Kate Crawford: We've called this the apex predator problem, which if you're already an apex predator and you have all the money and all the power in the world, what's the next thing to worry about?
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This strata of behavior receives far less attention than apex predator cases.
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It's such a cool angle of this apex predator of the sky.
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He was obviously an apex predator in the prime of his life.
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They highlight Trump&aposs apparent distaste for the apex predator of the oceans.
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This year's docket of apex predator entertainment includes 20 hours of original programming.
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The biggest, baddest, fiercest, growliest apex predator to prowl the North American continent.
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Purser believes the octopod to be an apex predator in these nodule environments.
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The decline in apex predator sharks can have devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems, Oceana said.
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When people talk about online toxicity, they tend to focus on these apex predator cases.
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In the 1980s, he built a media profile as an insouciant, high-living apex predator.
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The idea is to better portray the role of an apex predator, which is often opportunistic.
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How much faith could you have a TV-groomed challenger slaying a 125-pound apex predator?
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An apex predator entered the frame of Jason Craig's northern Colorado trail camera on January 27.
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Unsurprisingly, Seal Island, has been a virtual fast food outlet for the ocean's most fearsome apex predator.
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This is important given their role, as an apex predator, in maintaining balance in the Earth's oceans.
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The T-Rex showed why he was an apex predator when he devoured the first few obstacles.
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This slow-growing, native apex predator well below the legal 18- inch minimum can reach 3 feet.
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Well, Darth Vader, I was thinking, to a more ... It's interesting, because he was the apex predator.
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In lashing out wildly at his elusive opponent, the apex predator has injured himself *assumes David Attenborough voice*.
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"They're our apex predator, they're our lion," Lyn Watson, director of the Australian Dingo Foundation, told the outlet.
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It portrays him as weak Donald Trump views himself as an apex predator in the jungle of life.
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The National Marine Fisheries Service Apex Predator Tagging Program is one of the longest ongoing shark studies in the world.
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Whatever apex-predator style battle went down between the pair, it's pretty easy to see what happened to the loser.
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Now, as she stalked the racks like an apex predator in faun eye shadow, she was in an '80s mood.
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This beast grows to 10 feet long and is covered with armored scales, making it an apex predator of incredible proportions.
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In 2013, the United States literally arrested the skeleton of a giant apex predator dinosaur slumbering in a warehouse in Queens.
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He acknowledged numerous threats that terrorize the apex predator today, including illegal hunting, cars and an emerging neurological disease called avian vacuolar myelinopathy.
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After the diver is done with unboxing the phone, he uses it to take a video of the apex predator swimming towards him.
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That humans are the global apex predator and we can be mostly secure in the fact that nothing will try and eat us.
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While Nick Viall threw the remaining Bachelor contestants to the sharks last night — literally — Corinne Olympios proved that she was the real apex predator.
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In an attempt to deter the shark, much like a pigeon, Hoey grabbed a garden broom and tried to sweep away the apex predator.
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But in liberating it, its owner introduced an invasive species, an apex predator with a taste for sunfish that could harm the local ecosystem.
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Researchers can now better understand how sharks use these environments for hunting and find new ways to conserve this rare and vulnerable apex predator.
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And removing an apex predator like the octopod will have knock-on effects of its own—upending the balance of the sea floor ecosystem.
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A scenario exists in which Nick Viall doesn't come across as a apex-predator winnowing a bunch of rookies from the savannah of everlasting love.
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Apple is an apex predator and it acts like one, shedding fat for muscle and eating entire swathes of the CE industry as it goes.
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It is not only a carnivorous member of the food chain, but is also an apex predator, meaning that no other animal preys on it.
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Guerra uses the analogy of "bear country," a term that effectively communicates to visitors that they are not the only apex predator in that landscape.
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In the newly announced Shadow of the Tomb Raider, she's reached her "defining moment," finally embodying the badass apex predator we knew in the older games.
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Fortunately for Lewis, Nicole didn't exactly react like the apex predator she is ... but as Siegfried and Roy learned the hard way DON'T MESS WITH TIGERS!!!
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This year's docket of apex predator entertainment includes 20 hours of original programming, including Shark Week's first scripted feature-length film: Capsized: Blood in the Water.
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One big question: If its ancestors had feathers, why did the T. rex evolve with scales as it became Earth's apex predator 70 million years ago?
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The best way to avoid being bitten is to minimize your chances of being in the same space as this apex predator in the first place.
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This roughly 20-foot-long apex predator, which lived on what is now Madagascar about 70 million years ago, left behind a particularly plentiful fossil record.
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Similarly, the border wall threat to the jaguar, considered an "apex predator" critical to survival of other species, would put an entire ecological system at risk.
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Globally, Amazon, whose critics call it the "apex predator" of digital business, delivered 10 billion packages last year — more than the number of people on the planet.
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Another apex predator, absent for decades from the park's 1,500 square miles, was back — yet more evidence that Gorongosa is on track for a great second act.
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As for the apex predator of this world, that distinction belongs to Smok, a two-legged, 6-meter-long (20-foot-long) carnivore whose name means dragon in Polish.
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Much like the ocean-dwelling apex predator she embodies on ABC's hit reality series Shark Tank, Corcoran had to make a few daring maneuvers to land this prime property.
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Image: Tim FlachPhillipine eagles are an apex predator, which makes them vulnerable to toxic chemicals that have built up through the food web as bigger animals eat smaller animals.
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By raising bluefin through its full lifecycle, the IEO aims to pave the way for commercial production, from tiny egg to giant apex predator to succulent slivers of sashimi.
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It's a scene that crystallized the destructive power of this extinct apex predator in the public consciousness—and as a new study highlights, it might not have been that hyperbolic.
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Like an apex predator in Planet Earth II, he is permanently poised, coiled like a spring, stealthily positioned to exploit even the slightest lapse of concentration to savage his prey.
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Currently the loudest voices debating the potential dangers of superintelligence are affluent white men, and, perhaps for them, the biggest threat is the rise of an artificially intelligent apex predator.
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It belonged to the same group - radiodonts - as the apex predator of the time, called Anomalocaris, a dangerous hunter reaching three feet (one meter) long that may even have targeted Cambroraster.
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His gaping mouth is completely void of any discernible teeth—more a bill than a normal jaw—but his close-set eyes imply that he is some kind of apex predator.
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As he told Business Insider earlier today, in his view, the "speed e-bike is the apex predator" that may just kill better-funded "scooter guys" if all goes as planned.
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Instead, he filmed a close encounter with the ocean's apex predator, as a great white shark came up behind the fish the boy caught, jumped up in the air and snatched it.
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Zero footprints means that your prey is most definitely within capturing distance and at this point you can feel like a real apex predator by imprisoning it within your solitary confinement sphere.
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"That's nature for you," you undoubtedly said, laughing the laugh of an apex predator so comfortable at the top of the food chain that it keeps another predator around just for fun.
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Our first destination was Criadero de Cocodrilos, or Crocodile Farm, where an employee showed us some skulls and a stuffed nine-foot long specimen of the Cuban crocodile, the island's apex predator.
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Apex Predator Brooke Jarvis, in her review of "The Mosquito: A Human History of Our Deadliest Predator," by Timothy C. Winegard, writes that singular-factor histories often suffer from myopia (Books, August 5th & 12th).
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"Siamraptor is the largest predator in the environment and thus could be an apex predator at that point in time," said paleontologist Soki Hattori of Fukui Prefectural University and Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum in Japan.
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Larger than a polar bear, and with a head as big as a rhino's, Simbakubwa spent its time as an apex predator in Eastern Africa around 22 million years ago, eventually going extinct under mysterious circumstances.
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Playlist: "Contemptuous" / "Indispose" / "Just Rewards" / "Lifeless Alarm" / "Morale" / "Smear Campaign" / "Atheist Runt" / "Time Waits for No Slave" / "Everyday Pox" / "Fall on their Swords" / "Apex Predator - Easy Meat" / "Dear Slum Landlord…" / "Caste as Waste" Spotify | Apple Music
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American Museum of Natural History curator Mark Norell's newest exhibit, T. Rex: The Ultimate Predator, is open until August 9, 2020, in New York City, and lays out some of the latest research on the apex predator.
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While he's wrong in saying he's not a predator — because sometimes Papa Pope is the apex predator of the show — in this particular instance, he's right in pointing out that he doesn't quite fit as well as another likely suspect.
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In this case, we have people wondering about a very specific and very peculiar use case of human augmentation to create very fast swimmers, as if humanity's gravest threat right now is not being to outrun an amphibian apex predator.
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - On a semiarid Patagonian landscape 85 million years ago, a formidable meat-eater called Tratayenia rosalesi reigned as the apex predator, part of an enigmatic dinosaur group that menaced South America and Australia for tens of millions of years.
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While other species of Birgeria were previously known to science, this new species is among the largest, and was an apex predator that likely lived and fed much like a shark; by chasing down smaller fish, tearing into them, and swallowing them whole.
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That said, 2000 eagles is an insane number, and there's no rifle on the planet that has that many rounds in it, nor is there any marksman alive who could pick off dozens of apex predator birds before they descended upon him.
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But every once in a while, some truly badass human goes to battle against an apex predator and actually headbutts it into submission or whatever—and everyone collectively applauds them for making our species look even slightly respectable in the animal kingdom.
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The conservation nonprofit Panthera—which is focused on protecting the world's wild cat species—is working with locals in the Pantanal to help ranchers live alongside an apex predator, and to preserve the future of this iconic species, the largest wild cat in the Americas.
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But everything that slinks, bounds, and lumbers across this sun-baked, proto-Madagascan theater is united in unshakeable wariness over the region's most feared apex predator: Razanandrongobe sakalavae, an enormous, land-striding relative of crocodiles with a nightmare where its face ought to go.
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The severe overfishing of this apex predator critical to the marine food web not only poses an immediate challenge to international fisheries managers but also raises some larger questions for all of us: How do we live within our means and feed a growing population?
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"These sharks are an apex predator, so they are like the proverbial canary down the mineshaft -- they are a poignant indicator of the quality of the environment in general," said Tristam, who is grateful that Leonie's case is attracting increased attention to the plight of the species.
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Proving yet again that the people in the north of Australia have a concept of fear that many dream about, Myers told NT News that she was more concerned that someone had snuck into her house than the fact they had left her an apex predator as a present.
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And yet, notwithstanding his impressive client base and apex predator status in the art world, Mr. Ruby spent the moments before the show fussing backstage with the drape of a bulky sweater that looked as if it had been knitted by a Cyclops and also wielding a lint roller.
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Scientists focused on one carnivore in particular — Majungasaurus crenatissimus, a 20-foot-long apex predator and the only known cannibal dinosaur — and found that it replaced its chompers more frequently than its herbivore relatives, possibly because of the animal's propensity for chewing on bones of its prey. 10.
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In Sri Lanka, the state's conservation programs had previously been focused overwhelmingly on the elephant, but the IUCN listing has driven a surge of interest in the leopard and its significance as an apex predator—residing comfortably at the very top of the food chain on this island.
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When applied to questions of online toxicity, biomass pyramids speak to the fact that there are far more everyday, relatively low-level cases of harmful behavior than there are apex predator cases—the kinds of actions that are explicitly and wilfully harmful, from coordinated hate and harassment campaigns to media manipulation tactics designed to sow chaos and confusion.
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And wait until CES when you'll see enough wireless headphones to choke a blue whale and then watch as that other apex predator, Samsung, slowly but surely begins to remove its own headphone jacks because Apple, mean old Apple, finally said it was OK. i gasped when they didn't stop and the tube thing got longer and longer lmao pic.twitter.
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"Apex Predator" was released as a single from Hydra on January 15, 2013. A music video was also released for the single song "Apex Predator".
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Napalm Death's sixteenth studio album, Apex Predator – Easy Meat, was released on 26 January 2015. On 4 July, a Nepal Charity Event track from the Apex Predator sessions called "Earth Wire" was released on their page.
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Keystone species have a disproportionate influence on the community than most species. Keystone species tend to be at the higher trophic levels, often being the apex predator. Removal of the keystone species causes top-down trophic cascades. Wolves are keystone species, being an apex predator.
