680 Sentences With "bardic" | Random Sentence Generator

"Dylan is the brilliant inheritor of the bardic tradition," Mr. Rushdie added.

Sir Salman Rushdie described Mr Dylan today as the "brilliant inheritor of the bardic tradition".

At its heart is hwyl, a hard-to-translate Welsh term implying the stirringly sentimental, bardic and gutsy.

In his reflective unselfconsciousness, he seems to put on the bardic mantle of Walt Whitman, while deflating any pretence of immortality.

Travel to the other end of the bardic spectrum, as far away from Paterson as possible, and you arrive at Pablo Neruda.

But the nation of bardic poetry, James Joyce and W. B. Yeats has proved a latecomer to the wordiest of music genres, hip-hop.

At the time of the gift, Heaney, 72, was a global bardic presence, a Nobel laureate wreathed in acclaim as one of the leading poets in the world.

She makes her living as a computer programmer, but as Alienor Salton, an 11th-century Welsh woman, she helps run the Bardic Circle, a weekly singing gathering in Central Park.

This suggests that there may be something bardic about these modern writers/doctors — Sacks, Ofri, Atul Gawande, Daniel Kahneman, James Gleick, Jerome Groopman, Abraham Verghese, Rebecca Skloot, even Mary Roach.

It can seem mysterious that Quranic references to the Biblical texts are nonetheless so frequent and so deft, until you stop to think about just how much can be transmitted by shared storytelling, even in a hyperliterate culture like ours, let alone in a bardic oral culture like that of seventh-century Arabia.

Perhaps what is most impressive about the poems in The Laughter of the Sphinx is the way Palmer manages large, even cosmic themes without ever abandoning the intimacy of human scale — he speaks not through bardic pronouncements but with the music of lyric and song, of breath and its immanent pauses and quietness.

Stroud is home to the Bardic Chair of Hawkwood, an annual competition held at Hawkwood College in May to select that year's Bard who then has the responsibility to promote the bardic arts in the Stroud area.

Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn () was an Irish bardic poet.

He was succeeded at the bardic school by Liam Ruadh Mac Coitir. His grandson John MacCurtain (Sean an Duna) appears to have continued that family ties to the bardic school, serving as a patron in the late 18th century.

According to bardic tales, he was married to sister of Uga Vala, the chief of Talaja. According to bardic literature, Graharipu was the successor of Vishwavarah and he was succeeded by Kavat. He ruled possibly from 945 CE to 982 CE.

Bardic Lamp at Network RailWhat is a Bardic Lamp?The Killowen Series 2: Militias and Rebellions Bardic lamps are still in use today, although lighter than the originals, and may be used to hold trains and at night to signal the last train. It is usually considered standard for railway staff to have one. Network Rail have now approved a smaller, more convenient lamp that uses super bright LEDs.

Máireg was famous in her day as a patron of bardic classes of Ireland.

Robert Williams, bardic name Robert ap Gwilym Ddu (1766–1850) was a Welsh bard.

Their use of the rare personal name Athairne suggests that they were a branch of the Irish O'Hosey (Ó hEoghusa) bardic family. A branch of the MacEwan bardic family may have been the MacEwan family of harpers, recorded in the mid-sixteenth century.

Hunter is a member of Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain, with the bardic name 'Gerallt Glan Ohio'.

He is a member of Gorseth Kernow under the Bardic name of Blew Melen ('Yellow Hair').

While not a true bardic poet like Dáibhí Ó Bruadair, MacDómhnaill adhered to the complex rhyming methodology of the bards. His language could be ornate but not as flowery as the Classical Irish of the bardic schools. By the 18th century, this cloyingly ornate language had been abandoned in favour of modern dialect. The highly embellished language fell into disuse after the strict bardic schools closed down and a literary standard became impossible to maintain evenly across the country.

3/4 front-left view of British Rail Bardic hand-lamp The Bardic Rail Signalling Lamp was the original name of a particular type of electric railway signalling handlamp made from 1962 by Bardic, Ltd. for use by rail and trackside workers. The lamp provided the colours red, green, yellow and white. Today, it refers to any lamp used for signalling that gives red, green, yellow and white colours that is in use by British railways to provide signalling.

Fearghal Óg Mac an Bhaird (born by 1550, died after 1616) was a Gaelic-Irish bardic poet.

Griffith Williams (1769-1838) was a Welsh language poet. He chose Gutyn Peris as his Bardic name.

The ancient bardic lore and primaeval traditions were refined to suit the new and sensitive poetic taste.

David Thomas (bardic name Dewi Hefin) (4 June 1828 – 9 March 1909) was a Welsh poet and teacher.

On September 6, 2011, Bardic signed his first contract with OFK Bar. He played 20 games and scored 7 goals. Bardic continued his career in United States of America where he signed for Clarkstown SC Eagles. He is the leading goalscorer in Clarkstown SC Eagles history, where he scored 86 goals.

Gwenallt (the bardic name of David James Jones, 18 May 1899 - 24 December 1968), poet, critic, and scholar, was one of the most important figures of 20th-century Welsh-language literature. He created his bardic name by transposing Alltwen, the name of the village across the river from his birthplace.

John Blackwell John Blackwell (1797 - 19 May 1840), who used the bardic name Alun, was a Welsh language poet.

Owen Jones (3 September 1741 – 26 September 1814), known by his bardic name of Owain Myfyr, was a Welsh antiquary.

Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh ("Scottish Muireadhach") was a Gaelic poet and crusader and member of the Ó Dálaigh bardic family.

Much of the information about this dynasty comes from bardic legends of little historical value, and therefore, the reconstruction of their history is difficult. According to the bardic tradition, the dynasty's founder Anangapal Tuar (that is Anangapala I Tomara) founded Delhi in 736 CE. However, the authenticity of this claim is doubtful. The bardic legends also state that the last Tomara king (also named Anangapal) passed on the throne of Delhi to his son-in-law Prithviraj Chauhan. This claim is also inaccurate: historical evidence shows that Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father Someshvara.

William Williams (Creuddynfab) William Williams (1814-69), also known by the bardic name Creuddynfab, was a Welsh poet and literary critic.

Other abilities, like bardic music and the aforementioned bardic lore, were retained but overhauled to be more compatible with the streamlined d20 System rules of the Third Edition. Old abilities like Read Language became new d20 skills like Decipher Script, and the mix of fighter and thief abilities was retained in the mix of weapon and armor abilities.

His great-grandson, Edward Herbert, was raised to the peerage in 1629. Like many members of the Welsh gentry, Herbert was a notable bardic patron. He was the principal patron of Ieuan Deulwyn, and was also a patron of Guto'r Glyn as well as others. He hosted a bardic debate at Coldbrook House between Deulwyn and Bedo Brwynllys.

Lewys was the household poet to Sir William Griffith of Penrhyn. He was also a bardic teacher, most notably of Gruffudd Hiraethog.

Edward Hughes (1772 - 11 February 1850) was a Welsh clergyman and prize- winning Welsh language poet, whose bardic name was ' ("The wren").

At the Eisteddfodau Gravell was known by his bardic name Ray o'r Mynydd and was given the ceremonial role of Grand Sword Bearer.

Kavat () was a 10th century Chudasama king of Saurashtra region of western India mentioned in the bardic literature. According to bardic tales, he was captured and imprisoned by the chief of Shiyal Island. He was liberated by his maternal uncle Uga Vala, chief of Talaja, but had hurt his pride unknowingly. Kavat later marched against him and killed him near Chitrasar.

The advantage of a token bardic is that there is a chance for spontaneity and followers, yet it is easy to be polite to other performers because can easily be seen when another performer wants a turn. The disadvantage is that, like bardic, in a large circle it may take a long time to get another turn after using up existing turns.

Dafydd was born into a family of Norman ancestry in Hanmer, in Flintshire (now Wrexham County Borough), north- east Wales. As a freeman and landowner within Welsh society he was not, like most of his contemporaries, dependent upon patronage. Dafydd was the bardic disciple of Maredudd ap Rhys and was in turn, the bardic tutor of Tudur Aled and Gutun Owain.

Some of Crawshay's proudest military honours, were the Eisteddfod prizes won by his military choirs.Jones (1980), pg 78. A member of the Gorsedd of Bards with the bardic name 'Sieffre o Gyfarthfa', he was a mounted Herald of the Bard. Crawshay was not a Welsh speaker from childhood, so learned the language as an adult to fulfil his bardic duties.

Hawkwood College is also home to the Bardic Chair of Hawkwood with the annual Bard of Hawkwood competition being held in the college grounds.

Gwyneth Vaughan in "bardic" costume, 1904 Ann Harriet Hughes (1852 - 25 April 1910) was a Welsh language novelist, under the pen-name Gwyneth Vaughan.

Bardic Grammar is a medieval Welsh grammar that provided bards (qualified poets) with rules of writing poetry. Bards’ works celebrated heroic deeds of their patrons.

Robert Isaac Jones. Robert Isaac Jones (1813 - 7 March 1905), also known under his bardic name Alltud Eifion, was a Welsh pharmacist, writer, and printer.

Though not a native Welsh speaker (having been born and raised in England) Green is fluent in the language. At the 2009 National Eisteddfod, the Gorsedd of Bards honoured him with bestowal of the white bardic robes of a druid. His bardic name is Gwallter bach ("Little Walter").Librarian honoured by National Eisteddfod News item at National Library of Wales official website, 6 August 2009.

According to another bardic tradition, some tribes in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent are descended from "Jagdev Parmar", that is, Jagadeva. During the reign of Jagadeva's nephew Yashovarman (r. c. 1133-1142 CE), the Delhi Sultanate invaded Malwa. The bardic works state that Jagadeva's descendant Rai Shankar and some other Paramaras migrated to Punjab via Rajputana as a result of this invasion.

A token bardic circle, also known as a "poker-chip" bardic circle, attempts to combine the enforced politeness of the bardic circle with the freeform nature of the chaos circle. A container full of some type of token such as poker chips is supplied for the circle. Each person participating in the circle is given a fixed number of tokens when they enter the room (frequently two tokens), and can throw a token into the center of the circle at any time to claim a pick or play turn. When all the active tokens in the circle are used up, they are scooped up and redistributed for the next round.

151a–154a, 116b–119b; Bardic Poetry Database (n.d.) § 618. Dal chabhlaigh ar Chaisteal Suibhne $. The poem was authored by Artúr Dall Mac Gurcaigh,Coira (2012) p.

Sarah Jane Rees (9 January 1839 – 27 June 1916), also known by her bardic name of "Cranogwen", was a Welsh teacher, poet, editor and temperance campaigner.

In 1987 he was made Archdruid and led the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod between 1987 and 1990 under the bardic name Emrys Deudraeth.

In 1959 he was knighted. He was elected a bard of the Cornish Gorseth in 1963, taking the Bardic name Brusyas an Gernewyon (Judge of the Cornish).

He served the parish until his death on 10 May 1891, advocating abstinence, and participating in eisteddfods as a member of the gorsedd; his bardic name was '.

According to bardic tales and folklore, he was a son and the successor of Kavat and reigned from Vamanasthali (now Vanthali) from 1003 CE to 1010 CE.

Hopkin died 17 November 1771, and was buried in Llandyfodwg churchyard. Two of his bardic pupils, Edward Evans and Edward Williams—Iolo Morganwg—wrote poems on his death.

White Star had, during the 1920s, two other similar cargo ships, Bardic and Gallic, which differ only in their tonnage, slightly lower in the case of the latter.

Owen Wynne Jones (4 March 1828 – 4 April 1870), often known by his bardic name of Glasynys, was a Welsh clergyman, folklorist, poet, novelist and short-story writer.

Welsh bardic poetry and performance in the middle ages. In D. W. Thompson (Ed.), Performance of Literature in Historical Perspectives (177–190). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

In the previous 3rd edition, the bardic music abilities available to a character depended only on the amount of Perform skill that character possessed, not advancement in the bard class. These abilities largely did not improve, once acquired, and no new abilities became available at high levels; only the number of daily uses of the music increased with bard class level. In the 3.5 version, not only was the availability of bardic music abilities tied to bard class level as well as Perform skill, but also most of these abilities now significantly improved in potency with progression in the bard class. New high-level bardic music effects were introduced as well as progressive improvements of existing ones.

Gruffudd ap Nicolas or Gruffudd ap Nicholas (fl. ca. 1425-1456) was a powerful nobleman in Carmarthenshire, Wales. He organised several bardic eisteddfods in the county during the 1450s.

The company belonged to the International Mercantile Marine Co., a trust which managed several shipping companies. One of them, the White Star Line, had acquired two type G cargo ships in 1919, Bardic and Gallic, which were used on the route to Australia. However, in 1924, Bardic ran aground and was badly damaged. In order to replace her, the Mesaba was transferred to White Star after being overhauled at the Harland & Wolff yards.

This led the bards to have great power among the Irish because the ability to provide great fame or great shame to any individual. The bardic tradition was incredibly important to Irish society and even infatuated many outsiders. This sparked a tradition of founding bardic schools which often only would teach to people that had a bard in their family history. Other requirements included being skilled at reading and having a good memory.

Morris Williams's gravestone at St Rhuddlad's Church, Anglesey Morris Williams (August 20, 1809 – January 3, 1874), was a Welsh clergyman and writer, commonly differentiated by his bardic name of Nicander.

Bihan considers these characters all "avatars" of Merlin.Bihan, p. 121. In the early 19th century Merddin was considered the author of an "Ode to Yscolan"."Bardic Portraits: Merddin", p. 261.

John Owen Jones (Ap Ffarmwr) John Owen Jones (1 January 1861 – 2 March 1899), commonly known by his bardic name of Ap Ffarmwr ("farmer's son"), was a Welsh campaigning journalist.

Gwilherm Berthou (10 May 1908, Paimpol – 14 March 1951, Rennes) was a Breton nationalist and neo-Druidic bardic poet. He was a member of the Breton artistic movement Seiz Breur.

Siôn Ceri (fl. early 16th Century) was a Welsh language poet. His bardic teacher was Tudur Aled and among his surviving work are poems to his patrons from north Powys.

David Griffith (Clwydfardd) David Griffith (29 November 1800 - 30 October 1894), known by the bardic name of "Clwydfardd" (), was a Welsh poet and Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

He steadfastly refuses even to look at magic things unless they have proven themselves to be harmless (like Eilonwy's Pelydryn) or are bardic in nature (his own harp and Adaon's brooch).

David Williams (1809–1863), known by his bardic name Alaw Goch was a prominent coal-owner in the Aberdare valley and also a keen supporter of Welsh culture and the eisteddfod.

David Hughes (c. 1794 - 2 March 1862), known by his bardic name of Eos Iâl, was a Welsh poet and publisher. Hughes is known as the author of the plygain carol .

A bardic circle with large numbers of participants will take a long time to traverse the entire circle, making people wait too long for their turn. Such a circle was lamented in a filk by Suzette Haden Elgin: "I've been here with my song at the ready since day before yesterday night." There is less spontaneity in a bardic circle than a chaos circle, and the chance of being able to play a good "follower" song is reduced.

The next eisteddfod in Wales after Lord Rhys's bardic festival of 1176, of any certainty, took place circa 1451 in Carmarthen, presided over by Gruffudd ap Nicolas. The dates and location are not certain. Some reports say it lasted two weeks and took place in Carmarthen but others say the event lasted 3 months and took place at Dynevor. Gruffudd wanted to emulate the Lord Rhys and, probably being a bard himself, wanted to strengthen the bardic tradition.

Evans, son of Evan and Hannah Evans, was born at Capel Sant Silyn, Gwernogle, Carmarthenshire. His birthplace was not far from the Cothi River, from which he later took his bardic name, Tomos Glyn Cothi. He seems to have had little early education, but by following his craft as a weaver, he frequented the fairs of Glamorgan, selling his cloth. In this way, he came into contact with the poets of Glamorgan and their bardic traditions.

The 2005 CD re-release by Gott Discs includes 5 bonus poetry tracks: "Five Bardic Mysteries". These were originally released in 1985 on cassette and it showcases Williamson's skill as a storyteller.

Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871) was another important work for the Celtic Revival. The tale "Baille and Ailinn" in this coll ection was adapted by Yeats into the poem "Baile and Aillinn".

The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the Maitraka ruler of Vallabhi. This claim is not supported by historical evidence.

In Wales, the bardic order was revived, and codified by the poet and forger Iolo Morganwg; this tradition has persisted, centred around the many eisteddfods at every level of Welsh literary society.

John Thomas John Cadvan Davies (1846–1923) was a Wesleyan Methodist Minister and a Welsh poet, who served as Archdruid. He is better known in Wales by his bardic name, Cadfan (sometimes Cadvan).

Portrait of John Owen by William Dickes John Owen, also known by his bardic name Owain Alaw Pencerdd (November 14, 1821 – January 29, 1883), was a Welsh- language poet and also a musician.

Ysgol Y Preseli holds an annual Eisteddfod. The event is split into two parts: junior (Iau) and senior (Hyn). These are a school-based rendition of the Welsh 'Cadair y Beirdd' (bardic chair).

The bard in pre-medieval Celtic society held a specific social class and had specific duties. In the SCA context, though, "bard" refers to most storytellers, poets, and musicians. Many early music performers prefer to use terms more appropriate to the location and time of their persona, and may call themselves minstrels, troubadours, trouvères, minnesingers, skalds, or other historical terms for performing artists. A common bardic activity at SCA events is the "bardic circle," in which performers take turns sharing pieces.

Born to a well known bardic family in May 1831 he spent his early years at 'Pensingrug' Llanfor, Bala, North Wales. He was the eldest of the eleven children of Robert and Margaret Evans, and through his mother, who was a granddaughter of William Edwards, he was related to the poet Robert Williams. He took his 'bardic name' Havhesp from the name of a stream near his boyhood home. He produced enough written poetry in the Welsh language to produce a book.

Edgar Phillips (8 October 1889 – 30 August 1962), known by the bardic name "Trefin", was a Welsh poet and served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1960 until his death. Phillips took his bardic name from his birthplace, the village of Trefin in Pembrokeshire. He did not learn Welsh until his family moved to Cardiff when he was aged eleven. Whilst working as an apprentice tailor back in his native county, he mastered the art of cynghanedd.

As the Pratihara power declined, the Tomaras established a sovereign principality around Delhi by the 10th century. The medieval bardic literature names the dynasty as "Tuar", and classifies them as one of the 36 Rajput clans. According to the bardic tradition, the dynasty's founder Anangapal Tuar (that is Anangapala I Tomara) founded Delhi in 736 CE. However, the authenticity of this claim is doubtful. A 1526 CE source names the successors of Anangapala as Tejapala, Madanapala, Kritapala, Lakhanapala and Prithvipala.

They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220. existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry.

Bardships are awarded for study in the language, services to Cornish music, encouraging the arts (especially amongst children) amongst other things. Initiate Bards are given Bardic names by the Grand Bard who welcomes them into the College of Bards. These names are in Cornish and will often refer somehow to the reason for their bardship: other Bardic names refer to the Bard's personal or family name, or describe the Bards themselves, The three major Gorsedhs in Britain are recorded in an ancient Welsh triad as being held at Moel Merw and Bryn Gwyddon in Wales and Boscawen-Un in Cornwall (ref: Craig Weatherhill). After domination of the Brythonic Celts by the Saxons the Bardic tradition fell into disuse and despite attempts at revival over the centuries lost all its prestige.

The medieval bardic legends state that Manik Rai restored the fortunes of the Chauhan (Chahamana) family by the grace of the goddess Shakambhari. Singh identifies Manik Rai as Samanta. Samanta was succeeded by Naradeva.

They were later replaced by Calvinist Methodist minister, Morgan Albert Ellis (1832-1901), who had emigrated to the US in 1853, and the Congregationalist minister and Eisteddfodwr Thomas Edwards (bardic name Cynonfardd, 1848-1927).

At the Llanrwst Eisteddfod of 1951, he won the chair, qualifying him to become Archdruid in due course. His bardic name as Archdruid was Brinli. His collected poems, Cerddi'r Dyffryn, were published in 1967.

Mererid Hopwood (born 1964) is a Welsh poet, who became in 2001 the first woman ever to win the bardic Chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.Bardic and Crown winners. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

The Mac Gormáin were known having open houses, nourishing the poor and being patrons of a bardic poet, especially the Mac Bruaideadha family. Indeed, Tadhg mac Dáire Mhic Bhruaideadha authored a poem about them.

According to bardic tales and folklore, he was a son and the successor of Graharipu and reigned from Vamanasthali (now Vanthali) possibly from 982 CE to 1003 CE. He was succeeded by his son, Dyas.

In Portland, the West Coast Eisteddfod is a yearly Welsh event focusing on art competitions and performance in the bardic tradition. On a smaller scale, many states across the country hold regular Welsh Society meetings.

151a–154a, 116b–119b; Bardic Poetry Database (n.d.) § 618. Dal chabhlaigh ar Chaisteal Suibhne $. Whilst it is possible that the poem refers to an actual attack upon the ancestral Clann Suibhne seat,MacInnes (2004) p.

It contains information relating to the history of hundreds of different Irish families. Its existence is a testament to both the Mac Firbis bardic scholars, who wrote it, and the O'Dubhda rulers, who supported them.

A seventeenth-century pedigree of the Ó Gnímh bardic kindred of Ulster traces its descent from a son of Aonghus Mór named Gofraidh.Ó Cuív (1984) p. 59. The familial origins of this kindred are uncertain.

John James Williams (8 October 1869 – 6 May 1954), commonly known by his bardic name of "J.J.", was a Welsh poet and served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1936 to 1939.

The bardic system lasted until the mid-17th century in Ireland and the early 18th century in Scotland. In Ireland, their fortunes had always been linked to the Gaelic aristocracy, which declined along with them during the Tudor Reconquest. The early history of the bards can be known only indirectly through mythological stories. The first mention of the bardic profession in Ireland is found in the Book of Invasions, in a story about the Irish colony of Tuatha De Danann (Peoples of Goddess Danu), also called Danonians.

Gaelic was the language of the bardic tradition, which provided a mechanism for the transference of oral culture from generation to generation. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. In a non-literate society, they were the repositories of knowledge, including not just stories and songs, but also genealogies and medicine. They were found in many of the courts of the great lords, down to the chiefdoms of the highlands at the beginning of the period.

Paul Panton, of Plâsgwyn in Anglesey, gave Evans at the end of his life an annuity, on condition that all Evans's manuscripts should at his death come to him. In consequence the whole collection of 100 volumes went to the Plâsgwyn library. Evans was tall and athletic, and of a dark complexion. From his height he obtained the bardic appellation of ' (The Tall Poet), although his alternative bardic name ' (Ieuan the Poet) name is usually used now to avoid confusion with the earlier poet Ieuan Brydydd Hir, ().

Uga was a Vala chief of Talaja in Saurashtra region of modern Gujarat state of India. He ruled the region around the end of 10th century. He is popular folk hero of bardic poetry of region.

Frontispiece of Gwaith Barddonol Dyfed vol. 2 (1907) Evan Rees (1 January 1850 - 19 March 1923), known by the bardic name Dyfed, was a Calvinistic Methodist minister, poet, and Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

The collection, in fact a forgery by Morganwg, was claimed to have been a translation of works by Llywelyn Siôn detailing the history of the Welsh bardic system from its ancient origins to the present day.

Edward Williams, better known by his bardic name Iolo Morganwg (; 10 March 1747 – 18 December 1826), was an influential Welsh antiquarian, poet, and collector.Jones, Mary (2004). "Edward Williams/Iolo Morganwg/Iolo Morgannwg". From Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia.

749 His most important work was Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe, or, The proceedings of the great Bardic Institution, which relates how Senchán Torpéist recovered the Táin Bó Cúailnge, one of the most famous tales of the Irish bards.

He was now working in a variety of genres: fiction, biographies, memoirs, children's books, and also translations and retellings, including the Armenian bardic epic, David of Sassoun, told in a series of genealogical tales covering five generations.

D&D; bards are described as not necessarily opposed to tradition, but to the staleness and risk of corruption that comes with a settled life. Bardic magic also changed once again. Now, like the sorcerer, the bard casts arcane magic but without a need for spellbooks or preparing specific spells; unlike AD&D; 2nd edition, bards are now limited to a list of specific bardic spells. Unlike wizards and other arcane spellcasters, they can cast a small number of healing spells like Cure Light Wounds (a relic of the druidic origins of the class).

He was known as an excellent preacher, but was also regarded an exceptional poet. He won a bardic chair at Pwllheli Eisteddfod at the age of 16, and subsequently won 22 bardic chairs. His writings include the poem "Branwen ferch Llŷr" (which won him the crown at the Caernarfon National Eisteddfod in 1906, while he was still a student at Bala), and the poem "Owain Glyndŵr" (which won the crown at Llangollen in 1908). In 1907 a collection of his works was published under the title 'Llwyn Hudol'.

It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, could raise boils on the face of its target. However, much of their work would not strike the modern reader as being poetry at all, consisting as it does of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors. The Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape and comprises about 176 poems in total.

Evan Davies (6 January 1801 – 23 February 1888), also known by his bardic name Myfyr Morganwg was a Welsh bard, druid and antiquarian. Born in Pencoed, Glamorganshire, it is thought that Davies received no formal education; instead he spent his early years studying Welsh Bardic Rules and teaching himself mathematics, among other subjects. As a young man he preached in his local chapels and became a watchmaker by trade. In 1842 he rose to prominence when he and John Jones of Llangollen began openly debating the subject of temperance at a meeting in Llantrisant, Glamorganshire.

Bardic poetry is the writings produced by a class of poets trained in the bardic schools of Ireland and the Gaelic parts of Scotland, as they existed down to about the middle of the 17th century or, in Scotland, the early 18th century. Most of the texts preserved are in Middle Irish or in early Modern Irish, however, even though the manuscripts were very plentiful, very few have been published. It is considered a period of great literary stability due to the formalised literary language that changed very little.

John Thomas Front page of the earliest surviving copy of the Welsh newspaper Y Gwladgarwr: 4 September 1858 Ieuan Gwyllt was the bardic name of Welsh musician and minister John Roberts (22 December 1822 - 14 May 1877). His bardic name is derived from the nom de plume he used whilst writing poetry as a boy, Ieuan Gwyllt Gelltydd Melindwr (John of the Wild Woods near the Mill Tower)."Ieuan Gwyllt (John Roberts)" at www.canamus.org He was born at Tanrhiwfelen, a house just outside Aberystwyth, and died in Caernarfon on 14 May 1877.

Dafydd Baentiwr was a 16th-century Welsh poet. A bardic controversy (ymryson) contains his only known surviving works (a poem written by Dafydd to Gruffydd, a poem written by Gruffydd in reply, and another poem written by Dafydd).

In Celtic mythology, Rhiannon, a mythic figure in the Mabinogion collection of legends, rides a "pale-white" horse.The Four Branches of the Mabinogi: The Mabinogi of Pwyll by Will Parker (Bardic Press: 2007) . online text. Retrieved November 2008.

Daniel James (23 January 1848 - 16 March 1920), also known by his bardic name of Gwyrosydd, was a Welsh poet and hymn-writer, best known for writing the words of the popular hymn, "Calon Lân" (published in 1892).

The Tomaras are known from some inscriptions and coins. However, much of the information about the dynasty comes from medieval bardic legends, which are not historically reliable. Because of this, the reconstruction of the Tomara history is difficult.

John Jenkins (8 October 1872 - 16 May 1936),Welsh Biography Online known by his bardic name of Gwili, was a Welsh poet and theologian who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1932 to 1936.

On 9 March 1941, Bardic (then named Marathon) encountered the German battleship Scharnhorst in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Cape Verde. The German battleship shelled and sunk the Marathon, with all the crew being taken as prisoners of war.

Haldreyn is the bardic name of William Morris (born 1937). He is a Cornish poet, linguist, and painter. Haldreyn was an original member of Kesva an Taves Kernewek and is a bard of the Gorseth Kernow, appointed in 1966.

The literary Irish language (known in English as Classical Irish), was a sophisticated medium with elaborate verse forms, and was taught in bardic schools (i.e. academies of higher learning) both in Ireland and Scotland.See the foreword in Knott (1981).

Gruffudd Llwyd (fl. c.1380–1410) was a Welsh language poet. Gruffudd was the nephew of the poet Hywel ab Einion Lygliw and the bardic tutor of Rhys Goch Eryri. Gruffudd composed poems on themes of love and religion.

Three notable Welsh poets have connections with the Ceiriog Valley: John Hughes (1832–1887) was born on a farm near Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog; Huw Morus (1622–1709) was born and lived near Pandy in the Ceiriog Valley; and Rev. Robert Elis (1812–1875) was a Baptist minister in Glyn Ceiriog from 1838 until 1840. (Hughes took the middle name Ceiriog and also used it as his bardic name; Morus's bardic name was Eos Ceiriog – the Nightingale of Ceiriog; and Elis was better known by his bardic name, Cynddelw.) The Ceiriog Memorial Institute in the village of Glyn Ceiriog was built as a memorial to them all, and contains stained glass windows dedicated to each of their memories. The Welsh-language novelist Islwyn Ffowc Elis was born in Wrexham, but spent most of his formative childhood years on a hill farm in the Ceiriog Valley.

Payton was made a Bard of Gorseth Kernow in 1981, taking the Bardic name Car Dyvresow ('Friend of Exiles'). In 2006 Payton's book A.L. Rowse and Cornwall : a paradoxical patriot won the Gorseth's Holyer an Gof trophy for best publication.

During British period, it was under Jasdan State. It derives its name from a cave in the neighbouring hill, where there is also a fort. This is the fort destroyed by Chudasama king Khengara in 12th century, according to bardic tale.

Owen, Powys's ninth novel, reflects "his increasing sense of what he thought of as his bardic heritage."Richard Perceval Graves, The Brothers Powys. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1984), pp.2 51,267Margaret Drabble, "The English degenerate", The Guardian, 12 August 2006.

With the emphasis on bardic narration of Pabhuji Ki Phad said to be on the decline in recent times, painters of Pars or Phads are also making Phads as collector's items in smaller sizes, and with different religious and other themes.

The next day they were in the bardic pavilion show on the main stage performing one of their original songs, "Land of the Sidhe", together for the first time— before 500 people. That night they also played again at the Tavern.

However, the only accounts citing specific contemporary documents state that Conn married Rose, daughter of Shane O'Neill, sometime after 29 September 1562.Eleanor Knott, trans., The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn, University College Cork, Celt Project p. 1.

Aedh Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1452) was an Irish poet. Ó Cobhthaigh was a member of a hereditary bardic family based in what is now County Westmeath. He is recorded as dying of the plague at his house of hospitality in Fertullagh.

Tadhg Ó Cobhthaigh (fl. 1554.) was an Irish poet. Ó Cobhthaigh was a member of a hereditary bardic family based in what is now County Westmeath. All that is known of his parents is that his father's name was Aedh.

These were eventually replaced by the Bardic torches carried by the regular army. The 9th (Country Antrim) Battalion was formed on 15 December 1971 from the companies of 1 UDR who were based in the southern half of Country Antrim.

It is not known when or where Hwfa Môn learned the cynghanedd, or who taught him, but he was considered a sufficient master of the bardic craft to be inaugurated as a bard at the Aberffraw Eisteddfod in 1849 at the relatively young age of 26. He took the bardic name Hwfa Môn (The Wise Owl of Anglesey) from the place where he lived: Rhostrehwfa. He was the Chaired Bard in the 1862 Caernarfon Eisteddfod, the 1873 Mold Eisteddfod and the 1878 Birkenhead Eisteddfod. He was also the first-ever Crowned Bard, winning that honour at Carmarthen in 1867.

Poets now used their bardic names to disguise their identity in competitions, and continued to use them when they became well known. The most celebrated poets of the century were: Evan Evans, John Blackwell, William Thomas and John Ceiriog Hughes, who went by the bardic names of "Ieuan Glan Geirionydd", "Alun", "Islwyn" and "Ceiriog" respectively. The novel had been slow to pick up momentum in Wales. Translations of works such as Uncle Tom's Cabin existed, but the first recognised novelist in the Welsh language was Daniel Owen, author of Rhys Lewis (1885) and Enoc Huws (1891), among others.

They were a branch of the Uí hÚigínn Magheny, County Sligo. They had originally settled there at the request of Brian mac Domhnaill Ó Conchobhair Sligo (ruled 1403–1440). The Book of the Burkes is a surviving manuscript, created by Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn, and Domhnall's son, Ruaidhrí Ó hÚigínn. Domhnall himself is listed as in possession of Kilclooney castle in 1575, and there he conducted a well renowned bardic school ... possibly under the patronage of the local O'Connors ... One bardic poem of Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn ... informs us that Ulster students came to study at Kilclooney.

He was inducted into the Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain (the Bardic Order of Great Britain) at the highest rank of druid in the National Eisteddfod at Meifod, mid-Wales, on 4 August 2003, with the bardic name "Ioan". In July 2008 he featured in a promotional trailer in Welsh for BBC Wales, alongside fellow Welshmen Matthew Rhys and Gethin Jones, publicising BBC coverage of the 2008 National Eisteddfod of Wales in Cardiff. In early 2014, Gruffudd was among the stars of Wales in a short film from the BBC to mark the centenary of the birth of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

Within the bardic tradition, a poetic genre developed during the 17th century known as the Aisling, it was a political form of poetry based on a vision or a dream, the poems invariably involved the visitation of a lady like figure sometimes carrying a message or prophecy and symbolically representing Ireland. The first fully developed Aisling was produced by Aodhagán Ó Rathaille who was related to the Brehons who served as Ollamhs to the Mac Cárthaigh Mór family. Aodhagán Ó Rathaille attended one of the last bardic schools in Killarney before all these ancient Gaelic bardic institutions where suppressed towards the end of the 17th century, the Aisling replaced the Dán Díreach, an older style of poetry that came to an end with destruction of Gaelic society. He is said to have been a bridge between the old world in which he was educated and the new one in which the professional poet had no place.

Peryf ap Cedifor (fl. c. 1170) was a Welsh-language court poet. Peryf is noted for two elegies he composed in honour of his brothers. These included his natural brothers and also his bardic patron and foster brother Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd.

Griffiths was a pacifist and while campaigning against the Great War met Winifred Rutley, whom he married in 1918. His brother (David Rees Griffiths, 1882-1953) was a notable Welsh poet who took the bardic name of 'Amanwy' after his native valley.

Canon Taylor was made a bard at the inaugural Gorseth Kernow held at Boscawen-Un, St Buryan on 21 September 1928. He took the bardic name ‘'Gwas Ust'’ (‘Servant of St. Just’). When he died in 1938, he was Vicar of St. Just.

And bardic tale places him at the head of the siege against the rebellious Duda of Bundi in 1577. During this battle Khangar snatched a flag from his enemy. Akbar gifted them to Khangar, these historic relics remain a part of the family heirlooms.

Nansi Richards Jones (14 May 1888 - 21 December 1979) was a Welsh harpist, sometimes known as the "Queen of the Harp"Folktrax 351, "Nansi Richards, Triple Harp". or by her bardic name "Telynores Maldwyn".David Barnes, The Companion Guide to Wales (Companion Guides 2005): 42.

Revd Robert Thomas (Ap Vychan, 1809-80)Revd Robert Thomas, Ap Vychan Robert Thomas (1809 - 1880), also known by the bardic name Ap Vychan, was a Welsh Independent minister, poet and man of letters. He won the chair at the national eisteddfod on two occasions.

