The British turned these round-bottom besoms, as they were called, into a trade with besom squires hawking their wares, but Americans created the broom as we know it today.
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The besom is thought to be involved with fairies. The besom is an important part of Wiccan handfasting ceremonies in some traditions. The couple jump over the besom during the ceremony. Alternatively, the couple may jump over a small bonfire.
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The word "broom" derives from the name of certain thorny shrubs (Genista and others) used for sweeping. The name of the shrubs began to be used for the household implement in Late Middle English and gradually replaced the earlier besom during the Early Modern English period. The song Buy Broom Buzzems (by William Purvis 1752–1832) still refers to the "broom besom" as one type of besom (i.e. "a besom made from broom").
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A birch besom was placed aslant in the open doorway of a house, with the head of the besom on the doorstone, and the top of the handle on the doorpost.
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193, 192n "Scuabtuinné, that is, the Besom, or Sweeper of the Waves" his armour and helmet.
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The besom, or broom, is often associated with witches and witchcraft. The stories of witches flying on brooms originated from the besom. In Wicca, it is used in handfasting ceremonies, when a couple jumps over it. It is also used in seasonal fertility dances as a representation of a phallus.
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A notable business in Mulfords Hill is that of the Royal Warrant Holder for Besom Brooms and Pea Sticks.
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A besom is a tool used in Wicca to cleanse and purify a space which will be used for ritual. A traditional Wiccan besom is a hawthorn stave handle with bristles made from birch twigs. These twigs are tied on using thin pieces of willow wood. It is used to cleanse the ritual area before circle casting.
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Popjoy was born in about 1710 in Bishopstrow, near Warminster in Wiltshire. She was baptised in 1714. She became the mistress of Beau Nash, and was known as Lady Betty Besom, from the whip that she carried when riding, which had so many tails that it resembled a besom (a broom). Eventually Nash ended the relationship.
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The origin of the name is associated with a legend that this was the place of Samogitia's witches' Sabbath. One day they danced too long, until the roosters' crows. All witches quickly flew away, but one misplaced her besom (on which witches fly) and started running around shouting "Where is my šatra?", hence the name (šatra is a twig from a besom).
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Another character wears a rather voluminous, tattered, long, dark dress with pale sleeves (or a pale blouse under it) and a top hat. Busily brushing the ground with a besom broom, "she" is reminiscent of the character Besom Bet who appears in some mummers plays or the Winster morris Witch. The last two characters, on the outer edges of the group, are playing rough music on bladder fiddles. One has his face disguised with a simple (cloth?) mask and wears a peaked cap.
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There are several other versions of the song. One version was popular just over the border in Southern Scotland and of which Rabbie Burns, for one, knew and in 1796 wrote a satirical piece, Buy Braw Troggin, set to the tune. Another version, The Besom Maker or Green Besoms, although it shares a refrain with this song, is otherwise quite different (the Roud Index assigns it number 910) and can be seen, as The Besom Maker, at Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads.
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Along with Tadley, Baughurst is associated with the manufacture of besom brooms. Historically, much of the land in the parish was heathland used to grow birch trees, which were taken to Tadley to manufacture the brooms.
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Heightingtonaspis anglica is a primitive arthrodire placoderm from Shropshire, England. The fossils were first discovered on the surface at Besom Farm Quarry. The fossils were in situ and were radiocarbon dated at about 416 million years old.
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She started her own production company in 1989, originally named Gallus Besom (besom being a Scots Language term of contempt for a surly or purposely awkward woman by a process of synecdocheBesom: WorldWideWords definition and gallus bold or cheeky in Scots),Definition of 'Gallus' in LiteralBarrage then renamed to Ideal World in 1993. It merged in 2004 with Wark Clements, the company co-owned by Kirsty Wark and her husband Alan Clements, to form IWC Media. The partners then sold the new company in 2005 to media company RDF Media for an estimated £12 million.