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O. angustidens was an apex predator and likely preyed upon penguins, fish, dolphins, and baleen whales.
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An apex predator affects prey population dynamics and defense tactics (such as camouflage).Lepak, Jesse M.; Kraft, Clifford E., Weidel, Brian C. (March 2006). "Rapid food web recovery in response to removal of an introduced apex predator" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (3): 569–575. .
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Reviews of Apex Predator were overwhelmingly positive, while it also entered a number of American and European charts.
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Thus, Luskhan departed from the typical apex predator niche of thalassophoneans in order to colonize a lower trophic level, having done so independently 10 million years after polycotylids. Makhaira, by contrast, retained a bauplan that is better-suited to being an apex predator; for instance, its teeth are larger than Luskhan.
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In some biomes, where large eagles are absent the great black-backed gull may be considered the apex predator.
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Otodus chubutensis was likely an apex predator and commonly preyed upon fish, sea turtles, cetaceans (e.g. whales), and sirenids.
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The species feeds on amphipods, copepods, isopods, and crayfish. It is believed to be the apex predator in its environment.
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Acrocanthosaurus was the largest theropod in its ecosystem and likely an apex predator which preyed on sauropods, ornithopods, and ankylosaurs.
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Mesopredator outbreaks are increasing in fragmented habitats. A main cause is the disappearance of apex species within the habitat. Apex species are usually larger animals who require a bigger area and will often leave if the habitat is lost. When the apex predator leaves the ecosystem, a former mesopredator will become the new apex predator.
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Other studies have been done on food webs and predation pressure using this species because they are an apex predator (among invertebrates) in their preferred habitats.
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Westslope cutthroat trout, a native species and Montana's state fish, are an apex predator species set as an indicator of successful recovery of Silver Bow Creek.
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Retrieved 2010-01-25. The great white shark (bottom) was originally considered the apex predator of the ocean; however, the orca (top) has proved to be a predator of the shark. An apex predator, also known as an alpha predator or top predator, is a predator at the top of a food chain, without natural predators. Apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics, meaning that they occupy the highest trophic levels.
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Apex Predator – Easy Meat is the fifteenth studio album by British grindcore band Napalm Death, released on 23 January 2015 through Century Media. Since the band recorded the album in segments, recording took almost a year. In advance of the release, Napalm Death issued details of the then upcoming album such as artwork and track listing as well as two new songs. The first video clip taken from Apex Predator coincided with the release.
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According to David Jenkins, studies on wild dogs from the Kosciuszko National Park proofed that these dogs had about 75-80% content of dingo genes and filled in the role of the apex predator. Similar to "pure" dingoes, these hybrids hunted alone as well as in coordinated packs. The same ecological role was officially reported for the hybrids of the Namadgi-national park who filled the place of the apex predator and kept kangaroo numbers low.
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During the ecological upheaval associated with the close of the Late Pleistocene, one type of wolf population rose to become today's apex predator and another joined with humans to become an apex consumer.
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Likewise, the apex predators, being larger animals, will often have more encounters with humans, leaving them more susceptible to harmful conflicts. These harmful conflicts can either cause the apex predator to leave the ecosystem in fear of danger, or if the situation is extreme enough, the humans will have killed off the apex predator. Another reason why mesopredator outbreaks are becoming more popular is because of certain resources being added in fragmented areas. Resources such as pet food, trash, crop, and crop pests.
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The great skua is an aerial apex predator, both preying on other seabirds and bullying them for their catches. Apex predators affect prey species' population dynamics and populations of other predators, both in aquatic and in terrestrial ecosystems. Non-native predatory fish, for instance, have sometimes devastated formerly dominant predators. A lake manipulation study found that when the non-native smallmouth bass was removed, lake trout, the suppressed native apex predator, diversified its prey selection and increased its trophic level.
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The mesopredators that become the new apex predators are the species that benefit from this mesopredator release. Apex predators reduce mesopredator populations, and change mesopredator behaviors and habitat choices, by preying on and intimidating mesopredators. This can occur in any ecosystem with any type of relationship between predator and prey. However, in the case of the relationship between apex predator and mesopredator, it could mean that the apex predator causes the mesopredator to leave the ecosystem, again, creating room for a new species to become mesopredator.
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It is an apex predator and possesses excellent vision. Their young appear different from adults because they are darker and have camouflage which aids them in remaining protected from potential predators until they are fully grown.
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Macrodelphinus was an orca-sized odontocete similar to members of Eurhinodelphinidae in having a swordfish-like rostrum and upper jaw. Because of its size, and inch- long teeth, it is believed to have been an apex predator.
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Despite not moving between atolls, they do make periodic atoll-wide journeys of up to 29 km. Long-term studies show juveniles can move up to 70 km away from their protected habitats to outer reefs and atolls. The giant trevally is one of the most important apex predators in its habitats, both as adults on reefs and as juveniles in estuaries. Observations in relatively untouched waters of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands showed the giant trevally was of high ecological importance, constituting 71% of the apex predator biomass, and was the dominant apex predator.
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Overall though, if you enjoy arrogant lyricism with in-your-face production (essentially what Slaughterhouse is all about) then you'll be satisfied with "Apex Predator" – it's just disappointing it couldn't have been a bit more polished and lyrically introspective.
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Various hard-shelled animals were present in the late Silurian of China, including brachipods, molluscs, trilobites, and even armored fish like placoderms and galeaspids. Due to its large size and predatory lifestyle, Megamastax could be considered the first vertebrate apex predator.
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Thanos shared its environment with an undescribed larger theropod believed to be a megaraptoran of which a vertebra, specimen MPMA 08–0003/94, has been found at Ibirá. This would imply that Thanos was not the apex predator of its habitat.
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Although it may usually be classed as an apex predator, eastern imperial eagles have fallen prey to other birds of prey on rare occasions. An instance of predation was reportedly committed by a white-tailed eagle.Palmer, R. S. (Ed.). (1988).
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They are able to catch more prey and have lower mortality rates. Often, mesopredators can take over the role of apex predators. This happens when new species are introduced into an ecosystem or when species leave or are killed off. When this happens, and the new apex predator or former mesopredator, becomes the new species on top of the food chain, it is important to remember that they are not ecologically identical to the former apex predator, and is likely a smaller species, which will have different effects on the structure and stability of the ecosystem.
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Livyatan was an apex predator, and probably had a profound impact on the structuring of Miocene marine communities. Using its large and deeply rooted teeth, it is likely to have hunted large prey near the surface, its diet probably consisting mainly of medium-sized baleen whales ranging from in length. It probably also preyed upon sharks, seals, dolphins, and other large marine vertebrates, occupying a niche similar to the modern killer whale (Orcinus orca). It was contemporaneous with and occupied the same region as the otodontid shark C. megalodon, which was likely also an apex predator, implying competition over their similar food source.
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Apex Predator is the debut studio album by American rapper and Slaughterhouse member Crooked I. The album was released on July 30, 2013, by Treacherous C.O.B. and Empire Distribution. The album features guest appearances from K-Young, Tech N9ne and Tena Jones.
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Energy is passed up through trophic levels. Energy is lost at each level, due to ecological inefficiencies. The trophic level of an organism can change based on the other species present. For example, tuna can be an apex predator eating the smaller fish, such as mackerel.
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Ranging behaviour and habitat preferences of the Martial Eagle: Implications for the conservation of a declining apex predator. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0173956. Meanwhile, females can weigh from , with seven females averaging . Elsewhere, a claim was made of an average of almost certainly describes female specimens.
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Volia is an extinct genus of mekosuchine crocodylian from Fiji. It was around long. Notwithstanding its comparatively small size, it was probably the apex predator of the Pleistocene ecosystems of Fiji. Fossils of V. athollandersoni have been found in the Voli-Voli and Wainibuku Caves of Viti Levu Island.
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There is no specific size or weight restrictions to qualify as a mesopredator, as it depends on how large the apex predator is, and what the mesopredator's prey is. When new species are introduced into an ecosystem, the role of mesopredator often changes; the same happens if a species is removed.
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Report to Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, New Orleans. Their stomachs also often contain gizzard stones. They will even consume carrion if they are sufficiently hungry. In some cases, larger alligators are known to ambush dogs, Florida panthers and black bears, making them the apex predator throughout their distribution.
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Ekrixinatosaurus was found in the red beds of the Candeleros Formation, which has yielded a wide variety of vertebrates. It shared its environment with the titanosaurian sauropod Andesaurus and the rebbachisaurid sauropods Limaysaurus and Nopcsaspondylus. Iguanodont ornithischian remains have reportedly also been found. The carcharodontosaurid Giganotosaurus was possibly the apex predator.
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Benson in 2010 concluded from its size and common distribution that Megalosaurus was the apex predator of its habitat. He saw the absence of Cetiosaurus on the French Armorican Massif as an indication that Megalosaurus too did not live on that island and was limited to the London-Brabant Massif.
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Hernandez, C. 2015. Paleobiology of the Mio-Pliocene sharks, with emphasis on the extinct apex predator Carcharocles megalodon. University of Florida. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation Physogaleus teeth are smaller than those of true tiger sharks, lacking the heavy serrations typical of Galeocerdo, are more slender and can be twisted toward the crown.
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Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 21 September 2007. Pelagic fish range in size from small coastal forage fish, such as herrings and sardines, to large apex predator oceanic fishes, such as bluefin tuna and oceanic sharks. They are usually agile swimmers with streamlined bodies, capable of sustained cruising on long-distance migrations.
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Throes of Joy in the Jaws of Defeatism is the sixteenth studio album by British grindcore band Napalm Death. It was released on 18 September 2020 through Century Media. It is the band's first full-length studio album since 2015's Apex Predator – Easy Meat, making it their longest gap between albums.
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It was perhaps an apex predator of the Malagasy forests along with the giant fossa and the two species of crocodile. It likely became extinct due to human overhunting of its prey. It has been proposed that this bird, combined with elephant bird eggs, are the source of sightings of the Roc.
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It was an apex predator, preying upon abundant ceratopsids and hadrosaurs. In some areas, Gorgosaurus coexisted with another tyrannosaurid, Daspletosaurus. Although these animals were roughly the same size, there is some evidence of niche differentiation between the two. Gorgosaurus is the best-represented tyrannosaurid in the fossil record, known from dozens of specimens.
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Overexploiting sea otters resulted in cascade effects which destroyed kelp forest ecosystems. Overexploitation of species can result in knock-on or cascade effects. This can particularly apply if, through overexploitation, a habitat loses its apex predator. Because of the loss of the top predator, a dramatic increase in their prey species can occur.
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The Vaal River is highly laden with pollutants from sewage outside the wet season, and fish kills have been reported due to this. As it is an apex predator, its population density cannot be high. It is popular with anglers and theoretically a valuable food species, but it is recommended to catch and release it until the water quality is improved - for one thing, catching them for food may deplete local stocks to the point of extinction, for another, as an apex predator it accumulates toxins and may not be safe to eat. Whether significant introgression with the smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus) occurs and yields less viable hybrid offspring (which would also serve to decrease its stocks) needs to be determined.
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The discovery of such a large therocephalian as the apex predator of its environment coupled with the discovery of a smaller gorgonopsid, the smaller and nocturnal Nochnitsa, in the same formation indicates that a faunal turnover was occurring at the time, with gorgonopsians taking over the therocephalians' role as the dominant predators in their environment.
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It would have been capable of closing its jaws quickly, capturing and bringing down prey by delivering powerful bites. The "chin" may have helped in resisting stress when a bite was delivered against prey. Giganotosaurus is thought to have been the apex predator of its ecosystem, and it may have fed on juvenile sauropod dinosaurs.
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Giganotosaurus was probably the apex predator in its ecosystem. It shared its environment with herbivorous dinosaurs such as the titanosaurian sauropod Andesaurus, and the rebbachisaurid sauropods Limaysaurus and Nopcsaspondylus. Other theropods include the abelisaurid Ekrixinatosaurus, the dromaeosaurid Buitreraptor, and the alvarezsaurid Alnashetri. Other reptiles include the crocodyliform Araripesuchus, sphenodontians, snakes, and the turtle Prochelidella.
