By comparison, Logitech's Romer-G switches have a 1.55mm actuation distance and an actuation force of 45g.
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It's the shortest actuation point of a keyboard you can buy at Best Buy, and definitely the shortest actuation point from a keyboard made by a company you've heard of.
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The keyboard has little flex with keys that have true actuation.
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Actuation is when the key switch detects that it's been pressed.
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Razer claims its the the shortest actuation distance in a keyswitch.
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Actuation is usually a little more than half the distance of travel.
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It makes parts including a thrust reverser actuation system for the Max.
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They use optical technology—in this case infrared light beams—to detect actuation.
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Mechanical keyboards use switches with a wide variety of travel and actuation points.
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It has the mechanical actuation you need and a 4.63 star rating on Amazon.
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On your laptop, that actuation point typically happens when you "bottom out" the key.
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The Input Club SILO switch will also use magnets to allow for adjustable actuation.
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SKF's linear and actuation technology business had sales of 2 billion crowns in 2017.
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This ICAW starts a worst-case, 14-minute timer for gear, brake and hook actuation.
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There is medium resistance, precise actuation, and an audible click sound when you tap the keys.
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Photo: Input ClubInput Club isn't the first to offer a switch with a customizable actuation point.
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The H-ROS components are divided into five categories: Cognition, sensing, actuation, communication and hybrid parts.
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Drop angle, off-axis actuation, key gap for chiclet boards… and of course the inevitable switch debate.
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GIF: RazerThese "opto-mechanical" switches were developed, according to Razer, to have a much shorter actuation distance.
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Billed by Razer as anti-ghosting, it has decent actuation and is suitable for would-be gamers.
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"There's actually kind of very precise actuation of each of the muscles when you're running," Hamner said.
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Over-engineered with one purpose in mind: performance Logitech also claims it has the fastest actuation of any keyboard on the market, and the Romer-G switches even have dual actuation points — so that if there's a mechanical failure in one, the other can still respond to input.
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What makes the MX switches particularly ideal is they combine solid actuation force with quiet, non-click activation.
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That means these parts have a limited lifespan and once they've exceeded the actuation ratings, they'll stop working.
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The proprietary Romer G switches have a 1.5mm actuation point, making them 25% faster than the closest competitor.
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Tactile key switches report this actuation point to your fingers with a subtle bump as you press the key.
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"Blue" mechanical key switches are considered tactile, as they have a noticeable bump when you hit the actuation point.
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But Razer's Green switches were incredibly easy to press, only needing 50g of pressure (aka actuation force) to activate.
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The keyboard has decent spacing and actuation, with almost no flex on the chassis (a sign of build quality).
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Analog control also means Keystone can offer variable actuation points like we've seen before with the Topre Realforce RGB.
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United Technologies, whose products include jet engines and elevators, manufactures actuation systems for the aerospace industry in west-central England.
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If you're into competitive gaming, for example, you'll probably want something like ultra-responsive red switches with low actuation points.
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This robot blood is our first demonstration of storing energy in a fluid that is normally only used for actuation.
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The filing notes that its particular actuation system could relay specific information to a driver that could improve situational awareness.
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For instance, what is the walking speed at which it is more energetically convenient to turn the auxiliary actuation on?
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HyperX has tweaked the red design further, however, shaving the travel distance and actuation point down to 3.8mm and 1.8mm respectively.
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The switch is designed for mechanical keyboard users who want a sort of audible "click" feedback during actuation on the keyboard.
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A system of actuation wires attached to the back of the exosuit provides assistive force to the hip joint during running.
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All three versions of the switch will give you better control over actuation and what occurs when you press a key.
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Finally, (again because of the magnets) you can give the switch multiple actuation points and dictate what happens at each point.
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Reinforcement learning allows operators to "teach" algorithms to perform complex tasks and will create new use cases requiring complex robotic actuation.
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The exosuit works by connecting motors worn on the lower back to the wearer's thighs through a series of actuation cables.
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Razer's Mechanical Keyboard Case employs a new switch, called the "Ultra-Low-Profile Mechanical Switch" which has true actuation and a reset.
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Microsoft has upgraded the tracking sensor over the 2017 model, improved key actuation, and added a textured finish alongside a braided cable.
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"Stickman emulates the behavior of human performers using a very limited set of sensing and actuation capabilities," the team writes in the paper.
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Dr. Pratt has a PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from MIT and holds several patents in series elastic actuation and adaptive control.
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First, these keys have a short 1mm actuation point, only requiring you to press them a little more than halfway down to be recognized.
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But if you need something for longform writing, you'll likely want a higher actuation point to provide more satisfying feedback and help prevent typos.
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The researchers only considered two different actuation profiles (the timing of the wire triggering), so it may be possible to increase running efficiency further.
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Typing on it is similar to typing on an iPad, which is to say, there's absolutely no tactile feedback and no actual key actuation.
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I was typing at close to my usual speed within a couple of minutes, owing to its well judged key travel and actuation force.
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But while taking up less room on your desk, lower-profile keyboards sacrificed a lot to get there—including heft, key actuation, and ergonomics.
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"This school of thought can lead to the design and development of robots with many degrees of actuation that simply cannot fly," the paper continues.
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"Actuation is one of the most difficult challenges in robotics," said Robert Wood, a Harvard professor of engineering and co-author of the new paper.
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It's the first experiment to combine hydraulic force transmission, actuation, and energy storage into a single, multifunctional system in a robot, according to the team.
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Actuation of the keys is resolute, and very easy to transition from a MacBook Pro or any other 214 Razer desktop keyboard, for that matter.
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"We took the idea from the actuation of the hand, where we used tendons to actually move the finger back and forth," Linn told me.
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The switches underneath the keycaps are Fraly Blue type, a low-profile clicky switch with 21mm of height, 3mm of travel, and a 1mm actuation point.
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Now, I like mechanical keyboards because of their instantly responsive digital actuation, with each key press (depending on the switch used) punctuated with an unmissable click.
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This is a problem because water can severely damage a door's latch or actuation cable, the cable that facilitates the opening and closing of the door.
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Dealers can fix the issue by installing water shields over the door latches and repairing the door latch actuation cables, at no cost to the customer.
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Because of the switch's magnetic sensors, you're able to adjust the actuation point — the point of travel at which a keystroke is registered — between 0.4mm and 3.6mm.
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"Developing prosthetic limbs requires designers to make difficult trade-offs among size, weight, force, speed, and cost of the actuation system," the researchers say in their paper.
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The whole thing is tethered by a series of wires that extend off the back, connected to an actuation unit that spins back and forth as he walks.
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Kailh first started making Cherry clones, before expanding into its own series of switches, and its copper, silver, and bronze switches all have an actuation distance of just 1.1mm.
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The keyboard is said to have an 80 million keystroke lifespan and uses Razer Green Switches, which have an actuation force of 50 grams for some pretty solid clicking.
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Lekashman says the software to adjust the actuation point is still in development, and that the UI needs some work to be friendly enough for less tech-savvy people.
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If this all seems a little too abstract, watch the video, below: Cilllia - 3D Printed Hair Structures for Surface Texture, Actuation and Sensing from Tangible Media Group on Vimeo.
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It doesn't have a number pad, which gives you a little more real estate for your mouse and mousepad, and its switches are engineered for remarkably quick actuation times.
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While it is a bit on the shallow side, the keyboard's relatively high actuation weight and deeper key travel feels vastly superior to the garbage you get on modern MacBooks.
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The keys on the Y920 feel noticeably stiffer than your average laptop and their actuation isn't totally smooth either, which leaves you with an experience that feels a bit chunky.
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" He and a team of collaborators created an "immersive interactive environment that was created from robotic actuation, formal transformation and real time projection mapping controlled by a sensory input device.
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Inevitably, though, this can clash with the fundamentals of ergonomics: Good-sense design principles have been cast aside as car controls made the transition from mechanical actuation to virtual engagement.
