Certain bacteria, including Bacillus pasteurii, Bacillus pseudofirmus, and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes actively precipitate crystals around their cells in a process known as biomineralization.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis cells are normally short, plump cylinders with smooth surfaces.
|
|
They transported Lenin in a sealed truck like a plague bacillus.
|
|
If the rice is then cooled down or stored at the wrong temperature, the Bacillus spores can start to grow, and "the Bacillus bacteria toxin will make a person very sick for several days," Dible says.
|
|
Uncooked rice commonly contains Bacillus cereus bacteria, which can survive cooking temperatures.
|
|
One example is Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), which is toxic to mosquito larvae.
|
|
They analyzed Bacillus subtilis natto bacteria, often used in Japanese cooking to ferment soybeans.
|
|
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis, which lives in soil.
|
|
One species was Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax, and four were closely related doppelgängers.
|
|
It contains a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, that wards off insect larvae.
|
|
The GM cane contains the gene Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), widely used in other crops.
|
|
Natto, made from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis, is often served for breakfast in Japan.
|
|
Natto, made from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis, is often served for breakfast in Japan.
|
|
The only one now available is BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), which goes back to 1921.
|
|
"Bacillus mycoides is one of the easiest bacterial species to cultivate from the soil," he explained.
|
|
A bacteria called Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi comes from aquatic environments, while Bacillus simplex is found in plants.
|
|
Anthrax is a potentially deadly bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, according to the World Health Organization.
|
|
I too have fallen prey to taking out my wallet for every nutrition label that reads bacillus.
|
|
Exactly how primates are exposed to the bacterium, Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva), is not well understood.
|
|
Another culprit multiplying and producing toxins at room temperature is Bacillus, found commonly in rice, soups, sauces and leftovers.
|
|
This study's enzyme, called BhCas12b, is from a bacterium (Bacillus hisashii) that lives in hot environments like geysers and volcanoes.
|
|
The pesticide used, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, is actually a bacteria that is toxic to caterpillars, but not to other species.
|
|
" Dr. Brouchkov, however, is skeptical that the bacteria Katsumi is baking with could actually be Bacillus F. "Bacteria is everywhere.
|
|
Fifty-two strains representing 31 species were identified, with the most numerous groups included in Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Acinetobacter.
|
|
Microbiologists focused on a bacterium they had discovered decades earlier in the lungs of influenza victims, and called it Bacillus influenza.
|
|
The bacteria was found after audit testing showed that one in 10 bottles showed low levels of Bacillus cereus, the FDA said.
|
|
Most food-borne illnesses are caused by viruses or bacteria, such as norovirus, Staphylococcus aureus, campylobacter, salmonella, E. coli and Bacillus cereus.
|
|
Short for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, BCG is a strain of mycobacterium bovis -- a bacteria commonly found in cows that can cause tuberculosis.
|
|
Another type of behavior demonstrated by biofilms growing under laboratory conditions is spiral migration, demonstrated in the time-lapse video below of Bacillus mycoides.
|
|
Most of what was known about dormancy came from bacteria that formed hardy spores, including Bacillus anthracis, the soil microbe famous for causing anthrax.
|
|
The food samples will also be tested for bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens, two bacteria that can cause the symptoms that have been reported.
|
|
The four bacteria were chosen for survival tests in different liquids (Acinetobacter lwoffii ICE100, Bacillus cereus ICE170, Pseudomonas putida ICE224 and Staphylococcus haemolyticus ICE182).
|
|
The researchers started by placing a droplet of nutrient solution containing Bacillus subtilis onto a chip made of silica that had electrodes at either end.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis cells form wrinkles about 33 nanometres (billionths of a metre) apart—so that was the separation of the ridges imposed on the graphene.
|
|
Ideally, this means that they will apply Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, a bacterium that kills caterpillars but that doesn't kill other insects or damage surrounding vegetation.
|
|
UNTIL 270, when the German physician and microbiologist Robert Koch identified the bacillus that causes tuberculosis, the disease was thought to be hereditary, not contagious.
|
|
The report details the fact that a bacterium called Bacillus cereus is commonly found in uncooked rice, and many spores survive even when rice is cooked.
|
|
Bacillus pumilus The spores of this bacterium display unusually high resistance to the treatment that NASA uses to sterilize rovers before they're sent off to space.
|
|
Scientists at the University of Edinburgh tested how the bacteria Bacillus subtilis would react to perchlorates, which were first discovered in Martian soil back in 2008.
|
|
The body had previously suspended the licence of a different Camperdown facility in August after inspectors found high levels of colon bacillus bacteria in pasteurised dairy products.
|
|
It's considered safe in 50 countries around the world, including the US, and is effective against listeria, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium botulinum, the bacterium that causes botulism.
|
|
In the study, participants with long-standing Type 1 diabetes were injected with two doses of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin tuberculosis vaccine -- known as BCG -- four weeks apart.
|
|
Wernick's lab cultivates a common bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and genetically engineers it to feed on protein-based waste and produce chemical compounds that can be used for biofuel.
|
|
For Churchill, what he termed the "bacillus" of Bolshevism needed to be combated everywhere, including in Russia itself, despite the war-weariness of the British people and government.
|
|
Anthrax, a highly contagious disease, is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis, and can be caught through breathing spores, eating infected material, or through contact with broken skin.
|
|
When soldiers began dying off from influenza at the end of World War I, doctors were confident the disease was caused by a species of bacteria called Bacillus influenzae.
|
|
Mobley claimed in the lawsuit that she was sickened by Bacillus cereus, also known as "fried rice syndrome," a type of bacteria often found in foods kept at room temperature.
|
|
Bayer produces cotton traits under the TwinLink Plus and TwinLink trademarks that, like Monsanto's Bollgard II, also use genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to protect against pests.
|
|
Approved by the US Department of Agriculture in 2011, DroughtGard includes a protein from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis that Monsanto says will help the corn remain productive amid water shortages.
|
|
Meanwhile, samples of food are still in the process of being tested for Bacillus Cereus (a bacteria) or Clostridium Perfringens (another kind of bacteria) in addition to the four diseases above.
|
|
The winery also makes a fresh, floral, beautifully balanced Adrianna malbec with the curious name Mundus Bacillus Terrae, after a type of mold found only in certain parts of the vineyard.
|
|
A team of researchers led by Vikas Berry of the University of Illinois, in Chicago, has found out how to produce wrinkles controllably in graphene, using a bacterium called Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
In 1904, as the novel begins, Dulcy's bacillus-addled father leaps out of a Seattle hotel window, leaving behind a mystery as to the whereabouts of a large, recently won fortune.
|
|
" Only when such an education has spread the love of "truth, goodness, beauty, friendship, justice, compassion and wisdom" will the West have succeeded in immunizing itself against "the deadly bacillus called fascism.
|
|
It was only after World War II that the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine received widespread acceptance and wholly stopped the disease — although some drug resistant strains of the disease still persist.
|
|
"The tumors in bacillus Calmette-Guérin infected animals developed normally for the first seven to 28 days and then began decreasing in size after the second week," the researchers wrote in the study.
|
|
The Indian government last year cut the royalties paid by local firms for Monsanto's Bt, or Bacillus thuringiensis, seeds by about 70 percent, a decision which MMB must now adhere to with Nuziveedu.
|
|
The most prolific bacteria, according to culture results, were Staphylococcus (26 percent of total samples), Pantoea (23 percent), Bacillus (11 percent), Staphylococcus aureus (10 percent) and Pantoea conspicua and Pantoea gaviniae (both at 9 percent).
|
|
According to a new paper in Molecular Biology and Evolution, genetic analysis of the remains of plague victims found in an ancient German burial site confirmed that this particular strain of the bacillus came from China.
|
|
Developed by Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) genes that make it resistant to the cane borer, around 100 mills are working with the GM cane, company Chief Executive Gustavo Leite told Reuters.
|
|
Katsumi says that while most of his cider usually ferments in roughly one month, it only takes two days when using the batch he believes to contain Bacillus F. He bakes it into his bread as well.
|
|
Two types of bacteria may cause this foul-smelling condition, also known as bromodosis: Researchers have found high concentrations of staphylococcus epidermidis and bacillus subtilis on the plantar skin—or foot skin—of people who suffer from it.
|
|
However, if spores of Bacillus subtilis, a common bacterium, were shielded against the radiation, they did survive in space for up to six years, especially if they were embedded in clay or in artificial meteorites made of meteorite powder.
|
|
Some of the microorganisms that were identified on the ISS that have been implicated in microbial-induced corrosion on Earth are Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus; however, the role they play in corrosion aboard the ISS remains to be determined.
|
|
A perfect vaccine could save many of them, but the one now in use — invented in the 1920s and known as BCG, for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin — has so many flaws that some countries, including the United States, have never adopted it.
|
|
Romania's veterinary health authority ANSVSA said on Tuesday the outbreak was in a small farm in the town of Saveni near the border with Moldova, where it had detected the Bacillus anthracis infection in one pig and another 13 were at risk.
|
|
For the study, a Connecticut-based team looked at 36 bathrooms at facility of the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Newsweek notes, where one lab produces large amounts of spores of PS533, a specific but harmless strain of bacteria Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
The technology currently licensed out by Monsanto is known as Bollgard II. The company received a patent in 2009 in India for Bollgard II's ability to modify cotton seeds to include a microbe called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which fortifies cotton plants against bollworms.
|
|
" Dr. Yonetani, who calls herself a "microbe farmer," says that each tablespoon of her finished product contains a billion of the healthful soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis, a count that is "orders of magnitude greater than what you would find in a typical probiotic food.
|
|
The most common strains included the Enterobacteriaceae family (a group that includes E.coli and Salmonella) at 41 percent, Bacillus (some strains of which result in food poisoning) at 24 percent, and Staphylococcus (a group that includes S. aureus, which can cause skin and respiratory infections) at 19 percent.
|
|
In this biofilm of the common soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, some cells secrete extracellular matrix and anchor in place, while some stay motile; cells at the edges of the biofilm may divide for growth, while others in the middle release spores for surviving tough conditions and colonizing new locations.
|
|
Wernick and his UCLA cohorts think they can take biofuels to the next level by engineering bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) to be more efficient at breaking down the proteins in human excrement, as well as other protein-rich waste such as wastewater algae and all the byproducts from fermenting wine, ethanol, and beer.
|
|
Katsumi's friend owns a charcoal business, and claims to have found a fossil frozen in the mountains outside of Kamakura containing Bacillus F , an ancient bacteria that was reportedly first discovered in the permafrozen brain of a woolly mammoth fossil by a Russian scientist named Dr. Anatoli Brouchkov from Moscow State University.
|
|
Brought to my attention by Laurel Dunn, a microbiologist and assistant professor of food science at the University of Georgia, "fried rice syndrome" is actually just a colloquial term for vomiting and diarrhea brought on by consuming Bacillus cereus, a "Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic bacterium," which can survive, as a spore, being boiled and fried, then come out the other side ready to germinate and grow when left at room temperature.
|
|
He knew what those jubilant crowds did not know but could have learned from books: that the plague bacillus never dies or disappears for good; that it can lie dormant for years and years in furniture and linen-chests; that it bides its time in bedrooms, cellars, trunks, and bookshelves; and that perhaps the day would come when, for the bane and enlightening of men, it would rouse up its rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city.
|
|
Bacillus odysseyi Bacillus isolates have a variety of biotechnological applications.
|
|
Bacillus mojavensis is a bacterium. Bacillus axarquiensis and Bacillus malacitensis are considered later heterotypic synonyms of B. Mojavensis. It is named after the Mojave Desert.
|
|
Bacillus pumilus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil.Priest FG (1993) Systematics and Ecology of Bacillus. In: Sonenshein AL, Hoch JA, Losick R, editors. Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram- Positive Bacteria: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Genetics.
|
|
Sporosarcina globispora, formerly known as Bacillus globisporus, is a Gram- positive, aerobic, round spore-forming bacillus. Strains of this species were originally described in 1967 and were found to be fairly similar to the species Bacillus pantothenticus. The species was later reassigned to the genus Sporosarcina along with the species Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus pasteurii.
|
|
Bacillus is utilized in the production of the chemotherapy medicine L-asparaginase. Bacillus subtilis is utilized in the production of hyaluronic acid and α-amylase. Bacillus thuringiensis isolates are utilized as biopesticides. Bacillus megaterium has been an important industrial organism for decades.
|
|
Bacillolysin (, Bacillus metalloendopeptidase, Bacillus subtilis neutral proteinase, anilozyme P 10, Bacillus metalloproteinase, Bacillus neutral proteinase, megateriopeptidase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Similar, but not identical, to that of thermolysin This enzyme is present in many Bacillus species, including B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. megaterium, B. mesentericus, B. cereus and B. stearothermophilus.
|
|
The symptoms of Blackleg of Potato were first described in Germany between 1878 and 1900, but the descriptions were incomplete and cannot definitively be linked to the particular disease. The first complete descriptions of Blackleg in potatoes were formed between 1901 and 1917 by several different scientists. These descriptions consisted of many different names, such as Bacillus phytophthorus, Bacillus omnivorus, Bacillus oleraceae, Bacillus atrosepticus, Bacillus aroideae, Bacillus solanisaprus, and Bacillus melanogenes. Investigations between 1918 and 1958 confirmed that these bacteria were of a single species, and were officially appointed the name Pectobacterium carotovorum.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been shown to be effective biocontrol methods for fungus prevention.
|
|
Bacillus mycoides is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus. Like other Bacillus species, B. mycoides is Gram positive, rod-shaped, and forms spores. B. mycoides is distinguished from other Bacillus species by its unusual growth on agar plates, where it forms expansive hairy colonies with characteristic swirls.
|
|
Bacteria such as Bacillus pasteurii, Bacillus pseudofirmus, Bacillus cohnii, Sporosarcina pasteuri, and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes increase the compression strength of concrete through their biomass. Not all bacteria increase the strength of concrete significantly with their biomass. Bacillus sp. CT-5. can reduce corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete by up to four times.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis can biosynthesize silver nanoparticles. Bacillus badius can be used to cleaves penicillin G to 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenyl acetic acid (PAA). Certain Bacillus have mycorrhiza-like activity and potential bioremediation applications.
|
|
Bacillus azotoformans is a species of bacteria within the genus Bacillus. Novel nitrite reductases have been isolated from strains of this species.
|
|
J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 The leaves have an antibacterial action and have been shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas.
|
|
There is one report of viable spores of Bacillus marismortui in salt crystals approximately 250 million years old. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacterial species that can form endospores include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium tetani.
|
|
Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis is a variant of the Bacillus cereus bacterium that has acquired plasmids similar to those of Bacillus anthracis. As a result, it is capable of causing anthrax. In 2016, it was added to the CDC's list of select agents and toxins. Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis infection has caused significant mortality in numerous mammalian species, including chimpanzees.
|
|
Plantazolicin (PZN) is a natural antibiotic produced by the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42Proteomes - Bacillus velezensis (strain DSM 23117 / BGSC 10A6 / FZB42) (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum) (previously Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42). PZN has specifically been identified as a selective bactericidal agent active against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. This natural product is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP); it can be classified further as a thiazole/oxazole-modified microcin (TOMM) or a linear azole-containing peptide (LAP).
|
|
Morganella morganii was first described by a British bacteriologist H. de R. Morgan in 1906 as Morgan's bacillus. Morgan isolated the bacterium from stools of infants who were noted to have had "summer diarrhea". Later in 1919, Winslow et al. named Morgan's bacillus, Bacillus morganii.
|
|
Crystal structure of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto. PDB Nattō-derived Bacillus isolates include nootropics pyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine, as well as the anticoagulant enzyme nattokinase.
|
|
Bacillibactin is a catechol-based siderophore secreted by members of the genus Bacillus, including Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis. It is involved in the chelation of ferric iron (Fe3+) from the surrounding environment and is subsequently transferred into the bacterial cytoplasm via the use of ABC transporters.
|
|
Bacillus oleronius is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus. However, Bacillus oleronius has Gram-positive cell wall components shared among all bacillus species (Lacey N, 2007). It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. It is also found in the human skin parasitic mite Demodex folliculorum, and may be related to the development of a type of acne rosacea.
|
|
For example, E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium that can be described as "a bacillus", but it stains Gram-negative and does not belong to the genus Bacillus or the class Bacilli. Some microbiologists have forsaken the general "bacillus" term because of the confusion it can create.
|
|
Bacillus pseudofirmus is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria. In 2019, it was found in a hyperalkaline spring in Zambales (Philippines) a bacterial consortium of a strain of Bacillus pseudofirmus with Bacillus agaradhaerens that can biodegrade LDPE plastic.
|
|
P.K. Bacterial pathogens of mosquito larvae - Bacillus alvei (Cheshire and Cheyene) and Bacillus brevis (Migula) isolated in Pondicherry. Indian J. Med. Res. 70 : 615-619, 1979. # Geetha Bai.
|
|
The genus Ureibacillus was split from the genus Bacillus in 2001 to encompass Bacillus thermosphaericus (now Ureibacillus thermosphaericus) as well as several newly discovered similar strains of bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus horti is a species of Gram-negative alkaliphilic bacillus. Its cells are strictly aerobic rods that produce subterminally located ellipsoidal spores. Its type strain is K13T (= JCM 9943T).
|
|
In 1908 he was a founding member of the Société de pathologie exotique. In 1929, with Alfred Boquet (1879–1947), he documented the similarities of the bubonic plague bacillus and the bacillus Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of rodents.Google Books RELATION BETWEEN THE PLAGUE BACILLUS AND THE BACILLUS PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS OF RODENTS Earlier in his career (1912), with Ernest Mosny (1861–1918), he conducted experiments on the evolvement of the bubonic plague in hibernating marmots.
|
|
Bacillus halodurans is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile and spore-forming bacterium found in soil. In a genomic comparison with Bacillus subtilis, B. halodurans strain C-125 - originally an unclassified Bacillus strain \- was found to contain unique genes and sigma factors that may have aided its adaptation to more alkaline environments.
|
|
The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien.
|
|
Bacillus virus G is a bacteriophage (phage) that infects Bacillus bacteria. The phage has been reported to have the largest genome of all discovered Myoviridae with nearly 700 protein-coding genes.
|
|
Bacillus firmus is a species of bacteria within the genus Bacillus. Some strains of this species are very alkaline-tolerant and may grow in environments with pH as high as 11.
|
|
Almroth Edward Wright developed the first effective typhoid vaccine. In 1880, Karl Joseph Eberth described a bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhoid. Eberth's findings were verified by Robert Koch In 1884, pathologist Georg Theodor August Gaffky (1850–1918) confirmed Eberth's findings, and the organism was given names such as Eberth's bacillus, Eberthella Typhi, and Gaffky-Eberth bacillus. Today, the bacillus that causes typhoid fever goes by the scientific name Salmonella enterica enterica, serovar Typhi.
|
|
Bacillus isolates are used industrially as nutritional probiotics. Additional Bacillus isolates include gamma-D-Glutamyl- meso-diaminopimelate peptidase, sonorensin,Chopra L, Singh G, Choudhary V, Sahoo DK. Sonorensin: an antimicrobial peptide, belonging to the heterocycloanthracin subfamily of bacteriocins, from a new marine isolate, Bacillus sonorensis MT93. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 May;80(10):2981-90.
|
|
Several related concepts make use of similar words, and the ambiguity can create considerable confusion. The term "Bacillus" (capitalized and italicized) is also the name of a genus (Bacillus anthracis) that, among many other genera, falls within the class Bacilli. The word "bacillus" (or its plural "bacilli", with a small b) is also a generic term to describe the morphology of any rod-shaped bacterium. This general term does not mean that the subject is a member of class Bacilli or genus Bacillus.
|
|
Bacillosamine is a rare amino sugar first discovered in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
The germicidal and sporicidal efficacy of methyl bromide for Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive rod- shaped bacteria. Bacillus subtilis offers many of the same advantages and disadvantages of E. coli, but it is less prominently used and does not produce isobutanol in quantities as large as E. coli. Similar to E. coli, Bacillus subtilis is capable of producing isobutanol from lignocellulose, and is easily manipulated by common genetic techniques. Elementary mode analysis has also been used to improve the isobutanol-synthesis metabolic pathway used by Bacillus subtilis, leading to higher yields of isobutanol being produced.
|
|
Bacillus lentimorbus is a Gram-positive bacterium used as a soil or plant inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is the causative agent of Milky disease in some scarab beetle larvae.Karen E. Rippere, Monique T. Tran, Allan A. Yousten, Khidir H. Hilu and Michael G. Klein. Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus, bacteria causing milky disease in Japanese beetles and related scarab larvae.
|
|
Bacillus submarinus is a species in the genus Bacillus, meaning it is rod shaped while being capable of producing endospores. B. submarinus is Gram + , where there is a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
|
|
The reclassification from Bacillus sphaericus to Lysinibacillus sphaericus is based on the fact that the Lysinibacillus genus, in contrast to the type species of the genus Bacillus, contains peptidoglycan with lysine, aspartic acid, alanine and glutamic acide.
|
|
A Bacillus phage is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have bacteria in the genus Bacillus as host species. These bacteriophages have been found to belong to the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae or Tectiviridae.
|
|
Bacillus is a stick insect genus, common in Europe and North Africa.
|
|
Bacillus pseudomycoides is a bacterium. The type strain is NRRL B-617T.
|
|
Lysogenic conversion has shown to enable biofilm formation in Bacillus anthracis Strains of B. anthracis cured of all phage were unable to form biofilms, which are surface-adhered bacterial communities that enable bacteria to better access nutrients and survive environmental stresses. In addition to biofilm formation in B. anthracis, lysogenic conversion of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus has shown an enhanced rate or extent of sporulation. Sporulation produces endospores, which are metabolically dormant forms of the bacteria that are highly resistant to temperature, ionizing radiation, desiccation, antibiotics, and disinfectants.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation.
|
|
This working example is based on a JC69 genetic distance matrix computed from the 5S ribosomal RNA sequence alignment of five bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (a), Bacillus stearothermophilus (b), Lactobacillus viridescens (c), Acholeplasma modicum (d), and Micrococcus luteus (e).
|
|
The working example is based on a JC69 genetic distance matrix computed from the 5S ribosomal RNA sequence alignment of five bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (a), Bacillus stearothermophilus (b), Lactobacillus viridescens (c), Acholeplasma modicum (d), and Micrococcus luteus (e).
|
|
This working example is based on a JC69 genetic distance matrix computed from the 5S ribosomal RNA sequence alignment of five bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (a), Bacillus stearothermophilus (b), Lactobacillus viridescens (c), Acholeplasma modicum (d), and Micrococcus luteus (e).
|
|
The name Alkalibacillus derives from: New Latin noun alkali (from Arabic article al, the; Arabic noun qaliy, ashes of saltwort), alkali; Latin masculine gender noun bacillus, rod; New Latin masculine gender noun Alkalibacillus, bacillus living under alkaline conditions.
|
|
This working example is based on a JC69 genetic distance matrix computed from the 5S ribosomal RNA sequence alignment of five bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (a), Bacillus stearothermophilus (b), Lactobacillus viridescens (c), Acholeplasma modicum (d), and Micrococcus luteus (e).
|
|
This problem was the main motivation for the alternative enzymatic strategy with maleate isomerase that would facilitate isomerization without by-products. It is known that, even at moderate temperatures, natural maleate isomerase is unstable. For that reason, heat-stable maleate isomerases are engineered and applied. For example, thermo-stable maleate isomerases derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus brevis, and Bacillus sporothermodurans were used to improve the process.
|
|
A bacillus (plural bacilli) is a rod-shaped bacterium. Although Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, specifically refers to the genus, the word bacillus (plural bacilli) may also be used to describe any rod-shaped bacterium, and in this sense, bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. There is no connection between the shape of a bacterium and its colors in the Gram staining.
|
|
Another example of a large genus with nested genera is the genus Bacillus, in which the genera Paenibacillus and Brevibacillus are nested clades. There is insufficient genomic data at present to fully and effectively correct taxonomic errors in Bacillus.
|
|
Growth of the fungus is inhibited in vitro by Bacillus subtilis and cochliodinol.
|
|
He identified the typhoid bacillus (now named Salmonella typhi) before Karl Joseph Eberth.
|
|
The exosporium is the outer surface layer of mature spores. In plant spores it is also referred to as the exine. Some bacteria also produce endospores with an exosporium, of which the most commonly studied are Bacillus species, particularly Bacillus cereus and the anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The exosporium is the portion of the spore that interacts with the environment or host organism, and may contain spore antigens.
|
|
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research. A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are resistant to some insect pests.
|
|
Bacillus phage AP50 (formerly Phage AP50) is a species of bacteriophage that infects Bacillus anthracis bacteria. Originally thought to be an RNA phage, it contains a DNA genome of about 14,000 base pairs in an icosahedral capsid with a two-layer capsid shell.
|
|
Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the anthrax causing bacteria, Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954.
|
|
Twort also researched Johne's disease, a chronic intestinal infection of cattle. Similarly to leprosy, Johne's bacillus could not be cultivated on ordinary media. Incorporation of dead tubercle bacilli in the medium was successful. Johne's bacillus had been cultivated for the first time.
|
|
Formerly known as Bacillus brevis, the species was reclassified into the genus Brevibacillus in 1996.
|
|
With Bacillus anthracis it is very important to differentiate between the vegetive and spore forms.
|
|
Bacillus methanolicus (B. methanolicus) is a gram positive, thermophilic, methylotrophic member of the genus Bacillus. The most well characterized strain of the species, Bacillus methanolicus MGA3, was isolated from freshwater marsh soils, and grows rapidly in cultures heated to up to 60 °C using only methanol as a carbon source. The genome of B. methanolicus MGA3 was fully sequenced in 2014, revealing a 3,337,035 bp linear chromosome and two natural plasmids, pBM19 and pBM69.
|
|
Bacillus infernus is a thermophilic, strictly anaerobic bacterium of the genus Bacillus that lives in deep terrestrial subsurface areas. It was first isolated in depths of to in the Taylorsville Triassic Basin in Virginia, and grew well at but not at 40° or 65 °C.
|
|
Edmonds, Jason, et al. “Multigeneration Cross- Contamination of Mail with Bacillus Anthracis Spores.” PLoS ONE, vol.
|
|
Bacillus vallismortis is a species of bacteria, with type strain DV1-F-3 (5 NRRLB-14890).
|
|
The DNA polymerase of Bacillus phage phi29 is a unique and efficient polymerase with proofreading activity.
|
|
Bacillus clausii has a relatively small genome that contains 4.30 Mbp with 4,108 protein coding genes.
|
|
Of these, the Firmicutes phylum constituted 16 species, seven of which belong to the genus Bacillus.
|
|
Several species of bacteria especially Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus spp were found to be the most actively involved organisms in the production of okpiye. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes of selected strains representative of the major clusters revealed that the Bacillus strains associated with okpehe fermentation were B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus and B. licheniformis (in decreasing order of incidence). The presence of enterotoxin genes in all B. cereus strains was demonstrated by multiplex PCR. The high incidence of detection (20%) of possibly pathogenic B. cereus strains that contained enterotoxin genes indicated that these fermented foods may constitute a potential health risk.
|
|
The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person has. It involves the injection of a standardized extract of the inactivated "leprosy bacillus" (Mycobacterium leprae or "Hansen's bacillus") under the skin. It is not recommended as a primary mode of diagnosis.
|
|
A study of 32 basidiomycete mushrooms showed that Mutinus elegans was the only species to show antibiotic (both antibacterial and antifungal) activity against all six microorganisms tested, namely, the human pathogenic bacteris Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and the yeast Candida albicans.
|
|
Bacillus badius is a Gram-positive aerobic spore-forming bacillus. Originally isolated from human intestines and described in 1919, B. badius was later found in a sample of figs. Novel enzymes, including a restriction enzyme and penicillin G acylase, have been purified from this bacterial species.
|
|
Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide. It was first isolated in 1958 from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
However, the Bacillus- plasmid RNA motif does not appear to be homologous to any such known RNA.
|
|
Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis, i.e. B. cereus with the two plasmids, is also capable of causing anthrax.
|
|
Four types of bacteria common in KNF include lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and yeast.
|
|
C. canimorsus requires large amounts of iron to grow, so these conditions are optimal for the bacillus.
|
|
Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria. In 2019, it was found in a hyperalkaline spring in Zambales (Philippines) a bacterial consortium of a strain of Bacillus agaradhaerens with Bacillus pseudofirmus that can biodegrade LDPE plastic.
|
|
Like many other Astragalus species, this plant accumulates selenium from the soil. It has also been shown to harbor a selenium-metabolizing Bacillus species in its seed pods.Lindblow-Kull, C., A. Shrift, and R. L. Gherna. (1982). Aerobic, selenium-utilizing Bacillus isolated from the seeds of Astragalus crotalariae.
|
|
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus. Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery.Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905. Accessed 7 October 2006.
|
|
It is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium piliforme, formerly known as Bacillus piliformis.Hansen, A. K., Andersen H. V. and S. O. 1994. Studies on the diagnosis of Tyzzer’s disease in laboratory rat colonies with antibodies against Bacillus piliformis (Clostridium piliforme). Laboratory Animal Science 44:424-429.
|
|
The Bacillus-plasmid RNA motif is a predicted conserved RNA structure usually located in plasmids. It is known in species under the genera Bacillus and Lactobacillus. In Bacillus subtilis, it is found upstream of the hypothetical gene ydcS, whose function is unknown. The fact that the RNA structure is typically found in plasmids suggests that it might be involved in the regulation plasmid copy number by a cis-antisense mechanism in a manner similar to that of R1162-like plasmid antisense RNA.
|
|
In addition to Bacillus thuringiensis, the insecticides diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lamda-cyhalothrin, alphamethrin and benfuracarb are also effective.
|
|
Poly-γ-glutamate is a metabolite of Bacillus subtilis. Poly-γ-glutamate inhibits tyrosinase and melanogenesis in vitro.
|
|
The bacillus theory was eventually proved wrong by the experimental demonstration of the mosquito-malaria theory in 1898.
|
|
Flagellated bacteria such as Bacillus, Acinitobacter, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus are found abundant in gut of M. convulsionarius.
|
|
Journal archive In the late 1910s, American bacteriologist Alice C. Evans was studying the Bang bacillus and gradually realized that it was virtually indistinguishable from the Bruce coccus. The short-rod versus oblong-round morphologic borderline explained the leveling of the erstwhile bacillus/coccus distinction (that is, these "two" pathogens were not a coccus versus a bacillus but rather were one coccobacillus). The Bang bacillus was already known to be enzootic in American dairy cattle, which showed itself in the regularity with which herds experienced contagious abortion. Having made the discovery that the bacteria were certainly nearly identical and perhaps totally so, Evans then wondered why Malta fever was not widely diagnosed or reported in the United States.
|
|
Impages bacillus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.
|
|
This would have stimulated any cholera bacillus present by giving it a more favorable environment in which to flourish.
|
|
In 1927, Weinberg and Ginsbourg's later reclassification was Bacillus scatologenes. The species has borne its present name since 1948.
|
|
Bacillus clarkii is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus gibsonii is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus halmapalus is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus horikoshii is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus pseudalcalophilus is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.
|
|
However, they made mistake in declaring that a bacterium (which they called Bacillus malariae) was also responsible for malaria.
|
|
The hospital has a containment laboratory capable of testing for the deliberate release of the biological agent Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
C. pasteurianum is a large, Gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. It is a soil bacterium, and an obligate anaerobe.
|
|
Raxibacumab injection is a monoclonal antibody targeting the protective antigen (PA) component of the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Thimon L. et al., 1992. Interactions of bioactive lipopeptides, iturin A and surfactin from Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem.
|
|
The term 'diphtheria' or 'diphtheritis', acute contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Klebs-Loffler bacillus) has the same origin.
|
|
Bacillus cereus poisoning is called "Chinese fried rice syndrome" due to its historical tie with the fried rice dishes.
|
|
A weakened strain of bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis is specially subcultured in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9.
|
|
In molecular biology, the Bacillus haemolytic enterotoxin family of proteins consists of several Bacillus haemolytic enterotoxins (HblC, HblD, HblA, NheA, and NheB), which can cause food poisoning in humans. Haemolysin BL (encoded by HBL) and non-haemolytic enterotoxin (encoded by NHE), represent the major enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus. Most of the cytotoxic activity of B. cereus isolates has been attributed to the level of Nhe, which may indicate a highly diarrheic potential. The exact mechanism by which B. cereus causes diarrhoea is unknown.
|
|
30 Apr. 2014. Dr. Gottheil used a variety of isolation techniques, which included cultivating the organism on carrot and beet slices. L. fusiformis was originally known as Bacillus fusiformis prior to 2007; at which point it was reclassified to the genus Lysinibacillus, along with its close relative Bacillus sphaericus.Ahmed, Iftikhar et al.
|
|
Kušar, D., et al. “Detection of Bacillus Anthracis in the Air, Soil and Animal Tissue.” Acta Veterinaria, vol. 62, no.
|
|
The Bacillales are an order of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the Firmicutes. Representative genera include Bacillus, Listeria and Staphylococcus.
|
|
Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic. There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, and spiral.
|
|
Bacillus sonorensis is a species of bacteria with type strain L87-10T (= NRRL B-23154T). Its genome has been sequenced.
|
|
In 1882, Pasteur sent his assistant Louis Thuillier to southern France because of an epizootic of swine erysipelas. Thuillier identified the bacillus that caused the disease in March 1883. Pasteur and Thuillier increased the bacillus's virulence after passing it through pigeons. Then they passed the bacillus through rabbits, weakening it and obtaining a vaccine.
|
|
Separation of cells is typically done using centrifugation, however foam separation has also been used as a more energy efficient technique. This method has been used on many species of bacteria cells such as Hansenula polymorph, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Bacillus polymyxa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis, being most effective on cells that have hydrophobic surfaces.
|
|
Bernhard Lauritz Frederik Bang (7 June 1848 – 22 June 1932), was a Danish veterinarian. He discovered Brucella abortus in 1897, which came to be known as Bang's bacillus. Bang's bacillus was the cause of the contagious Bang's disease (now known as Brucellosis) which can cause pregnant cattle to abort, and causes undulant fever in humans.
|
|
Bacillus submarinus is a gram positive, aerobic meaning that it requires oxygen for metabolism. B. submarinus is a sporulating bacteria which is when the cell puts it genetic information in a spore during a cell's dormant phase, rod-shaped, bacterium of the genus Bacillus that is commonly found in the ocean at extreme depths and pressures. As with other members of the genus Bacillus, it can form an endospore a bud that contains genetic information in the chance the bacteria cell dies, later when conditions become more hospitable the bacteria returns, surviving extreme conditions.
|
|
Lactonases are able to interfere with AHL-mediated quorum sensing. Some examples of these lactonases are AiiA produced by Bacillus species, AttM and AiiB produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and QIcA produced by Rhizobiales species. Lactonases have been reported for Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. The Bacillus cereus group (consisting of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, and B. anthracis) was found to contain nine genes homologous to the AiiA gene that encode AHL-inactivating enzymes, with the catalytic zinc-binding motif conserved in all cases.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram- positive bacterium, rod-shaped and catalase-positive. It was originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, and renamed Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872 (subtilis being the Latin for "fine"). B. subtilis cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 4–10 micrometers (μm) long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of about 4.6 fL at stationary phase. As with other members of the genus Bacillus, it can form an endospore, to survive extreme environmental conditions of temperature and desiccation.
|
|
Koehler, TM (August 2009). “Bacillus anthracis Physiology and Genetics”. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 30 (6): 386-96. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.
|
|
Bacteria that have some evidence of palytoxin or its analogue production include Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio sp. ja Aeromonas.
|
|
This page lists notable outbreaks of anthrax, a disease of humans and other mammals caused by Bacillus anthracis, organized by year.
|
|
Dyschirius bacillus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Hermann Rudolph Schaum in 1857.
|
|
The microorganisms associate with kargyong as various types of lactobacilli, bacillus, micrococcus and staphylococcus, and some yeast and myceliate fungal species.
|
|
Bacteria which give negative results for the indole test include: Actinobacillus spp., Aeromonas salmonicida, Alcaligenes sp., most Bacillus sp., Bordetella sp.
|
|
The tobacco hornworm ingests nicotine which reduces colony growth and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis, leading to increased survival of the hornworm.