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In 1983, his caricature of Margaret Thatcher, pictured as a besom-riding witch escorted home from the Falkland Islands by British aircraft, won first prize at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal. He was awarded the in 2015.
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In 1795, 38% of employed Zuidveen inhabitants worked in agriculture; 25% were artisans and 10% were peat workers. In 1832, the percentages were 40%, 9% and 28%, respectively. Some of the traditional professions included mat weaving and besom making.Schmidt (2003), pp.
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Behind it are two men in threatening postures, one is waving a long stick like the handle of a brush or rake, the other probably a besom broom (blurred). Two more men wearing military-looking jackets, buttoned to the neck, and white trousers stand astride small hobbyhorses of an apparently unique design: a cylindrical body, "about three inches diameter and two feet long", held between the rider's legs (supported at the front by a cord or narrow strap around the rider's neck), with a flat, curved wooden neck and a small, stylised head with snapping jaws (apart from their mouths, the horses look almost like simple rocking horses with the legs removed). The horsemen are masked in light-coloured cloth. Another character wears a rather voluminous, tattered, long, dark dress; busily brushing the ground with a besom broom, "she" is reminiscent of the character Besom Bet who appears in some mummers plays.
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Juliana Popjoy (c. 1710 – 1777) was the partner of Beau Nash, and was known as "Betty Besom". In later life, she was reputed to have lived in a tree. A cartoon of her jumping the "sacred boundary of discretion" dates from the year she died.
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Sumner illustrated and published his own collection of eleven Hampshire folk songs, entitled The Besom-Maker and other Country-Folk Songs. He sometimes entertained his fellow members at the Art Worker's Guild with renditions of these songs and in return they called him 'The Shepherd'.
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Baughurst is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England. It is located west of the town of Tadley, north of Basingstoke. In the 2001 census it had a population of 2,473. The village is known for its feud with Tadley in the manufacture of besom brooms.
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In Wales, Romani couples would get married by eloping, when they would "jump the broom," or jump over a branch of flowering common broom or a besom made of broom. Welsh Kale and English Romanichals and Romanichal populations in Scotland practiced the ritual into the 1900s. According to Alan Dundes (1996), the custom originated among Romani people in Wales (Welsh Kale) and England (Romanichal).Dundes, Alan. "'Jumping the Broom': On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom", The Journal of American Folklore, 1996, p.327. C.W. Sullivan III (1997) in a reply to Dundes argued that the custom originated among the Welsh people themselves, known as priodas coes ysgub ("besom wedding"),Gwynn, Gwenith (W.
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American singer-songwriter Brenda Lee released the rockabilly song "Let's Jump the Broomstick" on Decca Records in 1959. Via its association with Wales and the popular association of the broom with witches, the custom has also been adopted by some Wiccans.Jumping the Broom: Besom Weddings Martin Heath, Jumping the broomstick (bbc.co.uk, 2004).
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A broomsquire is someone who makes besom brooms for a living. It is a trade that was historically usually unique to heathland areas of England. The broomsquire tended to use heather or birch twigs gathered from the heathland to make the brooms. They also grazed cattle or sheep on the poor vegetation.
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EMT pants are cargo pants with six-way cargo/scissor pockets on one or both legs, each with a hidden zippered pocket on top of cargo pocket, a bellowed flap pocket with increased carrying capacity, besom pockets on calves for glove storage, and three slots for scissors (two fitted with snap closures).
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Francisco Goya's Los Caprichos: ¡Linda maestra! ("The Follies: Beautiful Teacher!") – witches heading to a Sabbath on a broomstick In the context of witchcraft, broomstick is likely to refer to the broom as a whole, known as a besom. The first known reference to witches flying on broomsticks dates to 1453, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin.
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Dried wormwood may be hung over walls as well. Bunches of dried branches and leaves from white birch, oak or eucalyptus (called banny venik, банный веник, "banya besom") are commonly used for massage and to facilitate heat transfer from hot air to body. The dried branches are moistened with very hot water before use. Sometimes in summer, fresh branches are used instead.