Dewi Morgan (1877 – 1 April 1971), also known by his bardic name "Dewi Teifi", was a Welsh bard, scholar and journalist, who won the Chair at the 1925 National Eisteddfod of Wales in Pwllheli with his important awdl recounting the legend of Cantre'r Gwaelod.

Cheape identifies accounts of a MacArthur college of piping instruction in ceòl mór as a continuation of a pre-existing Irish bardic model.Hugh Cheape, "Traditional Origins of the Piping Dynasties", in Joshua Dickson (Ed.) The Highland bagpipe: music, history, tradition, Volume 2008, p. 113–115.

This book by Kazakhstan's most venerated writers in the bardic vein a prose ballad of the ancient rivalry between his Kazakh forebears and Turkmen neighbors on their illimitable sun-scorched (or snow-carpeted) steppe, in the unceasing nomadic contest for pasture, animals, and sometimes women.

The 2nd edition bard was explicitly a jack-of- all-trade class, with a limited selection of thief skills (pick pockets, detect noise, climb walls, and read languages) a limited wizard spell progression, access to proficiency in any weapon, and some special bardic music abilities and bardic lore. Beginning at 2nd level, a bard began to gain spells as if a wizard, and like wizards, they had to keep a spellbook and could not cast spells while in armor. They could learn any spell they had access to (as a mage would). Bards' biggest advantage was their use of the rogue advancement table, which was the fastest in the game.

He is credited with having popularized the bardic circle originated by Karen Anderson, a self-entertainment at parties in which each participant can read, recite or sing, ask someone else to do so, or pass. Whether the creditation is accurate, Zimmer was widely considered one of the best coordinators of bardic circles, and was frequently asked to run them wherever he happened to be. Although not of Scottish heritage, Zimmer was often seen at conventions and other public occasions dressed in the MacAlpin tartan, complete with sporran. At home, he frequently wore a blue bathrobe, appearing in normal clothing only when needing to deal with officials or others outside his circle.

Y Gwladgarwr ("The Patriot") was a liberal Welsh language newspaper, established in 1858, published weekly in Aberdare by Abraham Mason, and distributed around the districts of South Wales. Devoted to Welsh literature, the paper provided poets and authors of the valleys and South Wales more generally with a means of publishing their works. Amongst the newspaper's poetry editors were William Williams (bardic name Caledfryn, 1801–1869) and William Thomas (bardic name Islwyn, 1832–1878).Y Gwladgarwr at Welsh Newspapers Online, National Library of Wales Welsh Newspapers Online has digitised 1,266 issues of the Y Gwladgarwr (1858–1884) from the newspaper holdings of the National Library of Wales.

Jones was born in Llandderfel, near Bala, and is remembered for his three- volume work, the Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards.:Edward Jones, Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards: preserved by tradition, and authentic manuscripts, from very remote antiquity; never before published. London, 1784 #The Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards (1784) #The Bardic Museum (1802) Musical and Poetical Relics of the Welsh Bards; Preserved by Tradition from very remote antiquity. To the Bardic tunes are added Variations for the Harp, Piano-forte, Violin or Flute... Likewise a general history of the Bards, and Druids, from the earliest period to the present time.

Eoghan Ruadh Mac an Bhaird (c. 1600 – c. 1610?) Gaelic-Irish Bardic poet. Eoghan Ruadh was a member of the Mac an Bhaird clan of professional poets, originally from County Galway with a more notable branch settling in County Donegal in the 14th or 15th century.

T. W. Rolleston compiled both Fenian and Ultonian cycle literature in his retelling, The High Deeds Of Finn and other Bardic Romances of Ancient Ireland (1910). James Stephens published Irish Fairy Tales (1920), which is a retelling of a few of the Fiannaíocht.Irish Fairy Tales (Wikisource).

Donald Rawe, Cornish publisher, dramatist, novelist, and poet. Born in Padstow in 1930, he has lived most of his life near the northern coast. He became a member of Gorseth Kernow in 1970, under the Bardic name of Scryfer Lanwednoc ('Writer of Padstow'). He died in 2018.

T. E. Nicholas and D. J. Williams conversing at a CND rally at Aberystwyth, 1961 Thomas Evan Nicholas (6 October 1879 – 19 April 1971), who used the bardic name "Niclas y Glais" (), was a Welsh language poet, preacher, radical, and champion of the disadvantaged of society.

Clancy, Joseph P. 1982. Twentieth Century Welsh Poems, Llandyssul@ Gomer. Euros Bowen won the bardic Crown at the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1948 for O'r Dwyrain, and again in 1950 for Difodiant.Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna & Lynch, Peredur The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales.

Maeleachlainn Ó Cobhthaigh, Irish poet, died 1429. A son of An Clasach Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1415) and a brother of Domhnall Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1446), Ó Cobhthaigh was a member of a hereditary bardic family. He was killed by Edmond Dalton, who had conquered his district.

N.O. Joe Johnson, Mary Brown, all of the writers under Teddy Riley, and a host of others. In 2004 he founded both Bardic Records and the Platform Group. Both companies were designed to work within the ever expanding "indie" sector. Both ventures were dismantled after a reconfiguration.

Llywarch ap Llywelyn (fl. 1173–1220) was a medieval Welsh poet. He is also known by his bardic name, "Prydydd y Moch". Llywarch was a poet in the court of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth and is known for a number of awdlau in praise of his lord.

Gofraidh mac Briain Mac an Bhaird, Gaelic-Irish bardic poet, fl. 16th-century. A member of the Mac an Bhaird family of professional poets, Gofraidh is known from three surviving poems, Lámh indiu im thionnsgnamh, a Thríonóid, Dairt sonn dá seoladh go Tadhg and Doirbh don chéidsheal cinneamhuin tairngeartaigh.

Portrait of William Thomas in the 1870s William Thomas, bardic name Islwyn (3 April 1832 – 20 November 1878), was a Welsh language poet and Christian clergyman. His best known poems were both called Yr Ystorm ['The Storm'], and were written in response to the sudden death of his fiancee.

Llamedos is run by druids, who dot the land with stone circles used for computation. This is a lifetime job, since they frequently need upgrading. Llamedos is a fairly obvious parody of the British constituent country Wales. Its annual bardic competition, the Eisteddfod, is still held in Wales.

Besides receiving awards from diving and maritime history associations, Larn was made a Cornish Bard by the Gorsedd of Cornwall at Redruth in 2006, taking the Bardic name 'Gonyas an Mor' Servant of the Sea. He started a company Shipwrecks.UK.Ltd, and has a web site www.shipwreckphotographs.com, still being developed.

Cú Connacht was a member of the Ó Dálaigh bardic family, originally from County Westmeath. Branches of the family would settle in all four provinces of Ireland. His is the earliest recorded use of the name Ó Dálaigh. Cú Connacht died at the monastery of Clonard in 1139.

According to bardic tales and folklore, Navaghana reigned from 1026 CE to 1044 CE and he was succeeded by his son Khengara who reigned for 23 years (1144-1167 CE), followed by his son Navaghana. Udayamati, wife of Chaulukya ruler Bhima I, was a daughter of his son Khengara.

Dyas, also spelled Diyas, was an 11th-century Chudasama king of Saurashtra region of western India mentioned in bardic literature and folklore. He is not known from historical sources. He was defeated and killed by Patan Raja (probably Chaulukya ruler). So Chudasama domain fell under Chaulukyas for some years.

Modern Welsh poet John Davies of Denbighshire (1841–1894) took the bardic name of Taliesin Hiraethog. The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, whose mother, Anna Lloyd Jones, was born in Wales, named his Wisconsin home and studio Taliesin and his home and studio near Scottsdale, Arizona Taliesin West.

According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him. Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as Bappa Rawal by several historians including G. H. Ojha. The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Gurjara-Pratiharas.

Mary Lloyd Jones (born 1934) is a Welsh painter and printmaker based in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion. Her works are multilayered using devices that reflect an interest with the beginnings of language including early man-made marks and the ogham and bardic alphabets. She has exhibited across Wales, and internationally.

She re-married, in 1880, Rev. Thomas Bulkeley-Owen, who died in 1910. She displayed a keen interest in researching Welsh cultural movements, and wrote a memorandum on the history of Maelor Saesneg for the Welsh Land Commission in 1894. She was awarded the bardic title of Gwenrhian Gwynedd.

In 1450 Dafydd won the silver chair at an eisteddfod held at Carmarthen. This was achieved with a cywydd in praise of the Trinity, which exemplified the 24 metres of Welsh bardic poetry reformed by Dafydd, previously codified by Einion Offeiriad and Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug. He deleted two metres and replaced them with the more complicated Gorchest y Beirdd and the Cadwynfyr. The 24 metres presented by Dafydd at the eisteddfod became widely adopted throughout Wales. While the training of poets had always been kept within bardic circles, with the craft handed down from tutor to pupil, Dafydd’s reforms of the metres subsequently increased the segregation between the “professional elite” and the amateur poets.

Eoghan Mac an Bhaird (fl. between 1200 and 1600) was an Irish poet. Eoghan was a member of the Mac an Bhaird family of professional poets during the era of High Medieval Ireland. Composer of the bardic poem, Leannáin fileadh síol Suibhne, consisting of one hundred and ninety-two lines.

At the Aberffraw Eisteddfod of 1849, he won the bardic chair for an awdl on the Creation. In 1859 he became the Rector of Llanrhuddlad, with Llanfflewyn and the isolated St Rhwydrus's Church, Llanrhwydrus, in Anglesey. In terms of his theological beliefs, Williams was a follower of the Oxford Movement.

Hexperos is an Italian duo founded in 2004 by Alessandra Santovito (soprano voice, flute) and Francesco Forgione (double bass, cello, bardic harp, viola da gamba, percussions, bouzouki, hammer dulcimer and keyboard). Their albums often feature ancient instruments such as medieval flute, hammer dulcimer and Appalachian dulcimer played by Alessandra and Francesco.

Bardic was launched on 19 December 1918 and completed on 13 March 1919 at the Harland & Wolff Ltd. shipyard in Belfast, United Kingdom. The ship was long, had a beam of and had a depth of . She was assessed at and had 2 x Triple expansion engines driving two screw propellers.

Gayen, sometimes anglicised as Gain, is a Bengali surname found in the Indian subcontinent, mainly in the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam, as well as Bangladesh. In Bengali, the title Gayen (গায়েন) referred to anyone involved in the medieval bardic tradition, i.e. composition of Bengali poetry and music.

The invaders took over the fort in the later years. The bardic accounts such as Dhola Maru suggest that the Kachwaha dynasty of Amber originated from the Tejaskarana, the last ruler of the Narwar branch of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty. However, the Kachwaha inscriptions claim a different origin for their dynasty.

Howell Elvet Lewis, CH (14 April 1860 – 10 December 1953), widely known by his bardic name Elfed, was a Welsh Congregational minister, hymn-writer, and devotional poet, who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1924 to 1928. Elfed High School in Buckley, Flintshire was named after him.

John Richard Williams. John Richard Williams or J.R. Tryfanwy (29 September 1867 – 19 March 1924), often referred to simply by his bardic name Tryfanwy, was a Welsh language lyrical poet. He was born in the village of Rhostryfan in the old county of Caernarfonshire (Gwynedd), north Wales. He is buried at Portmadoc.

Richard Williams Morgan (bardic name: Môr Meirion) (c.1815-1889) was a Welsh Anglican priest and author, later the first Patriarch of the Ancient British Church. Morgan was born in Llangynfely, Cardiganshire, and educated at Saint David's College in Lampeter. He was a leading figure in the Celtic Revival "Gorsedd of Bards".

Dafydd is also thought to be the composer of the (Mary's Service), a poetical translation of the Latin "Horae beatae Mariae virginis" (a Book of Hours) into Welsh. Dafydd’s greatest fame lies with his revised edition of the or bardic grammar of Einion Offeiriad. Dafydd was probably buried in Dyserth, north Wales.

Daniel James came from Treboeth in Swansea. His father died when he was young. He became a puddler at Morriston ironworks, and afterwards worked at Landore tinplate works. He began to write verse and assumed the bardic name Gwyrosydd (probably meaning "place of privets" ( & territorial suffix -ydd) or possibly "Gower moorlands" (Gŵyr & rhosydd)).

Dororthy Bonarjee with her son Denis - about 1922 Dorothy Noel 'Dorf' Bonarjee (1894-1983) was an Indian poet and artist who was known for being awarded a Bardic chair while a student in Wales and for being the first woman internal student to be awarded a law degree by University College London.

There is a continuing tradition of strict metre poetry in the Welsh language that can be traced back to at least the sixth century. At the annual National Eisteddfod of Wales a bardic chair is awarded to the best , a long poem that follows the conventions of regarding stress, alliteration and rhyme.

He was a supporter of the National Eisteddfod, as well as competing in the cultural festival itself, and won the chair both in 1964 and 1968, and from 1975 to 1978 he was archdruid, using the bardic name Bryn. Almost all of his numerous works reflect the life of Patagonia and its history.

Evan Breeze (1798 - 1855) was a Welsh poet and schoolmaster. He used the bardic name Ieuan Cadfan. His published works include Yr Odlydd Cysurus, cyfaill i'r trallodus yn cynnwys amrywiol ddyriau, cofiant am amrai anwylion…carolau…emynau, etc. a volume of religious poems which was published in 1839 by H. Jones, Llanrwst.

Other notable writers were T. H. Parry-Williams and D. Gwenallt Jones; and around 1950 others such as Waldo Williams. Many poets in the late 20th century produced work of a high standard, many of them in cynghanedd. Welsh poets often write under bardic names to conceal their identity in Eisteddfod competitions.

At his death the elegies his fellow poets wrote in his memory attested to his greatness as a poet. He was renowned as a praise poet of both secular and religious noblemen, and also reflects the changes at the beginning of the 16th century which were threatening the future of the bardic system.

According to Welsh tradition, the event sometimes referred to in English as the Contention of the Bards took place at Deganwy in the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and was a contest in bardic skill between Taliesin and the court poets of king Maelgwn Gwynedd, led by Heinin. According to the legendary history of Taliesin, the poet (not to be confused with the historical figure Taliesin) was a boy of 12 at the time, and was the bard of Elffin ap Gwyddno. Maelgwn is said to have held Elffin in captivity and Taliesin challenged his bards to a bardic contest for which Elffin was the prize. Taliesin won the contest and Elffin’s freedom, and also (correctly) prophesied Maelgwn’s death from a swamp-born pestilence.

William Williams (6 March 1808 - 26 September 1872), known by his bardic name, Carw Coch (literally Red Stag), was a prominent literary figure in Aberdare, and south Wales generally, during the mid-nineteenth century, and an important figure in the development of the eisteddfod movement. His bardic name was derived from the Stag Inn, the public house that he ran at Trecynon, Aberdare. William Williams (Carw Coch) Williams was born on 6 March 1808 near Aberpergwm in the Vale of Neath, the son of Noah and Joan Williams, who attended the Unitarian chapel at Blaengwrach. At a young age he moved to Tredegar, and later to Llwydcoed, Aberdare, where, in 1832, he married, raised a family, and spent the rest of his life running the Stag Inn.

1980, p. 440 A king or lord of the cats appears in at least two early Irish tales. Most notably, some versions of the Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe (The Proceedings of the Great Bardic Institution) include a dispute between Senchán Torpéist the bard and king Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin of Connacht, which led to the bard first cursing all mice, killing a dozen of them in shame, followed by the cats who should have kept the mice in check; in retaliation, the king of the cats, Irusan son of Arusan hunts Senchán down intending to kill him, but is in turn killed by St Kieran.Connellan, Owen "The Proceedings of the Great Bardic Institutions" in Transactions of the Ossianic society for the years, 1853–1858, vol.

However the consequence of this, and of Dafydd in particular, was that greater emphasis was placed upon the bardic craft with its adherence to the stricter metres rather than on the content and theme of the poems. The passion and intensity of Dafydd ap Gwilym and Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen tended to be lost.

In 1470, she wrote an elegy to her husband, Niall Og Mac Neill, Constable of Castle Sween, Knapdale, which was the earliest documented poem in Classic Scottish Gaelic, written by a woman. It was written in the Classic Bardic meter and is one of only four existing poems written in this style by a woman.

He inaugurated courses in the history of Irish song at University College Galway, unique in their kind. He is well known for the thesis that the bulk of Irish Bardic Poetry was sung, and that many of the original melodies have been passed down through the oral tradition, although not always with their original lyrics.

Charles Jules-Joseph de Gaulle (31 January 1837 – 1 January 1880) was a French writer who was a pioneer of Pan-Celticism and the bardic revival. He is also known as Charlez Vro-C'hall, the Breton language version of his name. He was the uncle of the army officer and statesman Charles de Gaulle.

Tony Snell (born 1938) is a Cornish teacher, linguist, scholar, singer, waterman and poet from Alabama. He spent many years teaching at St. Edward's School, Oxford. He became a member of Gorseth Kernow in 1954 under the Bardic name of Gwas Kevardhu (December's Man). During the 1970s, he led the innovative folk group Tremenysy (Travellers).

Séamus Ó Siaghail, OFM (fl. 1636?), was an Irish scribe. Ó Siaghail was a member of the Ó Siadhail bardic family that had lived in Uí Failghe. He was a member of the Franciscan Order, whose patrons included Toirdhealbhach Mac Cochláin, to whom the 1627 English translation of the Annals of Clonmacnoise was dedicated.

Charlie Heymann sings in Gaelic on "Sith co nemh". Violaine Mayor is a Breton wire-strung harper who has mastered canntaireachd chanting. She has recorded transcribed pibroch together with revived Breton harp repertoire such as medieval bardic lays.Violaine Mayor, "Cumh Easbig Earraghaal", and "Cumha Mairi nighean Alasdair Ruaidh", on Strujenn Haleg (CD), 2001, Vocation VOC039.

An Clasach Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1415) was an Irish poet. A member of the Ó Cobhthaigh bardic family, An Clasach is noted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as "a famous poet and man of learning." He had sons Maeleachlainn Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1429) and Domhnall Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1446), who were also poets.

The bardic family of Ó Domhnalláin derived their surname from him. Originally located in Ballydonnellan, County Galway, they were of a sept of the Uí Maine called Clann Breasail, who held the position of Cathmhaol or Battle Champion. Descendants of the Uí Domhnalláin are still found in Galway and Roscommon under the surname Donnellan.

He won the bardic chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales on three occasions: in 1897, 1903, and 1918, and in 1900 he won the crown. He also won the chair at the San Francisco Eisteddfod of 1915. In the same year, he married for the second time, to Catherine Shaw; they had two children.

Williams claimed the Barddas material was based on authentic ancient manuscripts originally compiled by the 16th-century antiquarian Llywelyn Siôn. In reality, almost all of it was either Iolo's own work, or heavily edited by him. Volume I is divided into three sections. The first section, "Symbols", chiefly discusses "coelbren", a supposed Bardic alphabet devised by Iolo.

An Ajaygarh inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (bāl-opi netā). He is mentioned as Paramardi-deva in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern vernaculars, he is also known as Paramardidev, Parmar, Paramal Deo or Parimal Chandel (because of schwa deletion).

The society soon attracted the attention of various members of the local aristocracy. These included Charles Morgan, Benjamin Hall, his wife Augusta, Georgina Waddington, and Lady Elizabeth Coffin-Greenly of Titley Court, Hereford. Another early member of the society was the Welsh poet and scholar, Rev. Thomas Price, known better today by his bardic name Carnhuanawc.

Other notes by him, or by his father Rudhraidhe, appear at ff. 6v, 7v, 9v, 10v, 12v, 17r, 21v and 25v. He compares his writing with that of the MS's author, Dubhgall Albanach mac mhic Cathail (thought be a member of the MacMhuirich bardic family), and writes a short prayer. Nothing else appears to be known of him.

Maclean composed the pipe tune "Scarce O' Tatties", he has composed long and short poems, including "Maol Donn" a.k.a.MacCrimmon's Sweetheart which won him the Bardic Crown in 1967, and has produced novels in Gaelic, "Cumhnantan" (1997), "Keino" (1999), "Dacha Mo Ghaoil" (2005), and "Slaightearan" (2007), as well as his autobiography, "The Leper's Bell" (2009), in English.

While Bardic was on route from Australia to the United Kingdom on 31 August 1924, she ran aground on Stag Rock off Lizard Point, Cornwall. Her crew evacuated the ship yet her officers remained onboard until 8 September. The ship was eventually refloated on 29 September and towed to Falmouth, Cornwall where she was beached to await repairs.

A khyat is a form of bardic historical prose that was prevalent in India. Khyats generally contained histories of a ruling dynasty or a person. In the former states that now constitute Rajasthan, khyats were written under the patronage of rulers who wished to perpetuate their exploits. Kyats are often known by the name of their authors; e.g.

Winifred Coombe Tennant Mrs Winifred Margaret Coombe Tennant (1 November 1874 – 31 August 1956) was a British suffragist, Liberal politician, philanthropist, patron of the arts and spiritualist. She and her husband lived near Swansea in South Wales, where she became an enthusiastic proponent of Welsh cultural traditions. She was also known by the bardic name "Mam o'r Nedd".

Arthur Owen Vaughan, circa 1880 Lt. Colonel Arthur Owen Vaughan, (6 September 1863 – 15 October 1919), also known by his bardic name Owen Rhoscomyl, was an English-born writer, soldier and Welsh nationalist. Born as Robert Scowfield Mills in England, Owen Rhoscomyl was influenced by his Welsh grandmother and became a notable patriot to Wales and its history.

Williams was born in December 1837 in Marylebone, London, to Welsh father Robert Williams (c. 1807–1868) and English mother Louisa Ware (c. 1811–1886). She was very close to her father and considered her "bardic" interests to come from him. As a young child unable to pronounce 'Sarah', she inadvertently gave herself the nickname 'Sadie'.

The bardic literature says his father Dyas was defeated by Patan Raja (probably Chaulukya king) and Navaghana was rescued. When Navaghana grew up, he regained the throne. He may have been benefited by weakened Chaulukyas due to invasion of Mahmud Ghazni who attacked desecrated the Somnath temple in 1024 CE. Navaghana came to power soon after the attack.

With a new bardic harp with bronze strings, Stivell began experimenting with modernized styles of music that became known as Celtic rock. In 1966, Alan Stivell began to perform and record as a singer. The following year, he was signed by Philips Records. This was during the birth of the New Breton and Celtic music movement.

In 1947, Jenkin was made a Bard of the Gorseth Kernow through Cornish language qualification, while serving in the British Army. He chose the bardic name Map Dyvroeth, meaning 'son of exile'. He was a Grand Bard of the Gorseth Kernow twice, between 1976 and 1982 and between 1985 and 1988.List of Grand Bards on Gorseth website.

Over time he had many harp teachers. In 1965 he became an oboist and harpist with the BBC Northern Ireland Orchestra. He had been known to be able to skilfully play the pedal harp, neo-Celtic harp, and wire-strung Irish-Bardic harp. Bell served as a professor of harp at the Academy of Music in Belfast.

Heavenly patrons however abound: the Saints of Breconshire (Cywydd XLV), those of Rome (XXIX) where he journeyed with his son (in 1475), Jesus and the Saints (XLV). Cywydd XLIV invokes Christ's Passion. Huw describes Brecon, its surroundings and the Rood Screen and Cross in the Priory Church (today Brecon Cathedral). Another poem describes a bardic contest at Tretower.

Bardic Press, 2005. He is the son of Euroswydd and Penarddun, twin brother to Nisien, and half-brother to Brân the Blessed, Manawydan, and Branwen. The Welsh Triads call Llŷr one of the Three Exalted Prisoners of Britain for his captivity at Euroswydd's hands; this is likely to a lost tradition of the birth of Penarddun's younger sons.Triad 52.

Mangan, p. 10. However, this pedigree is less well attested than that deriving from Niall and there is no clear indication that the Munster branch of the Ó Dálaigh were considered to have had separate origins from the others. It may merely represent an attempt to integrate the bardic family with the local dynasties they served.

Stephens began submitting prize-winning essays to eisteddfodau from 1840. His bardic names were Casnodyn, Gwrnerth, and Caradawg. Stephens' book, The Literature of the Kymry (1849, 2nd ed. 1876), was based on his essay "The Literature of Wales during the Twelfth and Succeeding Centuries" which won the Prince of Wales Prize at the 1848 eisteddfod held in Abergavenny.

The Isai Vellalar communities were originally nomads. Bardic traditions are referred in early Sangam literature and well into the early Pallava and Pandya periods. These were primarily ritualistic and defensive in nature. The artistic side of music and dance came to be strengthened during the Chola and Vijayanagara periods, where these elements were observed in the courts and temples.

During military service, Yann-Ber made a point of teaching fellow Bretons to read and write in their own language. His earliest writings were in French, but from 1905 on, he wrote in the Breton language. Taking the bardic name of Bard Bleimor (lit. "Sea Wolf", or Sea Bass), Kalloc'h wrote for various regionalist and autonomist newspapers.

1300 tale called Tromdámh Guaire (The Heavy Company of Guaire) or Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe (The Proceedings of the Great Bardic Institution Guaire was visited by the Chief Ollam of Ireland, Senchán Torpéist who was accompanied by one hundred and fifty other poets, one hundred and fifty pupils "with a corresponding number of women-servants, dogs, etc".

Erwan Berthou, after a photograph by Émile Hamonic Erwan Berthou (September 4, 1861 – January 30, 1933) was a French and Breton language poet, writer and neo-Druidic bard. His name is also spelled Erwan Bertou and Yves Berthou. He also used the bardic pseudonyms Kaledvoulc'h, Alc'houeder Treger and Erwanig. He was born in Pleubian, Côtes-d'Armor.

The 19th century physicist George Stoney introduced the idea and the name of the electron. He was the uncle of another notable physicist, George FitzGerald. Jonathan Swift, one of the foremost prose satirists in the English language The Irish bardic system, along with the Gaelic culture and learned classes, were upset by the plantations, and went into decline.

Lloyd Owen became Archdruid, having been appointed in July 2015. His tenure as Archdruid started in 2016 and was to last for three years, 2016 - 2019. In August 2018 Llifon caused controversy when he suggested the winner of the bardic crown at the Cardiff National Eisteddfod, Catrin Dafydd, couldn't have achieved this without men. He later apologised.

Library Ireland, The Translation of the Ancient Irish Laws, UlstermanIrelands Eye, An Introduction to Irelands traditional laws Brehons had a tradition of providing bardic Schools, from pre-Christian times up until middle of the seventeenth century. They provided education in Irish language, literature, history and Brehon law. These scholarly institutions facilitated up to what amounted to university education.

Dafydd ap Dafydd Llwyd (born 1549) was a Welsh poet. His father was Dafydd Llwyd ab Ieuan. His works include poems written to Gilbert Humphrey of Cefn Digoll, Mont. (1596), Dr David Powel, Siôn Huws of Maes y Pandy, near Talyllyn, and also some Ymrysonau (bardic debates) between himself and Roger Cyffin (and also with Lewys Dwnn).

The Gorsedh Kernow (Gorsedd of Cornwall) was set up in 1928 at Boscawen-Un by Henry Jenner, one of the early proponents of Cornish language revival, who took the bardic name "Gwas Myghal", meaning "servant of Michael". He and twelve others (including Kitty Lee Jenner) were initiated by the Archdruid of Wales. It has been held every year since, except during World War II. 1,000 people have been Cornish bards, including Dame Alida Brittain, Ken George, R. Morton Nance, and Peter Berresford Ellis.List of new Cornish bards / bardic names After 1939 the Council of the Gorsedd of Cornwall approved additional regalia, and asked Francis Cargeeg to design and execute new regalia for the Grand Bard, the Deputy Grand Bard and the Secretary, and two headpieces for the Marshal's staves.

John Williams (bardic name: Ab Ithel) (7 April 1811-27 August 1862), was an antiquary and Anglican priest. Born in Llangynhafal, Denbighshire Wales in 1811, he graduated from Jesus College, Oxford in 1835 to become the Anglican curate of Llanfor, Merionethshire, where he married Elizabeth Lloyd Williams. In 1843 he became perpetual curate of Nercwys, Flintshire, and rector of Llanymawddwy, Merionethshire, in 1849.

Barddas - Title page Barddas is a book of material compiled and written by the Welsh writer and literary forger Iolo Morganwg. Though purported to be an authentic compilation of ancient Welsh bardic and druidic theology and lore, its contents are largely Iolo's own invention. The work was published by John Williams for the Welsh Manuscripts Society in two volumes, 1862 and 1874.

Gillagori appears to be otherwise unknown. His surname may be an early form of Ó Dubhagáin. They were a bardic family from Baile Uí Dhubhagáin (Ballyduggan), near Loughrea, County Galway. More notable bearers of the name would include Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (died 1372), Patrick Duggan, Bishop of Clonfert (died 1896), and Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria (1876–1951).

Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), Wales Prince of Gwynedd in 1170, was a Welsh poet and military leader. Hywel was the son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, and an Irishwoman named Pyfog. In recognition of this, he was also known as Hywel ap Gwyddeles (Hywel son of the Irishwoman). Hywel was also known as the Poet Prince for his bardic skills.

The oldest and best-known Irish text definitely associated with the tune is a love-poem addressed to a fair-haired girl (chúilfhionn); this is attributed to a poet called Muiris O Duagain or Maurice O'Dugan of Benburb and said to have been written in around 1641.Hardiman, James. Irish minstrelsy, or Bardic remains of Ireland, v.1, 1831, p.

The poet Dafydd Trefor is recorded in a list of clergy for the Bangor diocese of 1504 as being rector of St Gallgo's and St Eugrad's, and signed himself as such in a deed of 1524. The poet and historian John Williams (better known by his bardic name "Glanmor") was rector of the two churches from 1883 until his death in 1891.

Norman Hector Mackinnon Maclean (Scottish Gaelic: Tormod MacGill-Eain; 26 December 1936 – 31 August 2017) was a Scottish Gaelic comedian, novelist, poet, musician and broadcaster. He is the only person to have won both Bardic Crown and Gold Medal at the same Royal National Mòd. His struggles with alcoholism are documented in his autobiography, The Leper's Bell:Autobiography of a Changeling.

Maredudd ap Rhys (fl. 1450-1485), also spelt Meredudd ap Rhys, was a Welsh language poet and priest from Powys. He was born in gentry, having pedigree blood, as discovered from the Peniarth Manuscripts. He is thought to have been the bardic tutor to Dafydd ab Edmwnd, and thus won distinction both as a poet and as a poetry teacher.

Until the 17th century a bard would compose a poem knowing it was going to be sung. Poetry was called music of the tongue and string music was called music of the string ("Cerdd Dant"). The Welsh word "cerdd" can mean either poetry or music. When bardic music died out the knowledge of how the music was set also died out.

Eliseus Williams (2 May 1867 – 13 October 1926), better known by his bardic name "Eifion Wyn", was a Welsh language poet, born at Porthmadog in Caernarfonshire, Wales. The primary school in the town of Porthmadog where he lived is named after him. His best known volumes are Telynegion Maes a Môr (1906) and Caniadau'r Allt (1927), the latter of which was published posthumously.

Bran Bardic is from a world ravaged by war for almost a century. This version of Braddock chose the Sword of Might over the Amulet of Right and would later travel to Earth-616 and ally himself with Black Air and Shadow-X before creating an army of Shadow Captains in an attempt to take over England and overthrow the Captain Britain Corps.

For centuries before 1616, the bards had been sponsored by the Irish Gaelic dynasties, and confirmed their paternal lineages by recitals at social events, so they had a political importance as well as a cultural impact. In a society where most were illiterate, bardic recital in public was the primary method of recalling a clan's history back to its claimed Milesian origins.

The Keltrian Druid practice recognizes three levels of experience: Ring of the Birch, Ring of the Yew, and Ring of the Oak. It also promotes three areas of service: Bardic service, Seer's service, and the Druid's service. The three foundations of Keltrian Druidism: Belief is secondary in Keltrian Druidism. Actions and practice determine the path that an individual is on.

Wilfred Melville Bennetto (1902–1994) was a Cornish poet and novelist. He was elected a member of Gorseth Kernow under the Bardic name of Abransek ('Bushy- browed One') in 1968.List of bards by decade - 1960s on Gorseth website. His poetry celebrated popular contemporary figures in Cornish life as well as the historical and mythological characters favoured in Cornish poetry at the time.

Dai Francis (1911-1981) was a Welsh trade unionist, best remembered for his leadership of the South Wales Miners' Union during the 1970s. As a member of the Gorsedd of the National Eisteddfod of Wales, he took the bardic name Dai o'r Onllwyn.BBC website (Welsh) He was the father of MP Hywel Francis. Francis was born at Onllwyn, near Neath.

Lady Llanover was greatly influenced by the local bard, Thomas Price, whom she met at a local Eisteddfod in 1826. Carnhuanawc taught her the Welsh language; she took the bardic name "Gwenynen Gwent", ('the bee of Gwent'). She became an early member of Cymreigyddion y Fenni. Her Welsh was never considered fluent but she was an extremely enthusiastic proponent of all things Welsh.

More than one member of the Ó Dálaigh family held both this post and the post of Chief Ollamh of Scotland. The chief poet of the family was known as "The Ó Dálaigh" in the same manner that the Prince of Thomond was called "The O'Brien".Conellan, p. xxii Members of the clan founded bardic schools throughout Ireland, and also in Scotland.

Their poetry also changed, with a move away from the syllabic verse of the schools to accentual metres, reflecting the oral poetry of the bardic period. A good deal of the poetry of this period deals with political and historical themes that reflect the poets' sense of a world lost. The poets adapted to the new English dominated order in several ways.

Bardic verses traditionally celebrated the clarsach harp and made no mention of bagpipes.Keith Sanger, Alison Kinnaird, Tree of Strings: Crann Nan Teud: A History of the Harp in Scotland, Edinburgh: Kinmor Music, 1992, p. 111–128. Hugh Cheape argues that the bagpipes gained popularity and prominence through the need for a martial instrument in a period of increasing military engagements.

"This slap was recorded in the Bardic Triads as one of the Three Fatal Slaps", F. H. Townsend's illustration from The Misfortunes of Elphin (1897) Gwenhwyfach (, , or ; sometimes anglicized to Guinevak) was a sister of Gwenhwyfar (Guinevere) in medieval Welsh Arthurian legend. The tradition surrounding her is preserved in fragmentary form in two Welsh Triads and the Mabinogi tale of Culhwch and Olwen.

The poet R. S. Thomas makes reference to the Mabinogions Owl of Llyn Cowlyd in his poem "The Ancients of the World". Gwilym Cowlyd (1828–1904), whose real name was William John Roberts, was a native of Trefriw, and one of the more colourful figures in Welsh culture and the Welsh Eisteddfod. His bardic name was taken from neighbouring Llyn Cowlyd.

In April 2002, his first CD (from 1986) "ET VICE VERSA" was released by the label FELMAY. In 2003 the Sound Library of Parma released a recording made in its studios in 1997, entitled "Ottoarmonico". In 2005 the label TELENN released his sixth CD, "SOLO", played entirely on the Celtic and bardic harps and distributed by ITUNE Store throughout the world.

In 2011 his eighth album "TALISMANO"(label TELENN) was released, dedicated to the bardic harp and with twelve original compositions. In 2013 he collaborated with the classical harp class of the Conservatory of Pesaro, led by the teacher Katia Bovo. In 2014, he released his ninth album - "INFINITO" - For harp and chamber orchestra dedicated to the seasons and the elements original compositions.

Murchadh Bacagh Ó Cobhthaigh, Irish poet, died 1478. Ó Cobhthaigh was a member of a hereditary bardic family based in what is now County Westmeath. His obit in the Annals of the Four Masters describe him as an ollamh, a professor of poetry, indicating that his verses were very highly regarded. No examples of his work is known to survive.