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Introduced Ungulates in New Zealand- Himalayan Tahr. Tuatara: Volume 12, Issue 2. 12,000 tahr have been culled between July 2019 and February 2020 as their numbers have increased significantly without an apex predator (such as the snow leapard) being present in New Zealand. The hunting lobby has protested against the culling of Tahr in 2020.
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At the top of the food web is the apex predator, this animal species is not consumed by any other in the community. Herbivores, omnivores and carnivores are all heterotrophs. A basic example of a food chain is; grass → rabbit → fox. Food chains become more complex when more species are present, often being food webs.
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It appears to be most closely related to abelisaurids from India rather than South America or continental Africa, a fact that has important biogeographical implications. Majungasaurus was the apex predator in its ecosystem, mainly preying on sauropods like Rapetosaurus, and is also one of the few dinosaurs for which there is direct evidence of cannibalism.
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Ontario Birds. The Cooper's hawk is usually a top predator in the daytime but is not immune from attack by other predators.Fremlin, K. (2018). Trophic magnification of legacy persistent organic pollutants and emergent contaminants within a terrestrial food-web of an avian apex predator, the Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) (Doctoral dissertation, Science: Biological Sciences Department).
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These surface waters all drain to the Limpopo River which flows easterly to discharge into the Indian Ocean. The river bushwillow is a riparian tree in this habitat. These riparian zones offer habitat for birds, reptiles and mammals that require more water than plateau species. The riverine areas are inhabited by the apex predator Nile crocodile and the hippopotamus.
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The early ray- finned fish Limnomis was also abundant, likely forming large schools. Early sharks were present, including the minuscule Ageleodus and the spine-finned Ctenacanthus. Various lobe-finned fish populated the floodplain, as well as the large acanthodian Gyracanthus. The apex predator of the assemblage was Hyneria, a 3-meter (10 feet) long tetrapodomorph fish.
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The Dinichthyloidea is an extinct superfamily of placoderms, armored fish most diverse during the Devonian. They contain numerous extremely large species, such as Titanichthys, presumed to be a planktivore, the apex predator Dinichthys, as well as numerous other genera of diverse size and habits, such as the tiny Rhachiosteus, the superficially tuna-like Bungartius, and the selenosteids and trematosteids.
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The type genus, Dunkleosteus, is known from Late Frasnian and Famennian-aged marine strata from Europe, Morocco, and North America. The best known species, D. terrelli, is famous as the "world's first vertebrate apex predator," and is estimated to be up to in length: other species, however, such as D. raveri, are estimated to be in length.
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The tiger shark is an apex predator and has a reputation for eating almost anything. These predators swim close inland to eat at night, and during the day swim out into deeper waters.Tiger Sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier. marinebio.org Young tiger sharks are found to feed largely on small fish, as well as various small jellyfish, and mollusks including cephalopods.
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The question of whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or a pure scavenger was among the longest debates in paleontology. Most paleontologists today accept that Tyrannosaurus was both an active predator and a scavenger. Specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex include some that are nearly complete skeletons. Soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens.
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Along with much rarer ankylosaurians and pachycephalosaurs, all of these animals would have been prey for a diverse array of carnivorous theropods, including troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and caenagnathids. Adult Albertosaurus was the apex predator in this environment, with intermediate niches possibly filled by juvenile albertosaurs.Eberth, D.A., 1997, "Edmonton group". In: Currie, P.J., Padian, K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs.
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In the prehistoric eras, the species Tyrannosaurus rex may have been an apex predator, preying upon hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and possibly juvenile sauropods, although some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger. The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or scavenger was among the longest ongoing feuds in paleontology; however, most scientists now agree that Tyrannosaurus was an opportunistic carnivore, acting mostly as a predator but scavenging when it could. Recent research also shows that while an adult Tyrannosaurus rex would energetically gain little though scavenging, smaller theropods of approximately may have potentially gained levels similar to that of hyenas, though not enough for them to rely on scavenging. There are also an info that Otodus megalodon, Ceratosaurus, Andrewsarchus and some more prehistoric animals were scavengers.
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Playing as the shark, players can freely explore the open world of Port Clovis, which consists of seven regions. Players can discover hidden landmarks and complete side objectives. Each region will also have its own apex predator, such as alligators, sperm whales, orcas, and even other sharks, which may kill the shark. Defeating these predators will earn the player special skills.
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Barramundi piebald colour morph Barramundi have a mild flavour and a white, flaky flesh, with varying amount of body fat. Barramundi are a favorite food of the region's apex predator, saltwater crocodiles, which have been known to take them from unwary fishermen. Nile perch--a similar fish found in the Afrotropical realm, or sub-Saharan Africa--is often mislabeled as barramundi.
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This shark typically reaches lengths of . The pigeye shark is an apex predator that mostly hunts low in the water column. It has a varied diet, consisting mainly of bony and cartilaginous fishes and also including crustaceans, molluscs, sea snakes, and cetaceans. This species gives birth to live young, with the developing embryos sustained to term via a placental connection to their mother.
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Tarbosaurus lived in a humid floodplain criss-crossed by river channels. In this environment, it was an apex predator, probably preying on other large dinosaurs like the hadrosaur Saurolophus or the sauropod Nemegtosaurus. Tarbosaurus is represented by dozens of fossil specimens, including several complete skulls and skeletons. These remains have allowed scientific studies focusing on its phylogeny, skull mechanics, and brain structure.
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It is thought that crossing this breed with some subspecies of Asian wolves would result in an authentic analogue to fill the ecological niche left empty in the absence of this apex predator. The Dire Wolf Project, started in 1988, aims to bring back the look of the extinct prehistoric dire wolf by breeding different domestic dog breeds that resemble it.
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The sanctuary is home to a variety of wildlife, some of which are endangered species. The wildlife includes the Indian wolf, Indian leopard, sloth bear, striped hyena, Golden jackal, jungle cat, sambhar, nilgai, chausingha (the four horned antelope), chinkara and Indian hare. The leopard is the apex predator in the sanctuary. The birds at Kumbhalgarh includes the normally shy and untrusting grey junglefowl.
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Rogers has served as Director of the Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre. She joined the University of New South Wales in 2008. Her lab at the University of New South Wales study mammals, in particular the leopard seal (an Antarctic apex predator), and their response to changing environments. To do this, she studies changes in the seals' diet and habits over time.
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Potential is a word seldom used for someone as experienced as Crooked I, however, with this being his proper debut album, you can definitely see the potential of what Crooked could accomplish for his next go round. While a decent project, Apex Predator falls short of what Crooked I is now clearly capable of releasing." Emmanuel C.M. of XXL gave the album an L, saying "All in all, Apex Predator doesn’t keep listeners interested as one might hope for a debut full-length. Crooked I can rap—no question about it—but the LP lacks innovative production and enough creativity to make this more than just another rap album. The disappointing thing about it is you want to root for Crooked I, but after it ends, you’re left wishing there was something to takeaway from it.
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Deinosuchus fossils have been described from 10 U.S. states, including Texas, Montana, and many along the East Coast. Fossils have also been found in northern Mexico. It lived on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway, and was an opportunistic apex predator in the coastal regions of eastern North America. Deinosuchus reached its largest size in its western habitat, but the eastern populations were far more abundant.
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Montanoceratops shared the paleoenvironment of the St. Mary River Formation with other dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians Anchiceratops and Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, the armored nodosaur Edmontonia longiceps, the duckbilled hadrosaur Edmontosaurus regalis, the theropods Hagryphus, Saurornitholestes and Troodon, and the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem."Alberta, Canada; 13. St. Mary River Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 577-578.
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American alligators are considered an apex predator throughout their range. They are opportunists and their diet is determined largely by both their size and age and the size and availability of prey. Most American alligators eat a wide variety of animals, including invertebrates, fish, birds, turtles, snakes, amphibians, and mammals. Hatchlings mostly feed on invertebrates such as insects, insect larvae, snails, spiders, and worms.
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The saltwater crocodile is a large and opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator. It ambushes most of its prey and then drowns or swallows it whole. It is capable of prevailing over almost any animal that enters its territory, including other apex predators such as sharks, varieties of freshwater and saltwater fish including pelagic species, invertebrates such as crustaceans, various reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans.
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Lynch (Alfie Allen) is a former Marine and sniper who suffers from PTSD. Lynch is mentioned to have once singlehandedly wipes out an enemy platoon, something he views with pride. While preparing to snipe Traeger and his men, Lynch’s arm is blown off by the Apex Predator. Lynch fires a flare gun to alert the others to the Predator’s presence before he is killed.
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However, in a community where a shark species is present the shark becomes the apex predator, feeding on the tuna. Decomposers play a role in the trophic pyramid. They provide energy source and nutrients to the plant species in the community. Decomposers such as fungi and bacteria recycle energy back to the base of the food web by feeding on dead organisms from all trophic levels.
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Liopleurodon (; meaning 'smooth-sided teeth') is a genus of large, carnivorous marine reptile belonging to the Pliosauroidea, a clade of short-necked plesiosaurs. The two species of Liopleurodon lived from the Callovian Stage of the Middle Jurassic to the Kimmeridgian stage of the Late Jurassic Period (c. 166 to 155 mya). It was the apex predator of the Middle to Late Jurassic seas that covered Europe.
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A juvenile (right) being mobbed by a pair of common buzzards over the Isle of Canna As the largest eagle in the majority of its distribution, the white-tailed eagle is an apex predator in its range.Salo, P., Nordström, M., Thomson, R. L., & Korpimäki, E. (2008). Risk induced by a native top predator reduces alien mink movements. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77(6), 1092-1098.
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Killer whales are intelligent, versatile and opportunistic predators. Some populations feed mostly on fish, and other populations hunt marine mammals, including sea lions, seals, walruses, dolphins, large whales and some species of shark. They are considered an apex predator, as no animal predates on them. There are up to five distinct killer whale types, some of which may be separate races, subspecies or even species.
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The Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) is a locally extinct leopard population on Unguja Island in the Zanzibar archipelago, Tanzania. It was the island's largest terrestrial carnivore and apex predator. By 2002, it was considered extirpated due to persecution by local hunters. Increasing conflict between people and leopards in the 20th century led to the demonization of the Zanzibar leopard and determined attempts to exterminate it.
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The cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding prey it has killed to jaguars, American black bears, grizzly bears, American alligators (Florida panther predation mainly), and to groups of gray wolves or coyotes. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people.
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Tyrannosaurus rex is the apex predator of Hell Creek. Due to their large food requirements, adult Tyrannosaurus will require vast territories, which they will defend with aggression outside the mating season. During mating season, males and females will seek each other out and attempt to court via low frequency sounds and mating displays. Males alone will watch the nest and provide extensive parental care to their young.
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Although usually classed as an apex predator, as in most cases of apex predators in competitive environments, Bonelli's eagles sometimes infrequently fall victim to interspecific killings and predation as well.Resano-Mayor, J., Hernández-Matías, A., Real, J., Moleón, M., Parés, F., Inger, R., & Bearhop, S. (2014). Multi-scale effects of nestling diet on breeding performance in a terrestrial top predator inferred from stable isotope analysis. PLOS ONE, 9(4), e95320.
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The wolf is both an apex predator and a keystone species, affecting its prey's behaviour and the wider ecosystem. Because apex predators have powerful effects on other predators, on herbivores, and on plants, they can be important in nature conservation. Humans have hunted many apex predators close to extinction, but in some parts of the world these predators are now returning. They are increasingly threatened by climate change.
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It was a carnivore and preyed upon animals close to its size. Ctenospondylus had a long tail, short back spines, and a very deep yet narrow skull with massive jaws that had sharp teeth. Because of its large size, it was probably the apex predator in its environment, and might have competed with other predators like Dimetrodon for food. A sphenacodontid, it was a close relative of Dimetrodon.
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Dinornis robustus Because of the small initial size of all mammals following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, nonmammalian vertebrates had a roughly ten-million-year-long window of opportunity (during the Paleocene) for evolution of gigantism without much competition. During this interval, apex predator niches were often occupied by reptiles, such as terrestrial crocodilians (e.g. Pristichampsus), large snakes (e.g. Titanoboa) or varanid lizards, or by flightless birds (e.g.