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This kind of "actuation mechanism" could be used to sort tiny pieces in a factory or pills in a pharmacy, mentions Ou. The list of potential applications is seemingly endless.
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The startup's CTO is Dr. Gonzalo Rey, who previously was CTO at Moog, where he oversaw the development of flight control actuation systems for the Boeing 787 and Airbus 350.
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Spiesshofer said the B&R purchase would make ABB the only industrial automation provider offering customers the entire spectrum of technology and software solutions around measurement, control, actuation, robotics, digitalization and electrification.
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These switches are noteworthy because of how small a distance a key needs to be pushed down for an action to be realized — only 1.2mm — and because of their 45g actuation force.
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For instance, a general control framework encompassing manipulation, contact-locomotion, and flight is still missing, and the role of the auxiliary (jet?) actuation during contact locomotion of humanoid robots is not clear.
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ST), the world's biggest maker of industrial bearings, on Tuesday said it had agreed to divest its linear and actuation technology business to investment firm Triton for 2.75 billion crowns ($314 million).
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The Suora also doesn't have custom-designed switches like Logitech and Razer's keyboards, though the TTC Brown ones that it uses (with slightly higher actuation force than Cherry MX Browns) feel spot on.
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That's standard, especially compared to popular Cherry MX Blue switches, but with less key travel (shorter distance to actuation), Razer's switches give a faster responds while still proving that oh-so-nice tactile feel.
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"The realization of autonomous soft robots will require the integration of different materials and functionalities, such as actuation, powering and logic," write Italian microroboticists Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli in a separate Nature commentary.
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Next, they took a normal spray paint can and outfitted its nozzle with a QR-cube to track the can's motion and an actuation device which controls the amount of paint released from the can.
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The actuation point is adjustable, so you can set it up to have the range of motion come into effect past the key's physical click; press the key normally then press harder to go faster.
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The investment in UK is part of Boeing's strategy to start in-house manufacturing of key actuation components and systems in the United States and UK to reduce cost in its supply chain, the company said.
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The No.22016 U.S. automaker said the safety recall is due to a frozen door latch or a bent or kinked actuation cable in the affected vehicles, that may result in a door not opening or closing.
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Razer says that the keys themselves should offer a similar feel to the existing Razer Green switches used in its other keyboards, but with 30 percent faster actuation than traditional mechanical switches due to the optical sensors.
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RealForce's key is based on the Topre electro capacitive switch that's a hybrid of a membrane and mechanical switch, while SteelSeries' Omnipoint switch is based on the Cherry Red linear switch and uses magnets to adjust the actuation point.
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"As the stream of water from the source hits the water-shaping device, various shapes are created according to the actuation data sent from software on the computer through the microcontroller (Arduino UNO)," the researchers explain in their paper.
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There's not much in the way of specs with this thing, though Razer notes the keyboard has true actuation and reset points, just like its much bigger mechanical siblings, and requires 70 grams of force to register a press.
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Still, the keys on my G710+ bounce back quickly, and offer slight resistance compared to the Horde AIMO's more nebulous keystrokes, which occasionally prompts my fingers to press just a tad harder on the keys after passing the actuation point.
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Not only do single legged hopping robots provide a simplified testbed for locomotion control algorithms, they also demand high-speed, high-force actuation to achieve safe and robust ground-clearance and subject the actuator to greater mechanical stresses than do multi-legged systems.
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The team boiled it down to seven critical points: In addition to these core concepts there are many secondary ones that pop up for consideration: Wobble, or the amount a key moves laterally (yes, this is deliberate), snap ratio, involving the feedback from actuation.
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More important however is that the keyboard is full-size, mechanical and backlit with 1.3mm travel, making each actuation relatively enjoyable to use in the moments that I tried it; long-term testing (living and working with it) would confirm or deny that initial impression.
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Their lightweight exosuit is made of textile components worn at the waist and thighs, and a mobile actuation system attached to the lower back that is controlled by an algorithm that can robustly detect the transition from walking to running and vice versa through sensors.
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Wrestling creates meaning through action, but while the wrestlers (characters) may know the overall arc of the story, and may even, to a certain extent, have a plan for how they intend to execute a particular move, the actuation of the narrative occurs in the performance.
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Razer has a pair of new keyboards out today, the Huntsman and the Huntsman Elite, which offer a new spin on mechanical keyboards: they're Razer's first models to feature opto-mechanical key switches, which combine the tactile clicking of a mechanical keyboard with optical, IR-based technology that detects when the key is pressed for far faster actuation.
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Tesla's lawyers sum it up in the initial filing: After enduring Hoerbiger's defects and false assurances, paying for a year of fruitless development work, and having incurred significant costs as a result of Hoerbiger's failed promises, Tesla decided to pursue an alternative supplier and engineering design for the actuation system of the Model X Falcon Wing doors.
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The "motor actuation" allows the phone to push objects, "hard push" informs the owner of notifications if the phone is not nearby, "scale trace" allows the phone to take measurements of an area, and, perhaps the one we all love to hate, "runaway snooze" senses the user's when trying to extend the phone alarm clock's snooze time and has the phone scurry away.
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High-redundancy actuation (HRA) is a new approach to fault-tolerant control in the area of mechanical actuation.
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Snap ratio is calculated as the difference between the actuation force and the contact force of a switch divided by the actuation force. The actuation force is the force required to collapse the membrane of a rubber switch, and the contact force is the force required to maintain rubber-switch contact closure with a printed circuit board. Mathematically, this can be represented by: where F1 is the actuation force, and F2 is the contact force.
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This actuation gathered around sixty castellers, who unloaded several basic constructions.
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In the actuation space, educators interpret the assessment results in relation to the initial goals of the intervention, and discuss how to modify the instruction delivery or assessment as measurement tools, which lays groundwork for the new interventions (Actuation).
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Second, the resulting structure must have structural integrity to carry the design loads. Therefore, the process of actuation should not jeopardize the structure's strength. More precisely, we can say: We seek an active structure where actuation of some members will lead to a geometry change without substantially altering its stress state. In other words, a structure that has both statical determinacy and kinematic determinacy is optimal for actuation.
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Artificial muscles can be divided into three major groups based on their actuation mechanism.
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In a modern airplane one can find numerous mechanical systems with gears, power drive units, drive shafts, actuators, hoists and other mechanical parts. People used to call helicopters "flying transmissions". Today an average airplane has more transmission components than a helicopter. The common transmission mechanical components of an airplane are: high lift system, bay door actuation system, cargo door actuation system, landing gears, hoists, cargo door actuation systems and sometimes primary flight control system.
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The flow rate is controlled by the polarization limit of the material and the voltage applied on the piezo. In comparison with other actuation principles piezoelectric actuation enables high stroke volume, high actuation force and fast mechanical response, though requiring comparatively high actuation voltage and complex mounting procedure of the piezo ceramic. The smallest piezoelectric micropump with dimensions of 3.5x3.5x0.6 mm3 was developed by Fraunhofer EMFT the world-renowned research organization with focus on MEMS and Microsystem technologies. The micropump consists of three silicon layers, one of which as a pump diaphragm confines the pump chamber from above, while two others represent middle valve chip and bottom valve chip.
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The resulting devices can be perfectly transparent. High-frequency actuation is possible. Switching speeds are limited only by mechanical inertia. The hydrogel's stiffness can be thousands of times smaller than the dielectric's, allowing actuation without mechanical constraint across a range of nearly 100% at millisecond speeds.
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One common actuation method for digital microfluidics is electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD). Many lab-on-a-chip applications have been demonstrated within the digital microfluidics paradigm using electrowetting. However, recently other techniques for droplet manipulation have also been demonstrated using magnetic force, surface acoustic waves, optoelectrowetting, mechanical actuation, etc.