|
|
Peng, D., Chai, L., Wang, F., Zhang, F., Ruan, L., and Sun, M. (2011) "Synergistic activity between Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6Aa and Cry55Aa toxins against Meloidogyne incognita". Microbial biotechnology. 4, 794-798Luo, X., Chen, L., Huang, Q., Zheng, J., Zhou, W., Peng, D., Ruan, L. and Sun, M., 2013. "Bacillus thuringiensis metalloproteinase Bmp1 functions as a nematicidal virulence factor".
|
|
Dissimilatory As(+5)-respiring prokaryotes consist of a diverse phylogenetic group, including Chrysiogenes, Bacillus, Desulfomicrobium, Sulfurospirillum, Shewanella, Citrobacter, and Sulfurihydrogenibium species. Some specific species include Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, and Bacillus anthracis. Although the ability to respire As(+5) is spread across several phylogenetic groups, the As(+5) reduction mechanism in these organisms seems to be conserved.
|
|
The water was recycled, creating favourable conditions for the propagation of contagious diseases and the accumulation of toxic substances in dyes. Robert Koch discovered the tubercule bacillus in 1882, though the way in which the bacillus was transmitted was not yet understood, allowing the potential question that steaming might be associated with the transmission of tuberculosis.
|
|
Bacillus coagulans is a lactic acid-forming bacterial species. The organism was first isolated and described as Bacillus coagulans in 1915 by B.W. Hammer at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station as a cause of an outbreak of coagulation in evaporated milk packed by an Iowa condensary.Hammer, B. W. 1915. Bacteriological studies on the coagulation of evaporated milk.
|
|
Bacillus virus phi29 (Φ29 phage) is a species of virus that belongs to the bacteriophage order Caudovirales which also includes phages PZA, Φ15, BS32, B103, M2Y (M2), Nf, and GA-1. These phages, which form part of the Podoviridae family, are the smallest Bacillus phages isolated to date and are among the smallest known dsDNA phages.
|
|
Williams et al. (1990) continued his work on enriched feather degrading culture and characterized the organism to its species level for the first time. The microorganisms were identified as Bacillus licheniformis, purified and characterized keratinase from feather degrading Bacillus licheniformis strain isolated by Williams et al. (1990) with the help of membrane ultra filtration and C-75 gel chromatography.
|
|
One highly sought after trait is insect resistance. This trait increases a crop's resistance to pests and allows for a higher yield. An example of this trait are crops that are genetically engineered to make insecticidal proteins originally discovered in (Bacillus thuringiensis). Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacteria that produces insect repelling proteins that are non-harmful to humans.
|
|
Kyrpidia is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, thermophilic, spore-forming bacteria. Bacillus tusciae was first described in 1984, and had been isolated from a geothermal area in Tuscany, Italy. It was placed within the genus Bacillus at that time. Further work on the organism led to the creation of a new genus, Kyrpidia, in 2010.
|
|
B. cereus bacteria are facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. Its virulence factors include cereolysin and phospholipase C. The Bacillus cereus group comprises seven closely related species: B. cereus sensu stricto (referred to herein as B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, and B. cytotoxicus.
|
|
They are slowly decomposed by bacteria, including Chromobacterium violaceum, Cladosporium resinae, Bacillus submarinus, Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida marina and Saccharomyces estuari.
|
|
Mycosubtilin is a natural lipopeptide with antifungal and hemolytic activities and isolated from Bacillus species. It belongs to the iturin lipopeptide family.
|
|
Known bacteria that parasitize the codling moth are Erwinia amylovora and Bacillus cereus. B. cereus parasitizes the larvae of the codling moth.
|
|
This enzyme is part of the biosynthetic pathway to cobalamin (vitamin B12) in anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
|
|
Evidence from Bacillus cereus indicates thiamine uptake is coupled to proton translocation. This family includes human solute transporters SLC19A1, SLC19A2 and SLC19A3.
|
|
Bacillus licheniformis degrades feathers of parrots and other birds, especially white feathers. Red feathers with high levels of psittacofulvin are more resistant.
|
|
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus has potential applications as a thickener in the food industry.
|
|
Bacillus species continue to be dominant bacterial workhorses in microbial fermentations. Bacillus subtilis (natto) is the key microbial participant in the ongoing production of the soya-based traditional natto fermentation, and some Bacillus species are on the Food and Drug Administration's GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list. The capacity of selected Bacillus strains to produce and secrete large quantities (20-25 g/L) of extracellular enzymes has placed them among the most important industrial enzyme producers. The ability of different species to ferment in the acid, neutral, and alkaline pH ranges, combined with the presence of thermophiles in the genus, has led to the development of a variety of new commercial enzyme products with the desired temperature, pH activity, and stability properties to address a variety of specific applications.
|
|
In 1999, Shehata, Nasr, and Tadros found that significantly fewer adults emerged from cocoons after larvae were exposed to the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis.
|
|
1-Deoxynojirimycin is a polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid produced from D-Glucose in various plants, such as Commelina communis, and in the Streptomyces and Bacillus bacteria. High quantities of this azasugar are produced in Bacillus subtilis, a process initiated by a TYB gene cluster composed of gabT1 (aminotransferase), yktc1 (phosphatase), and gutB1 (oxidoreductase). In Bacillus subtilis, D-glucose first undergoes glycolysis, opening the 6 member ring and producing fructose-6-phosphate. GabT1 catalyzes transamination at the C2 position, followed by a dephosphorylation by the Yktc1 enzyme, resulting in 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM), an essential precursor.
|
|
Such developments from our understanding of the complex protein translocation machinery of Gram-positive bacteria should allow the resolution of current secretion challenges and make Bacillus species preeminent hosts for heterologous protein production. Bacillus strains have also been developed and engineered as industrial producers of nucleotides, the vitamin riboflavin, the flavor agent ribose, and the supplement poly-gamma-glutamic acid. With the recent characterization of the genome of B. subtilis 168 and of some related strains, Bacillus species are poised to become the preferred hosts for the production of many new and improved products as we move through the genomic and proteomic era.
|
|
Shimizu, K., Nakamura, H. & Ashiuchi, M. Salt-Inducible Bionylon Polymer from Bacillus Megaterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2378–2379 (2007) At least one strain of B. megaterium can be considered a halophile, as growth on up to 15% NaCl has been observed.Khan, J. A. Biodegradation of Azo Dye by Moderately Halotolerant Bacillus megaterium and Study of Enzyme Azoreductase Involved in Degradation. Advanced Biotech 10:21–27 (2011) Gram-stained Bacillus megaterium Phylogenetically, based on 16S rRNA, B. megaterium is strongly linked with B. flexus, the latter distinguished from B. megaterium a century ago, but only recently confirmed as a different species.
|
|
Bacillus odysseyi is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, round-spore- and endospore-forming eubacterium of the genus Bacillus. This novel species was discovered by scientist Myron T. La Duc of NASA’s Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, a unit whose purpose is to clean and sterilize spacecraft so as not to have microorganisms contaminate other celestial bodies or foreign microorganisms contaminate Earth, on the surface of the Mars Odyssey in a clean room at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in La Cañada Flintridge before the spacecraft was launched to space. La Duc named the bacterium Bacillus odysseyi sp. nov. after the Odyssey mission.
|
|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar, and plantazolicin, an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis. It is used in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics to fight root pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium as well improve root tolerance to salt stress. They are considered a growth-promoting rhizobacteria and have the ability to quickly colonize roots.
|
|
The glyphs on the eggs, are very distinguishable Bacillus atticus atticus is a species of phasmid or "walking stick" with recorded specimens in Greece, Italy, Croatia and Israel. In Cyprus,Data from Fauna Europaea the endemic subspecies Bacillus atticus cyprius is present. Both can often be found climbing on plants and can be kept as a pet in an insectarium.
|
|
Janibacter hoylei is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from cryovials that sampled high altitude air between 20 and 41 km above sea level. The species was first described in 2009, and the species is named after English astronomer Fred Hoyle. Two other new species were discovered during the same survey: Bacillus isronensis and Bacillus aryabhattai.
|
|
Klebsiella is named after German-Swiss microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). Carl Friedlander described Klebsiella bacillus which is why it was termed Friedlander bacillus for many years. The members of the genus Klebsiella are a part of the human and animal's normal flora in the nose, mouth and intestines. The species of Klebsiella are all gram-negative and usually non-motile.
|
|
The Bacillus Spore Morphogenesis and Germination Holin (BSH) Family (TC# 1.E.23) is a family of proteins named after a holin in Bacillus subtilis described to be involved in spore morphogenesis and germination by Real et al (2005). The gene encoding this holin is ywcE. Mutants lacking this gene or its product have spores that exhibit outer coat defects.
|
|
It is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis—subspecies of Klebsiella pneumoniae— a gram-negative, encapsulated, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacillus (diplobacillus), member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is sometimes referred to as the "Frisch bacillus," named for Anton von Frisch who identified the organism in 1882.DiBartolomeo. Page 14. It is contracted directly by droplets or by contamination of material that is subsequently inhaled.
|
|
An American physician, though, George Miller Sternberg, proved that the bacillus did not cause specific symptoms of malaria in 1881. The bacillus theory was eventually proved wrong by the experimental demonstration of the mosquito-malaria theory in 1898. Klebs also made mistakes in claiming the existence of Microzoon septicum as causative agent of wound infection, and "monadines" as the pathogen for rheumatism.
|
|
Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at . When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production. One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.
|
|
These side chains contain three monosaccharide residues. Xanthan lyase is produced by bacteria that degrade this polysaccharide, such as Bacillus, Corynebacterium and Paenibacillus species.
|
|
Thermoduric bacteria are bacteria which can survive, to varying extents, the pasteurisation process. Species of bacteria which are thermoduric include Bacillus, Clostridium and Enterococci.
|
|
On the Urease of Yersin's Bacillus. 1964.Baltazard, M., et al., C. Interepizootic conservation of the plague in inveterate reservoir. Hypotheses and work. 1963.
|
|
Recently discovered cyclothiazomycin C has an unknown biological role, but cyclothiazomycins B and C both exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Strains I and II correspond to the former species of Bacillus larvae, and strains III and IV correspond to the former species of B. pulvifaciens.
|
|
Mycoplasma haemomuris, formerly known as Haemobartonella muris and Bartonella muris, is a Gram-negative bacillus. It is known to cause anemia in rats and mice.
|
|
Bacillus gaemokensis is a bacterium. It is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming organism with the type strain BL3-6T (=KCTC 13318T =JCM 15801T).
|
|
Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and believed his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients. Bifidobacteria were first isolated from a breast-fed infant by Henry Tissier, who also worked at the Pasteur Institute. The isolated bacterium named Bacillus bifidus communisTissier, H. 1900.
|
|
004 B. anthracis belongs to the B. cereus group of strains. Structure of B. anthracis It is one of few bacteria known to synthesize a protein capsule (poly-D-gamma-glutamic acid). Like Bordetella pertussis, it forms a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase exotoxin known as anthrax edema factor, along with anthrax lethal factor. It bears close genotypical and phenotypical resemblance to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis.
|
|
The amylases most often come from Bacillus licheniformisThe Amylase Research Society of Japan: Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes. Elsevier, 2014, , p. 195. or Bacillus subtilis (strain MN-385), which are more thermostable than the originally used enzymes. Starting in 1982, pullulanases from Aspergillus niger were used in the production of glucose syrup to convert amylopectin to starch (amylose), thereby increasing the yield of glucose.
|
|
Four varieties of bacteria have been found in the bee bread of the larva: Bacillus circulans, B. coagulans, B. firmus, and B. megaterium. Only the Bacillus genus has been found in the samples taken. Together, these four species were able to hydrolyze starch, ferment glucose, convert nitrates to nitrites, and produce dihydroxyacetone from glycerol. This group of bacteria also lowers the pH of the bee bread.
|
|
Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and rod bacterium, originally isolated from a spacecraft in Florida and California. B. safensis could have possibly been transported to the planet Mars on spacecraft Opportunity and Spirit in 2004. There are several known strains of this bacterium, all of which belong to the Firmicutes phylum of Bacteria. This bacterium also belongs to the large, pervasive genus Bacillus.
|
|
The gluconate:H+ symporter (GntP) family (TC# 2.A.8) is a family of transport proteins belonging to the ion transporter (IT) superfamily. Members of the GntP family include known gluconate permeases of E. coli and Bacillus species such as the D-Gluconate:H+ symporter of Bacillus subtillus (GntP; TC# 2.A.8.1.1) and the D-fructuronate/D-gluconate:H+ symporter of E. coli (GntP; TC# 2.A.8.1.3).
|
|
Thermolysin (, Bacillus thermoproteolyticus neutral proteinase, thermoase, thermoase Y10, TLN) is a thermostable neutral metalloproteinase enzyme produced by the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. It requires one zinc ion for enzyme activity and four calcium ions for structural stability. Thermolysin specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds containing hydrophobic amino acids. However thermolysin is also widely used for peptide bond formation through the reverse reaction of hydrolysis.
|
|
After 1871 Berlin, the capital of the new German Empire, became a leading center for medical research. Robert Koch (1843–1910) was a representative leader. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings.
|
|
Marina has also shown in the same system that the virus's arbitrium receptor interacts not only with bacterial genes that help it reproduce, but also with several other stretches of DNA. He has suggested that arbitrium signals may be able to alter the activity of important bacterial genes. More recently, another team at the Sorek lab, headed by Avigail Stokar-Avihail and Nitzan Tal, has shown similar systems in other species of Bacilllus bacteria, the pathogenic species Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Stokar-Avihail A, Tal N, Erez Z, Lopatina A, Sorek R. Widespread Utilization of Peptide Communication in Phages Infecting Soil and Pathogenic Bacteria.
|
|
Larva of Aedes aegypti The biological control agent Bacillus thuringiensis, also known as Bt, is a bacterial disease specific to Lepidopteran caterpillars. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, also known as Bti, and Bacillus sphaericus, which affect larval mosquitoes and some midges, have come into increasing use in recent times. Bti and B. sphaericus are both naturally occurring soil bacterium registered as larvicides under the names Bactivec, Bacticide, Aquabac, Teknar, Vectobac, LarvX, and VectoLex CG. Typically in granular form, pellets are distributed on the surface of stagnant water locations. When the mosquito larvae ingest the bacteria, crystallized toxins are produced that destroy the digestive tract, resulting in death.
|
|
Bacillus infernus premiered in the 2008 The Andromeda Strain (miniseries). The bacteria's origin was erroneously attributed to hydrothermal vents instead of a buried triassic rift basin.
|
|
Eldor, A. (2015). Soil microbiology, ecology, and biochemistry (4th ed.). Chapter 14 Amsterdam: Elsevier. Denitrifying include for example several species of Pseudomonas, Alkaligenes , Bacillus and others.
|
|
Prescott, L. (1993). Microbiology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, . Two genera of bacterial pathogens are known to produce endospores: the aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium.Gladwin, M. (2008).
|
|
A culture of Bacillus anthracis There are several types of bacterial culture methods that are selected based on the agent being cultured and the downstream use.
|
|
MLVA has become a major first line typing tool in a number of pathogens where such an harmonisation could be achieved, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus anthracis, Brucella.
|
|
Other bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and Bacillus anthracis. Sexually transmitted infections have emerged as causes of oral and pharyngeal infections.
|
|
Cardiobacterium is a Gram-negative bacillus (rod-shaped) bacterium commonly grouped with other bacteria into the HACEK group. Species of Cardiobacterium include Cardiobacterium hominis and Cardiobacterium valvarum.
|
|
In the case of infectious rhinitis, vaccination against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, Bacillus anthracis, and Bordetella pertussis may help prevent it.
|
|
The name Aeribacillus derives from: Latin noun aer aeris, air; Latin masculine gender noun bacillus, a small rod; New Latin masculine gender noun Aeribacillus, aerobic small rod.
|
|
"MicroRNA-Dependent Regulation of DNA Methyltransferase-1 in Human Malignant Cholangiocytes. Hepatology." Hepatology. ppg 881-890. The bacteria bacillus subtilis is often used in site directed mutagenesis.
|
|
TubZ (; pBt156) was identified in Bacillus thuringiensis as essential for plasmid maintenance. It binds to a DNA-binding protein called TubR (; pBt157) to pull the plasmid around.
|
|
The non-spore formers are Corynebacterium and Listeria (a coccobacillus), whereas Bacillus and Clostridium produce spores. The spore-forming bacteria can again be divided based on their respiration: Bacillus is a facultative anaerobe, while Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe. Also, Rathybacter, Leifsonia, and Clavibacter are three gram-positive genera that cause plant disease. Gram- positive bacteria are capable of causing serious and sometimes fatal infections in newborn infants.
|
|
The humans once attempted to colonize Mars after a massive population explosion. While on Mars, they discovered the Bacillus and Crusnik nanomachines. When the Bacillus virus was embedded in humans, they were infected with a virus that changed them into vampires who had to feed on blood to survive. While this was happening on Mars, on Earth, continuing wars resulted in Armageddon, the apocalyptic war that nearly destroyed humanity.
|
|
Male Danaus chrysippus showing the pheromone pouch and brush-like organ in Kerala, India In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Male animals may also emit pheromones that convey information about their species and genotype. At the microscopic level, a number of bacterial species (e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus) release specific chemicals into the surrounding media to induce the "competent" state in neighboring bacteria.
|
|
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a test tube with water, shaking, placing in melted mannitol salt agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a day. Cultured colonies are usually large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope, the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells usually contain oval endospores at one end, making them bulge.
|
|
Colonies of the model species Bacillus subtilis on an agar plate. Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of molecular and cellular biology. Its superb genetic amenability and relatively large size have provided the powerful tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements in fluorescent microscopy techniques have provided novel insight into the dynamic structure of a single cell organism.
|
|
Tuberculinic acid is a noncanonical nucleic acid initially identified as the poison of Tubercle bacillus (=Mycobacterium tuberculosis), the principal causative bacterium of tuberculosis. Its discovery was one of the most important landmarks in understanding tuberculosis and in molecular biology. It is regarded as the most toxic component of the bacillus. It was from this compound that DNA methylation was discovered as it was the first molecule found to contain 5-methylcytosine.
|
|
Bacillus clausii is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile and spore-forming bacterium that lives in the soil. It is classified as probiotic microorganism that maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. It is currently being studied in respiratory infections and some gastrointestinal disorders. Bacillus clausii has been found to produce antimicrobial substances that are active against gram positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Clostridium difficile.
|
|
The bacteria, highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin. These three bacteria can be considered to be extremophiles. The bacteria were named as Bacillus isronensis in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, Bacillus aryabhata after India's celebrated ancient astronomer Aryabhata and Janibacter hoylei after the distinguished astrophysicist Fred Hoyle.
|
|
Virgibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Virgibacillus species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval or ellipsoidal endospores in terminal, or sometimes subterminal, swollen sporangia. The genus was recently reclassified from the genus Bacillus in 1998 following an analysis of the species V. pantothenticus.
|
|
The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, destroys corn crops by burrowing into the stem, causing the plant to fall over. Bt corn is a variant of maize that has been genetically altered to express one or more proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis including Delta endotoxins. The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in organic gardening, although GM corn is not considered organic.
|
|
Fungi and bacteria, mainly Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis, are responsible for the fermentation of meju. Well fermented meju bricks are washed and sun-dried for later use.
|
|
Bacillus sporothermodurans is a species of bacteria notable for producing highly heat-resistant endospores, hence its name. It is strictly aerobic. Its type strain is M215 (DSMZ 10599).
|
|
Hourdou M.L., Besson F., Tenoux I. & Michel G., 1989. Fatty acid and beta-amino acid syntheses in strains of Bacillus subtilis producing iturinic antibiotics. Lipids, 24, 940-944.
|
|
Two of the characterized members of the CitMHS family, both citrate uptake permeases from Bacillus subtilis, are CitM (TC# 2.A.11.1.1) and CitH (TC# 2.A.11.1.2).
|
|
Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California.
|
|
Google Books. However, Valerie Steele notes that the corset's association with tuberculosis originated before the bacillus was discovered, and that the corset may have only aggravated the condition.
|
|
Thermolysin is the most stable member of a family of metalloproteinases produced by various Bacillus species. These enzymes are also termed 'neutral' proteinases or thermolysin -like proteinases (TLPs).
|
|
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was discovered in soil 1943 by a Japanese scientist named Fukumoto, who gave the bacterium its name because it produced (faciens) a liquifying (lique) amylase (amylo).
|
|
Bacillus anthracis comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 22; 108(12): 5027–5032 doi:10.1073/pnas.
|
|
Soon afterwards, Rayer published a description of the bacillus in a paper titled, Inoculation du sang de rate (1850).Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch - bibliography Who Named ItBiography of Pierre-François- Olive Rayer at Who Named It In 1863 Davaine demonstrated that the bacillus could be directly transmitted from one animal to another. He was able to identify the causative organism, but was unaware of its true etiology.Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists, Third Edition edited by John Daintith Later on, German microbiologist Robert Koch investigated the etiology of Bacillus anthracis, and discovered its ability to produce "resting spores" that could stay alive in the soil for a long period of time to serve as a future source of infection.
|
|
Lately an actin-like ParM homolog has been found in a gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which assembles into a microtubule-like structure and is involved in plasmid segregation.
|
|
Ture Tvestjärt is a villain in Gjerta's gang who is afraid of dirt, bacillus etc. and always uses a spray. He hates pets. He is played by Shebly Niavarani.
|
|
Bacillus coahuilensis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile, spore-forming bacterium. This species was isolated from water samples taken from a highly saline desert lagoon in Coahuila, Mexico.
|
|
After graduation he worked at the Pasteur Institute where he specialized in tuberculosis. In 1953 Andrejew published "The metabolism of the tubercle bacillus " with American scientist William F. Drea.
|
|
Doenjang also bears similarities to Japanese miso, although miso is fermented with a fungus (Aspergillus oryzae) and doenjang is fermented with a bacterial culture (Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis).
|
|
Adults and caterpillars can be controlled by hand picking and pruning. Egg and larval parasitoids are also effective. Pesticides and use of Bacillus thuringiensis extracts are effective against caterpillars.
|
|
A strain of B. subtilis formerly known as Bacillus natto is used in the commercial production of the Japanese food nattō, as well as the similar Korean food cheonggukjang.
|
|
As a simplified model for cellular differentiation, the molecular details of endospore formation have been extensively studied, specifically in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. These studies have contributed much to our understanding of the regulation of gene expression, transcription factors, and the sigma factor subunits of RNA polymerase. Endospores of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis were used in the 2001 anthrax attacks. The powder found in contaminated postal letters consisted of anthrax endospores.
|
|
VCC was initially employed to quantify the antibacterial activity of peptides against six strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Commonly, a standard Gram- negative and Gram-positive quality control strain are compared. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 have been used as the standard Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, respectively. VCC has also been applied to Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.
|
|
Subtilisin is a protease (a protein-digesting enzyme) initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis. Subtilisins belong to subtilases, a group of serine proteases that – like all serine proteases – initiate the nucleophilic attack on the peptide (amide) bond through a serine residue at the active site. Subtilisins typically have molecular weights 27kDa. They can be obtained from certain types of soil bacteria, for example, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from which they are secreted in large amounts.
|
|
He discovered bacillus within their red blood cells. If the patients recovered from the acute phase, the bacillus changed shape to cocci; and if the patients developed characteristic skin lesions—hemangioma-like nodules in the skin and mucous membranes-the so-called "Verruga peruana", the bacteria disappeared from the peripheral blood. On October 5, 1905, during a scientific meeting, he announced his discovery. The first manuscript was published in 1909 in the journal Crónica Médica.
|
|
Wood-Mason was born in Gloucestershire, England, where his father was a doctor. He was educated at Charterhouse School and Queen's College, Oxford. He went out to India in 1869 to work in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which in 2008 still housed his collection of insects. In 1872 he sailed to the Andaman Islands, mostly studying marine animals, but also collecting and later describing two new phasmids, Bacillus hispidulus and Bacillus westwoodii.
|
|
Several isolates of the genus Bacillus are nearly identical to Bacillus pumilus. The group of isolates related to B. pumilus contains five related species: B. pumilus, B. safensis, B. stratosphericus, B. altitudinis, and B. aerophilus. These species are difficult to distinguish due to their 99.5% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Recently, scientists have discovered an alternate way to differentiate between these closely related species, especially B. pumilus and B. safensis.
|
|
Meyer conducted a great many investigations on the nature of the bacillus causing plague, on the important function of the different fleas (carrying the bacillus), the epidemiology of the rodents (infested by fleas), the influence of the location of their habitats, and its climate and vegetation, etc. His extensive work finally led him to define general ecological conditions for outbreaks of plague epidemics. This, in fact, was one of Meyer’s great contributions.D. C. Cavanaugh.
|
|
The disease is caused by a bacterium usually transmitted by the bite of fleas from an infected host, often a black rat. The bacteria are transferred from the blood of infected rats to the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal, the consumed blood is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloodstream of the bitten animal.
|
|
Similarly, the Bacillus species of the B. cereus-group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, B . thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. medusa) have 99-100% similar 16S rRNA sequence (97% is a commonly-cited adequate species limit) and should be considered a single species. Some members of the group appear to have arisen from other Bacillus strains by acquiring a protein coding plasmid and so the group may thus be polyphyletic.
|
|
Mesophilic PES degrading microorganisms were found in the Bacillus and Paenibacillus species; strain KT102; a relative of Bacillus pumilus was the most capable of degrading PES film. The fungal species NKCM1003 a type of Aspergillus clavatus also degrades PES film. The solubility of lithium salts (e.g. lithium perchlorate, LiClO4) in PES made it a good alternative to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) during early development of solid polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries.
|
|
In 1906, G.F. White first described the bacteria which caused American foulbrood, and named it Bacillus larvae. In 1950, a bacteria isolated from bee larvae and associated with the rare disease "powdery scale" was named Bacillus pulvifaciens by Katznelson. In 1993, both B. larvae and B. pulvifaciens were transferred to a new genus, Paenibacillus. The two species were combined into a single species: Paenibacillus larvae in 1996, remaining differentiated as two subspecies: P. larvae ssp.
|
|
The skipping-rope RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. skipping-rope motif RNAs are found in multiple phyla: Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes. A skipping-rope RNA was also found in a purified phage, specifically the phage Bacillus phage SPbeta, which infects Bacillus organisms that fit into the phylum Firmicutes. Therefore, skipping-rope RNAs likely function, at least sometimes, to perform a function useful to phages.
|
|
Bacillus infernus is the name of a bacterium found only in the thermal vents. At this time, President Scott was championing the new and controversial industry of thermal vent mining, and it was likely that the mining would eradicate the bacteria. Wildfire requests samples of the bacteria to begin testing its effects on Andromeda. Tests with Bacillus infernus reveal that the bacterium easily consumes and destroys Andromeda because of Andromeda's sulfur structure.
|
|
The first Alicyclobacillus species was isolated in 1967 from hot springs, and was named Bacillus acidocaldarius. However, it was not until 1982 that the organisms were implicated in the spoilage of apple juice. The next outbreak occurred in 1994, and based on 16S rRNA studies, a separate genus was proposed. The genus name derives from ω-alicyclic fatty acids as the major component in the cellular membrane, and to reflect the previous classification as Bacillus.
|
|
Sekhavati, Mohammad, et al. “‘In-House’ Production of DNA Size Marker from a Vaccinal Bacillus Anthracis Strain.” Iranian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 7, no. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 45–49.
|
|
Cedecea bacteria are Gram- negative, bacillus in shape, motile, nonencapsulated, and non-spore- forming.Mawardi, H., Pavlakis, M., Mandelbrot, D., Woo, S. B. (2010). Sirolimus oral ulcer with Cedecea davisae superinfection.
|
|
Sporosarcina pasteurii reduces water and chloride permeability. B. pasteurii increases resistance to acid. Bacillus pasteurii and B. sphaericuscan induce calcium carbonate precipitation in the surface of cracks, adding compression strength.
|
|
Model systems include the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis; the crustacean Daphnia and its numerous parasites; and Escherichia coli and the mammals (including humans) whose intestines it inhabits.
|
|
Genera within this family are sometimes colloquially identified as bacilli. However, this term is a misnomer because it does not distinguish between class Bacilli, order Bacillales, family Bacillaceae, and genus Bacillus.
|
|
Other organisms such as Bacillus pumilus, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, Corynebacterium urealyticum , and Brevibacterium linens have been identified with similar gene clusters that have the potential to produce PZN-like molecules.
|
|
2-3Wood-Mason (1873) On new or little- known species of Phasmidae. Part I. -Genus Bacillus, Journal of the Asian Society Bengal (J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal) 42 (2): 45-56, pl.
|
|
"Why Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins are so effective: unique features of their mode of action". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 195 (1): 1–8. . . Chemical pesticides continue to be used for infestation control.
|
|
Firmicutes and proteobacteria can degrade PHB. Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces species can degrade PHB. Pseudomonas lemoigne, Comamonas sp. Acidovorax faecalis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Variovorax paradoxus are soil microbes capable of degradation.
|
|
Homologues include: (1) several thiol-disulfide exchange proteins (i.e., TC# 5.A.1.1.1) (2) the cytochrome c-type biogenesis proteins, CcdA (TC# 5.A.1.2.1) of Paracoccus pantotrophus and Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Neither Koch nor Weeks gave a name for this bacterium, choosing instead to refer to it in relation to the disease it was causing; Weeks’ paper called it “the bacillus of acute conjunctival catarrh.”Weeks, J.E. “The bacillus of acute conjunctival catarrh, or ‘pink eye’.” Archive Ophthalmology 15 (1886): 441–51. In 1889, in the first classification treatise naming bacteria under the Latin binomial system, Trevisan listed it as “Bacillus aegyptius.” In the United States, it was listed in 1923 in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology as “Hemophilus conjuntivitidis.” It was listed as “Hemophilus aegyptius” for the first time in the seventh edition of Bergey’s Manual after Pittman and Davis explored and described the characteristic differences between this bacterium and H. influenzae.
|
|
Cry6Aa is a toxic crystal protein generated by the bacterial family Bacillus thuringiensis during sporulation.Adang, M.J., and Crickmore, N. (2014) "Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Toxins and Mechanism". Insect Midgut and Insecticidal Proteins. 47, 39 This protein is a member of the alpha pore forming toxins family, which gives it insecticidal qualities advantageous in agricultural pest control. Each Cry protein has some level of target specificity; Cry6Aa has specific toxic action against coleopteran insects and nematodes.
|
|
When Earth's population drastically increased, humanity, led by the United Nations, attempted to colonize Mars. During the colonization, they discovered two alien technologies: the Bacillus virus and the Crusnik nanomachines. The colonists injected the Bacillus in their bodies which transformed them into a vampiric race known as "Methuselah". They installed the Crusnik in the bodies of four test tube babies: Seth, Cain, Abel and Lilith whose enhanced bodies were the only ones able to survive the procedure.
|
|
Her thesis was entitled A bacterial disease of mango, Bacillus mangiferae. This bacterial disease of mango, Bacillus mangiferae was previously unknown outside South Africa and caused considerable loss to mango growers there for some years. In 1912 she was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society (F.L.S). She was appointed assistant chief of the Division of Botany and Plant Pathology in 1919 and became principal plant pathologist in 1929, a position she held until her retirement in 1942.
|
|
Cotton has been genetically engineered to express insecticidal proteins (specifically Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab, d-endotoxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis) to resist the budworm. These transgenic cotton plants are remarkably effective, especially considering previous lack of success with insecticides. In cage studies where larvae were placed with cotton expressing Cry1ab for 10 days, less than 2% survived. Transgenic cotton that has been genetically engineered to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxins have proved incredibly effective for controlling Heliothis virescens populations.
|
|
M. Oda, N. Kobayashi, A. Ito, Y. Kurusu, K. Taira, cis-acting regulatory sequences for antitermination in the transcript of the Bacillus subtilis hut operon and histidine-dependent binding of HutP to the transcript containing the regulatory sequences, Mol. Microbiol. 35 (2000) 1244-1254. 5\. T. S. Kumarevel, H. Mizuno, P. K. R. Kumar, Characterization of the metal ion binding site in the anti-terminator protein, HutP, of Bacillus subtilis, Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (2005) 5494-5502. 6\.
|
|
Casimir-Joseph Davaine (19 March 1812 – 14 October 1882) was a French physician known for his work in the field of microbiology. He was a native of Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, department of Nord. In 1850, Davaine along with French pathologist Pierre François Olive Rayer, discovered a certain microorganism in the blood of diseased and dying sheep. In the diseased blood, Rayer and Davaine observed the bacillus that is known today as Bacillus anthracis, the causative bacterium of anthrax.
|
|
Besra was educated at Newcastle University where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree 1987Gurdyal Besra's followed by a PhD for studies on the lipids of the leprosy bacillus in 1990.
|
|
The Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis possesses an Rhs homolog called Wall-associated protein A (WapA) capable of mediating CDI whilst requiring a cognate immunity protein, WapI, to prevent auto-inhibition.
|
|
For example, bacillus subtilis instead of using RNase E as the endo-ribonuclease, it uses RNase Y or RNase J or in the archaea is used an exosome (vesicle) to this job.
|
|
Bacillus aerius is a species of bacteria first isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes, hence its name. Its type strain is 24KT (=MTCC 7303T =JCM 13348T).
|
|
Bacillus aerophilus is a species of bacteria first isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes, hence its name. Its type strain is 28KT (=MTCC 7304T =JCM 13347T).
|
|
Bacillus altitudinis is a species of bacteria first isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes, hence its name. Its type strain is 41KF2bT (=MTCC 7306T =JCM 13350T).
|
|
Stamen Grigorov () (October 27, 1878 - October 27, 1945) was a prominent Bulgarian physician and microbiologist. He discovered the Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacillus, which is the true cause for the existence of natural yogurt.
|
|
Oxygen: Fungi do not require much oxygen, but conditions such as waterlogging will inhibit growth.Fogarty, W.M., & Ward, O.P. (1973). Growth and enzyme production by Bacillus subtilius and Flavobacterium pectinovorum in Picea sitchensis.
|
|
Pseudomonas citronellolis a Gram-negative, bacillus bacterium. It was first isolated from forest soil, under pine trees, in northern Virginia, United States. It has one polar flagellum allowing it to be motile.
|
|
Treponema lecithinolyticum is a species of Treponema. It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a gram negative, facultative anaerobe and a spirochaete.
|
|
Possible edema and necrosis in a case of injection anthrax. Various techniques may be used for the direct identification of B. anthracis in clinical material. Firstly, specimens may be Gram stained. Bacillus spp.
|
|
The presence of these molecules causes a production of ROS and K+ efflux. NLRP1 recognizes lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis and muramyl dipeptide. IPAF senses flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes.
|
|
Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is by vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children), Haemophilus influenzae type B, meningococcus, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, and Yersinia pestis.
|
|
Most azoreductase isoenzymes can reduce methyl red, but are not able to reduce sulfonated azo dyes. The unique azoreductase isozyme from Bacillus sp. B29 has the ability to reduce sulfonated azo dyes however.
|
|
B. mallei was first called "Bacillus mallei" and was in the genus Pseudomonas until the early 1990s. It has also been referred to as "farcy". It is now part of the genus Burkholderia.
|
|
Bacillus mesentericus is a Gram-positive species of bacteria. Strains of this species may contaminate bread dough, forming a sticky, rope-like texture. This species has been experimentally explored as a potential probiotic.
|
|
While experimenting on chimpanzees in Kindia, on which he was able to test exhaustively his vaccine, Calmette also discovered that it can notably weaken some leprosy manifestationsits bacillus presents some similarities with Koch's.
|
|
Pseudomonas citronellolis is a Gram-negative, bacillus bacterium that is used to study the mechanisms of pyruvate carboxylase. It was first isolated from forest soil, under pine trees, in northern Virginia, United States.
|
|
Bacillus anthracis is the agent of anthrax—a common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humans—and the only obligate pathogen within the genus Bacillus. This disease can be classified as a zoonosis, causing infected animals to transmit the disease to humans. B. anthracis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1.0–1.2 µm and a length of 3–5 µm. It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae satelliting colonies (pin point) near Staphylococcus aureus (yellow) on blood agar plate. Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. The bacterium was argued by some to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral nature of influenza was firmly established, and infections are still colloquially known as bacterial influenza.
|
|
Almost all registered microbes are biopesticides, producing some $1 billion annually, less than 1% of the chemical amendment market, estimated at $110 billion. Some microbes have been marketed for decades, such as Trichoderma fungi that suppress other, pathogenic fungi, and the caterpillar killer Bacillus thuringiensis. Serenade is a biopesticide containing a Bacillus subtilis strain that has antifungal and antibacterial properties and promotes plant growth. It can be applied in a liquid form on plants and to soil to fight a range of pathogens.