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These structures may have served as areas of interest for the smaller oviraptorosaurs. The dinosaur fauna of the Nemegt Formation was very diverse. Therizinosaurus shared its habitat with other theropods such as the deinonychosaurs Adasaurus and Zanabazar; ornithomimosaurs Anserimimus, Deinocheirus and Gallimimus; oviraptorosaurs Nemegtomaia, Elmisaurus, Gobiraptor, and the apex predator of the formation, Tarbosaurus. Other herbivorous dinosaurs include Barsboldia, Tarchia, Prenocephale, Nemegtosaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia and the most common herbivore, Saurolophus.
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Riparian willow recovery at Blacktail Creek, Yellowstone National Park, after reintroduction of wolves, the local keystone species and apex predator. Left, in 2002; right, in 2015 The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. In that area, wolves are both keystone species and apex predators. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations.
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They are found in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, where it inhabits clear streams, lakes, and ponds. They predominately prefer swift currents, however they can also be found in well oxygenated pools. As their name suggests they are often found at the base of waterfalls. Before the introduction of fish such as smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, and brown trout the Fallfish was the apex predator in many streams.
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While initially thought to have been an apex predator of the Paleocene ecosystem in which it lived, analysis of the cranial elements of Titanoboa possess unique features relative to other boids. These features include high palatal and marginal tooth position counts, low- angled quadrate orientation, and reduced palatine-pterygoid and ptery. This has pointed to the genus being dominantly piscivorous; a trait unique to Titanoboa among all boids.Head et al.
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The sabre-tooth cat Megantereon was an apex predator of the Early and Middle Pleistocene (before MIS 12). It became extinct in Africa c. 1.5 Ma, but had already moved out through the Sinai, and is among the faunal remains of the Levantine hominin site of Ubeidiya, c. 1.4 Ma. It could not break bone marrow and its kills were likely an important food source for hominins,Lewis, M.E., Werdelin, L. (2010).
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They have thick, scaled skin, and their eyes and noses are located on the tops of their heads. This enables them to see and breathe while the rest of their bodies are underwater. The black caiman is the largest predator in the Amazon ecosystem, preying on a variety of fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is a generalist and apex predator, potentially capable of taking any animal within its range, including other predators.
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Mech LD. The Challenge and Opportunity of Recovering Wolf Populations. Conserv Biol. 1995 Apr;9(2):270–8 The complexity of Eco-systems makes it challenging to weigh up the value of a given species. Wolves play a critical role in regulating prey populations; the absence of such an apex predator in the Scottish Highlands has caused the over population of deer, preventing afforestation, which increases the risk of flooding and damage to property.
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Titanohierax gloveralleni is an extinct giant hawk known from fossils found in Cuba, Hispaniola and the Bahamas. Titanohierax was a giant hawk with a measured fore-claw length of and an estimated weight of around , making roughly equal in size to the females of the largest living eagles.This raptor lived in the Antilles, where it was probably an apex predator. The extinct crab-hawk Buteogallus borrasi was formerly placed in this genus with T. gloveralleni.
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It is the apex predator in its range. Prey specimens found at the eagle's nest have ranged in size from a small bat weighing to a Philippine deer weighing . The primary prey varies from island to island depending on species availability, particularly in Luzon and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal regions. For example, the tree squirrel-sized Philippine flying lemurs, the preferred prey in Mindanao, are absent in Luzon.
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Daspletosaurus is closely related to the much larger and more recent tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex. Like most tyrannosaurids, Daspletosaurus was a multi-tonne bipedal predator equipped with dozens of large, sharp teeth. Daspletosaurus had the small forelimbs typical of tyrannosaurids, although they were proportionately longer than in other genera. As an apex predator, Daspletosaurus was at the top of the food chain, probably preying on large dinosaurs like the ceratopsid Centrosaurus and the hadrosaur Hypacrosaurus.
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As an apex predator positioned at the highest level of the trophic web, the dusky shark is generally less abundant than other sharks that share its range. However, high concentrations of individuals, especially juveniles, can be found at particular locations. Adults are often found following ships far from land, such as in the Agulhas Current. A tracking study off the mouth of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina reported an average swimming speed of .
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Below the massif, and to the west, is a grassy savannah- with-palms that leads to the Indian Ocean. Within the massif, Lac Vert is found among tsingy formations. Mammals found in this forest include the apex predator fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), the fanaloka (Fossa fossana), northern ring-tailed mongoose and numerous bat species. Lemurs occurring here include the crowned lemur, northern sportive lemur, gray mouse lemur, Sanford's brown lemur and the aye-aye.
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Yurlunggur is a genus of fossil snake in the extinct family Madtsoiidae. This genus was a part of the extinct megafauna of Australia, and contains the species Yurlunggur camfieldensis.Yurlunggur in the Paleobiology Database A large apex predator that seems to have been extant in the region since the Miocene epoch. It is described as a member of the family Madtsoiidae, that includes the species such as Wonambi naracoortensis, present in Australia until the Pleistocene.
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With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed. After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone, the coyote then became the park's top canine predator. Since the coyote is not able to bring down large animals, this lack of an apex predator resulted in a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna. By the 1990s, the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves.
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Even though fishing has ceased, the cod stocks have failed to recover. The absence of cod as the apex predator in many areas has led to trophic cascades. About 25% of world fisheries are now overexploited to the point where their current biomass is less than the level that maximizes their sustainable yield. These depleted fisheries can often recover if fishing pressure is reduced until the stock biomass returns to the optimal biomass.
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Guitarfishes and other cartilaginous fishes are preyed upon by the pigeye shark, particularly off South Africa. Though the pigeye shark will take prey from anywhere in the water column, it tends to hunt close to the sea floor. An apex predator, it feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as croakers, flatfishes, and cutlassfishes, and to a lesser extent on cartilaginous fishes, cephalopods, and decapod crustaceans. It has also been recorded eating gastropods, sea snakes, dolphins, and whale carrion.
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Higher winter mortality of the Barn Owl compared to the Long-eared Owl and the Tawny Owl: Influence of lipid reserves and insulation? The Condor, 99(4), 969-971. In the British Isles, the tawny owl is the largest and most powerful year-around native owl, ahead slightly of the long-eared and barn owls. Therefore, the tawny owl may be considered an apex predator here (despite still being vulnerable occasionally to diurnal raptors and ground predators).
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Anomalocaris was an apex predator in the Cambrian seas. Apex predators are thought to have existed since at least the Cambrian period, around 500 million years ago. Extinct species cannot be directly determined to be apex predators as their behaviour cannot be observed, and clues to ecological relationships, such as bite marks on bones or shells, do not form a complete picture. However, indirect evidence such as the absence of any discernible predator in an environment is suggestive.
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The primary food of the blacktip reef shark is small fish, such as mullet. As often the most abundant apex predator within its ecosystem, the blacktip reef shark plays a major role in structuring inshore ecological communities. Its diet is composed primarily of small teleost fishes, including mullet, groupers, grunters, jacks, mojarras, wrasses, surgeonfish, and smelt- whitings. Groups of blacktip reef sharks in the Indian Ocean have been observed herding schools of mullet against the shore for easier feeding.
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One of the largest sharks of its time, Cardabiodon has been estimated to measure up to in length. It may have been an apex predator in its ecosystem and likely used its large, robust teeth and fast swimming capabilities to prey on a variety of marine animals including plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and other large fish. Cardabiodon also had a very heavy and stocky body. Scientists have been partially successful in calculating the life history of the shark.
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Bengal tiger at Bannerghatta National Park, Bangalore, India. A prominent example is in India, where tigers, an apex predator and the national animal, are considered a conservation-reliant species. This keystone species can maintain self-sustaining wild populations; however, they require ongoing management actions because threats are pervasive, recurrent and put them at risk of extinction. The origin of these threats are rooted in the changing socio-economic, political and spatial organization of society in India.
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Majungasaurus crenatissimus, top land predator of the formation Animals found in the formation include frogs (including Beelzebufo ampinga), turtles, snakes, lizards, at least seven species of crocodyliforms (including species of Mahajangasuchus and Trematochampsa), abelisaurid theropods Majungasaurus, noasaurid Masiakasaurus, two types of titanosaurian sauropods (Rapetosaurus and Vahiny), and at least five species of birds or very bird-like dinosaurs, including Rahonavis. The long Majungasaurus was likely the apex predator in the terrestrial environment. Crocodyliforms were very diverse and abundant.
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The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest extant cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange-brown fur with a lighter underside. It is an apex predator, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat, which support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring.
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In the Adriatic their main prey are pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), European sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), as well as Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Horse mackerel Trachurus spp. and they can also be cannibalistic. Cephalopods were also recorded in the stomachs of sampled hakes from the Adriatic. In the north east Atlantic this species has been recorded feeding on blue whiting, horse mackerel and clupeids and it is regarded as an apex predator in this area.
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They are characteristically grey in colour due to digested bones, or have bone fragments included. Owen and Pemberton believe that the relationship between Tasmanian devils and thylacines was "close and complex", as they competed directly for prey and probably also for shelter. The thylacines preyed on the devils, the devils scavenged from the thylacine's kills, and the devils ate thylacine young. Menna Jones hypothesises that the two species shared the role of apex predator in Tasmania.
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However, in the Great Lakes, the sea lamprey attacks native fish such as lake trout, lake whitefish, chub, and lake herring, which historically did not face sea lampreys. Elimination of these predators allowed the alewife, another invasive species, to explode in population, with adverse effects on many native fish species. The lake trout plays a vital role in the Lake Superior ecosystem. The lake trout has traditionally been considered an apex predator, which means that it has no predators.
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This makes the kind of long-term focused program Ocean Alliance conducted all the more important. Preliminary analysis has shown potentially damaging levels of genotoxic metals including chromium and nickel in Sperm whales living in the area, significantly higher than the global average. Furthermore, it has shown a correlation between proximity to the spill and levels of these genotoxic metals. To achieve this aim of conducting a long-term analysis, Ocean Alliance monitored the top apex predator of the region, the Sperm whales.
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Neanderthals obtained protein in their diet from animal sources. Evidence based on isotope studies shows that Neanderthals ate primarily meat. Neanderthals were probably an apex predator, and fed predominantly on deer, namely red deer and reindeer, as they were the most abundant game, but also on ibex, wild boar, aurochs, and less frequently mammoth, straight-tusked elephant and woolly rhinoceros.;. Traces of fossilized plants have been extracted from Neanderthal teeth tartar found in Belgium and Iraq, suggesting they also consumed plants.
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Based on this, it is thought that Crete was inhabited from the 7th millennium BC onwards. The native fauna of Crete included pygmy hippo, pygmy elephant Paleoloxodon chaniensis, dwarf deer Praemegaceros cretensis, giant rodents and insectivores as well as badger, beech marten and Lutrogale cretensis, a kind of terrestrial otter. Large mammalian carnivores were lacking; in their stead, the flightless Cretan owl was the apex predator. Most of these animals died out at the end of the last ice-age.
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After receiving the transmission, the Militia's Marauder Corps, led by Commander Sarah Briggs, assault the IMC-held installation where the Ark is being kept, arriving too late to prevent it from being loaded onto the Draconis, an IMC transport. The Militia give chase in hijacked IMC ships. BT and Cooper attempt to board the Draconis but are attacked by the Apex Predator Viper. Cooper kills Viper and successfully boards the Draconis with BT. Cooper and BT secure the Ark before the ship crashes.
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The Bengal tiger's large canines and strong jaws reveal its place as an apex predator Lions are voracious carnivores; they require more than 7 kilograms of meat daily. A major component of their diet is the meat of large mammals, such as this buffalo. Obligate or "true" carnivores are those whose diet requires nutrients found only in animal flesh. While obligate carnivores might be able to ingest small amounts of plant matter, they lack the necessary physiology required to fully digest it.
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Acrolepis (Ancient Greek for "Tip Scale") is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian epoch to the Late Permian. It is a large piscivorous predatory fish in the acrolepid family, which occupy an apex predator niche in its locale. Measured from the fossil specimen discovered in Germany, the species was estimated to have grown up to in length, making it one of the largest predatory fish of the Tournaisian and Permian.
