It's the gastronomic anthesis of the engagement chicken she's so famously shilled.
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"I think as far as MoMA's concerned, they've always had a slightly ambivalent relationship to Loewy, who was clearly such a global presence with just a huge, huge impact on many areas on design, but at the same time, I think, someone who was associated with a kind of American streamlining that was the anthesis to what Philip Johnson in particular was promoting," Juliet Kinchin, curator in MoMA's Department of Architecture and Design, told Hyperallergic.
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The ovary of macadamia contains two orthotropous ovules at anthesis.
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Flowering reaches its peak in the month of May and anthesis occurs between 5:00 am and 8:30 am with a peak at 7:00 am. Dehiscence occurs between 6:00 am and 10:30 am on the day of the anthesis. The stigmas are receptive the day before anthesis, however, become increasingly receptive on the day of anthesis. The major insect pollinators included Apis florea (honeybee), Oecophylla smargadina (red ant), Tetragonula iridipennis (pollen bee) and butterflies such as Pachliopta aristolochaea, Pachliopta hector, Delias eucharis and Euploea core.
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To attract the beetles, the sterile male flowers give off pheromones to attract the male beetles, usually at dusk. This process, female anthesis, is followed by male anthesis, in which the pollen is produced. Female anthesis typically lasts up to two days, and includes the gradual opening of the spathe to allow the beetles to enter. Some evidence suggest the timing of opening of the spathe is dependent on light levels, where cloudy, darker days result in the spathe opening up earlier than on clear days.
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One would expect the beetles to stay indefinitely if they could due to the very favorable conditions the inflorescence provides. After male anthesis, the males will go off and find another philodendron undergoing female anthesis, so will pollinate the female flowers with the pollen it had collected from its previous night of mating.
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The xylem of anthesis flower parts and pedicels consists exclusively of tracheary elements with helical bands, and rarely, with annular bands.
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As the flowers are proterogynous anthesis was considered to comprise the period between bud opening and the abscission of stamens and nectaries.
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The style is slightly shorter, also straight, and cream-coloured. Thus in B. sessilis, unlike many other Banksia species, the release of the style at anthesis does not result in a showy flower colour change. One field study found that anthesis took place over four days, with the outer flowers opening first and moving inwards. Flowering mostly takes place from July to November; var.
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The first publication in which NAM was used to identify QTLs was authored by the Buckler lab on the genetic architecture of maize flowering time, and published in the summer of 2009. In this groundbreaking study, the authors scored days to silking, days to anthesis, and the silking-anthesis interval for nearly one million plants, then performed single and joint stepwise regression and inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) to identify 39 QTLs explaining 89% of the variance in days to silking and days to anthesis and 29 QTLs explaining 64% of the variance in the silking-anthesis interval. Ninety-eight percent of the flowering time QTLs identified in this paper were found to affect flowering time by less than one day (as compared to the B73 reference). These relatively small QTL effects, however, were also shown to sum for each family to equal large differences and changes in days to silking.
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The ovary is unlobed at anthesis, becoming lobed during maturity. The fruit is 4-lobed and resembles a drupe, but eventually separates into four 1-seeded mericarps.
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Van Tussenbroek BI, Wond JGR, Marquez-Guzman J. 2008. Synchronized anthesis and predation on pollen in the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 354: 119-124.
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The bee tears open the dandellion's anthers just as it is flowering, which speeds up anthesis and ensures that it almost always has first claim to the dandellion's pollen.
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During anthesis, or flowering, pollination is wind-mediated but bee pollination has been observed in at least 6 species. When pollination is zoophilous flowers can be fragrant and attract large numbers of pollinator- collecting bees to congregate around the inflorescence and take advantage of this new and abundant source of pollen. After anthesis massive die-offs of all sister groves occur within three years of each other and can have devastating effects.
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Kabocha seedling seven days after being sown Seeds with maximum germination potential develop (in C. moschata) by 45 days after anthesis, and seed weight reaches its maximum 70 days after anthesis. Some varieties of C. pepo germinate best with eight hours of sunlight daily and a planting depth of . Seeds planted deeper than are not likely to germinate. In C. foetidissima, a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the roots after removing the shoots.
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The flower spikes are pale- to golden brown in bud, and open to a more gold colour after anthesis. Variations are seen, one form having a grey limb in bud, and plants with particularly tall flower spikes have been recorded near Huskisson at Jervis Bay. As with most banksias, in anthesis the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top (acropetal). The process from bud to the finishing of flowering takes six to eight weeks.
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Like other members of Pyrola, P. crypta has flowers adapted to buzz pollination, and there is some indication that P. crypta reaches anthesis later in the season than other Pyrola species from the same area.
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A pollen-presenter is an area on the tip of the style in flowers of plants of the family Proteaceae on which the anthers release their pollen prior to anthesis. To ensure pollination, the style grows during anthesis, sticking out the pollen-presenter prominently, and so ensuring that the pollen easily contacts the bodies of potential pollination vectors such as bees, birds and nectarivorous mammals. The systematic depositing of pollen on the tip of the style implies the plants have some strategy to avoid excessive self- pollination.
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This tree produces thousand of fruits, ripening three months after anthesis. The fruit matures during the rainy season, this is a deciduous, stands erect and bare before shedding large bud scales that envelops twigs and inflorescence.
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The spathe is not constricted and the lower part is persistent in anthesis. The berries tend to be orange-red. They are known to grow in tropical deciduous forests on limestone or basalt or in rock crevices.
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Appearing between November and May, they are high and wide. Newly opened flower spikes smell like corn. All flower parts are pale yellow; the perianth is long, including a long limb. After anthesis, the pistil is long.
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As with most other Proteaceae, each flower consists of a perianth comprising four united tepals, and a single pistil, the style of which is initially enclosed within the limb of the perianth, but breaks free at anthesis. In B. cuneata, the perianth is about long, with a limb of about . Prior to anthesis, the long thin perianth topped by a prominent limb resembles a matchstick, which explains one common name for this species. At first, the perianth is mostly cream, being pink only near its base; it later becomes pink throughout.
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When a thrips has finished feeding on one flower it will crawl to the next, this usually being in the same inflorescence or the same branch, by this system both early anthesis flowers holding nectar and late anthesis flowers containing pollen are visited. These insect visits are few, and isolated plants bear very few fruits, along with low numbers of seed in each fruit. Along with the entire genus Pseudowintera, Pseudowintera axillaris models high rates of self‐sterility which appears to take place uniformly at the zygotic stage of embryogeny.
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As the beetles home in on the inflorescence, they first move in a zig-zag pattern until they get reasonably close, when they switch to a straight-line path. The beetles may be using scent to find the inflorescence when they are far away, but once within range, they find it by means of the infrared radiation. This would account for the two different types of paths the beetles follow. Once female anthesis is nearing its end and the female flowers have been pollinated, the spathe will be fully open and male anthesis begins.
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Barbara Siciliano (born ) is a retired Italian female volleyball player. She was part of the Italy women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with Anthesis Modena.
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They are high and wide at anthesis. Flower parts fall off the ageing spikes, leaving them bare. They swell and develop 20 to 60 follicles that are covered in fine fur and open only when burnt in fire.
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Barbara De Luca (born ) is a retired Italian female volleyball player. She was part of the Italy women's national volleyball team. She played at the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with Anthesis Modena.
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The berry is globose or turbinate or oblate. The peduncle and pedicel is indistinctive when in fruit, all thickened after anthesis. Plants of Syndiclis have large oily fruits and the oil extracted is edible and is also used in industry.
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The scar flaps on the back are swollen. The pods are compressed, their flaps are flattened. Leaves whole or slightly sinuate, lanceolate, attenuated on a short petiole. Pedicels are 10-12 mm in anthesis, 12-17 mm in fruiting, erect- patents.
