"We need to be sovereign in our land," he tells me.
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To be free is not to be sovereign or liberated from all constraints.
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"The truth is that only nations able to protect their data will be sovereign," he wrote.
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No nation can be sovereign without secure borders, an orderly immigration policy, and the rule of law.
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"France is sovereign country, its decisions on tax matters are sovereign and will continue to be sovereign," he added.
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Populist leaders in Central Europe view Israel as the model of how a small state could be sovereign and heroic.
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Rarely does a case that is nominally about debt so squarely involve the question of what it means to be sovereign.
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"France is a sovereign country, its decisions on tax matters are sovereign and will continue to be sovereign," Le Maire said.
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If freedom means being governed by your own will, then in political terms, parliament, the representative body of the people, must be sovereign.
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Yes there are some areas where, and ultimately parliament will always be sovereign, and it will be parliament that will make these decisions.
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"I hope [the issue] will grow and evolve, but on some level the consumer has to be sovereign about their own data," he said.
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"It's impossible for France to be sovereign vis-à-vis these great risks, I mean regarding terrorism, migrations and so on, and be alone," Macron said.
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Photo: Brennan Linsley (AP)While Santa Claus himself may be sovereign, the people who work behind the scenes to track his movements in real time are not.
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After announcing on Monday that he had been invited back to Saudi Arabia, Mr. Hariri told reporters: "Saudi Arabia's main objective is for Lebanon to be sovereign."
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But in fulfilling our obligations to our own nations, we also realize that it's in everyone's interest to seek a future where all nations can be sovereign, prosperous and secure.
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"If you say that if a country comes to the ESM for support there will always be sovereign debt restructuring, it will scare investors away from that country," he said.
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But in fulfilling our obligations to our own nations, we also realize that it's in everyone's interest to seek a future where all nations can be sovereign, prosperous, and secure.
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Siegel is the presumptive would-be sovereign on "The Queen of Versailles," Greenfield's compelling documentary about the rise and fall of the timeshare mogul David Siegel, who unsuccessfully sued Greenfield for defamation in 2012.
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The move comes after Turkey searched properties considered to be sovereign Saudi land by international law amid the investigation into the fate of Khashoggi, a Saudi citizen who was last seen entering the country's consulate in Istanbul.
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If any investment vehicle is going to work hard looking for "pockets of value" it's going to be sovereign wealth funds and their chief executives who have the task of investing the surplus wealth of their respective nations into various asset classes.
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As long as I hold this office, I will defend America's interests above all else, but in fulfilling our obligations to our nations, we also realize that it's in everyone's interests to seek the future where all nations can be sovereign, prosperous, and secure.
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In the Choice Act, Congress is asserting itself at last to clarify that regulatory agencies are derivative bodies accountable to the Congress, that they cannot be sovereign fiefdoms — not even the Dictatorship of the CFPB, and not even the money-printing activities of the Federal Reserve.
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Further trillions in revenues over the next 10 years can be raised by orderly auctioning off of non-environmentally sensitive, excess federal land and properties in western states, where the federal government anachronistically holds far too much land in what are supposed to be sovereign, self-governing states.
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But without exception, today's infernos of human suffering are places where a state is abusing its residents with no consequences, like Myanmar, where more than half a million members of the Rohingya minority have been killed or forced to flee; or where the prize of who will be sovereign is so hard fought for that civilian lives are no object, as in Yemen and South Sudan.
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The Bank of England, headed by Canadian economist Mark Carney, loyally follows the government's line, but is privately concerned that the City of London will lose many of its key institutions and that the economy will decline, when Brexit finally happens The deepening nervousness of the country could be stanched - at least to a degree - if the government had an opposition that respected the desire of the majority for the Westminster parliament to be sovereign once more.
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The 26 cantons of Switzerland demonstrate autonomism in a federal state. The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that it is not limited by federal law. The cantons also retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution.