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A ribosome is a biological machine that employs nanoscale robotic materials for protein dynamics Robotic materials are composite materials that combine sensing, actuation, computation, and communication in a repeatable or amorphous pattern.M. A. McEvoy and N.Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication, Science Vol. 347 no.
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TCM distinguishes many kinds of qi (). In a general sense, qi is something that is defined by five "cardinal functions":. "" [Physiological functions of qi: 1.) Function of actuation ... 2.) Function of warming ... 3.) Function of defense ... 4.) Function of containment ... 5.) Function of transformation ...]as seen at # Actuation () – of all physical processes in the body, especially the circulation of all body fluids such as blood in their vessels. This includes actuation of the functions of the zang-fu organs and meridians.
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Magnetic actuation can either be used for actuating 1D or 2D MEMS mirrors. Another characteristics of the magnetically actuated MEMS mirror is the fact the low voltage is required (below 5V) making this actuation compatible with standard CMOS voltage. An advantage of such actuation type is that MEMS behavior does not present hysteresis, as opposed to electrostatic actuated MEMS mirrors, that make it very simple to control. Power consumption of magnetically actuated MEMS mirror can be as low as 0.04 mW.
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On the other hand, realization of carbon nanotube aerogels made possible giant strokes compararable to electrostrictive rubbers at room temperature, but carbon nanotube aerogels can perform at a very wide range of temperatures and with very high actuation rates, which are even better than the actuation rate of human muscles.
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Interest in piezoMEMS technology began around the early 1990s as scientists explored alternatives to electrostatic actuation in radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). For RF MEMS, electrostatic actuation specialized high voltage charge pump circuits due to small electrode gap spacing and large driving voltages. In contrast, piezoelectric actuation allowed for high sensitivity as well as low voltage and power consumption as low as a few millivolts. It also had the ability to close large vertical gaps while still allowing for low microsecond operating speeds.
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The aerogel sheets can be stretched as much as three times along the width while low-modulus rubber like behavior is remained. Having aerogel sheets of MWNTs, UT researchers fabricated actuators with giant strokes (≈180% actuation along the width) with 5 ms delay time between applying the potential and observing the maximum stroke. Therefore, the actuation rate is slightly better than that of the human muscle. This is a very important achievement considering the actuation rate for artificial muscles used in robots is typically much slower.
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All soft robots require an actuation system to generate reaction forces, to allow for movement and interaction with its environment. Due to the compliant nature of these robots, soft actuation systems must be able to move without the use of rigid materials that would act as the bones in organisms, or the metal frame that is common in rigid robots. Nevertheless, several control solutions to soft actuation problem exist and have found its use, each possessing advantages and disadvantages. Some examples of control methods and the appropriate materials are listed below.
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A simulation-based approach for developing optimal calibrations for engines with variable valve actuation. Oil and Gas Science and Technology, 62(4), 539–553. An engine equipped with a variable valve timing actuation system is freed from this constraint, allowing performance to be improved over the engine operating range. Piston engines normally use valves which are driven by camshafts.
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Mechanical systems contain moving parts, which are usually actuation and microvalve membranes or flaps. The driving force can be generated by utilizing piezoelectric , electrostatic, thermo-pneumatic, pneumatic or magnetic effects. Non-mechanical pumps function with electro-hydrodynamic, electro-osmotic, electrochemical or ultrasonic flow generation, just to name a few of the actuation mechanisms that are currently studied.
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Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Mechanical Systems includes: landing systems; actuation; propellers; flight controls; pilot controls; hoist and winch systems; and cargo systems.
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Correll's research is on Swarm Robotics, Swarm Intelligence, and Self-organization. He is using these concepts to equip composite materials with intelligence and enabling robots with autonomy,Materials that Couple Sensing, Actuation, Computation, and Communication, CCC Innovative Great Ideas, November 2, 2015 for which he coined the term Robotic MaterialsM. A. McEvoy and N. Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation and communication.
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The situation of usage and the characteristics of the munition it is intended to activate affect the fuze design e.g. its safety and actuation mechanisms.
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Pressure cylinders containing a movable separator member between a gas and a liquid, said moveable member causing the actuation of directional control valve or valves.
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It is battery powered and is normally actuated by breakwire, but tripwire and command actuation is also possible. The mine is surface mounted and it can be located visually or with metal detectors under most field conditions. The MAPED F1 can be defeated by blast overpressure from explosive breaching systems like the Giant Viper and MICLIC unless it is set up for command actuation.
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Active cell sorting involves the detection of targets cells through a microscope or camera followed by the automatic or manual activation of an actuation method to alter the fluid flow in the microfluidic channels. Some techniques utilize fluorescent tagging similar to what is used in FACS to identify target cells. The flow path is changed in order to direct cells of particular interest to an outlet that traps the cells for further experimentation. There exists different methods of actuation that have been shown to alter the flow characteristics and maintain cell viability after sorting and these include: piezoelectric actuation, dielectrophoresis of droplets, optical manipulation, and surface acoustic wave (SAW) deflection.
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As a result, carbon nanotubes have been shown to be great materials for actuation-related applications. The subfield of carbon nanotube actuators have been quite successful and ready for scalable applications, considering there are quite a few conventional and scalable methods for the synthesis of large-scale carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotube sheets used as electrodes in electrolyte solutions enable low voltage operations at room-temperature with actuation strokes and rates comparable to the conducting polymer actuators, but with higher work densities per cycle and lifetimes. However, the actuation strokes are much smaller than those of the electrostrictive rubbers which operate at voltages three orders of magnitude higher.
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Series elastic actuation (SEA) relies on the idea of introducing intentional elasticity between the motor actuator and the load for robust force control. Due to the resultant lower reflected inertia, series elastic actuation improves safety when a robot interacts with the environment (e.g., humans or workpiece) or during collisions. Furthermore, it also provides energy efficiency and shock absorption (mechanical filtering) while reducing excessive wear on the transmission and other mechanical components.
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Using Microbridge with an Arduino and Arduino USB Host Shield allows for actuation of servos, DC motors, and allows for PWM communication, among other uses, through and Android phone.
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The usual 1-N-2-3-4-5(-6) gearbox shifting pattern is observed. The 900 uses a hydraulically actuated clutch, while the 600 and 400 use cable actuation.
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BDVs fail-safe to the open position upon failure of the control system. The type of valve, type of actuation and performance measurement are similar to an ESD valve.
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The manual gear shifter was the traditional Ferrari gated design. The transition from a cable-operated clutch to a hydraulically operated one was an upgrade in pedal actuation ease.
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SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically, where an electric current results in Joule heating. Deactivation typically occurs by free convective heat transfer to the ambient environment. Consequently, SMA actuation is typically asymmetric, with a relatively fast actuation time and a slow deactuation time. A number of methods have been proposed to reduce SMA deactivation time, including forced convection, and lagging the SMA with a conductive material in order to manipulate the heat transfer rate.
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Moreover, mechanical advantage is possible by use of electrostatic-pneumatic actuation. Since the cavity is filled with air, mechanical amplification is lower than hydraulic machinery with a non- compressible fluid.
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SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically by Joule heating. If the SMA is used in an environment where the ambient temperature is uncontrolled, unintentional actuation by ambient heating may occur.
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These have been underpinned by the investigation of fundamental mechanisms and scale-up. Examples include: antibacterial, fog harvesting, catalysis, non-fouling, optochiral switches, filtration, biochips, super-repellency, and nano-actuation.
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As a consequence of the increased heat transfer rate, the required current to achieve a given actuation force is increased. Comparative force-time response of bare and lagged Ni-Ti shape memory alloy.
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The shape of the stem as well as the design of the switch housing varies the actuation distance and travel distance of the switch. The amount of sound produced by actuation can also be changed by the addition of rubber dampeners. Like other types of keyboards, mechanical keyboards allow for the removal and replacement of keycaps, but replacing them is more common with mechanical keyboards due to common stem shapes. Mechanical keyboards typically have a longer lifespan than membrane or dome-switch keyboards.