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Appearing from February to July, the flower spikes, known as inflorescences, are high and in diameter at anthesis. Arising terminally or from one- to two-year-old branches, they are often surrounded at the base by a whorl of small branchlets.
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The pedicels are shorter than the main peduncle. The sepals are long during anthesis and long when the plant is fruiting. The white corolla is long and has purplish veins internally on its anterior. The tube and narrow throat are long.
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Cecropia is a Neotropical genus consisting of 61 recognized species with a highly distinctive lineage of dioecious trees.Longino (2005) The genus consists of pioneer trees in the more or less humid parts of the Neotropics, with the majority of the species being myrmecophytic.Berg, Rosselli & Davidson (2005) Berg and Rosselli state that the genus is characterized by some unusual traits: spathes fully enclosing the flower-bearing parts of the inflorescences until anthesis, patches of dense indumentums (trichilia) producing Mullerian (food) at the base of the petiole, and anthers becoming detached at anthesis. Cecropia is most studied for its ecological role and association with ants.
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Some cultivars attain anthesis early in the morning, others do so later in the day. The flowers are protandrous. Hence, fruit set depends on cross-pollination by insects attracted by the fragrance and nectar. Pollen of the Indian jujube is thick and heavy.
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The female flower has a globose ovary and a floral tube. The flowers could be without petals to nine petals by species. The petals when present are equal or unequal, often caducous during anthesis. In the stamens, several inner ones with glands.
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Stamens are reflexed in anthesis and have basal and apical sterile appendages. Many species also exhibit secondary pollen presentation. The 5-locular ovary contains two ovules per locule. The drupaceous fruits contain pyrenes with one seed due to the abortion of one ovule.
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The corolla is pink, with 4 or sometime 5 lobes. The corolla remains after anthesis and is often reflexed. The stamens are inserted below sinus and the filaments are longer than the anthers. The anthers are ovate-circular with very thin scales.
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The anthers contain a massive septum between the thecae that persists after anther dehiscence. The styles radiate outward from the ovary. At anthesis, the ovary is sculpted with longitudinal ribs.Merran L. Matthews, Maria do Carmo E. Amaral, and Peter K. Endress. 2012.
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The inflorescence is white when first produced but begin to turn purple from the top down as male anthesis begins. The fruit produced is large and red.Mansor, M., Boyce, P.C., Othman, A.S. & Sulaiman, B. (2012). The Araceae of peninsular Malaysia: 1-146.
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The three to five flowered spikelets are long. The rachilla is visible at anthesis and internodes are long. The unequal glumes are narrow and acute. The lower glume is long with one vein, and the upper glume is long with one to two veins.
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Such a benefit may have been sufficient to allow the long-term persistence of meioses even when followed by self- fertilization. A physical mechanism for self-pollination in A. thaliana is through pre-anthesis autogamy, such that fertilisation takes place largely before flower opening.
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A placenta runs along each side of the suture and bears 1 to 3 rows of numerous, tiny ovules. The ovules have been described as having one integument or two. The ovary hardly enlarges after anthesis. The fruit consists of 4 follicles joined at the base.
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The panicles have one to two erect branches at each node that sometimes become spreading during anthesis. The pedicellate spikelets are purplish or bronze. The spikelets measure , each with two to four florets. The glabrous glumes are ovate to lanceolate and are much shorter than the spikelets.
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Cosmocalyx spectabilis is a slender tree, up to in height and in diameter (dbh). After anthesis, one of the four calyx lobes expands into a reddish, leaf-like structure called a calycophyll. These facilitate dispersal of the fruit by wind. The fruit is a cylindrical indehiscent bilocular capsule.
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Prasophyllum sphacelatum was first formally described in 1996 by David Jones from a specimen collected near Tantangara Dam in the Kosciuszko National Park and the description was published in Muelleria. The specific epithet (sphacelatum) is "derived from the Greek, sphakelos, necrosis, mortification, describing the withered leaf tip at anthesis".
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The flowers are in full bloom between early July and early August; the woody seeds are fully matured by September in preparation for dispersal. Diervilla lonicera has protogynous flowers (initially female- dominant plant), is well-adapted for pollination, and its stigmas remain receptive after anthesis (fully functioning flower).
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Individual flowers open from the base of the flower spike, the wave of anthesis moving up the inflorescence. Occasionally, flowers on exposed parts may open early. It takes around 9.5 days for all flowers to open, and rates are similar during the day and night.Rees, R.G.; Collins, B.G. (1994).
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Protogynous and autocompatible flowers, with a reduction in selfing through herkogamy, diurnal synchronization of anthesis and the tendency of the same plant to not flower on two consecutive days. Anthesis lasts one or two days, at the height the flower behaves functionally as a female, showing its gynoecium and with open staminodes, while the stamens remain below the flower. The flower later behaves as a male with the intrastaminal staminodes folded inwards hiding the gynoecium and with erect stamens. The staminodes secrete an oily exudate and emit a fruity smell that attracts beetles, particularly of the genus Elleschodes (Curculionidae), that visit the flowers in both phases, in addition the synandria fall to the ground (cantharophily pollination).
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Fruit are borne in panicles or racemes long. The calyx is four-lobed, about long. The corolla is greenish-white or cream; the tube is long; lobes are about long and reflexed at the anthesis. The two stamens are fused near the top of the corolla tube, with bilobed stigma.
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The autumn- blooming phenology is a characteristic that Alnus maritima shares with two old-world Alnus species, Alnus nitida and Alnus nepalensis, which are endemic to southeast Asia. This profound similarity in their timing of anthesis has led to their classification as the only three members in the subgenus Clethropsis.
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The leaves can be hairless or covered in fine downy hairs. Their inflorescences have 1-2 flowers and are extra-axillary or terminal. Their flowers have both male and female reproductive structures. Their flowers have 3 sepals that either touch one another at their margins, or are fused until anthesis.
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The flag leaf blades are long. The panicles are mostly linear- cylindrical and occasionally loosely lanceolate, measuring long. One or two erect branches rise from each node of the inflorescence and become nodding during anthesis, measuring long. The greenish spikelets are loosely flowered with three to five florets and measure .
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They are plants hermaphrodites. The leaves are alternate, rarely opposite, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous on the upper, glabrous or pubescent on the underside, pinnatinervium. The inflorescences are axillary, paniculata so capitated, the tepals generally the same, with three stamens, the anthers exserted or included at anthesis, filaments free or fused. The flowers are small.
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Female catkins are erect during anthesis, but otherwise pendant. They develop into small, woody, superficially cone-like oval dry fruit long. The seeds develop between the woody bracts of the 'cones' and are shed in late autumn and winter. Red alder seeds have a membranous winged margin that allows long-distance dispersal.
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Heads inoculated at the budding stage simply do not become infected. However, when inoculated at the anthesis stage, loss was relatively high. Yield was not reduced significantly when heads were inoculated at the seed development stage. The initial symptoms appear as small, dispersed water-soaked spots on the back of the sunflower head.
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The stigma, where the pollen must go, is an extremely small, microscopic groove or slit at the very tip of the style. The floret is structured in such a way as to require that the pollen be physically transported to the stigma, presumably to promote outcrossing, despite the short distance between the stigma and the pollen presenter on the style and the fact that proteas appear to be self-compatible (although many protea are dichogamous/protandrous, the pollen remains viable for several days). As the flower bud grows, but before the flower opens (anthesis), the base of the style swells and eventually ruptures through the perianth. Anthesis, when the anthers and perianth unfold and the style is exserted, is mildly explosive.
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In the beginning of male anthesis, the fertile male flowers complete the process of producing the pollen and the female flowers become unreceptive to further pollination. Additionally, the spadix moves from its 45° position and presses up flush to the spathe. Towards the end of male anthesis, the spathe begins to close from the bottom, working its way up and forcing the beetles to move up and across the upper region of the spathe, where the fertile male flowers are located. In doing so, the philodendron controls when the beetles come and when they leave and forces them to rub against the top of the spadix where the pollen is located as they exit, thus ensuring they are well-coated with pollen.