The bardic legends differ very much in names, order and numbers and so are not considered reliable. Traditionally, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra. Subsequent rulers such as Graharipu, Navaghana and Khengara were in conflict with Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. Thus they are mentioned in contemporary and later Jain chronicles.

Tromdámh Guaire takes on a humorous look at the Bardic Order which a twelfth-century audience would have been aware of in order to "fully appreciate the biting sarcasm and satire contained in the narrative".O bearra p418 This retrospective view does not give us an insight into seventh century Ireland, rather the twelfth- century perceptions of seventh century Ireland.

Manik Rai is a legendary 7th century Rajput king from Ajmer, India. According to the bardic tradition, Manik Rai was the brother of Dula Rai, the Chauhan king of Ajmer. In 684 CE, he fled from Ajmer after Dula Rai was killed by their enemies. He managed to gain control of the area around Sambhar Lake with the blessings of the goddess Shakambhari.

Coronation of King Alexander on Moot Hill, Scone, beside him are the Mormaers of Strathearn and Fife. The office of Justiciar and Judex were just two ways that Scottish society was governed. In the earlier period, the king "delegated" power to hereditary native "officers" such as the Mormaers/Earls and Toísechs/Thanes. It was a government of gift- giving and bardic lawmen.

The Prophetiae is the work that introduced the character of Merlin (Merlinus), as he later appears in Arthurian legend. He mixes pagan and Christian elements. In this work Geoffrey drew from the established bardic tradition of prophetic writing attributed to the sage Myrddin, though his knowledge of Myrddin's story at this stage in his career appears to have been slight.Ziolkowski, Jan (1990).

400px The early history of Chudasama dynasty of Saurashtra (now in Gujarat, India) is almost lost. The bardic legends differs very much in names, order and numbers so they are not considered reliable. Mandalika Kavya, a Sanskrit poem by Gangadhara, gives some information on dynasty but it has little historical value. Some of their inscriptions gives their early genealogy but they too differ in order of succession.

The first section of the MS 72.1.1, folios 1-9, is the MS 1467; the second section is known as the Broad Book, and dates to 1425. The MS 1467 is made of vellum and measures . It was written by Dubhghall Albanach mac mhic Cathail; according to Ronnie Black, he was likely a member of the MacMhuirich bardic family, and a native of Kintyre.

Edward EdwardsEdward Edwards (1816 - 16 September 1897), also known by his bardic name of "Pencerdd Ceredigion", was a Welsh musician and composer. He was born in Aberystwyth and became a regular churchgoer at Llanbadarn Fawr, joining the choir. When the family moved to Capel Dewi, he was appointed precentor of the local chapel. Later he returned to Aberystwyth, where he worked as a shoemaker.

Terraces, re- forestation, planting and control dams have all been tried, with considerable success. The river and its culture gave rise to the bardic folk song tradition of daoqing. By the late 19th and 20th centuries, this had taken the form of large troupes of blind storytellers and musicians. For more on this tradition see: "Blind Bards of The Wuding", in China Pictorial Nov 2006.

Charles Wilkins (bardic name: Catwg, 16 August 1830 – 2 August 1913) of Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorganshire, was a prolific writer of historical accounts of Wales and its industries. He produced pioneering reference works on the histories of Merthyr Tydfil and Newport; the coal, iron, and steel trades of South Wales; and Welsh literature. He was also founding editor of The Red Dragon: The National Magazine of Wales.

John Thomas, John Davies (bardic name: Taliesin Hiraethog; 2 October 1841 – 20 March 1894) was a Welsh farmer and poet. He was born in the Cerrigydrudion area of Denbighshire. He was educated at the school in Pentre-llyn-cymer, and then at Cerrigydrudion, where he was taught by his cousin Huw Huws. Completing his education, he returned to farm his parents' farm, Creigiau'r Bleiddiau.

His work was seen to have particular significance by the twentieth-century critic Saunders Lewis. Lewis saw him a poet of philosophy who praised the ideal ruler as he praised his patrons who saw that within the Welsh tradition all who had privilege and power also had responsibilities towards family, community and nation. It is believed that Rhys Nanmor was a bardic student of his.

Mhic Mac Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh (died 1025) was King of Ui Fiachrach Aidhne. An unnamed grandson of Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh was the last Ua Cleirigh ruler of Aidhne. Henceforth, the family was dispersed entirely form Aidhne into north Connacht; one Gilla Isa Ó Cléirigh would be Bishop of Leyny (Achonry) before his death in 1230. Descendants would eventually become the Ó Cléirigh Bardic family of Tír Chonaill.

Evidence of a bardic class can be found in such placenames as Dervaird (Doire a' Bhaird) and Loch Recar (Loch an Reacaire). Important information about local agriculture can be gleaned from placenames as well: shielings (àiridh) were in use e.g. Airies, Airieholland; manured infield from Talnotrie (talamh an otraigh) and Auchnotteroch. Gall-ghàidhil agriculture is indicated in the use of peighinn and its subdivisions (q.

In 2012, he was awarded an MBE for his "exceptional contribution" to conserving the heritage of his bardic uncle. The Snowdonia National Park Authority announced on St David's Day 2012 that it had acquired the Grade II-listed farmstead for the Welsh nation. The Authority's objectives are to protect and preserve the site while enhancing the visitor experience in order to share the story of Hedd Wyn.

Predictions of Sanjukta- Bardic folklore Prithvi Raj Chauhan Raso, Chand Bardai by Durga Parsad Shastri in Hindi Bawa Utam Dass. See Wikipedia extensive references under NATH SIDDAS Cult which originated in Rajasthan. Extent of Prithvi Raj Chauhan Empire which suggests Sarhal Mundi was the outpost of his empire which extended up to Byas River. From Byas to Lahore was ruled by his vassal Bhima.

He is a native Breton speaker and a fluent speaker of Cornish. His bardic name is Morgan. Per Vari Kerloc'h was welcomed at the Welsh National Eisteddfod in Cardiff (Kerdiz in Breton) in 2008. An article in English published in the newspaper "Connexion" explains that after 2 years as a disciple, it is possible to become an Ovate, Bard or Druid, as in Wales.

Lambert McKenna S.J. ( (16 July 1870 – 27 December 1956) was a Jesuit priest and writer. He was born Andrew Joseph Lambert McKenna in Clontarf, and studied in Europe. He collected and edited religious and folk poetry in the Irish language. Working with the Irish Texts Society, he edited the famous Contention of the bards and many anthologies of Irish bardic poetry and historical works.

Gillian Clarke's poem "Sycharth", an evocation of bardic Wales, was included alongside Iolo's poem in a limited edition pamphlet published in 2015 by Gwasg Gregynog. It was reprinted in her collection Zoology (2017). In 2019, Toby Niesse of the firm Vivid Virtual Reality created a video tour of Sycharth, basing his reconstruction of it on Iolo's poem and his own knowledge of medieval housebuilding techniques.

A group of the bardic Ó Muirgheasáin clan settled on the isle of Harris around 1600 under the service of the MacLeods of Harris and Dunvegan. At around this time, the file Ó Muirgheasáin replaced the bard Mac Gille Riabhaich, to the MacLeods of Harris and Dunvegan.McLeod 2004: p. 73. The Ó Muirgheasáins ultimately had roots in the north of Ireland, within "O'Neill's country".

His middle name, Marlais, was given in honour of his great-uncle, William Thomas, a Unitarian minister and poet whose bardic name was Gwilym Marles. Dylan, pronounced ˈ [ˈdəlan] (Dull-an) in Welsh, caused his mother to worry that he might be teased as the "dull one".Ferris (1989), p. 23. When he broadcast on Welsh BBC, early in his career, he was introduced using this pronunciation.

The Asiatic Society of Bengal invited Tessitori to join its Linguistic Survey of India. He was tasked by Sir George Grierson to lead the Bardic and Historical Survey of Rajputana. He arrived in 1914 and stayed in Rajputana for five years. He translated and commented upon the medieval chronicles and poems of Rajasthan, several of which he had earlier studied at Florence's national library.

He was also a folk musician, and made several recordings with Brenda Wootton (e.g. Crowdy Crawn), as well as a poet and writer in Cornish itself under the bardic name of "Gelvinak". Gendall founded Teere ha Tavaz, an organisation which seeks to promote the Cornish language in its Modern Cornish or Curnoack Nowedga variety. It is also a small publisher on, and in, the Cornish language.

Among the last of the true bardic poets were Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig (c. 1580–1652) and Dáibhí Ó Bruadair (1625–1698). The Irish poets of the late 17th and 18th centuries moved toward more modern dialects. Among the most prominent of this period were Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta, Peadar Ó Doirnín, Art Mac Cumhaigh, Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, and Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill.

Thomas Shaw was an English author and historian, born in Manchester in 1916Library Hub Discover who spent twenty-two years in Cornwall as a Methodist minister. He is best known as the author of many books on Cornish Methodism. In 1961 he was made a bard of the Cornish Gorsedd taking the bardic name 'Ystoryer Methysyeth' in recognition of his studies in Cornish Methodism.

In 1777 he returned to Wales, where he married and tried farming, but without success. During this time he produced his first forgeries. Williams's son, Taliesin (bardic name, Taliesin ab Iolo), whom he had named after the early medieval bard Taliesin, later went on to collect his manuscripts in 26 volumes, a selection being published as the Iolo Manuscripts by the Welsh Manuscripts Society in 1848.

Retrieved 11 June 2009. (For the United States, see WayBackMachine). This work, published in two volumes in 1862 and 1874, was claimed to be a translation of works by Llywelyn Siôn, detailing the history of the Welsh bardic system from its ancient origins to the present day. Though it contains nothing of authentic Druidic lore, it is the fullest account of the mystical cosmology Williams developed.

Feargal O B lecture Secondly, it is unusual because of its focus on the poet as a prominent character. Tromdámh Guaire was notably produced by an author who was outside the circle of professional poets, but who knew of the Bardic Order and the tradition of professional poets. This is apparent when reading the text.Ó Coileáin, Seán, “The making of Tromdám Guaire”, Ériu 28 (1977): 32–70.

Dafydd Alaw () was a Welsh poet about whom little is known. He is thought to have been a native of the Isle of Anglesey and a bardic disciple of Lewys Môn (as he commemorated him in an elegy).(NLW MS. (1553) Llanst. MSS. (123, 125, and 133) His surviving works () are mainly cywyddau and awdlau which praise members of some of the principal county families of Anglesey.

The sisters recorded and transcribed songs by Irish singers, then publishing articles and musical scores in The Journal of Irish Folk Song. In 1910 Fox visited the east coast of America where the New York branch of the Irish Folk Song Society was formed. "The Bardic Recital" was produced on 16 March at the National Theatre, Washington. Fox collected and arranged the music for the play.

The picture of Caradog Roberts (as above) is on the reverse of this postcard. Rachie, frequently sung to the hymn I Bob Un Sydd Ffyddlon, is a Welsh hymn tune. The music was composed by Caradog Roberts, with lyrics by Henry Lloyd, who is better known by his bardic name Ap Hefin. The lyrics are a call to battle, as can be seen with the English translation.

Aodh mac Diarmada Mac an Bhaird, Irish poet, 1200–1600. Aodh was a member of the Mac an Bhaird bardic family of County Galway and County Donegal. Only one extant poem Le héanmhnaoi cuirthear clú ban, has been safely attributed to Aodh. It begins: Le héanmhnaoi cuirthear clú ban a clú ó choimmeas ga cur; ní ríomh do-chóidh ar a crodh; i ndíol sgol is dóigh a dhul.

"Play" means they can perform any song they choose, either specific to the current topic or mood, or deliberately different from the current topic or mood. The advantage of the bardic circle is that it has a clear structure, which enforces politeness. It ensures everyone in the circle gets their turn so that even shy people can have a chance to request or perform. There are disadvantages, however.

Hugh Hughes), University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter The Reverend Thomas Price (2 October 1787 – 7 November 1848) (known by the bardic name of Carnhuanawc) was a historian and a major Welsh literary figure of the early 19th century. Price was also "an essayist, orator, naturalist, educationalist, linguist, antiquarian, artist and musician". He contributed to learned and popular journals and was a leading figure in the revival of the Eisteddfod.

Lewis Morris Lewis Morris (2 March 1701 - 11 April 1765) was a Welsh hydrographer, antiquary, poet and lexicographer, the eldest of the Morris brothers of Anglesey. Lewis Morris was the eldest son of Morris ap Rhisiart Morris, a farmer, of Llanfihangel-Tre'r-Beirdd in Anglesey. His bardic name was Llewelyn Ddu o Fôn ("Black Llewelyn [Lewis] of Anglesey"). The correspondence between him and his younger brothers is a valuable historical source.

Richard Davies (Mynyddog)Richard Davies (Mynyddog) (10 January 1833 – 14 July 1877) was a popular Welsh-language poet, singer, and Eisteddfod conductor. The original source of the name Mynyddog is from Newydd Fynyddog, a hill near his home. Another submission is the name comes from Mynyddog Mwynfawr, a character in an early Welsh poem. Use of an adopted Welsh-language pseudonym or bardic name (ffug enw) is common among Welsh poets.

A fund was raised to provide a memorial for his grave in honour of his Welsh patriotism in St Thomas' Church, Rhyl, Flintshire. Two headstones mark his grave: an Imperial War Graves Commission headstone under the name, Lt Col A. O. Vaughan, with the badge of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and a Celtic cross honouring his achievements for the Welsh under his bardic name Owen Roscomyl.

It was most probably compiled by Murchadh (Riabhach) Ó Cuindlis of Ballaghdacker, at Duniry between the years 1408 and 1411. Duniry — Dún Daighre, Dún Doighre — in eastern Clanricarde (now east County Galway) is situated south-east of the town of Loughrea, and in the medieval era was home to a branch of the bardic Clann Mac Aodhagáin (the MacEgans), who served as brehons for the O'Connors of Clanricarde.

Dafydd Iwan is the elder brother of politician Alun Ffred Jones. His paternal grandfather, Fred Jones, was a member of the Bardic family Teulu'r Cilie, and a founding member of Plaid Cymru. He spent most of his youth in Bala in Gwynedd before attending the University of Wales, Cardiff where he studied architecture. He rose to fame as a singer-songwriter, writing and playing folk music in the Welsh language.

He was made a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd in 1996 taking the Bardic name Scryfer Gwaryow ('Writer of Plays'). While recovering from a stroke that he suffered in January 2001, Nick Darke was diagnosed with terminal cancer and died, aged 56, in June 2005. A unique beach funeral ceremony was followed by burial in St Eval churchyard. His son Henry and wife Jane Darke continued his legacy in film.

Pushkina has an advanced education and has worked as a lecturer of English and Spanish. She is a close friend of Alexander Gradsky, ad co- wrote the rock opera "Stadion" ("Stadium") with him in 1985. Pushkina was interested in rock music and bardic poetry from a young age. She wrote her first song lyric in 1970, Everyone Must Fish The Sun Out Of The Water Once for Alexander Kutikov.

Eben FarddEbenezer Thomas (August 1802 - 17 February 1863), better known to Welsh speakers by his bardic name of Eben Fardd, was a Welsh teacher and poet. Monument to Ebenezer Thomas, Clynnog, c.1885 Eben Fardd was born in Llanarmon, Caernarvonshire, the son of a weaver, and educated at local schools. His elder brother, William, was a schoolmaster, and when William died, Eben Fardd took over his school at Llangybi.

The Gorsedd of Brittany in 1906As a result of the group's work, the Gorsedd of Brittany was created August 31, 1900 in Guingamp, following a meeting of the URB. Following Welsh examples, the group sought to revive Celtic bardic traditions. Each participant adopted a pseudonym and the title of bard. The members of Gorsedd promoted Breton culture either in the sections of the URB, or in the Gorsedd itself.

Camille Le Mercier d'Erm (1888 in Rennes - 1978 in Dinard) was a French poet, historian and Breton nationalist. He later adopted the neo-Bardic name Kammermor. He is also known as Kamil Ar Merser 'Erm, the Breton language form of his name. His work as a poet and historian is marked by nationalist claims and calls to rebellion against the French state on the model of Irish nationalism.

He was also made a Fellow of UWIC (University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, now [Cardiff Metropolitan University]) and a Paul Harris Fellow with Rotary International. In 2007,he became a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Mid Glamorgan and was promoted to Vice Lord Lieutenant in 2012. He retired from the post in 2017. In 2008 he was accepted into the National Eisteddfod of Wales 'Gorsedd y Beirdd' – Bardic Circle.

Pwllheli () is a market town and community of the Llŷn Peninsula () in Gwynedd, north-western Wales. It had a population of 4,076 in 2011Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Gwynedd Retrieved 14 January 2010 of whom a large proportion, 81%, are Welsh speaking.Cyngor Gwynedd Pwllheli is the place where Plaid Cymru was founded. It is the birthplace of the Welsh poet Sir Albert Evans-Jones (bardic name Cynan).

A bronze statue of Hedd Wyn, dressed as a shepherd, was unveiled by his mother in the centre of the village in 1923. It bears an englyn which Hedd Wyn had written in memory of a slain friend, Tommy Morris. Evans' bardic chair is on permanent display at his family's hill farm near Trawsfynydd. Yr Ysgwrn has been preserved just as it was in 1917 by the poet's nephew, Gerald Williams.

A few of these, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220. continued until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry.

The next recorded eisteddfods were held in Carmarthen between 1451 and 1453, by the powerful nobleman of the area, Gruffudd ap Nicholas. He wanted to emulate the Lord Rhys and, probably as a bard himself, wanted to strengthen the bardic tradition. A 'Cadair Arian' (Silver Chair) was awarded as a prize, to a bard from Flintshire. At the next recorded eisteddfods, in the 16th century, chairs were again awarded as prizes.

Rod Lyon was born in Cornwall and trained as a civil engineer. After spending some early years at sea, he worked until retirement as a Local Government Officer. He was the Grand Bard of the Gorseth Kernow between 2003-2006 with the bardic name of "Tewennow". His involvement in Cornish matters revolves mainly around the development of the Cornish language, which includes work on the radio and writing.

She was one of Brychan's famous twenty-four children. A pitched battle occurred which was only stopped by the intervention of King Arthur and Cai and Bedwyr who supported Gwynllyw and his warband in the battle. This tale of abduction seems similar to elements in the tale Culhwch and Olwen and other Arthurian stories indicating it originated in bardic stories. This is the earliest reference to Arthur in a Saint's life.

Many of the Gaelic texts are of Irish provenance, and in the case of bardic poetry, Irish poems outnumber Scottish poems 44 to 21. The patrons of the manuscript appear to have been the Campbells of Glen Orchy, and the manuscript itself includes some of the poetry of Duncan Campbell (Donnchadh Caimbeul) of Glen Orchy. The manuscript currently lies in the National Library of Scotland, as Adv. 72.1.37.

As a poet he used the bardic name of Gwallter Mechain. In 1807 he became vicar of Manafon, where he remained for 30 years and did most of his literary work. From there he wrote an introduction (Y Rhagymadrodd) to the Middleton psalms in January 1827, and explained about their poetry. He arranged for them to be published by Robert Jones in Llanfair Caereinion in Montgomeryshire in 1827.

In MacKay's book James Logan notes: "This piobaireachd, so unlike all others, is evidently from its style, of very high antiquity. We have not been able to procure any satisfactory account of Cumhadh Craobh nan teud, which is usually translated, "Lament for the Harp Tree", i.e. the tree of strings. It strikes us that this is a bardic expression for the instrument itself, as we should say "the Bag of Pipes.

The Friends of Bude Sea Pool was created in 2011 to secure its future. In 2018, the "Bude Tunnel", a 70-metre Perspex walkway at the Bude Sainsbury's supermarket site was mentioned in the national press after becoming the town's top-rated attraction on TripAdvisor. In 2020, Bude will host the Gorsedh Kernow (a festival of Cornish culture and bardic ceremony) as it did in 1961, 1975, and 1993.

In general, the texts are non-religious, mostly about love, longing, bardic praise of the king, chieftain or patron and such topics. They occasionally mention reverence or include lines alluding to Hindu gods (particularly Murugan), goddesses, Vedas, Puranic legends and temples. The Paripaatal is a notable exception. This is a collection of devotional poems (bhakti), which are set to music and written primarily about Thirumal (Vishnu), Murugan and the river Vaigai.

Domhnall Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1446) was an Irish poet. A brother of Maeleachlainn Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1429) and a son of An Clasach Ó Cobhthaigh (died 1415), Ó Cobhthaigh was a member of a hereditary bardic family. However, he was also famous as a soldier. One of his surviving poems, T'aire riot, a mheic Mhurchaidh – addressed to the Mac Murchadha Caomhánach – urges the men of Leinster to resist the Anglo-Irish.

Hank Williams, 1951 The concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument. After the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving.

It is recorded in several poetic and bardic sources, although its borders are not described in any of them. A recent archaeological discovery suggests that its stronghold was located in what is now Galloway in Scotland rather than, as was previously speculated, being in Cumbria. Rheged possibly extended into Lancashire and other parts of northern England. In some sources, Rheged is intimately associated with the king Urien Rheged and his family.

The Tomara (also called Tomar in modern vernaculars because of schwa deletion) dynasty who ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana in India during 8th-12th century. Their rule over this region is attested to by multiple inscriptions and coins. In addition, much of the information about them comes from medieval bardic legends, which are not historically reliable. They were displaced by the Chahamanas of Shakambhari in 12th century.

Evan Evans (20 May 1731 - 4 August 1788) (bardic name ', also known as ') was a Welsh language poet, clergyman, antiquary and literary critic. Evans, son of Jenkin Evans, was born at Cynhawdref, in the parish of Lledrod, Cardiganshire. He received his education at the grammar school of Ystrad Meurig, under the scholar and poet Edward Richard. He moved to Oxford, and entered Merton College in 1751 but left without graduating.

Rhys Nanmor (fl. 1480–1513) was a Welsh language poet who lived in Nanmor, near Beddgelert in North Wales. Among his surviving work is a prophecy to King Henry VII of England and an elegy on the death of Arthur, Prince of Wales, who died in 1502. Rhys was a family poet of Sir Rhys ap Thomas, and is thought to have been the bardic pupil of Dafydd Nanmor.

Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird, fl. 1670, was an Irish poet. A son of Laoiseach Mac an Bhaird, Diarmaid was a member of the Clann Mac an Bhaird and one of the last classically trained bardic file (poet). He appears to have lived in what is now County Monaghan though he clearly had associations with Clandeboye, as a poem he addressed to Cormac Ó Neill is preserved in Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe.

In these schools the fundamentals of being a bard were taught and often students would have to compose overnight so as to not be able to write things down, therefore keeping the oral tradition alive. The next morning they would be allowed to write them down, perform them, and critique their compositions. Overall, these schools were at least partly responsible for keeping the bardic tradition alive into the modern era.

At 21 he won the bardic chair at the Tredegar Eisteddfod for his awdl on "Virtue" (Rhinwedd). He was also competent at the art of composing cynghanedd. From 1886-8 he studied at Bala Independent College, before becoming minister of Bwlchgwyn and Llandegla (1888–91), and then Pant Teg, Ystalyfera (1891-1926). One of his congregation at Ystalyfera was Mary Jane Evans, of whom he later edited a memoir.

Rafferty studied Classics at the University of Edinburgh before moving to England in 1948. Rafferty's poetic work is squarely within the Anglo-American modernist tradition, reflecting variously the influence of traditional English lyric, Celtic bardic poetry, balladry, and popular song. Rafferty's poetry has been praised by Sorley MacLean, Ted Hughes, Michael Morpurgo and Hugh MacDiarmid and was posthumously published in collections by the poetry presses Carcanet and Etruscan.

He attempts repeatedly to capture Llew and Tegid, and kills the bardic council along with hundreds of innocents in his campaign to rule. Eventually he catches up with Llew and his followers, where he tries once and for all to eliminate his rival. In the process he is killed himself when he falls into the corrupting waters of the lake surrounding Llew's stronghold and dies an agonizing death.

The following is an example of a bardic poem from the translations of Osborn Bergin: > Consolations > > Filled with sharp dart-like pens > Limber tipped and firm, newly trimmed > Paper cushioned under my hand > Percolating upon the smooth slope > The leaf a fine and uniform script > A book of verse in ennobling Goidelic. > > I learnt the roots of each tale, branch > Of valour and the fair knowledge, > That I may recite in learned lays > Of clear kindred stock and each person's > Family tree, exploits of wonder > Travel and musical branch > Soft voiced, sweet and slumberous > A lullaby to the heart. > > Grant me the gladsome gyre, loud > Brilliant, passionate and polished > Rushing in swift frenzy, like a blue edged > Bright, sharp-pointed spear > In a sheath tightly corded; > The cause itself worthy to contain. > > Anonymous An example of a bardic poet can also be seen in the novel The Year of the French (1979) by Thomas Flanagan.

Bappa Rawal, also spelled as "Bappa Raval", (c. 8th century) was a ruler of the Mewar region in Rajasthan, India. The bardic chronicles describe him as a member of the Guhila (Gahlot) clan of Rajputs (and thus an ancestor of the Sisodia dynasty), and some of these consider him as the founder of the Guhila dynasty. Different historians have identified him with various rulers of the Guhila dynasty, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khumana.

Traditionally, the Nonconformists had not been comfortable at all with the idea of warfare. The war saw a major clash within Welsh Nonconformism between those who backed military service and those who adopted Christian pacifism. Statue of Hedd Wyn in his home village of Trawsfynydd. The most famous Welsh language war poet remains Private Ellis Humphrey Evans of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, who is best known under his bardic name of Hedd Wyn.

Nathaniel Jones (19 April 1832 – 14 December 1905) was a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist minister and poet. Nathaniel Jones took his bardic name of "Cynhafal" from his birthplace of Llangynhafal, near Ruthin in Denbighshire, where the church is dedicated to Saint Cynhafal. He worked as a tailor, and later as a sales assistant, before becoming a preacher in 1859. He went on to the Calvinistic Methodist College at Bala, becoming a minister at Penrhyndeudraeth in 1865.

Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel (fl. 1470 - 1500) was a Welsh language poet from Powys. The son of poet and rebel Llywelyn ab y Moel, twenty six of Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel's cywyddau are extant. An English translation of Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel's ode (number 11), in praise of Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd o Fachelldref, is given at Welsh-Border Surnames from 'ab Edmond' where it is entitled "Bardic Poem".

Similarly, a surname derived from a patronym, may be used by numerous unconnected families descended from a like-named individual (for example, the bardic family of the surname MacEwan employed by the Campbells are not connected to the MacEwens of Otter). Historian C.I Fraser of Reelig stated in his history of the Clan Munro that the bond between clansman and chief cannot in every instance have been that of a common blood.

TNT broadcast feature films, documentaries, series (including soap operas), talk and game shows, videos of Russian and foreign musicians, musical programs (including concerts by bardic musicians), comedy, news, children's entertainment and educational programs, and cartoons. Within its first five years, sports programs were also frequently shown. The NTV Plus satellite service participated in the channel's founding. TNT was intended to compete with STS and NTV, presenting little-known videos from European and American companies.

They provided political and social commentary and satire and are a good example of a bardic tradition, akin to that in medieval Europe or, more recently, the role calypsos played in the West Indies. As song lyrics in Tibet usually contained stanzas of 4 lines of 6 syllables each, the lyrics could be easily adapted to almost any melody.Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1982). Lhasa Street Songs: Political and Social Satire in Traditional Tibet.

Among the distinguishing features of the Feri tradition is the use of a specific Feri power or energetic current. Feri witches often see themselves as "fey": outside social definitions and intentionally living within paradox. They believe that much of reality is unseen, or at least has uncertain boundaries. Within the tradition there is a deep respect for the wisdom of nature, a love of beauty, and an appreciation of bardic and mantic creativity.

Jenner and Nance formed the first Old Cornwall Society in St Ives in 1920, with Jenner as its president. Its motto was "Cuntelleugh an Brewyon us Gesys na vo Kellys Travyth". By 1924, there were sufficient Old Cornwall Societies to for a Federation, with Jenner as its president and Nance as its recorder. 1928 saw Jenner made a bard of the Welsh Gorsedd under the Cornish translation, Gwas Myghal, of his Breton bardic name.

His bardic name was Catwg. Through The Red Dragon, Wilkins intended to reach a growing public literate in English but with little knowledge of Wales and "to make known to the greater English world the characteristics and aims of the Welsh people and the beauties of their language and literature". James Harris took over the editorship in July 1885. Also from Merthyr Tydfil, he was previously a journalist and contributor to the magazine.

One of Morganwg's "peithynen" frames containing his "bardic" alphabet Whitfield sought evidence that the markings were Welsh in origin. In 1998, the stone was examined by authors Baram Blackett and Alan Wilson, who asserted that the inscription was medieval Welsh. Blackett and Wilson have also claimed to have found the grave of King Arthur and the Ark of the Covenant."Historians Battle over Arthurian Intrigue", Evening Chronicle, Newcastle, England, June 12, 2008, p.30.

Born and brought up in South Uist he spent his teenage years in the Oban area where he was taught by Iain Crichton Smith at Oban High School. He graduated with Double Honours in Politics and History from Edinburgh University, after which he worked in the media. In 2001 he was awarded the Bardic Crown for Gaelic poetry and a Creative Scotland Award. The following year he was given a Creative Scotland Award for Literature.

Loomis, Roger Sherman, 1963, reprinted 1991. p 85 Fionn mac Cumhaill, for example, was a high-born son, first named Demne, deliberately reared deep in the forest, away from the threat of arms, spent his childhood hunting in this forest and at last came upon the home of a great lord where he was given the name Fionn, or Fair.Rolleston, T. W. 1910. The High Deeds of Finn and other Bardic Romances of Ancient Ireland.

Huw Cae Llwyd (c.1431 - c.1504) was a Welsh language poet from Llandderfel in the Dee valley of Merioneth as he witnessed in his Cywydd y Wennol (Poem to the Swallow). Early in his life he travelled to south east Wales, where he sang the bardic praises of the Uchelwyr or leading families, the Gams, Havards, Vaughans and Herberts, enjoying their wealthy patronage in houses such as Llinwent, Pontwilym, Berthir, Tretower, Mitchel Troy.

Amongst his greatest works for the piano is the Fantasia On Favorite Airs From Meyerbeer's Opera "Les Huguenots", Op. 75. Although not Welsh-speaking, he was a patron of the National Eisteddfod of Wales and gave encouragement to Welsh music students. He used the bardic name "Pencerdd Towy", and supported Lady Llanover in her efforts to popularise the triple harp. Brinley Richards died at his home in Kensington, London, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Aed mac Conchbair Mac Aodhagáin (1330-1359) was an Irish bard. Mac Aodhagáin was a member of a bardic family who originated from Park, in north County Galway. He was a scribe of Leabhar Ua Maine (The Book of Uí Maine), and based in Dún Daighre, (Duniry), County Galway, and was an ollamh in law for the Clanricarde. His genealogy was Aed mac Conchbair mac Gilla na Naem mic Duinn Sleibhe Mac Aodhagáin .

In theory the lands of Irish poets were held sacrosanct and could not be despoiled during warfare or raiding.Mangan, p, 9. Other members of the family were ecclesiastics: monks, abbots and bishops; they often combined their church roles with the production of religious poetry. The Irish bardic poet was often intimately involved in dynastic politics and warfare, a number of the Ó Dálaigh died violent deaths, or caused the violent deaths of others;Mangan, pp.

According to Gordon, a force of Munros and Dingwalls overtook the mentioned clans and fought them at "Bealligh-ne-Broig", between Ferrin-Donald and Loch Broom. Gordon stated that "Clan-Iver", "Clantalvich" and "Clan Laive" were "utterlie extinguished and slain". The Letterfearn manuscript, written in the late 17th century, contains a bardic story concerning the "battle of the brogues". The story runs that Euphame of Ross wished to marry Mackenzie, despite his refusals.

He participated in all stages of the creation of the Gorsedd of Brittany, of which he was Archdruid from 1903 to 1933, using the bardic name Kaledvoulc'h. He occasionally participated in Emile Masson's journal Brug. Much of his writing is imbued with pantheist ideas. In 1906 Berthou and Jean Le Fustec published Eur to gir of rear Varzed, Triades des druides de Bretagne,Triadon, Eur gir d’ar Varzed, Triades des duides de Bretagne, Paris, Bib.

Irish missionaries founded monasteries outside Ireland, such as Iona Abbey, the Abbey of St Gall in Switzerland, and Bobbio Abbey in Italy. Common to both the monastic and the secular bardic schools were Irish and Latin. With Latin, the early Irish scholars "show almost a like familiarity that they do with their own Gaelic".MacManus, p 221 There is evidence also that Hebrew and Greek were studied, the latter probably being taught at Iona.

Church and graveyard in Ardcath Ardcath () is a small village in County Meath, Ireland. The surrounding villages include Garristown, Clonalvy, Duleek, Battramstown, Bellewstown and Stamullen. Ardcath means "height of the battle" in Irish, and refers to a battle (recorded in the Book of Howth) fought in Bardic history between the Kings of Ireland, and Fionn McCool and the Fianna. The Kings gathered on the hill of Garristown and the Fianna on the hill of Ardcath.

Edward StephenEdward Jones Stephen (also Stephens; December 1822 - 10 May 1885), often known by his bardic name of Tanymarian, was a Welsh musician, singer and composer, mainly of hymns and songs. He was born in Maentwrog, Merionethshire, into a musical family. He went to school at Penralltgoch and was then apprenticed to his brother, William. He began preaching and in 1843 he went to the Congregational college at Bala to train as a minister.

A car park run by the National Trust is a popular starting point for walks up Cwm Bychan or along the Aberglaslyn. The village is perhaps most famous for being the home of Dafydd Nanmor, a renowned 15th century bard (died c. 1490), who took his name from the hamlet, as did Rhys Nanmor after him. Dafydd Nanmor himself was possibly a bardic student of Rhys Goch, who lived at neighbouring Hafod Garegog.

David John Thomas (15 April 1881 - 13 May 1928), often known by his bardic name of "Afan", was a Welsh composer, conductor, and organist. Thomas is remembered mainly for his hymn tunes and songs such as "Drosom ni" and "Cymru fach i mi". His other works include a cantata, "Merch y Llyn" ("Lady of the Lake"), and a choral work, "He Fell Among Thieves", a setting of the famous poem by Sir Henry Newbolt.

Eluned Phillips (27 October 1914 – 10 January 2009) was the only woman to win the bardic crown at the National Eisteddfod of Wales twice, a feat she accomplished in 1967 at Bala and 1983 at Llangefni.BBC Wales Phillips was born in Cenarth, on the same day that Dylan Thomas was born in Swansea. She knew Thomas well, but did not number him among her close friends. Her friends included Augustus John and Edith Piaf.

Richard explored numerous professions, from being a painter and decorator, an insurance salesman, and a World War II merchant seaman to being a teacher at Pont-y-Gof primary school, in Botwnnog. As a poet, he has won many bardic chairs, but never the National Eisteddfod. Many collections of his work have been published, including Hanes Y Daith and a book about space. He was a renowned writer of the englyn form.

Colin Tommis (born 1958) is a Welsh composer, songwriter, session guitarist and teacher. He is chairman of the European Guitar Teachers Association (EGTA). His guitar music has been published by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, Chanterelle, Corda Music, Mel Bay and Bardic Edition. Tommis started playing in folk music circles in the 1970s before joining the Ian Campbell Folk Group, with whom he worked from 1977 to 1982.