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Tetanuran evolution appears to exhibit waves of diversification, although this may be due to uneven sampling. During the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, large spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished, but the latter possibly died out before the end of the Cretaceous due to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, while spinosaurids are known from the Santonian. Soon afterwards the niche of terrestrial apex predator ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs, which dominated terminal Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Coelurosaurs persisted through the end of the Mesozoic Era.
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T. burgundiae attacks Stenopterygius hauffianus, Lias of Germany Temnodontosaurus was an apex predator in the Early Jurassic seas. Its diet likely consisted mainly of vertebrates such as fish, plesiosaurs and other ichthyosaurs, and may also have preyed on cephalopods. It is the only Jurassic ichthyosaur genus for which a diet consisting mainly of vertebrates has been proposed. One T. trigonodon specimen (located at the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart) shows remains of Stenopterygius, another ichthyosaur, in its abdominal cavity.
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Peytoia is a genus of anomalocarids that lived in the Cambrian period, containing two species, Peytoia nathorsti and Peytoia infercambriensis. Its two mouth appendages had long bristle-like spines, it had no fan tail, and its short stalked eyes were behind its mouth appendages. Paleontologists have determined that these attributes disqualify Peytoia from apex predator status (as opposed to Anomalocaris), to the extent that it used its appendages to filter water and sediment on the sea floor to find food.
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As an apex predator in nearshore demersal food webs, the red stingray plays a significant ecological role. Crustaceans are the most important component of its diet, followed by small bony fishes and then annelid worms, while molluscs are seldom consumed. In Tokyo Bay, important crustacean prey species are Crangon affinis for males, Oratosquilla ijimai for females, and Anisomysis ijimai for juveniles; the most important fish prey species is Sardinops melanostictus, followed by Conger myriaster. Like other stingrays, the red stingray is aplacental viviparous.
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It attains a maximum length of . An aggressive, powerful apex predator, the silvertip shark feeds on a wide variety of bony fishes, as well as eagle rays, smaller sharks, and cephalopods. This species dominates other requiem sharks of equal size when competing for food, and larger individuals are often heavily scarred from conflicts with others of its species. As with other members of its family, the silvertip shark is viviparous, with females giving birth to one to 11 pups in the summer.
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Flightless or at least not quick in taking off, and not well-adapted to running away from threats either, retreating into the swamplands or reed belt would have provided a means of escape for the large birds. Here too, the highly mobile toes would have proven useful. While near the water, Eremopezus would have had to watch out for the basal crocodile "Crocodylus" megarhinus,"C." articeps probably refers to immature individuals of "C." megarhinus. the aquatic apex predator of Late Eocene Faiyum.
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The Nakdong River Basin Environmental Office set up an unmanned camera and successfully captured images of the wildlife. In the video, wild animals are seen moving around the alpine wetland and displayed various actions such as hunting and marking their territories. Martens that were observed at this time were selected as endangered animals and they were apex predator in South Korea. The video has great importance to scientific research as it is the first to document the wildlife in real time.
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The Little Owl: Conservation, Ecology and Behavior of Athene noctua. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. The fresh remains of a secretarybird were found in one tawny eagle nest in Africa but, if the eagles killed the bird rather than scavenged it, this would need confirmation. The tawny eagle, despite being an eagle of intermediate size, does not seem to be subject to natural predators in adulthood as far as is known and can be said to fulfill the role of an apex predator.
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Living in the rich biosphere of Africa south of the Sahara, the Nile crocodile may come into contact with multiple other large predators. Its place in the ecosystems it inhabits is largely unique, as it is the only large tetrapod carnivore that spends the majority of its life in water and hunting prey associated with aquatic zones. Large mammalian predators in Africa are often social animals and obligated to feed almost exclusively on terrestrial zones. The Nile crocodile is a strong example of an apex predator.
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Anomalocaris was an aquatic apex predator, in the Cambrian. Its mouthparts are clearly predatory, and there were no larger animals in the seas at that time. Carnivorous theropod dinosaurs including Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus have been described as apex predators, based on their size, morphology, and dietary needs. A Permian shark, Triodus sessilis, was discovered containing two amphibians (Archegosaurus decheni and Cheliderpeton latirostre), one of which had consumed a fish, Acanthodes bronni, showing that the shark had lived at a trophic level of at least 4.
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Thalattoarchon is thought to have been one of the first marine macropredators capable of eating prey that was similar in size to itself, an ecological role that can be compared to that of modern orcas. Thalattoarchon lived four million years after the first appearance of ichthyosaurs in the Early Triassic and is therefore the oldest known marine reptile to have been an apex predator. It lived eight million years after the Permian-Triassic extinction event, indicating a fast recovery of marine ecosystems after the mass extinction.
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Argentavis territories measured probably more than , which the birds screened for food, possibly utilizing a generally north–south direction to avoid being slowed by adverse winds. This species seems less aerodynamically suited for predation than its relatives. It probably preferred to scavenge for carrion, and it is possible that it habitually chased metatherian carnivores such as Thylacosmilidae from their kills. Another apex predator on land at the time and place were the giant, ground-dwelling "terror birds", phorusrhacids, which too may have been displaced from kills.
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The powerful kinetic jaws, high-speed capabilities, and large size of Cretoxyrhina suggest a very aggressive predator. Cretoxyrhinas association with a diverse number of fossils showing signs of devourment confirms that it was an active apex predator that fed on much of the variety of marine megafauna in the Late Cretaceous. The highest trophic level it occupied was a position shared only with large mosasaurs such as Tylosaurus during the latter stages of the Late Cretaceous. It played a critical role in many marine ecosystems.
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Bonito, Pantanal, Brazil (a streaked prochilod, one of its favorite prey items, in the background) The golden dorado is the apex predator in its freshwater habitat. They are primarily piscivores, eating a wide variety of fish, but have also been recorded feeding on large insects, crustaceans and small vertebrates (for example, rodents, lizards and birds). One of the adult dorado's favorite prey is the streaked prochilod (Prochilodus lineatus), a species of schooling fish that also is migratory. In the larval stage, golden dorados feed on plankton.
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Appears in: Halloween Dr. Ranbir Sartain (Haluk Bilginer) is Michael's psychiatrist, who was previously a student of Dr. Samuel Loomis. Unlike Loomis, Sartain is obsessed with finding out Michael's motives, and is determined to make him speak. Sartain arranged for his escape to provoke a reaction out of Michael by putting him against Laurie to allow Michael to reinforce his perceived role as an 'apex predator'. Sartain persuades Sheriff Barker to allow him to help the hunt for Michael, and rides with Deputy Sheriff Frank Hawkins.
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Though this feature has since proved to be a misidentification, other features distinguishing the genus from its relatives have been identified, including a telson with a triangular shape and a different inclination of the denticles of the claws. The chelicerae and compound eyes of Jaekelopterus indicate it was active and powerful with high visual acuity, most likely an apex predator in the ecosystems of Early Devonian Euramerica. Although eurypterids such as Jaekelopterus are often called "sea scorpions", the strata in which Jaekelopterus fossils have been found suggest that it lived in fresh water environments.
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An eagle-owl in Kruger National Park swallowing a snake Verreaux's eagle-owl is considered an avian apex predator, meaning it is at or near the top of the food chain and healthy adults normally have no natural predators. In many known aspects of its hunting behaviour, it is typical of the members of the genus Bubo. This species hunt predominantly in early evening, however they have been observed to swoop on prey during daylight. The owls usually fly to a different perch from their daytime roost to use as their habitual hunting perch.
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A carnivore at the top of the food chain, not preyed upon by other animals, is termed an apex predator. "Carnivore" also may refer to the mammalian order Carnivora, but this is somewhat misleading: many, but not all, Carnivora are meat eaters, and even fewer are true obligate carnivores (see below). For example, while the Arctic polar bear eats meat almost exclusively (more than 90% of its diet is meat), most species of bears are omnivorous, and the giant panda is exclusively herbivorous. There are also many carnivorous species that are not members of Carnivora.
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The polar bear is the apex predator within its range. Several animal species, particularly Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus), routinely scavenge polar bear kills. The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears, while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals. The evolutionary pressure of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and Antarctic seals.
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Food chains are often far shorter on land, usually limited to being secondary consumers – for example, wolves prey mostly upon large herbivores (primary consumers), which eat plants (primary producers). The apex predator concept is applied in wildlife management, conservation and ecotourism. Apex predators have a long evolutionary history, dating at least to the Cambrian period when animals such as Anomalocaris dominated the seas. Humans have for many centuries interacted with apex predators including the wolf, birds of prey and cormorants to hunt game animals, birds, and fish respectively.
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As a terrestrial example, the badger, an apex predator, predates on and also competes with the hedgehog, a mesopredator, for food such as insects, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and the eggs of ground-nesting birds. Removal of badgers (in a trial investigating bovine tuberculosis) caused hedgehog densities to more than double. Predators that exert a top-down control on organisms in their community are often considered keystone species. Humans are not considered apex predators because their diets are typically diverse, although human trophic levels increase with consumption of meat.
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Most thalassophonean pliosaurids, with their robust skulls and short necks, were well-adapted to apex predator niches. Although serrated teeth, spatula-shaped snouts, and strongly-developed crests on the skull roof were lost in brachauchenines, their large size and teeth still indicate predatory lifestyles. Meanwhile, with their slimmer body proportions, polycotylids were likely fast-swimming piscivores. Principal component and ecomorphological analyses place Luskhan as being significantly closer to polycotylids than other thalassophoneans in terms of skull traits, but not in terms of the rest of the body; thus, Luskhan is the most polycotylid-like pliosaurid.
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Wolf kills are scavenged by and thus feed a wide array of animals, including, but not limited to, ravens, wolverines, bald eagles, golden eagles, grizzly bears, black bears, jays, magpies, martens and coyotes. Meanwhile, wolf packs often claim kills made by cougars, which has driven that species back out of valley hunting grounds to their more traditional mountainside territory. The top-down effect of the reintroduction of an apex predator like the wolf on other flora and fauna in an ecosystem is an example of a trophic cascade.
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The powerful owl (Ninox strenua) is a species of owl native to south-eastern and eastern Australia, the largest owl on the continent. It is found in coastal areas and in the Great Dividing Range rarely more than inland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species also refers to this species as the powerful boobook. An apex predator in its narrow distribution, the powerful owl is often an opportunist like most predators, but generally is dedicated to hunting arboreal mammals, in particular small to medium-sized marsupials.
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In October 2014, Napalm Death made a press release about the ongoing work on the upcoming album, revealing details of the recording status and some song titles. In the press release vocalist Mark Greenway mitigated concerns about the duration of the album recordings: "The full story is though that we've been recording it in segments to try and achieve varying types of sonic assault." The track "Cesspits" was the first song of Apex Predator – Easy Meat to be presented to the public in advance. It debuted with British music magazine Terrorizer in November 2014.
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Anatomical analysis of the Cretoxyrhina skeletons revealed that the shark possessed facial and optical features most similar to that in thresher sharks and crocodile sharks and had a hydrodynamic build that suggested the use of regional endothermy. As an apex predator, Cretoxyrhina played a critical role in the marine ecosystems it inhabited. It was a cosmopolitan genus and its fossils have been found worldwide, although most frequently in the Western Interior Seaway area of North America. It preferred mainly subtropical to temperate pelagic environments but was known in waters as cold as .
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Feeding mainly on crustaceans and bony fishes, the red stingray plays a key ecological role as an apex predator in its environment. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to 1 or up to 10 pups at a time. The red stingray is valued as food in Japan; large numbers are caught as bycatch and brought to market, which has seemingly led to a population decline in this unprolific species. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as Near Threatened.
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Restoration Rubidgea was one of the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived. Measurements taken from specimens estimate that adult Rubidgea reached a length of 3.4 m (11 ft), the largest specimens hosting skulls that measure up to 46 cm (1.51 ft) in length. Rubidgea was a heavily-built, large-bodied apex predator, and sported a thick skull with long, sabre-like canines. The Rubidgeinae group as a whole were the largest gorgonopsians known to have lived, and are characterised by their robust skeletal features, particularly their skulls which are heavily- pachyostosed.