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Each pseudo-umbel with an involucre of decussate form, crossed in the form of an X, usually persistent bracts. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, domatia absent. Inflorescences axillary or solitary pseudoumbelas along very short sharp branches, appearing racemose, covered before anthesis by an involucre of bracts decussate. The flower is from greenish, yellow to white.
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The flowers of this species hardly open, because they are autogamous (self-pollinating). Before anthesis, the opening of the flower, the anther opens and the pollinia directly sink onto the stigmatic surface. Then pollen tubes start growing. This pollination mode enables the white helleborine to grow in deep shade, where the pollinators are almost absent.
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Flowering occurs from late April to the end of June. The single, terminal flower is pedicellate with three sepals and three petals. The petals are wavy-margined and white with a central red to reddish purple splotch at the base of the flower. After anthesis, if the flower was successfully pollinated, a single fruit develops.
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Between high and wide, they are bright yellow and highly prominent. Flower opening (anthesis) takes place over 1–2 weeks, and proceeds up the flower spike. The ageing flowers turn grey and remain on the spike as the woody oval follicles develop. The infructescence—an old spike bearing follicles—is bulky with a diameter.
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In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of Banksia in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). He retained the name Orthostylis, but demoted it to series rank, placing it in B. subg. Banksia because of its elongate "flower spike", and in B. sect. Banksia, because it has straight styles after anthesis.
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Flower spike in anthesis – flowers opened at bottom of spike (grey-yellow) and unopened at top (cream) Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subg. Banksia, and was divided into three sections. B. serrata was placed in B. sect.
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They are most commonly bright red, though scattered yellow-flowered plants occur. These were described as forma lutea but are mere colour variations and not genetically distinct. Yellow-flowered plants have both red- and yellow-flowered progeny. Anthesis is basipetal; that is, the flowers at the base (edges) of the flower head open first.
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The Melastomataceae is a large tropical plant family characterized by buzz pollination. Like other members of the family, it appears that flowers of Rhexia species are buzz pollinated. For example, Rhexia virginica is buzz pollinated by bumblebees and shows two representative features of the buzz pollination syndrome; bright yellow anthers and flower color changes after anthesis.
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Drosera falconeri is a tropical perennial plant with a rosette body plan that is common for the genus Drosera. Deciduous leaves lay flat against the soil. Leaves are usually smaller at anthesis (flowering), but increase as the growing season progresses. Typical reniform lamina at maturity are long and wide, with leaves on older specimens being as wide as .
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Female floral anthesis shows no correlation with climate, although significant differences exist between sites. Fruiting begins in June with immature fruit, with fruiting occurring during the cool, dry season. Usually, several immature fruits are aborted and dropped before maturation. Maturation occurs in August, and the fruit can remain on the infructescence until dispersion from September to January.
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Many plants are dependent upon external factors for pollination, including: wind and animals, and especially insects. Even large animals such as birds, bats, and pygmy possums can be employed. The period of time during which this process can take place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called anthesis. The study of pollination by insects is called anthecology.
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It grows as a shrub up to one metre tall, without a lignotuber. Its bark peels in thin red and grey flakes. Leaves are ten to 2- centimetres long and 0.5 to 1.5 millimetres long, on a petiole two to three millimetres long. Flowers are pinkish purple in bud, purplish brown after anthesis, and smell of onion.
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The species is protandrous, the anthers spilling pollen within six or seven days of anthesis. The stigma is not receptive until about twelve days. The flowers are pollinated by a host of birds and small mammals including the white-fronted honeyeater (Phildonyris albifrons) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). New shoots and buds grow over the summer months.
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The styles' ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis, when the flowers open. The spikes are red or gold in overall colour, with styles golden, orange, orange-red or burgundy. Some unusual forms have striking red styles on a whitish perianth. Very occasionally, forms with all yellow inflorescences are seen.
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It is important to ensure that the fruit has reached full maturity before harvest in order to secure maximum egusi-itoo yields. Full maturity is signified by fully dried plant leaves. Seeds of this fruit should be harvested after 65 days after anthesis. This allows for increased germination ability of stored seeds ensuring productive future yields.
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A warm and moist environment is preferred by F. culmorum to cause FHB. Frequent rains between anthesis and kernel filling stages facilitates the occurrence of FHB. The level of pathogen presenting in the soil level also increases the risk of this disease.Bateman, G.L. (2005) The contribution of ground-level inoculum of Fusarium culmorum to ear blight of winter wheat.
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The scape carries a dense umbellate inflorescence with star-like flowers up to 9 mm across; tepals white with a green midevein; anthers purple or yellow. The ovaries are black-green (but flushed with red in the Levant) in anthesis, but green when younger or following anthesis.Linnaeus, Carl von. 1762. Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 430.
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Plants (10–)30–100(–160) cm. Stems viscid. Leaves: petiole 1.5–4.5(–8) cm, glandular-hirsute; leaflet blade ovate to oblanceolate-elliptic, (0.6–)2–6 × 0.5–3.5 cm, margins entire and glandular-ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glandular-hirsute. Racemes 5–10 cm (10–15 cm in fruit); bracts (often deciduous), trifoliate, 10–25 mm, glandular-hirsute. Pedicels 6–30 mm, glandular-hirsute. Flowers: sepals green, lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glandular-hirsute; petals arranged in adaxial semicircle before anthesis, radially arranged at anthesis, bright yellow, sometimes purple basally, oblong to ovate, 7–14 × 3–4 mm; stamens dimorphic, 4–10 adaxial ones much shorter with swelling proximal to anthers, green, 5–9 mm; anthers 1.4–3 mm; ovary 6–10 mm, densely glandular; style 1–1.2 mm.
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The inflorescences of species are open or contracted panicles, occasionally racemes, with one to two (rarely three) branches at their lower node. The branches are erect and begin to spread during anthesis, and occasionally lower branches are reflexed. The spikelets have two to twelve mostly bisexual florets. The rachillas are typically either scabrous or pubescent, but can occasionally be smooth and glabrous.
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A similar process to dehiscence occurs in some flower buds (e.g., Platycodon, Fuchsia), but this is rarely referred to as dehiscence unless circumscissile dehiscence is involved; anthesis is the usual term for the opening of flowers. Dehiscence may or may not involve the loss of a structure through the process of abscission. The lost structures are said to be caducous.
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Zygomorphic flowers with bilateral symmetry are also preferable. Plants only produce nectar and/or pollen at certain times of the day, while balancing sugar and water amounts in the nectar for foraging bees. Examples of different anthesis schedules are late at night for Careya arborea, the afternoon in Crotalaria species, and all day in Calotropis species. X. pubescens will adjust foraging behavior accordingly.
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Each flower is a cylindrical red tube two to three centimeters long. The tip of each flower lobe curls back to reveal a shiny white underside. The curls rim the mouth of the tubular flower in a corona, surrounding the small anthers and a stalked ovary. The flower hangs when it is in anthesis and holds itself erect as the fruit develops.
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Pubescent hairs, arising from glands, also grow on the peduncle. The flower of an individual of this species is arranged in a subglobose shape, meaning it is somewhat, but not exactly, spherical. At the time of flowering, or anthesis, the flower is long and wide. The corolla of the flower is 4 mm to 6 mm long and is pale yellow.
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False sesame stems are often prostrate and typically produce ten or more creeping stems. The frequent removal of younger shoots allows for protracted vegetative growth and flowering which extends the productive period. C. sesamoides is a primarily self-pollinating plant with the flowers opening at dawn. When the pollination process is complete it takes about six weeks from anthesis to full fruit maturity.