Rev. John Dyfnallt Owen Rev. John Dyfnallt Owen (7 April 1873 – 28 December 1956) was a Welsh poet, and served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1954 until his death. He was often known simply by his bardic name, "Dyfnallt". Owen was born in Llangiwg, Glamorgan, the son of Daniel and Angharad Owen, and was brought up by his grandparents because of the death of his mother when he was an infant.

The townland name is an anglicisation of the Gaelic placename ‘Coill Uí Lionáin’ which means “O’Lenan’s Wood”, which possibly belonged to a member of the Uí Lionán family who were a bardic family from County Fermanagh. Alternative meanings that have been suggested are ‘Wood of the Fishing-bank’ or Coill an Líonáin meaning ‘The Wood of the Gorge’. The 1609 Ulster Plantation map spells the name as Colelenan. A 1610 grant spells it Cowlynan.

Elfed's literary output was prolific: he wrote essays, historical treaties, obituaries, devotional works and poetry. He won the National Eisteddfod Crown consecutively in 1888 (Wrexham) and 1889 (Brecon), and the Chair in 1894 (Caernarfon). He was inaugurated into the bardic order of the Gorsedd in 1888 and enthroned as its Archdruid in 1924, a position which he held until 1928. Elfed's greatest contribution to Welsh literature was in the field of hymnody and hymnology.

Bedo Hafesp () was a Welsh poet from Montgomeryshire. A large scale eisteddfod, festival of traditional bardic crafts, was held for the second time in 1568 at Caerwys, as authorized by Queen Elizabeth I. Hafesp was a top ranked competitor there. He wrote poems about important community members, including memorials to Siôn Gruffydd of Llŷn (1585) and Dafydd ap Dafydd Llwyd. His surname was derived from a place, Aberhafesp, a parish in Montgomeryshire.

Belonging to Donal's household was the blind harper Conchubhar Mac Conghalaigh, for whom the lament Torchoir ceól Cloinne Cathoil was composed by the bardic poet Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte.Ua Súilleabháin and Donnelly Both Donal and the Lady Joanna are mentioned in the poem, where her grief for the harper is described (12th stanza): Also mentioned is Dáire Cerbba, 4th century progenitor of the Uí Fidgenti and more famous Uí Liatháin. The O'Donovans belong to the former.

Brahms's ballades are arranged in two pairs of two, the members of each pair being in parallel keys. The first ballade was inspired by a Scottish poem "Edward" found in a collection Stimmen der Völker in ihren Liedern compiled by Johann Gottfried Herder. It is also one of the best examples of Brahms's bardic or Ossianic style; its open fifths, octaves, and simple triadic harmonies are supposed to evoke the sense of a mythological past. # D minor.

Dùthchas Nan Gàidheal, 2006, p.60 Of those stories that can be related to historical events, most appear to refer to events during the 1646 campaign in Kintyre.Stevenson, 1980, p.220 Even less dramatic contemporary descriptions give Mac Colla's height as over 6 feet, with a targe "as big as a door" (though this may be a misunderstanding of the bardic phrase "door of battle" meaning a shield or targe, a metaphor for their plied wood construction).

Between the reigns of Kings of Connacht Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg (973–1010) and Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1106–1156), various tribal territories were incorporated into the kingdom of Connacht and ruled by the Siol Muirdaig dynasty, based initially at Rathcroghan in County Roscommon, and from 1050 at Tuam. The families of O'Malley and O'Dowd of Mayo served as admirals of the fleet of Connacht, while families such as O'Lachtnan, Mac Fhirbhisigh, and O'Cleary were ecclesiastical and bardic clans.

Treboeth is a suburb and historical village in the Mynydd-Bach ward of Swansea, Wales. Gwyrosydd Primary School and Welsh language primary school Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Tirdeunaw are located in Treboeth. Gwyrosydd was the Bardic name of Treboeth-born Daniel James, author of the popular Welsh language hymn Calon Lân, which is often sung in rugby matches, Welsh religious ceremonies and other events.Mynyddbach Chapel The Swansea-Builth Wells National Cycle Route 43 passes through the village.

In the period spent in Ostend he commissioned the writing of two manuscripts, a collection of Fenian Lays, Duanaire Finn, and a collection of bardic poetry, The Book of O'Connor Donn. The collection of Lays in Duanaire Finn, written by the scribe and soldier Aodh Ó Dochartaigh in 1627, was published by Dr Eoin Mac Néill and Gerard Murphy in three volumes between 1908 and 1953. Both books were bequeathed by Mac Domhnail to the Irish College in Leuven.

Jane Williams, circa 1870 Jane Williams (1 February 1806 - 15 March 1885) was a Welsh writer, often known by her bardic name of Ysgafell. She is sometimes confused with her contemporary, Maria Jane Williams. She was born in Chelsea, the daughter of a naval official. She spent her youth in the family seat of Neuadd Felen, near Talgarth, where she developed an interest in Welsh history, literature and folklore, and associated with Augusta Hall, Lady Llanover.

The Paramara dynasty (IAST: Paramāra) was an Indian dynasty that ruled Malwa and surrounding areas in west-central India between 9th and 14th centuries. The medieval bardic literature classifies them among the Agnivanshi Rajput dynasties. The dynasty was established in either 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th century ruler Siyaka, have been found in Gujarat.

Over the course of several centuries, an evolving genealogical dogma created by the bardic viewed all Irish as descendants of Míl Espáine. This ignored variant traditions, including those recorded in their own works. The reasons behind the doctrine's adoption is rooted in the policies of dynastic and political propaganda. The doctrine dates from the 10th–12th centuries, as demonstrated in the works of Eochaid ua Flainn (936–1004); Flann Mainistrech (died 25 November 1056); Tanaide (died c.

In August 2014, the Welsh Memorial Park, Ypres was unveiled at Pilckem Ridge near Ypres. The war memorial stands close to the spot where Hedd Wyn was mortally wounded in July 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele. To mark the 100th anniversary of his death, a Bardic chair was made to celebrate the life of Hedd Wyn. It was presented to the Welsh Government at a special service of remembrance at Birkenhead Park in September 2017.

Maerad and Cadvan continue the search for the Treesong, the key to Maerad's destiny, while fleeing from Enkir, the First Bard of Norloch, who had broken Milana, Maerad's mother, and sold them both into slavery. Maerad and Cadvan sail with a friend called Owan d'Aroki to the Mycenean Greece-like island of Thorold. Enkir sends a sea serpent in pursuit, which the two Bards kill. Having arrived on the island, they enter the Bardic School of Busk.

The Letterfearn manuscript, written in the late 17th century, contains a bardic story concerning the "battle of the brogues". However, Euphemia I, Countess of Ross had died by 1398 and Euphemia II, Countess of Ross had died by 1424. The generally accepted date of the Battle of Bealach nam Broig is 1452 which therefore casts doubt on the story written in the Letterfearn manuscript. The story runs that Euphame of Ross wished to marry Mackenzie, despite his refusals.

Bert Biscoe is a traditional musician and poet, specialising in Cornish folk music, some of which is in the Cornish language. Some of his audio works have been collected into a compilation titled "An Kynsa". He was created a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedh in 1995 for services to Cornwall with the bardic name Viajor Gans Geryow, and has been a member of the Council of the Gorsedh since 2009. He is the author of several books of poetry.

Berthou became closely associated with neo-Druidic and Celticist movements, writing poetry in the Breton language. As part of the Aryanist ideologies of the era, he studied the links between ancient Celtic (Brythonic and Gaelic) culture and Hinduism. His esoterism linked him with various Masonic and Aryanist groups. Along with Morvan Marchal and others he participated in the Kredenn Geltiek (Celtic Creed) Druidic group, adopting the bardic name Kerverziou, though also using the pseudonym "Iaktimagos Vissurix".

Arthur Ivan Rabey (1931 - 30 January 2008) was best known as a Cornish historian and author from St Columb Major in Cornwall. He was also a journalist, broadcaster and local politician. In 1974 he was created a bard of The Cornish Gorseth and took the bardic name "Gwas Colum" meaning servant of St Columb.Gorseth Kernow - The Gorseth of Cornwall: Byrth Noweth/New Bards, 1970-1979 He died on 21 January 2008, aged 76, following a long illness.

A few years later, in the town of Jackson, Ohio, he met Lewis William Lewis (known by his bardic name of 'Llew Llwyfo') of Penysarn, Llanwenllwyfo, Anglesey, Wales. Lewis was touring the Welsh communities of the US with a concert party he had brought over from Wales. Llew Llwyfo managed to persuade James Savage to give up his job in the mines and join the concert party, a decision which changed the course of his life.

While a pupil at Chigwell School, Essex, Williams taught himself Cornish and became a bard of the Cornish Gorseth while still in his teens, taking the bardic name Golvan ('Sparrow'). He read classical languages, English language and Celtic in Oxford. After short periods in the universities of Belfast (where he received his PhD) and Liverpool, he was appointed lecturer in Irish in University College Dublin in 1977. In 2006, he was appointed Associate Professor in Celtic Languages there.

"Bardd y Brenin" about 1900 Edward Jones (March 1752 – 18 April 1824) was a Welsh harpist, bard, performer, composer, arranger, and collector of music.Joan Rimmer, "Edward Jones's Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards, 1784: A Re-Assessment", The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 39 (September 1986), pp. 77-96 He was commonly known by the bardic name of "Bardd y Brenin", which he took in 1820, when King George IV, his patron, came to the throne.

The bardic legends state that the last Tomara king, Anangpal Tomar (also known as Anangapala), handed over the throne of Delhi to his son-in-law Prithviraj Chauhan (Prithviraja III of the Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari; r. c. 1179-1192 CE). However, this claim is not correct: the historical evidence shows that Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father Someshvara. According to the Bijolia inscription of Someshvara, his brother Vigraharaja IV had captured Dhillika (Delhi) and Ashika (Hansi).

As the English attacked one was killed instantly so they killed Cahir, the son of Tuathal on the spot. The castle was then surrendered to O’Donnell to spare the life of Turlough, the son of Felim Fin and another son of Tuathal Balbh.St. Lugadius Church of Ireland Church in Lifford. Sadly, Lifford Castle is no longer standing but here is a poem"The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó Huiginn (1550–1591)" CELT, the Corpus of Electronic Texts.

His brothers, T. F. Powys and Llewelyn Powys, were also successful writers. Many traditional rural trades such as basket making have survived, and many other crafts such as jewelry, leatherwork and pottery can be found at studios around the county. An annual competition for the Bard of Bath aims to find Bath's best poet, singer or storyteller. The Bard uses the title to develop artistic projects in the area and leads evening bardic walks around the city.

This is the scene in which the infatuated Boris smuggles Lidochka into her apartment on the crane. With its mock medieval melody, the parallel fifths in the bass line and the use of a horn solo, the orchestral introduction recalls a retrospective style, reminiscent of Yaroslavna's arioso from Borodin’s opera Prince Igor or the first bars of the “bardic” slow movement from Borodin's 2nd Symphony. For the Soviet audiences, the intonation of popular styles would have been immediately recognisable.

A slight variation occurs in the writings of Surya Malla Mishrana, the court poet of Bundi. In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request. According to the bardic tale of the Khichi clan of Chauhans, the Parwar (Paramara) was born from Shiva's essence; the Solankhi (Solanki) or Chaluk Rao (Chalukya) was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar (Parihar) was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan (Chauhan) was born from Agni, the fire.

Twelve bards were made, including Nance who took the bardic name Mordon ('Sea Wave'). In 1929, he published Cornish for All, a work which detailed a version of Cornish based on the Ordinalia and other mediaeval texts, creating the Unified Cornish spelling system and defining the next phase of the Revival. An Balores, the first play written in Unified Cornish, was written by Nance in 1932 and performed that year at the Celtic Congress meeting in Truro.

William John Gruffydd (1916 – 21 April 2011),"Poet WJ Gruffydd dies, aged 94" better known by his bardic name of Elerydd, was a Welsh Baptist minister and poet who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales between 1984 and 1987.National Museum of Wales Like all Archdruids, Elerydd was himself the winner of a major prize at the National Eisteddfod, in his case the crown at the Pwllheli Eisteddfod in 1955 and at Cardiff in 1960.

William Williams (4 January 1875 – 13 January 1968), better known by his bardic name of "Crwys", meaning "Cross", was a Welsh poet in the Welsh language. He served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1939 to 1947. Like all other Archdruids, Crwys had himself won several major prizes at the National Eisteddfod. He was a three-time winner of the crown: at Colwyn Bay in 1910, at Carmarthen in 1911, and at Corwen in 1919.

An advertisement for the Grand National Eisteddfod at Caernarvon, 1877 The National Museum of Wales says that "the history of the Eisteddfod may [be] traced back to a bardic competition held by the Lord Rhys in Cardigan Castle in 1176", and local Eisteddfodau have certainly been held for many years prior to the first national Eisteddfod. There have been multiple Eisteddfodau held on a national scale in Wales, such as the Gwyneddigion Eisteddfod of , the Provincial Eisteddfodau from 1819 to 1834, and the Abergavenny Eisteddfodau of 1835 to 1851, and The Great Llangollen Eisteddfod of 1858, but the National Eisteddfod of Wales as an organisation traces its history back to the first event held in 1861, in Aberdare. One of the most dramatic events in Eisteddfod history was the award of the 1917 chair to the poet Ellis Humphrey Evans, bardic name Hedd Wyn, for the poem Yr Arwr (The Hero). The winner was announced, and the crowd waited for the winner to stand up to accept the traditional congratulations before the chairing ceremony, but no winner appeared.

Filk music is most commonly performed in a gathering known as a Filk Circle. Similar to the Drum Circles and Bardic Circles found at SCA events and other fannish events, filk circles can be formed in any location where filkers gather. Filk circles are different from concert-style musical performances. Although filk music can also be performed in front of an audience, and there are concerts scheduled at filk conventions and science fiction conventions worldwide, filk circles are a more common occurrence.

According to the 15th century text Ekalinga Mahatmya (also called Ekalinga Purana), Bappa was the ninth descendant of the Guhila dynasty's founder Guhadatta. The text credits him with establishing the Mewar Kingdom in 728 CE, and with building the Eklingji temple. The Ekalinga Mahatmya and other bardic chronicles state that Bappa's father Nagaditya and all other male members of his family were killed in a battle with the Bhils of Idar. He remained in disguise, accompanied by his two loyal Bhil attendants.

Another writer, Zakaria Hitam was a notable Pahang-born scholar known for his collection of oral tradition of Pahang folklore. Prominent Malay folklore of Pahang origin, includes such bardic tales as the legends of Walinong Sari, Sang Kelembai, Seri Gumum Dragon and Seri Pahang. In 1957, the community of Pahang writers established Dewan Persuratan Melayu Pahang ('Institute of Pahang Malay Letters') as a platform to promote new generation of writers and to spread Pahang literary works to the Malaysian masses.

In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request. According to the bardic tale of the Khichi clan of Chauhans, the Puwar (Paramara) was born from Shiva's essence; the Solankhi (Solanki) or Chaluk Rao (Chaulukya) was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar (Parihar) was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan (Chauhan) was born from the fire. The myth also appears with some variations in the Sisana inscription of the Chauhans of Bedla, and the Khyat of Nainsi.

Evans-Jones altered the traditional rituals, which were based in 18th century Celtic Neo-paganism, to better reflect the Christian beliefs of the Welsh people. Rev. Evans-Jones, whom Alan Llwyd considers the greatest Welsh poet of the Great War, is best known under the bardic name of Cynan. Welsh poet Alan Llwyd's English translations of many poems by both poets appear in the volume Out of the Fire of Hell; Welsh Experience of the Great War 1914–1918 in Prose and Verse.

Exhibitors included FLGS (Friendly Local Game Stores) from Lexington (The Rusty Scabbard), Louisville (The Louisville Game Shop), Frankfort (Moonlite Comics), Richmond (Cosmic Oasis) and Cincinnati ; game publishers; artisans (e.g., Bardic Kitty) and craftspeople; CCG dealers; and numerous others. This expansion was in response to the early sell out of the Hall in 2014. One of the most popular exhibitors was local coffee company and convention sponsor, Magic Beans Coffee Roasters, whose presence was so well received they are expected to return in 2016.

In 2000 he was diagnosed with diabetes and ill-health plagued his later years. On 18 April 2007, it was announced that he had been readmitted to hospital following an operation to amputate two toes as a result of a diabetes-related infection, and his right leg was amputated below the knee. Because of the operation, Gravell was unable to continue his bardic duties as the Grand Sword Bearer. The ceremonial role was passed on to fellow international rugby union player Robin McBryde.

He was a Crown Court recorder from 1974 to 1988, and also sat as an arbitrator on the Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris. He was bilingual in Welsh and English, and took an active part in the Gorsedd, attending Eisteddfodau under the bardic name Pedr Conwy (Welsh: Peter from Conway). He married Tessa Dean in 1947. She was the daughter of actor and film and theatrical producer Basil Dean and his wife, Lady Mercy Greville.

In recognition of the contributions made in the Welsh-language, he was honoured as a member of the Gorsedd of the Bards at the National Eisteddfod in 1987 when he was appointed as an Ovate (green robes). Davies adopted Huw Llywelyn as his bardic name. He originally planned to take the name Huw Eic, as a nod to the patronymic naming system that had historically been commonplace in Wales, however his father objected. In 1994, he was promoted to a Druid (white robes).

In 1957 ASN ordered their first new ships, Bardic Ferry and Ionic Ferry in a rolling programme to replace the original fleet of LSTs. The ships were designed to carry both vehicles and container traffic, being equipped with their own electric cranes to handle the latter. In addition the main car deck was strengthened to take tanks in the event of the vessels being required for military service. The first of the LSTs to be withdrawn was the Empire Cedric in 1959.

Iolo called him Geraint Fardd Glas or Y Bardd Glas o'r Gadair ("the Blue Bard of the (Bardic) Chair") and associated him with his version of the early history of Morgannwg (Glamorgan). Iolo makes the figure of Geraint, otherwise unattested in Welsh manuscript sources or tradition, the inventor of cynghanedd and brother of king Morgan of Morgannwg. He even went so far as to equate him with Asser in the court of Alfred the Great. He invented numerous 'Sayings' etc.

Notable former vicars include the poets Gwallter Mechain and R. S. Thomas. Gwallter Mechain (Walter of Mechain) was the bardic name of Walter Davies (1761 – 1849), who was a Welsh poet, editor, translator, antiquary and Anglican clergyman, born Llanfechain, Montgomeryshire. He went studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received his MA in 1803. He was then awarded the living of Llanwyddelan and in 1807 became vicar of Manafon, where he remained for 30 years and did most of his literary work.

Following his unruly behavior at Parliament in 1586 he was kidnapped and imprisoned at Dublin Castle for 6 years. Both John and the Lord Deputy had hoped this would put an end to the growing popularity at home for Pilib's proposed annulment of the composition, but support for him only increased during his incarceration. His arrest also bred public resentment of John and bardic prose written during this time called for Pilib to be made king of East Breifne upon his release.

The ship was subsequently resold to the British firm J. Chambers & Co on 4 February 1947 and converted for mercantile service. The ship reappeared as Muncaster Castle in 1949 and was renamed Bardic in 1954. The vessel was sold to Ben Line Steamers in 1959 and renamed Ben Nevis (sometimes spelled as Bennevis). The vessel sailed under that name until she was sold for scrap and broken up at Kaoshiung, Taiwan on 11 June 1973 by Swie Horng Steel Enterprise Co.

Scodel's research focuses on Homer, Hesiod and Greek tragedy, and is particularly significant in her innovative applications of theoretical approaches such as narrative theory to ancient literature. She has also written more introductory works such as her Introduction to Greek Tragedy, which was well received. In 1998 Scodel's article “Bardic Performance and Oral Tradition in Homer,” won the Gildersleeve Prize (American Journal of Philology), for work described as "an important contribution not only to the reading of Homer but also to narratological theory".

This implies that in addition to the girl's human name, Maerad, and her Bardic name Elednor, she has another, Elidhu name, which Arkan does not know and therefore cannot use to control her as he uses the others. Ultimately, Maerad walks out of Arkan's stronghold and joins Ardina, who guides her to assume wolf's form. As wolves, the two escape, pursued by Arkan's stormdogs. Ardina delivers Maerad to the wolf pack who serve Inka-Reb and leaves her with them.

He became proficient and literate in Irish language, Latin, bardic tradition, and religious doctrine. Sometime in his adult life he moved to Clonmacnoise, the celebrated early Irish Christian monastery, taking the position of ecclesiastical Lector and "scribe of Clonmacnoise". Odhran belonged to the scholarly hierarchy of the church, otherwise called "", implying he was not in orders but rather trained in Christian learning. Odhran probably shared duties for scribing manuscripts, and his contributions if preserved over the centuries, would exist in the Irish Annals.

Son of William Williams, he was born at Betws Fawr in the parish of Llanystumdwy, Caernarfonshire. His father was a small freeholder, and he succeeded him in the occupation of Betws Fawr, moving, however, towards the end of his life to Mynachty in the same district. Williams was a home- loving farmer. A close friend and the bardic tutor of his neighbour David Owen (1784–1841) ("Dewi Wyn o Eifion"), he shared Owen's mistrust of the eisteddfod authorities of the day.

By the 13th century, having consolidated their rule over the Medapata (Mewar) region, the Guhilas came up with a new origin myth. Their post-13th century records and the subsequent bardic legends name the dynasty's founder as Bappa Rawal, who is not mentioned in the Atpur inscription. These accounts state that Bappa Rawal consolidated his rule with the blessings of the Pashupata sage Haritarashi. Different historians identify Bappa Rawal with different kings mentioned in the Atpur inscription, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khummana.

Denis Daly of Dunsandle, MP for Galway. A portrait by Joshua Reynolds. The name Denis was used as an anglicised approximation of Donnchadh The end of the prominence of the Gaelic-speaking nobility of Ireland, epitomised by the Flight of the Earls, in the early 17th century meant the social eclipse of those bardic families, such as the Ó Dálaigh, that depended on their patronage. The name Ó Dálaigh also changed, becoming anglicised to Daly, O'Daly, Dayley, Daley, Dailey or Dawley.

Rick Swan reviewed Ravenloft Monstrous Compendium Appendix II: Children of the Night for Dragon magazine #206 (June 1994). He commented on the proliferation of monster books from TSR and other publishers: "Role-players seem to have an insatiable appetite for monsters. The sound you hear is that of publishers scraping the bottom of the barrel for new ones." Swan noted that Children of the Night, by William W. Connors, adds living brains, bardic liches, and half-golems to the Ravenloft roster.

Kilclooney Castle was once the home of the Ó hUigín bardic family and was occupied by Domhnall Ó hUiginn in 1574. Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn refers to a school of poetry here in the 16th Century. It is stated that seventeen poets of Ulster's brightest progeny sought learning in Ceall Cluaine, while it is also reputed that students from Scotland may have studied there. Each student studied filíocht (poetry) for 12 years, in a school year lasting from November to March.

George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies. George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.

In the medieval period, the Gahadavalas were anachronistically classified as one of the Rajput clans, although the Rajput identity did not exist during their time. The bardic chronicles of Rajputana claim that the Rathore rulers of Jodhpur State descended from the family of the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra. For example, according to Prithviraj Raso, Rathore was an epithet of Jayachandra (Jaichand). The rulers of the Manda feudal estate, who described themselves as Rathore, traced their ancestry to Jayachandra's alleged brother Manikyachandra (Manik Chand).

These legends are mentioned in Akitti Jataka and in Tamil Buddhist epics. There is no direct mention of the sage, or Agattiyam text, in Tolkappiyam or the bardic poetry of the Sangam literature. Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam, which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar, is believed by various traditions to be one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar. Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that has survived.

So dominant did Tod's work become in the popular and academic mind that they largely replaced the older accounts upon which Tod based much of his content, notably the Prithvirãj Rãjo and the Nainsi ri Khyãt.Freitag (2009), p. 10. Kumar Singh, of the Anthropological Survey of India, has explained that the Annals were primarily based on "bardic accounts and personal encounters" and that they "glorified and romanticised the Rajput rulers and their country" but ignored other communities.Singh (1998), p. xvi.

Lakho Phulani is said to have introduced the grain called bajri, Pearl millet, to Kathiawar from a distant eastern country where he had gone on a foray. In that country the grain is said to have been called khardhan. There is a bardic couplet about this:The Gujardti runs : Balihari tari bajra, jena lamba pan; Ghode pankho aaviyo, buddha thaya javan. Lakho is said to have had an amour with a celebrated songstress called Dayi Dumri, about whom many legends are told.

And thus the bardic couplet:The Gujarati runs : Dhabale Lakho mariyo, Pabal pasayo ; Madhunlaye paarakho, gaando Gujjar raayo. Atkot then fell waste, but afterwards was repopulated by Ahirs. Then it fell under the Khumans of Kherdi State and afterwards formed a crown village of the Muslim domain of Sorath. On the extinction of the Muslim power it was conquered by the Lakhani Khachars and was wrested from them by the Jam of Navanagar State in the later part of the eighteenth century.

The Rajput bardic chroniclers such as Nainsi (17th century) claim that amid the turmoil caused by the end of the Khalji dynasty in Delhi, Hammir Singh gained control of Mewar. He evicted Maldev's son Jaiza, the Chauhan vassal of the Delhi Sultantate, from Mewar. Jaiza fled to Delhi, prompting the Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq to march against Hammir Singh. According to Muhnot Nainsi, Hammir Singh defeated Tughluq near the Singoli village, in the Battle of Singoli and imprisoned the Sultan.

Geraint Lloyd Owen (born 15 May 1941) is a Welsh-language poet, also known by his bardic name Geraint Llifon. He is a retired head teacher and was the Archdruid of the Gorsedd between 2016 and 2019. He was born in a farmhouse between Llandderfel and Sarnau, Meirionnydd, before moving to his mother's family home in Sarnau village. He attended the local school, then Ysgol Tŷ- tan-domen, Bala, and trained as a secondary-school teacher at the Heath College, Cardiff.

He was educated at Rugby School and Christ Church, Oxford, later becoming a High Sheriff in 1854. He was a prominent figure in eisteddfodic circles, where he had the bardic name "Elphin". Jones-Parry rose to prominence in politics when he won the Caernarvonshire seat in the 1868 election, defeating the Tory candidate, Douglas Pennant (later Lord Penrhyn). He lost this seat at the next election, but won the Caernarvon Boroughs seat at a by-election in 1882 and held it until 1886.

Hem has a large Bardic power, as he is of the house of Karn. As with his sister Maerad, his raw power seems huge. Although little has been seen of his performing magery, he has not been tired by it, and has mastered complex spells, leading to speculation that he is of the same strength as Maerad. If indeed he is, he will be able to do similar feats as she, including conversing in the Elidhu language without needing to learn it.

The West Riding dialect of Hughes's childhood remained a staple of his poetry, his lexicon lending a texture that is concrete, terse, emphatic, economical yet powerful. The manner of speech renders the hard facts of things and wards off self-indulgence.Sagar (1978) p7 Hughes's later work is deeply reliant upon myth and the British bardic tradition, heavily inflected with a modernist, Jungian and ecological viewpoint. He re-worked classical and archetypal myth working with a conception of the dark sub-conscious.

The Tinnakill Duanaire (Trinity College Dublin MS 1340) is an early seventeenth-century manuscript "prized for its important collection of bardic religious verse". It is believed to have been compiled for Aodh Buidhe Mac Domhnaill (1546–1619) of Tinnakill, County Laois, Leinster, who is the subject of one of its poems, along with his brother, Alasdar (d. 1577). The poem concerning Aodh Buidhe — "Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean" — is thought to have been composed about 1570 by Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh.

As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles, such as chroniclers and satirists. Effectively, their job was to praise their employers and curse those who crossed them. Their approach to official duties was very traditional and drawn from precedent. However, even though many bardic poets were traditional in their approach, there were also some who added personal feelings into their poems and also had the ability to adapt with changing situations although conservative.

Multiple literary sources as well as inscriptions establish that Jayasimha defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the king of Saurashtra. According to Merutunga, Khangara was an Abhira, which suggests that this is a reference to king Khengara of Chudasama dynasty. Jayasimha's Dahod inscription boasts that he imprisoned the king of Saurashtra; this is most probably a reference to his victory over Khangara. According to bardic legends, Khangara married a woman coveted by Jayasimha, because of which the Chaulukya king invaded Khangara's kingdom.

Ywain (Yvain) takes his name from Owain mab Urien, a historical figure of the 6th-century kingdom of Rheged at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. His name was recorded in the bardic tradition of Taliesin and became a legendary character in the Welsh Triads, where his father, sister, horse and personal bard are all acclaimed but his wife Penarwan is named one of the "Three Faithless Wives of Britain", along with her sister Esyllt (Iseult, Tristan's love).

When sung in a competition, there are strict rules about rhythm and cadences. When finishing a piece, the final verse has to end on a perfect cadence that is close to the home key so that the ending of the song is clear. In Wales, during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, two arts flourished side by side: ' (the craft of the tongue, poetical craft) and ' (the craft of string music). The poets and musicians were part of an all-embracing bardic system.

He was awarded Best Irish Newcomer at the Irish World Awards in London in February 2005. In December 2005 he took part in the Young Voices concert at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast, performing with the African Children's Choir and other young singers to a capacity audience of 8,000. He also played the lead role of Charles Charming in pantomime for the Bardic Theatre company in Northern Ireland. After parting with Mercury, he signed with the specialist Irish music label "Emerald".

Wales has one of the earliest literary traditions in Northern Europe, stretching back to the days of Aneirin (fl. 550) and Taliesin (second half of the 6th century), and the haunting Stafell Cynddylan, which is the oldest recorded literary work by a woman in northern Europe. The 9th century Canu Llywarch Hen and Canu Heledd are both associated with the earlier prince Llywarch Hen. Welsh poetry is connected directly to the bardic tradition, and is historically divided into four periods.Loesch, K. T. (1983).

George Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, built in the mid-seventeenth century The history of schools in Scotland includes the development of all schools as institutions and buildings in Scotland, from the early Middle Ages to the present day. From the early Middle Ages there were bardic schools, that trained individuals in the poetic and musical arts. Monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools. In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose including choir and grammar schools designed to train priests.

Elan fights with a rapier, making puns while he fights, and is able to use illusion magic. In Dungeons & Dragons, a character of the bard class may employ music/singing to grant his allies bonuses, but Elan's use of music and song to inspire his fellow adventurers often has mixed results. Later in the series, Elan takes levels in "Dashing Swordsman", a fictional prestige class that uses his bardic knowledge of narrative and propensity for snappy puns in order to improve his fighting skill.

He was a frequent competitor at the Eisteddfodau, in both the classical and modern metres, and perhaps took his bardic name, Mynyddog, from Newydd Fynyddog, a hill near his home. There is no special merit in his work in the classical metres, but his lyrics became very popular. They were tuneful, unsophisticated poems, which dealt with the joys and tribulations of the common people, the folly of pride, and the absurdity of hypocrisy. He sang these at concerts all over Wales, accompanying himself on a little harmonium.

The bardic tales relating to Behula mention that Chand Xodagor, whose trier ghor in Soigaon, built of stones, existed till recent times, used to trade in seagoing boats. It is supposed that a gold-mine existed then in this part of India. As a matter of fact, the gold was obtained by washing in the Brahmaputra, Subansiri and other rivers. In one of the aphorisms of Dak, who is placed about the eighth century A.D., mention is made of the profitable trade with the people of Lanka.

However, the poetic and musical traditions were continued throughout the Middle Ages, e.g., by noted 14th-century poets Dafydd ap Gwilym and Iolo Goch. The tradition of regularly assembling bards at an eisteddfod never lapsed, and was strengthened by formation of the Gorsedd by Iolo Morganwg in 1792, establishing Wales as the major Celtic upholder of bardic tradition in the 21st century. Many regular eisteddfodau are held in Wales, including the National Eisteddfod of Wales (), which was instituted in 1861 and has been held annually since 1880.

This action held the protecting signal at red as a safety measure, so in order to clear it, he obtained a false feed between two of the economiser contacts, most likely using a Bardic lamp or a broken hinge that was subsequently found. It was likely that he then accidentally inched the points slide too far, and they moved under the train. False-feeding was apparently common knowledge between signalmen in the 10 similar signal boxes in the area, and the frames were subsequently boxed in.

Evan Jones (5 September 1820 – 23 February 1852), also known by his bardic name Ieuan Gwynedd, was an independent minister and journalist. Jones is chiefly remembered for his defence of women following the damning insinuations made in the 1847 report of the state of education in Wales, more commonly known as the Treachery of the Blue Books. He edited several papers in London and in Wales but it his work on Y Gymraes (The Welshwoman), which has made him of particular interest to Welsh historians.

They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220. existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.

According to bardic history, the state was founded in c. 1255 by an individual named Sant who had been forced to leave Jhalod upon the military defeat of his father, Jalamsingh. Sant's brother, Limdev, founded the nearby state of Kadana. In 1753, The Maharawal of Banswara State, killed the three sons of Rana Ratansinhjii and tried to capture the throne of Sant State; the fourth son who was an infant named Badansinghji was hidden by Kolis of Malwa and grew up in a Koli family.

Bernard Deacon, Dick Cole, Garry Tregidga, Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Nationalism, Welsh Academic Press, 2003. Sanders also founded and served as editor for New Cornwall, a monthly magazine effectively serving as the voice of Mebyon Kernow. She was interested in the governing structure of the Isle of Man as a potential model for Cornwall and sympathized with other Celtic nationalist and separatist movements. She became a member of Gorseth Kernow under the Bardic name of Maghteth Boudycca ('Daughter of Boudicca') at Trethevy Quoit in 1953.

The mid 15th century MS 1467 (pictured) was likely composed by a member of Clann MacMhuirich. The MacMhuirich bardic family, known in Scottish Gaelic as Clann MacMhuirich and Clann Mhuirich, was a prominent family of bards and other professionals in 15th to 18th centuries. The family was centred in the Hebrides, and claimed descent from a 13th-century Irish bard who, according to legend, was exiled to Scotland. The family was at first chiefly employed by the Lords of the Isles as poets, lawyers, and physicians.

They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, such as the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220. existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.

Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and Nagaditya. The bardic legends state that Nagaditya was killed in a battle with the Bhils. Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at Jawar were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom.

Scotland on Sunday (04-07-04)Punk Gàidhlig nach eil idir dona. Scotsman (27-08-04) However the band and others contend that this is in keeping with Gaelic bardic tradition and traditional poets from past centuries such as Iain Lom and Alasdair MacMhaighstir Alasdair.An dà chòmhlan punc a tha a' seinn sa Ghàidhlig. The Scotsman (03-19-05) As a band, Mill a h-Uile Rud are highly critical of much Celtic Punk that, in their opinion, sells a cheesy, beer-soaked stereotype of Gaelic culture.

Aneirin Talfan Davies, who was known by the bardic name of Aneurin ap Talfan, also founded the Welsh language periodicals, Heddiw () and Barn (). He was Head of Programmes Wales at the BBC and produced broadcasts of early works by Dylan Thomas. Following Dylan's death, he wrote a critical study of Thomas as a religious poet. He also translated the poetry of Christina Rossetti into Welsh, and edited the letters of the artist and poet David Jones, whose influence can be discerned throughout his work.