|
|
Electron micrograph of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic, spore forming bacterium commonly found in soil and food. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals. The bacteria is classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours.
|
|
Glycerol dehydrogenase (, also known as NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase, glycerol: NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, GDH, GlDH, GlyDH) is an enzyme in the oxidoreductase family that utilizes the NAD+ to catalyze the oxidation of glycerol to form glycerone (dihydroxyacetone).Overall reaction of glycerol to glycerone with NAD+ as catalyzed by glycerol dehydrogenase This enzyme is an oxidoreductase, specifically a metal-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that plays a role in anaerobic glycerol metabolism and has been isolated from a number of bacteria, including Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella aerogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Erwinia aeroidea, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus stearothermophilus. However, most studies of glycerol dehydrogenase have been performed in Bacillus stearothermophilus, (B. stearothermophilus) due to its thermostability and the following structural and functional information will, therefore, refer primarily to the characterization of the enzyme in this bacterium.
|
|
Bacteriophage PBC1 is a bacteriophage that infects the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus cereus. Though this lytic phage is a member of Siphoviridae, its genome sequence shows little similarity to those of other sequenced phages.
|
|
Citrobacter koseri is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe capable of aerobic respiration. It is motile via peritrichous flagella. It is a member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae.
|
|
Tan, S. Y., et al. (2011). "Comparative susceptibility of Ostrinia furnacalis, Ostrinia nubialis, and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins". Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Paper 332.
|
|
Many lipophilic bacteria are a good source of biosurfactants, hence are used commercially, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis. These kinds of bacteria produce biosurfactants which replace chemically produced surfactants. Biosurfactans are degradable unlike the chemical ones.
|
|
Bacillithiol (BSH or Cys-GlcN-mal) is a thiol compound found in Bacillus species. It is likely involved in maintaining cellular redox balance and plays a role in microbial resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin.
|
|
The peptide sequence is composed of L-Asn-D-Tyr-D-Asn-L-Gln-L-Pro-D-Ser-L- Asn.Peypoux F. et al., 1986. Revised structure of mycosubtilin, a peptidolipid antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Bacilli is a taxonomic class of bacteria that includes two orders, Bacillales and Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax). Bacilli are almost exclusively gram-positive bacteria.
|
|
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been used in sprays to reduce damage to crops by the caterpillars of the large white butterfly, and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has proved effective for the same purpose.
|
|
M. Kohn is the birth name of Moritz Kaposi (1837–1902). In 1876, Mikulicz contributed to the microscopic histology. In 1882, Anton Von Frisch (1849–1917) discovered the gram-negative bacillus which causes the disease.Frisch.
|
|
Lysinibacillus fusiformis (commonly abbreviated L. fusiformis) is a gram- positive, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lysinibacillus.Priest, FG, M. Goodfellow, and C. Todd. "A Numerical Classification of the Genus Bacillus." National Center for Biotechnology Information.
|
|
286 (8043-8054). Structures of Bacillus cereus phosphopentomutase as it was purified, after activation, bound to ribose 5-phosphate and bound to glucose 1,6-bisphosphate are deposited in the PDB with accession codes , , and , respectively.
|
|
Glycoside hydrolase family 67 includes alpha-glucuronidases, these are components of an ensemble of enzymes central to the recycling of photosynthetic biomass, remove the alpha-1,2 linked 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid from xylans. Members of this family consist of three structural domains. Deletion mutants of alpha-glucuronidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus have indicated that the central region is responsible for the catalytic activity. Within this central domain, the invariant Glu and Asp (residues 391 and 364 respectively from Bacillus stearothermophilus) are thought to form the catalytic centre.
|
|
CotY, ExsY and CotB are homologues of Bacillus subtilis outer spore coat proteins, but ExsF and ExsK are specific to B. anthracis and other members of the Bacillus cereus group. The protein ywdL has been identified in B. cereus as important for exosporium formation. In the absence of the ywdL gene, a fragile and easily damaged exosporium is formed, which can be damaged by mechanical disruption such as freeze-thaw cycles. However, ywdL is not required to maintain the internal organization of the exosporium.
|
|
However, silicate uptake in bacteria and its physiological functions have remained obscure." The study showed that spores from some species can contain as much as 6.3% dry weight of silicates. "For more than 20 years, significant levels of silicon had been reported in spores of at least some Bacillus species, including those of Bacillus cereus, a close relative of B. anthracis." According to spore expert Peter Setlow, "Since silicate accumulation in other organisms can impart structural rigidity, perhaps silicate plays such a role for spores as well.
|
|
1–56 His report (1881) declared that the Bacillus malariae had no part in the causation of malaria. The same year—simultaneously with Louis Pasteur—he announced the discovery of the pneumococcus, eventually recognized as the pathogenic agent of lobar pneumonia. He was the first in the United States to demonstrate the Plasmodium organism as cause of malaria (1885) and to confirm the causitive roles of the bacilli of tuberculosis and typhoid fever (1886). He was the first scientist to produce photomicrographs of the tubercule bacillus.
|
|
Iowa Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 19:119-131 Separately isolated in 1935 and described as Lactobacillus sporogenes in the fifth edition of Bergey's Manual, it exhibits characteristics typical of both genera Lactobacillus and Bacillus; its taxonomic position between the families Lactobacillaceae and Bacillaceae was often debated. However, in the seventh edition of Bergey's, it was finally transferred to the genus Bacillus. DNA-based technology was used in distinguishing between the two genera of bacteria which are morphologically similar and possess similar physiological and biochemical characteristics.
|
|
Mycobacterium smegmatis is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinobacteria and the genus Mycobacterium. It is 3.0 to 5.0 µm long with a bacillus shape and can be stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method and the auramine- rhodamine fluorescent method. It was first reported in November 1884 by Lustgarten, who found a bacillus with the staining appearance of tubercle bacilli in syphilitic chancres. Subsequent to this, Alvarez and Tavel found organisms similar to that described by Lustgarten also in normal genital secretions (smegma).
|
|
Leucopaxillus giganteus contains a bioactive compound named clitocine that has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, such as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis; an earlier (1945) study showed antibiotic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, and Brucea abortus. Clitocine has also been shown to promote apoptosis (cell death) in human cervical cancer cells in vitro (HeLa). The mycelia of L. giganteus, when grown in liquid culture, has been shown to produce phenols and flavonoids that have antioxidant activity.
|
|
For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria.Lin, Chi Chung and Casida, L. E. (1984) GELRITE as a Gelling Agent in Media for the Growth of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 427-429.
|
|
Structural alignment of dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus anthracis (BaDHFR), Staphylococcus aureus (SaDHFR), Escherichia coli (EcDHFR), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SpDHFR). Dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus anthracis (BaDHFR) a validated drug target in the treatment of the infectious disease, anthrax. BaDHFR is less sensitive to trimethoprim analogs than is dihydrofolate reductase from other species such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A structural alignment of dihydrofolate reductase from all four species shows that only BaDHFR has the combination phenylalanine and tyrosine in positions 96 and 102, respectively.
|
|
Although the Pho regulon system is most widely studied in Escherichia coli it is found in other bacterial species such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. In Pseudomonas fluorescens, the transcriptional response regulator (PhoB/PhoR) retain the same function they play in E. coli. Bacillus subtilis also shares some similarities when encountering low intracellular phosphate concentrations. Under phosphate-starved conditions B. subtilis binds its transcription regulator, PhoP and the histidine kinase, PhoR to the Pho- regulon gene which induces a production of teichuronic acid.
|
|
Modern food and biological process engineering relies heavily on applications of genetic manipulation. By understanding plants and animals on the molecular level, scientists are able to engineer them with specific goals in mind. Among the most notable applications of such genetic engineering is the creation of disease or insect resistant plants, such as those modified to produce Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that kills strain-specific varieties of insect upon consumption. However, insects are able to adapt to Bacillus thuringiensis strains, necessitating continued research to maintain disease-resistance.
|
|
Characterization of the RRNPP family of quorum sensing regulators (which stands for proteins Rap, NprR, PrgX, PlcRd) were used in comparisons with RopB to postulate its structural functions. The Rap protein derived from Bacilli regulates sporulation, the NprR protein in Bacillus thuringiensis regulates necrotrophism, the PrgX protein regulates conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis, and PlcR protein regulates transcription of virulence factors in both Bacullis thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus. Similarities were observed in conserved asparagine residues on the TPR motifs of each of these proteins and in RopB.
|
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs (1834-1912) and Friedrich Löffler (1852-1915).
|
|
Paenibacillus macerans is a diazotroph bacterium found in soil and plants capable of nitrogen fixation and fermentation. This bacteria was originally discovered in 1905 by an Austrian biologist named Schardinger and thought to be a bacillus.
|
|
Cereulide is a toxin produced by some strains of Bacillus cereus. It is a potent cytotoxin that destroys mitochondria. It also causes nausea and vomiting. Cereulide acts as ionophore with a high affinity to potassium cations.
|
|
Foray 48B in an insecticide manufactured by Valent BioSciences used in forestry to selectively kill the larval stage of insect in the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). The active ingredient is Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk).
|
|
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was approved by the FDA in 1990 as a vaccine for early-stage bladder cancer. BCG can be administered intravesically (directly into the bladder) or as an adjuvant in other cancer vaccines.
|
|
In particular, they focus on diseases caused by the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), i, and Clostridioides difficile The long term goal of the research is to develop novel therapies to treat microbial diseases.
|
|
Rather than having the typical four beta-strands in a sheet, beta-lactamase inhibitor protein-II only has three beta-strands per sheet while the phytase of Bacillus subtilis has five beta- strands per beta-sheet.
|
|
Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982. Print. or bacillus tuberculosis which go to the lower lobes of the lungs first.Crutchfield, Eugene Lee, M.D. "Some Ill Effects of the Corset". Gaillard's Medical Journal 67 (July 1897): 37–14.
|
|
Roux and Yersin grew the bacillus that causes it and studied, thanks to various experiments they did on rabbits, its pathogenic power and symptoms, like the paralysis of the respiratory muscles. It is this last consequence of the diphtheria that provided the two researchers with a valuable clue of the nature of the disease, since it is caused by an intoxication due to a toxin introduced into the organism by the bacillus, that while secreting this particular venom is able to multiply itself: they were therefore inclined to think that the bacillus owed its virulence to the toxin. After filtrating the microbial culture of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae and injecting it into the lab animals, they were able to observe all the typical signs of the sickness. Roux and Yersin established that they were dealing with a new type of bacillus, not only able to proliferate and abundantly reproduce itself, but also capable of spreading at the same time a powerful venom, and they deduced that it can play the role of antigen, that is if they could overcome the delicate moment of its injection, made especially dangerous by the toxin.
|
|
Because Kitasato's initial reports were vague and somewhat contradictory, some give Yersin sole credit for the discovery. However, a thorough analysis of the morphology of the organism discovered by Kitasato has determined that "we are confident that Kitasato had examined the plague bacillus in Hong Kong in late June and early July 1894", only days after Yersin announced his own discovery on 20 June. Therefore, Kitasato "should not be denied this credit". The plague bacillus develops better at lower temperatures, so Yersin's less well-equipped lab turned out to be an advantage in the race with Kitasato, who used an incubator. Therefore, although at first named “Kitasato-Yersin bacillus” by the scientific community, the microbe will later assume only the latter's name because of the one identified by Kitasato, a type of streptococcus, cannot be found in the lymphatic glands.
|
|
DnaD induces DnaB to bind. DnaD alone and the DnaD/DnaB complex then interact with PriA of Bacillus subtilis at several DNA sites. This suggests that the nucleoprotein assembly is sequential in the PriA, DnaD, DnaB order.
|
|
Listeria thailandensis is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non- pathongenic and non-hemolytic. It was isolated from a fried chicken sample from Thailand.
|
|
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
|
|
Yan, Zheng, et al. "Effect of different Bacillus strains on the profile of organic acids in a liquid culture of Daqu." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 119.1–2 (2013): 78–83.Liu, Chen-jian, et al.
|
|
In 1886, he introduced the ampoule in medicine. He died a premature death, aged 39 or 40, after a brief stint with a respiratory disease, believed to be caused by his discovered infectious organism, the Friedlander's Bacillus.
|
|
CapD protein crystal structure of B. anthracis French physician Casimir Davaine (1812-1882) demonstrated the symptoms of anthrax were invariably accompanied by the microbe B. anthracis. German physician Aloys Pollender (1799–1879) is credited for discovery. B. anthracis was the first bacterium conclusively demonstrated to cause disease, by Robert Koch in 1876.Koch, R. (1876) "Untersuchungen über Bakterien: V. Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis" (Investigations into bacteria: V. The etiology of anthrax, based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis), Cohns Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen, vol.
|
|
Bacteria Bacterial species are present in large numbers in Jiuqu and are also partly responsible for the successful breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates and the conversion of fermentable sugars into organic acids. Lactic acid is the most common organic acid found in Chinese alcoholic beverages and plays a vital role in both the organoleptic qualities, as well as acting as a naturally occurring preservative. The bacterial species most commonly found in decreasing significance include Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptomyces, Acetobacter and Clostridium. Of these genera Bacillus species are the dominant bacterial genera in Jiuqu.
|
|
Natto-kinema-thuanao triangle Many countries produce similar traditional soybean foods fermented with Bacillus subtilis, such as shuǐdòuchǐ (水豆豉) of China, cheonggukjang (청국장) of Korea, thuanao (ถั่วเน่า) of Thailand, kinema of Nepal and the Himalayan regions of West Bengal and Sikkim, tungrymbai of Meghalaya, hawaijaar of Manipur, bekang um of Mizoram, akhuni of Nagaland, and piak of Arunachal Pradesh, India. In addition, certain West African bean products are fermented with the bacillus, including dawadawa, sumbala, and iru, made from néré seeds or soybeans, and ogiri, made from sesame or melon seeds.
|
|
In May 1965, vulnerability tests in the U.S. using the anthrax simulant Bacillus globigii were performed in the Washington D.C. area by SOD covert agents. One test was conducted at the Greyhound bus terminal and the other at the north terminal of the National Airport. In these tests the bacteria were released from spray generators hidden in specially built briefcases. SOD also conducted a series of tests in the New York City Subway system between 7 and 10 June 1966 by dropping light bulbs filled with Bacillus subtilis var. niger.
|
|
In the presence of light, phloxine B has a bactericidal effect on gram-positive strains, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and several methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. At a minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 μM, growth is reduced by 10-fold within 2.5 hours. At concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM, growth is stopped completely and cell counts decrease by a factor of 104 to 105. For humans, the Food and Drug Administration deems phloxine B to be safe up to a daily dosage of 1.25 mg/kg.
|
|
Electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of bacteria I. Cellular division in Bacillus cereus. Journal of Bacteriology 66: 362–373.. His Ph.D. thesis concerned Bacillus cereus, B. megatherium, Escherichia coli, and Protobacterium phosphoreum. In 1953–1954, he was a research assistant at Princeton University; 1954–1956, research associate at Princeton (while being employed by RCA); 1956–1960, Assistant Professor of Zoology at Harvard University; 1960–1963, Associate Professor of Anatomy at Cornell University Medical College; 1963–2011, Professor of Biology at Georgetown University; and 2011–2016, Professor Emeritus at Georgetown.
|
|
Upon closer observation, Tyzzer discovered necrotic lesions and spore-forming bacillus in the livers of the deceased mice. This led Tyzzer to name the bacteria Bacillus piliformis and deem it the cause of this new disease. Later on, B. piliformis was renamed C. piliforme. In the 1940s, a biologist named Paul Errington found a fatal condition in Iowa muskrat populations that he believed to be a new disease. Dead muskrats were found with blood around their anus and internal bleeding, therefore Errington called this new condition “hemorrhagic disease”.
|
|
In 1902, Drigalski and Conradi found that although crystal violet inhibited the growth of many bacteria, it has little effect on Bacillus coli (Escherichia coli) and Bacillus typhi (Salmonella typhi), which are both Gram- negative bacteria. A much more detailed study of the effects of Grübler's gentian violet on different strains of bacteria was published by John Churchman in 1912. He found that most Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to the dye, while most Gram-negative bacteria were not, and observed that the dye tended to act as a bacteriostatic agent rather than a bactericide.
|
|
Bifidobacterium asteroides is a gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria. Various strains of this species have been isolated from the hindguts of honey bees. Prior to 1969, this species was referred to as strains of Bacillus constellatus.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis spores are useful for the expression of recombinant proteins and in particular for the surface display of peptides and proteins as a tool for fundamental and applied research in the fields of microbiology, biotechnology and vaccination.
|
|
This type of regulation seems to occur in other species such as Bacillus subtilis and Caulobacter crescentus. However, other species including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Myxococcus xanthus seem to use positive regulators that stimulate FtsZ assembly at mid-cell.
|
|
Okubovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Herelleviridae, in the subfamily Spounavirinae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Bacillus phage SPO1.
|
|
Serenade ASO (a formulation of Bacillus subtilis) has proved to suppress silver scurf, reduced both the incidence and severity of silver scurf under low disease pressure and delayed the beginning of silver scurf in storage for five months.
|
|
Virgibacillus proomii is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. Strains of this species were originally isolated from soil samples in England and formerly identified as strains of Bacillus pantothenticus. The species is named for British microbiologist Harold Proom.
|
|
Listeria marthii is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, motile, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non-pathogenic, and non-hemolytic. The species was first isolated from Finger Lakes National Forest in New York.
|
|
Similar approaches have been used for a variety of other human pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, amongst others. Additionally, studies have started for the development of vaccines against viruses.
|
|
Sunday Night at the London Roundhouse was the first live album by the English progressive rock band Nektar. It was released on vinyl in 1974 by Bacillus Records, and re-released with partially different content on CD in 2002.
|
|
GPR endopeptidase (, germination proteinase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: : Endopeptidase action with P4 Glu or Asp, P1 preferably Glu > Asp, P1' hydrophobic and P2' Ala This enzyme participates in spore germination in Bacillus megaterium.
|
|
This enzyme is part of the biosynthetic pathway to cobalamin (vitamin B12) in anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium. In the next step, (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol is attached to adenosylcobyric acid, forming adenosylcobinamide phosphate.
|
|
Hydrogenobacter thermophilus is an extremely thermophilic, straight rod (bacillus) bacterium. TK-6 is the type strain for this species. It is a Gram negative, non-motile, obligate chemolithoautotroph. It belongs to one of the earliest branching order of Bacteria.
|
|
To further raise the yield to approximately 60%, which is thought to be so low since neopullulanase hydrolyzes starch less efficiently than pullunan and other oligosaccharides, saccharifying alpha- amylase sourced from Bacillus subtilis may be added to the solution.
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium. It is closely related to Bacillus and Staphylococcus. It is a rod-shaped, facultative anaerobe that is motile by peritrichous flagella. L. monocytogenes motility is limited from 20 °C to 25 °C.
|
|
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs of Traditional Chinese medicine, where it has the name zǐwǎn (). It has an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, Pseudomonas and Vibrio proteus.
|
|
OECD BioTrack Database. MON87460 The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis; it was approved by the USDA in 2011Federal Register, Vol. 76, No. 248, December 27, 2011.
|
|
Irritation was reported in a study using 'LDP 53 air dried sample' lasting from 4 to 14 days; analysis found the presence of Staph epidermidis, Corynebacteria xerosis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillius subtillis, but this was not labeled as significant.
|
|
Gram Positive Staining on a bacteria from the order Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus thermophilus is a gram-positive, non-motile, non sporing rod shaped bacteria. It belongs to the unclassified Bacillus genus. The heterotypic synonym for this genus is the Staphylococcus.
|
|
Microcins are very small bacteriocins, composed of relatively few amino acids. For this reason, they are distinct from their larger protein cousins. The classic example is microcin V, of Escherichia coli. Subtilosin A is another bacteriocin from Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Maklamicin is a spirotetronate-class polyketide natural product. Isolated from Micromonospora sp. GMKU326 found in the root of Maklam phueak, it displays antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacterial strains Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillius cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis.
|
|
Listeria rocourtiae is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non- pathongenic and non-hemolytic. The species was first isolated from pre-cut lettuce in Salzburg, Austria in 2002.
|
|
It is available as a generic medication. In the United States it costs about US$17 per day. In Europe it is only approved to be applied to the skin as of 2015. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa.
|
|
In 1982, Bellaphon Import was the distributor of 65 small German rock, pop, and jazz labels throughout Germany. The labels included Bacillus and a popular jazz and blues label, L&R.; Other notable labels distributed by Bellaphon included Concord and Enja.
|
|
Schematic diagram of cellular growth (elongation) and binary fission of bacilli. Blue and red lines indicate old and newly generated bacterial cell wall, respectively. (1) growth at the centre of the bacterial body. e.g. Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and others.
|
|
Treatment does not reverse the nerve damage done, which is why it is recommended to get treated as soon as possible.The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its main target of tuberculosis.
|
|
Mycobacterium celatum is a species of mycobacterium described as a slow growing nonphotochromogenic mycobacterium whose cells are acid-fast, slender and predominantly rod-shaped bacillus. It does not form cords or branches. Colonies are predominantly small, smooth, dome- shaped and unpigmented.
|
|
The spores of Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana are known to effective. Beauveria bassiana should mix with potato dextrose broth and amino acid solutions prior to in usage. In Bangladesh, inoculation with nuclear polyhedrosis virus controlled 80 percent of the attack.
|
|
Among other things Cohn is remembered for being the first to show that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore state when subjected to an environment deleterious to the vegetative state. In 1885 he received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.
|
|
In most bacteria, the SRP consists of an RNA molecule (4.5S) and the Ffh protein (a homologue of the eukaryotic SRP54 protein). Some Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) have a longer eukaryote-like SRP RNA that includes an Alu domain.
|
|
In bacteria, a similar strategy of employing an inactive zymogen or prezymogen is used. Subtilisin, which is produced by Bacillus subtilis, is produced as preprosubtilisin, and is released only if the signal peptide is cleaved and autocatalytic proteolytic activation has occurred.
|
|
Spbetavirus (formerly Spbetalikevirus and sometimes SPbeta-like viruses) is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Siphoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Bacillus virus SPbeta.
|
|
Bacillus licheniformis can be used in synthesis of gold nanocubes with sizes between 10 and 100 nanometres. Gold nanoparticles are usually synthesized at high temperatures in organic solvents or using toxic reagents. The bacteria produce them in much milder conditions.
|
|
Species from the following genera and the following individual species are known to synthesize B12: Propionibacterium shermanii, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Streptomyces griseus, Acetobacterium, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Micromonospora, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Proteus, Rhizobium, Salmonella, Serratia, Streptococcus and Xanthomonas.
|
|
In most prokaryotes, the NDPK enzyme is tetrameric. It has been reported in a number of pathogens. NDPK function has been studied in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Microccocus luteus, and Myxococcus xanthus. Prokaryotic NDPK forms a functional homotetramer.
|
|
In the microbiological laboratory of Professor Léon Massol in Geneva, he discovered that a certain strain of bacillus is the true cause for the existence of natural yogurt.Grigoroff, Stamen, 1905. Étude sur une lait fermentée comestible. Le “Kissélo mléko” de Bulgarie.
|
|
The biosynthetic genes of ergothioneine have been described in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Neurospora crassa, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Other species of bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Streptococcus, as well as fungi in the Saccharomycotina cannot make ergothioneine.
|
|
B. megaterium has some phenotypic and phylogenetic similarities with pathogens B. anthracisDib, E. G. et al. Nonhemolytic, Nonmotile Gram-Positive Rods Indicative of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis. 9:1013–1015 (2003) and B. cereus, although itself being relatively harmless.
|
|
M. bovis is the ancestor of the most widely used vaccine against tuberculosis, M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The BCG strain was isolated after sub-culturing on glycerine potato medium 239 times during 13 years starting from an initial virulent strain .
|
|
The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, and the Bacilli, which are obligate or facultative aerobes. On phylogenetic trees, the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, Clostridium and Bacillus.
|
|
Ric Bessin, Extension Entomologist, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. May 1996, last updated November 2010. Bt-Corn for Corn Borer ControlCastagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes, JL. Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15 in [Bacillus Thuringiensis Biotechnology], Ed. Estibaliz Sansinenea.
|
|
Use of the extensive range of microbial metabolism offers opportunities to those interested in Bioremediation. Through consortia, synthetic biologists have been able to design an enhanced efficiency in bacteria that can excrete bio-surfactants as well as degrade hydrocarbons for the interests of cleaning oil contamination in Assam, India. Their experiment took combinations of five native naturally occurring hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, and analyzed the different cocktails to see which degraded poly- aromatic hydrocarbons the best. The combination of Bacillus pumilis KS2 and Bacillus cereus R2 was found to be the most effective, degrading 84.15% of the TPH after 5 weeks.
|
|
While at the Pasteur Institute, Morax discovered the bacillus Moraxella lacunata, the cause of chronic conjunctivitis. The disease is sometimes referred to as either "Morax' disease" or as "Axenfeld's conjunctivitis", named after German ophthalmologist Theodor Axenfeld (1867-1930), who made his discovery of the bacillus during the same time period as did Morax. In 1923, he became vice-president of the "International League Against Trachoma" with bacteriologist Charles Nicolle (1866-1936) serving as its president. In 1929, he published a treatise on the disorder titled Le Trachome. From 1892, he was editor of the journal Annales d’oculistique.
|
|
Eugen Fraenkel Eugen Fraenkel (born September 28, 1853, in Neustadt i. OS, now Prudnik, Poland, and died in Hamburg, Germany, on December 20, 1925) was a German bacteriologist. Eugen Fraenkel worked as pathologist and bacteriologist researcher at the Eppendorf Hospital (Eppendorfer Krankenhaus) where he discovered the gas gangrene bacillus (Bacillus fraenkeli, later renamed Clostridium perfringens). He served in the German military during World War I. Eugen Fraenkel was married to Marie Fraenkel (née Deutsch, 1861–1944) with whom he had three children: Max Fraenkel (1882–1938), Hans Fraenkel (1888–1971), and Margarete Kuttner née Fraenkel (1884–1944).
|
|
In Bacillus subtilis, RsaE had previously been identified as ncr22. RsaE is also consistently found downstream of PepF which codes for oligoendopeptidase F. The function of RsaE was discovered using gene knockout analysis and gene overexpression - it was found to regulate the expression of several enzymes involved in metabolism via antisense binding of their mRNA. RsaE was shown to be regulated by the presence of nitric oxide (NO). In Bacillus subtilis it controls expression of genes with functions related to oxidative stress and oxidation-reduction reactions and it was renamed RoxS (for related to oxidative stress).
|
|
Test DTC 64-4 (Deseret Test Center) was originally called "RED BEVA" (Biological EVAluation) though the name was later changed to "Shady Grove", likely for operational security reasons. The biological agents released during this test included Francisella tularensis (formerly called Pasteurella tularensis) (Agent UL), the causative agent of tularemia; Coxiella burnetii (Agent OU), causative agent of Q fever; and Bacillus globigii (Agent BG). During Project SHAD, Bacillus globigii was used to simulate biological warfare agents (such as anthrax), because it was then considered a contaminant with little health consequence to humans; however, it is now considered a human pathogen.
|
|
The large chromosome is very G-C rich (68%). High GC-content of the genome increases stability in extreme environments. Whole proteome comparisons show the definite archaeal nature of this halophile with additional similarities to the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria.
|
|
In animals, it is a major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases. The α-amylase form is also found in plants, fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) and bacteria (Bacillus).
|
|
Many different bacteria form biofilms, including gram-positive (e.g. Bacillus spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp, and lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis) and gram- negative species (e.g. Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Cyanobacteria also form biofilms in aquatic environments.
|
|
Colony shape as a genetic trait in the pattern-forming Bacillus mycoides. BMC Microbiol. 2, 33. B. mycoides has the unusual property of being able to respond to mechanical force and surface structure variations in the media on which it is growing.
|
|
Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Heft 2, 1872, 1, 127–224. Like other genera associated with the early history of microbiology, such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the 266 species of Bacillus are ubiquitous. The genus has a very large ribosomal 16S diversity.
|
|
An Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection is any of several types of infection with the gram-positive bacillus Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. It can cause an acute pharyngitis, and it may cause an exanthem characterized by an erythematous, morbilliform or scarlatiniform eruption involving the trunk and extremities.
|
|
Trials with formulations containing the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have shown up to 80% reduction of the infestation in wheat in Jordan. Several strains of barley appear resistant, and there is some breeding being done in various countries to explore this trait.
|
|
In 2012 she was professor ad honorem at the Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC's research center and the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), where she continued to work on the bacterial virus Φ29, which infects a non- pathogenic bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
If Na+/H+ antiporters are disabled through mutation or another means, the bacteria are rendered neutrophilic.Krulwich, Terry A., Mashahiro Ito, Ray Gilmour, and Arthur A. Guffanti. "Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic PH Regulation in Alkaliphilic Strains of Bacillus." Extremophiles 1 (1997): 163-69. Print.
|
|
Bacillus nealsonii is a species of bacteria first isolated from a spacecraft- assembly facility. Its spores are γ-radiation resistant. It is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and produces endospores. Its type strain is FO-92T (=ATCC BAA-519T =DSM 15077T).
|
|
Bacteria:- more dominant group of microorganisms in the soil and equal to one half of the microbial biomass in soil. Population 100,000 to several hundred millions for gram of soil - Autochthnous - Zymogenous groups. Majority are Heterotrophs. (Common soil bacteria - Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Micrococcus).
|
|
Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (singular coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick).Dusenbery, David B (2009).
|
|
Rather than being a lethal toxin, the giant scorpion's venom is paralytic. The venom is distilled into medicines against various kinds of microorganisms. It exhibits good results in disc diffusion assay for Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, among others.
|
|
The bacterial species Anoxybacillus amylolyticus and the subspecies Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius subsp. rittmannii were discovered at fumaroles of Mount Rittmann, and the bacterium Bacillus fumarioli was cultured from Mount Rittmann and Mount Melbourne. Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius subsp. rittmannii is used in studied of thermophilic enzymes.
|
|
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy.Leprosy 'could pose new threat'.
|
|
The bark of H. fomes is rich in procyanidins. The ethanol extract has been shown to have antioxidant properties. It also shows antimicrobial activities against Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is non-toxic in brine shrimp toxicity tests.
|
|
Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacterium. B. safensis is also an aerobic chemoheterotroph. Cell size ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0–1.2 μm in length. This species is motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion.
|
|
The selection of pesticides should be based on biological pesticide bacillus thuringiensis, select some high efficiency, low toxicity pesticides. According to different generations, the use of pesticides should be reasonably arranged and used alternately to prevent the resistance of rice leaf roller.
|
|
Monod's original results on Diauxie. Time in hours is plotted on the horizontal axis. Optical density (equivalent to cell concentration) is plotted on the vertical axis. Jacques Monod discovered diauxic growth in 1941 during his experiments with Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Campylobacter rectus is a species of Campylobacter. It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobe. C. rectus is associated with hypertension together with Prevotella melaninogenica and Veillonella parvula.
|
|
The disease was first described in October 1912 by Galician-born Austrian dermatologist and microbiologist Benjamin Lipschütz, who published a series of four cases in girls aged 14 to 17. He initially ascribed the ulcer to infection with "Bacillus crassus" (Lactobacillus acidophilus).
|
|
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium and belongs to the family of Enterobatteriaceae. Its closest relatives are Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, which are environmental species. Y. pestis bacillus. They all possess the plasmid pCD1, which encodes for a type III secretory system.
|
|
References from SDH 1\. Abakar, Mahamat H., and Hassan H. Mahamat. “Properties and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacillus Anthracis Isolates from Humans, Cattle and Tabanids, and Evaluation of Tabanid as Mechanical Vector of Anthrax in the Republic of Chad.” Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.
|
|
This is the case of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, for example. The concept of MID does not apply to them, but there is indeed a concentration (not a dose) below which they do not constitute a danger to the health of the consumers.
|
|
Lateral endospores are seen occasionally. Examples of bacteria having terminal endospores include Clostridium tetani, the pathogen that causes the disease tetanus. Bacteria having a centrally placed endospore include Bacillus cereus. Sometimes the endospore can be so large the cell can be distended around the endospore.
|
|
Proteus bacillus @ Who Named It He is also credited with developing a formalin for the preservation of bacterial cultures.Pagel: Biographical Dictionary outstanding physicians of the nineteenth century. Berlin, Vienna, 1901, 696-697 Sp. In Erlangen, the thoroughfare Gustav-Hauser- Straße is named in his honor.
|
|
There are many similar structures MenD. Though it is commonly found in E. Coli, but can be found in other organisms as well. Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are two homologues. All of the organisms share something in common, being that catalyze decarboxylation reactions.
|
|
Classified activities were moved underground, and several new laboratories have been constructed and equipped to work with highly dangerous pathogens. One of their current subjects is reportedly Bacillus anthracis strain H-4. Its virulence and antibiotic resistance have been dramatically increased using genetic engineering.
|
|
Paenibacillus alvei (formerly Bacillus alvei) is a species of bacteria within the order Bacillales. Like other species within the genus Paenibacillus, strains of this species grow in novel, vortex-like, or branched patterns. This species is associated with the honey bee disease European foulbrood.
|
|
Whiteley's research focused on the physiology of bacteria. She is best known for work with colleague Ernest Schnepf studying insecticidal proteins (known as Cry proteins) found in the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. This work laid the foundation for genetically modified organisms that transgenically express insecticidal proteins.
|
|
Fungi like Cunninghamella elegans can be used as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism thereby reducing the need for laboratory animals. Prokaryotes are often used as an alternative to animal testing. Prokaryotes include different bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. Coli) or Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Hydrogenobacter thermophilus is a straight rod (bacillus) bacterium and an extreme thermophile. The size is about .3-.5 microns in width and 2-3 microns in length. Gram staining was done using a Hucker Modification and the reaction was found to be Gram negative.
|
|
Bacillus stratosphericus is a microbe commonly found in high concentrations in the stratosphere. It is commonly found in the atmosphere but brought down to Earth as a result of atmospheric cycling processes. Scientists have successfully engineered it to create a biofilm which produce electricity.
|
|
The microbes of the gut can connect with the brain to affect anxiety. There are various pathways along which this communication can take place. One is through the major neurotransmitters. The gut microbes such as Bifidobacterium and Bacillus produce the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine, respectively.
|
|
If a person with ILI also has either a history of exposure or an occupational or environmental risk of exposure to Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), then a differential diagnosis requires distinguishing between ILI and anthrax. Other rare causes of ILI include leukemia and metal fume fever.
|
|
Juncusol is a 9,10-dihydrophrenathrene found in Juncus species such as J. acutus, J. effusus or J. roemerianus. It can also be synthesized. This compound shows antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. It also has a toxic effect on estuarine fish and shrimp.
|
|
In 2012, scientists from Newcastle University studying Bacillus licheniformis as a possible agent to clean ships' hulls isolated an enzyme that has proven to be an unexpected tooth decay fighter as it has the ability to cut through plaque or a layer of bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus licheniformis can be used in synthesis of gold nanocubes. Researchers have synthesized gold nanoparticles with sizes between 10 and 100 nanometres. Gold nanoparticles are usually synthesized at high temperatures, in organic solvents and using toxic reagents. The bacteria produce them in much milder conditions.
|
|
Bacteria that test positive for cleaving indole from tryptophan include: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas punctata, Bacillus alvei, Edwardsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus sp. (not P. mirabilis and P. penneri), Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio sp.
|
|
Crystal structures of two bacterial phosphoglucosamine mutases are known (PDB entries 3I3W and 3PDK), from Francisella tularensis and Bacillus anthracis. Both share a similar dimeric quaternary structure, as well as conserved features of the active site, as found their enzyme superfamily, the a-D-phosphohexomutases.
|
|
A mechanism involving Arbitrium has recently been described in bacteriophages infecting several Bacillus species.Stokar-Avihail A, Tal N, Erez Z, Lopatina A, Sorek R. Widespread Utilization of Peptide Communication in Phages Infecting Soil and Pathogenic Bacteria. Cell host & microbe. 2019 May 8;25(5):746-55.
|
|
In 1925 Bennetts took up a position as veterinary pathologist for the Western Australian Department of Agriculture. While based at Avondale Agricultural Research Station he achieved worldwide recognition for his work identifying Bacillus ovitoxicus, and developing the enterotoxaemia vaccine, for which he received a CBE.