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Flowers solitary in leaf axils, on pedicels to 6 mm long, pubescent with eglandular trichomes, pendant. Calyces 9-12 mm long at anthesis, the tubes 5-6 × 4-5 mm, light green, the lobes subulate, 5-6 mm long, pubescent adaxially, slightly accrescent during fruit maturation and eventually splitting along longitudinal axis to expose mature fruit. Corollas infundibuliform (these more tubular just before anthesis), 30-35 mm long including lobes and 12-17 mm wide at the mouth, yellow ( paler at base, becoming more vibrant towards apex ), the lobes 2-4 × 7-10 mm, primary lobe veins extending into acuminate tip, external surfaces pubescent with uniformly distributed short, eglandular trichomes. Stamens 5, the filaments 22-25 mm, adnate to the basal 5-8 mm of the corolla tube, free portions 17–19 mm, included within corolla, pubescent only along the adnate portion.
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The mature flower spike is long and wide with 12 to 14 pairs of flowers around the circumference. When mature, the flowers are yellowish-orange but the style, which has a hooked end, changes colour from red to black at anthesis. The group of fruit (infructescence) that develops from the fertilised flowers is long and in diameter. Flowering mostly occurs from April to June.
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The species' leaves are subsessile, are by and are slightly emergent from basal scales at anthesis. The scales themselves are long, reddish in color, and are oblong and ovate. The scapes' length is less than which includes the leaves which become elongated near the fruit part. Corolla is with a stamen and is white or bluish-violet in color with long tube and wide limb.
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Anthesis takes place over two weeks, as the individual flowers open in a wave across the inflorescence. Three weeks before the flowers open, the spikes develop a strong musky smell. The flowers produce unusually large quantities of nectar; indeed some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground. The old flowers fade to brownish and grey hues and remain curled around the flower spike.
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In B. grossa, this axis is high with a diameter of . From this, the florets radiate out laterally, giving the inflorescence a diameter of . Flowers are rusty brown to golden brown, and consist of a hairy long tubular perianth which opens at maturity (anthesis) to release the dark red to purple style. long, the style extends past the perianth and is curved at the tip.
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The inflorescences are several and are often paired in the axils. These are distal, often 2 or 3 in one axil, one raceme of each pair usually developing much sooner than the other. The peduncles are slender, filiform, incurved-ascending at anthesis, mostly 1–2 cm long (much shorter than the leaves). Several (2-13) flowers are clustered at the ends of the peduncles.
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Floral scent emissions also vary along floral development, with highest emissions at anthesis, i.e. when the flower is fecund, and reduced emissions after pollination, probably due to mechanisms linked with fecundation. In tropical orchids, floral scent emission is terminated immediately following pollination, primarily to reduce expenditure of energy on fragrance production. In petunia flowers, ethylene is released to stop synthesis of benzenoid floral volatiles after successful pollination.
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In bud, it may have green-grey or brownish pollen presenters, not unlike B. robur (swamp banksia). Each flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four fused tepals, and one long wiry style. Characteristic of its taxonomic section, the styles of B. epica are straight rather than hooked. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis.
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Durio kutejensis, commonly known as durian pulu, durian merah, nyekak, Pakan, Kuluk, or lai, is a primary rainforest substorey fruit tree from Borneo. It is a very attractive small- to medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall. It has large, glossy leaves, numerous large, red flowers that emit a strong carrion smell at anthesis. This species is reportedly pollinated by giant honey bees and birds, as well as bats.
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As with most other Proteaceae, each flower consists of a perianth comprising four united tepals, and a single pistil, the style of which is initially enclosed within the limb of the perianth, but breaks free at anthesis. In B. oligantha, the perianth is long, with a limb of . Perianth colour grades from red at the base to pale yellow at the limb. The styles are straight, long, and uniformly cream.
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Each head contains from 55 to 125 individual flowers, surrounded at the base by a whorl of short involucral bracts. As with most other Proteaceae, individual flowers consist of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals, and one long wiry style. The style end is initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but breaks free at anthesis. In B. sessilis the perianth is straight, long, and pale yellow.
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The flowers sit atop stalks (known as pedicels) up to 3.5 cm (1.6 in) in length, which arise in pairs off main horizontal stalks within the inflorescence. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth up to 4 cm (1.8 in) long, which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style. The stigma is contained within a slanting disc-like structure at the tip of the style.
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Unusually for Banksia species, the inflorescences are often violet in colour, ranging anywhere from a dark violet-black through various combinations of violet and greenish-yellow in less pigmented blooms. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four fused tepals, and one long wiry style. The styles are hooked rather than straight, and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis.
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The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy pistil that is prominently curved before anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's B. sect. Orthostylis. The other eleven members of Bentham's Orthostylis were moved into other sections and series. The placement and circumscription of B. ser.
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Pararistolochia enricoi is only known from the eroded limestone formations ("Tsingy" in Malagasy) of Beanka in western Madagascar. Its ecology seems to be strongly related to the climax deciduous forest type, where it grows in shaded conditions. According to the collection period, anthesis takes place in November and fruits ripen between December and January. The plant is deciduous and leaves are absent during the dry season, generally from May to October.
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The outermost florets open first, with anthesis progressing towards the centre of the flowerhead, which becomes darker and more open in appearance, and begins attracting birds and insects. The ovary lies at the base of the style and atop a stalk known as the gynophore, and it is from here that the seed pods then develop. Meanwhile, a crescent-shaped nectary lies at the base of the gynophore. The seed pods grow to long.
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It produces yellow flowers in clusters in March or April before the leaves emerge, before anthesis.(1.) Pistillate (female) plants bear hairy red drupes in July or August that can last until the next March if not eaten by birds or small mammals. The leaves and stems of fragrant sumac have a citrus fragrance when crushed, hence the species name. Leaves resemble those of its relative poison ivy, but fragrant sumac is not poisonous.
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Banksia because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike shape, in B. sect. Banksia because of its straight styles, and in B. ser. Banksia because of its robust inflorescence and hairy pistil that is prominently curved before anthesis. He added that its follicles resembled those of Banksia ornata, while the muricate seed body resembled those of B. speciosa and B. baxteri, though its obovate, crinkled cotyledons suggested an affinity with the series Cyrtostylis.
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It then splits at anthesis to reveal the smooth straight pistil, which is slightly shorter than its enveloping structure at long. The fruiting cone, known as an infructescence, is a swollen woody spike in which up to 20 massive follicles are embedded; the withered flower parts persist on the spike, giving it a hairy appearance. Oval in shape, the follicles are wrinkled in texture and covered with fine hair. They are long, high, and wide.
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They can have a grey or golden tinge in late bud. As with most banksias, anthesis is acropetal; the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top. Over time the flower spikes fade to brown and then grey, and the old flowers generally persist on the cone. The woody follicles grow in the six months after flowering, with up to 150 developing on a single flower spike.
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Cyrtostylis they found to be polyphyletic, a collection of species more closely related to others than each other. They united B. elderiana with the Tetragonae on the basis of upside down inflorescences and straight styles that do not bend once freed from the perianth at anthesis, a feature not seen in many other banksia species. B. elderianas placement in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B.
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Flowers open for just one day, but anthesis is usually staggered so plants have blooming flowers for a full week; buds are covered in white wool that hides the fruit as it develops. The flower's inner tepals are silvery pink or magenta; the outer portions are white, crimson, green, or multicolored. They are approximately by , and the flower tubes are by . The tube hairs are long, and the nectar chamber is deep.
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The corolla of a plant refers to its set of petals. Corolla development in plants is broken into phases from anthesis to corolla wilting. The development of the corolla is directed in part by ethylene, though its concentration is highest when the plant is fertilized and no longer requires the production or maintenance of structures and compounds that attract pollinators. The role of ethylene in the developmental cycle is as a hormonal director of senescence in corolla tissue.