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Thomas Chubb (29 September 1679 – 8 February 1747) was a lay English Deist writer born near Salisbury. He saw Christ as a divine teacher, but held reason to be sovereign over religion. He questioned the morality of religions, while defending Christianity on rational grounds. Despite little schooling, Chubb was well up on the religious controversies.
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"Spacefaring" is analogous to seafaring. There has never been a crewed mission outside the Earth–Moon system. However, the United States, Russia, China, European Space Agency countries, and a few corporations and enterprises have plans in various stages to travel to Mars (see Human mission to Mars). Spacefaring entities can be sovereign states, supranational entities, and private corporations.
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3 2006: 77 However, the days of the empire were numbered. The new king did not have the support of his major vassals, who ruled what used to be sovereign kingdoms just a few decades earlier. By 1584, Nanda faced serious rebellions in Ava (Upper Burma) and Siam. The king relied on Mingyi Swa to keep the empire intact.
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The Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861 was held for the purpose of constructing a constitution to respond to the newly formed Confederate States of America. It prohibited the legislature from making any law that would free slaves (Article II, Section VII). The convention enshrined the concept that the state should be sovereign in many matters. It met sporadically from January 16 to March 23, 1861 in Milledgeville.
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The sharing of Jerusalem will be addressed along the Clinton Parameters. Jewish Jerusalem will serve as Israel’s capital and Arab Jerusalem as Palestine’s capital. Each state would be sovereign over the neighborhoods predominately inhabited by its respective community. The Old City will be open and free to movement and the parties will commit to safeguarding the character, holiness, and freedom of worship in the city.
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Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("[A]n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign – neither more nor less.") The Indian Appropriations Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, or larceny within any Territory of the United States.
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" She argues that the United States is leading a new Cold War against Russia. She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organise a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy. She thinks Ukraine should be sovereign and free as any other nation. Luke Harding wrote in The Guardian that the National Front's MEPs were a "pro- Russian bloc.
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James and his eldest brother Ernest Frederick wanted to be sovereign rulers of their own fragment of Baden. Their father's last will and testament forbade a further division of the margraviate. However, the testament had not been properly signed and sealed. According to the three remaining regents, this invalidated the testament, so they allowed a division, thereby fragmenting Baden beyond the existing division into Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach.
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Deakin, although a loyal Imperialist, believed that Australian parliaments should be sovereign in Australia, and bluntly told Northcote so. This prompted Northcote to announce in February 1908 that he wished to resign, a year early. He left Australia in September. He had been made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904 and in 1909 he was sworn of the Privy Council.
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A few legislatures are general assemblies known as Landsgemeinden. The cantonal governments consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.Swiss Government website with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008 For the names of the institutions, see List of legislative and executive councils of the Cantons of Switzerland. The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.
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In September 1992, Boban said that "We want an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, a joint state of three nations in which, like others, Croats will be sovereign". In October 1992 he emphasized that Bosnia and Herzegovina should consist of three constituent units that would be split into several regions. On 14 November, Boban became the president of HDZ BiH. Throughout late 1992, tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased and in early 1993 the Croat–Bosniak War fully escalated.
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The doctrine of sphere sovereignty has many applications. The institution of the family, for example, does not come from the State, the Church, or from contingent social factors, but derives from the original creative act of God (it is a creational institution). It is the task of neither the State nor the Church to define the family or to promulgate laws upon it. This duty is reserved to the Word of God, held by Protestantism to be sovereign, i.e.
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Even his children's spouses, although from great families, came from widespread and scattered parts of France. The Duchy of Burgundy was annexed to the crown of France by King Robert II in 1004. Determined to be sovereign ruler of his own lands, Otto revolted against the Emperor Henry II in 1016. This was after Rudolph III of Burgundy, the last king of Arles, had done homage to Henry at Strasbourg, making him his guard and heir.