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The biology of the Orinoco crocodile is poorly documented in the wild, mostly due its small population. It is thought to have a more piscivorous diet with an opportunistic nature resulting in a generalist predatory behavior. The Orinoco crocodile is an apex predator and will take the opportunity to prey on a variety of reptiles, birds, and mammals, including caimans on occasion. The prey base is mostly made up of large predatory fish, challenging the general view by the locals complaining about the crocodile hunting local fish to very low numbers.
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Its habitat ranges from the shoreline down to the continental shelf. Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (declined by >95% of maximum historical biomass) and have failed to recover even with the cessation of fishing. This absence of the apex predator has led to a trophic cascade in many areas. While the north west Atlantic cod stocks have not yet recovered fully from overfishing in the past, most stocks in the East Atlantic are currently in good condition and well managed, such as those at North Norway and Svalbard.
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Many fauna from the Pekin Formation await formal description. The fauna include a new aetosaur, Carnufex and another crocodylomorph, an unnamed traversodont formerly assigned to Boreogomphodon, and a new dicynodont. Although Carnufex was the largest carnivore in its ecosystem known from fossils, this may be a result of sampling bias obscuring the distribution of larger animals like rauisuchids. As a result, its describers hesitated from identifying Carnufex as the apex predator of its environment, instead proposing that it may be part of a large predator "guild" that inhabited the area.
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Amazed and intoxicated by her newfound power however, Cady does not pay attention to Janis' words ("Apex Predator"). At the mall, Gretchen asks Cady if she has met any boys she likes. When Cady tells her about Aaron, Gretchen becomes horrified because he is Regina's ex-boyfriend, which makes him off-limits to her friends. The Plastics and Cady retire to Regina's house, where they meet her "cool mom" and Gretchen and Karen show Cady their old Burn Book, where they put photos of their classmates and write mean comments about them.
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Skull of Livyatan Macroraptorial sperm whales were highly predatory whales of the sperm whale family (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch that hunted large marine mammals, including other whales, using their large teeth. Likewise, they were all likely the apex predator of their habitats, comparable to the modern day killer whale (Orcinus orca), and achieved great lengths, with one species–Livyatan–measuring about . The macroraptorial sperm whales–Albicetus, Acrophyseter, Brygmophyseter, Livyatan, Scaldicetus, and Zygophyseter–are an informal grouping of genera without a family designation. All species are known by at least a skull.
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About 260 million years ago, Orthacanthus was the apex predator of freshwater swamps and bayous in Europe and North America. Mature Orthacanthus reached nearly 3 meters (10 feet) in length. Orthacanthus teeth have a minimum of three cusps, two principal cusps, and an intermediate cusp, where the principal cusps are variously serrated, with complex base morphology. Additionally, Orthacanthus can be diagnosed by major transverse axes of proximal ends at a 45 degree angle to and often almost parallel to the labial margin of the base between the cusps.
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Schwimmer concluded in 2002 that the feeding patterns of Deinosuchus most likely varied by geographic location; the smaller Deinosuchus specimens of eastern North America would have been opportunistic feeders in an ecological niche similar to that of the modern American alligator. They would have consumed marine turtles, large fish, and smaller dinosaurs. The bigger, but less common, Deinosuchus that lived in Texas and Montana might have been more specialized hunters, capturing and eating large dinosaurs. Schwimmer noted no theropod dinosaurs in Deinosuchus eastern range approached its size, indicating the massive crocodilian could have been the region's apex predator.
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Adult snowy owls on the breeding grounds are far less vulnerable and can be justifiably qualified as an apex predator. Instances of killing of adult snowy owls on the breeding grounds have been witnessed to be committed by a pair of pomarine jaegers on an incubating adult female snowy owl (possibly merely a competitive attack as she was left uneaten) and by an Arctic fox that killed an adult male snowy owl.Menyushina, I. E. (1994). Interspecies relation of the polar fox (Alopex lagopus L.) and the Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca L.) during the breeding season in the Wrangel Island. 1.
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At Steve's funeral, Matt confronts Andrew about what happened. Andrew denies responsibility, but later privately begs for forgiveness at Steve's grave. As a result, Andrew grows distant from Matt and again finds himself ostracized at school. After telekinetically ripping two teeth out of a bully's mouth, Andrew begins to identify himself as an apex predator, rationalizing that he should not feel guilt for using his powers to hurt those weaker than him. With his mother’s condition deteriorating and having no money to pay for her medication, Andrew disguises himself using Richard's firefighter gear and uses his powers to steal money.
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Nests are known to be predated by coyotes (Canis latrans), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and flocks of common ravens (Corvus corax), predators possibly too formidable to be fully displaced by the Harris's hawk's cooperative nest defenses. No accounts show predation on adults in the United States and the Harris's hawk may be considered an apex predator, although presumably predators like eagles and great horned owls would be capable of killing them.Dawson, J. W. and R. W. Mannan. (1991). Dominance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' Hawks.
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The polar bear is the apex predator within its range, and is a keystone species for the Arctic. Several animal species, particularly Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus), routinely scavenge polar bear kills. The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears, while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals. The evolutionary pressure of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and Antarctic seals.
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Tigress was an orphan whose status as an apex predator and her destructive lack of control of her strength left her feared and isolated in the rest of the orphanage where she lived. Master Shifu came to kindly teach her the discipline she desperately needed to control her movements until she could perform delicate tasks with ease enough to allay the concerns of the orphanage and the kids that lived there. When she was again rejected for adoption by the adults who were still scared of her, Master Shifu took her in as his student and foster daughter.
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The thylacine was relatively shy and nocturnal, with the general appearance of a medium-to-large-size dog, except for its stiff tail and abdominal pouch similar to a kangaroo's, and dark transverse stripes that radiated from the top of its back, reminiscent of a tiger. The thylacine was a formidable apex predator,Paddle (2000) though exactly how large its prey animals were is disputed. Because of convergent evolution it displayed a form and adaptations similar to the tiger and wolf of the Northern Hemisphere, despite being unrelated. Its closest living relative is either the Tasmanian devil or the numbat.
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The hunting strategy of the Orinoco crocodile Little study has gone into the dietary biology of Orinoco crocodiles but from eye-witness accounts and partial studies from captivity and crocodile farms, the majority of the Orinoco crocodile's diet appears to consists of large fish. The species' relatively narrow snout is ideally suited to minimize water resistance in capturing such aquatic prey. However, as an opportunistic apex predator, virtually any animal living within its range could be considered a potential meal, such as reptiles, birds, and mammals. Despite having a rather elongated skull, its base snout is wide, hinting to a generalist diet.
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Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) were the apex predator and pelagic surface feeder, historically, in Whitefish Lake. They persist in the lake but in greatly diminished numbers. The primary threat to native cutthroat trout is hybridization with non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Other native fish species include the river's namesake mountain whitefish, largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), peamouth chub (Mylocheilus caurinus,), redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and mottled sculpin (Cottus bondi) slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and shorthead sculpin (Cottus confusus).
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The Murray cod is an important part of Australia's vertebrate wildlife—as an apex predator in the Murray- Darling River system—and also significant in Australia's human culture. The Murray cod is the largest exclusively freshwater fish in Australia, and one of the largest in the world. Other common names for Murray cod include cod, greenfish, goodoo, Mary River cod, Murray perch, ponde, pondi and Queensland freshwater cod. The scientific name of Murray cod derives from an early Australian fish researcher with the surname McCulloch and the river from which the explorer Major Mitchell first scientifically described the species, the Peel River.
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Egypt Taylor is an American entrepreneur, producer, and recognizable artist in the hip-hop community. Born in Dallas, Texas, United States, and a native to Philadelphia, Egypt has been referred to as a "veteran freshman" because of his young start and early approval in the music industry. Egypt's contribution to modern hip-hop has caused an increase in publicity and his personal life. Egypt has worked with artists such as Kendrick Lamar, Kanye West, APEX Predator, and other well known producers such as Metro Boomin and Andy Ha. Egypt was also a summiter at the 2015 Forbes 30 Under 30 Summit in Philadelphia.
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Because of its large size, adaptations geared toward crunching bones, and rarity in the fossil record, Pelagiarctos is formerly interpreted as being a predator of other large marine vertebrates. If so, it would make Pelagiarctos unique among pinnipeds, as most other species are adapted to much smaller prey such as fish or squid. Pelagiarctos most likely preyed upon the pinniped Allodesmus (which was very common in its environment), but it could also have preyed upon other marine mammals such as Metaxytherium or Paleoparadoxia. But in a 2014 study indicates that it was not an apex predator.
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There is little genetic information available on the ancient wolves that existed prior to the bottleneck. However, studies show that one or more of these ancient populations is more directly ancestral to dogs than are modern wolves, and conceivably these were more prone to domestication by the first humans to invade Eurasia. An apex predator sits on the top trophic level of the food chain, while a mesopredator sits further down the food chain and is dependent on smaller animals. Towards the end of the Pleistocene era, most of today's apex predators were mesopredators and this included the wolf.
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Most large azhdarchids probably fed on small prey, including hatchling and small dinosaurs; in an unusual modification of the azhdarchid bauplan, the unusually robust Hatzegopteryx may have tackled larger prey as the apex predator in its ecosystem. In another departure from typical azhdarchid lifestyles, the jaw of Alanqa may possibly be an adaptation to crushing shellfish and other hard foodstuffs. Azhdarchids are generally medium- to large-sized pterosaurs, with the largest achieving wingspans of , but several small-sized species have recently been discovered. Another azhdarchid that is currently unnamed, recently discovered in Transylvania, may be the largest representative of the family thus far discovered.
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They note that the "marsupial lion" (Thylacoleo carnifex) has been implicated with the butchery of very large Pleistocene mammals, while Megalania has not. In addition, they note that Megalania fossils are extremely uncommon, in contrast to T. carnifex with its wide distribution across Australian Pleistocene deposits. Quinkana, a genus of terrestrial crocodiles that grew up to 6 m and was present until around 40,000 years ago, has also been marked as another apex predator of Australian megafauna. If one were to reconstruct the ecosystems that existed before the arrival of the humans on Australia, introducing Komodo dragons to represent Megalania has been suggested to be desirable.
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Gastonia compared to the fauna of the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Gastonia in pale yellow) Kirkland suggested that Gastonia could have been so abundant because its armour effectively protected it against the apex predator of its habitat, the giant dromaeosaurid Utahraptor, remains of which have been found in the original Gastonia quarry. Gastonia would have shown a typical polacanthine defence, which Kirkland understood to have consisted of a combination of passive protection offered by the vertical spikes and active protection by hitting a predator with the horizontal spikes of the flexible tail. The armour would also have served intraspecific antagonistic behaviour, i.e. fighting between males.
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Clearly, blue catfish are a dominant species within the freshwater and oligohaline portions of Virginia's tidal rivers. The introduction of blue catfish in Virginia's tidal rivers was thought to have negative impacts on anadromous American shad, blueback herring, and alewife; however, predation of these species by blue catfish has been demonstrated to be minimal. Much of the narrative that has been built around the species as a dangerous apex predator in the Chesapeake Bay is simply not true. Researchers from Virginia Tech have found the species to be mostly herbivorous and omnivorous, with diets consisting largely of hydrilla and Asian clams, both of which are invasive to the Chesapeake Bay.
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In Australia, 2012 estimates indicate that there are more than 7.2 million red foxes with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland. It became established in Australia through successive introductions by settlers in 1830s in the British colonies of Van Diemen's Land (as early as 1833) and the Port Phillip District of New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose of the traditional English sport of fox hunting. A permanent red fox population was not established on the island of Tasmania and it is widely held that they were out-competed by the Tasmanian devil. On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an apex predator.
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It was probably an active predator rather than a scavenger. The discovery of juvenile Dorudon at Wadi Al Hitan bearing distinctive bite marks on their skulls indicates that B. isis would have aimed for the skulls of its victims to kill its prey, and then subsequently torn its meals apart, based on the disarticulated remains of the Dorudon skeletons. The finding further cements theories that B. isis was an apex predator that may have hunted newborn and juvenile Dorudon at Wadi Al Hitan when mothers of the latter came to give birth. The stomach contents of an elderly male B. isis not only includes Dorudon but the fish Pycnodus mokattamensis.