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Some people must choose between buying food and buying basic toiletries. As of January 2014, there were close to 1,000 UK food banks. The largest group co-ordinating UK foodbanks was The Trussell Trust, a Christian charity based in Salisbury. About 43% of the UK's foodbanks were run by Trussell, about 20% by smaller church networks such as Besom and Basic,basic.org.
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Besom pockets are found on a tuxedo jacket or trousers and may be accented with a flap or button closure. Camp pockets or cargo pockets are pockets which have been sewn to the outside of the garment. They are usually squared off and are characterized by seaming. A beer pocket is a small pocket within a jacket or vest sized specifically for transporting a bottle of beer.
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Characteristic shrubs are tree heath (Erica arborea), besom heath (Erica platycodon ssp. maderincola), and Madeira juniper (Juniperus cedrus). Along the southern coast, low forests dominated by the endemic wild olive tree (Olea europaea cerasiformis) and the shrubs Maytenus umbellata, Chamaemeles coriacea (a Madeiran endemic), Dracaena draco, and Asparagus scoparius survive in coastal ravines up to 200 meters elevation. A secondary coastal shrubland of Euphorbia piscatoria, Echium nervosum.
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Waugh first attracted attention with sketches of Lancashire life and character in the Manchester Examiner. His first book Sketches of Lancashire Life and Localities was published in 1855 while he was working as a traveller for a Manchester printing firm.Hollingworth (1977) He wrote also prose: Factory Folk, Besom Ben Stories, and The Chimney Corner. His Lancashire dialect songs, collected as Poems and Songs (1859), brought him local fame.
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West Mersea was believed to be a holiday destination for Romans staying at Camulodunum (Colchester). Evidence has shown a number of fish traps exist around the island, which date from around the 7th century. The Anglo-Saxons established a large fish weir at Besom Fleet to the southwest of the island and built the church at West Mersea. It was damaged by Norse raiders in 894 and rebuilt afterwards.
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Division No. 1, Subdivision G is an unorganized subdivision on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division 1 and contains the unincorporated communities of Baccalieu Island, Besom Cove, Bradley's Cove, Burnt Point, Caplin Cove, Daniel's Cove, Grates Cove, Gull Island, Job's Cove, Kingston, Long Beach, Lower Island Cove, Low Point, Northern Bay, Ochre Pit Cove, Red Head Cove, Riverhead, Smooth Cove and Western Bay.
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Depiction in the mid-1920s of a rural banya by Russian artist Boris Kustodiev: Russian Venus (armed with birch besom) Parovozov, VIP public baths in Novosibirsk A banyaAlso transliterated banja. () is originally an Eastern Slavic steam bath with a wood stove. It is considered an important part of Russian culture with Slavic roots. The bath takes place in a small room or building designed for dry or wet heat sessions.
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The Broomway provided the main access to Foulness for centuries. It is an ancient track, which starts at Wakering Stairs, and runs for along the Maplin Sands, some from the present shoreline. The seaward side of the track was defined by bunches of twigs and sticks, shaped like upside-down besom brooms or fire- brooms, which are buried in the sands. Six headways run from the track to the shore, giving access to local farms.
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These types of rutes are used for a variety of effects with various musical ensembles. A rute may also be a cylindrical bunch of pieces of cane or twigs, bound at one end, like a small besom without a handle. The rute is used to play on the head of the bass drum."Anatomy of the Orchestra", Norman Del Mar Rute are also constructed from a solid rod thinly split partway down.
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The removal of bark was at one time so widespread that Carl Linnaeus expressed his concern for the survival of the woodlands. Birch brushwood is used for racecourse jumps and besom brooms. In the spring, large quantities of sap rise up the trunk and this can be tapped. It contains around 1% sugars and can be used in a similar way to maple syrup, being drunk fresh, concentrated by evaporation, or fermented into a "wine".