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" Apathy in de Sade is opposition not to desire but to its spontaneity. Blanchot writes that in Sade, "for passion to become energy, it is necessary that it be constricted, that it be mediated by passing through a necessary moment of insensibility, then it will be the greatest passion possible." Here is stoicism, as a form of discipline, through which the passions pass. Blanchot says, "Apathy is the spirit of negation, applied to the man who has chosen to be sovereign.
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The ultimate Napoleonic plan for Portugal was to split it into three sections. The northern parts of Portugal, from the Douro to the Minho, would become the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania, and its throne was promised to King Louis II of Etruria. The Alentejo Province and Kingdom of the Algarve would be merged to form the Principality of the Algarves, of which Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy would be sovereign. The remaining portion of Portugal would have been directly ruled by France.
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Baudouin (; , ; , ; ; 7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) reigned as King of the Belgians, following his father's abdication, from 1951 until his death in 1993. He was the last Belgian king to be sovereign of the Congo. He was the elder son of King Leopold III (1901–1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905–1935). Because he and his wife, Queen Fabiola, had no children, at Baudouin's death the crown passed to his younger brother, King Albert II.
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He never gained the full support of his father's chosen vassal rulers, who governed what used to be sovereign kingdoms just a few decades earlier. Within the first three years of his reign, both Upper Burma and Siam revolted. Though he could never raise more than a third of his father's troop levels, Nanda could not come to terms with a smaller empire. Between 1584 and 1593, he launched five disastrous invasions of Siam, which increasingly weakened his hold everywhere else.
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This is a list of the top 33 sovereign states of the world sorted by their foreign-exchange reserves excluding gold reserves, but including special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve positions. The table includes the latest available data, mostly from the IMF,IMF Data - International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity and includes certain economies that are not considered to be sovereign states (such as Hong Kong, Macau and the Eurozone, because of their special economic statuses).
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Instead, he aggressively pursued plans against all Indian tribes which claimed constitutional sovereignty and independence from state laws, and which were based east of the Mississippi River. They were to be removed to reservations in Indian Territory west of the Mississippi (now Oklahoma), where their laws could be sovereign without any state interference. At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a debate on an Indian Removal Bill. After fierce disagreements, the Senate passed the measure 28–19, the House 102–97.
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ODS leader Vaclav Klaus insisted that the leader of the largest Slovak party, Vladimir Meciar, agree to a tightly knit federation with a strong central government. Meciar, however, was only willing to agree to a loose confederation in which the Czech lands and Slovakia would both be sovereign. It soon became apparent that a coalition between the two blocs was not feasible, leading Klaus and Meciar to agree to a "velvet divorce." The Federal Assembly formally voted Czechoslovakia out of existence on November 25.
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Further, republicans argue that "the people", not the members of one family, should be sovereign. ;Monarchy contradicts democracy :;Monarchy denies the people a basic right: Republicans believe that it should be a fundamental right of the people of any nation to elect their head of state and for every citizen to be eligible to hold that office. It is argued such a head of state is more accountable to the people, and that such accountability to the people creates a better nation.Hames, Tim; Leonard, Mark (1998).
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On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council.Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1902 No. 661, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. 246. That part of the former Protectorate was thereby constituted as the Colony of Kenya and from that time, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceased to be sovereign over that territory. The remaining wide coastal strip (with the exception of Witu) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar.
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Based on the assumption that a country's climate shapes the character of its population, and hence to a large extent the most suitable form of government, Bodin postulated that a hereditary monarchy would be the ideal regime for a temperate nation such as France. This power should be "sovereign", i.e., not be subject to any other branch, though to some extent limited by institutions like the high courts (Parlement) and representative assemblies (États). Above all, the monarch is "responsible only to God", that is, must stand above confessional factions.