William Morris (12 September 1843 – 21 December 1922), widely known by his bardic name, Rhosynnog, was the minister of Noddfa Baptist Church, Treorchy, South Wales from soon after its formation in 1868 until his death. Rev. William Morris, Treorchy Morris was born on 12 September 1843 at Treboeth, Swansea, the son of David Morris. After training in early life to become an engineer, he turned his attention to the nonconformist ministry. He was educated at the Swansea Academy of G. P. Evans, and later at Pontypool.

He studied the grammar of old Rajasthani along the same comparative lines as he had with his thesis, and laid the foundations of the history of the development of modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars. Tessitori explored the poetic compositions in the Dingala and Pingala dialects, and genealogical narratives. He managed to catalogue the private bardic libraries and several princely state libraries, despite some bureaucratic opposition. In 1915, invited by the Maharaja of Bikaner, Tessitori arrived in that state and began lexicographic and grammatical studies in the regional literature.

The Jam being entirely unable to kill or capture Loma Khuman, at last treacherously invited him to Navanagar, and then seizing him, put him to death. There is a piece of bardic poetry regarding this, as follows: The Gujarati poetry is as follows: Ansodar afterwards belonged to the Kundla Khumans of Savarkundla, and was conquered by Vakhatsinghji of Bhavnagar State, together with the Kundla pargana. It was then conquered by Kumpa Vala of Chital, but ceded back again to Bhavnagar, together with Saldi, in about 1797.

Llywelyn ab y Moel (died 1440) was a Welsh language poet and rebel, and father of the poet Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel, who lived in Llanwnnog, north of Caersws, Powys. He fought in the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr, and then lived as a rebel outlaw. His poetry contains attacks on the English, and descriptions of life as an outlaw. Llywelyn is noted for his bardic debate between himself and Rhys Goch Eryri on the nature and origin of the poetic muse, or awen.

The early history of the Chudasama dynasty – which ruled Saurashtra from Junagadh – is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers; so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra. Subsequent rulers – such as Graharipu, Navaghana, and Khengara – were in conflict with the Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period.

Experiences outside Wales have also provided key stages in her work's development. An interest in early alphabets was precipitated by a visit to Ilkley Moor to view cup and ring marks. Incorporation of such marks into the work led to an identification with the 18th-century Welsh bard, scholar and antiquarian Iolo Morganwg who created his own bardic alphabet, "Coelbren". She counts the use of scripts such as the ancient ogham script in her work as an oblique reference to the otherness of Welshness.

Selwyn Griffith (1928 – 10 August 2011) was a Welsh language poet and the Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales, known by the bardic name Selwyn Iolen. Selwyn Iolen was born in Bethel, near Caernarfon in 1928 and lived in the area throughout his life. He was educated at Bethel Primary School and Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen, Caernarfon. He worked as a local government officer for Gwyrfai Rural District Council for 18 years before pursuing a teacher training course at the Bangor Normal College.

The Bard of Bath is the winner of an annual competition to find Bath's best poet, singer or storyteller. The Bard uses the title to develop artistic projects in the area and leads evening bardic walks around the city. The title resurrects an Iron-Age Celtic Druid tradition where Druids were the law- makers, judges and ceremonial leaders, Ovates were mediums, healers and prophets and Bards were poets, musicians and history-keepers. All of them held high status and a place in mystical/religious circles.

According to bardic tradition (a tradition steeped in the history and traditions of clan and country) the Yadav kings who initially lived near the Aravalli hills shifted to the Surajkund area near Lal Kot, which was built by the Yadavs. Lal Kot was renamed as Qila Rai Pithora, after Prithvi Raj Chauhan (the second last Hindu king of Delhi). Archaeological excavations have revealed existence of a Sun temple here based on ruins that can be seen even now. Certain carved stones were recently recovered from the reservoir.

It was then announced that Hedd Wyn had been killed the previous month on the battlefield in Belgium, and the bardic chair was draped in black. These events were portrayed in the Academy Award nominated film Hedd Wyn, and were apparently intended as a protest against the war policies of Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who was present. There is a commemorative stone for the event in Birkenhead Park. The first meeting of the international Celtic Congress also took place at the Birkenhead Eisteddfod.

Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c. 1590 – 1643), sometimes known as Michael O'Clery, was an Irish chronicler, scribe and antiquary and chief author of the Annals of the Four Masters, assisted by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire, and Peregrinus Ó Duibhgeannain. He was a member of the O'Cleric Bardic family and compiled with others the Annála Ríoghachta Éireann (Annals of the kingdom of Ireland) at Bundrowse in County Leitrim on 10 August 1636. He also wrote the Martyrology of Donegal in the 17th Century.

When Dermot Mac Carthaig died in 1705, Mac Curtain took his place as head of the bardic school, a post he held until his own death in 1724. Subsequent to his death, the school relocated to Blarney, further south in Co. Cork. The bulk of Mac Curtain's work remains untranslated, but it is noted that he dedicated his prose to other members of the Gaelic intelligentsia who survived the Williamite persecutions. One work he dedicated to his close friend, John Baptist MacSleyne, titular Bishop of Cork.

William Evans (22 April 1883 – 16 July 1968), better known by his bardic name of Wil Ifan, was a Welsh poet who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1947 to 1950.Welsh Biography Online He was the son of Dan Evans, a Congregationalist minister, and Mary (née Davies). He was born in Cwmbach, near Llanwinio, Carmarthenshire, and was educated at University of Wales, Bangor and Mansfield College, Oxford. Wil Ifan followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a Congregationalist Minister.

A literal translation of these same woodblocks into English was written by Kornman, Khandro, and Chonam and published by Shambhala in 2012 as The Epic of Gesar of Ling: Gesar's Magical Birth, Early Years, and Coronation as King. A retelling of these volumes in a more accessible and contemporary voice was rendered by David Shapiro and published in 2019 as Gesar of Ling: A Bardic Tale from the Snow Land of TIbet. Another version has been translated into German by Matthias Hermanns (1965). This translation is based on manuscripts collected by Hermanns in Amdo.

In 1966 he won the Chair at the National Eisteddfod with an awdl entitled "Cynhaeaf" (English: Harvest). In 1968, cameras from HTV filmed one of the first pieces of British reality television, when they followed Jones, his wife Jean, and three of their children, Delyth, Rhian and Dafydd, on a fortnight’s holiday to San Antonio, Ibiza. Under his bardic name "Dic yr Hendre", Jones was installed as Archdruid in 2007, succeeding Selwyn Iolen. He officiated at the 2008 event in Cardiff, but missed the 2009 event in Bala due to ill health.

He was born in c.1420, possibly at Pwllcynbyd farm, near the remote hamlet of Rhydycymerau in the parish of Llanybydder in south-west Wales: he took his bardic name from the nearby forest of Glyn Cothi in the Cothi valley.A 19th century tradition also suggests he grew up in a now vanished house in Cwm Cothi with the unfortunate name of Pwlltinbyd ("the world's arsehole"). His given name was Llewelyn, but he generally used the name "Lewys" in his verse, and is more usually known by this name.

Nale, whose name is "Elan" spelled backwards, is Elan's evil twin brother. A multiclass fighter/rogue/sorcerer who specializes in enchantment spells, he has the same combination of abilities as his bardic twin, but more complicated. He was raised by his lawful evil father, Tarquin, a general of the Empire of Blood, while Elan was raised by their mother, a chaotic good barmaid. He looks identical to Elan except for a small goatee, later confirmed by Rich Burlew in the first collected book as an intentional reference to Spock in the Star Trek Mirror Universe.

T. James Jones, alias Jim Parc Nest T. James Jones (born 1934) is a Welsh poet and dramatist, and former Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.BBC News He is also known by the bardic name Jim Parc Nest. Brought up in Newcastle Emlyn, Jones is the brother of two other Welsh-language writers, John Gwilym Jones and Aled Gwyn, both of whom have won major prizes in the National Eisteddfod; a documentary about the three brothers, Bois Parc Nest, was shown on S4C in 2018. He attended Aberystwyth University and Presbyterian College in Carmarthen.

Together these three convince Melvas that he has more to gain by voluntarily releasing Gwenyvar to Arthur than by facing Arthur's wrath. Back in Caer Lleon Taliesin takes part in another bardic contest. Llywarch sings his "The Brilliancies of Winter", Merlin his "Apple Trees" and Aneirin his "The Massacre of the Britons", but Taliesin's contribution, a portion of the Hanes Taliesin, is declared the finest. Seithenyn and the abbot then make their entrance, bringing Gwenyvar with them, and having restored her to Arthur they tell him that Taliesin was instrumental in securing her release.

Tuileagna Ó Maoil Chonaire (fl. 1585) was an Irish poet. A member of the Ó Maolconaire bardic family of Connacht, Tuileagna is known from a number of extant works, including Labhram ar iongnaibh Éireann, addressed to Sir Nicholas Walsh, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and previously Speaker of the third Irish Parliament convened in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, (Perrott's parliament) of 1585–6. It relates the Middle Irish story of the judgement of King Niall Frossach of Ailech (died 778) concerning a young woman and her fatherless child.

The bards were steeped in the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as in the technical requirements of a verse technique that was syllabic and used assonance, half rhyme and alliteration, among other conventions. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles. They were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, , could raise boils on the face of its target.

Although Kennedy's surviving works are written in Middle Scots he may also have composed in Gaelic. In the Flyting, for instance, Dunbar makes big play of Kennedy's Carrick roots (albeit in the rankly insulting terms that are part of the genre) and strongly associates him with Erschry, which meant in other words the bardic tradition. By this time, the term Irish in Scotland signified Gaelic generally: :Sic eloquence as thay in Erschry use, :In sic is sett thy thraward appetyte. :Thow hes full littill feill of fair indyte.

He was a member of the Gorsedd of Bards, with the bardic name of Meurig Prysor, and was treasurer of the Gorsedd from 1925 to 1938, when he was elected Gorsedd Bard. He was attendant druid from 1947 to 1957, and only narrowly missed election to become archdruid in 1955. In that same year, however, he was made a Fellow of the National Eisteddfod. He was also chairman of Cymdeithas Ceredigion Cerdd (The music and poetry society of Ceredigion) and Vice-President of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion.

Although Gaelic tradition on South Uist notes a "Red Book of MacMhuirich", it is uncertain whether this book is identical to the surviving manuscript. In fact, the manuscript may be partly derived from the red book of tradition. The name "Black Book" may have been coined in order to distinguish it from the so-called Red Book. The Red Book was composed by Niall MacMhuirich, a member of the MacMhuirich bardic family, who wrote the clan history within, and was responsible for the collection of some of the manuscript's other poetical material.

He later meets and marries her clone Zarah; which hurts her feelings terribly. A religious man, despite being captured by Moander for a second time and imprisoned in the Abyss, Akabar uses his magical and spiritual abilities to sacrifice himself to his gods, inspiring Finder to risk his own life slaying the Darkbringer forever. Olive Ruskettle is a halfling who claims to be a bard. She is actually a talented thief and minstrel; but has not been through true bardic training, and cannot cast magic or enchant with her music.

The dedication is followed by Latin complimentary verses by Camden and John Stradling, a Latin address to the reader by Humphrey Prichard of Bangor, and Rhys's own Welsh preface. The book contains a grammar of the Welsh language, a discussion of the art of poetry and a collection of poetry in Welsh. The grammar is of little value since Rhys tried to force the Welsh language into the Latin grammatical framework. The discussion of Welsh prosody is long and tedious, and copies entire passages from the bardic treatises.

Ernest George Retallack Hooper (1906-1998), also known by his bardic name Talek (broad-bowed),The Cornish Language and Its Literature By Peter Berresford Ellis was a Cornish writer and journalist from St. Agnes. Hooper was taught the Cornish language from A.S.D. Smith (Caradar). He qualified in horticulture at KewJOURNAL OF THE KEW GUILD p57 VOLUME 11 1991 and became a bard in 1932.E. G. Retallack Hooper In the 1930s, he was one of the more political members of Tyr ha Tavas, a youth movement formed to promote the Cornish language.

It was during spells in military hospitals that he produced his illustrated manuscript magazine An Houlsedhas ('The West') in the Cornish language. In peacetime he worked as a journalist with a special interest in maritime affairs. He was a member of Gorseth Kernow under the Bardic name of Scryfer an Mor ('Writer of the Sea'). The later part of R.V. Walling's journalistic career was spent as editor of the South Devon Times, a weekly newspaper circulating in the scenic South Hams, where he was the admired mentor of successive trainees.

Rawson was the first town founded by the Welsh immigrants who sailed on the clipper "Mimosa" in 1865. The first bridge over the Chubut in Rawson was built of wood in 1889 by the carpenter and Welsh-language poet Griffith Griffiths (1829–1909), who wrote under the bardic name ' and established the Patagonia Gorsedd of Bards. This bridge was destroyed by a flood ten years later, and was replaced by an iron bridge in 1917. In 2001 a decision was made to rename the iron bridge as ' (poet's bridge) in honor of Griffiths.

The SCA promotes the crafts, skills, and technologies practiced in the time period and cultures that the SCA covers. Arts and sciences range from the recipes used for a feast to the armor used in combat, the clothes and costumes that are worn to the bardic arts of singing, storytelling, poetry and instrumental pieces. An officer in the local group called the Minister of Arts and Sciences is usually in charge of promoting these crafts and aiding members in finding appropriate information. Other events are set up as a learning experience for the members.

The family claimed descent from Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh (fl.1200–1230). Muireadhach Albanach was a member of the eminent Ó Dálaigh bardic dynasty. This family is sometimes traced back to either of two men named Dálach: one is the legendary student of Abbot Colmán mac Lénéni of Cloyne; the other is another legendary figure, who was a descendant of the 8th-century Irish king Fergal mac Maíle Dúin, son of Maíle Fithraig. Muireadhach Albanach gained the nickname Albanach ("the Scot") in reference to the time he spent in Scotland.

While they are on the ocean, Cadvan, Maerad, and Owan are attacked by a monstrous "stormdog"; a huge, ferocious, wild manifestation of the storm's fury, shaped vaguely like an enormous hound. In attempting to use her magic against it in Cadvan's aid, Maerad suddenly understands the stormdog's true nature, and therefore calms it rather than frighten it away. Thereafter the three humans make the journey safely to land. On the mainland, Cadvan and Maerad stay for some days and nights (possibly less than a week) at the Bardic School of Gent.

His bardic name is derived conventionally from the place of his birth, but probably refers also to Talhaearn Tad Awen, a noted 6th-century Welsh poet. Although he was accepted into Gorsedd y Beirdd in Bala in 1869, he is known to have failed several times to win the chair at the Eisteddfod. In 1849 at the Aberffraw eisteddfod he rose to his feet to contest the adjudication and defend his defeated awdl. In 1863 at the Swansea eisteddfod he held that the Nonconformist judges were biased against him as an Anglican.

At least from the accession of David I (r. 1124–53), as part of a Davidian Revolution that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh, and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools.

George L. Hart III, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, U of California P, 1975. Of these, 16 poets account for about 50% of the known Sangam literature, with Kapilar – the most prolific poet – alone contributing just little less than 10% of the entire corpus. These poems vary between 3 and 782 lines long. The bardic poetry of the Sangam era is largely about love (akam) and war (puram), with the exception of the shorter poems such as in paripaatal which is more religious and praise Vishnu, Shiva, Durga and Murugan.

He grew up in Penarth, south Wales and attended the University College of Wales, Swansea. He has also lived in London and then in rural California and now lives in Cadoxton, Vale of Glamorgan with his wife. He also runs the Bardic Press, publishers of Hafiz, Omar Khayyam, Early Christianity, Celtic Mythology, Fourth Way , is the editor of the magazine The Gnostic: A Journal of Gnosticism, Western Esotericism and Spirituality . He has been interviewed several times about his writing, by Fortean Times in March 2010, by Zany Mystic, by Spinx Radio.

The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. In the 7th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan: the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar, the Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur), and the Guhilas of Dhavagarta (present-day Dhor). None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records. The Guhilas of Dhavagarta explicitly mentioned the Mori (later Maurya) kings as their overlords, and the early kings of the other two dynasties also bore the titles indicating their subordinate status.

The noble bards of Ireland were accorded great prestige and were accounted filid or "men of skill"; in social rank they were placed below kings but above all others. The Ó Dálaigh were the foremost practitioners of the exacting and difficult poetry form known as Dán Díreach throughout the Late Medieval period.Rigby, p. 578 Part of the prestige that attached to the Irish bardic ollamh was derived from fear; a leader satirised in a glam dicenn (satire-poem), by a very able poet, could find his social position badly undermined.

After this "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220.

In 1938, Brynmawr Furniture Makers were commissioned to make the Eisteddfod's Bardic chair from oak grown in Wales and, naturally, to be made by Welsh Craftsmen. A small committee of experts representing the Society and the 1938 Eisteddfod chosen to work alongside the Brynmawr Furniture Makers to be responsible for the design. The chair, fashioned in oak, with the seat and the central slat of the back in natural hide. In keeping with the traditions of Brynmawr furniture, ornamentation was restrained and sparse, limited to the reeding of the arm-uprights where the fingers rest.

Jones was born on 15 February 1809 at 148 Thames Street, London the son of Owen Jones (1741–1814), a successful furrier and amateur Welsh antiquary, and his wife, Hannah Jane Jones (1772/3–1838). Being the Son of Owen Jones Snr. (bardic name of Owain Myfyr), a Welsh antiquary and the principal founder of the Gwyneddigion Society in London in 1770 for the encouragement of Welsh studies and literature, Jones Jnr. was born into a Welsh speaking family at the heart of the Welsh cultural and academic societies in London.

Thomas, proceeded with a great host into Teallach Eachdhach, to take vengeance on the inhabitants for the death of his kinsman. He plundered, spoiled, and ravaged the territory, and slew many of the chiefs of it. He also burned Ballymagauran, and then he returned home in triumph. The Annals of Ulster for 1431 state- John son of Cu Connacht, son of Philip Mag Uidhir, was slain by the Tellach-Eathach: to wit, a man of hospitality and prowess and piety and that kept a guest-house for poor and for bardic bands and for pilgrims.

Hem, named Cai at birth is a Minor Bard in the Pellinor series of fantasy adventure books by Alison Croggon. He is the brother of Maerad and like her has amazing Bardic skills. At a very early age, Cai, as he was then known, was taken from his home by a group of Hulls during the sacking of Pellinor. They renamed him Hem, to better fit the realm in which they lived, and spent much effort and energy in trying to pervert him and bring him to the side of the Dark.

Furthermore, in 1403 ab Einion was summoned to Carmarthen by none other than Owain Glyndŵr, the last true Prince of Wales to shed light on his fate by bringing his knowledge and expertise to bare by interpreting old bardic prophecies. Before 1963 Ynysforgan essentially comprised the main Swansea to Brecon road (now Clydach Road) with houses on either side. The 1911 census shows the address as 'Clydack Road'. The 'newer' houses behind Clydach Road were built in late 1960 starting with Garth View, followed by Elizabeth Close, Ian's Walk and Orpheus Road.

Owen Red Hanrahan is a fictional character who appears in several works by William Butler Yeats. Yeats based the character largely on the real-life bard Owen Roe O'Sullivan (Eoghan Ruadh Ó Súilleabháin). In his first appearances, in fact, Hanrahan's name is O'Sullivan the Red, with Yeats later altering the name to Hanrahan the Red and ultimately Owen "Red" Hanrahan and making him more of an amalgam of the bardic tradition and a heavily folkloric character. Hanrahan first appears in Yeats' work in the mid-1890s as the author of various poems and songs.

Mayo College was established by the British government in 1875 at Ajmer, Rajputana to educate Rajput princes and other nobles. The medieval bardic chronicles (kavya and masnavi) glorified the Rajput past, presenting warriorhood and honour as Rajput ideals. This later became the basis of the British reconstruction of the Rajput history and the nationalist interpretations of Rajputs' struggles with the Muslim invaders. James Tod, a British colonial official, was impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs but is today considered to have been unusually enamoured of them.

He was also a Fellow of the British Esperanto Association and a keen internationalist. Harris was a supporter of the catholicity of the Church in Wales and was a founder member of the St David's Society which was set up to promote this. He wrote on this and on other theological topics and served on committees for the Welsh Church Hymnary (translating some of the hymns himself) and the Book of Common Prayer. He was a member of the Gorsedd of Bards, with his bardic name being "Arthan".

Renamed Delphic, the second company ship bearing this name, the original being a passenger-cargo liner of 1897, the ship served Australia as a replacement for the Bardic, while the latter was repaired and assigned to another company in IMM. By 1933 Delphic and Gallic were no longer required by the company, which was about to merge with the Cunard Line. Delphic was sold in October to the Clan Line for £53,000. Renamed Clan Farquhar, she continued to serve on the Australian route alongside the former Gallic, now Clan Colquhoun.

St.Patrick preaching at Tara His father, MacDara, was prince of the Uí Bairrche in the country around Carlow, Ireland. His mother was sister of Dubhthach moccu Lughair, the Chief Ollam of Ireland, the first of Patrick's converts at Tara, and the apostle's lifelong friend. Fiacc was a pupil to his uncle in the bardic profession and soon embraced the Faith. Subsequently, when Patrick came to Leinster, he temporarily stayed at Dubhtach's house in Uí Ceinnselaig and selected Fiacc, on Dubhtach's recommendation, to be dedicated bishop for the converts of Leinster.

He suggests "Ten Lays" as the more apt title. Five of these ten ancient poems are lyrical, narrative bardic guides (arruppatai) by which poets directed other bards to the patrons of arts such as kings and chieftains. The others are guides to religious devotion (Murugan) and to major towns, sometimes mixed with akam- or puram-genre poetry. The Pattuppāṭṭu collection is a later dated collection, with its earliest layer composed sometime between 2nd and 3rd century CE, the middle between 2nd and 4th century, while the last layer sometime between 3rd and 5th century CE.

As a keen linguist, he edited Emynau Catholig (English: 'Catholic Hymns'), translated Ffordd y Groes ('The way of the cross') and joined the Welsh Bardic Gorsedd. Mathews also edited the Cardiff Records, being materials for a history of the County Borough from the earliest times (1898-1911) and wrote a report on the Monmouthshire County Council records in 1905. He was involved in the transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists Society and, more significantly, the Catholic Record Society, being among the original members of this society. Mathews understood Maltese, Cornish and Welsh.

Meanwhile, with the arrival of new sound recording technologies, it became possible for common fans to record and exchange their music via magnetic tape recorders. This helped underground music subculture (such as bard and rock music) to flourish despite being ignored by the state-owned media. "Bardic" or "authors' song" (авторская песня) is an umbrella term for the singer-songwriter movement that arose at the early 1960s. It can be compared to the American folk revival movement of the 60s, with their simple single-guitar arrangements and poetical lyrics.

Part of the poet or musician's craft was the ability to remember the important work of previous generations. One of the spurs to the active and generous patronage of poets must have been the prospect that one's name and deeds would live forever. In descending social order came: poet, harper, player and the specialised singer of bardic verse, the '. The crafts of poetry and instrumental music were interdependent and the performance of a new poem, at its most splendid, probably required the services of the ', harpist and/or ' player; no doubt superintended by the poet.

After this "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of bards took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220.

He instills Prince Meldron with the idea of succeeding his father instead of following the proper course of succession through bardic choice, and eventually succeeds in having King Meldryn murdered. Simon assists Meldron in his brutal campaign to rule Albion, and does not hesitate to kill or brutalize any who oppose him. He is ultimately responsible for hundreds, if not thousands of deaths and very nearly succeeds in his plan to rule from behind the scenes. He is thwarted when Meldron is killed, and is grievously wounded before returning to his own world.

In 2003, the Revised "3.5" edition of Dungeons & Dragons was released, including several minor but significant changes to the Bard class. Bards gained increased access to skills and the ability to cast bard spells while in light armor. The bard is the only Core class able to freely cast arcane spells in armor, as well as the only Core class with Speak Language as a class skill (supplementary 3.5 books later introduced new base classes with these abilities). Perhaps more significantly, one of the bard's trademark abilities—that of bardic music—was both strengthened and tied more closely to the bard class.

Williams, Taliesin., (ab Iolo), Coelbren Y Beirdd; a Welsh Essay on the Bardic Alphabet, W. Rees, Llandovery, 1840. Taliesin Williams's book was written about other Coelbrennau'r Beirdd, which is the name of a Welsh language manuscript in the Iolo Manuscripts and two manuscripts in Barddas, one with the subtitle "yn dorredig a chyllell". Iolo Morganwg suggested they were originally the work of bards from Glamorgan who had their manuscripts copied into collections stored at Plas y Fan, Neath Abbey, Margam Abbey and Raglan Library, and compiled by Meurig Dafydd and Lewys Morgannwg, amongst others, in the 1700s.

Hedd Wyn is a 1992 Welsh anti-war biopic, written by Alan Llwyd and directed by Paul Turner. Based on the life of Ellis Humphrey Evans (Huw Garmon), killed in the First World War, the cinematography starkly contrasts the lyrical beauty of the poet's native Meirionnydd with the bombed-out horrors of Passchendaele. The protagonist is depicted as a tragic hero with an intense dislike of the wartime English/British ultranationalism which surrounds him. The film's title is Ellis Evans' bardic name (, "blessed peace"), under which he was posthumously awarded the Chair at the 1917 National Eisteddfod of Wales.

As the camera pans over the intricate carving on the infamous "Black Chair", the voice of the Archdruid Dyfed is heard vainly summoning the poet who signs his work with the nom de plume "Fleur-de-lis" to stand and be chaired. The film then flashes back to 1913. As a farmer's son in the village of Trawsfynydd, Ellis Humphrey Evans composes poetry for local eisteddfodau under the bardic name Hedd Wyn ("Blessed Peace"). A friend and student minister, William Morris (Arwel Gruffydd), advises Ellis that his verse possesses a passion which better educated poets lack.

In a bardic circle, each person in the circle (as well as those sitting in concentric circles around the inner circle, if any) goes in turn, with each turn moving sequentially either clockwise or counterclockwise around the circle. Each participant is given the choice of pick, pass, or play. "Pick" means they can request a specific song, a specific performer, a general topic or style, or any other similar request from an individual or from the circle in general. "Pass" means they skip their turn and the choice passes on to the next person in sequence.

In 1915 he became minister of Finsbury Park church in London, but in 1917, during the First World War, he enlisted in the armed forces. He won the crown at the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1926. In 1929 he won the chair at the National, the first of an unequalled four wins, and he continued to win chairs in local eisteddfodau. Having abandoned the ministry, he lived a peripatetic life; one of his bardic chairs was left at the Eagle public house in Llanfihangel-ar-Arth, where he is said to have left it as payment for his bill.

The Silappathikaram has more ancient roots in the Tamil bardic tradition, as Kannaki and other characters of the story are mentioned or alluded to in the Sangam literature such as in the Naṟṟiṇai and later texts such as the Kovalam Katai. It is attributed to a prince-turned-monk Iḷaṅkõ Aṭikaḷ, and was probably composed about 5th- or 6th-century CE. The Cilappatikaram is set in a flourishing seaport city of the early Chola kingdom. Kannaki and Kovalan are a newly married couple, in love, and living in bliss. Over time, Kovalan meets Matavi (Madhavi) – a courtesan.

113-130 The reputation of Chaucer's successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate, Thomas Hoccleve, and Skelton are widely studied. At this time the origins of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland. The main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglas. Henryson and Dunbar introduced a note of almost savage satire, which may have owed something to the Gaelic bardic poetry, while Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid is one of the early monuments of Renaissance literary humanism in English.

The book links the literary and intellectual history of England, Scotland, and Ireland to that of the overseas colonies of the British Empire,Princeton University: Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire by Katie Trumpener studying the relation of these histories to the origins and formation of British cultural nationalism, the novel, and the literary history of the English-speaking world. She also co-edited with Richard Maxwell The Cambridge Companion to Fiction in the Romantic Period, published in 2008. Her forthcoming The Divided Screen: The Cinemas of Postwar Germany will be published by Princeton University Press.

Some of them were handed down for generations before ever put on parchments, even before scholars made lists of just their names and contents. Those that recount ancient tribal events or dynastic wars were probably much exaggerated, magnified, and undoubtedly distorted over time. More recent tales may provide fairly accurate accounts of real events. It seems certain that—as soon as Christianity pervaded the island and bardic schools and colleges formed alongside the monasteries—no class of learning more popular than studying the great traditional doings, exploits, and tragedies of the various Irish tribes, families, and races.

Saint Dallan was a poet, Chief Ollam of Ireland, as well as a scholar of Latin scriptural learning.J. O'Beirne Crowe, The Amra Coluim Cilli of Dallan Forgaill, Dublin, 1871 He helped to reform the Bardic Order at the Convention of Drumceat.according to Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland In addition to "Amra Choluim Chille" and "Amra Senáin", the following works are attributed to Dallán, although some may be later works by other poets who credited Dallan with authorship in order to make their poems more famous. 1\. Amra Conall Coel – in praise of St. Conall Coel, abbot of Inishkeel 2\.

His duties, when the bodyguard were sharing out booty, included the singing of the sovereignty of Britain—possibly why the genealogies of the British high kings survived into the written historical record. The royal form of bardic tradition ceased in the 13th century, when the 1282 Edwardian conquest permanently ended the rule of the Welsh princes. The legendary suicide of The Last Bard (c. 1283), was commemorated in the poem The Bards of Wales by the Hungarian poet János Arany in 1857, as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of his own time.

All of the local chiefs had submitted by the end of the rebellion. The methods used to suppress it provoked lingering resentment, especially among the Irish mercenaries; gall óglaigh or gallowglass as the English termed them, who had rallied to FitzMaurice. William Drury, Lord President of Munster from 1576, executed around 700 of these men in the years after the rebellion. In the aftermath of the uprising, Gaelic customs such as Brehon Laws, Irish dress, bardic poetry, and the maintaining of "private armies" were again outlawed and suppressed – things that were deeply valued in traditional Irish society.

Biwa usage in Japan has declined greatly since the Heian period. Outside influence, internal pressures, and socio-political turmoil redefined biwa patronage and biwa image; for example, the Ōnin War during the Muromachi period (1338–1573) and the subsequent Warring States period (15th–17th centuries) disrupted the cycle of tutelage for heikyokuHeikyoku is one of the oldest Japanese traditional music genres, originating in the 13th century. It is a semi-classical bardic tradition, not unlike the troubadour music of medieval Europe. performers. As a result, younger musicians turned to other instruments and interest in biwa music decreased.

Tudur Penllyn (fl. c. 1420 - 1490) was a Welsh language poet during the time of the Beirdd yr Uchelwyr, the professional poets of the late Middle Ages. Tudur's place of birth is uncertain, but he was probably brought up in the Hundred of Penllyn, centred on Llandderfel, Merioneth (Penllyn is a pen-name or bardic name rather than a surname: his full name under the Welsh patronymic system was Tudur ap Ieuan ap Iorwerth Foel). Little is known of his background although he did trace his ancestry from Meirion Goch, a nobleman of Edeirnion, and was of the minor gentry class.

Annals of Ulster AU 681.1 He belonged to the Cenél maic Ercae branch of the family. The rival Cenél Feradaig branch dominated the kingship for most of the 7th century. At the beginning of winter 681 he was defeated and slain at the Battle of Bla Sléibe (in modern County Londonderry) by the Ciannachta of Glenn Geimin and by Fland mac Máele Tuile (died 700) of the rival Cenél Feradaig. Annals of Tigernach AT 681.1 Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich is recorded as the ancestor of the Ó Dálaigh bardic family in the O'Clery Book of Genealogies.

The stone circle at Boscawen-Un was erected in the Bronze Age. A Bardic group (Cornish: Gorsedd) may have existed in this area, because in the Welsh Triads from the 6th century AD, a Gorsedd of Beisgawen of Dumnonia is named as one of the big three Gorsedds of Poetry of the Island of Britain. Dumnonia was a kingdom in post-Roman Britain, which probably included Cornwall. In 1928 at Boscawen-Un, in the course of the revival of the Cornish language and culture, Henry Jenner founded the Cornish Bard Association and called it the Gorseth Kernow (Gorsedd of Cornwall).

Born at the Barony of Islands, County Clare, Ireland, Ó hÍceadha was a member of a bardic family. He was educated locally and later entered the College of St Antony at Louvain, which had just been founded for Irish Roman Catholic students, and received the Franciscan habit on 1 November 1607. Among his teachers there were Hugh Mac an Bhaird and Hugh Mac Caghwell (the latter was later named Archbishop of Armagh). After his ordination to the priesthood, Hickey was appointed lecturer in theology at Leuven, and subsequently professor in the college of St Francis at Cologne.

This resulted in the formation of the Gorsedd of Bards of Caer Abiri, which grew over the next few years to become what Ronald Hutton described as the "central event" of the New Druidry, initiating many people into the Bardic grade.Ronald Hutton, Witches, Druids and King Arthur, Hambledon and London, 2003, pp. 255–256 A detailed account of the first event was published in The Gorsedd of Bards of Caer Abiri Newsletter No. 1, where Shallcrass took the role of Chief Druid (equivalent to Master of Ceremonies) with the assistance of Philip Carr Gomm of the Order of Bards Ovates and Druids.

Pahang has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today. Prominent Malay folklore of Pahang origin, includes such bardic tales as the legends of Putri Walinong Sari, Sang Kelembai, Seri Gumum of Chini Lake, and the white crocodile Seri Pahang of Pahang River. In addition to oral literature, the literary tradition in Pahang traced back to the time of the old Pahang Sultanate. Contribution into the rich Classical Malay literature is attested in the form of legal literature like Hukum Kanun Pahang and historical literature like Hikayat Pahang.

"The Palace in the Rath" is recognized as a folktale of the AT 503 ("The Gifts of the Little People") type, but Bo Almqvist prefers to regard it as a migratory legend, or, a "fabulate". From the perspective of later providing material and influencing the Yeats or the Celtic Revival movement, the Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts was the most important of Kennedy's works, alongside Fireside Stories of Ireland (1870), and Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871). Kennedy's "The Belated Priest" in Legendary Fictions was the source of Yeats's 1889 poem "The Priest and the Fairy".

These ideas are based on the Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, which contain lists of kings and genealogies used to construct the traditional chronology of ancient India. "Indigenists" follow a "Puranic agenda", emphasizing that these lists go back to the fourth millennium BCE. Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the Maurya court at Patna at 300 BCE, reported to have heard of a traditional list of 153 kings that covered 6042 years, beyond the traditional beginning of the Kaliyuga in 3102 BCE. The royal lists are based on Sūta bardic traditions, and are derived from lists which were orally transmitted and constantly reshaped.

Curtin is a surname which is most common in the Province of Munster in Ireland. It takes several variant forms transliterated from the Irish language, such as: Mac Cruitín, Mac Curtain or Ó Cruitin, most of which are anglicised as Curtin. It is believed there are multiple Curtin families with different origins, the most famous of which is the bardic family which stems from Co. Clare. In the census of 1659 in Counties Cork, Kerry and Limerick similar sounding names such as Mac Curatine and O' Curataine were treated as synonymous although they are not the same clan.

The poet and architect John Jones (January 1810 – October 1869) was born at the Harp Inn (now known as Hafod y Gân) in Llanfair. He took the bardic name "Talhaiarn", and there is a popular misconception that this was the origin of the name of the village. However, the name of the village is documented long before Jones's birth. The village is situated on the flood plain of the River Elwy (Afon Elwy). The population was 979 in 2001,Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Conwy increasing to 1,070 at the 2011 census with 44% being Welsh language speakers.