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Boris Kustodiyev, Russian Venus (1925–1926) Bath broom (; or '; ) is a besom, or broom, used for bathing in saunas, such as Russian banyas, Finnish saunas, Estonian saunas and Latvian pirtis. A bath broom is typically made with the branches and leaves of a tree or shrub which secretes aromatic oils. The branches and leaves are then dried and tied around a wooden handle. The broom is used to massage a bather's skin and generate heat.
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As a result of its construction around a central pole, the brush of the besom is rounded instead of flat. The bristles can be made of many materials including, but not limited to straw, herbs, or twigs. Traditionally the handle is of hazel wood and the head is of birch twigs. Modern construction uses bindings of wire and string (instead of the traditional split withy) and the head is secured by a steel nail instead of a wooden dowel.
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The name is derived from a bar or post to which a so-called Föhrenbusch or a Reisigbesen (a kind of besom or broom) was attached. This helps to explain another expression associated with the Strausswirtschaft: Ausg'steckt is ("It is attached"). By attaching the bar outside, the pub owner was informing the tax collector about the pub's tax liability. The Buschenschank and the expression Ausg'steckt is can be traced back to a regulation by Empress Maria Theresia.
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Most of the species of Erica are small shrubs from high, though some are taller; the tallest are E. arborea (tree heath) and E. scoparia (besom heath), both of which can reach up to tall. All are evergreen, with minute, needle-like leaves long. Flowers are sometimes axillary, and sometimes borne in terminal umbels or spikes, and are usually outward or downward facing. The seeds are very small, and in some species may survive in the soil for decades.
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People carrying a "Chienbäse" Carriers moving a bonfire in a carrying cage. Chienbäse bearers are visible in the background. ''''' is a Fasnacht tradition of Liestal, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland. On the Sunday night after Ash Wednesday, the night before the Morgestraich in Basel city, a procession begins of people carrying burning bundles of pinewood chips (called ''''', the Alemannic German for "pinewood besom") through the medieval town center along the Rathausstrasse, entering through the city gate from the south.
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The community lies on the Fulda in the triangle defined by the towns of Bad Hersfeld, Bebra and Rotenburg an der Fulda. The municipal area lies on the edge of the Seulingswald (range) and stretches along the Rohrbach and Endersbach (streams) into the eastern Knüll (range). The Rohrbach empties into the Fulda near Reilos. The Rohrbach valley is also known as the Besengrund (“Broom Ground” or “Besom Ground”), a reference to basket weavers and broom makers.
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There were 400 people in 38 families occupying 36 registered properties in Spaniard's Bay. Some of the family names included Peddle, Kelly, Neil, Besom, Brown, Forter, Phelan, Seymour, Vokey, Butt, Baggs, Baker, and Menchions. Recently the new family name of Cutler has been added to the list of Spaniard's Bay settlers, originating from the Kleinburg region of Southern Ontario. There is a site at Spaniard's Bay listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places; the Mark Gosse Residence, number 6039.
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This fell out of use after Skyreholme Dam burst in 1899, sweeping away the smaller dam which supplied the mill. Tom Lister, the last besom-maker of Wharfedale made his wares in the top story during the 1930s. Near Barden Tower, Barden Bridge carries a single track local road across the River Wharfe, linking together the parts of the parish on both banks. At a further remove, the bridge also gives access to Appletreewick and Parcevall Hall from the B6160 road.
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Whittock was born in Midsomer Norton, Somerset, on 3 February 1896. She performed as a singer in the very early days of radio in 1924 on the 2LO radio station, just two years after it started broadcasting. She made her first appearance on the London stage as Sally Besom in the ballad-opera Kate at the Kingsway Theatre in 1924. She joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1925, playing Kate in The Yeomen of the Guard and Fiametta in The Gondoliers.