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But his armies saw little action as the campaign was called off soon after King Bayinnaung's death in October 1581 by the new king Nanda. He returned to a deceptively calm country, which then was "probably the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia"Lieberman 2003: 152 and an "absurdly overextended empire".Lieberman 2003: 154–155 The transfer of power had gone smoothly; all key major vassal rulers, who ruled what until recently used to be sovereign kingdoms, initially pledged allegiance to the new king, while adopting a wait-and-see attitude.Maha Yazawin Vol.
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At about this time, on being presented to the queen he said he would prefer to be sovereign of a molehill than the subject of the greatest king in Christendom and that he had a presentiment he would be a prince before he died. She is said to have remarked, "I hope I shall hear from you when you are installed in your principality". He responded that she surely would, and she demanded, "In what language?" He answered: "In the style of princes, to our dearest sister."T.
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For their part, the vassal rulers, who governed what used to be sovereign states as recently as only a few decades ago, would break away at any first hint of weakness. But no one was yet ready to make the first move against Nanda, an experienced military commander in his own right, and adopted a "wait-and-see attitude".Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2012: 137 By May 1582, all the key vassal rulers, including the ruler of Siam, the most powerful vassal state, had sent tribute.Maha Yazawin Vol.
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Sir John Laws is noted for his extrajudicial writings in the journal, Public Law. His most notable contribution, "Law and Democracy", asserts that the constitution would be undemocratic if it gave all the power under it to the elected government. Therefore, it is the constitution, and not Parliament, that should be sovereign in the British constitution. He posits that the constitution must create a "higher-order law" in which human rights and constitutional fundamentals in a democracy can be protected by the courts against the abuses of government.
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He further stated, "It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies." Pitt still maintained "the authority of this kingdom over the colonies, to be sovereign and supreme, in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever," but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing, but were "a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone." He rejected the notion of virtual representation, as "the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man."Middlekauff p.
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That need was addressed shortly by the new US federal government coming into existence in 1789. The First Congress reaffirmed the 1787 ordinance and, with slight modifications, renewed it by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789. Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, it established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. It also set legislative precedent with regard to American public domain lands.
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The proponents of state sovereignty—the confederalists—were challenged by some less radical federalist delegates who argued that only the nation could be sovereign. Because these men stressed the need to endow the national government with sufficient power to sustain national interests, they are often mistakenly considered centralists. Servando Teresa de Mier, their outstanding spokesman, argued that people wrongly considered him a centralist, an error that arose from an unnecessarily restrictive definition of federalism. He indicated that federalism existed in many forms: the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United States were federations, yet each was different.
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AOA advocated an "assemblyist" approach to trade unionism, in which all power over the movement would be in the hands of workers' assemblies and that the mandates of their delegates would be revokable at all times. In negotiations AOA would refuse to concede to compromises, citing that the workers' assemblies would be sovereign to decide over any deals with the employers. AOA opposed the Moncloa Pacts and called for a "No" vote in the 1978 constitutional referendum. It condemned the Workers' Commissions and the Unión General de Trabajadores, which signed the Moncloa Social Pact, as "yellow unions".
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In June 1991, representatives of Bosnian Muslims (Party of Democratic Action, SDA) and Bosnian Serbs (Serb Democratic Party, SDS) met to discuss the future status of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav crisis. On behalf of SDA president Alija Izetbegović, Adil Zulfikarpašić and Muhamed Filipović met with SDS president Radovan Karadžić, Nikola Koljević and Momčilo Krajišnik. The two sides reached an agreement that was to be sovereign and undivided, remaining in a Yugoslav confederation with Serbia and Montenegro. The Muslim- inhabited area of Sandžak in SR Serbia was to become autonomous, while SAO Krajina and SAO Bosanska Krajina was to abandon their unification plan.
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Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship that belonged to God. Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to obey him rather than God, raising the issue--often referred to as a "controversy"--of whether people, having been granted free will, would obey God under both temptation and persecution. The issue is said to be whether God can rightfully claim to be sovereign of the universe. Instead of destroying Satan, God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind and to prove to the rest of creation that Satan was a liar.