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Morphology of Calopogon multiflorus Characteristics of C. multiflorus are a dark purple rachis, a forked corm; pandurate lateral petals; elongated, acuminate floral bracts measuring (0.3–0.8)×(0.3–0.5) cm; and a pungent floral fragrance at peak anthesis. After sprouting in early spring, a single leaf, or sometimes two, appear clasping the bloom stem. The number of flowers can range from fifteen to just one flower on a stem. When the flower buds mature, they open in quick succession.
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Many effects that have been ascribed to light are actually dependent on temperature as well. For example, strong stem elongation at low light will only take place when temperatures are high, but not when temperatures are close to 0 °C. In wheat, PTR in the month before anthesis strongly determines the number of kernels. In horticulture, plants grown at a high PTR generally have thicker stems, shorter internodes and more flowers, and therefore have higher marketable yield.
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The crimson flowerheads are about in diameter. They are composed of 36 to 60 individual flowers with green to pink bracts, which may be up to long. Each flower is encased in a long perianth, which is a much brighter red on the surface facing the centre of the flower than the surface facing outwards. Anthesis, or the opening of the flowers, begins with those at the centre of the flowerhead and moves to the edges or base.
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The species generally flowers from April to August, although flowers have been observed as late as November. They take five to six weeks to develop from bud, then reach anthesis over a period of two weeks. The flowers produce unusually large quantities of nectar; indeed some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground. The fruiting structure is a stout woody "cone", with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old withered flower parts.
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As with most banksias, anthesis is acropetal; the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top. The flower limbs may be pale grey or blue-tinged, while the styles are yellow. As the inflorescences age, the old flowers fall away, leaving a naked spike. Up to 150 follicles develop, each covered in short fine fur which is initially pale brown but fades to green- grey and partly wears away.
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This orchid affixes its pollinaria firmly between the palpi of visiting butterflies. Unlike its relatives, this orchid species exhibits diurnal anthesis, a weak scent which is virtually absent at night, and has short spurs containing small amounts of relatively dilute sucrose-rich nectar -these are all considered psychophilous traits. B. cassidea has white flowers, but butterfly-attracting flowers are often coloured. Unlike bees and wasps, some butterflies such as swallowtails are able to see the colour red.
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The 5-petal flowers are red or pink at first, later turn to blue- purple during the anthesis, by changing the pH value inside of the petals. As a matter of fact the flowers contain a dye that belongs to the anthocyanins and change the color from red (acidic) to blue (alkaline). Pulmonaria officinalis is diploid and has the chromosome number 2n = 14. Flowering period extends from March through May and the seeds ripen from May to June.
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Goloquids0.1–1 cm long, greenish yellow. Thorns 3–8 cm, increasing with age, subulated, slightly angulated, divergent, not adpressed, flattened but not twisted 0.2–2 cm long, white with yellow translucent apex . Flowers 9.5 cm long and 9 cm in diameter in the anthesis, yellow; yellow filaments and anthers, pink style, 6 stigma lobes; external segments spatulated with the mucronized apex, light yellow, with a broad, reddish medium band; interior segments spatulated with the mucronized apex, yellow; pericarpel of 4-4.5 cm long.
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There are three white or pinkish anthers, which are borne on long, slender, ribbon-like filaments at anthesis. The pistil has two elongate filament-like styles that originate from the apex of the ovary; these are stigma-like for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length, and the stigmatic hairs are short and sparse. The caryopsis (a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat) is oblong to elliptical, and slightly flattened.
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Inflorescence can be solitary or in pair to several. Spathes are mostly white with flush (a few of them are yellow) and shapes can be ellipsoid to lanceolate, narrowing to a point. The limbs (upper part of spathes) drop off during staminate anthesis, leaving the persistent funnel-shaped lower part of the spathe. Spadix consist of a few or no pistillodes at the base, pistillate zone, a few rows of scale-like motile staminodes (interstice staminodes), staminate zone, and appendix.
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On the underside of each lobe, there are 3–10 nerves converging on the lobe apex. The midrib is raised on the leaf undersurface; it is covered with white hair when new but brownish hair when mature. The cream to yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences, can appear at any time of year. They arise on the ends of one- or two-year-old stems and are roughly cylindrical in shape with a domed apex, measuring high and wide at anthesis.
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The opening of flowers occurs sequentially, starting at the bottom of the inflorescence and sweeping through to the top over a period of around two weeks. At anthesis the flowers produce copious quantities of nectar; indeed, some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground. After flowering, the old florets wither and curl against the spike, giving it a hairy appearance. Now known as an infructescence, it is roughly ellipsoidal, 6 to 10 cm high (2.2–4 in) and wide.
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Styles are rusty red-brown with a cream tip, and downwardly hooked rather than straight. The style end is initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but breaks free at anthesis. Flower spikes are held erect and are typically terminal on a branch; often other branchlets grow up and around a spike from below. The fruiting structure is a stout woody "cone", around five centimetres (2 inches) in diameter, with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old withered flower parts.
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Some of the anatomical characters presented by this family suggest that in the past they could live in xeric (dry) environments, but now their species are linked to tropical rainforests. The species present anthesis at night, and pollination is usually carried out by small beetles from the Anthicidae family that resemble ants and consume pollen (e.g., Myristica fragrans is probably pollinated by the beetle Formicomus braminus). The strong floral scent that attracts beetles emerges from the ends of the connectives of the stamens.
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Rothmannia leaf with extensively ' venation Androgynous flower of Sandersonia aurantiaca cut open longitudinally to show the ', which comprises the s surrounding the green central . ' of Lilium in a state of anthesis', and releasing A Neea species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an ': the and remain around the ripening fruit. ' flowers of oaks such as Quercus robur, being , have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals. ' bud of a poplar shoot The apparently separate nuts of Ochrosia borbonica actually are ' s, two from each flower.
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Leaves persistent, coriaceous, blades 1–3 cm wide; calyx lobes neither foliaceous nor overlapping in bud (2). 2\. Plants green, glabrous or glandular; leaves 4–9 cm long, elliptic to narrowly elliptic; calyx lobes lanceolate and longer than the tube at anthesis; HI exc, Ni & Ka .….2. Vaccinium dentatum 2\. Plants pubescent or glaucous, or both; leaves 1–3 cm long, ovate to obovate or rarely elliptic; calyx lobes deltate, usually not as long as the tube at tnthesis; K, O, Mo, M, H ….. 3.
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Inflorescence part-way through anthesis, with the individual flowers at the base opened and those further up the spike still closed Numerous species of birds have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers; these include rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna), purple-crowned lorikeet (G. porphyrocephala), double-eyed fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma), red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), little wattlebird (A. chrysoptera), yellow wattlebird (A. paradoxa), spiny-cheeked honeyeater (Acanthagenys rufogularis), yellow-faced honeyeater (Lichenostomus chrysops), singing honeyeater (Lichenostomus virescens), white-plumed honeyeater (L.
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Honeybees visiting an inflorescence partway through anthesis Banksia oblongifolia plants can live for more than 60 years. They respond to bushfire by resprouting from buds located on the large woody lignotuber. Larger lignotubers have the greatest number of buds, although buds are more densely spaced on smaller lignotubers. A 1988 field study in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park found that shoots grow longer after fire, particularly one within the previous four years, and that new buds grow within six months after a fire.
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In Testulea, Philacra, and Luxemburgia, the flowers develop zygomorphically in the bud. But in the four basal clades of Sauvagesieae, comprising the genera Blastemanthus, Godoya, Rhytidanthera, Krukoviella, Cespedesia, Fleurydora, Poecilandra, and Wallacea,, the flowers develop actinomorphically in the bud, then become zygomorphic after opening by growth of certain parts of the flower. Such late zygomorphy is very rare in flowering plants. In the remaining, fifth clade of Sauvagesieae, comprising the genera Neckia, Schuurmansia, Schuurmansiella, Euthemis, Tyleria, Adenarake, Indosinia, and Sauvagesia, the flowers remain actinomorphic after anthesis.