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With an initial actuation of the flash button, the flash pops up to a bounce-flash position, giving a more diffuse flash that is preferred by some photographers, especially for portrait photos. A second actuation of the button raises the flash to a forward-facing position for direct flash. Some of the build features are inherited from the Olympus E-330, such as the eyepiece. Spare parts, such as the EP-7 eyecup from Olympus, can be used on the Digilux 3.
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As a result, despite the ever-increasing demands placed on them, state of the art ram BOPs are conceptually the same as the first effective models, and resemble those units in many ways. Ram BOPs for use in deepwater applications universally employ hydraulic actuation. Threaded shafts are often still incorporated into hydraulic ram BOPs as lock rods that hold the ram in position after hydraulic actuation. By using a mechanical ram locking mechanism, constant hydraulic pressure need not be maintained.
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EMMA (ElectroMagnetic Micro Actuation) is their best known project. It placed 3rd overall in the 2010 NIST Mobile Microrobotics Challenge in Alaska, and first place in the 2011 competition in Shanghai, China. EMMA is made of a magnetic alloy which moves by displacing the magnetic field surrounding the robot (magnetic actuation). The team is currently working on a research paper, "Characterizing the surface tension around the robot at a micro scale," and upgrading the design to have rotation along its axis.
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To prevent false actuation, such as stalling or under- speeding, or inadvertent deployment at high speeds, a computer system blocks such actuation errors as a function of speed and lateral acceleration. The driver will be alerted by green lights indicating possible lifting or lowering. If the supports, which require about 0.5 seconds to extend, are not extended at walking speed, a warning tone will sound. If the driver does not respond with lowering, the vehicle tilts on its side while stationary.
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Everett, Washington, USA (21,400 sq. ft.): Final assembly of the B-777 landing gear. Livonia, Michigan (Beaver Aerospace & Defence) Design and manufacturing of ball screws and actuation systems. Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom (90,000 sq.
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Masaaki Kumagai, who developed BallIP introduced another ball drive mechanism that uses partially sliding rollers . The objective of this design was to develop 3-DOF actuation on the ball using a low cost mechanism.
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For this reason they are used as inlet valves, not exhaust. An exhaust bash valve would have the cylinder pressure and the piston actuation both acting to open it, with nothing to close it.
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The Dacia Easy-R is an automated manual transmission used by Renault Group's Dacia brand that uses electro-mechanical actuation (rather than electro- hydraulic actuation) to automate the gear shifts. The Easy-R uses a traditional manual gearbox with a computer-controlled electronic clutch; the gear shifts are automatic, and the need for a clutch pedal is eliminated. Easy-R is available in the Logan, Logan MCV, and Sandero models. It is also available on the Indian market in the Duster and Renault Kwid.
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One thing that really sets the performance of the biological and artificial versions apart is the nuanced flexibility and actuation of the disc. Different parts of the disc are considerably more flexible than others and some parts are designed to passively deform. It is especially hard to mimic the mixture of passive and active interactions of the disc of a rajiform and the ground. The complex actuation of the wings has been mimicked successfully through a variety of means including tensegrity structures, electroactive polymers, and fluid muscles.
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A good active structure has a number of requirements. First, it needs to be easily actuated. The actuation should be energy-saving. A structure which is very stiff and strongly resists morphing is therefore not desirable.
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S. 8778. Beside the thermal deformation of a sample, a light-responsive actuation can be obtained for samples with azobenzenes being incorporated in the liquid crystalline phase.T. Ube, T. Ikeda: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (2014).
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Reactor power was regulated by actuation of the secondary admission valve by the turbine's governor. Decreasing the rate of secondary steam reduces reactor power, and vice versa. Thus, the secondary pressure varies with the external load.
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The MRUD can be located visually as well as with metal detectors. Depending on the actuation method the MRUD will have a limited resistance to blast overpressure from explosive breaching methods like the Giant Viper and MICLIC.
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Slow speed cyclorotors bypass this problem through a horizontal axis of rotation and operating at a comparatively low blade tip speed. For higher speeds, which may become necessary for industrial applications, it seems necessary to adopt more sophisticated strategies and solutions. A solution is the independent actuation of the blades which have been recently patented and successfully tested for naval use by use on hydraulic actuation system. The horizontal axis of rotation always provides an advancement of the upper blades, that produce always a positive lift by the full rotor.
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Several results in situ SEM and TEM were demonstrated for thin films by his group including a stage for simultaneous electrical and mechanical testing, although this set-up used external actuation and sensing. A major breakthrough in MEMS-electronic integration was made by Horacio D. Espinosa and his group at Northwestern University. They designed and developed a true MEM system that incorporated capacitive sensing for electronic measurement of load and thermal actuation for specimen straining in one single chip. The system could be operated inside a transmission electron microscope.
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A heat-induced ferromagnetic- paramagnetic transition is used in magneto-optical storage media, for erasing and writing of new data. Famous examples include the Sony Minidisc format, as well as the now-obsolete CD-MO format. Curie point electro-magnets have been proposed and tested for actuation mechanisms in passive safety systems of fast breeder reactors, where control rods are dropped into the reactor core if the actuation mechanism heats up beyond the material's curie point. Other uses include temperature control in soldering irons, and stabilizing the magnetic field of tachometer generators against temperature variation.
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It is one of two dozen nations that can manufacture mines domestically. Naval mines can be adapted for use against specific target sets – different types of naval mine are defined according to their actuation triggers. Different types are defined according to their actuation triggers and the position in the water they are designed to be laid. Iran possesses or produces bottom-moored contact mines (which were used extensively during the Tanker War), moored and bottom-influence mines incorporating magnetic, acoustic, and pressure fuses, limpet mines, drifting mines, and remotely controlled mines.
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Leading-edge vortex controller (LEVCON) systems are a continuation of leading-edge root extension (LERX) technology, but with actuation that allows the leading edge vortices to be modified without adjusting the aircraft's attitude. Otherwise they operate on the same principles as the LERX system to create lift augmenting leading edge vortices during high angle of attack flight. This system has been incorporated in the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and Indian HAL LCA Navy. The LEVCONs actuation ability also improves its performance over the LERX system in other areas.
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Three-dimensional droplet actuation has been made possible by implementing a closed system; this system contains a µL sized droplet in immiscible fluid medium. The droplet and medium are then sandwiched between two electromagnetic plates, creating an EM field between the two plates. The purpose of this method is to transfer the droplet from a lower planar surface to an upper parallel planar surface and back down via electrostatic forces. The physics behind such particle actuation and perpendicular movement can be understood from early works of N. N. Lebedev and I. P. Skal’skaya.
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Vance's music-making robots were created via pneumatic actuation and 3 integrated computer systems. The ultimate goal, Vance states "is to create a live experience that blurs the line between the audience and his hard-rockin', sailor-talkin' automatons".
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Most Buell two-cylinder engines utilize computer controlled ducted forced air cooling (variable speed fan that only activates as required), two valves per cylinder, a single throttle body, zero maintenance hydraulic valve actuation, and zero maintenance gear-driven cams.
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"Three-dimensional plasma actuation for faster transition to turbulence." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50.42 (2017): 425201. which are useful to control the flow.Wang, Jin-Jun, Kwing-So Choi, Li-Hao Feng, Timothy N. Jukes, and Richard D. Whalley.
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Robotic materials build up on the original concept of programmable matter, but focus on the structural properties of the embedding polymers without claim of universal property changes. Here the term "robotic" refers to the confluence of sensing, actuation, and computation.