|
|
Coxiella burnetii (TEM) A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is a type of rod-shaped bacteria. The word coccobacillus reflects an intermediate shape between coccus (spherical) and bacillus (elongated). Coccobacilli rods are so short and wide that they resemble cocci. Haemophilus influenzae and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli.
|
|
DF-2 stands for dysgonic fermenter, meaning that the bacterium is a slow-growing, fermentative bacillus. In 1989, while analyzing the properties of the unknown bacterium, Weaver et al. noted many similarities to bacteria of the genus Capnocytophaga. Later that same year, Brenner et al.
|
|
Genes encoding restriction modification systems have been reported to move between prokaryotic genomes within mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences/transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), and integrons. Still, they are more frequently a chromosomal-encoded barrier to MGEs than an MGE-encoded tool for cell infection. Lateral gene transfer via a mobile genetic element, namely the Integrated Conjugative Element ICEBs1 has been reported for its role in the global DNA damage SOS response of the gram positive Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore it has been linked with the radiation and desiccation resistance of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores, isolated from spacecraft cleanroom facilities.
|
|
Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin (22 September 1863 – 1 March 1943) was dual national Swiss and French physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered as the co-discoverer of the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest, which was later named in his honour: Yersinia pestis. Another bacteriologist, Kitasato Shibasaburō, is often credited with independently identifying the bacterium a few days earlier but may have identified a different bacterium and not the pathogen causing plague. Yersin also demonstrated for the first time that the same bacillus was present in the rodent as well as in the human disease, thus underlining the possible means of transmission.
|
|
C. botulinum was first recognized and isolated in 1895 by Emile van Ermengem from home-cured ham implicated in a botulism outbreak. The isolate was originally named Bacillus botulinus, after the Latin word for sausage, botulus. ("Sausage poisoning" was a common problem in 18th- and 19th-century Germany, and was most likely caused by botulism) However, isolates from subsequent outbreaks were always found to be anaerobic spore formers, so Ida A. Bengtson proposed that the organism be placed into the genus Clostridium, as the genus Bacillus was restricted to aerobic spore-forming rods. Since 1959, all species producing the botulinum neurotoxins (types A-G) have been designated C. botulinum.
|
|
Lysinibacillus sphaericus (reclassified - previously known as Bacillus sphaericus) is a Gram-positive, mesophilic, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found on soil. It can form resistant endospores that are tolerant to high temperatures, chemicals and ultraviolet light and can remain viable for long periods of time. It is of particular interest to the World Health Organization due to the larvicide effect of some strains against two mosquito genera (Culex and Anopheles), more effective than Bacillus thuringiensis, frequently used as a biological pest control. L. sphaericus cells in a vegetative state are also effective against Aedes aegypti larvae, an important vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses.
|
|
These results will have implications for planetary protection considerations. The mutagenic efficiency of space was also studied in spores of Bacillus subtilis 168. The data show the unique mutagenic power of space and Martian surface conditions as a consequence of DNA injuries induced by solar UV radiation and space vacuum or the low pressure of Mars. Spores exposed to space demonstrated a much broader and more severe stress response than spores exposed to simulated Martian conditions. A comparative protein analysis (proteomics) of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores indicated that proteins conferring resistant traits (superoxide dismutase) were present in higher concentration in space-exposed spores when compared to controls.
|
|
Bacillus anthracis (stained purple) growing in cerebrospinal fluid Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. Endospores develop within the cytoplasm of the cell; generally a single endospore develops in each cell. Each endospore contains a core of DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by a multilayer rigid coat composed of peptidoglycan and a variety of proteins. Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation.
|
|
Swarming motility is a rapid (2–10 μm/s) and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial multicellularity and swarm behaviour. Swarming motility was first reported by Jorgen Henrichsen and has been mostly studied in genus Serratia, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Yersinia, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Vibrio and Escherichia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming motility Bacteria of the species Bacillus subtilis were inoculated at the center of a dish with gelose containing nutrients. The bacteria start mass-migrating outwards about twelve hours after inoculation, forming dendrites which reach the border of the dish (diameter 90mm) within a few hours.
|
|
The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.
|
|
He then inoculated laboratory rabbits with the bacteria and observed that they died while exhibiting symptoms of tuberculosis, proving that the bacillus, which he named tuberculosis bacillus, was in fact the cause of tuberculosis.Koch 1882 He made his result public at the Physiological Society of Berlin on 24 March 1882, in a famous lecture entitled Über Tuberculose, which was published three weeks later. Since 1882, 24 March has been known as World Tuberculosis Day.Yancey 2007:1982 On 20 April 1882, Koch presented an article entitled Die Ätiologie der Tuberculose in which he demonstrated that Mycobacterium was the single cause of tuberculosis in all of its forms.
|
|
1\. T. S. Kumarevel, H. Mizuno, P. K. R. Kumar, Structural basis of HutP-mediated anti-termination and roles of the Mg2+ ion and L-histidine ligand, Nature 434 (2005) 183-191. 2\. T. S. Kumarevel, Z. Fujimoto, P. Karthe, M. Oda, H. Mizuno, P. K. R. Kumar, Crystal structure of activated HutP; an RNA binding protein that regulates transcription of the hut operon in Bacillus subtilis, Structure 12 (2004) 1269-1280. 3\. T. S. Kumarevel, H. Mizuno, P. K. R. Kumar, Allosteric activation of HutP protein, that regulates transcription of hut operon in Bacillus subtilis, mediated by various analogs of histidine, Nucleic Acids Res suppl. 3 (2003) 199-200. 4\.
|
|
Gram stain of Bacillus thuringiensis under 1000 × magnification Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities. It has also been observed to parasitize other moths such as Cadra calidella—in laboratory experiments working with C. calidella, many of the moths were diseased due to this parasite. During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action.
|
|
Methanol extracts of G. fornicatum were shown to be inhibitory to the growth of various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as the fungi Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, and Kluyveromyces fragilis.
|
|
Bacillus flexus is an aerobic, Gram-variable, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, oxidase positive bacteria. The endospores are ellipsoidal, located in central/paracentral, unswollen sporangia. In laboratory conditions, it produces opaque, creamish, raised margin colonies at 30 when incubated at 24–72 hrs. on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA).
|
|
Clinical microbiology laboratories often misidentify N. bacilliformis as a member of the genus Pasteurella or Moraxella. They too are commensals of the respiratory tract, and encountering a Neisseria spp. with a bacillus morphology is unusual. Similar morphological and biochemical identifiers of N. elongata further compound such misidentifications.
|
|
Tetraprenyl-beta-curcumene synthase (, ytpB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name all-trans-heptaprenyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, tetraprenyl-beta-curcumene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons tetraprenyl-beta-curcumene + diphosphate This enzyme is isolated from Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
1) and PanF of E. coli (2.A.21.1.1). Homologous regulatory domains are found in Agrobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus species. While it is clear that these domains function as sensors, it is not known if they also transport the small molecules they sense.
|
|
In contrast, in Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus stearothermophilus) and eukaryotes the central PDC core contains 60 E2 molecules arranged into an icosahedron. Eukaryotes also contain 12 copies of an additional core protein, E3 binding protein (E3BP). The exact location of E3BP is not completely clear.
|
|
Biological insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as chemical insecticides, are used to protect trees against larvae. Methionine, an essential amino acid in humans, has also been found to be an effective killer of caterpillars, with possible use as a nontoxic pesticide against giant swallowtail larvae.
|
|
Paralogs are often regulated differently, e.g. by having different tissue-specific expression patterns (see Hox genes). However, they can also be regulated differently on the protein level. For instance, Bacillus subtilis encodes two paralogues of glutamate dehydrogenase: GudB is constitutively transcribed whereas RocG is tightly regulated.
|
|
In taxonomy, the Methanopyrales are an order of microbes within the class methanopyri.See the NCBI webpage on Methanopyrales. Data extracted from the It contains only one family, Methanopyraceae, one genus, Methanopyrus, and one species, Methanopyrus kandleri. This species is chemolithoautotrophic and its cells are bacillus in form.
|
|
Tyrocidine is a mixture of cyclic decapeptides produced by the bacteria Bacillus brevis found in soil. It can be composed of 4 different amino acid sequences, giving tyrocidine A–D (See figure 1). Tyrocidine is the major constituent of tyrothricin, which also contains gramicidin.Pubchem: Tyrocidine and Tyrothricin.
|
|
On Dec. 14, 2012, FDA approved raxibacumab injection to treat inhalational anthrax, a form of the infectious disease caused by breathing in the spores of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Raxibacumab also is approved to prevent inhalational anthrax when alternative therapies are not available or not appropriate.
|
|
It is a small bacillus that can withstand weak disinfectants and can survive in a dry state for weeks. Its unusual cell wall is rich in lipids such as mycolic acid and is likely responsible for its resistance to desiccation and is a key virulence factor.
|
|
L. pneumophila is a Gram-negative, non-encapsulated, aerobic bacillus with a single, polar flagellum often characterized as being a coccobacillus. It is aerobic and unable to hydrolyse gelatin or produce urease. It is also non-fermentative. L. pneumophila is neither pigmented nor does it autofluoresce.
|
|
Bacillus species are known to be large producers of enzymes and therefore also contribute to the overall breakdown of the cereal grains.ZHAO, Wen-jing, et al. "Isolation and Preliminary Identification of Bacteria from Distiller's Yeast of Buzi Wine in Hougou, Yuci." Hubei Agricultural Sciences 20 (2012): 048.
|
|
Salasvirus (synonyms Phi29-like phages, Phi29-like viruses, Phi29likevirus) is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae, in the subfamily Picovirinae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus, including the type species Bacillus virus phi29.
|
|
The microorganism tested was Bacillus pumilus (strain SAFR-032), a resilient radiation-tolerant spore-forming bacteria isolated from a clean room environment in a NASA spacecraft assembly.Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (E-MIST) (PDF). C. L. Khodadad, and Phillip R. Maloney. Astrobiology Science Conference 2015. (2015).
|
|
"The Bacillus subtilis desaturase: a model to understand phospholipid modification and temperature sensing." Archives of Microbiology 183.4 (2005):229-35. All desaturases require oxygen and ultimately consume NADH even though desaturation is an oxidative process. Desaturases are specific for the double bond they induce in the substrate.
|
|
In 1883, Klebs successfully identified the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae as the etiological cause of diphtheria. This bacterium is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus. The bacterial genus Klebsiella is named in honor of his work. Klebs' works preceded some of the most important discoveries in medicine.
|
|
Some strains of P. polymyxa produce antibiotics including fusaricidin and polymyxins. P. polymyxa var. colistinus produces the antibiotic colistin. Surfactant complexes isolated from P. polymyxa have been shown to be effective in disrupting biofilms of Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus bovis.
|
|
In molecular biology, the restriction endonuclease BsobI/AvaI family of enzymes includes the AvaI and BsoBI restriction endonucleases from Anabaena variabilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus, both of which recognise the double-stranded sequence CYCGRG (where Y = T/C, and R = A/G) and cleave after C-1.
|
|
Pasteuria ramosa is a gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium in the Bacillus/Clostridia clade within Firmicutes. It is an obligate pathogen of cladoceran crustaceans from the genus Daphnia. An established and widely used coevolutionary model of host-pathogen interactions exists with P. ramosa and D. magna.
|
|
It uses a proton antiport mechanism to extrude the anions with low affinity. The Bacillus protein exports both arsenite and antimonite. The exact transport mechanism has not established. The generalized reaction catalyzed by members of the ACR3 family is: > arsenite or antimonite (in) → arsenite or antimonite (out).
|
|
Virgibacillus salexigens is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. This species was formerly contained by the genus Salibacillus and before that by Bacillus. Strains of this species were originally isolated from salterns and saline soil samples in Spain. They are spore-forming, slightly aerobic, and moderately halophilic.
|
|
Larvicide CULINEX Tab plus, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis A larvicide (alternatively larvacide) is an insecticide that is specifically targeted against the larval life stage of an insect. Their most common use is against mosquitoes. Larvicides may be contact poisons, stomach poisons, growth regulators, or (increasingly) biological control agents.
|
|
Eikenella corrodens on chocolate agar after 36 hours. Notice how colonies pit the agar, which is a distinct characteristic of this species. Eikenella corrodens is a fastidious Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacillus. It was first identified by M. Eiken in 1958, who called it Bacteroides corrodens.
|
|
Following a revision of Bacterium, it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus Escherichia, named after its original discoverer. In 1996 the world's worst outbreak of E. coli food poisoning occurred in Wishaw, Scotland, killing 21 people.
|
|
In Europe, the blue willow beetle is the most severe herbivore on Willows. For plantations of common osier (Salix viminalis), herbivory reducing biomass production by up to 40% has been estimated . It is susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis and also Spinosad when treatment is applied to affected plants.
|
|
The enzyme is very specific to bromide and physically stable, but has not been characterized as to its active site metal. , no specific gene has been assigned to such an enzyme in the snail genome. Such an activity is probably provided by symbiotic Bacillus bacteria instead. Genbank {AKQ77155.1.
|
|
In 1998 a new Bacillis species was described, and named Bacillus weihenstephanensis. However, twenty years later, a comparison of the complete genome sequences of B. weihenstephanensis and B. mycoides demonstrated that B. weihenstephanensis was a later synonym for B. mycoides, and thus not a valid species, nor species name.
|
|
"Triumphs of a Taxidermist" is an 1894 short story by British writer H. G. Wells. The story was originally published anonymously in the March 3 and 15, 1894 issues of the Pall Mall Gazette and later published in the 1895 short story collection The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents.
|
|
The significance of PZN stems from its narrow-spectrum antibiotic activity. Most antibiotics in clinical use are broad-spectrum, acting against a wide variety of bacteria, and antibiotic resistance to these drugs is common. In contrast, PZN is antibacterial against only a small number of species, including Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Glutamyl endopeptidase I is a family of extracellular bacterial serine proteases. The proteases within this family have been identified in species of Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, among others. The two former are more closely related, while the Streptomyces-type is treated as a separate family, glutamyl endopeptidase II.
|
|
Low- or very- low quality evidence indicates probiotics may be better than placebo in preventing acute URTIs. Vaccination against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, Bacillus anthracis, and Bordetella pertussis may prevent them from infecting the URT or reduce the severity of the infection.
|
|
Vaccination helps prevent bronchopneumonia, mostly against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, bacillus anthracis, chickenpox, and bordetella pertussis. Specifically for the children with low serum retinol or who are suffering from malnutrition, vitamin A supplements are recommended as a preventive measure against acute LRTI.
|
|
44-52, (). The operation was classified "secret"Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments. "U.S. Chemical Warfare Policy", (Google Books), 93rd U.S. Congress - 2nd Session, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974, p. 340. and involved filling the munitions with the biological agent simulant, Bacillus globigii.
|
|
Obiltoxaximab, sold under the brand name Anthim, is a monoclonal antibody medication designed for the treatment of exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores (etiologic agent of anthrax).Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Obiltoxaximab, American Medical Association. This drug was developed by Elusys Therapeutics, Inc.
|
|
They gave it the name Bacillus malariae. They further experimented with the bacterial isolate which they injected into rabbits. They observed that infected rabbits developed fever and enlarged spleen, characteristics of malaria. They proposed that the malarial bacterium was transmitted by drinking contaminated water or inhalation from air.
|
|
Richard Losick Richard Marc Losick ( ; b. 1943) is an American molecular biologist. He is the Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Biology at Harvard University, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, He is especially noted for his investigations of endospore formation in Gram positive organisms such as Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Reporting of the lysis of Bacillus anthracis bacteria by a transmissible "ferment" in 1898, Gamaleya was the discoverer of the bacteria-destroying antibodies known as bacteriolysins.Melikishvili, Alexander (2008). "Annex: Biosketches of Scientists and Other Public Figures Who Played Important Roles in the Evolution of Tsarist Russia’s Anti-Plague System".
|
|
The first type is called Clostridium botulinum and targets foods such as meat and poultry, and Bacillus cereus, which targets milk and cream. When stored or subjected to unruly conditions, the organisms will begin to breed apace, releasing harmful toxins that can cause severe illness, even when cooked safely.
|
|
Further academic promotion followed in 1943 with a Habilitation from the Dresden University of Technology for a work entitled "Studies on the question of the toxin-creating possibilities of the Gas gangrene Bacillus in synthetic growth media" ("Studien zur Frage des Toxinbildungsvermögens der Gasoedem- Bazillen in künstlichen Nährböden").
|
|
Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs. It may have a role in forest ecosystems and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture.
|
|
SpoIVB peptidase (, sporulation factor IV B protease) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Self-cleaves Val52-Asn53, Ala62-Phe63 and Val74-Thr75 at the N-terminus of SpoIVB This enzyme participates in gene expression during the later stages of spore formation in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
It is classified as an alkylpyrazine. Its biosynthesis involves amination of acetoin, the latter derived from pyruvate.Takuo Kosuge, Tahei Adachi & Hiroko Kamiya "Isolation Of Tetramethylpyrazine From Culture Of Bacillus Natto, And Biosynthetic Pathways Of Tetramethylpyrazine" Nature 1962, volume 195, 1103 . It exhibits potential nootropic and antiinflammatory activities in rats.
|
|
Jacobs noted that the Hobyahs, though now destroyed, resembled "the bogies or spirits of the comma bacillus". Escaping from a bag is a common fairy tale motif, but the technique used is not. Such tales as Molly Whuppie and The Little Peasant feature the character tricking his way out.
|
|
A correlation has been observed between the thermostability of a protein and its proline residue content.Watanabe K., Masuda T., Ohashi H., Mihara H. & Suzuki Y. Multiple proline substitutions cumulatively thermostabilize Bacillus cereus ATCC7064 oligo-1,6-glucosidase. Irrefragable proof supporting the proline rule. Eur J Biochem 226,277-83 (1994).
|
|
May 1996, last updated November 2010. Bt-Corn for Corn Borer ControlCastagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes, JL. Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15 in [Bacillus thuringiensis Biotechnology], Ed. Estibaliz Sansinenea. Springer, Mar 2, 2012 Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010.
|
|
Zwittermicin A is an antibiotic that has been identified from the bacterium Bacillus cereus UW85.Haiyin, He (April, 1994) "Zwittermicin A, an Antifungal and Plant Protection Agent from Bacillus cereus", Tetrahedron Letters 35 (16) 2499-2502 doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(00)77154-1 It is a molecule of interest to agricultural industry because it has the potential to suppress plant disease due to its broad spectrum activity against certain gram positive and gram negative prokaryotic micro-organisms. The molecule is also of interest from a metabolic perspective because it represents a new structural class of antibiotic and suggests a crossover between polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthetic pathways. Zwittermicin A is linear aminopolyol.
|
|
Doris Mackinnon with two students in 1943 Between May 1917 and May 1918, Mackinnon worked at the University War Hospital in Southampton with William Fletcher from the Royal Army Medical Corps, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of dysentery. The pair focused on two forms of Shigella dysenteriae which had been identified by Simon Flexner and Kiyoshi Shiga. They discovered that the Flexner bacillus could go into intermission and be undetectable for periods of four to five weeks, making it very difficult to say when someone was no longer a carrier. They also found that men who were carriers of Shiga's bacillus would be prone to depression and would be no longer fit to be soldiers.
|
|
The final carbohydrate mix of brown rice syrups can be controlled and adjusted by the manufacturer. The enzymes used in the liquefaction step are usually alpha- amylases derived from bacterial or fungal bioreactors (Bacillus species or Aspergillus species are the most commonly used microbe engines in the bioreactors). These convert starch into dextrins of various molecular sizes and the modified starch end product is usually given an appropriate DE (dextrose equivalent) rating to signify the degree of starch conversion and the amount of reducing sugars produced in the process. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are the amylolytic enzyme, beta-amylase (usually derived from Bacillus species) and the debranching enzyme, pullulanase (derived from Aerobacter species).
|
|
M. tuberculosis, then known as the "tubercle bacillus", was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch, who subsequently received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery in 1905; the bacterium is also known as "Koch's bacillus". M. tuberculosis has existed throughout history, but the name has changed frequently over time. In 1720, though, the history of tuberculosis started to take shape into what is known of it today; as the physician Benjamin Marten described in his A Theory of Consumption, tuberculosis may be caused by small living creatures transmitted through the air to other patients. This airborne disease is the deadliest infectious disease worldwide, affecting nearly 2 billion people throughout the world currently.
|
|
A total of 18 biological trials were conducted for Night Train. The trials, meant to study the spread and behavior of biological warfare agents in arctic conditions, were conducted in a temperature range of -39.3° to +3.3° C. In all of these trials, Bacillus subtitles var. niger (also referred to as Bacillus globigii) was released as a biological warfare simulant, along with fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide as a tracer material. The trials tested both dry simulant and simulant released from a liquid biological spray tank in order to better investigate the behavior of the simulant in an arctic climate, as the behavior of wet versus dry agents varies based on humidity and other climactic conditions.
|
|
Pierre-François-Olive Rayer @ Who Named It In 1837 Rayer discovered that the fatal equine disease known as glanders was contagious to other species, including humans. Between 1837 and 1841 he published a three-volume book on diseases of the kidney titled Traité des maladies des reins. In 1850 Rayer published a paper that provided the first description of the anthrax bacillus (Inoculation du sang de rate, 1850).Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch - bibliography Who Named It In this work he documented studies that he performed with physician Casimir Davaine (1812-1882) in regards to Bacillus anthracis.Pierre François Olive Rayer (1850) “Inoculation du sang de rate”, Comptes rendus des séances et mémoires de la Société de biologie, vol.
|
|
Caterpillars are highly susceptible for many strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Therefore, many countries plant rice varieties which are genetically engineered with Bt genes. Natural enemies like wasps and other parasitoids provide control against pupal and larval stages. Chemical sex attractants and pheromones are used in Japan, which provided good results.
|
|
In Bacillus cereus, cereulide biosynthesis occurs by the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase of the heterodimer proteins CesA and CesB. In non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, individual amino acids are added, modified, and linked. Addition is facilitated by the adenylation (A) domain. Modification is accomplished by the ketoreductase (KR) and epimerization (E) domains.
|
|
Synthetic insecticides such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin are efficient, but must be thoroughly applied inside the bush and under leaves. Natural pyrethrin insecticides, extracted from Chrysanthemum and mixed with colza oil, can also be used. Spinosad, based on chemical compounds found in a bacterium, is also efficient. Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.
|
|
Transmission electron micrograph of L-form Bacillus subtilis. The cells lack the electron-dense cell wall of normal bacteria. Scale bar is 500 nanometers. L-form bacteria, also known as L-phase bacteria, L-phase variants, and cell wall-deficient (CWD) bacteria, are strains of bacteria that lack cell walls.
|
|
They split their bodies into half, so that the anterior half can escape. The “half-worms” remain viable for several days. The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is likely associated with C. elegans in nature. B. thuringiensis is a soil bacterium that is often used in infection experiments with C. elegans.
|
|
DnaG contains three separate protein domains: a zinc binding domain, an RNA polymerase domain, and a DnaB helicase binding domain. There are several bacteria that use the DNA primase DnaG. A few organisms that have DnaG as their DNA primase are Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
|
|
There has been recent research of TiO2/Au/Mg micromotors and their use and degradation efficacy against biological warfare agents, such as Bacillus anthracis, and chemical warfare agents, such as organaphosphate nerve agents- a class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Therefore, application of these micromotors is a possibility for defense and environmental applications.
|
|
The venom of V. orientalis was tested on Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Venom extract was shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The venom is therefore regarded as a potential therapeutic agent.
|
|
Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a bacterium that, along with Mycobacterium leprae, causes leprosy (Hansen's disease). It was only recently discovered, in 2008. Analysis of its 16S rRNA gene confirms that the species is distinct from Mycobacterium leprae. M. lepromatosis is an acid-fast bacillus (AFB) which causes diffuse lepromatous leprosy (DLL).
|
|
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (formerly Bacillus thetaiotaomicron) is a species of bacterium of the genus Bacteroides. It is a gram-negative obligate anaerobe. It is one of the most common bacteria found in human gut flora and is also an opportunistic pathogen. Its genome contains numerous genes apparently specialized in digestion of polysaccharides.
|
|
NHEJ appears to be the preferred pathway for repairing double-strand breaks caused by desiccation during stationary phase. NHEJ can repair double-strand breaks even when only one chromosome is present in a cell. Upon exposure to extreme dryness, Bacillus subtilis endospores acquire DNA-double strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks.
|
|
The name Actinotalea derives from: : Greek noun (), a beam =actinomycete-like bacterium; Latin feminine gender noun ', a slender staff, rod, stick; New Latin feminine gender noun Actinotalea, ray stick, in effect meaning a slender bacillus-shaped actinomycete-like bacterium. The specific epithet fermentans is from the Latin participle adjective fermentans, fermenting.
|
|
The commercialization of nattō – Edo period A change in the production of nattō occurred in the Taishō period (1912–1926), when researchers discovered a way to produce a nattō starter culture containing Bacillus subtilis without the need for straw, thereby simplifying the commercial production of nattō and enabling more consistent results.
|
|
Classic organic methods have now been applied such as trapping, applying the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, and spraying with kaolin. Such methods are obligatory for organic olives. A fungus, Cycloconium oleaginum, can infect the trees for several successive seasons, causing great damage to plantations. A species of bacterium, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.
|
|
He found disruption of wool fiber in both in vivo and in vitro. He showed that the organisms belong to genus Bacillus and the organism was capable of attacking native wool protein. The same year Noval et al. (1959) published another article on enzymatic decomposition of native keratin by Streptomyces fradiae.
|
|
RACE mapping in Staphylococcus aureus N315. Taken from Marchais et al., 2010 created in Varna. RsaE is found in other members of the genus Staphylococcus such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and is the only Rsa RNA to be found outside of this genus, in Macrococcus caseolyticus and Bacillus.
|
|
There are organisms such as Bacillus subtilis whose chorismate mutase have a completely different structure and are monofunctional. These enzymes belong to the AroH family and are characterized by a trimeric α/β barrel topology.Babu M (1999). "Annotation of Chorismate Mutase from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium leprae genome" (PDF).
|
|
Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control. Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.
|
|
Syzygium polyanthum, with common names Indian bay leaf and Indonesian bay leaf, is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to Indonesia, Indochina and Malaysia. The leaves of the plant are traditionally used as a food flavouring, and have been shown to kill the spores of Bacillus cereus.
|
|
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil. The species was originally classified as Bacillus acidoterrestris in 1987, but further 16S rRNA studies found that the species belonged in the newly created genus Alicyclobacillus.
|
|
Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil. The species was originally classified as Bacillus cycloheptanicus in 1987, but further 16S rRNA studies found that the species belonged in the newly created genus Alicyclobacillus.
|
|
To diagnose this bacillus, certain reactions may be tested. The bacterium should test positive for catalase and oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, maltose, and lactose. It should test negative for nitrate reduction, urease, and H2S production. C. canimorsus can be distinguished from other Gram-negative bacteria by testing negative for inulin and sucrose.
|
|
Many biological parasites and diseases readily control the damage from the tea looper in India and Sri Lanka, but outbreaks can be seen with pesticide use. Parasitoid Apanteles are excellent example. In China, nuclear polyhedrosis virus extracts are used extensively, which is host specific. Bacillus thuringiensis and its strain B. thuringiensis var.
|
|
C. chlorochromatii is a Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus, that exist in short chains. They are green in color and have a ring of chlorosomes around that line the inside of their cell wall. Within these chlorosomes contain the light harvesting pigment bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c which feed electrons into Photosystem 1.
|
|
Thio is derived from the Greek word thios and describes the use of sulfur as an energy source, and bacillus describes the shape of these microorganisms, which are small rods. The species name, caldus, is derived from the Latin word for warm or hot, denoting this species' love of a warm environment.
|
|
Bacillus alcalophilus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria. Likely strains of this species have been isolated from highly alkaline waste water. B. alcalophilus is a moderate halotolerant obligate alkaliphile growing at 40 °C and at pH 9-10.5 (and possibly higher) that has been isolated from soil and animal manures.
|
|
Anthrax is a disease caused via a bacterium that resides in soil, and predominately affects animals more than humans. Anthrax is also considered a zoonotic disease and is transmitted to humans via contact with an infected animal host. The disease is caused by gram-positive Bacillus anthracis. (B. anthracis) and is found globally.
|
|
Recently, proteins similar to tubulin and FtsZ have been discovered in large plasmids found in Bacillus species. They are believed to function as components of segrosomes, which are multiprotein complexes that partition chromosomes/plasmids in bacteria. The plasmid homologs of tubulin/FtsZ seem to have conserved the ability to polymerize into filaments.
|
|
Even after it is consumed, Rhizopus oligosporus produces an antibiotic that limits gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (potentially harmful) and Bacillus subtilis (beneficial). Tempeh contains ergosterol (provitamin D2). This fungus have also been used to treat waste and wastewater, produce industrial enzymes and ferment other substrates like other legumes and cereals.
|
|
Klebs reported that antimalarial drug quinine killed the germ. The discovery was supported by leading malariologists of the time. When the news spread, it was declared that the malaria problem was solved. But an American physician George Miller Sternberg proved that the bacillus did not cause specific symptoms of malaria in 1881.
|
|
Methylotrophs belonging to Methylomicrobium, Methylophaga and Bacillus species have been identified in the Lonar Lake sediments.Antony CP, Kumaresan D, Ferrando L, Boden R, Moussard H, Scavino AF et al. (2010). Active methylotrophs in the sediments of Lonar Lake, a saline and alkaline ecosystem formed by meteor impact. ISME J 4: 1470–1480.
|
|
Fibiger's doctoral research was on diphtheria. He developed more efficient method of growing bacteria in a laboratory setting. He discovered that there were two different forms (strains) of the diphtheria bacillus (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) that produce two different symptoms, now called nasopharyngeal and cutaneous diphtheria. He also produced a blood serum against the disease.
|
|
During World War II, he was involved in the production of sulfanilamide. He became a research fellow at Leeds School of Medicine after the war, working with tubercle bacillus and diphtheria toxins. Thereafter, he assumed a career role as a Lecturer at that school in 1950, becoming a Senior Lecturer in 1964.
|
|
Alice Catherine Evans (January 29, 1881 – September 5, 1975) was a pioneering American microbiologist. She became a researcher at the US Department of Agriculture. There she investigated bacteriology in milk and cheese. She later demonstrated that Bacillus abortus caused the disease Brucellosis (undulant fever or Malta fever) in both cattle and humans.
|
|
Multiple species and strains are applied in these therapeutics. Most commonly used bacteria are Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia Coli, Bifidobacteria, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Listeria and Bacillus subtilis. Each of these species have their own property and are unique to cancer therapy in terms of tissue colonization, interaction with immune system and ease of application.
|
|
The grapevine fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is able to oxidise resveratrol into metabolites showing attenuated antifungal activities. Those include the resveratrol dimers restrytisol A, B, and C, resveratrol trans-dehydrodimer, leachinol F, and pallidol. The soil bacterium Bacillus cereus can be used to transform resveratrol into piceid (resveratrol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside).
|
|
The PyrR binding site is an RNA element that is found upstream of a variety of genes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis and transport. The RNA structure permits binding of PyrR protein which regulates pyrimidine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. When the protein binds, a downstream terminator hairpin forms, repressing transcription of biosynthesis genes.
|
|
The most commonly used microbe for the production of microbial bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringiensis, also known as Bt. This spore forming bacterium produces a delta-endotoxins in which it causes the insect or pest to stop feeding on the crop or plant because the endotoxin destroys the lining of the digestive system.
|
|
Evaluation of Mesocyclops aspericornis (Cyclopoida:Cyclopidae) and Toxorhynchites speciosus as integrated predators of mosquitoes in tire habitats in Queensland. Brown MD, Hendrikz JK, Greenwood JG and Kay BH, J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 Sep;12(3 Pt 1), pages 414-420, It has also been used in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var.
|
|
B. cereus and other members of Bacillus are not easily killed by alcohol; they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection. Some strains of B. cereus produce cereins, bacteriocins active against different B. cereus strains or other Gram-positive bacteria.
|
|
B. pumilus contains one circular chromosome including about 4000 genes and 3600-3900 proteins with varying length in the range of 3.7 to 3.8 Mbp. 41% of the DNA base pairs in B. pumilus are G-C. The cellular structure of B. pumilus is similar to other Bacillus species such as B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and B. cereus, the outer layer of the peptidoglycan cross-links in B. pumilus is covered by teichoic and lipoteichoic acids same as the most other Gram positive bacteria. These acids contain polyglycosyl phosphates with mono- and disaccharides as their monomers that can play a role in adhesion to different surfaces like the host cells.Parvathi A. “Biochemical and molecular characterization of Bacillus pumilus isolated fromcoastal environment in Cochin” India.
|
|
Bacillus atticus atticus is mostly active at night, when it feeds. The usual foods of this species are plants such as ivy and lettuce. During the day, the animal stays absolutely still, camouflaged as a stick, matching the color of the plant that it's on. If disturbed, its main defense is to feign death.
|
|
Menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting) (, cytochrome aa3-600 oxidase) is an enzyme with systematic name menaquinol:O2 oxidoreductase (H+-transporting). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 menaquinol + O2 \rightleftharpoons 2 menaquinone + 2 H2O Cytochrome aa3-600, one of the respiratory oxidases from Bacillus subtilis, is a member of the heme-copper family of oxygen reductases.
|
|
Rhizobacteria colonization steps include attractions, recognition, adherence, colonization, and growth. Bacteria that have been shown to be beneficial and form biofilms include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Azospirillum. Biofilms in the rhizosphere often result in pathogen or plant induced systemic resistances. Molecular properties on the surface of the bacterium cause an immune response in the plant host.
|
|
Indira Nath (born 14 January 1938) is an Indian immunologist. Her major contribution in medical science deals with mechanisms underlying immune unresponsiveness in man, reactions and nerve damage in leprosy and a search for markers for viability of the Leprosy bacillus. Prof. Nath's fields of specialisations are Immunology, Pathology, Medical biotechnology and communicable diseases.
|
|
The spores germinated when the amber was cracked open and the material from the gut of the bee was extracted and placed in nutrient medium. After the spores were analyzed by microscopy, it was determined that the cells were very similar to Bacillus sphaericus which is found in bees in the Dominican Republic today.
|
|
Meju () is a brick of dried fermented soybeans. While not consumed on its own, it serves as the basis of several Korean condiments, such as doenjang (soybean paste), ganjang (soy sauce), and gochujang (chili paste). Meju is produced by pounding, kneading, and shaping cooked soybeans, and undergoes fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae and/or Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Different organisms may have different essential genes. For instance, Bacillus subtilis has 271 essential genes. About one-half (150) of the orthologous genes in E. coli are also essential. Another 67 genes that are essential in E. coli are not essential in B. subtilis, while 86 E. coli essential genes have no B. subtilis ortholog.
|
|
Microbial pathogens of mosquitoes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes and microsporidia. Dead spores of the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, especially Bt israelensis (BTI) interfere with larval digestive systems. It can be dispersed by hand or dropped by helicopter in large areas. BTI loses effectiveness after the larvae turn into pupae, because they stop eating.
|
|
Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, V. vulnificus is related to 'V. cholerae', the causative agent of cholera. Infection with V. vulnificus leads to rapidly expanding cellulitis or sepsis.
|
|
Journal of Plant Protection Research 46(4): 339-346 Achromobacter piechaudii, Bacillus cereus, Cellulomonadaceae fimi, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces griseus were able to inhibit mycelial growth and/or conidial germination through the production of diffusible metabolites and that antibiosis was likely responsible fully or partially for their antagonism of H. solani.
|
|
Arabinogalactan endo-beta-1,4-galactanase (, endo-1,4-beta-galactanase, galactanase, arabinogalactanase, ganB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name arabinogalactan 4-beta-D-galactanohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : The enzyme specifically hydrolyses (1->4)-beta- D-galactosidic linkages in type I arabinogalactans. This enzyme is isolated from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Holy water fonts have been identified as a potential source of bacterial and viral infection. In the late 19th century, bacteriologists found staphylococci, streptococci, coli bacilli, Loeffler's bacillus, and other bacteria in samples of holy water taken from a church in Sassari, Italy.Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette, Volume 14, page 578. The Gazette Publishing Company, 1898.
|
|
The catalase will have applications for removal of hydrogen peroxide in industrial processes such as pulp and paper bleaching, textile bleaching, food pasteurization, and surface decontamination of food packaging. DNA modifying enzymes such as Taq DNA polymerase and some Bacillus enzymes used in clinical diagnostics and starch liquefaction are produced commercially by several biotechnology companies.