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Punch magazine ran a poem about an eagle, which threatened a baby in its pram, which could not be diverted even when offered three different kinds of biscuit. A song is recorded in the same volume, called "Gently rising Tullibody" which praises the town and Abercromby's military victory in Egypt over the French. Yet another poem which mentions Tullibody is from the same book and involves a dialogue between a Besom Cadger and a Fisherwoman. The title is Causey Courtship.
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While it does not usually touch the ground, it is used to "sweep out" the negative energies in a room, and is often held a few inches above the ground to do so. As a tool, the besom is usually thought of as masculine in nature due to its phallic shape and symbolism. However the besom's components are of both masculine and feminine orientation. The handle, an ash stave, is masculine in nature while the birch used for the bristles is thought of as feminine in nature.
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A watch pocket or fob pocket is a small pocket designed to hold a pocket watch, sometimes found in men's trousers and waistcoats and in traditional blue jeans. However, due to the decline in popularity of pocket watches, these pockets are rarely used for their original intended purpose. A besom pocket or slit pocket is a pocket cut into a garment instead of being sewn on. These pockets often have reinforced piping along the slit of the pocket, appearing perhaps as an extra piece of fabric or stitching.
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And Lugh was dressed in various armor from the sea-god adding to his invulnerability. Note that in P. W. Joyce's retelling the fairy cavalcade appeared as "warriors, all mounted on white steeds", which suggests as embellishment that Lugh's horse was white also. Lugh refused to loan the horse to the sons of Tuireann, claiming that would be the loan of a loan, but in making this refusal, was later trapped into lending the self-navigating currach (coracle boat) called the "Besom of the Sea" (), also called Sguaba Tuinne, ¶35, p. 30, tr. 99.
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Most jackets have a variety of inner pockets, and two main outer pockets, which are generally either patch pockets, flap pockets, or jetted ("besom") pockets.The Nu-Way Course in Fashionable Clothes Making (1926). Lesson 33 The patch pocket is, with its single extra piece of cloth sewn directly onto the front of the jacket, a sporting option, sometimes seen on summer linen suits, or other informal styles. The flap pocket is standard for side pockets, and has an extra lined flap of matching fabric covering the top of the pocket.
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It seems likely that Howell was born, and lived as a child, in a Romani encampment in Sheffield. His father's profession is listed on his birth certificate as a "besom-maker." By the time of the 1871 census, however, the family were living in a house in Stocks Hill in Ecclesfield. Some of the misinformation about Rab comes from people believing an interview he gave to a match day programme in 1897 where he says amongst other things, spinning people along, that he lived in a caravan: which he clearly didn't as census returns show.
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Papà urges Bambino to use a pushbroom on the stars, while Nonno favors a besom broom. As they quarrel, a huge star crashes on the moon; it is far too large for any of them to move. Turning his cap backward, the way he wants to wear it, Bambino climbs onto the star and taps it with a hammer. It bursts apart into hundreds of smaller stars, and all three go to work sweeping them to one side, with Bambino choosing a rake instead of either man's broom.
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Men dressed or disguised as women have featured in traditional customs and rituals for centuries. For example, the characters of some regional variants of the traditional mummers play, which were traditionally always performed by men, include Besom Bet(ty); numerous variations on Bessy or Betsy; Bucksome Nell; Mrs Clagdarse; Dame Dolly; Dame Dorothy; Mrs Finney; Mrs Frail; and many others.Master Mummers website: Character Name Index to Folk Play Scripts, Compiled by Peter Millington Accessed 1 Dec 2011 The variant performed around Plough Monday in Eastern England is known as the Plough PlayHole, Christina (1978). A Dictionary of British Folk Customs, p.