Maerad continues her Bardic training that had been stopped abruptly in Innail, learning about imagery, illusions, and additional fighting skills, which improve readily. Cadvan studies records in Busk's extensive library, but finds nothing by which to explain the nature of the Treesong. Soon, Busk receives a messenger from Norloch who reveals that Enkir has claimed the authority of High King over all the Seven Kingdoms, and demands the Schools' undivided fealty. Busk, rather than submit to Norloch or be counted its enemies, pledge their "unwavering allegiance to the Light", rather than to Enkir; thus placing themselves beyond either possibility.

John Bolitho (1930–2005; Cornish Jowan Bolitho) was born in Bude in Cornwall, and spent his working life in the Royal Navy, the theatre and television (including performances in the Black and White Minstrel Show, the Royal Variety Performance and the Billy Cotton Band Show), and business. He was the Grand Bard of the Gorseth Kernow between 2000 and 2003 with the bardic name of "Jowan an Cleth". During this time he visited many Cornish bards in Australia and was made patron of the Cornish Association of Victoria. He also helped create the official website for Gorseth Kernow.

Mac Cathmhaoil was born at Saul, County Down, and received his earliest education in his native place, trained at one of the bardic schools still operating in Ulster.The Catholics of Ulster: A History by Marianne Elliot (pages 75-76) He next studied at a famous school in the Isle of Man. On his return to Ireland, he was hired by Hugh O'Neill, The O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, as a tutor to his sons Henry and Hugh. Mac Cathmhaoil was sent by the Earl as special messenger to the Court of Spain to solicit aid for the Ulster forces.

In 1501 James IV refounded the Chapel Royal within Stirling Castle, with a new and enlarged choir, it became the focus of Scottish liturgical music. Burgundian and English influences came north with Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, who married James IV in 1503.M. Gosman, A. A. MacDonald, A. J. Vanderjagt and A. Vanderjagt, Princes and princely culture, 1450–1650 (Brill, 2003), p. 163. In Wales, as elsewhere, the local nobility were increasingly Anglicised and the bardic tradition started to decline, resulting in the first Eisteddfods being held from 1527, in an attempt to preserve the tradition.

Iolo's "Third Series" of triads were initially accepted as authentic, and were published in the influential collection known as The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. However, they are now known to be forgeries created by Iolo himself. Iolo wrote further about Hu in his Barddas, supposedly an ancient collection of bardic lore, where he identifies Hu with the Gaulish god Esus and with Jesus. The 20th- century English author Robert Graves accepted Iolo's version of Hu Gadarn (and much of the rest of his work), and further identified Hu as a Welsh horned god, a variant of Cernunnos.

Some of them continued to find patronage among the Gaelic Irish and Old English aristocracy. Some of the English landowners settled in Ireland after the Plantations of Ireland also patronised Irish poets, for instance George Carew and Roger Boyle. Other members of hereditary bardic families sent their sons to the new Irish Colleges that had been set up in Catholic Europe for the education of Irish Catholics, who were not permitted to found schools or universities at home. Much of the Irish poetry of the 17th century was therefore composed by Catholic clerics and Irish society fell increasingly under Counter-Reformation influences.

A widespread flood was reported in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have occurred in western Britain, from the coast of Cumbria to Kent, on 28 September 1014. William of Malmesbury stated that "A tidal wave... grew to an astonishing size such as the memory of man cannot parallel, so as to submerge villages many miles inland and overwhelm and drown their inhabitants." The event was also mentioned in Welsh bardic chronicles. Accounts suggest that a flood affected Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Cumbria, and Mount's Bay in Cornwall, where the Bay was "inundated by a ‘mickle seaflood’ when many towns and people were drowned".

She opened her own folk club, the Pipers Folk Club, at St Buryan, Cornwall and appeared in the first ever Lorient Interceltic Festival in Brittany. Wootton was a member of the Gorseth Kernow, where she was known by her Bardic name of Gwylan Gwavas (Seagull of Newlyn). In her later years, she became well known in Cornwall as a presenter for BBC Radio Cornwall where she hosted the popular weekly request show Sunday Best, until her death in 1994. She was also the Honorary President of Radio Beacon, the hospital radio service for St Lawrences Hospital in Bodmin.

While a student, she published poetry in the college journal The Dragon and in Welsh Outlook. In February 1914, she was awarded the Bardic chair at the college Eisteddfod for verse submitted under a pseudonym. A critical article devoted to her poetry commented that she 'doubtless has a bright and hopeful career before her'.Harihar Das, 'The Poetry of Dorothy Noel Bonarjee' The Indus, November 1922, pp50-53 Bonarjee went on to University College, London where, in 1917, she became the first woman internal student to be awarded a law degree \- though she never practiced law.

He then released the Sultan three months later, after the Sultanate ceded to him Ajmer, Ranthambor, Nagaur and Sooespur; and paid 50 million rupees and 1000 elephants as ransom. However, Nainsi's claim is inaccurate, and in reality, Hammir Singh and Muhammad bin Tughluq never met. The narrative given in the Rajput bardic chronicles is not corroborated by any other evidence. That said, the claims of Hammir's successes are not entirely baseless: a 1438 Jain temple inscription attests that his forces defeated a Muslim army; this army may have been led by a general of Muhammad bin Tughluq.

John Martin (1789-1854), . The poem was written "for the desk drawer" and first published six years later in 1863, disguised as a translation of an Old English ballad, as a way of evading the censorship that would cease only with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. Arany wrote in his preface to the poem: The royal form of bardic tradition ended in the 13th century with the 1282 Edwardian conquest. The legendary suicide of The Last Bard (in about 1283) was marked in the poem as encoded resistance to the Habsburg repression of that period.

According to bardic tradition, the last ruler of the dynasty was Tejaskarana (alias Dulha Rai or Dhola Rai), the hero of the romantic tale Dhola Maru. This account states that he left Gwalior in 1128 to marry the daughter of a neighbouring ruler, after leaving Paramal-dev (or Paramardi-dev) in-charge of the Gwalior fort. When he returned to Gwalior, Paramal refused to hand over the fort to him, and founded the Parihara dynasty which ruled Gwalior for 103 years. The Parihara ruler over Gwalior is also attested the 1150 inscription of Ramdeo and 1194 inscription of Lohanga-Deva.

However, other inscriptions suggest that the Kachchhapaghatas ruled the area at least until 1155 CE. In addition, 1192 and 1194 inscriptions found at Gwalior show that the Kachchhapaghata ruler Ajayapala controlled Gwalior in the later years as well. Thus, the bardic account is not completely reliable, and the Parihara chiefs probably ruled Gwalior as feudatories of the Kachchhapaghatas. Sulakshanapala, the last ruler of the dynasty, appears to have lost his kingdom to a Ghurid invasion. The Tajul-Ma'asir suggests the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Gwalior in 1196, and extracted tribute from Sulakshanapala (whom Tajul-Ma'asir labels Solankhapala of Parihar family).

Jim Parc Nest, Archdruid of Wales, 2010–2013 Archdruid () is the title used by the presiding official of the Gorsedd.Hanes Gorsedd y Beirdd. Bowen, Geraint and Bowen, Zonia; Cyhoeddiadau Barddas ,1991 The Archdruid presides over the most important ceremonies at the National Eisteddfod of Wales including the Crowning of the Bard, the award of the and the Chairing of the Bard. Although Iolo Morganwg was the first to preside over the Gorsedd when the National Eisteddfod came into being, his successor David Griffith, under the bardic name "Clwydfardd", was the first to be known by the official title "Archdruid".

Henderson’s publications included Cornwall; A Guide in collaboration with J. C. Tregarthen, in 1925; three books on Cornish churches; and another on Cornish coasts, moors, and valleys with notes on antiquities. In 1928 he was made a Bard of the Cornish Gorseth at Boscawen-Un, taking the bardic name Map Hendra ('Son of Antquity'). His collection of documents is held at the Courtney Library of the Royal Institution of Cornwall in Truro. The collection includes 16,000 ancient documents, many hundreds of transcripts in Henderson's hand, and his own writings either in published form or in manuscript.

A warm admirer of Klopstock, Denis was one of the leading members of the group of so-called bards; and his original poetry, published under the title Die Lieder Sineds des Barden (1772), shows all the extravagances of the bardic movement. He is best remembered as the translator of Ossian (1768–1769; also published together with his own poems in 5 vols. as Ossians und Sineds Lieder, 1784). More important than either Denis' original poetry or his translations were his efforts to familiarize the Austrians with the literature of Northern Germany; his Sammlung kürzerer Gedichte aus den neuern Dichtern Deutschlandes, 3 vols.

Retrieved 11 June 2009 (only USA, see: WayBackMachine). He had been seen as a leading collector of Medieval Welsh literature and expert on it, but it emerged after his death that he had forged several manuscripts, notably parts of the Third Series of Welsh Triads.Mary Jones (2003), "Y Myvyrian Archaiology". From Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 June 2009 (only USA, see: WayBackMachine). Even so, he had a lasting impact on Welsh culture, notably in founding the Gorsedd. The philosophy he spread in his forgeries had a big impact on early neo-druidism. His bardic name is Welsh for "Iolo of Glamorgan".

Dallán was the ollam, or head poet of the Bardic Order and after his death the other poets decide that Senchán should become the new ollam. Senchán in turn decides that he and the poets should pay a visit to Guaire, who boasts his reputation of having never been satirised. Guaire pays them all a very warm welcome by feeding them and accommodating them with great hospitality and generosity. Over the time of their visit however, the poets become very demanding and needy, ordering a number of impossible tasks they want Guaire to complete for them.

In both countries, harpers enjoyed special rights and played a crucial part in ceremonial occasions such as coronations and poetic bardic recitals. The Kings of Scotland employed harpers until the end of the Middle Ages, and they feature prominently in royal iconography. Several Clarsach players were noted at the Battle of the Standard (1138), and when Alexander III (died 1286) visited London in 1278, his court minstrels with him, records show payments were made to one Elyas, "King of Scotland's harper." One of the nicknames for the Scottish harp is "taigh nan teud", the house of strings.

Of the other two, only speculation is possible. Flynn surmises one of them was probably the branch residing at Cooloortan in Abbeyknockmoy, and the third may conceivably have been a branch of the sept continued in the MacWards of Doon. The poem continues, exhorting Seán Mac an Bháird to hold on to "the gladsome region handed down through twenty generations" into which the foreigners, so the poet boasts, never set foot. In addition to their great skills as composers in bardic verse, it was recorded around the eleventh century their noted expertise as keepers of the horse for the Uí Maine chieftains.

Jenkin was a founder bard of the Gorseth Kernow in 1928, taking the bardic name Lef Stenoryon ('Voice of the Tinners'). He was involved in persuading Cornwall County Council to set up Cornwall Record Office in the 1950s, and served on its committee until his death.Brooke, Justin (2004) ‘Jenkin, (Alfred) Kenneth Hamilton (1900–1980)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 26 March 2008. In 1959 he was elected President of the Federation of Old Cornwall Societies, a position he also held in 1960 and in 1962 he became its first life President.

The Civil Survey of 1654 AD for Co. Tipperary effectively groups together three main clusters of McGraths. One are the descendants of Archbishop Miler McGrath and his kinsmen in central Tipperary, the other is a family listed as McCragh in northwest Tipperary and the third was again listed as McCragh in the Cahir area. Members of the Thomond branch of the McGraths migrated to the Cahir area of Tipperary in the late 16th century and established a bardic school. A McCraith family occupied the tower house at Loughlohery both before and after the Cromwellian transplantation that removed many Irish families from their homesteads.

Gwili had a poem published in the Llanelly and County Guardian in 1887, when he was only 14 years old. He competed in regional and local bardic competitions throughout Wales with a fair degree of success, winning competitions in Llanelli and Cwrt Henri and in places as far away as Dolgellau, Corwen and Caernarfon. He was not as successful on a national level. He tried but failed to win a major prize on at least seven occasions before gaining the Crown at the Merthyr Tydfil National Eisteddfod in 1901 for his poem Tywysog Tangnefedd (Prince of Peace).

Howard's future society is called the Bardic State. It is ruled by 26 bards called the Alphabets, half men and half women. Their leader is the Bard Regent, who appoints other officials; there is also the "Positive Poet," the "true poet," who is "the Milltillionaire." (Howard never fully defines or clarifies these titles and distinctions, though the Milltillionaire is "a being of such colossal and illimitable wealth and power, one might say he was a very god....") A powerful state apparatus supplies the needs of the people, who labor in return for "Universal Welfare," without money, crime, taxes, or personal property.

David Bevan Jones (1807–18 June, 1863), also known by his bardic name Dewi Elfed, was a Welsh Baptist minister who became a leading figure in the Latter Day Saint movement and eventually emigrated to the United States of America. He was born in 1807 in Gellifaharen, Llandysul, Cardiganshire, the son of John and Hannah Jones. He became a Baptist minister at Seion, Cwrtnewydd (1841–46), Jerusalem, Rhymney (1846–48 ) and Gwawr, Aberaman from around the beginning of 1849. Soon after his arrival at Aberaman, he became embroiled in a conflict with Thomas Price of Calfaria, Aberdare, who had been instrumental in establishing the new cause at Aberaman.

William Abraham (14 June 1842 – 14 May 1922), universally known by his bardic name, Mabon, was a Welsh trade unionist and Liberal/Labour politician, and a member of parliament (MP) from 1885 to 1920. Although an MP for 35 years, it was as a trade unionist that Abraham is most well known. Initially a pioneer of trade unionism, who fought to enshrine the principle of workers' representation against the opposition of the coal-owners, he was regarded in later life as a moderate voice believing that disputes should be solved through conciliation rather than industrial action. This drew him into conflict with younger and more militant leaders from the 1890s onwards.

He was a regular winner of local Eisteddfod prizes from the 1850s onwards, taking his bardic name from the mountain Mynyddislwyn, above his home. His two best-known poems are both entitled "Y Storm" ("The Storm"), a long philosophic poem over 9,000 lines long. His poems are noted for their confident expressions of Christian faith, expectation of reunion in heaven, fulfilment of Christian duty and completion of a life fulfilled in God's work. He began preaching in 1854, and was ordained a Calvinistic Methodist minister in 1859 but never took charge of a chapel as was the custom with the Calvinist Methodists at the time.

Goronwy Owen (1 January 1723 – July 1769) was one of the 18th century's most notable Welsh poets. He mastered the traditional bardic metres and, although forced by circumstances to be an exile, played an important role in the literary and antiquarian movement in Wales often described as the Welsh Eighteenth Century Renaissance.See, for instance: Prys Morgan, The Eighteenth Century Renaissance (Christopher Davies, Swansea, 1981). A perfectionist who only published reluctantly and whose literary output is consequently relatively small, his work nevertheless had a huge influence on Welsh poetry for several generations and his poetry and tragic life gave him a cult status in Welsh literary circles.

After the Irish defeat at Kinsale, O'Donnell left Ireland and sailed to Corunna in Galicia, Spain, where many other chieftains were already arriving with their families. There he was received with great honours by the Governor of Galicia and the Lord Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, where an Irish College was founded. He was also taken to "visit the Tower of Betanzos, where according to bardic legends the sons of Milesius left to the IsIe of Destiny". While based in Corunna, he plotted a return to Ireland and travelled to Valladolid to ask further assistance from Philip III of Spain, who promised him he would organise a new invasion of Ireland.

Her work has been focused primarily on the period of the late eighteenth century through to the present. Her interests include the history of the British and European novel, other anglophone fiction, European film history, and visual culture and music. She is currently researching and teaching on the history of children's literature, Jane Austen and British colonialism, and the institutionalization of Marxist aesthetics in postwar Central Europe. Trumpener's first book, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire, published by Princeton University Press in 1997 was awarded the 1998 Modern Language Association Prize for a First Book and the British Academy's 1998 Rose Mary Crawshay Prize.

In 2002, Emma Restall Orr stepped down as joint chief of the order in order to set up The Druid Network, following which in 2003 the BDO Circle of Elders was formed. By 2010, the BDO had completed construction of an Iron Age style Roundhouse which has since been the focus of training, workshops and ritual for the order. 2011 saw the launch of the BDO's Bardic training, with its first Bards graduating in 2013. 2013 also saw the launch of the Druid Hedge Schools initiative, a loose network of pagan Druid trainings intended to promote Druidry as a spiritual practice in the modern world.

Within the traditional Gaelic culture of Ireland, society rested on the pillars of the tribal nobility, bardic poet historians and priests. Different families had different roles to play and in many cases, this was a hereditary role. However, the nature of this system, known as tanistry was aristocratic ("rule by the best") in the truest sense, in that if the tribe thought a younger male member of the family was more suitable to succeed to a role than an older sibling, then they could. The Norman and wider European concept of strict primogeniture was not completely adopted until after some of the families joined the peerage of Ireland.

He worked as a still and cine press photographer for HTV, the BBC, the Western Mail, Y Cymro and various national newspapers, and produced much private work and mounted many exhibitions. He also took a keen and active interest in teaching photography, and was the driving force behind the first mobile disabled darkroom, operated by Arts Care/Gofal Celf.Arts Care/Gofal Celf is a Carmarthen-based charity providing arts training and facilities for disabled people in Wales In 2003, Davies was awarded the OBE for his services to photography, and the year before he was accepted into the Welsh National Eisteddfod's Bardic Circle. Davies died on 26 October 2013, aged 91.

He later moved to Llanrwst and became one of the most famous poets of his day, being particularly admired for his mastery of the englyn. John Roberts (1828–1904) was a native of neighbouring Trefriw, and he used that name in his job as a printer and bookseller. In Eisteddfodau he would assume the bardic name of Gwilym Cowlyd, and frequently levelled criticism at the Gorsedd for being too Anglicised. In 1865, he founded a separate festival to rival the big National Eisteddfod, and called it Arwest Glan Geirionydd (‘Music Festival on the Banks of the River Geirionydd’), and the meeting point was the Taliesin Memorial by Llyn Geirionydd.

As a nationalist, she was heavily involved in the Eisteddfod movement, becoming Mistress of the Robes to the Gorsedd of Bards and receiving an honorary Bardic degree in 1918.Women, A Modern Political Dictionary, Cheryl Law, I. B. Tauris, 2000, p. 146 She collected works of art (including the Coombe Tennant collection of Modern French pictures);Women, A Modern Political Dictionary, Cheryl Law, I. B. Tauris, 2000, p. 146 and in 1931 she became official buyer for the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery in Swansea, acquiring works by artists such as Gwen John, Kyffin Williams John Elwyn Meyrick, R. John Elwyn (2000) Aldershot: Scolar Press, 2000 and Evan Walters.

Gwilym Richard Jones (24 March 1903 – 29 July 1993) was an editor and poet, and the first person to have received all three major literary awards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. The Eisteddfod is an event at which it is notoriously difficult to achieve an award without merit, as the judges will often attribute no prize if they feel that the quality of the work submitted does not meet the standards required. Jones was awarded the Bardic Crown in 1935, the Chair in 1938, and the Prose Medal in 1941. Raised in Talysarn, Jones embarked upon a career in journalism at Caernarfon where he wrote for Yr Herald Cymraeg.

He recorded several music CDs, performed with solo bardic programs. In 2003 he moved to Moscow, where he graduated from VGIK with a degree in film-making. From 2005 to 2008, he was one of the authors and host of the program "Inexplicable, yet a Fact" on Russian TV channel TNT, where he received reports of clashes with various mystical anomalies, and then carried out investigations into their materials. He also collaborated with the Ren-TV channel, being the host of the program "Fantasy Stories". In May 2016 he recorded the song "Our Crimea" («Наш Крым»), and later in an interview he stated that considers Crimea a historical Russian territory.

Lanyon began training as a glider pilot in 1959, as he explained: "to get a more complete knowledge of the landscape". He used his gliding experiences as the basis for paintings that gave an aerial perspective to his native Cornish landscape right through to his death in a gliding accident in 1964. In 1961 he was elected Chairman of the Newlyn Society of Artists and was elected a Bard of the Gorseth Kernow, with the bardic name Marghak an Gwyns (Rider of the Winds) for services to Cornish art. In 1962 he spent seven months painting a mural commissioned for the house of Stanley J Seeger in New Jersey, USA.

The legend has inspired many poems and songs throughout the ages. The earliest mention of Cantre'r Gwaelod is thought to be in the thirteenth-century Black Book of Carmarthen in a poem called "Boddi Maes Gwyddno" ("The Drowning of the Land of Gwyddno") which relates the tale of Mererid and the well. The story inspired a Victorian era-novel, The Misfortunes of Elphin (1829), by Thomas Love Peacock. At the 1925 National Eisteddfod of Wales, held in Pwllheli, Dewi Morgan ('Dewi Teifi') won the Bardic Chair with his Awdl recounting the legend, adopting Thomas Love Peacock's version as the basis for his poetic rendition.

This webpage cited: These Gaelic names are considered to equate to other Gaelic names found within the early bardic poetry of the MacLeods. This webpage cited: About a century before, Thomas had noted the similarity in these names, when discussing Ölvir, but he did not pursue a specific link between Ölvir and the MacLeods. Matheson speculated that Leod's great-grandfather would have flourished at roughly the same time as when Ölvir is said to have fled to the Suðreyjar. Matheson noted that Leod's name is derived from the Old Norse name Ljótr: a name which Matheson considered to be rare in Scandinavia and Iceland, and even more so in Scotland.

He was also a Welsh language poet of some distinction, and was crowned at the National Eisteddfod in 1974 for his free metre poem Tân ("Fire"). He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Wales in 1988, and was Archdruid of Wales from 1990 to 1993, taking the bardic name "Ap Llysor" (meaning "son of Solicitor"). He was also chairman of the Assembly of Welsh Counties, and secretary of the Baptist chapel at Criccieth. He published five volumes of Welsh poems, Dwyfor (1948), Cerddi'r Neraig ("Neraig Poems", 1968), Grawn Medi ("September Grapes", 1974), Tân ("Fire", 1979) and Dringo'r Ysgol ("Climbing the Ladder", 1989), and a collection Mydylau ("Haycocks") in 2004.

Philip Shallcrass (born 1953), often known by his Druid name, Greywolf, is Chief of the British Druid Order. He is an artist, writer, poet, musician and singer-songwriter who pioneered a "shamanic" Druidism.The content of this article is extracted from booklet 9 of the BDO Bardic Course, Who Are We?, pages 21–31, from biographical notes in Shallcrass & Restall Orr (eds.), A Druid Directory, pages 31–33, from the autobiographical account given in 'A Priest of the Goddess,' Chapter 12 of the book, Nature Religion Today, edited by Pearson, Roberts and Samuel, Edinburgh University Press, 1998, and from the manuscript of Philip Shallcrass' as yet unpublished autobiography, A Druid's Tail.

This formed part of the training of the military, for whom a knowledge of the landscape was essential. It was also essential knowledge for the bardic caste, who were expected to recite poems answering questions on place name origins as part of their professional duties. An early example of this are the tales about Mongán mac Fíachnai which date from at least as early as 750, where the poet Forgoll is asked to recite the lore of different places. Consequently, the dindshenchas may well have grown by accretion from local texts compiled in schools as a way of teaching about places in their area.

Foraire Uladh ar Aodh is an Irish poem by Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hUiginn. Composed in the early fifteenth century, it is an address to Aodh mac Art Mag Aonghusa, Chief of Uí Echach Cobo. It "... apparently became accepted as a masterpiece in the bardic schools, since it was the model for Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa's more tongue-in-cheek treatment, Bíodh aire ag Ultaibh ar Aodh. Mag Aonghusa controlled the Newry Pass, which played an important part in preventing the forces of the Dublin government entering Ulster to contest the rebels of the province; this made him: > "literally the procective sentinel of the province.

Matsya (fish) rescues the Saptarishi and Manu from the great Deluge Hindu astronomy, seven stars of Ursa Major are identified with the names of Saptarshis The Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana contain lists of kings and genealogies, from which the traditional chronology of India's ancient history are derived. Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the Maurya court at Patna at 300 BCE, reported to have heard of a traditional list of 153 kings that covered 6042 years, beyond the traditional beginning of the Kaliyuga in 3102 BCE. The royal lists are based on Sūta bardic traditions, and are derived from lists which were orally transmitted and constantly reshaped.

While several anthologies were compiled by collecting bardic poems of earlier centuries, some of the epic poems such as the Cilappatikaram and didactic works such as the Tirukkural were also written during this period.The identity of the author of Tirukkural is not known with any certainty. This work of 1330 distichs is attributed to Tiruvalluvar, who was probably a Jain with knowledge of the Sanskrit didactic works of the north. The patronage of the Jain and Buddhist scholars by the Kalabhra kings influenced the nature of the literature of the period, and most of the works that can be attributed to this period were written by the Jain and Buddhist authors.

Todhunter's first volume was > a collection of narrative and lyrical poems entitled "Laurella" (1876). > Grace, tenderness, and melody marked these poems; in later years he did much > stronger work under the influence of ancient Celtic literature, to the study > of which he was led by the memorable rendering of the Cuchullin legend > published in 1878 by Standish O'Grady. The "Banshee" (1888) and "Three > Bardic Talcs" (1896) contain the best of Todhunter's work in poetry. Three > plays of his have been acted with success; one of them, The Black Cat, > produced by the Independent Theatre in 1893, was a factor in the revival of > the literary drama.

His talent for poetry was well known in the village of Trawsfynydd, and he took part in numerous competitions and local eisteddfodau, winning his first chair (Cadair y Bardd) in Bala, 1907, at the age of 20. In 1910, he was given the bardic name Hedd Wyn (Welsh for "blessed peace"),Literal translation: white peace a reference to the sun's rays penetrating the mists in the valleys of Meirionydd. It was suggested by the poet Bryfdir at a poets' meeting. In 1913, he won chairs at the local eisteddfodau at Pwllheli and Llanuwchllyn, and in 1915 he was successful at local eisteddfodau in Pontardawe and Llanuwchllyn.

Tale about Drigum Tsenpo The Old Tibetan Chronicle is a composite text of various lists, narratives and bardic songs arranged to form a single account of the reigns of the Tibetan emperors. As the list of the Tibetan emperors found in the narrative ends with U Dumten ('U'i dum brtan), later known as Langdarma, the Chronicle must have been compiled during or soon after the reign of this emperor, that is, in the 840s.Uray (1968): 124-5 Geza Uray has argued that this composition was made in Dunhuang itself rather than Central Tibet.Uray (1968): 135 The Chronicle begins with a series of lists - of marriage alliances, principalities, emperors and ministers.

These produced historians, lawyers and a professional literary class which depended on the aristocracy for patronage. Much of the writing produced in this period was conventional in character, in praise of patrons and their families, but the best of it was of exceptionally high quality and included poetry of a personal nature. Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (14th century), Tadhg Óg Ó hUiginn (15th century) and Eochaidh Ó hEoghusa (16th century) were among the most distinguished of these poets. Every noble family possessed a body of manuscripts containing genealogical and other material, and the work of the best poets was used for teaching purposes in the bardic schools.

Arthur Saxon Dennett Smith (27 February 18831939 England and Wales Register – 22 November 1950)England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995 was a Cornish bard, writer and linguist, known by the bardic name Caradar. He taught Modern Languages at Blundell's School, Tiverton, Devon. He was born in Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England, of Cornish parents, Harriet Annie and Arthur Smith,1901 England Census and became a collaborator with Robert Morton Nance and Henry Jenner on the Gerlyver noweth Kernewek ha Sawsnek (Cornish-English dictionary). He compiled several grammars to make learning Cornish easier and edited some of the surviving Cornish texts.

Dating to around 1450 is a cywydd by Ieuan in praise of Hywel ab Ieuan Fychan ab Ieuan Gethin and his wife Elen of Moelyrch, Llansilin. Moelyrch was destroyed during the Glyndŵr Rising, probably at the same time as nearby Sycharth, the home of Owain Glyndŵr himself, and the poem celebrates the rebuilding of Hywel's home.Huws, Bleddyn Owen, 'Ailadeiladu Bywyd ar ôl Gwrthryfel Glyndŵr: Tystiolaeth y Canu i Foelyrch', Dwned 13 (2007), 97 - 137. This was almost certainly the occasion of the 'ymryson' (bardic contention) between Guto'r Glyn (who was also present at the celebration and presented a praise poem there) and Ieuan ap Gruffudd Leiaf.

Peabody (1996), p. 215. Tod's enthusiasm for bardic poetry reflected the works of Sir Walter Scott on Scottish subjects, which had a considerable influence both on British literary society and, bearing in mind Tod's Scottish ancestry, on Tod himself. Tod reconstructed Rajput history on the basis of the ancient texts and folklore of the Rajputs, although not everyone – for example, the polymath James Mill – accepted the historical validity of the native works. Tod also used philological techniques to reconstruct areas of Rajput history that were not even known to the Rajputs themselves, by drawing on works such as the religious texts known as Puranas.

Introduction by Bert Biscoe in the 2004 Cornwall Editions Ltd reprint of John Penrose Tregarthen was President of the Midland Cornish Association in 1901, President of the Royal Institution of Cornwall (1927–29), a Fellow of the Zoological Society, a county councillor and JP, and was made a bard of Gorseth Kernow in 1928, taking the bardic name Mylgarer, ('Lover of Wild Animals'). In 1881 Tregarthen married Rose, the youngest daughter of W. Huntley Bailey of Maida Vale; they had one son. Tregarthen spent his final years at his house, "Rosemorran", which is in Edgecumbe Gardens, Newquay, Cornwall. He was buried at St Columb Minor, Cornwall.

Southey most likely learned the tale as a child from his uncle William Tyler. Uncle Tyler may have told a version with a vixen (female fox) as the intruder, and then Southey may have later confused "vixen" with another common meaning of "a crafty old woman". P. M. Zall writes in "The Gothic Voice of Father Bear" (1974) that "it was no trick for Southey, a consummate technician, to recreate the improvisational tone of an Uncle William through rhythmical reiteration, artful alliteration ('they walked into the woods, while'), even bardic interpolation ('She could not have been a good, honest Old Woman')".Quoted in: Ober 1981, p.

The poet Dafydd Trefor is recorded in a list of clergy for the Bangor diocese of 1504 as being rector of St Gallgo's and St Eugrad's, and signed himself as such in a deed of 1524; he was buried in the churchyard. The poet and historian John Williams (better known by his bardic name "Glanmor") was rector of the two churches from 1883 until his death in 1891; he too is buried at Llanallgo. St Gallgo's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales. It is one of four churches in the combined benefice of Llaneugrad and Llanallgo with Penrhosllugwy with Llanfihangel Tre'r Beirdd.

These devices may have been crude harps or it may be that the harp developed from the use of triangles to distinguish Irish coins.William Henry Grattan Flood, 1905, The Story of the Harp; James Simon, 1810, Simon's Essay on Irish coins, and of the currency of foreign monies in Ireland The idea of a harp being the arms of Ireland may have originated as a reference to a fictional character, le roi d'irelande, in the courtly legend cycle of Tristan. Alternatively, it may have derived from a celebrated 13th century bardic poem, Tabhroidh Chugam Cruit mo Riogh, dedicated to Donnchadh Cairbreach O'Briain (d. 1242), a Gaelic King of Thomond.

Walter Davies Walter Davies (15 July 1761 – 5 December 1849), commonly known by his bardic name Gwallter Mechain ("Walter of Mechain"), was a Welsh poet, editor, translator, antiquary and Anglican clergyman. Davies was born at Y Wern, near Tomen y Castell, Llanfechain, Montgomeryshire. He was educated at the village school and was to become a cooper, but with the help of the poet Owain Myfyr went to All Souls College, Oxford, graduating in 1795. He took Holy Orders and became a Church of England curate in the parish of Meifod, Montgomeryshire, moving in 1799 to Ysbyty Ifan, Denbighshire where he met and married his wife Mary.

However, more recent scholars have identified that "uigin" refers to a Norse seafarer or Viking.The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn (1550–1591), Eleanor Knott (ed.), London, 1920 and 1926 In Gaelic times the prefix Uí before a name was used to signify descent from a grandson, this family are said to have descended from the grandson of Uiginn who lived in the 11th century or possibly from a previous Uiginn who was a grandson of King Niall of Tara. In modern times the surname has often been translated from Irish into "Higgins" in English although members the more senior branches of the family continue to use "O'Higgins".

495 He was a flamboyant individual who appeared at the 1902 Bangor Eisteddfod as the Cornish delegate sporting a traditional Cornish costume of his own design. He was made a bard by the Welsh Gorsedd in 1904 and took the bardic name of Bardd Glas (the Blue Bard) because he was clad from his tights to his cap in this colour. Also involved with Cowethas Kelto Kernuak was Henry Jenner who later retired to Cornwall following a distinguished career as librarian at the British Museum. Together with Jenner, he was jointly responsible for Cornwall gaining its acceptance as a Celtic nation by the Pan Celtic Congress of 1904.

The Crowning of the Bard () is one of the most important events in an eisteddfod. The most famous such ceremony takes place at the National Eisteddfod of Wales, and is normally on the Monday afternoon of Eisteddfod week (it was formerly held on the Tuesday).National Eisteddfod: the Gorsedd Today A new bardic crown is specially designed and made for each eisteddfod and is awarded to the winning entrant in the competition for the Pryddest, poetry written in free verse.Druid Network: History of the Gorsedd of Bards There are three judges and these have included past crowned bards, such as Mererid Hopwood and T. James Jones.

The National Eisteddfod crown was first awarded in 1867. The crowning ceremony is presided over by the Archdruid, who invites one of the judges to read the adjudication and judges' comments before announcing the identity of the bard, using only the nom de plume that the winner has used when submitting the work. Up to this point, no one knows the true identity of the bard, who is asked to stand and is then escorted to the stage and crowned. Winning the "double" of bardic chair and crown at the same Eisteddfod is a feat that has only been achieved a handful of times in the history of the Eisteddfod.

He toured Moravia, Poland, and Russia, and gave performances in Berlin and Dresden. In 1846 Mertz nearly died of an overdose of strychnine that had been prescribed to him as a treatment for neuralgia. Over the following year he was nursed back to health in the presence of his wife, the concert pianist Josephine Plantin whom he married in 1842. Some speculation may lead one to the conclusion that listening to his wife performing the romantic piano pieces of the day during his period of recovery may have had an influence on the sound and unusual right hand technique he adopted for the Bardenklänge (Bardic Sounds) op.

Hammira's palace at the Ranthambore Fort The construction of the pasheb, which started in March–April (Rajab), seems to have finished around the beginning of the rainy season in July. By this time, the defenders had exhausted their provisions. According to Amir Khusrau, the fort had become a "desert of thorns" due to scarcity of water and green leaves: the people were willing to purchase "one grain of corn for two grains of gold", but still could not get it. The Rajput bardic chronicles claim that the scarcity of food resulted from a conspiracy by Sarjan Shah, a Buddhist merchant (bania) belonging to the Sharaoji sect.

In his 'Memoir of the Author's Life', revised in 1832, Hogg maintained that he was encouraged by his friend John Grieve to build on his earlier poetic achievements as he sought to begin a literary career in Edinburgh. He recalled that, recognising that what he had produced recently, including pieces for his periodical The Spy, consisted of ballads or metrical tales, he decided that if he was to produce a long poem it would best consist of a collection of such shorter pieces:Altrive Tales, ed. Gillian Hughes (Edinburgh, 2003), 28. from this came the idea of the framework afforded by a bardic competition staged by Mary, Queen of Scots.

The Welsh renderings are not straightforward translations in the modern sense, but by contemporary standards, they are generally close to their Latin source text, with only some commentary or additional material from bardic traditional lore (cyfarwydd) appended to the text. Importantly, several manuscripts include a version of the tale known as Lludd and Llefelys inserted in the segment about Lludd Llaw Eraint; the presence or absence of this tale has been used to classify the early versions of the Brut.Bromwich, Triads. p. 416. One notable area in which Welsh translators have corrected or adapted Geoffrey based on native traditions is that of personal names and sobriquets.