|
|
Colistin was first isolated in Japan in 1949 from a flask of fermenting Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus by the Japanese scientist Koyama and became available for clinical use in 1959. Colistimethate sodium, a less toxic prodrug, became available for injection in 1959. In the 1980s, polymyxin use was widely discontinued because of nephro- and neurotoxicity.
|
|
A section of a cell of Bacillus subtilis, taken with a Tecnai T-12 TEM. The scale bar is 200 nm. TEM samples of biological tissues need high atomic number stains to enhance contrast. The stain absorbs the beam electrons or scatters part of the electron beam which otherwise is projected onto the imaging system.
|
|
Poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) is an aliphatic synthetic polyester with a melting point from 103–106 °C. It is synthesized from dicarboxylic acids; either by ring-opening polymerization of succinic anhydride with ethylene oxide or by polycondensation of succinic acid and ethylene glycol. Thermophilic Bacillus sp. TT96 is found in soil and can degrade PES.
|
|
Several species are named after people, either the discoverer or a famous person in the field of microbiology, for example Salmonella is after D.E. Salmon, who discovered it (albeit as "Bacillus typhi"SCHROETER (J.). In: F. COHN (ed.), Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien. Band 3, Heft 3, Pilze. J.U. Kern's Verlag, Breslau, 1885-1889, pp. 1-814.).
|
|
One is believed to be a Na+:H+ antiporter; the other is a malate·H+:lactate·Na+ antiporter. Several paralogues are found in Vibrio cholerae, and two paralogues are found encoded in the completely sequenced genomes of bothHaemophilus influenzae and Bacillus subtilis. E. coli lacks such a homologue. Pyrococcus species also have at least one homologue each.
|
|
Bidirectional replication in a circular chromosome. The circular bacteria chromosome replication is best understood in the well-studied bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Chromosome replication proceeds in three major stages: initiation, elongation and termination. The initiation stage starts with the ordered assembly of "initiator" proteins at the origin region of the chromosome, called oriC.
|
|
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and . The enzyme from Bacillus is a monomer consisting of two domains: an alpha helical N-terminal domain, and a C-terminal domain composed of beta sheets. The active site is a deep cleft located between these two domains.
|
|
Léon Charles Albert Calmette ForMemRS (12 July 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist, and an important officer of the Pasteur Institute. He discovered the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis used in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. He also developed the first antivenom for snake venom, the Calmette's serum.
|
|
The generic abbreviation for aspartokinases is AK. However, the nomenclature for aspartokinase genes and proteins varies considerable among species. The main aspatokinases are lysC (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and many other bacteria), ask (Mycobacterium bovis, Thermus thermophilus), AK1–AK3 (Arabidopsis thaliana), FUB3 (Fusarium and Gibberella) and HOM3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Additionally, apk is a synonym for lysC.
|
|
The dark gray anoxic sediments at the bottom of L'Atalante lake are covered with a loose black layer. Microbes found in the sediments are almost all (90%) various species of Bacillus. In 2010, three metazoan species, all in the Loricifera phylum, were discovered living in the sediment, the first multicellular lifeforms known to live entirely without oxygen.
|
|
While this organism is generally known as Rhodococcus equi, there has been taxonomic debate since the 1980s about whether this name is the valid name, with Rhodococcus hoagii and Prescottella equi both proposed as official alternative names. Other names used include Nocardia restricta, Corynebacterium equi, Bacillus hoagii, Corynebacterium purulentus, Mycobacterium equi, Mycobacterium restrictum, and Proactinomyces restrictus.
|
|
The E48 sub- munition was utilized in tests at Dugway Proving Ground in July and August 1950. The July tests released Bacillus globigii from the E48 using air-dropped cluster bombs. The August tests utilized the bacteria Serratia marcescens, and involved E48s which dispersed the agent statically, from the ground.Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide, U.S. National Research Council.
|
|
In the Streptomyces subrutilus species, a secondary pathway branching from the manojirimycin precursor results in 1-deoxymanojirimycin via dehydration and reduction of the isomer. However, Bacillus subtilis does not produce 1-deoxymanojirimycin despite the presence of the manojirimycin precursor. Azasugar biosynthesis in Commelina communis involves C1-C5 cyclisation of the original D-glucose precursor without the subsequent inversion.
|
|
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and injection. Symptom onset occurs between one day to over two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center.
|
|
Levin graduated, cum laude, from Williams College with a bachelor of arts in biology in 1989. She worked as a science teacher at the American School in Switzerland from 1989 to 1990. Levin completed a doctor of philosophy in biology from Harvard University in 1996. Her dissertation was titled Asymmetric Division During Spore Formation in Bacillus subtillis.
|
|
Steroid 15beta-monooxygenase (, cytochrome P-450meg, cytochrome P450meg, steroid 15beta-hydroxylase, CYP106A2, BmCYP106A2) is an enzyme with systematic name progesterone,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (15beta- hydroxylating) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : progesterone + reduced ferredoxin + O2 \rightleftharpoons 15beta- hydroxyprogesterone + oxidized ferredoxin + H2O The enzyme from Bacillus megaterium hydroxylates a variety of 3-oxo-Delta4-steroids in position 15beta.
|
|
The sulfate permease (SulP) family (TC# 2.A.53) is a member of the large APC superfamily of secondary carriers. The SulP family is a large and ubiquitous family of proteins derived from archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Many organisms including Bacillus subtilis, Synechocystis sp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans possess multiple SulP family paralogues.
|
|
Chemicals such as trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin can be applied as soil drenches. Chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb are highly effective. Biological predators such as Brachymeria carinata, Buysmania oxymora, Goryphus bunoh, Eupelmus cotoxanthae, Dolichogenidea metesae, Pediobius anomalus, Pediobius imbreus and Bacillus thuringiensis are known to be effective. Use of Apanteles metesae, Cosmelestes picticeps are also effective measures.
|
|
The small genome size of phytoplasma is attributable to reductive evolution from Bacillus/Clostridium ancestors. Phytoplasmas have lost ≥75% of their original genes, and can thus no longer survive outside of insects or plant phloem. Some phytoplasmas contain extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids. Despite their small genomes, many predicted phytoplasma genes are present in multiple copies.
|
|
He contracted typhoid fever in 1902 while engaged in investigating its bacillus. From 1901 to 1904 he was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution. In 1905 he resigned his official position at the Royal Institution to devote himself exclusively to original work. Macfadyen worked on endotoxins of certain bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella enterica.
|
|
Amongst others like Dupont and Corbion, the company Avantium claims to have developed a cost- effective route to produce FDCA and the derived polyesters. FDCA has also been applied in pharmacology. It was demonstrated that its diethyl ester had a strong anaesthetic action similar to cocaine. Dicalcium 2,5-furandicarboxylate was shown to inhibit the growth of Bacillus megatorium.
|
|
"Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme". Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002. probably because these compounds were readily available in Rhodesia at the time and were relatively inexpensive. Among the biological agents, the Rhodesians selected for use included Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera) and possibly Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax).
|
|
Tuberculin is a glycerol extract of the tubercle bacillus. Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of non-species-specific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. It was first described by Robert Koch in 1890 and then Giovanni Petragnani. A batch of PPD created in 1939 serves as the US and international standard, called PPD-S.
|
|
Tommasi- Crudeli, along with German pathologist Edwin Klebs, made several discoveries that bacteria caused diseases such as typhoid and diphtheria. They discovered a new bacterium from mud and waters in 1879. This was the period of intense research for discovery of the causative agent and transmission of malaria. They found the short rod-shaped bacillus while investigating Roman Campagna.
|
|
Protoporphyrin IX with pyrrole rings lettered. The mechanism of human protoporphyrin metalation remains under investigation. Many researchers have hypothesized distortion of the porphyrin macrocycle as key to catalysis. Researchers studying Bacillus subtilis ferrochelatase propose a mechanism for iron insertion into protoporphyrin in which the enzyme tightly grips rings B, C, and D while bending ring A 36o.
|
|
In this overall review, he discussed various diagnostic possibilities, methods of treatment, and reported on autopsy results, and methods of disinfection, describing the methods such as fumigation. Frari was convinced that the cause of the disease was a specific contagious germ ("germe del contagio"), even though the bacillus of plague (Yersinia pestis) was discovered as late as in 1894.
|
|
He studied the effect of lipophilic acids on the growth and differentiation of bacteria. Freese's laboratory worked on the metabolic control of sporulation and germination of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. He identified the key metabolite for ignition of sporulation: a decrease of GTP. Freese was cofounder of the Environmental Mutagen Society and served as its president for two years.
|
|
A. chroococcum is a microaerophilic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGRP), which is bacillus in shape and is Gram negative. As a mesophile, this bacterium grows best in moderate-temperature soils and requires a neutral pH environment. It is able to fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions. The soil cannot be poor in phosphorus or else nitrogen fixing can be hindered.
|
|
Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002. Biological agents the Rhodesians selected for use also included Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera) and possibly Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax). They also looked at using Rickettsia prowazekii (causative agent of epidemic typhus), and Salmonella typhi (causative agent of typhoid fever), and toxins—such as ricin and botulinum toxin.
|
|
The best-characterised variant of this of enzyme is Bacillus subtilis lichenase, which is used as a molecular biology tool in determining the structure of mixed-linkage glucans. This variant cleaves (1,4) bonds that immediately follow a (1,3) bond. Other lichenases have different specificities, for example Aspergillus japonicus lichenase cleaves (1,4) bonds that immediately precede a (1,3) bond.
|
|
Fleming's discovery was not regarded initially as an important discovery. Even as he showed his culture plates to his colleagues, all he received was an indifferent response. He described the discovery on 13 February 1929 before the Medical Research Club. His presentation titled "A medium for the isolation of Pfeiffer's bacillus" did not receive any particular attention.
|
|
By this time, Bacillus anthracis had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed that cultures of the anthrax bacilli, when contaminated with molds, could be successfully inhibited. Some references say that Pasteur identified the strain as Penicillium notatum.
|
|
The testing regimen that followed extended well into 1945. The first tests ran water through the system, to ensure there were no leaks. A second round of tests were run with an anthrax simulant, Bacillus globigii. The plant was pronounced water-tight by Nevius in April 1945 and trial runs with the simulant began in June.
|
|
There are several possible mechanisms. Commensals are the native competitors of pathogenic bacteria, because they tend to occupy the same ecological niche inside the human body. Secondly, they are able to produce antibacterial substances called bacteriocins which inhibit the growth of pathogens. Genera Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces are the main producers of bacteriocins in respiratory tract.
|
|
The Bacillus firmus transporter and several homologues examined have strongly charged, hydrophilic N-terminal domains (cytoplasmic) followed by a hydrophobic C-terminal domain with 5 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners. A central 100 residues resembles archaeal inositol monophosphate dehydrogenases. Kehres and Maguire suggest that the MgtE proteins are secondary carriers with inwardly directed polarity. Hattori et al.
|
|
Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. bacABC is involved in synthesis. Bacitracin is commercially manufactured by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis var Tracy I in a container of liquid growth medium. Over time, the bacteria synthesizes the antibiotic and secretes the antibiotic into the medium.
|
|
These stress responses could also allow them to survive in harsh space conditions. Thermophilic species G. thermantarcticus is a good example of a microorganism that could survive space travel. It is a bacterium of the spore-forming genus Bacillus. The formation of spores allows for it to survive extreme environments while still being able to restart cellular growth.
|
|
This species is commonly found in the ocean waters, primarily in the Atlantic Ocean. Bacillus submarinus is able to live in oceans at a depth of more than 5000 m, withstanding extreme hydrostatic pressure that is above 1.1x10^8 Pa or around 15954 Psi. In contrast, the human femur can only withstand a maximum of 1,700 Psi before shattering.
|
|
Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground- dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks). It is a gram- positive, mesophilic bacterium. Its optimal growth temperature is around 50 °C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures.
|
|
Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, Gram-positive, mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats.De Vos, P. et al. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes. Springer (2009) With a cell length of up to 4 µm and a diameter of 1.5 µm, B. megaterium is amongst the biggest known bacteria.
|
|
Ribonuclease M5 (, RNase M5, 5S ribosomal maturation nuclease, 5S ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 21 and 42 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5'- and 3'-termini of a 5S-rRNA precursor This enzyme converts the 5S-rRNA precursor from Bacillus subtilis into 5S-rRNA.
|
|
Cardiobacterium hominis is a Gram-negative bacillus (rod-shaped) bacterium commonly grouped with other bacteria into the HACEK group. It is one of several bacteria that is normally present in the mouth and upper part of the respiratory tract such as nose and throat. However, it may also rarely cause endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves.
|
|
The first published description of a structure of a prokaryotic phosphopentomutase was in 2011.Panosian, T. D., Nanneman, D. P., Watkins, G, Phalen V. V., McDonald W.H., Wadzinski B. E., Bachmann B. O., Iverson T.M. 2011. Bacillus cereus phosphopentomtuase is an alkaline phosphatase family member with an altered entry point into the catalytic cycle. J. Biol. Chem.
|
|
The only available vaccine is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%. It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years.
|
|
Tuberculosis has been known by many names from the technical to the familiar. Phthisis (Φθισις) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons. The abbreviation "TB" is short for tubercle bacillus. "Consumption" was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease.
|
|
The isolate was originally named Bacillus botulinus, after the Latin word for sausage, botulus. ("Sausage poisoning" was a common problem in 18th- and 19th- century Germany, and was most likely caused by botulism.)Frank J. Erbguth. Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Movement Disorders.
|
|
A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red The Schaeffer–Fulton stain is a technique designed to isolate endospores by staining any present endospores green, and any other bacterial bodies red.Definition:Schaeffer-Fulton Stain The primary stain is malachite green, and the counterstain is safranin, which dyes any other bacterial bodies red.
|
|
In a similar way, the Bacillus species (=phylum Firmicutes) belonging to the "B. cereus group" (B. anthracis, B. cereus, B . thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. medusa) have 99-100% similar 16S rRNA sequence (97% is a commonly cited adequate species cut-off) and are polyphyletic, but for medical reasons (anthrax etc.) remain separate.
|
|
In 1999 TIGR published the sequence of the radioresistant polyextremophile Deinococcus radiodurans. TIGR has sequenced and analyzed more than 50 microbial genomes. TIGR developed the gene finder GLIMMER and the sequence alignment program MUMmer. In 2001 anthrax attacks, TIGR worked with the National Science Foundation and the FBI to sequence the strain of Bacillus anthracis used in bioterrorism attacks.
|
|
Their fruitful collaboration already produced an outstanding publications in Nature Communication 2017. Prof. Islam is the Chief Editor of a Springer book series Bacillus and Agrobiotechnology. He worked on the development of a convenient molecular diagnostic tool for diagnosing anthracnose diseases in asymptomatic strawberry plants with Prof. Daniel Panaccione at West Virginia University as a Fulbright Scholar. Prof.
|
|
In 1995, Monsanto introduced the NewLeaf variety of potato which was their first genetically modified crop. It was designed to resist attack from the Colorado potato beetle due to the insertion of Bt toxin producing genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The insect- resistant potatoes found only a small market, and Monsanto discontinued the sale of seed in 2001.
|
|
But when encountered from the other direction, the Tus-Ter complex provides a much larger kinetic barrier and halts replication (non- permissive). The multiple Ter sites in the chromosome are oriented such that the two oppositely moving replication forks are both stalled in the desired termination region. Bacillus subtilis utilize replication terminator protein (RTP) instead of Tus.
|
|
Oceanobacillus iheyensis is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is a deep-sea species, having been isolated from a depth of , and is extremely halotolerant and alkaliphilic. Its type strain is HTE831 (JCM 11309T, DSM 14371T). Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE831 is an alkaliphilic and extremely halotolerant Bacillus-related species isolated from deep-sea sediment.
|
|
Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; it has no inhibitory effects on fungi. The inhibitory effect on bacteria has no gram specificity. Scanning electron microscopy shows that HS-1 causes roughening and blebbing of bacterial cell surfaces. HS-1 contains three disulfide bridges followed by a typical Cys pattern, similar to that of invertebrate defensins.
|
|
In 2013 Monsanto launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids called DroughtGard.OECD BioTrack Database. MON87460 The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis; it was approved by the USDA in 2011Federal Register, Vol. 76, No. 248, 27 December 2011.
|
|
There is now considerable evidence to suggest that this disease is an infection. Mycobacterium ulcerans has recently been isolated from lesions and is unique to tropical ulcers. Early lesions may be colonized or infected by, Bacillus fusiformis (Vincent's organism), anaerobes and spirochaetes. Later, tropical ulcer may become infected with a variety of organisms, notably, staphylococci and/or streptococci.
|
|
Accomplishing such intricate cooperative ventures requires sophisticated cell-cell communication,Bassler BL, Losick R: Bacterially speaking. Cell 2006, 125:237-246.Bischofs IB, Hug JA, Liu AW, Wolf DM, Arkin AP: Complexity in bacterial cell-cell communication: quorum signal integration and subpopulation signaling in the Bacillus subtilis phosphorelay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:6459-6464.
|
|
Norvaline is a non-proteinogenic unbranched-chain amino acid. It has previously been reported to be a natural component of an antifungal peptide of Bacillus subtilis. Norvaline and other modified unbranched chain amino acids have received attention because they appear to be incorporated in some recombinant proteins found in E. coli. Its biosynthesis has been examined.
|
|
This more diverse environment is less likely for produce an outbreak of pest species. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium that is used to kill larvae of many pest species. This can be applied aerially or on the ground over large surfaces. Bt is safe for humans and other wildlife since it only infects certain species of insects.
|
|
Albert Israel Schatz (2 February 1920 – 17 January 2005) was an American microbiologist and science educator, best known as the discoverer of the antibiotic streptomycin. Schatz graduated from Rutgers University in 1942 with a bachelor's degree in soil microbiology, and received his doctorate from Rutgers in 1945. In 1943, as a 23-year-old postgraduate research assistant working in the university's soil microbiology laboratory under the direction of Selman Waksman, Schatz volunteered to search for soil-borne microorganisms that would kill or inhibit the growth of penicillin-resistant bacteria including tubercle bacillus, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). In three and a half months, he had isolated two distinct microorganisms excreting a substance (which he named "streptomycin") that stopped the growth of tubercle bacillus and several other penicillin-resistant bacteria in a Petri dish.
|
|
Robert Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and this led to a period of 40 years in which the medical professions debated the means of transmission and tried to assimilate this new knowledge into existing practice. Koch's hypothesis was that the bacillus was transmitted by dried sputum on dust particles, while a Dr Charles Chaplin, the medical officer for Rhode Island, proposed that close physical contact between people was necessary and spitting and kissing were the primary cause of infection. It was in 1899 that Hermann Biggs, the chief medical officer for New York City determined that transmission was caused by dust or close physical contact. In Massachusetts, in 1906, it was declared that shuttle kissing was an unwholesome practice because it drew dust cotton lint into the lungs which caused them to spit.
|
|
Bt toxins are termed insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) and are active within the intestine, thus must be digested by the target organism in order to act. The subspecies Bacillus thuringienesis israelensis (Bti) was isolated by Prof. Joel Margalit and colleagues (1977). It is a specific pesticide of mosquito larvae and of black flies, which transfer a large number of tropical, sometimes fatal diseases.
|
|
The testis-enhanced gene transcript (TEGT) family includes the testis-enhanced gene transcript proteins of mammals, which are expressed at high levels in the testis, the putative glutamate/aspartate binding proteins of plants and animals, the YccA protein of Escherichia coli and the YetJ protein of Bacillus subtilis. These proteins are about 200-250 residues in length and exhibit 7 TMSs.
|
|
King continues her studies on choanoflagellates and multicellularity as an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley. King received her B.S. from Indiana University in 1992, in the lab of Thom Kaufman, working on the genetic workhorse, the fruitfly, also known as Drosophila melanogaster. She did her graduate work at Harvard (A.M., 1996, and PhD, 1999), studying spore formation in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
LysC is a prokaryotic aspartokinase involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid lysine. It is found in a variety of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. It is notable for containing a riboswitch, a structure in its messenger RNA that prevents its translation when bound to lysine. Such lysine riboswitch thus acts as a mechanism of negative feedback.
|
|
A study of bee pollen samples showed that they may contain 188 kinds of fungi and 29 kinds of bacteria. Despite this microbial diversity, stored pollen (also called bee bread) is a preservation environment similar to honey, and contains consistently low microbial biomass. Bee bread is a niche for yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus spp. , shown to have excellent probiotic properties.
|
|
This discovery revolutionized work in infectious diseases, and Pasteur gave these artificially weakened diseases the generic name of "vaccines", in honour of Jenner's discovery. In 1876, Robert Koch had shown that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax. In his papers published between 1878 and 1880, Pasteur only mentioned Koch's work in a footnote. Koch met Pasteur at the Seventh International Medical Congress in 1881.
|
|
Thus, it does not necessarily imply a similar group of characteristics. Not all members of class Bacilli are rod-shaped (Staphylococcus is spherical), and many other rod-shaped bacteria that do not fall within that class exist (e.g., Clostridium is rod-shaped but very different taxonomically). Moreover, the general term "bacillus" does not necessarily indicate the Gram-positive staining common to class Bacilli.
|
|
The Ribose repressor (RbsR) is a bacterial DNA-binding transcription repressor protein and a member of the LacI/GalR protein family. In Escherichia coli, RbsR is responsible for regulation of genes involved in D-ribose metabolism. In Bacillus subtilis, RbsR was shown to interact with Histidine-containing protein (HPr), an allosteric effector of the related LacI/GalR protein Catabolite Control Protein A (CcpA).
|
|
Bacillus thuringiensis is a microbial insecticide. When consumed, it is lethal to lesser wax larvae. However, bees are immune to the insecticide's harmful effects because even if the bees ingest the wax, they cannot digest the pesticide. When a powder containing B. thuringiensis is mixed with beeswax present in bee combs, the lesser wax moth is killed and the bees remained unharmed.
|
|
Autolysins are naturally produced by peptidoglycan containing bacteria, but excessive amounts will degrade the peptidoglycan matrix and cause the cell to burst due to osmotic pressure. Previous studies have found that the byproducts of autolysin during cell wall breakdown are highly immunogenic. When observed in the bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), there were potentially lethal amounts of autolysin found in the cell walls.
|
|
Cytochrome P450 BM3 is a Prokaryote Cytochrome P450 enzyme originally from Bacillus megaterium, catalyzes the hydroxylation of several long-chain fatty acids at the ω–1 through ω–3 positions. This bacterial enzyme belongs to CYP family CYP102, with the CYP Symbol CYP102A1.This CYP family constitutes a natural fusion between the CYP domain and an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase.
|
|
Early in his career, he began a study of parasitic diseases. Among his discoveries was the organism causing diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus). His description of the diphtheria bacillus, published in 1884, was the originating cause of an antitoxin treatment. He also created Löffler's serum, a coagulated blood serum used for the detection of the bacteria.
|
|
Bacillus coagulans (Lactobacillus sporogenes) a probiotic ? B. coagulans is a Gram-positive rod (0.9 by 3.0 to 5.0 μm in size), catalase positive, spore-forming, motile, and a facultative anaerobe. It may appear Gram-negative when entering the stationary phase of growth. The optimum temperature for growth is 50 °C (122 °F); range of temperatures tolerated are 30–55 °C (86–131 °F).
|
|
It was isolated from a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, along with another enzyme AlkC. AlkC and AlkD are most probably derived from the same protein as indicated by their close resemblance. They are also found in other prokaryotes. Among eukaryotes, they are found only in the single-celled species only, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Dictyostelium discoideum.
|
|
Cancer vaccines seek to target a tumor-specific antigen as distinct from self-proteins. Selection of the appropriate adjuvant to activate antigen-presenting cells to stimulate immune responses, is required. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an aluminum-based salt, and a squalene- oil-water emulsion are approved for clinical use. An effective vaccine should also stimulate long term immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence.
|
|
With the exceptions of N. elongata and N. weaveri, most members of the genus Neisseria have a cocci or diplococci cellular morphology. However, N. bacilliformis has a bacillus morphology measuring 0.6 µm by 1.3 µm to 3.0 µm. N. bacilliformis is nonmotile and it undergoes aerobic respiration. It stains Gram negative and has been successfully cultured on chocolate agar and sheep blood agar.
|
|
Gramicidins work as antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, but not well against gram- negative ones like E. coli. Gramicidins are used in medicinal lozenges for sore throat and in topical medicines to treat infected wounds. Gramicidins are often mixed with other antibiotics like tyrocidine and antiseptics. Gramicidins are also used in eye drops for bacterial eye infections.
|
|
A 2005 study of the antimicrobial activity of several Lycoperdaceae revealed that Handkea utriformis has "significantly active" against a number of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. On the other hand, H. utriformis has low antifungal activity against the species Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, and Kluyveromyces fragilis.
|
|
It lives, among other things, primarily on fatty acids in sebum secreted by sebaceous glands in the follicles. It may also be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Originally identified as Bacillus acnes, it was later named Propionibacterium acnes for its ability to generate propionic acid. In 2016, P. acnes was taxonomically reclassified as a result of biochemical and genomic studies.
|
|
The genes for the biosynthesis of PZN were first reported in 2008. The natural product was then isolated in 2011 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The structure of PZN was solved later that year by two independent research groups, primarily through high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In 2013, various biomimetic chemical synthesis studies of PZN were reported, including a total synthesis.
|
|
Furonazide has shown bacteriostatic action and is tuberculostatic at levels of 10−8 molar. The in vitro antibacterial activity of furonazide against Bacillus Calmette-Guerin was found to be essentially equal to that of isoniazid on an equimolar basis. In vivo studies in the guinea pig showed furonazide slightly more active than isoniazid as a tuberculostatic agent. The drug has relatively low toxicity.
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae () is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in all age groups except newborn infants. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium that often lives in the throat of people who do not have pneumonia. 3D medical animation still showing Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (causative bacteria of meningitis). Other important Gram-positive causes of pneumonia are Staphylococcus aureus () and Bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Barstar is a small protein synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Its function is to inhibit the ribonuclease activity of its binding partner barnase, with which it forms an extraordinarily tightly bound complex within the cell until barnase is secreted. Expression of barstar is necessary to counter the lethal effect of expressed active barnase. The structure of the barnase-barstar complex is known.
|
|
Alice became interested in the disease brucellosis and its relationship to fresh, unpasteurized milk. Alice's investigation focused on the organism Bacillus abortus, known to cause miscarriages in animals. Alice learned that the microbe thrived in infected cows as well as animals that appeared healthy. The reports hypothesized that since the bacteria was found in cow's milk, a threat to human health was likely.
|
|
6-carboxytetrahydropterin synthase (, CPH4 synthase, queD (gene), ToyB , ykvK (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate acetaldehyde-lyase (6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin and triphosphate- forming). This enzyme catalyses the following reversible chemical reaction. : 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate + H2O 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + acetaldehyde + triphosphate This enzyme binds Zn2+. It is isolated from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
|
|
He demonstrated that the novel compound was effective against the deadly anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. This was the first antibiotic compound isolated in pure and crystallised form. Though the original compound was abandoned in clinical practice due to its adverse effects, its chemical derivative mycophenolate mofetil became the drug of choice as an immunosuppressant in kidney, heart, and liver transplantations.
|
|
Two natural pathways for PLP are currently known: one requires deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), while the other does not, hence they are known as DXP-dependent and DXP-independent. These pathways have been studied extensively in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Despite the disparity in the starting compounds and the different number of steps required, the two pathways possess many commonalities.
|
|
Beauveria bassiana, a threat to the S. myopaeformis, seen growing on an Ithominae larva Bacillus thuringiensis, a threat to larvae The parasitoid Liotryphan crassiseta is a significant cause of mortality in S. myopaeformis.Nematodes, Steinernema sp., are a threat to larvae, and larva mortality following exposure to the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum is common. Bacteria are another threat to larvae.
|
|
Tina Henkin is a professor of microbiology at Ohio State University and member of the National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012. In 2019, she was reappointed to her professorship. In her research, Henkins studies how cells respond to change in their environment through gene expression, using Bacillus subtilis as a model.
|
|
Dispase is a protease which cleaves fibronectin, collagen IV, and to a lesser extent collagen I. It is found in some bacteria and can be isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus polymyxa. It can be extracted, purified, and used in research. It can be particularly useful to separate embryonic epithelia and mesenchyme. Dispase II is specific for the cleavage of leucine- phenylalanine bonds.
|
|
The mentally unstable Keeley is involved in bacteriological research designed to create a virulent strain of the bubonic plague. Van Helsing is shot by a guard and passes out. When he revives, Keeley's dead body hangs from the ceiling, and the plague bacillus is gone. Keeley referred to the 23rd of the month, which Van Helsing discovers is the "Sabbath of the Undead".
|
|
Erythema induratum, or "Bazin disease", is a panniculitis on the back of the calves. It was formerly thought to be a reaction to the tuberculum bacillus. It is now considered a panniculitis that is not associated with a single defined pathogen. Nodular vasculitis is a skin condition characterized by small, tender, reddened nodules on the legs, mostly on the calves and shins.
|
|
Further areas of focus are the molecular biology of: competence, sporulation and bistability in Bacillus subtilis, the reconstruction of gene networks, antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, mechanisms of pathogenesis, cell wall anchoring, controlled gene expression systems, the subcellular localization of protein, stress response, quorum sensing, regulation of the C- and N-metabolism, natural gene transfer methodologies, plant-biocontrol by Bacilli and Biotechnology applications.
|
|
As of 2014, there are a couple partial 16S rRNA gene sequences (GenBank No. AF169537 and EU430993) that have been analyzed for L. fusiformis and several whole genome sequences of various strains.Nakamura, L. K. "Phylogeny of Bacillus Sphaericus-Like Organisms." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50 (2000): 1715-722. Web. There are multiple ongoing genome sequencing projects involving this organism.
|
|
In 1930 Mueller began his studies on the nutritional requirements of the diphtheria bacillus. His work with the diphtheria pathogen was also of practical importance for the development of vaccines against diphtheria (by optimizing the bacterial cultures). From the early 1940s, he turned to research om the tetanus pathogen. After Zinsser's death in 1940, Mueller became head of the bacteriology department at Harvard.
|
|
Franz Ziehl (13 April 1857 in Wismar – 7 April 1926) was a German bacteriologist. He was a professor in Lübeck. Franz Ziehl introduced the carbol fuchsin stain for the tubercle bacillus in 1882. With pathologist Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898), he developed the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, which is used to identify acid-fast bacteria.
|
|
The bacterial glycine riboswitch is an RNA element that can bind the amino acid glycine. Glycine riboswitches usually consist of two metabolite-binding aptamer domains with similar structures in tandem. The aptamers were originally thought to cooperatively bind glycine to regulate the expression of downstream genes. In Bacillus subtilis, this riboswitch is found upstream of the gcvT operon which controls glycine degradation.
|
|
Insecticides have commonly been used for mosquito control in the past. Such pesticidal agents as Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as some piperidine compounds and CIC-4, a lactone, are known to be effective at controlling A. freeborni larvae. In an effort to combat insecticide dependence, recent studies have investigated mosquitofish (G. affinis), a predator of the mosquito larvae, as a means of control.
|
|
To prevent mosquito larvae, change the bird bath water weekly to interrupt their 7-10 day breeding cycle, or use a water aerator to break up the still water surface that mosquitoes require to lay eggs. Commercial products that contain bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), which is lethal to mosquitoes but non-toxic for humans and wildlife, can also be used to control mosquitoes.
|
|
Bengtson's most significant scientific achievement was in regards to an organism called Clostridium botulinum, which causes a paralytic disease in chicken. This organism was first recognized and isolated in 1895 by Emile van Ermengem from home cured ham implicated in a botulism outbreak.E. van Ergmengem. 1897. Über einen neuen anaerobic Bacillus and seine Beziehungen Zum Botulismus. Zentralbl. Hyg. Infektionskr. 26:1–8.
|
|
Hanoi Medical University (HMU) (, ) is the oldest university of Vietnam and is located in Hanoi. HMU was founded in 1902 by French during the French colonisation under the name Indochina Medical College. The first headmaster of HMU was Alexandre Yersin who was the co-discoverer of the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest, which was renamed in his honour (Yersinia pestis).
|
|
Remember the Future was first released in 1973 by Bacillus (Bellaphon). The album was re-released in 1990 on LP and CD by Germany's Bellaphon. The mix used for this release was the LP mix that was rejected. In 2002 Bellaphon remastered the album from the original tapes and reissued it on CD with two bonus tracks, which were Radio Promo edits.
|
|
Arbitrium was first observed by a team led by Rotem Sorek, a microbial geneticist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. They were studying communication in Bacillus subtilis bacteria - in particular, how bacteria infected with phages warn nearby uninfected bacteria about the presence of these viruses. They found that the phages (strain phi3T) communicated with each other to co-ordinate their infection.
|
|
The majority of motor proteins participating in plasmid segrosomes are Walker-type or ParM type ATPases. Segrosome formation could be a highly regulated and ordered process to ensure its coupling with the other events of the bacterial cell cycle. Recently segrosomal complexes derived from the tubulin family of cytoskeletal proteins, which are GTPases have been discovered in megaplasmids found in Bacillus species.
|
|
The agar was streaked with different bacteria such as Bacillus megaterium, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus luteus, and Escherichia coli. The strains with B.megaterium, S.marcescens, and P.fluorescens sorocarps did develop, but lesser and later than normal. In the strains with M.luteus it was found that no sorocarps or myxamoebae grew. The strain with E. coli did show adequate growth and fruiting.
|
|
A septic embolism is a type of embolism that is infected with bacteria, resulting in the formation of pus. These may become dangerous if dislodged from their original location. Like other emboli, a septic embolism may be fatal. One of the common microbes that can lead to widespread dissemination of septic emboli is Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram negative anaerobic bacillus.
|
|
Zosa Szajkowski, Jews and the French Foreign Legion, Ktav Pub. House, 1975, p.161 At some point he visited England, where he reportedly worked at the British Library and in Cambridge, and came to know Wickham Steed. In 1943, when Simons was working at the Zurich Polytechnic Institute, Allen Dulles passed on Simons' fear that Germany would use bacillus botulinus for bacteriological warfare.
|
|
Other toxins have been identified against Ae. taeniorhynchus. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD-1) can produce a parasporal crystal in the form of a toxic inclusion body. Proteins isolated from a parasporal crystal, yielded two distinct proteins of types k-1 and k-73, of which only k-1, a 65 kD protein, was found to be toxic to Ae. taeniorhynchus larvae.
|
|
The precursor to the hormone ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is derived directly from SMM via intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of the SMe2 group subsequent to condensation with pyridoxal phosphate. Direct carbene transfer from diazoesters to olefins has also been achieved through in vitro biocatalysis using engineered variants of the cytochrome P450 enzyme from Bacillus megaterium that were optimized by directed evolution.
|
|
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was first identified in 1905 by Stamen Grigorov, who named it Bacillus bulgaricus. Ilya Metchnikoff, a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, researched the relationship between the longevity of Bulgarians and their consumption of yogurt. He had the idea that aging is caused by putrefactive activity, or proteolysis, by microbes that produce toxic substances in the intestine.
|
|
Klebsiella granulomatis is Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Klebsiella known to cause the sexually transmitted disease granuloma inguinale (or donovanosis). It was formerly called Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. It is a stationary aerobic bacillus with non-sporulated capsule measuring 0.5 to 2.0 μm. It has biochemical properties such as catalase positive, phenylalanine negative and citrate positive with hydrolysis in urea.
|
|
Girardin H, Albagnac C, Dargaignaratz C, Nguyen-The C, Carlin F: Antimicrobial activity of foodborne Paenibacillus and Bacillus spp. against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813.von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, Seldin L: Antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus peoriae strain NRRL BD-62 against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.
|
|
Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant problems. For example, Bacillus anthracis is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, it forms hardy spores, perfect for dispersal aerosols. Second, this organism is not considered transmissible from person to person, and thus rarely if ever causes secondary infections.
|
|
A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall. The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci, meningococci or polypeptide as Bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci. Capsules are not marked by normal staining protocols and can be detected by India ink or methyl blue; which allows for higher contrast between the cells for observation.
|
|
Lipoyl- protein:protein N-lipoyltransferases, or lipoylamidotransferases, are required for lipoic acid metabolism in some organisms. They transfer lipoic acid or octanoate from lipoyl domains and transfer to other lipoyl domains. In Bacillus subtilis, the transfer is from the glycine cleavage system H protein, GcvH, to other lipoyl domains. This is because the octanoyltransferase of B. subtilis is specific for GcvH.