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Galiano noted that the year before this chief had called himself Quicsiocomic but had changed his name due to his marriage to a daughter of a chief of the Nuchimas (Nimpkish). Galiano admits to not understanding very well, but reports that Quicomacsia claimed that this marriage gave him a status above that of Maquinna, and that he was now the highest chief of the Nuu-chah-nulth and the Nimpkish. Nonetheless, Galiano noted that nearly everyone considered Maquinna to be sovereign of the coast from Esperanza Inlet to Escanlante Point, "and all the inlets between". Some kind of feudal system was guessed at by the Spanish.
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Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship that belonged to God. Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to obey him rather than God, raising the issue--often referred to as a "controversy"-- of whether people, having been granted free will, would obey God under both temptation and persecution. The issue is said to be whether God can rightfully claim to be sovereign of the universe. Instead of destroying Satan, God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind and to prove to the rest of creation that Satan was a liar.
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The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British.H W Kinsey,"The Sekukuni Wars", South African Military History Journal, Vol 2 No 5 – June 1973.
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Her intervention for the French Huguenots (see the Treaty of Hampton Court) had been a costly mistake, and she had resolved never again to involve herself in the domestic affairs of any of her fellow monarchs. Not only would intervention provoke Philip, but it would set a dangerous precedent. If she could interfere in the affairs of other monarchs, they could return the favour. (Elizabeth did later provide aid to the Dutch rebels in the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585), and as a consequence Philip aided Irish rebels in the Nine Years' War.) In 1581 the States-General invited François, Duke of Anjou (younger brother of King Henry III of France), to be sovereign ruler.
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Over the centuries, this idea has been turned on its head. Rather than being a lesser law because it is made by man rather than by the divine, modern conceptions of man-made law rank it as fundamental and supreme law because it is man-made, thanks to the notion of the sovereignty of the people that saw expression in events such as the American Revolution and French Revolution of the 18th century. Legal theory in the Soviet Union went further, not recognizing any such thing as divine or natural law, and considering the state to be sovereign. Only man-made law, as made by the state, existed according to Marxist legal theory.
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In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them. In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925. In September 2020, Canada joined the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) program, which aims to ensure equal access to a potential COVID-19 vaccine for all member countries and to help lower-income countries secure doses. The nation employs a professional, volunteer military force of approximately 79,000 active personnel and 32,250 reserve personnel.
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Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River.
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When it ceases to be > sovereign and supreme, I would advise every gentleman to sell his lands, if > he can, and embark for that country. When two countries are connected > together like England and her colonies, without being incorporated, the one > must necessarily govern. The greater must rule the less. But she must so > rule it as not to contradict the fundamental principles that are common to > both ... let the sovereign authority of this country over the colonies be > asserted in as strong terms as can be devised, and be made to extend to > every point of legislation whatsoever; that we may bind their trade, confine > their manufactures, and exercise every power whatsoever, except that of > taking their money out of their pockets without their consent.
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In 2008, Carlo succeeded his father's claim as head of the House of the Two Sicilies. As claimed head of the house, he uses the title Duke of Castro. This claim is disputed by the Spanish branch of the House of the Two Sicilies. As claimant to the headship of the house, he thus also claims to be sovereign of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George as well as the Royal Order of Francis I. Carlo's supporters state that since his grandfather's brother Infante Carlos renounced his rights and those of his successors to succession to the throne of the Two Sicilies in 1900, the headship of the house passed to Carlo's grandfather Ranieri, Duke of Castro, then to Carlo's father Ferdinand, Duke of Castro, and most recently to Carlo.
