Générale des Services de Renseignements Généraux et de la Police Administrative (1938). In 1941, the Regime of Vichy created its own service, named Direction Centrale des Renseignements Généraux. After the liberation of France, the RG took back the role that they had in the 1930s.
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A militant of the extreme right, he was one of the funders of La Cagoule in the late 1930s.Annie Lacroix-Riz, When the US wanted to take over France, Le Monde Diplomatique, May 2003 During the Second World War, he was very active in the underground. He was one of those who favoured the Allied landings in North Africa, on 8 November 1942, Operation Torch. He was a link between Robert Murphy and Henri Giraud; when the latter arrived in Algeria, he was accommodated in Lemaigre-Dubreuil's houseColin Smith, England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940-1942, , 2009 Later, Lemaigre Dubreuil was very active in supporting Moroccan claims for autonomy, for which he drew fierce hatred from movements supporting the retention of Morocco as a French protectorate.
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According to former OSS officer William Langer,Our Vichy Gamble, Alfred A Knopf, New York, 1947 some French industrial and banking interests even before the war, had turned to Nazi Germany and had looked to Hitler as the savior of Europe from Communism. This theory allegedly originated with the discovery of a document called Pacte Synarchique following the death (May 19, 1941) of Jean Coutrot, former member of Groupe X-Crise, on May 15, 1941. According to this document, a Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire had been founded in 1922, with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy. This led to the belief that La Cagoule, a far-right organisation, was the armed branch of French synarchism, and that some important members of the Vichy Regime were synarchists.
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Darnand was the leader of the Milice, the Vichy paramilitary group that fought the French Resistance, and enforced anti-semitic policies. He took an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler after he had accepted a Waffen SS rank. Other cagoulards sided against the Germans, either as members of the Resistance (such as Marie- Madeleine Fourcade, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Georges Loustaunau-Lacau in the Maquis), or as members of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces, such as General Henri Giraud or Colonel Passy. After the war, the politician and writer Henri de Kérillis accused de Gaulle of having been a member of La Cagoule and said that de Gaulle had been ready to install a fascist government if the Allies let him become France's chief of state.
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An avid follower of General De Gaulle during the war, he nevertheless denounced, in De Gaulle or the Time of Contempts, the presence within the General's entourage, at least in 1942, of royalists or people closely linked to extreme-right pre-war leagues (Claude Hettier de Boislambert, admirer of Cagoule; colonel Pierre Fourcade, former member of this organization; Pierre Guillain de Bénouville, former member of Action Française, instigators of the events of 6 February 1934; the General's nephew, Michel Cailliau). According to Jean Pierre-Bloch the alignment of General de Gaulle with the Republican cause was purely tactical and the Resistance had been usurped by de Gaulle. In Pierre-Bloch's view the Gaullists held a distorted view of the resistance, presenting themselves as the only great force of the Resistance, along with the Communists, forgetting the Socialists and Christian Democrats. In 1945, Jean Pierre-Bloch easily regained his seat in parliament, favoring an alliance with the French Communist Party and supporting Maurice Thorez as prime minister the following year.
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Marcel Déat, a neosocialist expelled from the SFIO in November 1933 and former Minister, first proposed to create a single state party during the 1940 summer, immediately following the proclamation of the Vichy regime. Briefly arrested by the French police on 13 December 1940, he finally created the RNP in February 1941, which became one of the primary collaborationist parties, along with Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (PPF), Marcel Bucard's Francisme and Pierre Clémenti's French National- Collectivist Party. Immediately, the German authorities imposed a fusion between Marcel Déat's RNP and the far-right Social Revolutionary Movement (MSR) of Eugène Deloncle, an inheritor of the Cagoule terrorist group The first committee of direction of the RNP-MSR was composed of two RNP members and three MSR members: Marcel Déat, Jean Fontenoy, Jean Van Ormelingen (alias Jean Vanor), Eugène Deloncle and Jean Goy. However, the fusion between the RNP and the MSR was a failure, in part because Déat's RNP recruited mainly among former members of the French Left while the MSR was from the beginning located on the far-right of the political spectrum.
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Doriot had been expelled by the French Communist Party after proposing a Popular Front with other leftist parties, which at that time was seen as heresy by his party's hierarchy. Personally hurt and embittered by his expulsion, Doriot would slowly change sides, eventually openly denouncing communism and going on to found the Parti Populaire Francais or PPF, the largest pre-war right wing party. Other important figures of the 1930s include Xavier Vallat, who would become General Commissioner for Jewish Affairs under Vichy, members of the Cagoule terrorist group (Eugène Deloncle, Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal cosmetic firm, Jacques Corrèze, Joseph Darnand, who later founded the Service d'ordre légionnaire militia during Vichy, etc.). To obtain arms from fascist Italy, the group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the Rosselli brothers,Stanislao G. Pugliese Death in Exile: The Assassination of Carlo Rosselli, Journal of Contemporary History, 32 (1997), pp. 305-319M. Agronsky, Foreign Affairs 17#391 (1938) on June 9, 1937, and sabotaged aeroplanes clandestinely supplied by the French government to the Second Spanish Republic.
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