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Unopened Symbicort Turbuhaler (left) and opened (middle and right) Symbicort in the United States is a metered-dose inhaler and is available in 160/4.5mcg and 80/4.5mcg per actuation. In the European Union, Australia, Canada, Israel, Saudi Arabia and elsewhere the combination is available as a dry powder inhaler in the following doses: 50/3 (40/2.25), 100/3 (80/2.25), 100/6 (80/4.5), 200/6 (160/4.5) and 400/12 (320/9), where the larger number is the dose per actuation of budesonide (in micrograms) and the lower number the dose of formoterol (also in micrograms).
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Actuation frequency of nitinol is dependent on the heat management, especially during the cooling phase. Numerous methods are used to increase the cooling performance, such as forced air, flowing liquids, thermoelectric modules (i.e. Peltier or semiconductor heat pumps), heat sinks, conductive materials and higher surface-to-volume ratio (improvements up to 3.3 Hz with very thin wires and up to 100 Hz with thinfilm nitinol). The fastest nitinol actuation recorded was carried by a high voltage capacitor discharge which heated an SMA wire in a manner of microseconds, and resulted in a complete phase transformation (and high velocities) in a few milliseconds.
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Artificial muscles, also known as muscle-like actuators, are materials or devices that mimic natural muscle and can change their stiffness, reversibly contract, expand, or rotate within one component due to an external stimulus (such as voltage, current, pressure or temperature). The three basic actuation responses– contraction, expansion, and rotation can be combined together within a single component to produce other types of motions (e.g. bending, by contracting one side of the material while expanding the other side). Conventional motors and pneumatic linear or rotary actuators do not qualify as artificial muscles, because there is more than one component involved in the actuation.
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Prefabricated mechanical screw valves and solenoid valves require no advanced microfabrication processes and are easy to implement in soft substrate materials like PDMS. Screw valves, unlike Quake and ice valves, maintain their level of flow restriction without power input, and are thus ideal for situations where the valve position may remain mostly constant and actuation by a human operator is acceptable. Electromagnetic solenoid valves have similar actuation times compared to Quake valves, but have larger footprints and are not integrated into the device substrate. This is an issue when device dimensions are an issue, such as in implantable devices.
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The other major difference with the first GSX engines was the move from direct overhead cam actuation of the valve by shim and bucket of the GS engines, to valve actuation via short forked rocker arms in the GSX -the valves stems and springs being located inboard from the camshafts due to the reduced included angle between inlet and exhaust valves. Apart from the heads the GS/GSX engines were of a common design. The current range of bikes by that name are completely different designs that use derivatives of former super sports engines from the early-to- middle GSX-R series.
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Dielectric EAPs are materials in which actuation is caused by electrostatic forces between two electrodes which squeeze the polymer. Dielectric elastomers are capable of very high strains and are fundamentally a capacitor that changes its capacitance when a voltage is applied by allowing the polymer to compress in thickness and expand in area due to the electric field. This type of EAP typically requires a large actuation voltage to produce high electric fields (hundreds to thousands of volts), but very low electrical power consumption. Dielectric EAPs require no power to keep the actuator at a given position.
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Cockpit Selected in July 2008, the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics incorporates displays, with comprehensive navigation, communications, surveillance, engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS), and aircraft maintenance systems. In March 2009 Bombardier confirmed major suppliers: Alenia Aeronautica for the composite horizontal and vertical stabilisers, Fokker Elmo for the wiring and interconnection systems and Goodrich Corporation Actuation Systems: design and production of the flap and slat actuation systems. Nearly one year later (June 2009), 96% of billable materials had been allocated, with the company settling on various companies for remaining components and systems: Shenyang Aircraft Corporation for the centre fuselage; Zodiac Aerospace for the interiors; Parker Hannifin for the flight control, fuel and hydraulics systems; Liebherr Aerospace for the air management system; and United Technologies Corporation for the air data system, flap and slat actuation systems, and engine nacelles. The composite wings are manufactured and assembled at a purpose built factory at the Bombardier Aerostructures and Engineering Services (BAES) site in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Héroux-Devtek Inc. is an international company specializing in the design, development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of landing gear, actuation systems and components for the Aerospace market. Founded in 1942, the company's head office is located in Longueuil, Quebec. Héroux-Devtek Inc.
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Up to that point, track circuits always had a big edge when it came to reliability. Magnetic contacts were the first contactless switching devices. They were known as "axle counting magnets". The iron wheel flanges triggered an actuation by interrupting a magnetic field.
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The sperm cell is the actuation source for the magnetic microstructure and can propel it to cancer spheroids. At this location, the drug-loaded sperm is released by a spring mechanism and the sperm cell delivers the drug to the cancer cells.
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There were only minor detail modifications. Some were equipped with the gun-carriage brake cylinder: this was an air-cylinder from Hanna for the simultaneous actuation (cable operated) of the air brakes of the truck and the mechanical brakes of the gun.
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Based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Mission Systems includes: solutions for secure military communication, navigation and guidance; missile actuation; simulation, training and range instrumentation; strategic command and control; unmanned aircraft systems; electronic warfare; ejection seats and propulsion; intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; and space solutions.
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As the most prospective practical research direction, EAPs have been used in artificial muscles. Their ability to emulate the operation of biological muscles with high fracture toughness, large actuation strain and inherent vibration damping draw the attention of scientists in this field.
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The same thermal actuation approach can be used to temporarily decrease the separation between the disk medium and the read sensor during the readback process, thus improving signal strength and resolution. By mid-2006 other manufacturers have begun to use similar approaches in their products.
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For good actuation, it is necessary to have a good alignment of the domains' directors before cross-linking. This can be achieved by: stretching of the prepolymerized sample,G.H.F. Bergmann, H. Finkelmann, V. Percec and M. Y. Zhao: Macromol. Chem. Phys. (1994). S. 353.
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Founded in 1943, Marotta Controls, Inc. is one of the technology businesses in New Jersey, specializing in the design, manufacture and integration of precision control components and systems. It offers valves, manifolds, power conversion, motor drives and control actuation systems for military and commercial applications.
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When controlled motors actuate the linkage, the whole system (a mechanism and its actuators) becomes a robot.He, Dong; Zhihong Sun; and W. J. Zhang. "A note on inverse kinematics of hybrid actuation robots for path design problems". ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.
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MAN intelligent diesel MAN B&W; diesel and New Sulzer Diesel are developing “smart” camshaftless engines utilizing electronically controlled fuel injection and exhaust valve actuation systems. Research and development has advanced so that smart low-speed diesel engines are being installed in new ships.
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By definition, an automatic fire suppression system can operate without human intervention. To do so it must possess a means of detection, actuation and delivery. In many systems, detection is accomplished by mechanical or electrical means. Mechanical detection uses fusible-link or thermo-bulb detectors.
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Active control requires actuators which may be driven in a time- dependent manner and require energy. Examples are valves and plasma actuators. The actuation command may be pre-determined (open-loop control) or be dependent on sensors monitoring the flow state (closed-loop control).
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Known as 'Boeing Sheffield', the site is a manufacturing facility built in October 2018 near the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC). The facility is the first manufacturing site outside of the United States and it produces more than 100 different high-tech actuation system components for the 737 and 767 which are then sent back to the US for fitting. Actuation components are used on the trailing edge of the wings which extend and retract to deliver additional lift on take-off and, when landing, to slow the plane during its descent. The facility cost £40 million and 52 staff work in the 66,736 sq ft factory.
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The key design features were an all aluminium alloy block and head, with cast iron cylinder liners, double overhead camshafts, finger follower 24-valve actuation, one throttle and injector per cylinder (throttle-body fuel injection), equal length tubular exhaust manifolds dual 3-way catalytic converters and a dry sump lubrication system allowing the engine to be mounted lower in the vehicle chassis. These features enabled the engine to provide lightweight, compact dimensions, extremely fast throttle response and high peak horsepower. Worthy of note is that the high performance BMW S54 engine is also of a very similar configuration. Straight-6, throttle body EFI, DOHC 24-valve finger follower valve actuation.