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"Sovereign Light Café" is a song by English alternative rock band Keane released as the third single from their fourth studio album, Strangeland. The band played the song for first time during the Perfect Symmetry World Tour on 17 September 2009 in Thunder Bay Ontario. The band announced on their official website: "With Strangeland sitting atop the UK album chart for a second week, we're pleased to report that the next single to be taken from the album will be Sovereign Light Café, which is released on 16th July". The song is written with inspiration drawn from the town of Bexhill-on-Sea in East Sussex, where the café is located in real life, and also the town of Battle, where many of the roads mentioned are close to where the members of Keane grew up.
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John C. Calhoun In United States history, four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government—a doctrine commonly known as states rights. At each stage, states' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States. At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions, the "men of original principles" opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776. According to this view, Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature, and only the people in each state might be sovereign.
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Governments of states not recognized by the receiving state and of territories that make no claim to be sovereign states may set up offices abroad that do not have official diplomatic status as defined by the Vienna Convention. Examples are the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices that represent the government of the Republic of China; Somaliland's Representative Offices in London, Addis Ababa, Rome, and Washington, D.C.; the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices that represent the government of that territory. Such offices assume some of the non-diplomatic functions of diplomatic posts, such as promoting trade interests and providing assistance to its citizens and residents. They are nevertheless not diplomatic missions, their personnel are not diplomats and do not have diplomatic visas, although there may be legislation providing for personal immunities and tax privileges, as in the case of the Hong Kong offices in London and Toronto, for example.
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After the Dutch Revolt broke out, he simply reassumed that office in 1572 with the connivance of the rebel States of Holland, but still pretended to act in the name of the king. When the rebel provinces formed their defensive Union of Utrecht, whose treaty was to become the "constitution" of the Republic, they built upon the Habsburg constitutional framework, including the office of stadtholder. Even when independence from the King of Spain was declared with the Act of Abjuration there was no reason to change anything: the act simply declared that henceforth the magistrates, amongst whom the stadtholders, would hold their commissions from the from now on sovereign provincial states (there was no stadtholder on the federal level). Willem II, prince of Orange, and his wife Maria Stuart (by Gerard van Honthorst, 1652) Still, when after the death of William in 1584, and subsequently the end of the search for a new sovereign after the departure of Leicester the States General reluctantly accepted that they had to be sovereign in 1588, the office took on a vestigial character.
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Seventeen National Assembly delegates elected to represent Taiwan Province in a photo with then President Chiang Kai-shek in 1946 A number of criticisms have been leveled at the constitution by supporters of Taiwan independence. Until the 1990s when Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) joined Kuomintang (KMT) to amend the constitution, the document was considered illegitimate by pro-independence advocates because it was not drafted in Taiwan; moreover, they deemed Taiwan to be sovereign Japanese territory until ceded in the San Francisco Peace Treaty effective April 28, 1952. Pro-independence advocates have argued that the Constitution was never legally applied to Taiwan because Taiwan was not formally incorporated into the ROC's territory through the National Assembly as per the specifications of Article 4. Though the constitution promulgated in 1946 did not define the territory of the Republic of China, while the draft of the constitution of 1925 individually listed the provinces of the Republic of China and Taiwan was not among them, since Taiwan was part of Japan as the result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895.
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Portrait of the Duke in the Pact of Paris, which he signed with King Manuel II. After the death of his uncle Afonso in 1920, ex- King Manuel II had no close relatives who could claim the throne according to the Constitutional Charter of 1826 (the constitution in force from 1842 until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910).There was an 1838 constitution which specifically removed succession rights from Duarte Nuno's grandfather Miguel and his family, but it had been repealed in 1842, when the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was re-instated. See The Parliament in the History of the Constitution The conflict between the Miguelist line and the Braganza-Saxe- Coburg and Gotha's was not just about which person should be sovereign; it was also about how much power the sovereign should have. The Miguelists upheld Portugal's tradition of autocratic absolutism, while the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's adhered to constitutional monarchy. In 1912, Duarte Nuno's father, Miguel, met with Manuel to try to come to some agreement so that there would not be two claimants to the Portuguese throne, both living in exile.
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