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In the deeply pigmented centre of the flower, the surface features striations, which have been the subject of controversy about whether they act as a diffraction grating, creating iridescence. The pollinated but unripe seedpods look like oriental paper lanterns, less than an inch across, pale green with purple highlights. The flowers of the Hibiscus trionum can set seed via both outcrossing and self-pollination. During the first few hours after anthesis, the style and stigma are erect and receptive to receive pollen from other plants.
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Colossal tree growth is vigorous but the wood is somewhat weak. Reportedly, heavily loaded spreading branches can break under high burr load or in strong wind Colossal Washington Chestnut Company, accessed Jan 2018 For almost all American commercial chestnut growers the Colossal chestnut tree is the producer of the largest nuts and the most nuts. Colossal orchards require interspersed planting of pollenizers. Results from wind-pollination and hand-pollination experiments in Michigan strongly suggest that the highest Colossal nut production is achieved when pollen is available at anthesis.
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B. prionotes has cream-coloured flowers with a bright orange limb that is not revealed until the flower fully opens. Known as anthesis, this process sweeps through the inflorescence from bottom to top over a period of days, creating the effect of a cream inflorescence that progressively turns bright orange. The old flower parts fall away after flowering finishes, revealing the axis, which may bear up to 60 embedded follicles. Oval or oblong in shape and initially covered in fine hairs, these follicles are from long and wide, and protrude from the cone.
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The flowers of this species are entirely purple, each one only fully opening after anthesis of the previous one. The inflorescence itself is racemose, and its rachis spreads outwards and forwards in a zig-zag manner from the plant, and is not thickened. The inflorescence is between 30mm to 48mm in length, bearing from between one and 22 flowers, each on pedicels (flower stems) that are between 25mm to 29mm in length. The leaves are elliptic to (ob)ovate in shape, between 13mm to 19mm in length, and up to 5mm in width.
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The scale-like motile staminodes sandwiched by pistillate and staminate flower zones are called interstice staminodes. These staminodes play a role in controlling pollinators' access to the pistillate flower zone and to protect the developing fruits. During pistillate anthesis, the spathe inflates to create a slit in the limb, stigmas become sticky and emit odour to attract pollinatros, and the interstice staminodes and thecae erect, allowing pollinators to access pistillate zone. When stigmas become non-receptive, the interstice staminodes begin to lower and seal off the lower spathe.
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Each flowerhead is around in diameter, and composed of anywhere from 28 to 65 individual small flowers, or florets. Each flower is encased in a perianth, which is a much brighter red on the surface facing the centre of the flower than the surface facing outwards. Anthesis, or the opening of the flowers, begins at the centre of the flowerhead and moves to the edges or base. The individual flower bears a sessile anther (that is, it lacks a filament), which lies next to the stigma at the end of the style.
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The foliages of larger shrubs of both Banksia paludosa subspecies resemble those of Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata, but the latter has a wider inflorescence, and the buds are more crowded in appearance on the inflorescence before anthesis. Banksia paludosa also bears a superficial resemblance to B. oblongifolia, but the latter has a prominent midrib on the leaf underside, the new growth is covered in rusty fur, and the old spikes are bare of flowers. The latter grows on dryer rocky soils while the former grows in wetter sandy soils.
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Burdett's banksia has cm high flower spikes, known as inflorescences, that prominently displayed on the ends of stems, appearing between the months of January and May, peaking over February and March. A 1988 field study in Watheroo National Park revealed that each flower spike has 972 ± 130 florets. The individual flowers are hairy and white on the outside and orange within, the flower spikes turning from white to orange as anthesis proceeds up the spike. Old flower spikes fade to grey over time, and develop up to 20 follicles (seed pods) each.
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The flowers are cream at the base and deep pink to red in the upper half, and are brightest before anthesis and then gradually fade with age. The inflorescences eventually turn grey, the old flowers remaining as up to 25 large woody follicles develop. Oval in shape and covered with fine hair, the follicles can reach long, high, and wide. The obovate seed is long and fairly flattened, and is composed of the wedge-shaped seed body proper, measuring long and 1.6–1.7 cm ( in) wide, and a papery wing.
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A spike may contain hundreds or thousands of individual flowers, each of which consists of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals, and one long wiry style. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are hooked rather than straight. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis. In Banksia spinulosa the spikes are cylindrical, about wide and tall, yellow to golden orange in colour, with styles varying from yellow to pink, maroon, or black.
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It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia, B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa, all of section Oncostylis. However, they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis. This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. B. coccinea's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows: :Genus Banksia ::Subgenus Banksia :::Section Banksia sect.
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During female anthesis, the spadix will project forward at roughly 45° relative to the spathe. Philodendron bipinnatifidum inflorescence The spathe provides a safe breeding area for the beetles. As such, the male beetles are often followed by female beetles with the intent of mating with the males within the spathe. The philodendrons benefit from this symbiotic relationship because the males will eventually leave the spathe covered in pollen and repeat the process at another philodendron, pollinating it in the process and thus providing philodendrons a means of sexual reproduction.
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At anthesis, both the style-end and the anthers are trapped within the limb, so that when the anthers release their pollen, the pollen adheres to the style-end. Shortly after pollen release, the tips of the tepals separate, causing the limb to break apart. The style-end is released, the style springs erect, and the flower's pollen is thus held aloft where it may be deposited on the face of a nectarivorous bird. Unlike some other Proteaceae genera, the style-end of Adenanthos shows little evidence of adaption to either of its dual roles.
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The inner tepals are yellow, sometimes suffused with brown, the largest lanceolate, 15–25 mm long and mucronate. The filaments are white or greenish white, 7–10 mm long, anthers yellow, about 1 mm long; style yellowish-green, 14–20 mm long; stigma lobes 5-8 and about 1.2-2.5 mm long; ovary 3–7 mm long at anthesis; scales few, membranous, scarious-margined, minutely toothed or fringed. The fruit is green, turning red, ovoid, dry, and 0.8-2.2 cm long. Fruits extend longitudinally, along two to four ventral slits.
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Anthesis in mid- Michigan is generally between late-June and early-July.Medina-Mora, Carmen et al STUDIES TO DETERMINE PHENOLOGY AND POLLINATION IN THE EUROPEAN X JAPANESE HYBRID CV. ‘COLOSSAL’ IN MICHIGAN ORCHARDS 6th International Chestnut Symposium October 9–13, 2017, accessed 2018 Grafted trees may start producing at a young age within the first few years of transplanting. Nuts usually fall early and free of the burrs. Nuts can be large 11-15 per pound (~25g/nut).G. Bassi, J.H. Craddock PERFORMANCE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INTRODUCED CHESTNUT CULTIVAR ‘COLOSSAL’ IN CUNEO PROVINCE, NORTHWEST ITALY (1999) Acta Hortic.
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Adults and saplings are also known to occur in the understorey of Eucalyptus plantations in the Western Ghats. As a dioecious species, a male- biased flowering sex ratio (male: female = 1.73) was reported among trees in a 20 ha plot of tropical forest at Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve in Yunnan, south-west China. In tropical wet evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats, India, the tree has been reported to be an edge or gap species whose fruits are consumed and seeds are dispersed by birds. The species has also been noted a wind-pollinated species showing diurnal anthesis.
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While generally a self-pollinating perennial, the rate of outcrossing varies among Elymus caninus populations. This outcrossing occurs when the species florets are open during anthesis. Researchers determined that when E. caninus is grown near or among other Elymus species (specifically studied were E. mutabilis and E. fibrosus), hybridization occurred and these hybrids were mainly found to be sterile. Populations of E. caninus grown among other Elymus species showed higher levels of variation when compared to populations grown alone. This finding shows that gene flow may be occurring between the Elymus species’ and that the gene flow is one-sided (E.