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It also has an improved APU and flap/stab actuation system, redesigned main landing gear wheels and brakes, flight control system hard- over protection system. By the end of the G450 production run, 365 aircraft were produced, with prices ranging from $15 million to $32 million.
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The electrohydraulic actuation system on second stage was also replaced with simpler and robust electromechanical system. The Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV F08 performed a burn to depletion for the first time. Officials said any improvement done to the vehicle would be incorporated into GSLV's future missions.
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Other actuators are able to adjust their stiffness by taking advantage of the properties of deformable elements housed within the actuators. By utilizing these variable stiffness actuation technologies, new robots have been able to more accurately replicate the motions of biological organisms and mimic their energetic efficiencies.
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Low-profile fuel tank incorporates a stone fuel filter and sits in the middle of the chassis for perfect weight balance at all times. Fiber brake disk with piston actuation for strong, smooth braking. Low profile 75cc fuel tank included for a lower center of gravity.
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Indeed, Wang and Lien discovered that the Teochew phenomenon was the result of borrowing from the local literary reading tradition. They present a revised model that distinguishes between the initial "actuation" of a sound change by language contact or internal factors, and its "implementation" by lexical diffusion.
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Microcapsule- Assisted Smart Coatings. Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 249. Autonomous self-healing polymers follow a three-step process very similar to that of a biological response. In the event of damage, the first response is triggering or actuation, which happens almost immediately after damage is sustained.
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The UBC Okanagan Digital Microfluidics Research Group is an interdisciplinary research group at University of British Columbia Okanagan that develops integrated devices for biochip applications. Lab-on-a-chip digital microfluidic devices are fabricated in digital architectures that merge micrometre-scale electrical circuitry with applications requiring dynamic fluid control, as voltage actuation signals from patterned electrodes are used to direct and actuate fluid flow within the chips. The structures are not application-specific. Fluid actuation signals for droplet mixing, splitting, and routing are set by the control software and can be reconfigured as needed and in real-time (unlike continuous-flow microfluidic structures incorporating micropumps, microvalves, and microchannels which are fabricated as permanent application-specific structures).
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Some recent applications of plasma actuation include high-speed flow control using localized arc filament plasma actuators, and low-speed flow control using dielectric barrier discharges for flow separation and 3D wake control and sound controlHuang, X., Zhang, X., and Li, Y. (2010) Broadband Flow-Induced Sound Control using Plasma Actuators, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol 329, No 13, pp. 2477–2489. and sliding discharges. The present research of plasma actuators is mainly focused on three directions: (1) various designs of plasma actuators; (2) flow control applications; and (3) control-oriented modeling of flow applications under plasma actuation. In addition, new experimental and numerical methods are being developed to provide physical insights.
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Microfluidic pipette, housed in a manifold holder. The colored solutions highlight the solutions loaded into the wells of the PDMS pipette. Pneumatic actuation is used to keep all tubing free of contamination. A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of microfluidics into a freely positionable pipette platform.
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In 2013, a research team introduced Transparent ionic conduction speaker which a 2 layers transparent conductive gel and a layer of transparent rubber in between to make high voltage and high actuation work to reproduce good sound quality. The speaker is suitable for robotics, mobile computing and adaptive optics fields.
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The bolts were designed for manual actuation, using sealed drive penetrations through the bulkhead. An option for motorized torquing was identified, but not designed. The bolt could be tightened from either the head side, or the nut side. Neither the torque nor the uncertainty in are reported in the available documentation.
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During the 1930s, Humber cars were fitted with a four-speed preselector gearbox produced by Laycock-de Normanville. It was broadly similar to the Wilson, but used direct hydraulic actuation of the brake bands (selected via a lever on the steering column) therefore avoiding the need for a change-gear pedal.
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A Hill-type muscle model modified according to Shadmehr and WiseShadmehr R., Wise S. Computational neurobiology of reaching and pointing: a foundation for motor learning. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 2005. can be used for actuation. Muscles are controlled by placing a voltage-tension adapter between a motor neuron and a muscle.
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The Pneumatic Pressurization System has three main functions: # Storage of high pressure He gas. # Supply of operational pressure for propellant tank ullage. # Supply of operating pressure for the actuation of the pneumatically activated valves of the main propulsion (SKD). The system has four spherical pressurizing gas tanks in two separated circuits.
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An aircraft using cyclorotors as the primary source of lift, propulsion, and control is known as a cyclogyro or cyclocopter. The patented application, used on ships with particular actuation mechanisms both mechanical or hydraulic, are named after the name of the German company Voith Turbo GMBH that produces them: Voith–Schneider cycloidal propellers.
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The mid-stroke actuation also opened the valve passageways earlier, before top dead centre, allowing in air that provided a cushioning effect. This further improved the action of the drill, giving a powerful stroke on the working piston and drill rod, but with less damaging hammering to the frame of the drill.
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In January 2008, French-based Thales Group won a US$2.9 billion (€2 billion) 20-year contract to supply avionics and navigation equipment for the A350 XWB, beating Honeywell and Rockwell Collins. US-based Rockwell Collins and Moog Inc. were chosen to supply the horizontal stabiliser actuator and primary flight control actuation, respectively.
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The control loading systems are designed to allow situating the actuators closer to the pilot. This is necessary for mission training systems that can be easily deployed and moved around the world. Control Loading Systems are similar in design to active sidesticks. These provide cues to pilots during the flight via actuation systems.
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The bike has dual headlights like the other bikes of the YZF-R series. For the 2017 update, the bike has a new 155.1 cc engine. The bore and stroke are . This engine also get Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) technology and has a claimed of power at 10,000 rpm and of torque at 8,500 rpm.
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The area between the edges of the vanes changes, leading to a variable-aspect- ratio system with fewer moving parts. VGTs may be controlled by a membrane vacuum actuator, electric servo, 3-phase electric actuation, hydraulic actuator, or pneumatic actuator using air brake pressure. Unlike fixed- geometry turbines, VGTs do not require a wastegate.
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At this stage the right gear strut compression signal had not yet been sensed. Almost simultaneously with the touchdown of the nose landing gear the crew moved the engine controls to the Maximum Reverse position at one sweep and applied mechanical brakes. Actuation of the valves of reversing systems on both engines did not happen.
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Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Ordnance Factory Board, Bharat Electronics Limited and Bharat Dynamics among others. Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre, Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the active radar seeker.
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Regan, Frank J. and Anadakrishnan, Satya M., "Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry", AIAA Education Series, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., New York, , (1993). AMaRV's attitude was controlled through a split body flap (also called a split-windward flap) along with two yaw flaps mounted on the vehicle's sides. Hydraulic actuation was used for controlling the flaps.
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Brushless motors are used in industrial positioning and actuation applications. For assembly robots, brushless stepper or servo motors are used to position a part for assembly or a tool for a manufacturing process, such as welding or painting. Brushless motors can also be used to drive linear actuators. Motors that directly produce linear motion are called linear motors.
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Debuting at the March 2004 Geneva Auto Show, the CCR was the most powerful version of the Koenigsegg CC range cars at the time. Like the CC8S it features dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors. It has, however, various improvements. A larger front splitter for optimized downforce and tweaked headlight arrangement came standard with a rear wing.
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Nexcelle's contribution to LEAP-1C on the C919 includes an innovative nacelle design that is produced with a significant percentage of composites, and which incorporates advanced acoustic treatment. It also is to be equipped with an Electrical Thrust Reverser Actuation System (ETRAS). The Nexcelle PANACHE thrust reverser demonstrator is deployed during testing at GE Aviation's Peebles, Ohio facility.
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The Type 32 also broke new ground (for a racing Bug) by using a three-speed and reverse transaxle unit, the exceptionally short wheelbase and long straight-8 engine making a conventional gearbox difficult to accommodate. It also heralded an hydraulic front brake actuation. Another tank-bodied Bugatti racer, the 1936 Type 57G, was much more successful.