|
|
The "replication restart" primosome, defined in Escherichia coli, is involved in the reactivation of arrested replication forks. Binding of the PriA protein to forked DNA triggers its assembly. PriA is conserved in bacteria, but its primosomal partners are not. In Bacillus subtilis, genetic analysis has revealed three primosomal proteins, DnaB, DnaD, and DnaI, that have no obvious homologues in E. coli.
|
|
In one common damage event, adjacent thymine bases bond with each other, instead of across the "ladder". This "thymine dimer" makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function properly. Spore-forming bacteria are of particular concern in the context of planetary protection because their tough endospores may withstand certain sterilization procedures as well as the harsh environments of outer space or planetary surfaces. To test their hardiness on a hypothetical mission to Mars, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 were exposed for 1.5 years to selected parameters of space. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ ≥110 nm) as well as the Martian UV spectrum (λ ≥200 nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few survivors were recovered from spores exposed in monolayers.
|
|
In Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis, POR is a C-terminal domain of CYP102, a single-polypeptide self-sufficient soluble P450 system (P450 is an N-terminal domain). The general scheme of electron flow in the POR/P450 system is: The definitive evidence for the requirement of POR in cytochrome-P450-mediated reactions came from the work of Lu, Junk and Coon, who dissected the P450-containing mixed function oxidase system into three constituent components: POR, cytochrome P450, and lipids. Since all microsomal P450 enzymes require POR for catalysis, it is expected that disruption of POR would have devastating consequences. POR knockout mice are embryonic lethal, probably due to lack of electron transport to extrahepatic P450 enzymes since liver-specific knockout of POR yields phenotypically and reproductively normal mice that accumulate hepatic lipids and have remarkably diminished capacity of hepatic drug metabolism.
|
|
In May 2015 it was revealed that Dugway lab had inadvertently shipped live anthrax bacillus to locations around the country. Shipped samples, it was said, were supposed to be inert. Labs receiving the live samples were in Texas, Maryland, Wisconsin, Delaware, New Jersey, Tennessee, New York, California and Virginia, the Associated Press reported.Barnes, Julian E.,"Live anthrax samples mistakenly shipped to nine states", MarketWatch, May 27, 2015.
|
|
This is different from the structure of the IIBGlc and IIBMandomains. IIBSgc, believed to function in pentose transport, is homologous to IIBLac and IIBChb. In Bacillus cereus, the crystal structure of the Chb protein is known. The IIC domains of members of the Lac family are all more similar to each other than they are to those of the Glc, Bgl, Fru and Mtl families.
|
|
Following an internship at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, he was appointed laboratory chief (microbial analysis) at the Pasteur Institute in Algiers. In 1918 he received his doctorate of natural sciences. In 1919, he was assigned to the laboratory of tuberculosis headed by Albert Calmette (1863–1933) at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Here he took part in research of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG vaccine).
|
|
Research has also been put into development on biological control strategies based on bacteria and fungi for example, Bacillus and Cryptococcus species. For FEB no control measure is completely effective and integrated management involving several control strategies such as preventive measures, disease monitoring and chemical control is necessary. Disease forecasting models have been developed to assess the risk of FEB depending on weather conditions.
|
|
There are a number of human uses for this species, such as its use for ornamental purposes. It also has a variety of medicinal uses. In Mexico it has been used to treat skin conditions and respiratory tract infections. A laboratory study confirmed that extracts of the plant had antimicrobial action against the human pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
In molecular biology, the YqaJ refers to the YqaJ/K domain from the skin prophage of the bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. This protein domain, often found in bacterial species, is actually of viral origin. The protein forms an oligomer and functions as an alkaline exonuclease, or in simpler terms, an enzyme that digests double-stranded DNA. It is a reaction which is dependent on Magnesium.
|
|
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ or 1-DNJ), also called duvoglustat or moranolin,KEGG: Deoxynojirimycin. is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, most commonly found in mulberry leaves. Although it can be obtained in small quantities by brewing an herbal tea from mulberry leaves, interest in commercial production has led to research on developing mulberry tea higher in DNJ, and on alternate routes of production, such as via Bacillus species.
|
|
In 1892, Pfeiffer discovered H. influenzae, raising some confusion over whether H. aegyptius was different from H. influenzae. Debate has occurred for more than a century. Pittman, who first gave this bacteria its modern name, felt that these bacteria had enough dissimilarities to be considered a separate species.Pittman, Margaret and Dorland J. Davis. “Identification of the Koch-Weeks bacillus (hemophilus aegyptius),” Journal of Bacteriology 3, no.
|
|
The genus is found in soil, freshwater, and on building surfaces, especially in areas that contains high levels of nitrogen compounds. Nitrosomonas thrive in a pH range of 6.0–9.0, and a temperature range of . Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar region of the bacillus. The organism has power-generating membranes, which form long, thin tubes inside the cell.
|
|
Her research is focused on the cellular immune responses in human leprosy as well as nerve damage in the disease. Her work has also looked for indicators of the leprosy bacillus surviving. She has over 120 publications, invited reviews, opinion/comments on recent developments in international journals. Her discovery and her pioneering work are a significant step towards the development of treatment and vaccines for leprosy.
|
|
Bacillus species are rod- shaped, endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria; in some species cultures may turn Gram-negative with age. The many species of the genus exhibit a wide range of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in every natural environment. Only one endospore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants.
|
|
Pattern formation and self-organization in microbial systems is an intriguing phenomenon and reflects social behaviors of bacteriaGalperin MY, Gomelsky M: Bacterial Signal Transduction Modules: from Genomics to Biology. ASM News 2005, 71:326-333. that might provide insights into the evolutionary development of the collective action of cells in higher organisms.Aguilar C, Vlamakis H, Losick R, Kolter R: Thinking about Bacillus subtilis as a multicellular organism.
|
|
As part of a Spanish research study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of mushrooms, Rhodotus palmatus was one of 204 species screened against a panel of human clinical pathogens and laboratory control strains. Using a standard laboratory method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, the mushroom was shown to have moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, and weak antifungal activity against both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus.
|
|
Changes in the structure of the nucleoid of bacteria and archaea are observed after exposure to DNA damaging conditions. The nucleoids of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli both become significantly more compact after UV irradiation. Formation of the compact structure in E. coli requires RecA activation through specific RecA-DNA interactions. The RecA protein plays a key role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage.
|
|
These spores lack the characteristic striatal pattern resulting in the failure of the outer coat to attach to the underlying inner coat. Finally, the mutant spores accumulate reduced amounts of dipicolinic acid. BSH proteins average about 90 amino acyl residues in length and exhibit 3 transmembrane segments (TMSs). A representative list of homologous proteins, found only in Bacillus species, is available in the Transporter Classification Database.
|
|
Streptobacillus moniliformis is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome of S. moniliformis is one of two completed sequences of the order Fusobacteriales. Its name comes from the Greek word streptos for "curved" or "twisted", and the Latin words bacillus meaning "small rod" and moniliformis for "necklace".Skerman VBD, Vicki McGowan, and Sneath PHA.
|
|
2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase (, DK-MTP-1-P enolase, MtnW, YkrW, RuBisCO-like protein, RLP) is an enzyme with systematic name 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate keto-enol-isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate \rightleftharpoons 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate The enzyme participates in the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Left: The structure of Bacillus stearothermophilus zinc-binding domain, with the conserved hydrophobic and basic residues shown in silver.Right: Enlarged image of the zinc-binding site showing Cys40, Cys61, Cys64 and His43 coordinating a zinc ion. Diagram rendered from PDB 1D0Q. The zinc-binding domain, the domain responsible for recognizing sequence specific DNA binding sites, is conserved across all viral, bacteriophage, prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA primases.
|
|
Anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase (, lethal toxin) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases. This enzyme is a component of the lethal factor produced by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The preferred cleavage site can be denoted by BBBBxHxH, in which B denotes a basic amino acid Arg or Lys, H denotes a hydrophobic amino acid, and x is any amino acid.
|
|
Strain specific genes are those found only in one strain of a pathogen species. The differences in pan-genomes are reflections of the life style of the organism. For example, Streptococcus agalactiae, which exists in diverse biological niches, has a broader pan-genome when compared with the more environmentally isolated Bacillus anthracis. Comparative genomics approaches are also being used to understand more about the pan-genome.
|
|
Zobellia galactanivorans is a gram-negative marine bacterium isolated from the surface of red algae of the coast of France. Z. galactanivorans forms yellow colonies with a bacillus or diplobacillus morphology. Furthermore, it is mesophilic and can grow degrade carrageenans and agars - both found in the cell wall of red algae. Z. galactanivorans contains the gene porB which encodes the enzyme β-porphyranase-B.
|
|
The most common cause is high-carbohydrate feeds, leading to the overgrowth of thiaminase- producing bacteria, but dietary ingestion of thiaminase (e.g., in bracken fern), or inhibition of thiamine absorption by high sulfur intake are also possible.Polioencephalomalacia: Introduction , Merck Veterinary Manual Another cause of PEM is Clostridium sporogenes or Bacillus aneurinolyticus infection. These bacteria produce thiaminases that will cause an acute thiamine deficiency in the affected animal.
|
|
They believed that the bacteria was the pathogen for malaria as they discovered from damp soil in the region of malaria epidemics. They further claimed that through experimental injection in rabbits, the bacterium produced symptoms of malaria such as enlargement of spleen and fever. They theorised that malaria was spread by drinking bacteria-contaminated water or inhalation from air. They even gave the scientific name Bacillus malariae.
|
|
Chromatographic fractionation studies on D. searlsiae root extracts have identified at least six root compounds that infer antimicrobial activity. Among these, two known flavanones and four newly discovered flavanones displayed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus bacteria. The root also contains two rotenoids and one flavanone that displayed strong insecticidal activity. It remains to be determined how these compounds enhance the fitness of the plant.
|
|
People can be exposed to subtilisin in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.00006 mg/m3 over a 60-minute period. Subtilisin can cause "enzymatic detergent asthma". People who are sensitive to Subtilisin (Alcalase) usually are also allergic to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the division Firmicutes. The bacterium is a thermophile and is widely distributed in soil, hot springs, ocean sediment, and is a cause of spoilage in food products. It will grow within a temperature range of 30 to 75°C. Some strains are capable of oxidizing carbon monoxide aerobically.
|
|
In 1939, the American microbiologist René Dubos discovered the soil microbe Bacillus brevis. He observed the ability of the microbe to decompose the capsule of pneumococcus bacterium, rendering it harmless. From the soil microbe B. brevis, he isolated tyrothricin, which had a high toxicity to a large range of bacteria. Tyrothricin was later found to be a mixture of the peptides gramicidin and tyrocidine.
|
|
Prior to the discovery of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, only one extremely thermophilic, aerobic and hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium had been described (Bacillus schlegelii). In addition, H. thermophilus has both morphological and physiological differences that vary from processes in B. schegelii, suggesting there are multiple means for being viable in different environments. Until the discovery of H. thermophilus, it was thought that no obligate chemolithotrophic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria existed.
|
|
In molecular biology, the SR1 RNA is a small RNA (sRNA) produced by species of Bacillus and closely related bacteria. It is a dual-function RNA which acts both as a protein-coding RNA and as a regulatory sRNA. SR1 RNA is involved in the regulation of arginine catabolism. SR1 RNA binds to complementary stretches of ahrC mRNA (also known as argR and inhibits translation.
|
|
Proteomic analyses have been performed in different kinds of bacteria to assess their metabolic reactions to different conditions. For example, in bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus, proteomic analyses were used in order to investigate how different proteins help each of these bacteria spores germinate after a prolonged period of dormancy. In order to better understand how to properly eliminate spores, proteomic analysis must be performed.
|
|
Acinetobacter lwoffii, formerly known as Mima polymorpha or Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffii, is a non-fermentative Gram-negative bacillus bacterium that is a member of the genus Acinetobacter. It is considered normal skin flora and can also inhabit the human oropharynx and perineum of up to 25% of the population. It can cause infections in human hosts, particularly catheter-associated infections in immunocompromised patients.
|
|
Amidohydrolase enzymes can bind one, two, or three metal atoms in the active site. These metals can include Zn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, and others. EcNagA contains a mononuclear metal-binding site with a Zn2+ ion; in addition, EcNagA shows a phosphate ion bound at the metal-binding site. Unlike EcNagA, NagA of Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSNagA) and Bacillus subtilis (BsNagA) have binuclear metal-binding sites.
|
|
In 1949 he received a fellowship to study at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City, he worked on mycobacterium Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes Buruli ulcer, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after tuberculosis and leprosy. Here he worked with and was influenced by René Dubos, who is one of the claimed originators of the phrase "Think Globally, Act Locally".
|
|
CD Genomics, a genomics services company, provides sequencing services, as well as genotyping and library construction to develop integrated systems of genomic products and services. The company sells products in the United States, Europe, Asia. Scientists from CD Genomics have participated in many genome projects, such as Illumina, the genome sequence, DNA analyzer, Bacillus thuringiensis, Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, Streptococcus suis, and quite a few virus genomes.
|
|
Nattō topped with karashi mustard and long onion is a traditional Japanese food made from soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. It is often served as a breakfast food. It is served with karashi mustard, soy or tare sauce, and sometimes Japanese bunching onion. Nattō is often considered an acquired taste because of its powerful smell, strong flavor, and sticky, slimy texture.
|
|
The beans are mixed with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, known as nattō-kin in Japanese. From this point on, care must be taken to keep the ingredients away from impurities and other bacteria. The mixture is fermented at for up to 24 hours. Afterward, the nattō is cooled, then aged in a refrigerator for up to one week to allow the development of stringiness.
|
|
Varney had been taking many to his private island to wait out the coming war in safety; however the question was what exactly happened to Varney's guests. It was here Fey met Izzy Sinclair, another friend of the Doctor. The events of Tooth and Claw proved costly for the Doctor. Although they ultimately defeated Varney, the Doctor had injected himself with a deadly bacillus and was dying.
|
|
Numbers denote sequence of amino acid loading. Polymyxins are a group of cyclic non-ribosomal polypeptide (NRPs) which are biosynthesized by bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, more specifically the subgenus Paenibacillus. Polymyxins consist of 10 amino acid residues, six of which are L-α,γ-diaminobutyric acid (L-DAB). The DAB residues cause polymyxins to have multiple positively charged groups at physiological pH.
|
|
Ecthyma gangrenosum is a type of skin lesion characterized by vesicles or blisters which rapidly evolve into pustules and necrotic ulcers with undermined tender erythematous border. "Ecthyma" means a pus forming infection of the skin with an ulcer, "gangrenosum" refers to the accompanying gangrene or necrosis. It is classically associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, but it is not pathognomonic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, aerobic bacillus.
|
|
Each of these proteins is a zinc-dependent enzyme, binding 3 zinc ions per molecule. The enzymes catalyse the conversion of phosphatidylcholine and water to 1,2-diacylglycerol and choline phosphate. In Bacillus cereus, there are nine residues known to be involved in binding the zinc ions: 5 His, 2 Asp, 1 Glu and 1 Trp. These residues are all conserved in the Clostridium alpha-toxin.
|
|
Dickeya dadantii is a gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Pectobacteriaceae. It was formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi but was reassigned as Dickeya dadantii in 2005. Members of this family are facultative anaerobes, able to ferment sugars to lactic acid, have nitrate reductase, but lack oxidases. Even though many clinical pathogens are part of the order Enterobacterales, most members of this family are plant pathogens.
|
|
Many micro organisms useful for BOD assessment are relatively easy to maintain in pure cultures, grow and harvest at low cost. Moreover, the use of microbes in the field of biosensors has opened up new possibilities and advantages such as ease of handling, preparation and low cost of device. A number of pure cultures, e.g. Trichosporon cutaneum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas sp. etc.
|
|
Bacteria can also be used in the place of pesticides in biological pest control. This commonly uses Bacillus thuringiensis (also called BT), a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium. This bacterium is used as a Lepidopteran-specific insecticide under trade names such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators, or other beneficial insects.
|
|
Lactobacillus acetotolerans (New Latin 'vinegar-tolerating milk-bacillus') is a species of gram positive bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus. Discovered in rice wine vinegar, it has a very high tolerance for acetic acid. It can tolerate an acetic acid concentration of over 9% and a pH as low as 3.3. It is known to produce sour flavors in beer it invades, by producing lactic acid.
|
|
Generally bacteria and viruses require a wet environment with a humidity of over 10 percent. E. coli can survive for a few hours to a day. Bacteria which form spores can survive longer, with Staphylococcus aureus surviving potentially for weeks or, in the case of Bacillus anthracis, years. In the home, pets can be carriers of bacteria; for example, reptiles are commonly carriers of salmonella.
|
|
It is an essential enzyme for the last step of metabolic degradation pathway of nicotinic acid. Recently, maleate isomerase has been an industrial target for degradation of tobacco waste. It is also got attention for its involvement in aspartic acid and maleic acid production. Maleate isomerase has been utilized by multiple bacteria species, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas putida and Nocardia farcinica.
|
|
It can also produce H2S (gas), which is a unique characteristic for a Gram-positive bacillus. Acid is produced from glucose, fructose, galactose, and lactose, but not from maltose, xylose, and mannitol. Sucrose is fermented by most strains of E. tonsillarum, but not by E. rhusiopathiae. Hydrogen sulfide H2S is produced by 95% of strains of Erysipelothrix species as demonstrated on triple sugar iron (TSI) agar.
|
|
Scanning electron micrograph of M. tuberculosis The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer.
|
|
The growing threat of biological weapons, American Scientist, 89:1. Retrieved November 17, 2008. (The 8,000 liter figure is according to a declaration by the Iraqi government itself.) In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Iraq officially acknowledged that it had worked with several species of bacterial pathogen, including Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens (which causes gas gangrene) and several viruses (including enterovirus 17 [i.e.
|
|
Bacillus atrophaeus is a species of black-pigmented bacteria. Its type strain is NRRL NRS-213. B. atrophaeus strains have been used extensively in biomedicine as indicator strains for heat- and chemical-based decontamination regimens. Most of the strains in use are derivatives of a lineage of B. atrophaeus that originated at Camp Detrick in the 1950s, where many modern biocontainment procedures were developed.
|
|
The genus Klebsiella was named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). It is also known as Friedlander's bacillum in honor of Carl Friedländer, a German pathologist, who proposed that this bacterium was the etiological factor for the pneumonia seen especially in immunocompromised individuals such as people with chronic diseases or alcoholics. Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae may be called Friedländer's bacillus.
|
|
The QB928 strain is widely used in genetic studies due to the presence of various markers [aroI(aroK)906 purE1 dal(alrA)1 trpC2]. Several noncoding RNAs have been characterized in the B. subtilis genome in 2009, including Bsr RNAs. Microarray-based comparative genomic analyses have revealed that B. subtilis members show considerable genomic diversity. FsrA is a small RNA found in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
A study showed that "the plant has antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans." Leucosidea sericea is usually found growing in dense thickets at altitudes above 1,000 metres. It can be found growing in open grassland, along river banks and on wooded, rocky ridges. It is usually found growing in damp conditions, on deep, sandy or clayey and often rocky soil.
|
|
Kyrpidia tusciae is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. K. tusciae was first isolated from ponds in a fumerole in Tuscany, Italy. It was originally classified as Bacillus tusciae in 1984, but in 2011 further tests led to the creation of the genus Kyrpidia, of which K. tusciae was the first and only member.
|
|
Two members of the LysE family (LysE of Corynebacterium glutamicum (TC# 2.A.75.1.1) and ArgO of E. coli) have been functionally characterized, but functionally uncharacterized homologues are encoded within the genomes of many bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aeromonas salmonicida, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia pestis. Thus, LysE family members are found widely distributed in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
|
|
It is also long been recognized that spacecraft cleaning rooms harbour polyextremophiles as the only microbes able to survive in them. For example, in a recent study, microbes from swabs of the Curiosity rover were subjected to desiccation, UV exposure, cold and pH extremes. Nearly 11% of the 377 strains survived more than one of these severe conditions. The genomes of resistant spore producing Bacillus sp.
|
|
In addition to the NUG initiations, in rare cases bacteria can initiate translation from an AUU codon as e.g. in the case of poly(A) polymerase PcnB and the InfC gene that codes for translation initiation factor IF3. The internal assignments are the same as in the standard code though UGA codes at low efficiency for tryptophan in Bacillus subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia coli.
|
|
There is a surprisingly high degree of amino acid sequence conservation (37%-42%) of POU homeodomains to the transcriptional regulator comS, the competence protein from the gram positive prokaryote Bacillus subtilis. Akin to the way that POU homeodomain regulators lead to tissue differentiation in metazoans, this transcription factor is critical for differentiation of a subpopulation of B. subtilis into a state of genetic competence.
|
|
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia. Martinus Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
|
|
Bilophila wadsworthia is a gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, catalase- positive, bile-resistant, and asaccharolytic bacillus. This bacterium is about 0.7 μm wide by 1.0–10.0 μm long in colony and the cells are pleomorphic with irregular cell walls. This bacterial species is mostly urease positive; around 75% of the strains are urease positive. Less than 0.01% of the human gut microbiota is this bacterium.
|
|
In general, biomineralization is a process in which the cells do not have limitations of saturation and can accumulate up to several times its own weight as precipitated radionuclides. Investigations of terrestrial and marine bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Bacillus, Myxococcus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Rahnella and Vibrio have also demonstrated the removal of uranium radioisotopes as phosphate biominerals in both oxic and anoxic growth conditions.
|
|
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic, thermophilic, and produce endospores. The first identified strains of A. acidocaldarius were from geysers in Yellowstone National Park and fumerole soil in Hawaii Volcano National Park. The species was originally classified as Bacillus acidocaldarius in 1971, but further 16S rRNA studies found that the species belonged in the newly created genus Alicyclobacillus.
|
|
4 (1997): 1207. A strain of A. acidocaldarius has been isolated from thermally heated soils of Mount Rittmann in Antarctica. A. acidocaldarius was among the first three species reclassified from the genus Bacillus to the newly created Alicyclobacillus in 1992, along with A. acidoterrestris and A. cycloheptanicus. The optimum growth temperature for A. acidocaldarius is 60-65 °C, and can grow in the 45-70 °C range.
|
|
The Bacillus subtilis φ29 Holin (φ29 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.10) is a group of transporters belonging to the Holin Superfamily IV. A representative list of members belonging to the φ29 holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. The phage φ29 gene 14 encodes the protein GP14 (TC# 1.E.10.1.1) which is required for phage φ29-promoted host cell lysis.
|
|
Being part of a large cooperative, the bacteria can better compete for food resources and be protected against antibacterial assaults. Under laboratory growth conditions, similar to other social bacteria, P. vortex colonies behave much like a multi-cellular organism, with cell differentiation and task distribution.Aguilar C, Vlamakis H, Losick R, Kolter R: Thinking about Bacillus subtilis as a multicellular organism. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007, 10:638-643.
|
|
Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium, the other two processes being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of donor bacterial DNA by a bacteriophage virus into a recipient host bacterium). In transformation, the genetic material passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium. As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers. Transformation among gram-positive bacteria has been studied in medically important species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguinis and in gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus.
|
|
For example, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and diphtheria bacillus (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) were easily killed; but there was no effect on typhoid bacterium (Salmonella typhimurium) and influenza bacillus (Haemophilus influenzae). He prepared large-culture method from which he could obtained large amounts of the mould juice. He called this juice "penicillin", as he explained the reason as "to avoid the repetition of the rather cumbersome phrase 'Mould broth filtrate,' the name 'penicillin' will be used." He invented the name on 7 March 1929. He later (in his Nobel lecture) gave a further explanation, saying: > I have been frequently asked why I invented the name “Penicillin”. I simply > followed perfectly orthodox lines and coined a word which explained that the > substance penicillin was derived from a plant of the genus Penicillium just > as many years ago the word “Digitalin” was invented for a substance derived > from the plant Digitalis.
|
|
During the summer of 1900, the extremely hot weather and scarcity of the water supply in Paris, usually ensured by the Ourcq channel and by the de la Dhuis aqueduct, forced the authorities to pump water directly from the Seine, which, despite filtering, led to a sudden and alarming outbreak of typhoid cases in Paris. The cause of the disease, a bacillus that was discovered almost twenty years before by the German bacteriologist Karl Joseph Eberth and that looks like a bodyless spider, was constantly present in this river and not even pouring extensive quantities of ozone and of lime permanganate into its water was enough to exterminate the bacteria. The difficulty in creating a vaccine is caused by the nature of the germ's endotoxins. Unlike diphtheria, which releases toxins via exocytotic secretion, typhoid pathogens encapsulate endotoxins which survive even after the death of the bacillus.
|
|
The Na+ Transporting Mrp Superfamily is a superfamily of integral membrane transport proteins. It includes the TC families: 2.A.63 - The Monovalent Cation (K+ or Na+):Proton Antiporter-3 (CPA3) Family 3.D.1 - The H+ or Na+-translocating NADH Dehyrogenase (NDH) Family 3.D.9 - The H+-translocating F420H2 Dehydrogenase (F420H2DH) Family Mrp of Bacillus subtilis is a 7 subunit Na+/H+ antiporter complex (TC# 2.A.63.1.4).
|
|
Glycoside hydrolase family 52 CAZY GH_52 comprises enzymes with only one known activity; beta-xylosidase (). Proteins harboring beta- xylosidase and xylanase activities have been identified in the Gram-positive, facultative thermophilic aerobe Bacillus stearothermophilus 21. This microbe, which functions in xylan degradation, can utilise xylan as a sole source of carbon. The enzyme hydrolyses 1,4-beta-D-xylans, removing successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
|
|
However, unlike benzoates, propionates do not require an acidic environment. Calcium propionate is used in bakery products as a mold inhibitor, typically at 0.1-0.4% (though animal feed may contain up to 1%). Mold contamination is considered a serious problem amongst bakers, and conditions commonly found in baking present near-optimal conditions for mold growth. A few decades ago, Bacillus mesentericus (rope), was a serious problem,Furia, T. E. (1973).
|
|
DnaD is a 232 amino acid long protein that is part of the primosome involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. In Bacillus subtilis, genetic analysis has revealed three primosomal proteins, DnaB, DnaD, and DnaI, that have no obvious homologues in E. coli. They are involved in primosome function both at arrested replication forks and at the chromosomal origin. DnaB and DnaD proteins are both multimeric and bind individually to DNA.
|
|
In molecular biology, the GntR-like bacterial transcription factors are a family of transcription factors. Many bacterial transcription regulation proteins bind DNA through a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif, which can be classified into subfamilies on the basis of sequence similarities. The HTH GntR family has many members distributed among diverse bacterial groups that regulate various biological processes. It was named GntR after the Bacillus subtilis repressor of the gluconate operon.
|
|
For over a century bacteria have been used in agriculture. Crops have been inoculated with Rhizobia (and more recently Azospirillum) to increase their production or to allow them to be grown outside their original habitat. Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and other bacteria can help protect crops from insect infestation and plant diseases. With advances in genetic engineering, these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range.
|
|
Garvan was born Verna Cook in Groveton, Texas, in 1910. She was the daughter of Arthur Bacillus Cook and Essie Louise Bordis Cook, and had one sister, Dorothy. The Cook family relocated to Malvern, Arkansas, in 1916, where the girls were primarily raised. Arthur Cook managed the Wisconsin & Arkansas Lumber Company and later Malvern Brick and Tile, and consequently exposed Verna to business matters at a young age.
|
|
Cry4Aa was produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. It is a dipteran- specific toxin and it plays an important role in how to produce a bioinsecticide to control mosquitoes. So, it is very essential to determine which functional motif of Cry4Aa contributes to this activity. In this study, several Cry4Aa mutants were made by replacing the residues of potential receptor binding site, loops 1, 2, and 3 in domain II with alanine.
|
|
There can be significant synergistic effects between hurdles. For example, Gram-positive bacteria include some of the more important spoilage bacteria, such as Clostridium, Bacillus and Listeria. A synergistic enhancement occurs if nisin is used against these bacteria in combination with antioxidants, organic acids or other antimicrobials. Combining antimicrobial hurdles in an intelligent way means other hurdles can be reduced, yet the resulting food can have superior sensory qualities.
|
|
In this journal, Nocard will publish a great number of scientific papers, on medicine, surgery, hygiene and jurisprudence. In 1878 he is approved in a public contest as Professor of Clinical and Surgical Veterinary of the École Veterinaire. Among his many pupils who became famous was Camille Guérin, co-discoverer of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In 1880 Nocard entered the laboratory of Louis Pasteur in Paris as an assistant.
|
|
B. mycoides is distinguished from a number of other Bacillus species in the unusual morphology of the colonies it forms when grown on agar plates. B. mycoides forms white opaque colonies that are characteristically hairy in appearance (often referred to as "rhizoid"). These colonies rapidly spread to fill the plate and are characterized by a repeating spiral pattern.Di Franco, C., Beccari, E., Santini, T., Pisaneschi, G., & Tecce, G. 2002.
|
|
Bacillus spp. usually grow within 24 hours of incubation at 35 °C, in ambient air (room temperature) or in 5% CO2. If bicarbonate agar is used for identification, then the medium must be incubated in 5% CO2. B. anthracis colonies are medium-large, gray, flat, and irregular with swirling projections, often referred to as having a "medusa head" appearance, and are not hemolytic on 5% sheep blood agar.
|
|
These findings have been replicated with other bacteria as well - D. radioduransMastrapa, R. M. E., H. Glanzberg, J. N. Head, H. J. Melosh, and W. L. Nicholson 2000. Survival of Bacillus subtilis spores and Deinococcus ra- diodurans cells exposed to extreme acceleration and shock predicted during planetary ejection. Lunar Planet. Sci.31, 2045 as well as when shot into liquid water - with similar low, but not zero, survival rates.
|
|
In 2004, Mike Hunkapiller retired and Cathy Burzik replaced him as President of Applied Biosystems. Applera collaborated with General Electric, Abbott Laboratories, Seattle Genetics, and Merck in diagnostics development. Applied Biosystmes also teamed with Northrop Grumman and Cepheid of Sunnyvale, California, to detect Bacillus anthracis during the anthrax contamination case of the U.S. Postal Service. In 2005, the company released new tools for small molecule quantitation in pharmaceutical drug development.
|
|
MON 863 is a genetically engineered variety of maize produced by Monsanto. It is genetically altered to express a modified version of Cry3Bb1, a delta endotoxin which originates from Bacillus thuringiensis. This protects the plant from corn rootworm. Unlike MON 810, Bt 11, and Bt 176 which each produce a modified Cry1Ab, MON 863 instead produces a modified Cry3Bb1 toxin and contains nptII, a marker gene for antibiotic resistance.
|
|
Disulfide bond formation protein B (DsbB) is a protein component of the pathway that leads to disulfide bond formation in periplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli () and other bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis it is known as BdbC (). The DsbB protein oxidizes the periplasmic protein DsbA which in turn oxidizes cysteines in other periplasmic proteins in order to make disulfide bonds. DsbB acts as a redox potential transducer across the cytoplasmic membrane.
|
|
The selectivity of the pheromone is very good and useful indigenous species are not attracted. Pheromone traps must be in place from March–April to October–November. Insecticide, Bacillus and nematode treatments must be repeated three times at an interval of about ten days, because they mostly affect young larvae. The species has become widespread in London and surrounding areas and has been ranked the top garden pest in Great Britain.
|
|
It is an intracellular, pleomorphic, acid-fast, pathogenic bacterium. M. leprae is an aerobic bacillus (rod-shaped bacterium) with parallel sides and round ends, surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to mycobacteria. In size and shape, it closely resembles Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium often occurs in large numbers within the lesions of lepromatous leprosy that are usually grouped together like bundles of cigars or arranged in a palisade.
|
|
Acremostrictin can be isolated from certain strains of A. strictum and is characterized as a highly oxygenated, tricyclic lactone metabolite. This compound exhibits weak antibacterial properties against the bacterium Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium and Proteus vulgaris. However, it had no effect on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Acremostrictin has been shown to have concentration- dependent antioxidant activity, which conferred protection against oxidative stress induced cell death.
|
|
Providencia stuartii (commonly P. stuartii), is a Gram negative bacillus that is commonly found in soil, water, and sewage. P. stuartii is the most common of the 5 species found in the genus Providencia, with Providencia rettgeri, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rustigianii, P heimbachae. Providencia stuartii can be incubated at 37 °C in nutrient agar or nutrient broth. P. stuartii is the genomic source for the restriction endonuclease, PstI.
|
|
S. pasteurii is a gram positive bacterium that is rod-like shaped in nature. It has the ability to form endospores in the right environmental conditions to enhance its survival, which is a characteristic of its bacillus class. It has dimensions of 0.5 to 1.2 microns in width and 1.3 to 4.0 microns in length. Because it is an alkaliphile, it thrives in basic environments of pH 9-10.
|
|
Cherry Orchard Hospital is a public health facility which has a containment laboratory capable of testing for the deliberate release of Bacillus anthracis. The Ballyfermot Medical Clinic is closed but a new Primary Care and Mental Health Centre has been opened beside Cherry Orchard Hospital. Services include GP, Community Nursing, Physiotherapy, Dental, addiction and community welfare. Mental Health facilities include a day hospital, day centre and outpatients clinic.
|
|
Since microbes, namely Salmonella and Bacillus cereus, can persist in IMFs, other hurdles including reduction in pH and the use of preservatives is not unusual. However, additives such as nitrites and sulfites are associated with health concerns. Nitrites have a negative connotation in the food industry since they can combine with secondary amines to form nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic. Nitrites are linked to an increase risk in cancer and heart disease.
|
|
Chemically, it is a glycoside formed between L-cysteinyl-D-glucosamine and malic acid. It was isolated and identified (as its bacillithiol-S-bimane derivative) in 2009 from Staphylococcus aureus and Deinococcus radiodurans, although it was first detected in 2007, as an unidentified thiol in Bacillus anthracis. The naturally occurring free thiol form of bacillithiol has since been synthesised and characterised along with its biosynthetic precursors and its symmetrical disulfide.
|
|
Bergenseren som løste lepra-gåten Aaftenposten . 16 September 2012 In 1879 Hansen gave tissue samples to Albert Neisser, who then successfully stained the bacteria and announced his findings in 1880, claiming to have discovered the disease-causing organism. There was some dispute between Neisser and Hansen, Hansen as discoverer of the bacillus and Neisser as identifier of it as the etiological agent. Neisser tried to downplay the assistance of Hansen.
|
|
Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into mono- and disaccharides, so a starch agar must be used for this assay. Once the bacteria is streaked on the agar, the plate is flooded with iodine. Since iodine binds to starch but not its digested by-products, a clear area will appear where the amylase reaction has occurred. Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that results in a positive assay as shown in the picture.
|
|
Many tests occurred on U.S. soil and released live biological agents, chemical agents or their simulants. In total, according to the reporting of CBS News, more than 5,000 soldiers and sailors were involved in the secret tests, many of them unknowingly."Secrecy Over Cold War WMD Tests", CBS News, January 16, 2004, accessed November 15, 2008. From 1963-1965 there were 18 tests involving biological simulants, usually Bacillus globigii (BG).
|
|
Unsaturated rhamnogalacturonyl hydrolase (, YteR, YesR) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-O-(4-deoxy-beta-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranose hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2-O-(4-deoxy-beta-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranose + H2O \rightleftharpoons 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate + L-rhamnopyranose The enzyme is part of the degradation system for rhamnogalacturonan I in Bacillus subtilis strain 168.
|
|
Midichloria is a genus of Gram-negative, nonspore-forming bacteria, with a bacillus shape around 0.45 µm in diameter and 1.2 µm in length. First described in 2004 with the temporary name IricES1, Midichloria species are symbionts of several species of hard ticks (e.g., Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes uriae of the Ixodidae family). They live in the cells of the ovary of the females of this tick species.
|
|
The soil is a rich source of bacterial and fungal genera. Common Gram-positive species are those belonging to the Actinomycetales and species of the genera Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Nocardia. Many of these organisms produce and secrete ferrioxamines which lead to growth promotion of not only the producing organisms, but also other microbial populations that are able to utilize exogenous siderophores. Soil fungi include Aspergillus and Penicillium which predominantly produce ferrichromes.