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"Marrying over the Broomstick", 1822 illustration of a "broomstick-wedding" by James Catnach. "Cathnach's illustrated twopenny-sheets of the 1820s carried charming drawings of broomstick weddings" R.B. Outhwaite, Clandestine Marriage in England, 1500-1850, A&C; Black, 1995, p. 140. Jumping the broom (or jumping the besom) is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom. It has been suggested that the custom is based on an 18th-century idiomatic expression for "sham marriage", "marriage of doubtful validity"; it was popularized in the context of the introduction of civil marriage in Britain with the Marriage Act 1836.
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The earliest known evidence of a human presence in what is now Sholver and adjacent Moorside is attested by the discovery of Neolithic flint arrow-heads and workings found at Besom Hill, implying habitation 7-10,000 years ago. Like Oldham, the name Sholver is thought to be of Old Norse origin; a derivative of "erg (a Norse word for hill-pasture) of a farmer called Skjolgr (a Norse forename)". Indeed, Norsemen occupied Sholver in the 10th century, where they erected shielings - temporary huts in a remote pasture akin to the style of living done in their native Scandinavia. It is recorded as Sholgher in 1291, Choller in 1311.
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Covered cuff buttons on a dinner jacket The peak lapel of a dinner jacket featuring a working buttonhole and silk grosgrain facings The original and most formal model of dinner jacket is the single-breasted model. The typical black tie jacket is single-breasted with one button only, with jetted (besom) pockets and is of black or midnight blue; usually of wool or a wool-mohair, or wool- polyester blend, although other materials, especially silk, are seen. Although other materials are used, the most appropriate and traditional for the dinner jacket are wool barathea or superfine herringbone. Double-breasted models are less common, but considered equally appropriate.
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The Mari Lwyd party consisted of four to seven men, who often had coloured ribbons and rosettes attached to their clothes and sometimes wore a broad sash around the waist. There was usually a smartly dressed "Leader" who carried a staff, stick, or whip, and sometimes other stock characters, such as the "Merryman" who played music, and Punch and Judy (both played by men) with blackened faces; often brightly dressed, Punch carried a long metal fire iron and Judy had a besom. The Mari Lwyd party would approach a house and sing a song in which they requested admittance. The inhabitants of the house would then offer excuses for why the team could not enter.
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Other houses were built at the same time on Lower Common, including the Traveller's Rest (or Besom, opened by 1880, closed late 1980s.) In 1866, there was a weir for fishing, with 650 putchers, at Aylburton Warth. Aylburton C. of E. School opened in 1870 in a schoolhouse built opposite Aylburton chapel, mainly at the expense of Rev. W.H. Bathurst. In 1885, it was a mixed school with on average 96 pupils (it had a capacity of 160.) "The George" and "The Cross" were both open as pubs by 1870. The Cottage Hospital was opened in Aylburton in 1882 by Mary Bathurst. In 1877, the current Lydney Park manor was built. The original was then demolished in 1883. During the 19th C, most farmland was consolidated into two or three large farms, the population becoming largely tradesmen and tinplate workers.
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Behind this horse are two men who seem to be threatening it, one with a long stick like the handle of a brush or rake, the other with a besom broom (blurred). The one with the stick wears white trousers, a dark jacket and a top hat; his face is disguised, perhaps by a mask or possibly wrapped in cloth. The other has a dark jacket and a flat-topped, ornate hat that looks like a smoking cap; he may be wearing a mask or perhaps a painted-on beard; his legs cannot be seen. Next to them stands a rather matronly woman in a long apron; she has no facial disguise and is possibly a member of the household staff rather than a performer; another smartly dressed person, also possibly a servant is looking out of the house through a window in the door.
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There have also been suggestions that the expression may derive from an actual custom of jumping over a "broomstick" (where "broom" refers to the plant common broom rather than the household implement) associated with the Romanichal Travellers of the United Kingdom, especially those in Wales.Thompson, T. W. "British Gipsy Marriage and Divorce Rites", quoted in The Times, Issue 54004, 21 September 1928; p.11. A paper read at the 1928 jubilee congress of the Folk Lore Society in London refers to this: "In Wales there was preserved until recently a marriage ritual of which the central feature was the jumping of the bride and bridegroom over a branch of flowering broom or over a besom made of broom." The custom of a marrying couple literally jumping over a broom is now most widespread among African Americans, popularized in the 1970s by the novel and miniseries Roots but originating in the mid 19th century as a practice in antebellum slavery in the United States.