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The BFCRT comprises a cockpit-style control column with a mechanical actuation system connected to a representative set of aircraft flight controls. It provides technical training on the setting and maintenance of flight controls at a more basic level than the GenFly, and is designed to provide initial training before progressing to the more advanced system.
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Many controls today are electronic, typically using an amplifier to convert signals from the sensor, then commanding a special servo motor incorporating a lead or ball screw for guiding actuation. The latest web guiding systems have touch screen controls to simplify the setup procedure. Some web guiding systems have been designed specifically for the converting industry.
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Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as: nanorelays, nanoswitches, nanotweezers and feedback device which are designed for memory, sensing or actuation uses. Furthermore, theoretical studies have been carried out to try to get a full understanding of the electric deflection of carbon nanotubes,Z. Wang et al., PRB, 75(16) In press.
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While pneumatic valve springs have become standard in Formula One engines, A number of manufactures have been researching computer-controlled electromagnetic valve actuation (EVA) using no camshaft, to reduce moving parts while improving valve control. In particular, Renault and Freevalve (under supervision of Koenigsegg) are two companies interested in developing the technology for production road vehicles.
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The idea of the high-redundancy actuation (HRA) is inspired by the human musculature. A muscle is composed of many individual muscle cells, each of which provides only a minute contribution to the force and the travel of the muscle. These properties allow the muscle as a whole to be highly resilient to damage of individual cells.
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Manufacturers have also included sub exhaust chambers that extend the 'tuned length' of the expansion chamber. Power valve actuation can be by mechanical (RPM dependent) or electric (servo motor) means increasingly with electronic control. Electronic control offers a greater degree of accuracy as well as being able to vary the opening of the valve and be tuned to conditions.
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The nozzle is attached to the missile via a ball joint with a hole in the center, or a flexible seal made of a thermally resistant material, the latter generally requiring more torque and a higher power actuation system. The Trident C4 and D5 systems are controlled via hydraulically actuated nozzle. The STS SRBs used gimbaled nozzles.
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Smart systems incorporate functions of sensing, actuation, and control in order to describe and analyze a situation, and make decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby performing smart actions. In most cases the “smartness” of the system can be attributed to autonomous operation based on closed loop control, energy efficiency, and networking capabilities.
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The engine is the "Desmodue", a 90° L-twin, air-cooled engine with desmodromic valve actuation. A slipper clutch prevents locking of the rear wheel through clumsy down-shifting. Although Ducatis often use a dry clutch, this model has a 21-plate oil-bath "wet clutch" which weighs less, gives quieter operation, and needs less maintenance.
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Nafarelin is available in the form of a 0.2% nasal spray for use one, two, or three times per day. Each bottle of nafarelin nasal spray (brand name Synarel) contains about 60 sprays delivering approximately 200 μg nafarelin in 100 μL solution per actuation. Nafarelin is not available for use by any other routes than intranasal administration.
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Video: Patí Català: Que, Qui, Com. there is a halyard to hoist the sail along the mast, and another rope whose actuation shapes an area of the foot of the sail known as "dovetail ", when pulled or released lightly, makes an appreciable variation to the flatness of the sail surface..Video: Patí Català Patí a Vela.
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High contrast gratings have been employed in many optoelectronic devices. It has been incorporated as the mirrors for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The light-weight of high contrast grating enables fast microelectromechanical structure actuation for wavelength tuning. The reflection phase of the high contrast grating is engineered to control the emission wavelength of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.
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Soft robots can be implemented in the medical profession, specifically for invasive surgery. Soft robots can be made to assist surgeries due to their shape changing properties. Shape change is important as a soft robot could navigate around different structures in the human body by adjusting its form. This could be accomplished through the use of fluidic actuation.
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Valve actuation was by pushrods and rocker arms. The engine was a stressed member of the heavy duty open cradle frame with a central box section front downtube between the forward cylinders. A small car-sized starter motor and generator were fitted. It had a five-speed transmission, at a time when most motorcycles had four.
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October 2, 25–31, 1992) Because of this effect in BWRs, operating components and safety systems are designed with the intention that no credible scenario can cause a pressure and power increase that exceeds the systems' capability to quickly shut down the reactor before damage to the fuel or to components containing the reactor coolant can occur. In the limiting case of an ATWS (Anticipated Transient Without Scram) derangement, high neutron power levels (~ 200%) can occur for less than a second, after which actuation of SRVs will cause the pressure to rapidly drop off. Neutronic power will fall to far below nominal power (the range of 30% with the cessation of circulation, and thus, void clearance) even before ARI or SLCS actuation occurs. Thermal power will be barely affected.
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Disadvantages of this four-wheel drive system are related to actuation time of the viscous coupling. # When cornering under acceleration on a slippery surface, the rear axle is engaged with delay, causing sudden change in the car's behaviour (from understeer to oversteer). # When starting on a sandy surface, the front wheels can dig into the sand before all-wheel drive is engaged.
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Retrieved: 21 November 2015. The short- span delta wing did not require the complexity of wingtip folding, saving an estimated . Its spars were machined from a single forging that spanned across both wingtips. The leading edge slats were designed to drop automatically at the appropriate speed by gravity and air pressure, saving weight and space by omitting actuation motors and switches.
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Another technique being investigated involves the use of surface-modified super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. When introduced into the polymer matrix, remote actuation of shape transitions is possible. An example of this involves the use of oligo (e-caprolactone)dimethacrylate/butyl acrylate composite with between 2 and 12% magnetite nanoparticles. Nickel and hybrid fibers have also been used with some degree of success.
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Although this system was complex, the Le Rhône engines worked very well.Gunston 1989, p.93. The Le Rhône engines used an unconventional valve actuation system, with a single centrally-pivoting rocker arm moving the exhaust valve and the intake valve. When the arm moved down it opened the intake valve and when it moved up it opened the exhaust valve.
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This signal is then fed to the valve actuator or more commonly, a pneumatic positioner. The positioner is a dedicated controller which has a mechanical linkage to the actuator movement. This ensures that problems of friction are overcome and the valve control element moves to the desired position. It also allows the use of higher air pressures for valve actuation.
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The mechanism was developed by Ole Herman Johannes Krag, with vital help from his friend Axel Petersson on the actuation of the mechanism. Ole H. J. Krag had been experimenting with repeating rifles for several years before he designed the Krag–Petersson rifle. His earlier models were actuated by a side-mounted lever working an interior crankshaft.Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998).
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The engine was noteworthy for using desmodromic valve actuation for the two valves, set at an 84° included angle, in each cylinder's hemispherical combustion chamber. The desmodromic system was based on the one used by Mercedes Benz on their 300SLR, a car Traco had access to. Each cylinder had two sparkplugs. Power output was estimated to be in the range of .
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The basic idea of high- redundancy actuation is technology agnostic: it should be applicable to a wide range of actuator technology, including different kinds of linear actuators and rotational actuators. However, initial experiments are performed with electric actuators, especially with electromechanical and electromagnetic technology. Compared to pneumatic actuators, the electrical drive allow a much finer control of position and force.
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Notably, using SAW as an actuation mechanism, droplets were pushed towards two or more outlets for sorting. Moreover, SAWs were used for droplet size modulation, splitting, trapping, tweezing, and nanofluidic pipetting. Droplet impact on flat and inclined surfaces has been manipulated and controlled using SAW . PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) is a material that can be used to create microchannels and microfluidic chips.
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The Zeta was powered by a Tipo 59 side valve monobloc inline-four, displacing 2,620 cc, which produced 30 hp at 1,800 rpm. Top speed was . The separate body was built on a ladder frame; front and rear there were solid axles on semi-elliptic leaf springs. The brakes were drums on the rear wheels, with both lever and pedal actuation.