|
|
Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Sep; 89(9):1578-9. #Proctor DD, Chopra S, Rubenstein SC, Jokela JA, Uhl L. Mycobacteremia and granulomatous hepatitis following initial intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation for bladder carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Jul; 88(7):1112-5. #Nompleggi DJ, Farraye FA, Singer A, Edelman RR, Chopra S. Hepatic schistosomiasis: report of two cases and literature review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991 Nov; 86(11):1658-64.
|
|
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History, ABC-CLIO, , p. 64. Rats serve as outstanding vectors for transmittance of diseases because they can carry bacteria and viruses in their systems. A number of bacterial diseases are common to rats, and these include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutsheri, Bacillus piliformis, Pasteurella pneumotropica, and Streptobacillus moniliformis, to name a few. All of these bacteria are disease causing agents in humans.
|
|
According to the Ohio Department of Health and US Department of Health, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine does not protect against TB infection. It does, though, give 80% of children protection against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. Therefore, a positive TST/PPD in a person who has received BCG vaccine is interpreted as latent TB infection (LTBI).Information also from ODH lecture at the Ohio State University 5/24/2012.
|
|
It was found antibiotically inactive against an array of bacteria and fungi using the disk diffusion assay at 50 μg.. However, at similar concentrations it was found to inhibit swarming and (probably consequently) biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis. In vitro data supports that this pigment is an Fe3+-reducant in Fenton chemistry during the initial attack of dead plant matter as part of the brown-rot saprobic lifestyle.
|
|
These adenylyl cyclases are toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio vulnificus during infections. These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular processes. The genes for Class II ACs are known as cyaA, one of which is anthrax toxin. Several crystal structures are known for AC-II enzymes.
|
|
The meaning of "lysini," as it pertains to members of the genus Lysinibacillus, signifies the presence of lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid in the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. “Bacillus”, meaning small-rod, refers to the rod-shaped physiology of the bacterial form. “Fusum” translates to spindle and “forma” denotes a particular figure, appearance, or configuration. Thus, “fusiformis” is derived from the bacteria’s spindle-like structure.
|
|
Centuries ago, physicians tasted their patients' feces, to better judge their state and condition.notes to The Works of Francis Rabelais, Volume II, Volume 2, p. 56 Lewin reported, "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis) was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II".
|
|
He also had access to the "pthisis ward" at the Berlin Charité Hospital.Brock Robert Koch 1999:118 Before he confronted the problem of tuberculosis, he worked with the disease caused by anthrax and had discovered the causal agent to be Bacillus anthracis. During this investigation he became friends with Ferdinand Cohn, the director of the Institute of Vegetable Physiology. Together they worked to develop methods of culturing tissue samples.
|
|
PI-PLC in red and C2-like domain of Bacillus cereus in cyan. In mammals, PLCs share a conserved core structure and differ in other domains specific for each family. The core enzyme includes a split triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel, pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four tandem EF hand domains, and a C2 domain. The TIM barrel contains the active site, all catalytic residues, and a Ca2+ binding site.
|
|
Due to S. littoralis' devastating effect on crops, numerous attempts have been made to counteract the species' dispersion and activities. These preventative methods are mainly divided into biological and chemical methods. Biological methods include using parasitoids or predators to control moth reproduction and dispersion. Usage of bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis in combination with bacterial endochitinase has also been utilized recently to control many bacteria-resistant strains of S. littoralis larvae.
|
|
Spoilage bacteria do not normally cause "food poisoning"; typically, the microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses are odorless and flavourless, and otherwise undetectable outside the lab.Food spoilage and food pathogens, what’s the difference? October 22, 2015, Michelle Jarvie, Michigan State University Eating deteriorated food could not be considered safe due to mycotoxins or microbial wastes. Some pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus, are capable of causing spoilage.
|
|
The cells often occur in pairs and chains, where the cells are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls. In the 1960s, prior to the development of Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium was the main model organism among Gram-positive bacteria for intensive studies on biochemistry, sporulation and bacteriophages. Recently, its popularity has started increasing in the field of biotechnology for its recombinant protein production capacity.Bunk, B. et al.
|
|
Bacillus megaterium — from simple soil bacterium to industrial protein production host. Appl Microbial Biotechnol 76:957–967 (2007) It produces enzymes for modifying corticosteroids, as well as several amino acid dehydrogenases. B. megaterium is known to produce poly- γ-glutamic acid. The accumulation of the polymer is greatly increased in a saline (2–10% NaCl) environment, in which the polymer comprises largely of L-glutamate (L-isomer content up to 95%).
|
|
2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase (, HK- MTPenyl-1-P phosphatase, MtnX, YkrX) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O \rightleftharpoons 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate The enzyme participates in the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
|
|
The fourth was CYLD which is a protease that cleaves Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains, controls regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and is required for normal cell cycle progress. The fifth was ATM which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks, apaptosis, and genotoxic stress. The sixth was FAM177A1, the function of which is unknown. The last two were THID2 and Q81kP6 which are both in bacillus anthracis.
|
|
Ca2+ concentrations also have an effect on BPP pH optima and thermostability: e.g. with Bacillus sp. KHU-10 BPP the activity is highest with 10 mM of added CaCl2 at 60 °C and pH 6–9.5. Without added CaCl2 the pH highest activity is at 40 °C and pH 6.5–8.5. Removal of Ca2+ leads to the loss of catalytic activity which is why Ca2+ chelating EDTA inhibits BPPs.
|
|
251x251px Depending on the microorganism PRAI's structure can vary between a mono-functional enzyme (monomeric and labile) or a stable bi-functional dimeric enzyme. Within Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus the enzyme is monmeric. In contrast, in hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima, Escherichia coli (Fig. 5), Salmonella typhimurium, and Aerobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens, it is a bi-functional enzyme with indoleglycerol phosphate synthase as the paired enzyme.
|
|
Genetically modified crops engineered to resist herbicides are now more available than conventionally bred resistant varieties. Most currently available genes used to engineer insect resistance come from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium and code for delta endotoxins. A few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins. The only gene commercially used to provide insect protection that does not originate from B. thuringiensis is the Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI).
|
|
Other betalains known to occur in beets are isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. The color and antioxidant capacity of betanin and indicaxanthin (betaxanthin derived of -proline) are affected by dielectric microwave heating. Addition of TFE (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) is reported to improve the hydrolytic stability of some betalains in aqueous solution. Furthermore, a betanin-europium(III) complex has been used to detect calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores, including Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus.
|
|
Mathys earned his Doctor of Engineering from the Technical University of Berlin in 2008. While there, he studied food technology and food preservation processes. He wrote his thesis on the effects high pressure thermal sterilization on Geobacillus and Bacillus spores. His work on this topic earned him several awards, including the George F. Stewart IFT International Research Paper Competition Finalist in 2007 and the ICEF "Young Food Engineer" award in 2008.
|
|
Their evolutionary history is currently unknown, as these found in bacteria and baceriophages appear too different from their archaeo-eukaryotic homologs for a recent horizontal gene transfer. MCM-like helicase in Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 (BcMCM; ) is an SF6 helicase fused with an AEP primase. The enzyme has both primase and polymerase functions in addition to helicase function. The gene coding for it is found in a prophage.
|
|
Later he served as a full professor in Königsberg (1900), Bonn (1911) and Leipzig (1913). Walther Kruse is remembered for his work in parasitology and his research of intestinal bacteria infections. He performed extensive studies of Shigella dysenteriae during an epidemic of dysentery in the Ruhr area of Germany. This organism is sometimes referred to as the "Shiga-Kruse bacillus", and its associated disease as "Shiga-Kruse dysentery".
|
|
Bracon hebetorWhile there are limited resources on the predation of Cadra calidella, laboratory experiments will often encounter diseased moths due to parasitism by Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). This bacterium is a common parasite to other moths as well. In the lab, quarantine methods and other precautions can be taken to prevent further infection of moths. Another parasitoid, Bracon hebetor, is found to target Cadra calidella as well as other related moths.
|
|
Leaves are fragrant and a source of coumarin, a perfume ingredient. Extracts from this plant showed no antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Cladosporium resinae. Analysis of the extracts revealed homologous very-long-chain 1,3-alkanediols, homologous series of C31, C33 and C35 alkanols, protoquercitol, methyl -D-fructopyranoside, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and their methyl esters.
|
|
Xenophilus aerolatus, strain designation 5516S-2T is a Gram-negative, motile, bacillus aerobe. Its colonies are circular and yellow in pigment, with entire (smooth) margins. It was as first isolated on May 16, 2005 from air in an outdoor region of downtown Suwon, Korea by Soo-Jin Kim. Optimum growth conditions happen at 25 to 35 degrees Celsius, a NaCl concentration of 0-2 percent, and at pH 5.0 to 9.0.
|
|
A. pacificus is a non-motile, Gram-negative bacillus. It is oxidase- and catalase-positive. It forms light grey colonies that are between 1 and 2 millimeters in diameter when grown on 216L marine agar medium containing seawater, sodium acetate, tryptone, yeast extract, ammonium nitrate, and sodium citrate. A. pacificus is mesophilic and moderately halophilic, growing best in an environment between 10-42 degrees Celsius that contains 0.5-12% NaCl.
|
|
The species name refers ω-cycloheptane fatty acids in the cell membrane. A. cycloheptanicus was among the first three species reclassified from the genus Bacillus to the newly created Alicyclobacillus in 1992, along with A. acidocaldarius and A. acidoterrestris. The optimum growth temperature for A. cycloheptanicus is 48 °C, and can grow in the 40-53 °C range. The optimum pH is 3.5-4.5, and can grow in pH 3.0-5.5.
|
|
Indeed, all Shigella species were placed within a single subspecies of E. coli in a phylogenomic study that included the type strain, and for this reason an according reclassification is difficult. All commonly used research strains of E. coli belong to group A and are derived mainly from Clifton's K-12 strain (λ⁺ F⁺; O16) and to a lesser degree from d'Herelle's Bacillus coli strain (B strain)(O7).
|
|
BT rice is modified to express the cryIA(b) gene of the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium. The gene confers resistance to a variety of pests including the rice borer through the production of endotoxins. The Chinese Government is doing field trials on insect resistant cultivars. The benefit of BT rice is that farmers do not need to spray their crops with pesticides to control fungal, viral, or bacterial pathogens.
|
|
For over a century bacteria have been used in agriculture. Crops have been inoculated with Rhizobia (and more recently Azospirillum) to increase their production or to allow them to be grown outside their original habitat. Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and other bacteria can help protect crops from insect infestation and plant diseases. With advances in genetic engineering, these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range.
|
|
At the height of the 1918 influenza epidemic, the dominant hypothesis was that the causative agent in the disease was a bacterium — specifically, Haemophilus influenzae (then called 'Pfeiffer's bacillus' or Bacillus influenzae), a microbe first isolated by German bacteriologist Richard Pfeiffer, which he had identified in nasal samples of patients infected by seasonal influenza decades earlier and which was also found in many but not all samples taken from patients in the 1918 epidemic. The failure to isolate B. influenzae in some patients was generally attributed to the difficulty of culturing the bacterium. Peter Olitsky and Frederick Gates at the Rockefeller Institute found that nasal secretions from infected patients could still cause disease in the lungs of rabbits after having been filtered through a bacterium- excluding Berkefeld filter, but other researchers were unable to reproduce their results. Avery initially doubted Olitsky's and Gates's data, and set out to prove the B. influenzae hypothesis.
|
|
Each microbiome system is suited to address different types of questions based on the culturability of microbes, genetic tractability of microbes and host (where relevant), ability to maintain system in laboratory setting, and ability to make host/environment germfree. Three different systems are shown in the figure on the right. (A) Pairwise interactions between the soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces spp. are well-suited for characterizing the functions of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions.
|
|
The alpha toxin has remarkable similarity to toxins produced by other bacteria as well as natural enzymes. There is significant homology with phospholipase C enzymes from Bacillus cereus, C. bifermentans, and Listeria monocytogenes. The C terminal domain shows similarity with non-bacterial enzymes such as pancreatic lipase, soybean lipoxygenase, and synaptotagmin I. The alpha toxin is a zinc metallophospholipase, requiring zinc for activation. First, the toxin binds to a binding site on the cell surface.
|
|
Albatrellus cristatus is a species of fungus in the family Albatrellaceae. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows singly or in fused clumps on the ground in deciduous and coniferous forests. Fruit bodies contain cristatic acid, a benzoic acid derivative that has cytotoxic activity and antibiotic activity against Bacillus species in laboratory tests. Another compound known only from the fungus, cristatomentin, is a green pigment with a meroterpene chemical structure.
|
|
At the time Dr. Ferguson began his career at Fort Qu'Appelle, BCG vaccination was, controversial. This grew to a fever pitch in 1929 when 270 infants in Lubeck Germany were vaccinated with a vaccine which was supposedly BCG but which turned out to be virulent tubercle bacillus. Seventy seven children died of tuberculosis. The idea of introducing live tubercle into the human body was considered dubious from perspectives of both health and morality.
|
|
The bacteria Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens are identified as causing mortality to the teak defoliator. A synnematous fungus of the genus Hirsutella is found to be pathogenic to this pest. An absolutely specific virus with refractile polyhedral inclusion bodies, staining blue in Giemsa and thick blue in Buffalo Black, named as Hyblaea puera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HpNPV) is found to be very effective in the biological control of this pest.
|
|
Kitasato was born in Okuni village, Higo Province, (present-day Oguni Town, Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyūshū). He was educated at Kumamoto Medical School and Tokyo Imperial University. He studied under Robert Koch in the University of Berlin from 1885 to 1891. In 1889, he became the first person to grow the tetanus bacillus in pure culture, and in 1890 cooperated with Emil von Behring in developing a serum therapy for tetanus using this pure culture.
|
|
The seed, leaves, and bark of the kapok tree have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous peoples of the rainforest regions in the Americas, west-central Africa, and Southeast Asia in this disease. Bacillus subtilis was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as rotavirus and Shigella, but declined in popularity after the introduction of consumer antibiotics.
|
|
The analgesic properties of the plant seem to be related to its effect on prostaglandin synthesis. It may have potential as a broad spectrum antibiotic, as demonstrated in tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Chloroform extracts from dried leaves of P. pellucida have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro. Anti-inflammatory activity (in paw edema) and analgesic activity has been demonstrated in rats and mice.
|
|
Cercophorins A-C demonstrate antifungal and cytotoxic activity against Sordaria fimicola and Ascobolus furfuraceus. Cercophorins A-C act to impede the growth of these early successional coprophilous fungi, which appear much earlier on dung and have more rapid metabolisms. From standard disk assays, Cercophorin A generated zones of inhibition of about 26 and 16mm when tested on Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Thus, Cercophorin A is most potent against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
|
|
Biological control has had limited success, so most preventive methods rely on the use of agrichemicals. Genetically modified cowpeas are being developed to express the cry protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, which is toxic to lepidopteran species including the maruca. Cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) infests stored cowpea seeds, resulting in major postharvest losses. Severe C. maculatus infestations can affect 100% of the stored peas and cause up to 60% loss within a few months.
|
|
Robert Koch is widely known for his work with anthrax, discovering the causative agent of the fatal disease to be Bacillus anthracis. He discovered the formation of spores in anthrax bacteria, which could remain dormant under specific conditions. However, under optimal conditions, the spores were activated and caused disease. To determine this causative agent, he dry-fixed bacterial cultures onto glass slides, used dyes to stain the cultures, and observed them through a microscope.
|
|
The most famous transgenic approach is the introduction of genes from the bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis, into plants. The bacterium produces proteins that, when ingested, kill lepidopteran caterpillars. The gene encoding for these highly toxic proteins, when introduced into the host plant genome, confers resistance against caterpillars, when the same toxic proteins are produced within the plant. This approach is controversial, however, due to the possibility of ecological and toxicological side effects.
|
|
They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
|
|
It was here that she studied the activity of enzymes and enzyme kinetics under Nathan O. Kaplan. More specifically, she focused on hexitol dehydrogenases from several bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Aerobacta aerogenes. Following the completion of her PhD program, her next venture was in the Pharmacology department as a postdoctoral fellow at Tufts University Medical School under Roy Kisliuk. Here, she looked at bacterial assays to explore anti folate qualities present in novel compounds.
|
|
Amputation was the accepted treatment, but Adamo knew that the gangrene bacillus could not survive if exposed to oxygen, so he tried opening the wounds and applying sulfa drugs, irrigating hourly with hydrogen peroxide. The innovative treatment was effective, and Adamo was credited with saving many lives and limbs. Life Magazine called him "Bataan's medical hero." Adamo was taken prisoner after the fall of Corregidor and participated in the infamous Bataan Death March.
|
|
Y. pestis, the first known species, was identified in 1894 by A.E.J. Yersin, a Swiss bacteriologist, and Kitasato Shibasaburō, a Japanese bacteriologist. It was formerly described as Pasteurella pestis (known trivially as the plague- bacillus) by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896. In 1944, van Loghem reclassified the species P. pestis and P. rondentium into a new genus, Yersinia. Following the introduction of the bacteriological code, it was accepted as valid in 1980.
|
|
The sterilizing effect of cooking depends on temperature, cooking time, and technique used. Some food spoilage bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum or Bacillus cereus can form spores that survive boiling, which then germinate and regrow after the food has cooled. This makes it unsafe to reheat cooked food more than once.Safe Food Australia – A Guide to the Food Safety Standards Cooking increases the digestibility of many foods which are inedible or poisonous when raw.
|
|
There is evidence from animal research that suggests that Bacillus coagulans is effective in both treating as well as preventing recurrence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. One strain of this bacterium has also been assessed for safety as a food ingredient. Spores are activated in the acidic environment of the stomach and begin germinating and proliferating in the intestine. Sporeforming B. coagulans strains are used in some countries as probiotics for patients on antibiotics.
|
|
These bacteria produce various extracellular enzymes such as polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and proteases, which can catalyze a wide variety of synthetic reactions in fields ranging from cosmetics to biofuel production. Various Paenibacillus spp. also produce antimicrobial substances that affect a wide spectrum of micro-organismsGirardin H, Albagnac C, Dargaignaratz C, Nguyen-The C, Carlin F: Antimicrobial activity of foodborne Paenibacillus and Bacillus spp. against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813.
|
|
The limiting factor to long term usage of transgenic cottons as a method of population control is the development of resistant pest populations. A study in North Carolina collected wild Heliothis virescens populations and fed some diets containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. After just 12 selection episodes, survivors were already 7-fold more resistant to the toxins. It is estimated that the frequency of the resistant allele may be as high as 0.001 in the population.
|
|
This compound has the best antibacterial activity of Endiandrianic acid A-G compounds. Endiandric acid C was tested towards five strains of bacteria, which included Bacillus subtilis, Micococcus luteus, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas palida, and Escherichia coli through examining zone inhibition and minimum concentration, which was found to range between 0.24 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL. Endiandric acid C has also been used to cure uterine tumors, rubella, and female genital infections, and rheumatisms.
|
|
This novel mode of division seems to involve the extension of thin protrusions from the cell's surface and these protrusions then pinching off to form new cells. The lack of cell wall in L-forms means that division is disorganised, giving rise to a variety of cell sizes, from very tiny to very big. Phase contrast image of L-form cells from Bacillus subtilis showing a range of sizes. Scale bar is 5 micrometers.
|
|
He reached Havana in November 1887, but was unable to find the micro-organisms in the blood of victims that had been reported by Freire. Gibier did find a bacillus in the intestine of a victim that seemed a possible cause of the disease, but further tests did not confirm this. He traveled from Havana to Florida by way of New York due to quarantine regulations. He settled in New York in 1889.
|
|
Fungal PGs from Colletotrichum lupini, Aspergillus aculeatus, and Aspergillus niger (PG1 and PG2) have been crystallized. The PGs from bacteria like Erwinia carotovora and Bacillus subtilis have also been crystallized. The active site of Fusarium moniliforme PG comprises six charged amino acid residues: H188, R267, and K269 are involved in substrate binding, D212 (a general acid) is responsible for proton donation to the glycosydic oxygen, and D213 and D191 activate H2O for a nucleophilic attack.
|
|
Many genes are duplicated within a genome and many organisms have different metabolic pathways (alternative metabolic pathway) to synthesis same products. Such duplications (paralogs) and alternative metabolic pathways often render essential genes non-essential because the duplicate can replace the original copy. For instance, the gene encoding the enzyme aspartokinase is essential in E. coli. By contrast, the Bacillus subtilis genome contains three copies of this gene, none of which is essential on its own.
|
|
They are slowly decomposed by microorganisms such as Chromobacterium violaceum, Cladosporium resinae, Bacillus submarinus, Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida marina, and Saccharomyces estuari. Tarballs may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents. The density of tarballs depends on the solids picked up in the weathering process. They can range in density with some being more dense than seawater, which, at 1.025 g/ml, is more dense than the density of fresh water.
|
|
The quellung reaction, also called the Neufeld reaction, is a biochemical reaction in which antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Bacillus anthracis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. The antibody reaction allows these species to be visualized under a microscope. If the reaction is positive, the capsule becomes opaque and appears to enlarge. Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria revealing capsular swelling using the Neufeld quellung test.
|
|
New cases of leprosy in 2016 Leprosy, also known as Hansen's Disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Symptoms often include irritation or erosion of the skin, and effects on the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. The most common sign of leprosy are pale reddish spots on the skin that lack sensation.
|
|
First rhamnosidase breaks naringin into prunin and rhamnose. Lastly glucosidase breaks prunin into glucose and naringenin, a flavorless flavanone also found in various citrus. Ram gene is a rare gene; it is found in very few microorganisms, like some Bacillus species. It is mainly present in the genus Aspergillus, but production of naringinase from fungus is a difficult task as the growth rate of fungi is much slower than that of bacteria.
|
|
While trying to isolate the bacterial toxin responsible for tuberculosis, W.G. Ruppel isolated a novel nucleic acid named tuberculinic acid in 1898 from Tubercle bacillus. The nucleic acid was found to be unusual, in that it contained in addition to thymine, guanine and cytosine, a methylated nucleotide. In 1925, Johnson and Coghill successfully detected a minor amount of a methylated cytosine derivative as a product of hydrolysis of tuberculinic acid with sulfuric acid.Grosjean H (2009).
|
|
Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp. bongori or S. choleraesuis subsp. bongori. It is a Gram-negative, rod- shaped bacterium (bacillus), which causes a gastrointestinal disease called salmonellosis, characterized by cramping and diarrhoea. It is typically considered a microbe of cold-blooded animals, unlike other members of the genus, and is most frequently associated with reptiles.
|
|
Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium (Fig. 1). The lethality of the disease is caused by the bacterium's two principal virulence factors: (i) the polyglutamic acid capsule, which is anti-phagocytic, and (ii) the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxin. Anthrax toxin is a mixture of three protein components: (i) protective antigen (PA), (ii) edema factor (EF), and (iii) lethal factor (LF).
|
|
The name Lactobacillus mucosae is derived from the Latin terms lacto, bacillus, and mūcōsus, meaning 'slimy milk-bacteria'. The species name mucosae refers to the mucus binding colonization factor gene mub found in L. mucosae and the related Lactobacillus reuteri. There are over 60 Lactobacillus species known, many of which have been isolated from animal gastrointestinal tracts. Examples of other Lactobacilli isolated from pig intestines include L. fermentum, L. acidophilus, and L. reuteri.
|
|
Efforts to control the pine processionary have included biological control using Bacillus thuringiensis, which is effective on eggs and first- or second-stage caterpillars (in September or October),Control of the pine processionary or insecticides such as diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, which can be sprayed from aircraft.Treatment with growth regulators Monitoring can include the use of pheromone traps. Older methods used insecticides in oil, inserted directly into nests, or mechanical removal of nests.
|
|
These cells appear to not use binary fission for reproduction. Some morphologies use endospore formation for reproduction. However, there are some smaller morphologies that reproduce through binary fission and spore formation. Although sporulation is widespread among other bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium spp.) in the phylum Firmicutes, spore formation is usually brought about by overcrowding, the accumulation of toxins in the environment, or starvation, rather than a standard form of reproduction.
|
|
Fleming performed the first clinical trial with penicillin on Craddock. Craddock had developed severe infection of the nasal antrum (sinusitis) and had undergone surgery. Fleming made use of the surgical opening of the nasal passage and started injecting penicillin on 9 January 1929 but without any effect. It probably was due to the fact that the infection was with influenza bacillus (Haemophilus influenzae), the bacterium which he had found unsusceptible to penicillin.
|
|
Although epimerox was originally developed specifically to target Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, it was found that it is also effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and many other Gram-positive bacteria. No bacteria could be identified that were resistant to the compound (resistance frequency of <10−11). Thus, epimerox is an antibiotic with low resistance potential. Therefore, 2-epimerase is a new antibiotic target to which resistance is a rare event.
|
|
In the Midwest, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Michigan have bred varieties including Atlantis, Beta III, and Chancellor that exhibit resistance. In the absence of treated seed, there are multiple chemical sprays available to treat Alternaria dauci. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, iprodione, pyraclostrobin and bacillus are a few common fungicides to consider for foliar application. A few brand names to look for in the Midwest include RR Endura 70WG, Rovral, and Switch.
|
|
Common treatments were based mercury, strychnine, and cocaine. As a result, in 1900, the average life span was 45 years, and World War I did not change that to the better. In 1915, British bacteriologist Frederick W. Twort discovered a small agent that infects and kills bacteria, but did not pursue the issue further. Independently, the discovery of "an invisible, antagonistic microbe of the dysentery bacillus" by d'Herelle was announced on 3 September 1917.
|
|
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases which are currently well controlled.Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread . Pasteur.fr For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.
|
|
Exposure to UV radiation is associated with skin aging, wrinkle production, liver spots, loss of skin elasticity, erythema (reddening of the skin), sunburn, photokeratitis (snow blindness), ocular melanoma (eye cancer), and infections. Tanning beds can contain many microbes, some of which are pathogens that can cause skin infections and gastric distress. In one study in New York in 2009, the most common pathogens found on tanning beds were Pseudomonas spp. (aeruginosa and putida), Bacillus spp.
|
|
Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, first isolated in 1945. These peptides disrupt Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation (as it can cause kidney damage when used internally). Antibiotics such as bacitracin have been shown to act as dermatological irritants and may slow healing in otherwise sterile wounds.
|
|
Klebs reported that antimalarial drug quinine killed the germ. The discovery was supported by leading malariologists of the time. It was then declared that the malaria problem was solved. When a French Army physician Charles Alphonse Laveran correctly discovered in 1880 that malaria was caused by a protozoan parasite (which he called Oscillaria malariae, now Plasmodium falciparum), the discovery was ignored in preference of the bacillus theory of Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli.
|
|
The increased use of pesticides and herbicides can have profound negative effects on the regal fritillary as well. Heavy spraying of herbicides can eliminate nearby larval food plants and nectar sources that they depend on (Selby 2007). The indiscriminate use of pesticides also poses a threat to regal fritillaries and other prairie-specialist butterflies. The bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis ("Bt", the agent used in gypsy moth control) is lethal to all Lepidoptera larvae.
|
|
Losick's research interests include RNA polymerase, sigma factors, regulation of gene transcription, and bacterial development. He is known for his studies of asymmetric division in Bacillus subtilis, which divides to form one endospore and one nurturing cell. Currently, Losick studies biofilm formation by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. His research group has demonstrated that chromosomal DNA is recycled to form an electrostatic extracellular net in order to hold neighboring bacterial cells together.
|
|
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins cluster separately but may function with the same polarity by similar mechanisms. These proteins are secondary carriers which utilize the proton motive force (pmf) and function by H+ antiport (for metal efflux). One member, CzcD of Bacillus subtilis (TC# 2.A.4.1.3) , has been shown to exchange the divalent cation (Zn2+ or Cd2+ ) for two monovalent cations (K+ and H+ ) in an electroneutral process energized by the transmembrane pH gradient.
|
|
In 1897, A.E. Wright, a pathologist in British army, developed the agglutination test, diagnostic of the disease. In 1905, Zammit, a Maltese physician, identified goats as the source of infection. E. Bang, a Danish veterinarian, described the intracellular pathogen causing abortion in cattle in 1897, and named it Bacillus abortus. In 1918, A. Evans, an American microbiologist, made the connection between B. abortus and Micrococcus melitensis, and placed them in the Bacteriaceae.
|
|
Bacillus submarinus divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells, producing a single endospore that can remain viable for decades and is resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions such as ocean acidification. They do not reproduce like eurkaryotic cells by mitosis but, a process known as binary fission. In binary fission the DNA in the prokaryote is not condensed in structures similar to chromosomes, but make a copy of the DNA and the cell divides in half.
|
|
Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer that depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be responsible for this process. In general, transformation is a complex, energy-requiring developmental process. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must become competent, that is, enter a special physiological state. Competence development in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of about 40 genes.
|
|
Dr Harold Bennetts was appointed the state's first veterinary pathologist in May 1925. Bennetts commenced an immediate investigation into the disease, using alleyways and open space around the department's city offices to house the sheep needed for the research. In 1930 a field laboratory was built at Avondale; a flock of 1000 sheep were purchased to enable feed experiments. In 1931 Bennetts had identified Bacillus ovitoxicus as the cause of the disease.
|
|
The first generation of expression vectors of this kind used modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae VMA (Sce VMA) intein. Chong et al. used a chitin binding domain (CBD) from Bacillus circulans as an affinity tag, and fused this tag with a modified Sce VMA intein. The modified intein undergoes a self-cleavage reaction at its N-terminal peptide linkage with 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), or cystine at low temperatures over a broad pH range.
|
|
PPIB has been identified in both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria as an intracellular protein. In Escherichia coli, PPIB has been shown to have both PPIase activity and Chaperone (protein) activity. In Staphylococcus aureus, PPIB has been shown to have PPIase activity, and to directly assist in the refolding of Staphylococcal nuclease. Aside from these bacteria, PPIB has been identified in Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria.
|
|
It has an autoinhibitory insert that interrupts its activity called an X-Y linker. The X-Y linker has been shown to occlude the active site, and with its removal PLC is activated. The genes encoding alpha-toxin (Clostridium perfringens), Bacillus cereus PLC (BC-PLC), and PLCs from Clostridium bifermentans and Listeria monocytogenes have been isolated and nucleotides sequenced. There is significant homology of the sequences, approximately 250 residues, from the N-terminus.
|
|
They may also mimick host cells so the immune system does not recognize them as foreign. Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the ability of the phagocyte to respond to chemokine signals. M. tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus anthracis utilize mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte. Bacteria and fungi may form complex biofilms, protecting from immune cells and proteins; biofilms are present in the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis.
|
|
Studies have investigated the use of the microwave to clean non-metallic domestic sponges which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) removed 99% of coliforms, E. coli and MS2 phages. Bacillus cereus spores were killed at four minutes of microwaving. A 2017 study was less affirmative: about 60% of the germs were killed but the remaining ones quickly re-colonized the sponge.
|
|
The YdaO/YuaA leader (now called the cyclic di-AMP riboswitch) is a conserved RNA structure found upstream of the ydaO and yuaA genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes in other bacteria. Its secondary structure and gene associations were predicted by bioinformatics. These RNAs function as riboswitches, and sense the signaling molecule cyclic di-AMP. The interaction between the riboswitch and c-di-AMP has been revealed in atomic-resolution structures.
|
|
Solobacterium moorei is a bacterium that has been identified as a contributor to halitosis.Scientists find bug responsible for bad breath, Reuters, April 7, 2008 It is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus,D.S. Gerber, DS, Haraszthy, VI, Zambon, JJ. (2007). Characterization of Solobacterium moorei Strains from Subjects with Halitosis , IADR/AADR/CADR 85th General Session and Exhibition (March 21–24, 2007) erroneously known as Bulleidia moorei, in the family Erysipelotrichaceae of the order Erysipelotrichales.
|
|
Sunita Williams in the ISS holding two spider habitats from the competition. On 13 September 2012, Bill Nye hosted a live-stream interview connecting the three global winners with astronaut Sunita Williams. Sunita, who had performed the experiments on the ISS, gave the preliminary results for these experiments. Dorothy and Sara had hypothesized that the Bacillus subtilis would become more efficient germ-fighters in microgravity, and the initial results showed signs of growth.
|
|
In Hong Kong, where there is an exemption on growing and releasing any varieties of GM papaya, more than 80% of grown and imported papayas were transgenic. The New Leaf potato, a GM food developed using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), was made to provide in-plant protection from the yield-robbing Colorado potato beetle. The New Leaf potato, brought to market by Monsanto in the late 1990s, was developed for the fast food market.
|
|
In 2012, the USFWS submitted a Biological Opinion on the National Park Service’s (NPS) management activities, which highlighted some proposed actions to protect the areas of the Shenandoah National Park. This proposed action in fire management, natural resource protection, and natural resource monitoring and research. A policy that would specifically impact the Shenandoah salamander was the proposed aerial spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis as a pest management technique to reduce the impact of gypsy moths.
|
|
The Vollum Strain is one of the 89 known strains of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis). It is named Vollum after Roy Vollum, the Canadian-born bacteriologist who first isolated it from a cow in Oxford, England. The "Vollum 14578" strain was selected for use in the bioweapons trials on Gruinard Island, which took place in 1942. Like other forms of Anthrax, the Vollum strain becomes more virulent with exposure to more hosts.
|
|
"Selective screening procedure for the isolation of heat- and cold- sensitive DNA replication-deficient mutants of bacteriophage SP01 and preliminary characterization of the mutants isolated". Journal of Virology 21 54-60.Glassberg, J.; Franck, M.; Stewart, C.R. (1977). "Initiation and termination mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP01". Journal of Virology 21 147-152.Glassberg, J.; Franck, M.; Stewart, C.R. (1977). "Multiple origins of replication for Basillus subtilis phage SP01". Virology 78 433-441.
|
|
This observation relating to immune tolerance, as well as a clinical observation, led to a new direction in Charles Pilet's work. It had been noted that the injection of Mycobacterium chelonae (tubercular bacillus isolated from turtles) into animals significantly increased their resistance to infections. The isolation of the active ingredient of this bacterium, entrusted to Tsehay Neway, made it possible to isolate a polar glycopeptidolipid (GPLP). This substance has shown significant activity on immune cells.
|
|
In molecular biology, the iron dependent repressors are a family of bacterial and archaeal transcriptional repressors. At their N-terminus they contain a dtxR-type HTH domain. This is a DNA-binding, winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) domain of about 65 amino acids present in metalloregulators of the dtxR/mntR family. The domain is named after Corynebacterium diphtheriae dtxR, an iron- specific diphtheria toxin repressor, and Bacillus subtilis mntR, a manganese transport regulator.
|
|
Most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide, but some species use other materials, such as poly-D-glutamic acid in Bacillus anthracis. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule. To visualize encapsulated bacteria using a microscope, a sample is treated with a dark stain, such as India ink. The structure of the capsule prevents the stain from penetrating the cell.
|
|
Planting rootworm-resistant transgenic corn, is another strategy for minimizing damage. BT corn is effective at reducing root damage and is safer and often cheaper than insecticide. The transgenic traits, isolated from the common soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis strain (often referred to as Bt), produce the insect control protein. Bt was first discovered in 1901 by Japanese biologist S. Ishiwatari as the source of disease that was killing large populations of silkworms.
|
|
Transgenic maize containing a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop. Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally- desirable traits, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other plants via gene flow.
|
|
These toxins and the organisms that produce them are sometimes referred to as select agents. In the United States, their possession, use, and transfer are regulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Select Agent Program. The former US biological warfare program categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio- agents as either Lethal Agents (Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Botulinum toxin) or Incapacitating Agents (Brucella suis, Coxiella burnetii, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B).
|
|
B. odysseyi consists of an exosporium, spore coat, cortex, and core. In a test performed by the Planetary Protection unit, its spores were the most consistently resistant, and it survived exposure to all of the challenges posed against it: desiccation (100% survival), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 26% survival), ultraviolet radiation (10% survival at 660 J ∙ m−2), and gamma radiation (0.4% survival). B. odysseyi shares many DNA similarities with Bacillus fusiformis and Solibacillus silvestris.
|
|
Eikenella corrodens is a pleomorphic bacillus that sometimes appears coccobacillary and typically creates a depression (or "pit") in the agar on which it is growing. Only half produce the pitting of the agar considered characteristic. It grows in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but requires an atmosphere enhanced by 3-10% carbon dioxide. The colonies are small and greyish, they produce a greenish discoloration of the underlying agar, and smell faintly of bleach (hypochlorite).