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Harvey said, > "The beautiful shops, full of valuable goods; the stores behind, containing > thousands of barrels of flour and provisions of all kinds; the fish stores; > the wharves, which it had cost immense sums to erect, -- disappeared one by > one into the maw of the destroyer...the whole of Water Street, on both > sides, was 'swept with the besom of destruction.'" The fire continued to burn into the night and the early hours of the next morning. Rev. Harvey's description of the restless night said that "the terror-stricken inhabitants flying before the destroyer,… the cries of weeping women hurrying with their children to places of safety -- all constituted a scene which not even the pen of Dante could describe." Similarly, Kent said of that night, Basilica of St. John The Baptist and St. John's after the Great Fire of 1892 Daybreak on the morning of July 9, 1892 revealed the full extent of the fire's devastation.
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The film was selected as the Irish entry for Young European Film of the Year 1990.Celtic Media Festival: Winners 1980 - 2010 A groundbreaking drama focusing on teen pregnancy in Northern Ireland, its score was written by singer Sinéad O'Connor, who also made a cameo appearance in the film. In 1992 Harkin founded Besom Productions Ltd., producing a range of genres from television education programmes to drama but she is best known as a chronicler of key periods of the conflict in Northern Ireland. Her documentary 'The Hunger Strike', in co-production with Joel Conroy of Inis Films, was made for the 25th anniversary of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike and received record viewing figures when broadcast on BBC Northern Ireland. Over a twelve-year stretch from 1998 to 2010, Harkin filmed 'Bloody Sunday-A Derry Diary' a deeply personal documentary following the Tribunal of Inquiry into Bloody Sunday from the perspective of local people profoundly affected by the original events in addition to addressing Harkin’s own experiences on Bloody Sunday.programmes/bloody_sunday_a_derry_diary.
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Once the circle is cast, a seasonal ritual may be performed, prayers to the God and Goddess are said, and spells are sometimes worked; these may include various forms of 'raising energy', including raising a cone of power to send healing or other magic to persons outside of the sacred space. In constructing his ritual system, Gardner drew upon older forms of ceremonial magic, in particular, those found in the writings of Aleister Crowley. The classical ritual scheme in British Traditional Wicca traditions is: # Purification of the sacred space and the participants # Casting the circle # Calling of the elemental quarters # Cone of power # Drawing down the Gods # Spellcasting # Great Rite # Wine, cakes, chanting, dancing, games # Farewell to the quarters and participants These rites often include a special set of magical tools. These usually include a knife called an athame, a wand, a pentacle and a chalice, but other tools include a broomstick known as a besom, a cauldron, candles, incense and a curved blade known as a boline.
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Flap pockets are not considered appropriate for formal attire's refined minimalism due to their busier and bulkier design and are simply an attempt by dinner jacket manufacturers to save money by using standard suit patterns (although sometimes they will trim the edges of a flap pocket so that the flap can be tucked in or removed if desired). Besom welts can be of self fabric or trimmed with the lapel's silk facing, though classic menswear scholar Nicholas Antongiavanni suggests that for the English this latter touch "is a sure sign of hired clothes". The dinner jacket should also have a welt breast pocket to hold a pocket handkerchief, which should generally be self-faced rather than covered with silk. An example of a link front style closure of a dinner jacket, featuring silk grosgrain Emily Post, a resident of Tuxedo Park, New York, stated in 1909 that "[Tuxedos] can have lapels or be shawl-shaped, in either case they are to have facings of silk, satin or grosgrain".
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