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Anomalocaris ("unlike other shrimp", or "abnormal shrimp") is an extinct genus of radiodont (anomalocaridid), an order of animals thought to be closely related to ancestral arthropods. The first fossils of Anomalocaris were discovered in the Ogygopsis Shale by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, with more examples found by Charles Doolittle Walcott in the Burgess Shale. Originally several fossilized parts discovered separately (the mouth, frontal appendages and trunk) were thought to be three separate creatures, a misapprehension corrected by Harry B. Whittington and Derek Briggs in a 1985 journal article. Anomalocaris is thought to be one of the earliest examples of an apex predator, though others have been found in older Cambrian lagerstätten deposits.
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The habitat selection and overall distribution of the changeable hawk-eagle is largely concurrent with other largish raptors such as the crested serpent eagle and the crested honey buzzard, apparently the three species are largely tolerant and non-aggressive towards each other, perhaps surprisingly given the otherwise aggressive habits of hawk-eagles. Unsurprisingly, these species have quite discrepant ecological niches, especially in terms of their dietary habits. Although nest predators are probably profuse, parent changeable hawk-eagles are likely to aggressive displace most potential threats. No verified accounts of predation are known in the wild and the species often likely fulfills the role of an apex predator.
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The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, occurring in tropical and warm-temperate continental seas worldwide. A generalist apex predator, the dusky shark can be found from the coast to the outer continental shelf and adjacent pelagic waters, and has been recorded from a depth of 400 m (1,300 ft). Populations migrate seasonally towards the poles in the summer and towards the equator in the winter, traveling hundreds to thousands of kilometers. One of the largest members of its genus, the dusky shark reaches 4.2 m (14 ft) in length and 347 kg (765 lb) in weight.
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The most complete specimen measures up to in length though T. rex could grow to lengths of over , up to tall at the hips, and according to most modern estimates to in weight. Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, it is still among the largest known land predators and is estimated to have exerted the strongest bite force among all terrestrial animals. By far the largest carnivore in its environment, Tyrannosaurus rex was most likely an apex predator, preying upon hadrosaurs, armored herbivores like ceratopsians and ankylosaurs, and possibly sauropods. Some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger.
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As a carnivore at Cerro de los Battalones, Magericyon shared the apex predator position with two saber- toothed cat species, the leopard-sized Promegantereon ogygia and the tiger- sized Machairodus aphanistus. Evidence indicates that the large carnivores may have co-existed using niche partitioning. A carbon-13 bone analysis matched isotope profiles in prey species with their predators, showing both cats hunted prey that typically live in closed woodland habitats, such as pigs (Microstonyx) and perhaps occasionally young of the gomphotheriid mastodonTetralophodon. Magericyon ate medium-sized prey that live in more open habitats, with the antelope Austroportax being an important food source and hipparionine horses also present in the diet.
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An apex predator of the Oxford Clay seas large enough to attack Leedsichthys was the pliosaurid Liopleurodon. In 1999 Martill suggested that a climate change at the end of the Callovian led to the extinction of Leedsichthys in the northern seas, the southern Ocean offering a last refuge during the Oxfordian. However, in 2010 Liston pointed out that Leedsichthys during the later Kimmeridgian was still present in the north, as testified by Normandian finds. Liston did nevertheless consider in 2007 that the lack of any vertebrate suspension feeders as large as 0.5 metre (1.6 feet) prior to the Callovian stage of the Mesozoicum might indicate that the Callovian had seen a marked change in productivity as regarded zooplankton populations.
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Likewise, they collected feeding data on the other organisms in the food chains down to the primary producers, such as algae. This data was fed into an Ecopath model, which then described the energy flow, in terms of food, as it moved from the primary producers up the food web to the apex predator. Such models allow scientists to compute the complex effects that occur, both direct and indirect, from the interactions of the many ecosystem components.ECOPATH Modeling: Precursor to an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management NOAA The model showed that over the last 50 years the mean trophic level of fish catches has declined by somewhere between 0.5 and 1.0 trophic levels.
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For example, the polar bear requires extensive areas of sea ice to hunt its prey, typically seals, but climate change is shrinking the sea ice of the Arctic, forcing polar bears to fast on land for increasingly long periods. Dramatic changes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were recorded after the gray wolf, both an apex predator and a keystone species (one with a large effect on its ecosystem), was reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 as a conservation measure. Elk, the wolves' primary prey, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing and allowing willows, aspens and cottonwoods to flourish, creating habitats for beaver, moose and scores of other species.Bystroff, Chris.
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Although predation events upon Ural owls are widely reported, the relative number of incidents of such are very low and singular. South of the Arctic, it can be considered to rival the great grey owl as the owl species that is second least vulnerable to predation, behind the apex predator eagle-owls. The Ural owl is itself a fairly formidable predator of smaller owl species, although not as prolific a killer as are eagle-owls and northern goshawks. Among the owls Ural owls have been known to have preyed upon are Indian scops owl (Otus lettia), collared scops owl (Otus bakkamoena), northern hawk-owls, tawny owls, Eurasian pygmy owls, boreal owls and long-eared owls.
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The hypothesis that endemic fauna and flora of tepuis represent remnants of ancient species was an inspiration to Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World (1912), which was set on a tepui. In the 1990 film Arachnophobia, a new species of spider with a highly potent, deadly venom that lives in social colonies and is the implied apex predator of its environment is discovered in a sinkhole enclosed by a tepui in the Venezuelan rainforest, also alluding to the unique ecological conditions of tepuis. Much of the story of 2009 Pixar–Disney film Up takes place among the tepuis. The film also includes depictions of the numerous rock formations and an Angel Falls-like waterfall called "Paradise Falls".
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Skeletal mount of the Tyrannosaurus holotype. This timeline of tyrannosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the tyrannosaurs, a group of predatory theropod dinosaurs that began as small, long-armed bird-like creatures with elaborate cranial ornamentation but achieved apex predator status during the Late Cretaceous as their arms shrank and body size expanded. Although formally trained scientists did not begin to study tyrannosaur fossils until the mid-19th century, these remains may have been discovered by Native Americans and interpreted through a mythological lens. The Montana Crow tradition about thunder birds with two claws on their feet may have been inspired by isolated tyrannosaurid forelimbs found locally.
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Having a similar appearance and build to the modern great white shark, it was an apex predator in its ecosystem and preyed on a large variety of marine animals including mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, sharks and other large fish, pterosaurs, and occasionally dinosaurs. Its teeth, up to in height, were razor-like and had thick enamel built for stabbing and slicing prey. Cretoxyrhina was also among the fastest-swimming sharks, with hydrodynamic calculations suggesting burst speed capabilities of up to . It has been speculated that Cretoxyrhina hunted by lunging at its prey at high speeds to inflict powerful blows, similar to the great white shark today, and relied on strong eyesight to do so.
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While riding with Hawkins, they discover Allison and Hawkins runs over Michael. Sartain kills Hawkins so he will not kill Michael with a blade hidden in his pen, and reveals he seeks to understand how Michael feels when he kills, briefly donning Michael's mask before driving him to Laurie's house with the goal of seeing what happens when the two come face-to-face again, and taking Allyson hostage and deciding to reunite Michael and Laurie. Sartain reveals that he arranged for Michael's escape to reinforce his perceived role as an 'apex predator' who needs to finish what he started and kill Laurie to reassert himself. Allyson distracts Sartain by claiming that Michael spoke to her earlier.
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These contents include the remains of a very large (1.6 meter) fish, a smaller fish, a sea turtle and the possible remains of a cephalopod. These prey items are quite different from one another and would normally be prey items for different niches of predators, but are together consistent with a large and opportunistic apex predator. Though seemingly able to feed on prey typical for "cutting"-teeth mosasaurs, such as the large fish, the robust teeth suggest that somewhat harder prey, such as the sea turtle, was also commonly devoured. Prognathodon overtoni, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator capable of feeding upon nearly anything in the Western Interior Seaway.
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Established in 2001, the Reserve is ecologically representative of the local Shoalhaven area, which is home to temperate rainforest and threatened species; such as the Brush-tailed rock-wallaby and the apex predator, the tiger quoll. It has a protective covenant placed on it, with the ultimate purpose to ensure the protection of the natural heritage of the area. In 2003, Devils Glen, Red Rocks and Black Ash Nature Reserves were amalgamated into Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve. This is now a part of the Kangaroo Valley National Parks, consisting of the smaller refuges of Kangaroo River, Cambewarra Range, Barrengarry and Rodway Nature Reserves, which are covered by the Southern Regional Forest Agreement.
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Several million years later, this sea would expand to the north, becoming the Western Interior Seaway and dividing North America in two for nearly the entire Late Cretaceous period. The paleoenvironment of the Antlers Formation consisted of tropical or sub-tropical forests, floodplains, river deltas, coastal swamps, bayous and lagoons, probably similar to that of modern-day Louisiana. In the Antlers Formation in what is now Oklahoma, Tenontosaurus and Deinonychus shared their paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the sauropods Astrodon (Pleurocoelus) and Sauroposeidon proteles, and the carnosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, which was likely the apex predator in this region.Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; and Noto, Christopher R. (2004).
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The jaguar attacks from cover and usually from a target's blind spot with a quick pounce; the species' ambushing abilities are considered nearly peerless in the animal kingdom by both indigenous people and field researchers, and are probably a product of its role as an apex predator in several different environments. The ambush may include leaping into water after prey, as a jaguar is quite capable of carrying a large kill while swimming; its strength is such that carcasses as large as a heifer can be hauled up a tree to avoid flood levels. After killing prey, the jaguar will drag the carcass to a thicket or other secluded spot. It begins eating at the neck and chest, rather than the midsection.
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A feral cat with a tipped ear indicating it was neutered in a trap-neuter- return program A feral cat is an un-owned domestic cat (Felis catus) that lives outdoors and avoids human contact: it does not allow itself to be handled or touched, and usually remains hidden from humans. Feral cats may breed over dozens of generations and become an aggressive apex predator in urban, savannah and bushland environments. Some feral cats may become more comfortable with people who regularly feed them, but even with long-term attempts at socialization, they usually remain aloof and are most active after dusk. Feral cats are devastating to wildlife, and conservation biologists consider them to be one of the worst invasive species on Earth.
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Cenomanian localities in the Western Interior Seaway have yielded several marine vertebrates that coexisted with Cardabiodon, which the shark, presumably as an apex predator, may have preyed upon. These include many sharks including mackerel sharks like Cretodus, Cretalamna, Protolamna, and Cretoxyrhina; anacoracids like Squalicorax; and hybodonts like Ptychodus and Hybodus; large bony fish such as Protosphyraena, Pachyrhizodus, Enchodus and Xiphactinus; seabirds like Pasquiaornis and Ichthyornis; marine reptiles such as elasmosaurid and polycotylid plesiosaurs; the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi, protostegid sea turtles, and dolichosaurids like Coniasaurus crassidens. The Gearle Siltstone in West Australia was mainly dominated by Cretalamna, but other sharks such as Squalicorax, Archaeolamna, Paraisurus, Notorhynchus, Leptostyrax, and Carcharias were present. Fragmentary remains of pliosaurs are also known from the formation.
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This species' specific epithet venator is a Latin word translating as "hunter" referring to C. venators presumed position as an apex predator at or near the top of the food chain. Before Siverson's description of Cardabiodon, its teeth have been described in the past under two now-synonymous taxa. The original description was made in 1957 by Soviet paleontologist Leonid Glickman, where he described the taxon Pseudoisurus tomosus based on four teeth from the Saratov Oblast. Earlier in 1894, Sir Arthur Smith Woodward described an association of twenty-five teeth from Cretaceous chalk around Maidstone, England under the taxon 'Lamna appendiculata' (Cretalamna appendiculata), which in 1977 paleontologist Jaques Herman found actually pertain to a new species and erected the taxon Cretolamna woodwardi.