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In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as Helicia in his publication Flora Cochinchinensis. The type species for the genus was Helicia cochinchinensis, the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam. The genus name derives from the Greek word "" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open). In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named Helicia robusta for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India, based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name Roupala robusta by William Roxburgh.
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The pinkish-red compound flowerheads, known as inflorescences, are up to 20 cm (8 in) across in spring to summer, and contain between 50 and 140 smaller flowers, arranged in a corymb or raceme. These individual flowers are long and sit atop stalks (known as pedicels) up to in length, which arise in pairs off the main stalk within the inflorescence. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth, which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style. The stigma is contained within a slanting disc-like structure at the tip of the style.
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Flowering has been recorded between January and October, with a peak in autumn and early winter (April to June). The inflorescences, or flower spikes, arise from the end of 1 to 5 year old branchlets, and often have a whorl of branchlets arising from the node or base. Measuring high and wide, the yellow spikes often have blue-grey tinged limbs in bud, though occasionally pinkish, mauve or mauve-blue limbs are seen. Opening to a pale yellow after anthesis, the spikes lose their flowers with age and swell to up to high and wide, with up to 80 follicles.
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The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis. This process starts with the flowers at the bottom of the inflorescence, sweeping up the spike at an unusually high rate of between 96 and 390 flowers per 24 hours. The flower spikes are not as prominent as in some other Banksia species, as they arise from two- to three-year-old nodes nested within the foliage. After flowering, old flower parts wither and fall away over a period of several months, revealing the "cone", a woody axis embedded with many small follicles.
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Flower of A. sericeus, before (left) and after (right) anthesis Unusually for members of the family Proteaceae, Adenanthos flowers are solitary, rather than clustered together in large showy inflorescences. In fact, morphologically speaking, the Adenanthos flower does occur in an inflorescence, but one in which the number of flowers has been reduced to one, leaving only a few vestigial clues to the elaborate structure from which it derived. Each flower is positioned at the end of a short peduncle. The peduncle has minute basal bracts at its base, and sometimes at its midpoint, providing evidence of the loss of some lateral axes.
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The perianth is very strongly curved toward the center of the flower head, in long. In the lower part of the perianth, the four lobes are fused into a tube which is much inflated towards its end, up to ½ cm (0.2 in) in diameter, without hairs. The middle part that consists of the claws is wide near the base, narrow near the tip and strongly coiled at anthesis. The three perianth lobes facing toward the center of the flower head and sideways are incompletely fused and about long, the free lobe facing the rim of the flower head is long.
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It has been suggested that this problem would be avoided if the flowers were strongly protandrous, but the evidence so far supports only partial protandry. Moreover, the question of protandry of individual flowers is probably irrelevant, because the sequential anthesis of flowers means that each inflorescence will typically contain flowers in both male and female stages at the same time. Observations of foraging patterns in pollinators have shown that transfer of pollen between different flowers in the same inflorescence is inevitable. Another possibility is that the high outcrossing rate is due to self-incompatibility, due either to a failure to fertilise or abortion of self-fertilised fruit.
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Cryptic flower heads which are hidden also reduce 'nectar-robbing' which some bird species engage in. Other aspects of this pollination syndrome are the scent, the relatively copious amounts of nectar produced, bowl-shaped flower heads on short peduncles, the high sucrose and low protein content of the nectar and the anthesis (flower-opening) occurring during the night. Most flowers open in the evening from 18:00 to 21:00, which is also the period of peak rodent activity. Nectar secretion also appears to be stimulated by cold nights, and perhaps no rainfall, with no nectar being produced during the day and on warm nights.
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This method of selection will only be effective for highly heritable traits. One shortage of mass selection is the large influence that the environment has on the development, phenotype, and performance of single plants. This can also be an advantage in that varieties can be selected for local performance. Stratified mass selection for ear size over 22 cycles has drastically altered plant phenotype in the maize population Zacatecas 58. Plants in the C22 cycle were 50 cm taller had twice the leaf area index, reached anthesis 7 days later and had a 30% higher harvest index than C0 (Table 1) Differences in growth were detected early in ontogeny.
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None have been conclusively proven to be more plausible than the others. After anthesis, the receptacle of the lotus transitions from a primarily thermogenic to a photosynthetic structure, as seen in the rapid and dramatic increase in photosystems, photosynthetically involved pigments, electron transport rates, and the presence of 13C in the receptacle and petals, all of which assist in increasing photosynthesis rates. After this transition, all thermogenesis in the flower is lost. Pollinators do not need to be attracted once the ovary is fertilized, and thus the receptacle's resources are better used when it is photosynthesizing to produce carbohydrates that can increase plant biomass or fruit mass.
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Anthochaera chrysoptera (little wattlebird) on B. integrifolia Like most other Proteaceae, B. integrifolia has proteoid roots, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance solubilisation of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia. Studies on B. integrifolia suggest that its proteoid root mat achieves this by chemically modifying its soil environment. Trichoglossus moluccanus (rainbow lorikeet) on B. integrifolia B. integrifolia flowers have an unusually short life span for Banksia species, producing nectar for only about four to twelve days after anthesis.
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The lower part of the tetramerous perianth is fused into a tube, the middle part that consist of the claws is ruptured by the style at anthesis, the parts coiling, the lobe facing the center of the flower head with fine very short, powdery hairs, the other lobes are thickly set with felty hairy. The upper part of the periant (or limbs) are lance- shaped and pointy at the tip, about ½ cm (0.2 in) long, have a dense growth of with long straight hairs. The lance-shaped, pointy anthers are directly attached to the upper part of the perianth, are about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and lack a filament.
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The stamens have thread-like filaments are connected to a rim formed on the base of the tepals (epitepalous), after anthesis the filaments elongate up to 1.5mm in length. The anthers are 0.6 to 0.7mm long by 0.5mm wide, and are divided for about half of their length. The semi-inferior, sharply tapered ovary is not attached to anything for part of its length, or is described as fused with the perianth on its lower, ovule- bearing part, with the upper part forming a slender column or cone, approximately 1mm in length. The three (rarely two or four) stigmas are filiform, and are 0.7 to 1.2mm in length, but can exceptionally be 1.5 to 2mm long.
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As with most other Proteaceae, each flower is composed of a tubular perianth of four united tepals, ending in a structure called a limb; and a single pistil, the stigma of which is initially trapped inside the limb, but is released at anthesis. In A. sericeus, the perianth is bright red, about 28 mm (1.1 in) long, hairy on the outside but smooth and hairless inside. The style is about 40 mm (1.6 in) long; being much longer than the perianth, it is very sharply bent for as long as the stigma remains trapped within the limb, and then springs erect. The fruit is an oval- shaped achene about 5 mm (0.2 in) long.
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Just before anthesis, the anthers release their pollen, depositing it onto the stigma, which in many cases has an enlarged fleshy area specifically for the deposition of its own pollen. Nectar-feeders are unlikely to come into contact with the anthers themselves, but can hardly avoid contacting the stigma; thus, the stigma functions as a pollen-presenter, ensuring the nectar-feeders act as pollinators. The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry, self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed. The systems for presenting pollen are usually highly diverse, corresponding to the diversification of the pollinators.
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The structure of the Banksia flower, with the style end functioning as a pollen presenter, suggests that autogamous self-fertilisation must be common. In many Banksia species, the risk of this occurring is reduced by protandry: a delay in a flower's receptivity to pollen until after its own pollen has lost its viability. There is dispute, however, over whether this occurs in B. prionotes: one study claimed to have confirmed "protandrous development", yet recorded high levels of stigmatic receptivity immediately after anthesis, and long pollen viability, observations that are not consistent with protandry. If it does occur, protandry does nothing to prevent geitonogamous self- pollination: that is, pollination with pollen from another flower on the same plant.