|
|
Cobalt-precorrin-5B (C1)-methyltransferase (), cobalt-precorrin-6A synthase, CbiD (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cobalt- precorrin-5B (C1)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : cobalt-precorrin-5B + S-adenosyl-L-methionine \rightleftharpoons cobalt-precorrin-6A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine This enzyme catalyses the C-1 methylation of cobalt-precorrin-5B in the anaerobic pathway of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis in bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus megaterium, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii.
|
|
The number of beneficial microbes increases over time and makes solarized soils more resistant to pathogens. The success of solarization is not only due to the decrease in soil pathogens, but also to the increase in beneficial microbes such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Talaromyces flavus. Soil solarization has been shown to suppress soil pathogens and cause an increase in plant growth. Suppressed soils promote rhizobacteria and have shown to increase total dry weight in sugar beets by 3.5 times.
|
|
In 1916, Weinberg and Séguin isolated this bacterium from patients with gas gangrene and called it Bacillus histolyticus. They discovered this bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, but less so for rats. Intramuscular injection of culture caused extensive local tissue destruction, extrusion of a hemorrhagic muscle pulp, splitting of the skin, denudation of the bone, and sometimes autoamputation. In 1922, Heller renamed the bacterium Weinbergillus histolyticus, and a year later Bergey, Harrison, et al.
|
|
His lab also defined the role of the listerial hemolysin in mediating dissolution of phagosomes. In collaboration with Dr. Philip Youngman, he showed that expression of the L. monocytogenes hemolysin by Bacillus subtilis led to its growth inside of host cells. Dr. Portnoy collaborated with Dr. Yvonne Paterson, who also arrived at Penn in 1988, on the use of L. monocytogenes as a recombinant vector-based vaccine for the induction of cell- mediated immunity. Both Drs.
|
|
Homologues of SgaT, like other PTS protein homologues, have been identified in a large number of evolutionarily divergent bacteria, but not in archaea or eukaryotes. Bacteria that encode SgaT homologues include numerous Gram-negative proteobacteria, as well as many low and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Except for species of Corynebacterium, Streptomyces and Bacillus, almost all organisms possessing SgaTBA homologues are human/animal pathogens. Several organisms have two or more SgaT paralogues, including E. coli, which has three.
|
|
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must become competent, that is, enter a special physiological state. Competence development in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of about 40 genes. The DNA integrated into the host chromosome is usually (but with infrequent exceptions) derived from another bacterium of the same species, and is thus homologous to the resident chromosome. The capacity for natural transformation occurs in at least 67 prokaryotic species.
|
|
Lysozymes act as bacteriolytic enzymes by hydrolyzing the beta(1->4) bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in the peptidoglycan of prokaryotic cell walls. It has also been recruited for a digestive role in certain ruminants and colobine monkeys. There are at least five different classes of lysozymes: C (chicken type), G (goose type), phage-type (T4), fungi (Chalaropsis), and bacterial (Bacillus subtilis). There are few similarities in the sequences of the different types of lysozymes.
|
|
A major use of GM crops is in insect control through the expression of the cry (crystal delta-endotoxins) and Vip (vegetative insecticidal proteins) genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Such toxins could affect other insects in addition to targeted pests such as the European corn borer. Bt proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since 1938 and the US since 1958, with no reported ill effects. Cry proteins selectively target Lepidopterans (moths and butterflies).
|
|
Because of its proximity to human populations only two lethal agents, both toxins, were ever tested on the island, botulin and ricin. The U.S. Navy used the site during the war to study mosquitoes and flies that were native to the Pacific Islands. In addition, an anthrax simulant, Bacillus globigii was used in aerosol dispersion tests at the station. Testing at Horn Island with the toxin botulin showed that the agent was not a viable aerosol biological weapon.
|
|
Yersin was also able to demonstrate for the first time that the same bacillus was present in the rodent as well as in the human disease, thus underlining the possible means of transmission. This important discovery was communicated to the French Academy of Sciences in the same year, by his colleague Emile Duclaux, in a classic paper titled "La peste bubonique à Hong-Kong". From 1895 to 1897, Yersin further pursued his studies on the bubonic plague.
|
|
From 1939 Gause began studies of antibiotics. Seemed like a sudden change in research topic, but this was a development of his interests in the struggle for survival, and antibiotic activity was a mean. Later he focuses his research on practical applications for his new principle and turns to microbiology and medical science. Working with a strain of Bacillus brevis, he noticed an inhibition on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus when the two were in mixed culture.
|
|
OLE RNAs are predominantly found in the order Clostridiales, but other kinds of Firmicutes contain OLE RNAs as well. Organisms containing OLE RNA are predominantly extremophiles and anaerobes. OLE RNAs are transcribed as RNA, and experiments in Bacillus halodurans show that it is transcribed in a mRNA with 10 other genes. The adjacent genes are conserved in the vicinity of OLE RNA in most species containing it, but in Desulfitobacterium hafniense they are located elsewhere on the chromosome.
|
|
It can remain inactive for many years, but if it comes into a favorable environment, it begins to grow again. It initially develops inside the rod-shaped form. Features such as the location within the rod, the size and shape of the endospore, and whether or not it causes the wall of the rod to bulge out are characteristic of particular species of Bacillus. Depending upon the species, the endospores are round, oval, or occasionally cylindrical.
|
|
It includes many well-known genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria such as Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma that lack cell walls and so cannot be Gram-stained, but are derived from such forms. Some bacteria have cell walls which are particularly adept at retaining stains. These will appear positive by Gram stain even though they are not closely related to other gram-positive bacteria.
|
|
Philip qualified to practise in 1882, the same year that Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus. The focus of his work over the coming years was the implementation of his vision for coordinated treatment of tuberculosis. On 25 November 1887 he founded and opened the first tuberculosis dispensary clinic in Edinburgh at 13 Bank Street. In 1890 he was appointed to the honorary staff of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and progressed to become a full time physician.
|
|
Emmerich and Löw isolated germs from infected bandages that caused green infections in open wounds. The germ was a bacterium then called Bacillus pycyaneus (now called Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it produces pyocyanin, a characteristic green-blue phenazine pigment). They then mixed the isolate with other bacteria and showed that B. pycyaneus and extracts from its cultures were able to destroy other strains of bacteria. Among the bacteria that it killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, and anthrax.
|
|
However, 16S rRNA-based phylogeny revealed the Arthromitus filaments, first observed by Leidy in arthropod guts, to belong to a group within the Lachnospiraceae, making them quite distant from previously observed filamentous organisms from vertebrate guts. These isomorphic bacteria from vertebrates were hence moved to a new division designated Candidatus Savagella. A poorly designed set of experiments aimed at isolating Arthromitus from termite guts led to the conclusion that Arthromitus is in fact a growth stage of Bacillus cereus.
|
|
John Brittnacher."Pests – Fungus Gnat Larvae" or indoor mulch on top of the soil around plants; by introducing Hypoaspis miles mites or applying the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis (var. israelensis) to kill gnat larvae; by drenching the soil annually in an insecticidal soap. Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with water and used to kill fungus gnat larvae in infected soil with a mixture of one part 3% hydrogen peroxide mixed with four parts water, then applied to the soil.
|
|
"A Deal in Ostriches" is a short story by the British writer H. G. Wells. It is a cautionary tale about simple human greed. The taxidermist of Wells’ story "Triumphs of a Taxidermist" (1894) makes a return appearance as the narrator of the story. The story was originally published anonymously in the December 20th, 1894 issue of the Pall Mall Gazette and later published in the 1895 short story collection The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents.
|
|
The interplay of the individual components has not been well studied to date. Other beta sheet toxins of commercial importance are also binary. These include the Cry23/Cry37 toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. These toxins have some structural similarity to the Cry34/Cry35 binary toxin but neither component shows a match to established Pfam families and the features of the larger Cry23 protein have more in common with the Etx/Mtx2 family than the Toxin_10 family to which Cry35 belongs.
|
|
B. coagulans is often marketed as Lactobacillus sporogenes or a 'sporeforming lactic acid bacterium' probiotic, but this is an outdated name due to taxonomic changes in 1939. Although B. coagulans does produce L+lactic acid, the bacterium used in these products is not a lactic-acid bacterium, as Bacillus species do not belong to the lactic acid bacteria. By definition, lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) do not form spores. Therefore, using the name Lactobacillus sporogenes is scientifically incorrect.
|
|
All species within the genus Listeria are Gram-positive, catalase-positive rods and do not produce endospores. The genus Listeria was classified in the family Corynebacteriaceae through the seventh edition (1957) of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The 16S rRNA cataloging studies of Stackebrandt, et al. demonstrated that L. monocytogenes is a distinct taxon within the Lactobacillus-Bacillus branch of the bacterial phylogeny constructed by Woese. In 2004, the genus was placed in the newly created family Listeriaceae.
|
|
B. quintana is a fastidious, aerobic, Gram-negative(-), pole rod-shaped (bacillus) bacterium. The infection caused by this microorganism, trench fever, was first documented in soldiers during World War I, but has now been seen Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Its primary vector is known to be Pediculus humanus variety corporis, also known as the human body louse. It was first known to be isolated in axenic culture by J.W. Vinson in 1960, from a patient in Mexico City.
|
|
Studies of rosacea and Demodex mites have revealed that some people with rosacea have increased numbers of the mite, especially those with steroid-induced rosacea. On other occasions, demodicidosis (commonly known as "mange") is a separate condition that may have "rosacea-like" appearances. A 2007, National Rosacea Society-funded study demonstrated that Demodex folliculorum mites may be a cause or exacerbating factor in rosacea. The researchers identified Bacillus oleronius as distinct bacteria associated with Demodex mites.
|
|
Trp operon genes are arranged in the same order in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. Regulation of trp operons in both organisms depends on the amount of trp present in the cell. However, the primary regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis in B. subtilis is via attenuation, rather than repression, of transcription. In B. subtilis, tryptophan binds to the eleven-subunit tryptophan-activated RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP), which activates TRAP's ability to bind to the trp leader RNA.
|
|
One of the first experimental treatments for Hansen’s disease was the short-lived drug nastin, which involved the injection of the culture of the bacillus of leprosy. This was followed by the common treatment of injecting patients with oil from the Chaulmoogra nut. Although this treatment was often painful, and there was doubt as to whether it had long-term benefits, it remained a main treatment on Peel Island and around the world for more than 30 years.No Author.
|
|
Another epidemic of pertussis took place in Paris in 1578 and was described by a contemporary observer, Guillaume de Baillou. Pertussis was well known throughout Europe by the middle of the 18th century. Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou described in 1900 the finding of a new “ovoid bacillus” in the sputum of a 6-month-old infant with whooping cough. They were also the first to cultivate Bordetella pertussis at the Pasteur Institute in Brussels in 1906.
|
|
Cry1Ac protoxin is a crystal protein produced by the gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during sporulation. Cry1Ac is one of the delta endotoxins produced by this bacterium which act as insecticides. Because of this, the genes for these have been introduced into commercially important crops by genetic engineering (such as cotton and corn) in order to confer pest resistance on those plants. Transgenic Bt cotton initially expressed a single Bt gene, which codes for Cry1Ac.
|
|
The plague soon spreads to the neighboring village of Żebbuġ where eleven people are infected with three deaths, including a girl aged 7. The disease is also found in Rabat, Mtaħleb, Marsa, Attard, Mosta and maybe Gozo. The plague lingers until 1937 with another five cases in Luqa including one fatal and one case in Qrendi. Significant research was carried out by Themistocles Zammit, who succeeded in isolating plague bacillus cultures from 15 of the 1,500 rats studied.
|
|
Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant to pesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants. These approaches are defeated over time by the evolution of resistance mechanisms in the insects.
|
|
BamHI (from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) is a type II restriction endonuclease, having the capacity for recognizing short sequences (6 bp) of DNA and specifically cleaving them at a target site. This exhibit focuses on the structure-function relations of BamHI as described by Newman, et al. (1995). BamHI binds at the recognition sequence 5'-GGATCC-3', and cleaves these sequences just after the 5'-guanine on each strand. This cleavage results in sticky ends which are 4 bp long.
|
|
The institute claimed to be the first in the Southern Hemisphere to produce standardised tuberculin on a large scale for testing tuberculosis in cattle. In 1898 Pound described the method developed at the institute for culturing the tubercle bacillus, and then purifying and standardising the extracted tuberculin. Refinements in bacteria growing conditions, filtering out contaminants, and the use of live animals to standardise each batch were seen as crucial in providing a reliable source for the tuberculin test.
|
|
Raxibacumab is a human monoclonal antibody intended for the prophylaxis and treatment of inhaled anthrax. Its efficacy has been proven in rabbits and monkeys. In December 2012 raxibacumab was approved for the treatment of inhalational anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis in combination with appropriate antibacterial drugs, and for prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax when alternative therapies are not available or are not appropriate. The antibody was discovered in a joint venture between Cambridge Antibody Technology and Human Genome Sciences.
|
|
Slonczewski's research focuses on the pH (environmental) stress response in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis using genetic techniques. Slonczewski teaches both biology and science fiction courses. From 1996 through 2008, she has been awarded Howard Hughes Medical Institute funding for undergraduate biological sciences education, which she uses to improve science instruction and to foster summer science fellowships for minority and first-generation students. She was the Hal Clement Science Speaker in February 2011 at the Boskone 48 convention.
|
|
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was first described in 1912 under the name Bacillus thetaiotaomicron and moved to the genus Bacteroides in 1919. It was originally isolated from adult human feces. The specific name derives from the Greek letters theta, iota, and omicron; the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature indicates this as "relating to the morphology of vacuolated forms". The name is used as an example of an "arbitrary" species name in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
|
|
In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space, possibly bacteria could be distributed throughout the Universe by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids or via directed panspermia. Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease: for example, anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores, and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus.
|
|
SHOC1 has been experimentally determined, through a two hybrid pooling approach, to interact with methionine aminopeptidase, a protein encoded by the maP3 gene in Bacillus anthracis. Several of the most common and most conserved transcription factor binding sites families that are predicted to be found in C9orf84’s promoter region are ETS1 factors, Ccaat/Enhancer Binding Proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1. ETS1, Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 are all related to immunity.
|
|
Cereins are a group of bacteriocins produced by various strains of the bacterium Bacillus cereus. Although all cereins are by definition produced by B. cereus, it is possible that they are chemically quite different from one another. Cereins have been found to be active against other strains of B. cereus, as well as a broad range of other gram-positive bacteria. Like other bacteriocins, cereins are generally named after the strain in which their production was first discovered.
|
|
In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides. Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications. Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects. These crops resist damage by insects.
|
|
The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis encodes a larger 6S SRP RNA which resemble the Archaeal homologs but lacks SRP RNA helix 6. Archaeal SRP RNAs possess helices 1 to 8, lack helix 7, and are characterized by a tertiary structure which involves the apical loops of helix 3 and helix 4. The eukaryotic SRP RNAs lack helix 1 and contain a helix 7 of variable size. Some protozoan SRP RNAs have reduced helices 3 and 4.
|
|
The suffix -monas found in many genera in microbiology is similar in usage to -bacter, -bacillus, -coccus or -spirillum. The genera with the suffix are not a monophyletic group and the suffix is chosen over -bacter, often simply out of stylistic preferences to match with Greek words. The first genus to be given the suffix -monas was Pseudomonas, a genus of gammaproteobacteria. The generic epithet Pseudomonas was coined by Walter Migula in 1894, who did not give an etymology.
|
|
To study L. hilgardii in liquid requires growing it in Elliker broth so it can show turbidity and gas formation. On staining with Gram's iodine, the bacillus is Gram positive. L. hilgardii is considered a negative catalase (enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water) and creates lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid, and carbon dioxide. Along with this it is capable of sometimes producing biogenic amines or histamine and ethyl carbamate, which causes health risks.
|
|
The size of induration is measured 48–72 hours later. Erythema (redness) should not be measured. Mantoux test injection site in a subject without chronic conditions or in a high-risk group clinically diagnosed as negative at 50 hours Tuberculin is a glycerol extract of the tubercle bacillus. Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of species-nonspecific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. The tuberculin reaction was first described by Robert Koch in 1890.
|
|
"Æpyornis Island", or "Aepyornis Island", is a short story by H. G. Wells, first published in 1894 in the Pall Mall Budget., accessed 16 Sept 2014. It was included in The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents, the first collection of short stories by Wells, first published in 1895. In the story, a man looking for eggs of Aepyornis, an extinct flightless bird, passes two years alone on a small island with an Aepyornis that has hatched.
|
|
Nattō has a different nutritional makeup from raw soybeans, with lower calorie content and enriched in branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), a prebiotic made by Bacillus subtilis.Wang DH, Yang Y, Wang Z, Lawrence P, Worobo RW, Brenna JT. High levels of branched chain fatty acids in nātto and other Asian fermented foods. Food Chem. 2019;286:428‐433. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.018 By mass, nattō is 55% water, 18% protein, 11% fats, 5% fiber, and 5% sugars.
|
|
The Ceragenins have been the subject of in vitro analysis and have demonstrated a range of action against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PATR), Escherichia coli, vaccinia virus, HIV, and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) among others. The compounds work by breaching the outer membranes of their targets. The compounds are positively charged and are electrostatically attracted to the negatively charged phospholipids that tend to distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells.
|
|
Additionally the method of integrated steaming can promote a target-oriented resettlement of steamed soil with beneficial organisms. In the process, the soil is first freed from all organisms and then revitalized and microbiologically buffered through the injection of a soil activator based on compost which contains a natural mixture of favorable microorganisms (e.g. Bacillus subtilis, etc.). Different types of such steam application are also available in practice, including substrate steaming, surface steaming and deep soil steaming.
|
|
Miami is using specialized trucks to spray naled and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI). Governor Rick Scott said that the CDC recommended using helicopters to spray the insecticides, but some people in Miami and Miami Beach are opposed to aerial spraying. Spraying of naled in Dorchester County, South Carolina purportedly led to the deaths of 3 million honeybees and increased criticism by beekeepers. Beekeepers in the county complained that they had not been notified of spraying before it happened.
|
|
In the two strains that were not effectively killed, Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, the coriander oil reduced their growth significantly. The need for food preservation in South Africa was pressing. Building up herds of livestock took a long time, but with game in abundance in South Africa, traditional methods were called upon to preserve the meat of large African animals, such as the eland, in the warm climate. Iceboxes and refrigerators had not been invented yet.
|
|
These grants were combined in 1849 and with additional land purchases they became known as Avondale Estate, expanding to in excess of . On 4 April 1924 the remaining of Avondale were passed on to the Department of Agriculture and Food. Initially Avondale continued its involvement with the Group Settlement Scheme, it was not until 1926 that research activities commenced. During the 1930s it was to be the laboratory for Dr Harold Bennetts successful research into Bacillus ovitoxicus.
|
|
Similarly, Bacillus thuringiensis and other microbial insecticides are used in large enough quantities for a rapid effect. Recommended release rates for Trichogramma in vegetable or field crops range from 5,000 to 200,000 per acre (1 to 50 per square metre) per week according to the level of pest infestation. Similarly, nematodes that kill insects (that are entomopathogenic) are released at rates of millions and even billions per acre for control of certain soil-dwelling insect pests.
|
|
A variety of microorganisms have been isolated from the alimentary canals and frass of M. rotundata. Bacteria include Bacillus firmus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, and Streptomyces and fungus includes Trichosporonoides megachiliensis. With respect to the development of chalkbrood, it has been suggested that the bacteria and fungi promote the inhabitation of A. aggregata. This is supported by observations in chalkbrood diseased larvae, which contain higher amounts of bacteria and fungi in their gut than in healthy larvae.
|
|
He used Koch's postulates to prove association between C. diphtheriae and diphtheria. He also showed that the bacillus produces an exotoxin. A diphtheria immunisation scheme in London, 1941 Joseph P. O’Dwyer introduced the O'Dwyer tube for laryngeal intubation in patients with an obstructed larynx in 1885. It soon replaced tracheostomy as the emergency diphtheric intubation method. In 1888, Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin showed that a substance produced by C. diphtheriae caused symptoms of diphtheria in animals.
|
|
In New South Wales in 1889 The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser uses a leaflet from the Beekeepers' Association of South Australia to outline how to recognise American foul brood (caused by Bacillus alvei) in a hive and how to treat it. In South Australia, by 1891 an article in the South Australian Chronicle indicates that there was already an act in that state to attempt to control the spread of American foul brood.
|
|
Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1 or also known asTEM8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANTXR1 gene. Its molecular weight is predicted as about 63kDa. The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein and is a tumor-specific endothelial marker that has been implicated in colorectal cancer. This protein has been shown to also be a docking protein or receptor for Bacillus anthracis toxin, the causative agent of the disease, anthrax.
|
|
NLRP1B in mice and NLRP2 in rats were found to be responsive to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. The B. anthracis lethal factor proteolytically cleaves NLRP1B, which leads to ubiquitination of the receptor and targeting for degradation by the proteasome. This degradation generates a clipped C-terminal fragment, that subsequently binds to the rest of the protein in a non-covalent manner. During this process, a CARD on the C-terminal fragment becomes accessible for inflammasome assembly.
|
|
Young Pioneers collecting beetles during the war against the potato beetle Bacterial insecticides can be effective if application is targeted towards the vulnerable early-instar larvae. Two strains of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produce toxins that kill the larvae. Other forms of pest control, through nonpesticidal management are available. Feeding can be inhibited by applying antifeedants, such as fungicides or products derived from Neem (Azadirachta indica), but these may have negative effects on the plants, as well.
|
|
Epidemiological studies suggest the disease was transferred between humans (which happens rarely with Yersinia pestis and very rarely for Bacillus anthracis), and some genes that determine immunity to Ebola-like viruses are much more widespread in Europe than in other parts of the world. Their research and findings are thoroughly documented in Biology of Plagues.Scott, Susan and Duncan, Christopher. (2004). Return of the Black Death: The World's Greatest Serial Killer West Sussex; John Wiley and Sons. .
|
|
Staphylococcus bacteria A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical- shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirochetes (spiral-shaped) cells. Coccus refers to the shape of the bacteria, and can contain multiple genera, such as staphylococci or streptococci. Cocci can grow in pairs, chains, or clusters, depending on their orientation and attachment during cell division.
|
|
Ishii took a short break from filmmaking in 1983 to form a band called Sogo Ishii and the Bacillus Army, which recorded one album, Asia Strikes Back. He also created a 30 min film for the band that was played during their tour. In 1984 he released his fourth feature film, The Crazy Family. After the release of The Crazy Family, there was a period of ten years where Ishii couldn't get any funding to make another feature film.
|
|
Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly Bacillus popilliae) is a soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is responsible for a disease (commonly called milky spore) of the white grubs of Japanese beetles. The adult Japanese beetles pupate in July (in the Northeast United States) and feed on flowers and leaves of shrubs and garden plants. During this adult stage, the beetles also mate and the females lay eggs in the soil in late July to early August.
|
|
It produces penicillin amidase used to make synthetic penicillin, various amylases used in the baking industry and glucose dehydrogenase used in glucose blood tests. B. megaterium is also used for the production of pyruvate, vitamin B12, drugs with fungicidal and antiviral properties, etc.Vary, S. P. et al. Bacillus megaterium — from simple soil bacterium to industrial protein production host. Appl Microbial Biotechnol 76:957–967 (2007) It produces enzymes for modifying corticosteroids, as well as several amino acid dehydrogenases.
|
|
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was first observed in bacteria in 1888 by Martinus Beijerinck. In 1926, French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne chemically identified the polymer after extracting it from Bacillus megaterium. It was not until the early 1960s that the groundwork for scaled production was laid. Several patents for the production and isolation of PHB, the simplest PHA, were administered to W.R. Grace & Co. (USA), but as a result of low yields, tainted product and high extraction costs, the operation was dissolved.
|
|
"Candidatus Sulcia muelleri" is an aerobic, gram-negative, bacillus bacteria that is a part of the phylum Bacteroidetes. S. muelleri is an obligate and mutualistic symbiotic microbe commonly found occupying specialized cell compartments of sap-feeding insects called bacteriocytes. A majority of the research done on S. muelleri has detailed its relationship with the host Homalodisca vitripennis. Other studies have documented the nature of its residency in other insects like the maize leafhopper (Cicadulina) or the spittlebug (Cercopoidea).
|
|
The name is derived from Latin effusus (disorderly) and bacillus (small rod), which refers to the various lengths of the cells microscopically. Members of this genus have been isolated from a lake in Japan, a lake in Antarctica, and from the blood of a woman (in a non-infectious capacity). E. lacus and E. pohliae are both thermophiles, with optimum growth temperatures above 50 °C, while the optimum growth temperature for E. consociatus is 30 °C.
|
|
These effects are significantly diminished when the larvae are infected during the fifth instar, suggesting that the earlier infection is more effective. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive soil bacterium from the phylum Firmicutes. It is often used as a biological insecticide for numerous insect pests, including the cabbage looper, and reduces both growth rate and pupal weight. The cabbage looper has demonstrated resistance to Bt, specifically the toxin Cry1Ac, due to an autosomal recessive allele.
|
|
In a study of 32 plants species collected from serpentine (ultramafic) soils in Sri Lanka and screened for antimicrobial properties, L. zeylanica showed photo-mediated activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. L. zeylanica showed population-level variation in photoactivity. Study suggests plants from serpentine environments may have alterered antimicrobial activities compared to non-serpentine environments, and that attention is needed in deciding on the substrate and habitat when collecting plants to test for antimicrobial properties.
|
|
When these fungi reach the rhizosphere they release enzymes that degrade the cell wall of plant root cells. This allows them to enter and infect the host plant and prevent the uptake of nutrients. Beneficial Pseudomonas and Bacillus produce fungal suppressing metabolites that break up this migrating fungal hyphae. Over time, plants are able to create disease- suppressive soils in response to these pathogens through the increasing the abundance of these PGPR in their rhizosphere area.
|
|
Its predominant clinical use is as a topical medication, however successful laboratory trials are limited. A common polypeptide antibiotic is bacitracin, derived from the bacteria; Bacillus subtilis. As a therapeutic drug, it has minimal harmful effects and low toxicity, however side effects in patients may include minor skin irritation and anaphylaxis in severe cases. The development of new polypeptide antibiotics are used as an alternative drug therapy for patients with resistance to more commonly used medications.
|
|
In 1915, Arthur Felix and Edmund Weil were Austrian medical officers working in a field laboratory in Sokal and discovered a bacillus in the urine of patients suffering from typhus. They developed the Weil–Felix test for diagnosis of typhus and other rickettsial diseases. The use of the O and H symbols in the Kauffman–White classification originates from the research by Edmund Weil and Arthur Felix. In 1934, Felix identified the Vi antigen in patients with typhoid fever.
|
|
The species name is derived from the Latin acidum (acid) and terrestris (from the earth), referring to its acidophilic nature and that it was isolated from soil. A. acidoterrestris was among the first three species reclassified from the genus Bacillus to the newly created Alicyclobacillus in 1992, along with A. acidocaldarius and A. cycloheptanicus. The optimum growth temperature for A. acidoterrestris is 42-53 °C, and can grow in the 35-55 °C range, and in pH 2.2-5.8.
|
|
During the course of his studies, he noted that certain fungi were radioresistant and worked to develop novel therapeutic strategies for a variety of human diseases including melanoma and infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. He holds several active patents on these approaches. Casadevall has a long record of outstanding scholarly and leadership contributions. His lab has studied host-microbe interactions with Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus anthracis, with a focus on microbial pathogenesis and mechanisms of antibody action.
|
|
The researchers in the field had turned their interest to heterologous expression of the same enzymes due to difficulties in obtaining these enzymes in the native form. Only have recently a few recombinant reductive dehalogenases been functionally expressed, bringing the dehalogenase research into next levels. Those successful efforts facilitate further investigations on their biochemical and structural properties. The first membrane-associated respiratory reductive dehalogenase was heterologously expressed in a soluble and active form and purified using Bacillus megaterium.
|
|
His doctoral thesis under supervision of Emile Charles Achard (1860-1944) was noticed as the first characterization of the bacillus, Salmonella paratyphi B causing paratyphoid fever. Bensaude then moved to Hôpital Saint-Antoine in Paris, where he was patronized by Georges Hayem (1841-1933) and finished his career as chef de service. Bensaude made multiple contributions in the field of gastroenterology. Thanks to Lucius Littauer, an American philanthropist, he founded at Hôpital Saint-Antoine the first service of proctology in France.
|
|
AGG01 a peptide antibiotic discovered in the breast milk of the Tammar wallaby, reportedly one hundred times more powerful than penicillin in vitro. This compound was found to be effective against MRSA, E. coli, Streptococci, Salmonella, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas spp., Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. AGG01 is a cationic peptide, which is a polycationic protein that is rich in positive residues of the amino acids arginine and lysine, and which folds into an amphipathic structure (one which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas).
|
|
Hubert Chantrenne (1918–2007) was a Belgian scientist, and one of the pioneers of molecular biology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. He elucidated the messenger role played by the ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the synthesis of proteins in ribosome, organelles of the cellular cytoplasm.Chantrenne H, Devreux S., Effects of 8-azaguanine on the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids in Bacillus cereus, Nature. 1958 June 21;181(4625):1737-8Chantrenne H., The polyribosomes, agents of protein synthesis, Arch Biol (Liege).
|
|
This preparation received the name of its two discoverers (Bacillum Calmette-Guérin, or BCG, for short). Attenuation was achieved by cultivating them in a bile-containing substrate, based on idea given by a Norwegian researcher, Kristian Feyer Andvord (1855–1934). From 1908 to 1921, Guérin and Calmette strived to produce less and less virulent strains of the bacillus, by transferring them to successive cultures. Finally, in 1921, they used BCG to successfully vaccine newborn infants in the Charité in Paris.
|
|
McDonald, C. C.; Phillips, W. D.; Lovenberg, W.; Holm, R. H. PMR studies on Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. Origins of contact-shifted resonances and denaturation by dimethyl sulfoxide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1973), 222 789-99.Phillips, William D.; McDonald, C. C.; Stombaugh, N. A.; Orme-Johnson, W. H. Proton magnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility characterization of ferredoxin I from Bacillus polymyxa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1974), 71(1), 140-3.
|
|
The three targeted bacterial species P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a wide-ranging soil germ that is a cousin of anthrax. The killing rate was 450,000 bacteria per square centimetre per minute over the first three hours of exposure or 810 times the minimum dose needed to infect a person with S. aureus, and 77,400 times that of P. aeruginosa. Although, it was later proven that the quantification protocol of Ivanova's team was not suitable for these kind of antibacterial surfaces.
|
|
Another potential approach is to use vectors to create novel vaccines for diseases that have no vaccines available or the vaccines that do not work effectively, such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. The most effective vaccine against Tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, only provides partial protection. A modified vaccine expressing a M tuberculosis antigen is able to enhance BCG protection. It has been shown to be safe to use at phase II trials, although not as effective as initially hoped.
|
|
The simple multicellular eukaryote Volvox carteri undergoes sex in response to oxidative stress or stress from heat shock. These examples, and others, suggest that, in simple single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, meiosis is an adaptation to respond to stress. Prokaryotic sex also appears to be an adaptation to stress. For instance, transformation occurs near the end of logarithmic growth, when amino acids become limiting in Bacillus subtilis, or in Haemophilus influenzae when cells are grown to the end of logarithmic phase.
|
|
Annonin-based biopesticides, used to protect crops from beetles and other pests, were developed from the plant Annona squamosa. Bioprospecting-derived resources and products used in agriculture include biofertilizers, biopesticides and veterinary antibiotics. Rhizobium is a genus of soil bacteria used as biofertilizers, Bacillus thuringiensis (also called Bt) and the annonins (obtained from seeds of the plant Annona squamosa) are examples of biopesticides, and valnemulin and tiamulin (discovered and developed from the basidiomycete fungus Clitopilus passeckerianus) are examples of veterinary antibiotics.
|
|
The unfolding reaction and stability of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus have been studied under equilibrium conditions. This homodimeric enzyme is highly stable with a variation of free energy upon unfolding equal to 41 ± 1 kcal/mol. It unfolds through a compact monomeric intermediate. About one-third of the global energy of stabilization comes from the association between the two subunits, and one-third come from the secondary and tertiary interactions stabilizing each of the two molecules of the monomeric intermediate.
|
|
Cobalt-precorrin 5A hydrolase (), CbiG (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name cobalt-precorrin 5A acylhydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction :cobalt-precorrin-5A + H2O \rightleftharpoons cobalt- precorrin-5B + acetaldehyde + 2 H+ This enzyme hydrolyses the ring A acetate delta-lactone of cobalt-precorrin-5A and releases a two-carbon fragment from the macrocyclic corrin ring as acetaldehyde. This is part of the biosynthetic pathway to cobalamin (vitamin B12) in anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
|
|
Most prokaryotic arginine deiminase pathways are under the control of a repressor gene, termed ArgR. This is a negative regulator, and will only release the arginine deiminase operon for expression in the presence of arginine. The crystal structure of apo-ArgR from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been determined to 2.5A by means of X-ray crystallography. The protein exists as a hexamer of identical subunits, and is shown to have six DNA-binding domains, clustered around a central oligomeric core when bound to arginine.
|
|
Hansen observed a number of nonrefractile small rods in unstained tissue sections. The rods were not soluble in potassium lye, and they were acid- and alcohol-fast. In 1879, he stained these organisms with Ziehl's method and noted the similarities with Koch's bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). There were three significant differences between these organisms: (1) the rods in the leprosy lesions were extremely numerous, (2) they formed characteristic intracellular collections (globii), and (3) the rods had a variety of shapes with branching and swelling.
|
|
Over the years, Mrs. Dr. Keck grew more and more boastful of her ability to cure many types of chronic diseases, including tuberculosis, an obviously impossible task in an era before the bacillus that caused the disease had even been identified. Grateful patients wrote to her when they were cured of chronic lung infections, piles, eczema, general debility, deafness and a host of other issues, and she published their testimonial letters in her advertisements.,Davenport Daily Gazette Nov. 10, 1881.
|
|
The test uses the growth of a strain of bacteria on a specially-prepared agar plate as a sign for the presence of high levels of phenylalanine, phenylpyruvate, and/or phenyllactate. The compound B-2-thienylalanine will inhibit the growth of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) on minimal culture media. If phenylalanine, phenylpyruvate, and/or phenyllactate is added to the medium, then growth is restored. Such compounds will be present in excess in the blood or urine of patients with PKU.
|
|
The pan RNA motif defines a conserved RNA structure that was identified using bioinformatics. pan motif RNAs are present in three phyla: Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, although within the latter phylum they are only known in deltaproteobacteria. A pan RNA is present in the Firmicute Bacillus subtilis, which is one of the most extensively studied bacteria. pan RNAs appear to be located in the 5' untranslated regions of genes that encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of the vitamine pantothenate.
|
|
The diameters of toxins such as Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and others were measured. This line of research served as the basis for development of new approaches to study functional ion channels in vitro and in vivo using patch-clamp assays. Krasilnikov mentored 10 Ph.D. students, 1 Dr. Sci student, and 26 M.S. students in Biophysics. Two conferences dedicated to him - "Electrophysiology — theory and practice" - were held at the Biological Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (CCB, UFPE) in 2013 and 2014.
|
|
Chitinivorous organisms include many bacteria (Aeromonads, Bacillus, Vibrio, among others), which may be pathogenic or detritivorous. They attack living arthropods, zooplankton or fungi or they may degrade the remains of these organisms. Fungi, such as Coccidioides immitis, also possess degradative chitinases related to their role as detritivores and also to their potential as arthropod pathogens. Chitinases are also present in plants (barley seed chitinase: , ); some of these are pathogenesis related (PR) proteins that are induced as part of systemic acquired resistance.
|
|
Ernest Mosny Ernest Mosny (4 January 1861 – 25 April 1918) was a French physician and hygienist born in La Fère, Aisne. Académie Nationale de Médecine Mosny served as médecin des hopitaux in Paris, and was a member of the Académie de Médecine and the Conseil supérieur d'hygiène. He is remembered for his work in the field of microbiology. With Joaquín Albarrán (1860–1912) he performed a series of tests in an attempt to find an antidote to the colon bacillus.
|
|
Cooked beans are drained in a sokuri (bamboo basket) and pounded in a jeolgu (mortar) while still hot. About of pounded soybeans are chunked, compressed, and shaped into a cube or a sphere to form meju. The meju bricks are then dried in a cool shaded area until firm. When the bricks harden, they are tied with rice straws to the eaves of the house for air-drying, during which the rice stalks transfer Bacillus subtilis bacteria to meju bricks.
|
|