Clwydfardd first came into prominence as a bard in 1824, when he won a silver medal at the Denbigh Eisteddfod for an ode on the Vale of Clwyd. In 1827 he won the prize at the Ruthin Eisteddfod for the best translation of Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village. In August of the same year he won a prize for a poem on Difyrwch Helwriaeth (the Pleasures of Hunting). OCR version His subsequent Eisteddfodic successes were numerous, but are not now held to be of much literary importance; his long-winded verbose poems are an example of the output of the typical bardic poet of his age.

On January 23, the team announced the return of five regulars from the 2016 starting XI as well as a young prospect. Returning players were Trevor Spangenberg, Rudy Dawson, Cristiano Dias, Ramón Soria, Kyle Culbertson, and young goalkeeper Austin Pack. On January 24, the team again announced the resigning of Michael Kafari, Tyler Rudy, Brian Bement, and Sidney Rivera for another run. The team also stated Bljedi Bardic will not return to the team as he has decided to stay in New York and take advantage of other career opportunities. On January 26, CONCACAF announced PRFC will host group D in the 2017 CFU Club Championship at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium starting March 14.

The origin of the Later Eastern Gangas is not clearly established. It is erratically summarized that they were an offshoot of the Western Ganga dynasty who were a south Indian dynasty but there is no evidence of architectural, linguistic and patterns of nomenclature of the kings having similarity between the Ganga kings of Karnataka and that of Odisha. Also, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the Ikshavaku dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the Chandravamsa lineage. Unlike the Western Ganga Dynasty who traced their lineage to the Solar Dynasty, the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a lunar descent from Vishnu through Brahma, Atri and Chandra (moon).

After these we may place the many ancient annals, and there exists besides a great mass of genealogical books, tribal histories, and semi-historical romances. After this may come the bardic poetry of Ireland, the poetry of the hereditary poets attached to the great Gaelic families and the provincial kings, from the 9th century down to the 17th. Then follow the Brehon Laws and other legal treaties, and an enormous quantity of writings on Irish and Latin grammar, glossaries of words, metrical tracts, astronomical, geographical, and medical works. Nor is there any lack of free translations from classical and medieval literature, such as Lucan's Bellum Civile, Bede's Historica Ecclesiastica, Mandeville's Travels, Arthurian romances and the like.

He only refers to two works, whereas Bresdin produced one hundred and forty etchings, twenty lithographs and a number of pen and ink drawings difficult to estimate. Bresdin was, in part, a product of the Breton countryside with its sagacious, bardic folklore traditions, later beloved of Gauguin and his circle, and in part a refugee from the Paris Bohemia of Henri Murger with its dolorous, witty intonations. His portrayals of the household interiors of the rural poor show uncanny empathy with their inhabitants and rapport with the imaginative hinterland of their psyches. His series of the Holy Family's flight to Egypt was highly praised by Redon, who thought it Bresdin's best work, and by de Montesquiou.

John Martin In Celtic cultures, a bard was a professional story teller, verse-maker, music composer, oral historian and genealogist, employed by a patron (such as a monarch or noble) to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities. Originally bards were a specific lower class of poet, contrasting with the higher rank known as fili in Ireland and Highland Scotland. With the decline of a living bardic tradition in the modern period, the term has loosened to mean a generic minstrel or author (especially a famous one). For example, William Shakespeare and Rabindranath Tagore are respectively known as "the Bard of Avon" (often simply "the Bard") and "the Bard of Bengal".

Daniel Huws, the leading authority on Welsh manuscripts, has argued that the majority of Peniarth 20 dates from circa 1330. A date around the 15th century had previously been offered by J. Gwenogvryn Evans. The Peniarth 20 manuscript contains four texts: the earliest known copy of Brut y Tywysogion, early religious prose in Y Bibl Ynghymraec, the poem Kyvoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd (The prophecy of Myrddin and Gwenddydd) is a dialogue between Merlin and his sister Gwenddydd, and a text of bardic grammar which summarises the instructions given to pupils during their training to become professional poets. The version of Brut y Tywysogion from Peniarth 20 is also found in The Black Book of Basingwerk.

On page nine of his Introduction to The Great Book of Irish Genealogies, Nollaig Ó Muraíle writes: It is possible that he had received some sort of formal education in Galway, studying English, Latin and some Greek. This is implied from his use of all three languages in his works. There is also the possibility that he received additional training at the Mac Aodhagáin bardic school located at Ballymacegan, Lough Derg, County Tipperary, which was run by noted scholar, Flann Mac Aodhagáin. Mac Fhirbhisigh's friends and acquaintances included Flann Mac Aodhagain, John Lynch, Patrick D'Arcy, Mary Bonaventure Browne, Dathi Og O Dubhda, Sir James Ware, Sir Diarmuid Ó Seachnasaigh, Eoin Ó Gnímh and Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh.

In the Metrical Dindshenchas, a collection of bardic verse, the ancient Fir Bolg king Sláine mac Dela was said to have been buried here, in the place that had been called Druim Fuar that came to be known in his memory Dumha Sláine.Mythical Ireland: Slane in ancient times There is an artificial mound on the western end of the hilltop. The hill may have been chosen as the site of Christian abbey due to the presence of an existing pagan shrine, the remains of which may be two standing stones in the burial yard.Lewis, "Notes on Some Irish Antiquities" The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 9 (1880:137–145) p.

In the Flyting, for instance, Dunbar makes big play of Kennedy's Carrick roots (albeit in the rankly insulting terms that are part of the genre) and strongly associates him with Erschry, "Irishry" which meant in other words the bardic tradition; the term Irish in Scotland signified Gaelic generally: Alexander Montgomerie (1545? – 1610?) was also a Gaelic speaker, and was termed the "Hielant Captain"; various Gaelic terms and phrases can be found in his works. George Buchanan, himself a Gaelic speaker, writing in 1575, reported that Gaelic was still spoken in Galloway. In the middle of the century, 1563–1566, an anonymous English military investigator reported that the people of Carrick "for the most part specke erishe".

Hedd Wyn (born Ellis Humphrey Evans, 13 January 188731 July 1917) was a Welsh- language poet who was killed on the second day of the Battle of Passchendaele during World War I. He was posthumously awarded the bard's chair at the 1917 National Eisteddfod. Evans, who had been awarded several chairs for his poetry, was inspired to take the bardic name Hedd Wyn (, "blessed peace") from the way sunlight penetrated the mist in the Meirionnydd valleys. Born in the village of Trawsfynydd, Wales, Evans wrote much of his poetry while working as a shepherd on his family's hill farm. His style, which was influenced by romantic poetry, was dominated by themes of nature and religion.

The story was similar to that of Medea, as it had recently been recast for a popular Parisian play by Alexandre Soumet: the chaste goddess (casta diva) addressed in Normas hit aria is the moon goddess, worshipped in the "grove of the Irmin statue". Edward Williams, known for his bardic name, "Iolo Morganwg" A central figure in 19th century Romanticist, Neo-druid revival, is the Welshman Edward Williams, better known as Iolo Morganwg. His writings, published posthumously as The Iolo Manuscripts (1849) and Barddas (1862), are not considered credible by contemporary scholars. Williams claimed to have collected ancient knowledge in a "Gorsedd of Bards of the Isles of Britain" he had organized.

John Davies, also known by his bardic name of Siôn Dafydd Las (died 1694), was a Welsh bard active in the late 17th century. He is thought to have been from the Llanuwchllyn area of North Wales, and he may have lived in the Tyn-y- ffridd area for a while. He and his contemporaries were some of the last of the group of bards patronized by wealthy Welsh families, and is believed to have been the last "household bard" retained in Merionethshire. He is known to have sung his poetry to the families of Doluwcheogryd, Dolau-gwyn, Bodysgallen, Corsygedol, Gloddaeth, Glyncywarch, Nannau, Maes-y-neuadd, Cefnamwlch, Maesypandy, and Tan-y-bwlch.

Vefa de Saint-Pierre, born Countess Geneviève de Méhérenc de Saint-Pierre (or Vefa Sant-Pêr in the Breton language), or Brug ar Menez Du (bardic name) was a Breton explorer, reporter and author, born in Plian, France, on 4 May 1872 and died in Sant-Brieg in 1967. She was the daughter of Count Henri de Méhérenc de Saint-Pierre and Marie Espivent de La Villesboisnet, a "pure heiress of the Breton nobility" and born in a castle in the Côtes-d'Armo. By turns a nun, reporter, novelist, author of poetry and youth fiction, Saint-Pierre was a global voyager and hunter travelling across North and South America and Australia who wrote enthusiastically about her adventures.

The battle is also mentioned in more detail in the earlier, 12th century Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, edited in 1867 by James Henthorn Todd (1867), and includes a bardic poem commemorating the battle. "Part compilation and part romance", it was written based on the extant annals as a propaganda work to glorify Brian Ború and the Dál gCais dynasty.Ó Corráin, p 91 More recently, its worth as a historical record has been questioned; according to the 20th century medievalist Donnchadh Ó Corráin, it "influenced historiography, medieval and modern, out of all proportion to its true value".Ó Corráin, p 200 However, historians still recognise it as the "most important of the Irish sagas and historical romances concerning the Vikings".

In 1975,Oliver Waken "Messina, Cedric (1920-1993)", BBC screenonline while on location at Glamis Castle for a Play of the Month production of The Little Minister by J. M. Barrie, Messina thought he had found the ideal location for Shakespeare's As You Like It, an idea which soon grew to the BBC undertaking the entire Bardic canon.Susan Willis The BBC Shakespeare Plays: Making the Televised Canon, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991, p.3 The BBC Television Shakespeare was the result, and Messina was responsible for the first two seasons (twelve plays) broadcast between 1978 and 1980. The series gained mixed reviews, and the perceived problems were often thought the responsibility of Messina himself.

The book is set in a culture reminiscent of the medieval era, but technologically near- modern, and in which archaeology is also an established profession. Scholar Phelan Cle of the Bardic School at Caerau chooses as his graduate thesis the subject of the perhaps mythical Bone Plain, where all poetry is said to have originated, and the tale of the wandering bard Nairn. Meanwhile, archaeologist Jonah Cle, Phelan's alcoholic father, pursues his own investigations, urged on by his dedicated disciple Princess Beatrice, the king's youngest daughter. At the standing stones near the school is unearthed a strange artifact, a disk marked with ancient runes that may prove key to the mysteries of Bone Plain.

Iolo Morganwg, who revived Welsh bardic traditions during the 18th and 19th centuries, popularised a version of the myth that had Hu Gadarn's two long-horned oxen drag the afanc from the lake, enabling it to be killed. An earlier variation on this had the oxen cast the afanc into Llyn Ffynnon Las (lake of the blue fountain), where it was unable to breach its rocky banks to escape. In one telling the wild thrashings of the afanc caused flooding which drowned all the people of Britain, save two, Dwyfan and Dwyfach. Another has a maiden who tamed the afanc by letting it sleep in her lap, which allowed her fellow villagers to capture it.

Dewi Wyn o Eifion (1784–1841) with the title written in Coelbren y Beirdd The Coelbren y Beirdd (English: "Bards' alphabet") is a script created in the late eighteenth century by the literary forger Edward Williams, best known as Iolo Morganwg. The alphabet system consisted of twenty letters and twenty other representations of elongated vowels that resembled Ancient Greek and could be carved on four-sided pieces of wood and fitted into a frame he called a "peithynen". Williams presented wooden druidic alphabets to friends and notables, and succeeded in persuading many of its authenticity. A Welsh Bardic and Druidic essay, written by his son Taliesin Williams and published as a pamphlet in 1840, defended the authenticity of the alphabet and won the Abergavenny Eisteddfod in 1838.

The Menai Strait in 2004 crossed by Telford's 1826 suspension bridge, with Snowdonia (Eryri) in the background. Control of the Menai and access to Anglesey (Ynys Môn) was crucial for medieval Gwynedd The history of Gwynedd in the High Middle Ages is a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th through the 13th centuries. Gwynedd, located in the north of Wales, eventually became the most dominant of Welsh principalities during this period. Distinctive achievements in Gwynedd include further development of Medieval Welsh literature, particularly poets known as the Beirdd y Tywysogion (Welsh for Poets of the Princes) associated with the court of Gwynedd; the reformation of bardic schools; and the continued development of Cyfraith Hywel (The Law of Hywel, or Welsh law).

A French illustration of teaching from the late fourteenth century From the early Middle Ages there were bardic schools, that trained individuals in the poetic and musical arts, but because Scotland was a largely oral society, little evidence of what they taught has survived.K. M. Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 220. The establishment of Christianity from the sixth century brought Latin to Scotland as a scholarly and written language. In the early Middle Ages monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools and providing a small, educated and overwhelmingly male, elite, who were essential to create and read documents in a largely illiterate society.

The Red Dragon cover page, July 1883 Motto: – "The Red Dragon will lead the way" Wilkins' major works included the first histories of Merthyr Tydfil and Newport, a history of Wales, a history of Welsh literature, and histories of the coal, iron, and steel trades of South Wales. From age fourteen, Wilkins wrote extensively over many years for the Merthyr Tydfil, Cardiff, and Swansea newspapers, including serialized versions of his books. In 1877, Wilkins was "initiated into the mysteries of the Druidic lore", and at the 1881 National Eisteddfod, held in Merthyr Tydfil, he won a £21 prize (approximately ) and gold medal for the best "History of the Literature of Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire from the earliest period to the present time." His bardic name was Catwg.

Title-page of the first edition The Misfortunes of Elphin (1829) is a short historical romance by Thomas Love Peacock, set in 6th century Wales, which recounts the adventures of the bard Taliesin, the princes Elphin ap Gwythno and Seithenyn ap Seithyn, and King Arthur. Peacock researched his story from early Welsh materials, many of them untranslated at the time; he included many loose translations from bardic poetry, as well as original poems such as "The War-Song of Dinas Vawr". He also worked into it much satire of the Tory attitudes of his own time. Elphin has been highly praised for its sustained comic irony, and by some critics is considered the finest Arthurian literary work of the Romantic period.

It > proved to be one of the most helpful of the revival hymns, and was often > used as an invitation hymn in England and America. The Welsh version was translated by Calvinistic Methodist minister and musician Ieuan Gwyllt (literally John the Wild, bardic name of John Roberts) (1822-1877). It has become so well known in Wales that, despite its American origin, many people believe it to be an indigenously Welsh hymn.Sean Curnyn, in his discussion of the quick spread and persistence of the song in Wales, writes that more than a century prior to the internet one might have said that Gwyllt's popularization of the song caused it to go "bacterial" even if then it could not go viral.

The tradition arose out of early bardic oral historians. They are usually accompanied by a stringed instrument—in Kyrgyzstan, a three-stringed komuz, and in Kazakhstan, a similar two-stringed instrument, the dombra. Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882, when a Russian Mennonite photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the Khanate of Khiva during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by Claas Epp, Jr. Upon his arrival to Khanate of Khiva, Penner shared his photography skills with a local student Khudaybergen Divanov, who later became the founder of Uzbek photography.Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010 Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat-e Turkestan, Kazakhstan.

After illness, he returned to Wales to become rector of Manordeifi in Pembrokeshire, before Thomas Burgess (the Bishop of St David's) appointed him as vicar of Ceri in Montgomeryshire in 1807. The name of the village gave him the name by which he was known as an antiquarian, Ifor Ceri. ("Ifor" was after Ifor ap Llywelyn, patron of the medieval Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym - Jenkins was very hospitable towards poets and musicians at his house in Ceri.) On one visit in 1818, Thomas Burgess and Jenkins decided "to rekindle the bardic skill and ingenuity of the principality ... by holding eisteddfodau in different places in the four provinces". Jenkins carried on directing eisteddfodau until 1829 when he decided that the English influence was too strong.

According to the genealogies from Jesus College MS 20, Gwriad was the son of a certain Elidyr and was a descendant of Llywarch Hen and Coel Hen, rulers from the Hen Ogledd or "Old North", the Brittonic- speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and northern England.Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20 17: "Rodri ma6r m Meruyn vrych m G6rhyat m Elidyr m sandef m Alcun m tegyth m Ceit m douc m Llewarch hen m Elidyr lydanwyn m Meircha6n m G6rgust m Keneu m Coil hen. mal y mae vchot". The bardic poetry indicates that Merfyn was "from the land of Manaw", a Brittonic place name applied to several districts, including Manaw Gododdin, the area around the Firth of Forth.

The diction and grammar of the ', his indebtedness to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the "early Tamil bardic poets", but before Tamil bhakti poets era. In 1959, S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the work to around or after the 6th-century CE. His proposal is based on the evidence that the ' contains a large proportion of Sanskrit loan words, shows awareness and indebtedness to some Sanskrit texts best dated to the first half of the 1st- millennium CE, and the grammatical innovations in the language of '. Pillai published a list of 137 Sanskrit loan words in '. Later scholars Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau show that 35 of these are of Dravidian origin, and not Sanskrit loan words.

The Contention of the bards (in Irish, Iomarbhágh na bhFileadh) was a literary controversy of early 17th century Gaelic Ireland, lasting from 1616 to 1624, probably peaking in 1617. The principal bardic poets of the country wrote polemical verses against each other and in support of their respective patrons. There were 30 contributions to the Contention, which took the form of a bitter debate over the relative merits of the two halves of Ireland: the north, dominated by the Eremonian descendants of the Milesians, and the south, dominated by the Eberian descendants. The verses were first published in print in two volumes produced by the Irish Texts Society in 1918 edited by Lambert McKenna who acknowledged the significant contribution of Eleanor Knott to the accompanying translations.

Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte, Irish poet, fl. c. 1601. A member of the Ó an Cháintighe bardic family, and a relative of Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte, Tadhg Olltach is probably to be identified with 'Teige on Canty, of Clansheane', mentioned in a fiant of Elizabeth I dated 14 May 1601, along with his wife, 'Margaret ny Fynan'. Slanshane appears as part of the Carbery lands of Mac Carrthaigh Riabhach in an inquisition of 1636, showing that it compromised the northern part of the parish of Desertserges, County Cork. Tadgh is almost solely known by the poem Torchoir ceól Cloinne Cathoil, a lament for Conchubhar Mac Conghalaigh, harper to Domhnall Ó Donnabháin, lord of Clann Chathail from 1584 until his death in 1639.

In 1868, following the defeat of their local candidate in the general election and taking advantage of a significant reduction in the cost of newspaper production, the Conservative Party decided to launch their own rival paper, the Western Mail, controlled by the Bute trustees and circulating daily. Faced with growing competition from the Western Mail, Duncan launched a sister paper to the Times, called the South Wales Daily News in 1872. The Weely Mail responded by launching its own weekly to rival the Cardiff Times, called the Weekly Mail. In 1886, the Times expanded its coverage such that in addition to liberal political issues, it also featured serialised fiction and contributions from poets and bards, including William Abraham, better known by his bardic name "Mabon".

The Australian Dictionary of Biography says that "Jenkins's noteworthiness stemmed from the rich documentation of his experiences and thoughts that has survived". He was a consistent diarist for 58 years of his life and a consistent if not outstanding poet, under the bardic name Amnon II. He achieved fame posthumously from publication of some excerpts of his Australian writings. The compiler, his grandson Dr William Evans, a Harley Street cardiologist, coined the title Diary of a Welsh SwagmanEvans, William Diary of a Welsh Swagman (Macmillan, Melbourne 1975, reprinted by Sun Books 1977– ) by which name he is familiar to generations of Victorian school students for whom the book became a prescribed history text in 1978.Phillips, Bethan Pity the Swagman (Cymdeithas Lifrau Ceredigion Gyf.

In 1904 a body of information with a photograph of Joseph and a selection of his poetry in Welsh was included in the book Cerddi Cerngoch by Daniel Jenkins and David Lewis. (The title is Welsh for 'Poems of Redcheek'—the bardic name of Joseph's brother John—but the book also records writings of several other distinguished family members.) Most of the book is printed in the Welsh language but some prefatory pages are in English. In 1998, Dr Bethan Phillips of Lampeter, having devoted many years to the project, including a visit to Australia, published her extensively researched account in Welsh: Rhwng Dau Fyd: Y Swagman O Geredigion, followed in 2002 by Pity the Swagman—The Australian Odyssey of a Victorian Diarist.

The poem is generally dated to the late classical period (2nd to 4th century CE). Nedunalvadai contains 188 lines of poetry in the akaval metre. It is a poem of complex and subtle artistic composition, its vividness and language has won it many superlatives, including one by the Tamil literature scholar Kamil Zvelebil, as "the best or one of the best of the lays of the [Sangam] bardic corpus". According to G. John Samuel, the "Netunalvatai belongs to the great corpus of ancient classical erotic poems of the world which include the beautiful love poems of the Grecian world, the Song of songs of the Hebraic world, the ancient pastoral poems of the Latin literature and the Muktaka poems of the Sanskrit tradition".

Secondly, many of the local Irish Lords felt that their interests were threatened by the English policy of Plantations – confiscating land for which the owner did not have an English title and establishing English colonies on it. Thirdly, the imposition of seneschals, or English military governors, in various areas where the local leaders had previously been independent meant that some chieftains, such as Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne of the Wicklow Mountains, were already engaged in a low level war with the English authorities throughout the 1570s. Finally, cultural and religious conflict also played a role in fomenting discontent. In the early 1570s, Sir John Perrot, the English Lord Deputy, had banned aspects of traditional Gaelic Irish culture, including Brehon law, bardic Irish language poetry, and Irish dress.

Iolo's philosophy represented a fusion of Christian and Arthurian influences, a romanticism comparable to that of William Blake and the Scottish poet and forger James MacPherson, the revived antiquarian enthusiasm for all things "Celtic", and such elements of bardic heritage as had genuinely survived among Welsh-language poets. Part of his aim was to assert the Welshness of South Wales, particularly his home region of Glamorgan, against the prevalent idea that North Wales represented the purest survival of Welsh traditions. In execution, if not in content, this made him the modern Welsh equivalent of the forger Geoffrey of Monmouth. However, whilst Geoffrey is lauded as the father of Arthurian legend and revered to this day, Morganwg's name is prefixed by "the forger and laudanum addict".

Jones was a prominent poet in Eisteddfod circles and was a noted local historian. His essay on Penmachno, written in the mid 19th century, was first published in 1884 (after his death) in "Gweithiau Gethin" (The Works of Gethin). The essay refers to the first nonconformist sermon in the parish in about 1784 at Penrhyn Uchaf; it describes the buildings at Dugoed farm () (the oldest part of the farmhouse was built around 1517) and reflects on the possible sites of historical significance on the farm itself, including Tomen y Castell as a possible fort and the field Cae'r Braint ("Field of Honour") which may have contained a great Bardic circle. In 1875, he was a member of the committee organising the National Eisteddfod in Pwllheli.

In June 1823 he was also appointed medical advisor to the wealthy Crawshay family who owned the ironworks at Merthyr and Treforest. Spending time in Treforest, "a revolutionary town", he came under the increasing influence of left-wing political ideas. Being a proud Welsh nationalist, Price found likeminded friends in another wealthy family, the Guests, and gave a speech on Welsh history and literature at their Royal Eisteddfod in 1834, which Lady Charlotte Guest felt to be "one of the most beautiful and eloquent speeches that was ever heard". On the basis of it, he was invited to take up the job of judging the eisteddfod's bardic competition, with the prize being awarded to Taliesin, son of famous druid and Welsh nationalist Iolo Morganwg.

By the fifteenth century, the Mac an Bháirds had branched out from Galway and established new septs in Tirconnell (Tír Conaill) near Lettermacaward, County Donegal – the most prolific of all the Mac an Bháird septs – and in a nearby area called Tirhugh (Tír Aodh). Other branches of the family formed new septs near Ballymote, County Sligo, and in the territory of Oriel, near Farney, County Monaghan. Many references are recorded for Mac an Bháirds who were their septs' chief of the name. The Tirconnell sept provided the O'Donnells with some of Ireland's greatest bardic poets, while other Mac an Bháird poets and their works are associated with the O'Neills, the Maguries, the MacMahons, and a variety of other Irish and Anglo-Irish chieftains.

While a miner at Ynysybwl, Williams began to earn a reputation as a poet, and it was reported in 1889 that the eisteddfod at Jerusalem, Ynysybwl saw the young poet come to public notice for the first time. In the early years of the twentieth century, he began to compete at the National Eisteddfod and won the most prestigious prize, the bardic chair, on two occasions. The first was at Caernarfon in 1906 for an Awdl (a poem in strict verse) on Y Lloer (The Moon). This poem became popular because of its smooth, rhythmical lines.) He won for a second time at Llangollen two years later for a poem in memory of the popular nineteenth century Welsh poet, John Ceiriog Hughes (Ceiriog).

Given that Ireland had escaped absorption into the Roman empire, this had time to develop into a highly sophisticated literature with well-documented formal rules and highly organised bardic schools. The result was a large body of prose and verse recording the ancient myths and sagas of the Gaelic-speaking people of the island, as well as poems on religious, political and geographical themes and a body of nature poetry. The formality which Latin had gained through its long written history was often not present in the vernaculars which began producing poetry, and so new techniques and structures emerged, often derived from oral literature. This is particularly noticeable in the Germanic languages, which, unlike the Romance languages, are not direct descendants from Latin.

In Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition, the bard class continued its change from a druidic loremaster in first edition into a jack-of-all-trades (retaining mainly the original Bardic Knowledge ability, an almost universal chance to know anything based on character level and Intelligence). Bards now could be any non-lawful alignment, meaning Bards could no longer be Lawful Neutral, but now could be Chaotic Good and Chaotic Evil. This was explained on the grounds that a bard wanders freely and is guided by intuition and whim. The D&D; bard is inspired by wandering minstrels who were indeed considered "rogues" of a sort (for instance, attempting to earn free food and rooms at inns through doing odd jobs like killing rats, singing, or just wooing the bartender).

David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) David Richards (22 January 1751 – 12 May 1827), better-known by his bardic name Dafydd Ionawr, was a Welsh-language poet, born at Glanyrafon near Bryn-crug in the parish of Tywyn in Merionethshire (now Gwynedd), north-west Wales. He took an interest in poetry as a result of his acquaintance with Evan Evans (Ieuan Brydydd Hir), who was curate of St Cadfan's Church, Tywyn, and was later sent to a school at Ystradmeurig to obtain a better education than was available locally. After a period as a junior schoolmaster in Wrexham, he spent one term at Jesus College, Oxford, before going to teach at Oswestry grammar school. He then taught at the grammar school in Carmarthen before being appointed head of a free school in his native area.

The ruins of Kinloss Abbey, one of the ecclessiastical institutions which opened their doors to a wider range of students in the late Middle Ages In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland was overwhelmingly an oral society and education was verbal rather than literary. After the "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court from the twelfth century, an order of bards took over the functions of poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passing on their knowledge in Gaelic to the next generation. They would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were bards to the Lord of the Isles,K.

Maine Munchaoin and Daire Cearba were noted as twins (being born at one birth), and some manuscripts attribute Maine's offspring as being fathered by Daire due to Maine's inability; as a result, Maine tends to be overlooked as an ancestor, and the Ui Fidgheinte typically list Daire as their progenitor. Rawlinson B502, the primary source manuscript, also sets forth the Ui Fidgheinte as being descended from Daire Cearba. Daire Cerbba is credited as the ancestor of the Ui Fidgheinte and thus the O'Donovan family, and was referred to in a poem addressed to Donal II O'Donovan, chief of Clan Cathail, in as late as the early 17th century, by the bardic poet Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte.Ua Súilleabháin and Donnelly Modern descendants of Daire Cerbba include the O'Connells of Derrynane,O'Hart, pp.

There have been fortifications associated with this site since AD 600. In the Early Middle Ages numerous skirmishes were fought in the area between the post-Roman kingdoms of Wales. Two significant encounters were in AD 610,when Llywarch Hen, a bardic prince of Rheged, fought a bloody battle nearby (Gwydir might be derived from gwaed dŭr – the bloody land) and later when the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Deheubarth fought a major battle near Llanrwst in AD 954 . The entrance By the 14th century, the Welsh knight Howell ap Coetmor, who had fought in the Hundred Years' War as a commander of longbowmen under Edward, the Black Prince at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 is recorded as the first owner of a manor house on the site.

King was a member of an Irish bardic family, who were residents of the barony of Kilcoursey, County Offaly, known as Fox's Country. They were poets, scribes, and drafted legal documents for their patrons, mainly the families of Fox and Mageoghegan. Writing in 2001, McCaughy states "What we can say is that the Muircheartach Ó Cionga that we are concerned with in this study was one of a learned poetic family of the name who are referred to quite frequently in the sources, some of whose poetry survives (a good deal of it religious), and that they are located in the barony of Kilcoursey in Fox’s Country." Muircheartach first apparent appearances are as Murtagh O Kinge of Kilcolly and Murtho O King of Fox's County in fiants of the 1590s.

Robert Elis (Cynddelw) Robert Ellis (3 February 1812 – 19 August 1875; sometimes spelt Elis), professionally known by his bardic name Cynddelw (after a 12th-century poet of the same name), was a Welsh language poet, editor, and lexicographer, born at Tyn y Meini, Bryndreiniog, Pen-y-Bont-Fawr in the old county of Montgomeryshire, Mid Wales. He was also a Baptist minister: from 1836 to 1840 at Llanelian-yn-Rhos and Llanddulas, Denbighshire; from 1838-1840 Glyn Ceiriog in the Ceiriog Valley; from 1847 to 1862 at Tredegar, Monmouthshire; and from 1862 until his death in 1875, at Caernarfon. His poem Yr Adgyfodiad was published in 1849, whilst he was a minister at Tredegar in the Sirhowy Valley. Many other poems, biographies, an autobiography, and a dictionary followed.

Meanwhile, Welsh poetry, which had been verging on stagnation, took on a new lease of life as poets sought to regain mastery over the traditional verse forms, partly to make a political point. Alan Llwyd and Dic Jones were leaders in the field. Female poets such as Menna Elfyn gradually began to make their voices heard, overcoming the obstacle of the male-dominated bardic circle and its conventions. The scholar Sir Ifor Williams also pioneered scientific study of the earliest Welsh written literature, as well as the Welsh language itself, recovering the works of poets like Taliesin and Aneirin from the uncritical fancies of various antiquarians, such as the Reverend Edward Davies who believed the theme of Aneirin's Gododdin was the massacre of the Britons at Stonehenge in 472.

The Kural has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third Sangam, and was subjected to a divine test (which it passed). The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian K. K. Pillay assigned it to the early 1st century CE. According to Kamil Zvelebil, a Czech scholar of Tamil literature, these early dates such as 300 BCE to 1 BCE are unacceptable and not supported by evidence within the text. The diction and grammar of the Kural, and Valluvar's indebtedness to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the "early Tamil bardic poets," but before Tamil bhakti poets era.

The result of the report led to a concerted effort to ensure that Welsh women would in future be above rebuke, and several Welsh periodicals were launched in the decades following aimed at improving housekeeping and to improve the morality of the Welsh readership. One of the first periodicals to launch after the publication, and in direct response to, the 'Blue Books' was Y Gymraes (The Welshwoman). Its editor Evan Jones (1820-1852) known by his bardic name of "Ieaun Gwynedd" was seen as a champion of Welsh women following his detailed defence of their morality following the controversy surrounding the Report. Y Gymraes, launched in January 1850, set out to create the 'perfect' Welshwoman, a virtue of morality, sobriety and thrift, a beacon that would see the Welsh nation above all future criticism.

This tradition (of sleeping on the summit of the mountain) apparently stems from bardic traditions, where bards would sleep on the mountain in hope of inspiration. Although the mountain's name is typically taken to refer to the mythological giant Idris, who was said to have been skilled in poetry, astronomy and philosophy, it has sometimes been mistranslated as Arthur's Seat, in reference to King Arthur (and to the hill of the same name in Edinburgh), an idea used by author Susan Cooper in her book The Grey King. However, this translation is mistaken and there is no etymological or traditional connection between Idris and Arthur. In Welsh mythology, Cadair Idris is also said to be one of the hunting grounds of Gwyn ap Nudd and his Cŵn Annwn.

In the early references, states Coburn, the term Purana occurs in singular unlike the later era which refers to a plural form presumably because they had assumed their "multifarious form". While both these traditions disagree on the origins of the Puranas, they affirm that extant Puranas are not identical with the original Purana. According to the Indologists J. A. B. van Buitenen and Cornelia Dimmitt, the Puranas that have survived into the modern era are ancient but represent "an amalgam of two somewhat different but never entirely different separate oral literatures: the Brahmin tradition stemming from the reciters of the Vedas, and the bardic poetry recited by Sutas that was handed down in Kshatriya circles". The original Puranas comes from the priestly roots while the later genealogies have the warrior and epic roots.

Thomas Stephens (Bardic names: Casnodyn, Gwrnerth, Caradawg) (21 April 1821 – 4 January 1875) was a Welsh historian, literary critic, and social reformer. His works include The Literature of the Kymry (1849,1876), Madoc: An Essay on the Discovery of America by Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd in the Twelfth Century (1858,1893), and Orgraff yr Iaith Gymraeg (1859) (an orthography of Welsh), as well as a number of prize-winning essays presented at eisteddfodau between 1840 and 1858. He was the first Welsh historian and literary critic to employ rigorous scientific methods, and is considered to have done more to raise the standards of the National Eisteddfod than any other Welshman of his time. Stephens also figured prominently in efforts to implement social, educational and sanitary reforms both locally in Merthyr Tydfil and more broadly throughout Wales.

Trealaw Post Office Trealaw is a dormitory town of the more famous Tonypandy, its name translates from the Welsh language as 'the Town of Alaw', which derives from Alaw Goch or Alaw Coch (red melody), the bardic name of David (Dafydd) Williams (d. 1863) the father of Judge Gwilym Williams (1839–1906), who founded the village (along with that of Williamstown, a village to the south of Trealaw) during the 'coal-rush' of the 19th century. Judge Williams is also commemorated in Trealaw by Judges Hall (in full, the Judge Gwilym Williams Memorial Hall) and in Ynyscynon Road, named after the Williams' family seat at Ynyscynon, near Aberdare in the Cynon Valley. Judges Hall is a community venue used in its heyday for Variety performances, boxing tournaments and snooker.

His tours were very well received in his both home country and abroad; as travel outside the Soviet Union was rare for citizens at the time, his tours and concerts garnered much press and many television announcements. As his career was blossoming, so was his personal life -- Qasimov and his wife, Tamilla Aslanova, had their first child in 1980, Ferghana Qasimova, and later had two more children: a son, Gadir, and second daughter, Dilruba. Despite such changes, Qasimov's background continued to shape his personality and music, dismissing the foreign influences found in cities and television. Over time, Qasimov's style had developed to include not only traditional Azerbaijani music and mugham, but also ashiq, a rural bardic tradition with roots in Turkey, Azerbaijan and the Azeri region of Iran.

The words of this cantata were written by William ApMadoc, a noted singer, adjudicator, publisher, temperance campaigner and conductor from Chicago, who provided Dr Rhys-Herbert with texts for many other settings in both Welsh and English. ApMadoc also was a native of Glamorgan, he arrived in America in 1878, settling first in Utica, subsequently in Chicago, where he was appointed musical director of the Chicago high schools, holding the title of Professor. In 1893 the World Fair was held in Chicago, an international eisteddfod was included, and an official American branch of the Welsh Gorsedd (subsequently abolished) was established in the city under the aegis of the Cymmrodorion Society of Chicago; ApMadoc was appointed 'Cofiadur' (Bardic Scribe). ApMadoc was also the music critic for The Cambrian, a magazine for Welsh Americans.