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Atropa baetica has a short growing season (around 5 months), favouring sites subjected to heavy winter precipitation in the form of snowfall and a hot summer/early autumn. The green shoots begin to sprout at ground level in mid-May. Growth (initially very rapid – stems reaching their full height in a mere 3–4 weeks) continues until early August, involving also residual summer growth of small leaf-rosettes (associated with the spread of the clump of rhizomes) which persist near ground level without giving rise to flowering stems. Anthesis (flowering) can occur from as early as the third week in June until mid-August, the greatest number of open flowers being present during the first fortnight of July.
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Closeup of foliage Flowers occur in "flower spikes", inflorescences made up of hundreds of flower pairs densely packed around a woody axis. Arising from short lateral branchlets off stems older than four years of age, the inflorescence of B. telmatiaea is roughly oval to cylindrical, with a height of 3–5 cm (1–2 in) and diameter of 4–7 cm (1–2 in). It contains between 500 and 900 golden brown to pale brown flowers, each of which consists of a tubular perianth made up of four fused tepals, and one long wiry style. The styles are hooked rather than straight, and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis.
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It is recommended for use as a hedge in climates where the weight of excessive snowfall destroys hedges made of shrubs. The cultivar 'Johanniswolke' is supposed to be somewhat smaller than the nominate form, although it grows just as tall as the plants circulating under the name P. polymorpha. It is furthermore said to be sterile, flowers which become dark pink after anthesis, and to have non-invasive rhizomes which stay short and compact. P. polymorpha is said to sometimes send up a shoot less than a meter from the main clump after many years, have a rhizome which is able to grow 50cm downward to escape a barrier, and to rarely produce black berries.
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Buddleja acuminata is a sarmentose, often lianescent, shrub 1.5-3 m in height, with stellate-tomentose branchlets. The opposite dark - green leaves have petioles 0.7-2 cm long, the blades variable in shape, from triangular to narrowly ovate, 5-11 cm long by 1.5-6.5 cm wide, long-acuminate at the apex, subcordate to cuneate at the base, all but glabrous above, stellate - tomentose below; the margins range from coarsely dentate at the base, to entire and covered by a thick felt-like indumentum. The inflorescences are white panicles, initially small and congested < 2 cm in diameter at anthesis, enlarging to 15 cm long by 6 cm, the corollas 9-13 mm long.Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979).
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Not all Banksia have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small Isostylis complex have long been recognised as Banksias in which the flower spike has been reduced to a head; and recently the large genus Dryandra has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of Banksia, and sunk into it as B. ser. Dryandra. They similarly have capitate flower heads rather than spikes. B. marginata flower spike before and after anthesis Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow, but orange, red, pink and even violet flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of the perianth parts and often the style.
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Published in 1988, a field study conducted in banksia woodland near Perth noted that anthesis occurred on an inflorescence at an average rate of 40 to 60 florets opening per day, although this varied widely between different flowerheads. Foraging by honeyeaters would cause the florets to open, but bees would not. Banksia menziesii provides an important food source, as flowers and seeds, for the threatened short-billed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris). Other bird species that have been observed feeding on B. menziesii include the red- capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius), western rosella (Platycercus icterotis), red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii), Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius), western gerygone (Gerygone fusca) and several honeyeater species, the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), white-cheeked honeyeater (P.
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They are acaulescent or sometimes shortly caulescent plants, with a size of 6–8 cm high. The leaves 4–9 cm long; with pods 0.6–1 cm wide, densely patent fabric; narrow triangular sheets, 0.3-0.4 cm wide, dense lepidota indument, foliaceous bracts; compound inflorescence (of simple appearance due to the reduction of the spikes to 1 flower), with 1-3 flowers, primary foliaceous bracts, much longer than the spikes, floral bracts 3 cm long, longer than the sepals and covering them in the anthesis, ecarinated, inconspicuously nervate, glabrous, membranous, sessile flowers; sepals are 2 cm long, free, the posterior carinate, the anterior ecarinated; purple petals. Capsules are 2.5-4.5 cm long.Cáceres González, DA, K. Schulte, M. Schmidt & G. Zizka. 2013.
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F. sporotrichioides is one of the most common causative agents of head blight in Scandinavia, as well as Eastern and Northern Europe, although other species such as F. poae and F. avenaceum are usually more prevalent in these areas. Favourable temperature and humidity conditions are associated with an increased likelihood of infection of wheat by Fusarium species, with higher humidity being more conducive to infection, especially during the flowering period, or anthesis, of wheat. Fusarium head blight is caused by the release of mycotoxins from Fusarium species, which damage wheat kernels or spikelets. The infection of spikelets results in a loss of chlorophyll, whilst in infected kernels, F. sporotrichioides mycelia extend from the kernel wall, or pericarp, resulting in a scaliness and discolouration.
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Illicium peninsulare tree is a Small tree, with height up to 10 m, and girth up to 60 cm. The Leaves are Leathery, stiff and tough, but somewhat flexible. They are elliptic, in shape with a midrib impressed above and very prominent below, apex acute to short acuminate, and base attenuate. The Petioles are 11-20 mm long, grooved on adaxial surface. Flowers are axillary on young growth, generally solitary and the pedicels are 1-7 mm long at anthesis. The Perianth parts are 15-25 mm, yellowish white in color. The outermost perianth parts broadly ovate, reduced, 2-2.9-3.5 by 2.8-3.5-4.8 mm and the largest perianth parts ovate, 6.5-7.9-9.6 by 5-6.2-7 mm. The innermost perianth parts ovate, 3.5 by 1.6 mm.
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The inflorescences in axillary, paniculata so capitated, the tepals generally the same, with three stamens, the anthers exserted or included at anthesis, filaments free or fused. Flowers monoclinic with hypanthium urceolate, not depressed below the tepals, tepals 6, generally erect, equal inner surface without papillae. Androecium with three stamens fertile, fillets generally the same width as anthers or more slender, anthers bilocelares: 1st and 2nd series with stamens absent or transformed into staminodes; third grade with 3 stamens, a pair of glands at the base of fillets present, reduced, never fused, or absent, anthers introrse or extrorse-apical; estaminodial fourth grade absent or rarely present with 3 staminodes. The fruit is a bay with tepals deciduous, with an underlying dome double border, partially surrounded by large dome over the fruit, double border.
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Flowers occur as auxiliary fascicles from spring (September) to early summer (December) and fruits ripen to red from late spring (October till January), persisting on the plant through till winter (June). The P. axillaris remains relatively still through the January and February months as seen on the phenology graph. In a study of the reproductive ecology of the Pseudowintera axillaris it was found that this plant has a pollination system liable to change, relying on the transferal of pollen by Thrips obscuratus and small flies, as well as pollen being carried by wind. Pseudowintera axillaris flowers remain on the plant for 7–11 days and the stigmatic crests are responsive in the course of early anthesis, secreting a small supply of nectar, during the last days of flowering the anthers shed pollen.
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The genus Alexgeorgea was first discovered by Sherwin Carlquist on 2 September 1974 when he found a population of A. subterranea on the Cockleshell Gully road north of Jurien Bay in Western Australia. At first, Carlquist, an American botanist and professor at Claremont Graduate University doing field work in Western Australia, could only locate male plants of what he immediately identified as a restionaceous species. In order to identify species in the Restionaceae, it is important to gather material of both male and female flowers, so Carlquist continued to search and only then noticed "purple thread-like structures emerging from the sand," which were the ephemeral styles of the mostly subterranean female flowers. In his original description of the new genus in a 1976 volume of the Australian Journal of Botany, Carlquist notes his discovery may have not occurred if he had not seen the female flowers at anthesis due to the short- lived nature of the thread-like styles.
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