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Red Foxes were introduced to the British colonies of Van Diemen's Land (as early as 1833) and the Port Phillip District and Sydney Regions of New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose of the traditional English sport of fox hunting. Curiously a permanent fox population was not established on the island of Tasmania and it is widely held that they were outcompeted by the Tasmanian devil. On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an apex predator. The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of rabbits in Australia, another invasive species also introduced in the 19th century that is a key prey of the red fox.
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The giant trevally is an apex predator in most of its habitats, and is known to hunt individually and in schools. The species predominantly takes various fish as prey, although crustaceans, cephalopods and molluscs make up a considerable part of their diets in some regions. The giant trevally employs novel hunting strategies, including shadowing monk seals to pick off escaping prey, as well as using sharks to ambush prey. Footage released in 2017 on Blue Planet II revealed a group of approximately 50 giant trevally hunting terns, specifically fledglings still learning to fly and which crash land in the water, as well as both fledglings and adults unfortunate enough to fly low enough for the fish to pounce on them, in Farquhar Atoll in the Seychelles.
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Scuba diver interacting with a giant trevally at Guam's Gab Gab II reef A decline in giant trevally numbers around inhabited regions has been well documented in Hawaii, with both catch data as presented above and ecological studies showing this decrease in numbers. A biomass study in the Hawaiian Islands indicates the main Hawaiian Islands are heavily depleted in the species, which in untouched ecosystems comprises 71% of the apex predator biomass. In contrast, it comprises less than 0.03% of the apex biomass in exploited habitats, with only a single fish observed during the course of this research study. Prior to this, a 1993 report suggested the population around the main Hawaiian islands were not stressed, though several biological indicators suggested to the contrary.
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S. fatalis fighting dire wolves over a Columbian mammoth carcass in the La Brea Tar Pits, Robert Bruce Horsfall, 1913 An apex predator, Smilodon primarily hunted large mammals. Isotopes preserved in the bones of S. fatalis in the La Brea Tar Pits reveal that ruminants like bison (Bison antiquus, which was much larger than the modern American bison) and camels (Camelops) were most commonly taken by the cats there. In addition, isotopes preserved in the tooth enamel of S. gracilis specimens from Florida show that this species fed on the peccary Platygonus and the llama-like Hemiauchenia. In rare cases, Smilodon may have also targeted glyptodonts, based on a Glyptotherium skull that bears elliptical puncture marks consistent with the size and diameter of its canine teeth.
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Livyatan is an extinct genus of sperm whale containing one species: L. melvillei. The genus name was inspired by the biblical sea monster Leviathan, and the species name by Herman Melville, the author of the famous book Moby- Dick about a white bull sperm whale. It is mainly known from the Pisco Formation of Peru during the Tortonian stage of the Miocene epoch, about 9.9–8.9 million years ago (mya); however, isolated teeth from other locations such as Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and Australia implies that either it or a close relative survived into the Pliocene, around 5mya, and was present throughout the Southern Hemisphere. It was a member of a group of hyper- predatory macroraptorial sperm whales (or "raptorial sperm whales") and was likely an apex predator, preying on whales, seals, and so forth.
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The adult jaguar is an apex predator, meaning it is at the top of the food chain and is not preyed upon in the wild. The jaguar has also been termed a keystone species, as it is assumed that it controls the population levels of prey such as herbivorous and granivorous mammals, and thus maintains the structural integrity of forest systems. However, accurately determining what effect species like the jaguar have on ecosystems is difficult, because data must be compared from regions where the species is absent as well as its current habitats, while controlling for the effects of human activity. It is accepted that mid-sized prey species undergo population increases in the absence of the keystone predators, and this has been hypothesized to have cascading negative effects.
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Known more commonly as Sand beasts, they are insectoid animals native to the Shifting Sands, resembling a praying mantis with the legs of a spider. In the anime, the adult Terrecti are enormous (roughly around the same size as a large dinosaur) and are cycloptic. An apex predator within the Shifting Sands, with no natural enemies save the Lapis Lazuli Dragons, they normally hide themselves under the sand and spring up upon the slightest vibration to devour any moving prey. The species store nutrients in large spherical sacs growing off their chests that look rather similar to giant grapes, with the females discarding the sacs to lay their fertile eggs in for the babies feed on the nutrients inside until they are too large to be contained and can hunt for themselves.
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Tooth of the large mosasaur Tylosaurus ivoensis, believed to have been the basin's apex predator in the Campanian, exhibited at "Havsdrakarnas hus" in Bromölla, Sweden During the transgressions experienced during the Late Cretaceous, the inland sea within the Kristianstad Basin remained very shallow, and its northern parts formed an archipelago with several low islands and a number of small peninsulas. The climate was subtropical to temperate and local plant life included low-growing flowering plants, ferns, conifers and deciduous trees. Most of the area preserved in the Kristianstad Basin was a shallow marine inner shelf environment, as indicated by the present invertebrate fauna (which has been compared to modern faunas). Most of the water was probably less than 40 meters (131 ft) deep, but there were a wide range of environments present.
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A herd of P. perotorum resting next to contemporaneous paleofauna from the Prince Creek Formation Pachyrhinosaurus shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians Anchiceratops and Montanoceratops cerorhynchus, the armored nodosaur Edmontonia longiceps, the duckbilled hadrosaur Edmontosaurus regalis, the theropods Saurornitholestes and Troodon, possibly the ornithopod Thescelosaurus, and the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus, which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem. Vertebrates present in the St. Mary River Formation at the time of Pachyrhinosaurus included the actinopterygian fishes Amia fragosa, Lepisosteus, Belonostomus, Paralbula casei, and Platacodon nanus, the mosasaur Plioplatecarpus, the turtle Boremys and the diapsid reptile Champsosaurus. A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included Turgidodon russelli, Cimolestes, Didelphodon, Leptalestes, Cimolodon nitidus, and Paracimexomys propriscus. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included mollusks, the oyster Crassostrea wyomingensis, the small clam Anomia, and the snail Melania.
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In some cases, the bald eagles inadvertently actually raise the nestling red-tails themselves and the baby red-tailed hawks may successfully fledge. In one case, a red-tailed hawk was observed to kill a bald eagle chick, whether this was predatory or competitive, it quickly abandoned the dead nestling after the eagle’s parents returned. On several tropical islands, which are often shared only with other hawks, owls and falcons of only medium or small size and typically lack larger raptors or carnivorans, the red-tailed hawk may be the largest native predator and will, in these cases, be considered the apex predator. Other than large birds of prey, extensive records of predation on red-tailed hawks is surprisingly poor, in spite of several populations recording nestlings and eggs disappearing through presumed acts of natural predation.
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In total, about sixty animals are described in the book, about half of the amount featured in After Man, with examples including a widespread group of tree-climbing coelurosaurian theropods called "arbrosaurs", huge striding and terrestrial pterosaurs such as the giraffe- like "lank", colonial pachycephalosaurs, descendants of the Mesozoic hadrosaurs called "sprintosaurs" adapted to a new lifestyle on the grass- covered plains of North America, amphibious hypsilophodonts, flamingo-like coelurosaurs and iguanodonts capable of jumping like kangaroos. In the far north, large migratory birds such as the "tromble" with legs almost like tree trunks, roam the land. In terms of predators, the coelurosaurs dominate in terms of number and diversity, often having unique adaptations. For instance, the apex predator of the South American pampas, the coelurosaurian "cutlasstooth", has evolved huge, cutting teeth to allow it to prey upon large sauropods.
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Crocodiles were rather abundant in Appalachia with nine local crocodilian genera belonging to several confirmed families, with the possibility of much more undiscovered crocodiles waiting to be unearthed. Goniopholididae is represented by Woodbinesuchus, Alligatoridae is represented by Bottosaurus, Neosuchia is represented by Scolomastax and Deltasuchus, Alligatoroidea are presented Deinosuchus and Leidyosuchus, Gavialoidea are represented by Thoracosaurus, Eothoracosaurus, and Crocodilia is presented by Borealosuchus, are well established in Laramidia as well, probably indicative of their ocean crossing capacities. Deinosuchus, being one of the largest crocodilians of the fossil record, was an apex predator that did prey on the dinosaurs in the area, the same case applies for Laramidia as well, despite the fact that the majority of its diet consisted of turtles and sea turtles. However, crocodiles still preyed on the endemic dinosaurs whenever they got the chance to do so; there is evidence of crocodile bite marks on the femur of large ornithomimosaur that indicates the predatory behavior of native crocodiles.
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Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms. The gigantic apex predator Dunkleosteus terrelli is the best known member of this group. While they were previously thought to be close relatives of the genus Dinichthys (when they were not synonymized as each other) and grouped together in the family Dinichthyidae, more recent studies have shown that the two taxa represent two very distinct clades within Arthrodira. The reappraisal of Kiangyousteus lead to a restructuring of the family, with the inclusions of the benthic, aberrant Heterosteus (and the other members of Heterosteidae) as the sister taxon of Dunkleosteus, and the Late Emsian Xiangshuiosteus as the sister taxon of Eastmanosteus calliaspis (with the direct implication that E. calliaspis does not belong in Eastmaneosteus), and the removal of Westralichthys from the family (now thought to be the most basal member of the superfamily Dunkleosteoidea, and sister taxon of Panxiosteidae and Dunkleosteidae)Zhu, You‐An, and Min Zhu.
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This incarnation is also notable as the first to portray Ghidorah's heads as having distinct personalities, with the middle head being the cruel and intelligent leader, the right head being the aggressive and obedient one, and the left head, despite appearing to be curious and easily distracted, actually serves as an observant lookout, surveying and paying attention to the environment and enemy movements more so than the other two. In the film, King Ghidorah is portrayed as a rival apex predator to Godzilla that had originated from another world (how exactly it traveled through space to Earth is unclear) and threatens Earth's natural order. Referenced in various myths, King Ghidorah is shown through ancient cave paintings to have fought with Godzilla or its species in the past before. King Ghidorah ended up being frozen in Antarctica, discovered sometime after 1973 by Monarch who proceeded to study the monster until it was freed by eco-terrorists led by Alan Jonah.
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The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a canine of the order Carnivora, an apex predator largely feeding on ungulates. The earliest radiocarbon date for Irish wolf remains come from excavated cave sites in Castlepook Cave, north of Doneraile, County Cork, and dates back to 34,000 BC. Wolf bones discovered in a number of other cave sites, particularly in the counties of Cork, Waterford and Clare indicate the presence of wolves throughout the Midlandian ice age which probably reached its peak between 20,000 BC and 18,000 BC. By about 14,000 BC Ireland became separated from Great Britain, which, itself, still formed part of mainland Europe, to become an island. Wolves were one of just a few species of land animal in Ireland that survived through the Nahanagan Stadial, a cold period that occurred between 10,800 BC and 9500 BC. Wolves were a major part of Ireland's postglacial fauna, as evidenced by their prominence in ancient Irish myths and legends, in a number of place names (both Irish and English), in archaeological sites, along with a considerable number of historical references. The ringforts, a common feature of the Irish landscape, were built partly as a defence against wolves and to protect livestock, over the period 1000 BC to AD 1000.
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Poor river conditions, pollution, and the impacts of parasitic sea lampreys contributed to the failure of these stocking programs. The extirpation of lake trout from Lake Ontario in the 1950s left the large lake without an apex predator, leaving prey fish such as alewife and smelt with no natural means of control. Alewife populations exploded, sometimes to the point of causing die-offs large enough to require the use of bulldozers along Great Lakes' beaches. Seeking to control prey fish populations, the aggressive stocking of coho and Chinook salmon resumed throughout the Great Lakes and their tributaries. In 1968, 22,000 coho salmon were stocked in the Salmon River, marking the beginning of the current era of salmon sportfishing on the river. Chinook salmon were stocked beginning in 1970. Initial returns were poor, and would remain so until successful sea lamprey control began in 1972. By 1974, large salmon runs were observed regularly in the Salmon River, and steelhead were initially stocked beginning in that year as well. The Salmon River Fish Hatchery opened in 1980. To support the growing Lake Ontario sportfishing industry, the Salmon River Fish Hatchery was built in 1980 on Beaverdam Brook, a tributary to the Salmon River near Altmar.
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