There was a church here by 1254, since it is recorded in the Norwich Taxation of that year. The present building is thought by Cadw (the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales) to be "probably built upon Medieval foundations", albeit that the earliest dateable feature of the structure is from the late 18th century. After some repairs in the early part of the 19th century, St Fflewin's was partially rebuilt ("judiciously", says a 2009 guide to the buildings of north-west Wales) in 1864 and further restored during the 1930s. The Welsh poet and clergyman Morris Williams (better known by his bardic name "Nicander") was rector here from 1859 until his death in 1874; he was buried at Llanrhuddlad, one of the other Anglesey churches for which he had responsibility.

Because of Mags's upbringing he has few friends so he literally does not understand many things most people in the Collegium find to be the utmost of importance, however with Dallen's help he finds two true friends, Lena, a Bardic Trainee, and Bear, a Healer Trainee. All while this is happening, Mags is trained by the Kings Own in the art of spying, and is assigned to keep an eye on two 'dignitaries' and their retinue of bodyguards and underlings who are visiting and causing trouble. He is also visiting the Guard Archives, in an attempt to find out how he ended up orphaned and enslaved in the first place. There is a suspicion that Mags' parents may have been bandits themselves, a prospect that leaves Mags troubled and desperate to find the actual Guard reports.

Her grave is today marked by a simple flag off the coast of Scattery Island, though her true home is in Heaven. Saint Conaire is an early feminist icon of the Irish church, and the patron saint of sailors and fisherman, particularly on the West Coast of Ireland, where seagoing ships still make a stop at Inis Cathaig to collect a stone in honour of Conaire to protect them on their voyage. The monastery at Scattery Island is still for men only. She is the namesake of the ancient Irish bardic family Ó Maolconaire of Roscommon (Descendant of the Servant of Saint Conaire) who were Priomhseanachie na hÉireann, or the Antiquaries to the Kings, in Gaelic Ireland, and ran numerous schools of traditional poetry, history, and law throughout Ireland, and also of Saint Canera Catholic Church, in Neosho, Missouri.

In 1822 he moved to a house in the village of Lower Halliford, Surrey, and it was here that Elphin was written. He chose to include 14 poems in his story, most of them being loose translations or adaptations of bardic poems by, among others, Taliesin, Myrddin and Llywarch Hen, though some, such as "The War-Song of Dinas Vawr", were original compositions. Elphin was published seven years after his previous book, Maid Marian (1822). It is possible that it had a long gestation because of the many other demands on Peacock's time, such as a full-time job at East India House and the work involved in serving as his friend Shelley's executor, and because his research was so assiduous, but it has also been argued that he did not begin to write it until late in 1827.

This is called aird-rinn in Irish, as: : Fall'n the land of learned mén : The bardic band is fállen, : None now learn a song to sing : For long our fern is fading. This metre, which from its popularity must be termed the "hexameter of the Irish", is named Deibhidhe (D'yevvee), and well shows in the last two lines the internal rhyme to which we refer. If it be maintained, as Thurneysen maintains, that the Irish derived their rhyming verses from the Latins, it seems necessary to account for the peculiar forms that so much of this verse assumed in Irish, for the merest glance will show that the earliest Irish verse is full of tours de force, like this aird-runn, which cannot have been derived from Latin. There were two kinds of poets known to the early Gael.

It bears a bleak, biographical englyn, composed by the Penrhyndeudraeth musician and poet Dafydd Siôn Siâms (1743–1831): The final of these sources is a short Welsh-language pamphlet, John Ystumllyn neu 'Jack Black' (1888), by the Tremadog writer, Robert Isaac Jones (1813–1905), published under his bardic name, Alltud Eifion. Writing 102 years after Ystumllyn's death, Jones collated the various oral traditions of John that had passed down through his family, largely from his grandfather who had been Ystumllyn's doctor near the end of the gardener's life. This publication was subsequently adapted into Jones' Y Gestiana (1892), and translated into English by the canon, Tom Morris. Green has acknowledged the inadequacies of Jones' work, often "prone to variation, embroidery and forgetfulness", but it remains, in his view, "the most informative" and "frank" source for Ystumllyn's life.

His secondary school was the County School in Llangefni, where he learnt English; he often spoke about the gratitude he owed to the headmaster, Samuel James Evans, who developed his thorough bi-lingualism. He spent one year at Aberystwyth University where he learnt his bardic craft from T Gwynn Jones and T H Parry-Williams. He then went to Jesus College, Oxford: almost certainly due to lack of financial support - he and his sister were brought up by a single mother, who, at the same time, cared for her older disabled brother - he did not complete his studies there either, leaving during his first year.T. Gwynn Jones collection, 2989A (i). National Library of Wales As a 19-year-old in 1923, he published (with E Prosser Rhys) a somewhat controversial and risque but well-received book of poems entitled ‘Gwaed Ifanc’.

Early on in his career, Burman refused to allow his voice to be lip-synced on film by actors; as a result, even later on, in Hindi cinema, his thin yet powerful voice was often used as bardic commentary to haunting results, as in "O Re Majhi Mere Sajan Hai Us Paar" from Bandini (1963), "Wahan Kaun Hai Tera" from Guide (1965), and "Saphal Hogi Teri Aradhana" from Aradhana (1969),Agartala palace is lit – Centenary celebrations The Hindu, 28 July 2006. for which he received the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1970. Ill health caused a slump in his career in the early 1960s, but he gave many hit films in the late 1960s. In 1961, Burman and Lata Mangeshkar came together during the recording of R.D. Burman's first song for the movie Chhote Nawab (1961).

A similar account is also given in Kumarapalacharita. Most of Graharipu's allies named by Hemachandra appear to be fictional, but Laksha appears to be a historical character, as he has been mentioned in several other chronicles including Kirti-Kaumudi, Vasanta-Vilasa, and Sukrita-Sankirtana. He may be same as Lakha Phulani, whom the Jadeja princes of Kutch count among their ancestors, and whom the bardic chronicles variously date between 841 and 1144 CE. Historian Asoke Majumdar theorizes that Mularaja attacked Graharipu on "some flimsy pretext", as Mahadeva's-order-in-a-dream was a popular device used by Sanskrit authors to justify the otherwise inexcusable actions of their heroes. Mularaja's descendants fought against the kings of Kachchha and Saurashtra, so it appears that he managed to annex some parts of these kingdoms, but could not completely subjugate them.

His interest in Cornwall has led to a sympathy with the movement to establish national status for Cornwall within the United Kingdom. His song This Isn't England includes the lyric "This isn't England, you stupid twit!" Wearne is notable as one of only two known exclusive proponents/performers of Cornish music in North America (the other being Marion Howard of Wisconsin.) Reviews of his work in publications such as Cornish World and Dirty Linen credit him with bringing the music, people and culture of Cornwall to America, where it is little known. In spring 2002 at Castel Pendynas, Pendennis, Falmouth in Cornwall, Wearne was made a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd for services to Cornish Music in America (in Cornish: Rag gonys dhe Ylow Kernewek yn Ameryky) with the bardic name Canor Gwanethtyr - Singer of the Prairie.

300 BCE to 300 CE, while others variously place this early classical Tamil literature period a bit later and more narrowly but all before 300 CE. According to Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature and history scholar, the most acceptable range for the Sangam literature is 100 BCE to 250 CE, based on the linguistic, prosodic and quasi-historic allusions within the texts and the colophons. The Sangam literature had fallen into oblivion for much of the second millennium of the common era, but were preserved by and rediscovered in the monasteries of Hinduism, particularly those related to Shaivism near Kumbhakonam, by the colonial era scholars in late 19th century. The rediscovered Sangam classical collection is largely a bardic corpus. It comprises an Urtext of oldest surviving Tamil grammar (Tolkappiyam), the Ettuttokai anthology (the "Eight Collections"), the Pattuppattu anthology (the "Ten Songs").

The chapel was referred to in a sixteenth century document as the Chapel of Mary of Poulton. "Ir ystalm pan oeddem i yn gwilio ynghapel Mair o Bylltyn, ir oedd gwyr wrth gerdd yn kanu kywydde ac odle, a merched yn kanu karole a dyrïe. (A long time ago when we kept vigil in the chapel of Mary of Poulton [near Chester], the gwŷr wrth gerdd [bardic craftsmen] would sing cywyddau and awdlau and the women would sing carolau and dyrïau.)"(Recollection of ‘Old Richard Langford’ (c.1540), cited John Jones of Gellilyfdy, Cardiff, Central Library MS 2.634 (Hafod 24), p. 355–6. See also Daniel Huws, ‘Yr Hen Risiart Langfford,’ in Beirdd a Thywysogion: Barddoniaeth Llys yng Nghymru, Iwerddon a’r Alban, cyflwynedig i R.. Geraint Gruffydd, ed M. E. Owen and B. F. Roberts (Caerdydd, 1996), 302–23.

For these twelve compositions, the quartet and guest players employed a variety of instruments often traditional to the culture of the compositions. Besides the usual violin, viola, and cello, the album includes such instruments as the riq (heard on track 1), the shruti box (on track 5), the electric sitar (played by Wu Man on track 5), the tambura (played by Terry Riley on track 5), a scordatura violin (on track 8), the darbukka (on track 9), and the gusle and tapan (on track 12). Ramallah Underground provides "electronics" on track 2. On "Getme, Getme," the quartet is accompanied by the Alim Qasimov ensemble, an Azeri group whose bardic vocals are supported by daf and tar (a long neck stringed instrument), balaban (a double-reed wind instrument), kamancheh (a bowed string instrument), and nagara (a folk drum).

Possibly the oldest piece of poetry attributed to the MacDonalds is a brosnachadh (an incitement to battle) which was said to have been written in 1411, on the day of the Battle of Harlaw. The first lines of the poem begin "A Chlanna Cuinn cuimhnichibh / Cruas an àm na h-iorghaile," (Ye children of Conn remember hardihood in the time of battle).The Macdonald Bardic Poetry Part 1 by Professor W. J. Watson Retrieved on 9 October 2007 A later poem made to John of Islay (1434–1503), last of the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, proclaims "Ceannas Ghàidheal do Chlainn Cholla, còir fhògradh," (The Headship of the Gael to the family of Colla, it is right to proclaim it), giving MacDonald's genealogy back to Colla Uais. However, a recent DNA study has shown that Somerled was of Norse descent in his male line.

This, of course, left its scars, and Mags has both no idea of how to function in "normal" society, and no notion of why he so often winds up on the wrong end of trouble. His heavy accent and "stupidity" about such normal things leads to the King's Own taking him under his wing as a spy protégé, however, Mags lives in perpetual fear of the bad old days. This fear isn't unjustified, for it seems all of the Heralds are experiencing their own tumultuous changes, as they slowly abandon the old system of apprenticeships which Vanyel learned in, for one of a collegiate style such as what Herald Talia and Herald Elspeth experienced in the time of Arrows of the Queen. This switch is due to a sudden surge in the numbers of people Chosen, and the accompanying tremendous burdening of the Heraldic, Bardic, and Healer Collegium resources.

In her 2006 biography of Ní Mháille, Irish historian and novelist Anne Chambers described her as: > a fearless leader, by land and by sea, a political pragmatist and > politician, a ruthless plunderer, a mercenary, a rebel, a shrewd and able > negotiator, the protective matriarch of her family and tribe, a genuine > inheritor of the Mother Goddess and Warrior Queen attributes of her remote > ancestors. Above all else, she emerges as a woman who broke the mould and > thereby played a unique role in history. Granuaile: Grace O'Malley: Grace > O'Malley - Ireland's Pirate Queen, by Anne Chambers; Foreword; Gill & > Macmillan Ltd, 2006; , 9780717151745 Documentary evidence for Ní Mháille's life comes mostly from English sources, as she is not mentioned in the Irish annals. The Ó Máille family "book", a collection of eulogistic bardic poetry and other material of the sort kept by aristocratic Gaelic households of the period, has not survived.

OBOD was founded in 1964 as a split from the Ancient Druid Order with Ross Nichols as its leader. In 1988, more than a decade after Nichols' passing, and after study in the Order and helping to further its reaches, Philip Carr-Gomm was asked to lead the Order. Other notable members also hold somewhat senior positions in the order, often with the title of "Honorary Bard", a good example of this being Damh the Bard who is involved in the UK groves and running the podcast. Damh runs his own website where he has just completed work on a bardic version of Branch Three of the Mabinogion Damh The Bard official page, makes regular house concerts on YouTube Damh The Bard YouTube channel and contributes regularly to another podcast, The Celtic Myth Podshow The Celtic Myth Podshow which has also dramatised the Mabinogion tales.

According to the old tale called Tromdámh Guaire (The Heavy Company of Guaire) or Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe (The Proceedings of the Great Bardic Institution) he visited the residence of the King of Connacht, Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin accompanied by one hundred and fifty other poets, one hundred and fifty pupils "with a corresponding number of women-servants, dogs, etc". The accommodating powers of Guaire's establishment were strained during their stay of "a year, a quarter, and a month." To shame Seanchan into leaving, Guaire asked him to recite the long-forgotten epic the Táin Bó Cúailnge, with the words: Bear the cup to Seanchan Torpest Yield the bard his poet's mead What we've heard was but a fore-taste Lays more lofty now succeed. Though my stores be emptied well-nigh Twin bright cups there yet remain Win them with the raid of Cualigne Chant us, bard, the famous Tain.

Culture and Society in Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages refers to a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1300). The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages. Gwynedd is located in the north of Wales. Distinctive achievements in Gwynedd during this period include further development of Medieval Welsh literature, for instance in the poetry of those of the Beirdd y Tywysogion (Welsh for Poets of the Princes) associated with the court of Gwynedd, the reformation of bardic schools, and the continued development of Cyfraith Hywel (The Law of Hywel, or Welsh law); all three of which further contributed to the development of a Welsh national identity in the face of Anglo-Norman encroachment of Wales and the threat of conquest by the Crown of England.

The literature of the major works have various distinct genres, including; the writing of epistles, drafting liturgies, collecting materials for meditative use, historiography, calendar and protocol guides, research tracts on modern and ancient Druidry, council records, oral histories, local event chronographies, teaching guides for new members, recruitment materials, terminology references, bardic material collections, and even game design. In addition to the major printed collections that have grown exponentially larger every decade, several newsletters and magazines have been published, websites and talk groups have held online since the early 1990s. In other media, members of the Reform has produced full-length movies, albums, and an animated series. Members of the Reformed Druid priesthood (such as Isaac Bonewits and more recently, John Michael Greer) have published short stories, novels, several books on religion, including modern Druidism, even though those works are not directly related to Reformed Druidism.

In the assessment of Myles Dillon, ::The story of Cú Chulainn's visit to the Other World has a special claim on our attention, because of its long descriptions of the Irish Elysium, here called Mag Mell 'the Plain of Delights', and also for the quality of the poetry which makes up almost half of the text. In some of the poems one recognizes the tension and grace which were later so finely cultivated in the bardic schools, and the moods of sorrow and joy are shared by the reader; the content is not sacrificed for the form ... The scene between Cú Chulainn and his wife after he has given the magic birds to the other women (§6) and the humorous account of Lóeg's conversation with Lí Ban (§14) are instances of the sudden intimacy in these Irish stories...Dillon, Myles (ed.). Serglige Con Culainn. Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 14.

The Battle of Kinsale in 1601 saw the defeat of Aodh Mór Ó Néill, despite his alliance with the Spanish, and the ultimate victory in the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland came with his surrender to crown authority in 1603. In consequence, the system of education and patronage that underpinned the professional bardic schools came under pressure, and the hereditary poets eventually engaged in a spat - the Contention of the bards - that marked the end of their ancient influence. During the early 17th century a new Gaelic poetry took root, one that sought inspiration in the margins of a dispossessed Irish-speaking society. The language of this poetry is today called Early Modern Irish. Although some 17th-century poets continued to enjoy a degree of patronage, many, if not most, of them were part-time writers who also worked on the land, as teachers, and anywhere that they could earn their keep.

Gruffudd ap Dafydd Goch is reported to have had a son called Gruffudd Fychan ap Gruffudd who had a son himself called Gruffudd Leiaf who was a poet and an englyn written by him is found in Cwrtmawr. This Gruffudd is recorded in the sources as having a son called Ieuan ap Gruffudd Leiaf who was also a poet. Some examples of his work remain in manuscript, including cywyddau and awdlau to members of the Penrhyn and Nanconwy families, vaticinatory and religious poems, a poem on Aberconwy, a satire on the Llugwy river for hindering the poet while journeying to Penrhyn, and a short bardic controversy, or ymryson, composed between the poet Guto'r Glyn and himself. "Syr" Siôn Leiaf is recorded as being one of the sons, alongside Robert Leiaf, of Gruffudd Leiaf (ap Gruffudd Fychan ap Gruffudd ap Dafydd Goch ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr).

Apart from the selection of this very intimate, seemingly relaxed scene as a symbol for the Trojan War, this vase- painting also showcases the talent of Exekias as an artist: the figures of both Achilles and Ajax are decorated with fine incised details, showing elaborate textile patterns and almost every hair in place. There is no extant literary source that is known to have circulated in the sixth century BC in Athens regarding a narrative involving Ajax and Achilles playing a board game.Boardman, "Exekias," 21 Exekias may have drawn his inspiration for this innovative composition from local oral bardic traditions regarding the Trojan War, which may have developed during his lifetime in the cultural context of sixth century Athens.John Boardman, “The Sixth-Century Potters and Painters of Athens and their Public,” in Looking at Greek Vases, ed. Tom Rasmussen and Nigel Spivey, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 82.

Shah Ïnayatullah was a classical poet in as much as he used the classical Sindhi idiom and employed the classical forms of Sindhi bait and waee or kafi in his poetry. Yet he heralded a new era in the domain of Sindhi poetry by combining the poetic contents of the age-old bardic tradition and the more cultivated spiritual thought of the Sufi-saint poets. Prior to this, Sindhi poetry had been nurtured by country bards and professional minstrels to commemorate the valour of heroes in wars or the munificence of the generous in peace, and to entertain the people by composing and singing their fold tales and pseudo-historical romances. It was also employed by the Sufis and the saints as a medium to express their spiritual ideas and experiences or convey their personal approval or disapproval of the deeds of contemporary individuals.

Individual entries are provided for all major works, from Táin Bó Cuailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence. The book also illuminates the historical contexts of these writers, and the events which sometimes directly inspired them - the Irish Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire; the founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising that stirred Yeats to the `terrible beauty' of `Easter 1916'. It offers information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong.

At Black Mountain he came into contact with Charles Olson, who greatly influenced his literary worldview and his sense of himself as poet. Dorn's final examiner at Black Mountain was Robert Creeley, with whom, along with the poet Robert Duncan, Dorn became included as one of a trio of younger poets later associated with Black Mountain and with Charles Olson.The Lost America of Love, by Sherman Paul, celebrates this relationship, as did the Charles Olson conference held under Paul's direction at the University of Iowa in 1978, in which Dorn, Duncan, and Creeley were the only poets participating among a flurry of academic literary scholars. Dorn is now considered by some commentators to be the inheritor of Olson's bardic mantle, the transmittee of the lamp. In 1951, Dorn left Black Mountain and traveled to the Pacific Northwest, where he did manual labor and met his first wife, Helene; they returned to the school in late 1954.

" If Dylan's work in the 1960s was seen as bringing intellectual ambition to popular music, critics in the 21st century described him as a figure who had greatly expanded the folk culture from which he initially emerged. Following the release of Todd Haynes' Dylan biopic I'm Not There, J. Hoberman wrote in his 2007 Village Voice review: When Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, The New York Times commented: "In choosing a popular musician for the literary world's highest honor, the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize, dramatically redefined the boundaries of literature, setting off a debate about whether song lyrics have the same artistic value as poetry or novels." Responses varied from the sarcasm of Irvine Welsh, who described it as "an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies", to the enthusiasm of Salman Rushdie who tweeted: "From Orpheus to Faiz, song & poetry have been closely linked. Dylan is the brilliant inheritor of the bardic tradition.

Chapter 3: Practitioners of Magic, on pages 20–41, gives information in increasing a player character's abilities, including new skills and feats, and ten new prestige classes. Chapter 4: Places of Power, on pages 42–67, describes exotic places to explore, including natural sites (mystic maelstroms, sparks, fey mounds, boomshroom patches, doom pits), magically enhanced sites (crossroads and backroads, mythals), nature venerated (ranger guilds, druidic circles), places of prayer (destinations of pilgrimage, monasteries, shrines, small chapels, rural churches, mid-sized churches, city churches, large or fortified cathedrals), bastions of the arcane (bardic colleges, wizard's guilds, mage fairs), and the magic item trade (the open market, specialty shops, the black market, trade wizards, antimagic organizations). Chapter 5: Spells, on pages 68–135, contains a spell list for several spellcasting classes, and presents over 130 magic spells. Chapter 6: Magic Items, on pages 136-181, presents hundreds of magic items, as well as sections on spellbooks, creating magic items, and extraordinary natural items.

Memorial to Evan James and James James at Ynysangharad Park, Pontypridd Evan James (also known by the bardic name Ieuan ap Iago) (18 January 1801 – 30 September 1878), a weaver and poet from Pontypridd, originally from Caerphilly, Wales, wrote the lyrics of Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ("Land of my Fathers"), the national anthem of Wales. "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau", by Madge Breese for the Gramophone Company (1899) – the first known recording made of any song in the Welsh language James, a weaver by trade, employed several people at his mill on the bank of the River Rhondda. According to family legend, his son James James, was walking one day in January 1856 on the banks of the river when the melody for Hen Wlad fy Nhadau came to him. When he gave the tune to his father, Evan James was able to compose the words which are the present-day Welsh national anthem.

Michael Kenneth (Mick) Paynter (born 8 December 1948, Cornwall, United Kingdom) is a retired Cornish civil servant, trade union activist, and poet. Apart from a period of study at the University of Newcastle, he lives in St Ives (). He is a member of Gorsedh Kernow, and was initiated as a bard under the bardic name Skogynn Pryv (Worm's Fool) in 2003 after passing a Cornish language examination after four years of study, largely conducted during train journeys as a trade union representative. The name is derived from the nickname of a smuggler's assistant in a local story who outwitted a Customs man, and was chosen for him as he worked for 32 years in the Inland Revenue. He assumed the position of Deputy Grand Bard in September 2006 and was promoted to Grand Bard in September 2009 until he handed the title over to Maureen Fuller (Steren Mor) at the end of the Camelford Gorsedd on 1 September 2012.

The rise of the bagpipe and the corresponding shift away from the harp and its associated traditions of bardic poetry is documented with a confronting disdain in the satirical dispraising song "Seanchas Sloinnidh na Piob o thùs/A History of the Pipes from the Beginning" (c. 1600) by Niall Mòr MacMhuirich (c. 1550–1630), poet to the MacDonalds of Clanranald: "John MacArthur's screeching bagpipes, is like a diseased heron, full of spittle, long limbed and noisy, with an infected chest like that of a grey curlew. Of the world's music Donald's pipe, is a broken down outfit, offensive to a multitude, sending forth its slaver through its rotten bag, it was a most disgusting filthy deluge..."Derick Thompson "Niall Mòr MacMhuirich", Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 49, 1974, p. 21-2. Translation by John Logan Campbell, in Francis Collinson, The Bagpipe, 1975, p. 186-7, cited in Alan MacDonald, Dastirum (CD), 2007, Siubhal 2, liner notes, p.

Morris Davies, (bardic name: Meurig Ebrill; 1780 – 26 September 1861), was a Welsh poet from the Dolgellau area of mid Wales. As a young man he worked as an apprentice to a carpenter and later worked in some of the larger houses in the area, such as Dolserau, Nannau, Hengwrt and Caerynwch. He had developed an interest in poetry at a young age, and was possibly quite influenced by his meeting with Thomas Edwards (Twm o'r Nant) at the age of 13. In 1853 he began publishing his own work (including a number of englynion and carols) on various subjects, often dealing with local occurrences: Diliau Meirion (1853) – followed in 1854 by a second part (with a preface by Griffith Griffiths); Hanes Teithiau a Helyntion Meurig Ebrill gyda 'Diliau Meirion’ o Ddolgellau i Gaerlleon-Gawr, Birkenhead, Llynlleifiad, a Manceinion, a'i Ddychweliad yn ol Drwy Siroedd a Threfydd Gogledd Cymru yn 1854–55 (1855).

William Henry Paynter (1901-1976) was a Cornish antiquary and folklorist who specialised in collecting witch-stories and folklore during the 1920s and 1930s - crucial years when witch beliefs were in decline in Cornwall. His folklore collecting preserved many stories of Cornish witchcraft and cunning folk that would otherwise have been lost. Paynter was born in Callington and later lived at Liskeard. He travelled all over Cornwall on what he called his ‘Witch Hunt’ and was popularly called ‘The Cornish Witch-finder’ for the novelty of his research. He was made a bard of the Cornish Gorseth in 1930 in recognition of his work, and took the bardic name ‘Whyler Pystry’, or ‘Searcher Out of Witchcraft.’ Paynter was a prolific Cornish writer and published a large number of articles on his findings, which are a vital record of the survival of witch beliefs and practices into the early decades of the twentieth century.

Artists 2013: Bordos.ArtWorks (Hungary) / Circumstance (United Kingdom) / Greg Pope (United Kingdom) & John Hegre (Norway) / Michelle Teran (Canada) / Alan Warburton (United Kingdom) / Albert Merino (Spain) / Alice Arnold (United States) / Aline Helmcke (Germany) / Bjørn Margnhildøen (Norway) / Chris Brandl (Germany) / Dario Bardic (Netherlands) / Jaykoe (United Kingdom) / Jessica Koppe (Germany) / Jonas Brinker (Germany) / Jonathan Monaghan (United States) / Michael Pinsky (United Kingdom) / Nuno Rodriguez de Sousa (Portugal) / Mike Faulkner (United Kingdom) / Richard Vjigen (Netherlands) / Silvia Ospina (Colombia) / Zanny Begg (Australia) / Ida W.Bjørken (Norway) / Anders Elsrud Hultgreen (Norway) / Michael Szpakowski (United Kingdom) / Iselin Linstad Hauge (Norway) / Jessica Faiss (Sweden) / Jette Ellgaard (Denmark) / Jeannette Ehlers (Denmark) / Eva Olsson (Sweden) / Dodda Maggy (Iceland) / Birgitte Sigmundstad (Norway) / Magnus Sigurdarson (Iceland) / Antti Laitinen (FL) / Vibeke Jensen (Norway) / Tout court (France) / London Squared Productions (United States) / Mario Cavalli (United Kingdom) / Patrick Jean (France) / Akile Nazli Kaya (Czech Republic) / Sally Arthur (United Kingdom) / Ellie Land (Germany) / Jonathan Hodgson (United Kingdom) / Libor Pixa (Czech Republic) / Gaëlle Denis (United Kingdom/Denmark) / Trond Lossius (Norway) / Bull.Miletic (Norway).

Perhaps the last of the family's great bardic poets was Pádraig Óg Mac an Bháird, who composed his works towards the end of the seventeenth century. Eoghan Ruadh Mac an Bhaird, who left Ireland in 1607 with his patron, Rory O'Donnell, during the event known as "the Flight of the Earls", wrote what many consider to be the finest elegiac poem in the Irish language: A bhean fuair faill ar an bhfeart, rendered into an English-language version by Mangan that he called Lament for the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell. The last Mac an Bháird chief of the name to be recognised by the English, Aedh Mac an Bháird in Galway, died in 1592, though others continued as chief of the name until at least 1668. These Mac an Bháird chieftains retained residences in three different castles in the area during the early- and mid-seventeenth century, at Ballymacward, Carrowantanny, and in the village of Annagh.

688–689 The period produced one of Wales' greatest poets, Dafydd ap Gwilym.Davies (2008) p. 191 After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined. Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits.Davies (2008) p. 465 Renaissance scholars such as William Salesbury and John Davies brought humanist ideals from English universities. In 1588 William Morgan became the first person to translate the Bible into Welsh. From the 16th century the proliferation of the 'free-metre' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry, but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular. By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic, fuelled by the eisteddfod, became an obsession with Welsh-language writers.Davies (2008) p. 466 The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality. Initially excluded, religious denominations came to dominate the competitions, with bardic themes becoming scriptural and didactic.

A lively Welsh culture with its bardic tradition flourished in this Welsh borderland, probably up to the mid-16th century. Odes in the Welsh language to families living at Bachelldre were written by a number of bards. The poet Dafydd Bach ap Madog Wladaidd (fl. 1340-1390) wrote an appealing ode to Dafydd ap Cadwaladr, lord of Bachelldref entitled ‘A Christmas Revel’. It includes the lines ‘Heaven’s bounty on earth in Bachelldref, Where there is a revel each Christmas’, and is a rather longer poem than that by Deio ap Ieuan Du. Deio ap Ieuan Du, the poet who flourished about 1450, composed a eulogy, said to be a masterly composition, also to Dafydd ab Cadwaladr of Bachelldre: Yn llwyr degwch nef / Yn llwr Bachelldref / Yn lle bydd dolef / Bod Nadolig (Where heaven's beauty is, below is Bachelldref, and the joyous shouting at every Christmas.) The more famous poet, Lewis Glyn Cothi, writing about 1480 say, also addressed a poem to Gryffydd ab Howell, the grandson of the said Dafydd ap Cadwaladr, who also resided here.

A number of other variants have arisen, however, including Elilevelin, Ffuellen, Ffuellin, Fflellen, Flawelling, Fleuellen, Flewellin, Flewellen, Flewelling, Flewellyn, Fluellen, Fluellin, Fluelling, Flwellin, Fowellen, Fuelling, Lawellins, Lawellen, Leoloni, Lewallen, Lewlin, Lewilin, Llallin, Lleulin, Lleulini, Llewen, Leuleijon, Llewelling, Llewellinge, Llewellen, Llewhellin, Llewhelyn, Llewillin, Lluellen, Luellen, Thewell, Thewelinus, Thellyn, Thelen, Thewelling, Thelwelin, Thlewelyn, and Swellin. Some of these spellings reflect attempts by English and Norman writers to represent the initial consonant: An alternative strategy was to substitute a similar-sounding name. Indeed, Anglo- Norman clerks followed a deliberate policy of substituting Anglo-Norman names for Welsh ones, and the name Lewis came to be used for Llywelyn as early as the 13th century, based on the apparent similarity of the first syllable to the first syllable of the name Louis (especially if the first syllable of Llywelyn was spelt Llew). The interchangeability of Llywelyn and Lewis could go both ways: Other examples include Lewis Glyn Cothi who was known as Llywelyn y Glyn, and Lewys Morgannwg whose bardic name was Llywelyn ap Rhisiart.

Most notably these included the Bourkes in Miltown itself, the Carrolls in Freagh, the Crehans around Carrowduff, the Lenihans of Knockbrack and the Clancys of Illaunbaun. The latter, like James MacCurtin, also claimed some bardic ancestry and Garrett had a strong influence on Gilbert Clancy who was a generation younger. Other musicians, who had known Barry in their youth and acknowledged his legacy into the twentieth century were Thady Casey from Annagh, Hugh Curtin in Cloghaun Beg and Nell Galvin (née McCarthy) of Moyasta. Later, as a flute-player and singer, Gilbert Clancy was to tutor his son, Willie, in the finer points of Garrett’s music. Though born almost twenty years after the piper’s death, Willie Clancy is widely believed to have exhibited much of Barry’s style and repertoire through his father’s insistent teaching. While sufficient Irish music had survived the Great Famine, in its aftermath, new Continental dance forms and fashions found their way into rural communities through the activities of peripatetic teachers known as ‘dancing masters’.

The bardic tradition was not completely isolated from trends elsewhere, including love poetry influenced by continental developments and medical manuscripts from Padua, Salerno and Montpellier translated from Latin. The Gaelic oral tradition also began to manifest itself in written form, with the great compilation of Gaelic poetry, the Book of the Dean of Lismore produced by James and Duncan MacGregor at the beginning of the 16th century, probably designed for use in the courts of the greater chiefs. However, by the 15th- century lowland writers were beginning to treat Gaelic as a second class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands. It was Scots that emerged as the language of national literature in Scotland. The first surviving major text is John Barbour's Brus (1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the war of independence.

Since 1978, Holt has produced and published occasional samizdat bardic broadsheets under various titles, including Some Bard's-Eye Views from Santa Cruz, Le Missoulambator, La Fogata Cruceña, The Quincunx, and others. In 1979 Holt took up residence in Santa Cruz County, California, where he became active in local poetry events and published one issue of a literary-artistic journal, Onicnomachitocac, which included poetry, prose, & drawings by five others plus himself. During the period December 1979 to February 1980, Holt conducted field-work on the Tepecano and Huichol languages in northern Jalisco state, Mexico, concentrating primarily on the color-terminology of these languages. (Some of his findings are included in Robert MacLaury's book, Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing Categories as Vantages Robert E. MacLaury, Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing Categories as Vantages, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1996.) In 1981 Holt returned to Los Angeles to work with his father on a television-project and there met and later married (in 1982) the artist and writer Carleigh M. Hoff (1950-2005).

Bradley had humble beginnings as a farmer's son in Nottinghamshire, but by adolescence he was already steeped in several languages of Classical learning, and he is supposed to have learned Russian in only 14 days. Simon Winchester records that some of Bradley's childhood notebooks, discovered by a friend, contained > ...lists of words peculiar to the Pentateuch or Isaiah, Hebrew singletons, > the form of the verb to be in Algerine, Arabic, bardic and cuneiform > lettering, Arabisms and Chaldaisms in the New Testament, with vocabularies > that imply he was reading Homer, Virgil, Sallust and the Hebrew Old > Testament at the same time. In another group the notes pass from the life of > Antar ben Toofail by 'Admar' (apparently of the age of Haroun Arrashid) to > the rules of Latin verse, Hakluyt and Hebrew accents, whereupon follow notes > on Sir William Hamilton and Dugald Stewart and a translation of parts of > Aeschylus' Prometheus... For a long time, he was employed as a simple corresponding clerk for a cutlery firm in Sheffield. The first public outlet for his erudition was as a columnist in the Academy, a weekly literary magazine run by J. S. Cotton in London.

Rev. Gwilym Richard Tilsley (26 May 1911 – 30 August 1997), commonly known by his bardic name of "Tilsli", was a Welsh poet who served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales between 1969 and 1972. He was born at Tŷ Llwyd near Llanidloes and educated at Manledd primary school, Llanidloes County School, the University of Wales, Aberystwyth and Wesley House, Cambridge, before entering the (Wesleyan) Methodist ministry. As a Methodist minister, he served in Commins Coch near Machynlleth (1939 to 1942), Pontrhydygroes in Cardiganshire (1942 to 1945), Aberdare (1945 to 1950), Colwyn Bay (1950 to 1955), Llanrwst (1955 to 1960), Caernarfon (1960 to 1965), Rhyl (1965 to 1970) and Wrexham (1970 to 1975) before retiring to Prestatyn. This experience of the itinerant life of a Methodist minister in both north and south Wales inspired the two heroic poems to the industrial worker which brought him to prominence: He won the chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Caerphilly in 1950 for a poem Moliant i'r Glöwr in praise of the coal miner, and again at Llangefni in 1957 with the poem Cwm Carnedd about the life of the slate quarryman.