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These detectors are designed to separate at a specific temperature and release tension on a release mechanism. Electrical detection uses heat detectors equipped with self-restoring, normally-open contacts which close when a predetermined temperature is reached. Remote and local manual operation is also possible. Actuation usually involves either a pressurized fluid and a release valve, or in some cases an electric pump.
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SimCraft worked to refine the Center of Mass architecture and with the specific goal of producing a commercial level 2DOF and 3DOF motion simulator. Electromechanical actuation was adopted as the sole medium for motion control, to eliminate air pressure latency and performance issues, and proprietary rotary "knuckle" bearings were developed to form the CORE architecture and create the adaptability of various chassis designs.
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Shannon E. Bakarich et al. created a new type of 4D-printing ink composed of ionic covalent entanglement hydrogels that have a similar structure to standard double- network hydrogels. The first polymer network is cross-linked with metal cations, while the second is cross-linked with covalent bonds. This hydrogel is then paired with a pNIPAM network for toughening and thermal actuation.
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Another metal skiving application is for hydraulic cylinders, where a round and smooth cylinder bore is required for proper actuation. Several skiving knives on a round tool pass through a bore to create a perfectly round hole. Often, a second operation of roller burnishing follows to cold-work the surface to a mirror finish. This process is common among manufacturers of hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders.
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They create mechanically adaptive electromechanical systems that can intimately integrate with the target object of interest for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting, among other applications. Dagdeviren believes that vital information from nature and the human body is “coded” in various forms of physical patterns. Her research focuses on the creation of conformable decoders that can “decode” these patterns into beneficial signals and/or energy.
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This is a clutchless shifter that allowed you to upshift with no clutch actuation even at full throttle. After the initial delivery of motorcycles the factory started shipping them with a software governor that limited RPM to 9000 for a short break in period that was later removed by the dealers. The 2011 bike remained unchanged, keeping the same livery options, engine, chassis and suspension.
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This acquisition provided SRAM with a group of experienced metallurgists and engineers as well as a successful chain and internally geared hub production line. SRAM's released its first “X.O” rear derailleur in 2001. It was a complete redesign of SRAM's existing ESP derailleurs, however it still made use of SRAM's proprietary 1:1 shift actuation ratio for improved shifting performance with worn or contaminated cables.
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The Panasonic Lumix G 20mm 1.7 lens is a pancake-style prime lens for Micro Four Thirds system cameras. In the Micro Four Thirds format, it is slightly wider than normal. It was the prime-lens option available with the GF1. The lens is "focus by wire"- the focusing ring sends commands, while the actual actuation is via a motor, even for manual focus.
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SPIE 8617, MEMS Adaptive Optics VII, San Francisco, CA, Mar. 2013, pp. 861707-1, 861707-9 Electrostatic-pneumatic actuation can double maximum displacement of a thin membrane compared to only electrostatic actuated membrane.Moghimi, M. J. Wilson, C. R. Dickensheets, D. L., “Electrostatic-pneumatic MEMS deformable mirror for focus control” 2012 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN), Banff, Canada, August 2012, pp. 132-133.
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Upon firing, the .22 cartridge case pushes out of the back of the 7.62 mm casing, unlocking the breech of the spotting rifle in a form of primer actuation. To launch the rocket the firer removes the large protective end caps and extends the rear of the launch tube, opens the sight, and moves the arming lever to "armed". The weapon is then in spotting rifle mode.
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Plasma has been introduced to hypersonic flow control. Firstly, plasma could be much easier generated for hypersonic vehicle at high altitude with quite low atmospheric pressure and high surface temperature. Secondly, the classical aerodynamic surface has little actuation for the case. Interest in plasma actuators as active flow control devices is growing rapidly due to their lack of mechanical parts, light weight and high response frequency.
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In modern engines, valve spring failure at high RPM has been mostly remedied. The main benefit of the desmodromic system is the prevention of valve float at high rpm. In traditional spring-valve actuation, as engine speed increases, the inertia of the valve will eventually overcome the spring's ability to close it completely before the piston reaches TDC (top dead centre). This can lead to several problems.
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An important part of the design was the development of a sufficiently powerful engine. To accomplish this the new engine was to run at higher speeds and higher compression than ever before. Roesch's design was striking for its simplicity and economy. Part of Roesch's solution was the use of then unfashionable (noisy, unreliable) overhead valves with pushrod actuation allowing smaller combustion chambers and, with that, higher compression.
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Long-stemmed globe valve The stem serves as a connector from the actuator to the inside of the valve and transmits this actuation force. Stems are either smooth for actuator controlled valves or threaded for manual valves. The smooth stems are surrounded by packing material to prevent leaking material from the valve. This packing is a wearable material and will have to be replaced during maintenance.
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The basic idea is to use a lot of small actuation elements, so that a fault of one element has only a minor effect on the overall system. This way, a High Redundancy Actuator can remain functional even after several elements are at fault. This property is also called graceful degradation. Fault-tolerant operation in the presence of actuator faults requires some form of redundancy.
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The missile trajectory is controlled aerodynamically using four rear-mounted fins. Meteor's control principles are intended to allow high turn rates while maintaining intake and propulsion performance. The fin actuation subsystem (FAS) was originally designed and manufactured by the Claverham Group, a UK, based division of the U.S. company Hamilton Sundstrand. Currently the design has been taken on board by the MBDA UK, at Stevenage.
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Hydraulically actuated blowout preventers had many potential advantages. The pressure could be equalized in the opposing hydraulic cylinders causing the rams to operate in unison. Relatively rapid actuation and remote control were facilitated, and hydraulic rams were well- suited to high pressure wells. Because BOPs are depended on for safety and reliability, efforts to minimize the complexity of the devices are still employed to ensure longevity.
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The hydraulic system, used for spoiler flaps and landing gear actuation, uses a Piper Malibu hydraulic pump, which operates at 1500 psi. Instrumentation for the demonstrator consists mainly of standard general aviation equipment. In addition there is a head-up display which currently displays only a fixed reticle to aim the gun but is capable of displaying the complete data range of an F-16.
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Korley served a Climo Associate Professor in the Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University from 2007. Her research involves nature-inspired design, so-called biomimicry, of mechanically enhanced tunable materials. She has studied hygromorphic materials for controlled actuation, peptide hybrid materials and molecular gels. At Case Western Reserve University her laboratory was called M-cubed (mechanically-enhanced, multi-functional materials).
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In the micrometer to sub- millimeter range examples include MEMS-based units, cells created using synthetic biology, and the utility fog concept. An important sub-group of programmable matter are robotic materials, which combine the structural aspects of a composite with the affordances offered by tight integration of sensors, actuators, computation and communication,M. A. McEvoy and N. Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication.
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A real-time image processor located next to the guidance package helps enable automatic target detection and tracking capability. The digital autopilot helps in the guidance, stability, and control after launch. An electric actuation system also helps in flight control. The guidance system is based on an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker that ensures a high target accuracy in both top and front attack modes.
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Hubbard is considered a pioneer in the field of adaptive structures having developed piezo-film sensors and piezoelectric actuation systems for suppressing vibration and noise, surface morphing, and other applications.University of Maryland A. James Clark School of Engineering (2016) “Hubbard Elected to the National Academy of Engineering.” Hubbard has published more than 100 technical papers and three books in the areas of adaptive structures and photonics.Google Scholar.
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They also can be required to make these adjustments without engineering help, depending on the size of the company. Some Jigs and fixtures require electronic and pneumatic actuation, which will involve knowledge/training in these fields as well. Properly built jigs and fixtures reduce waste by ensuring perfectly fitting parts. Jigs and fixtures can be as big as a car or be held in hand.
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1–15 (2001). as "macroscopic composites having a man-made, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation" by being fully programmable. That is, unlike in a conventional metamaterial, the relationship between a specific excitation and response is governed by sensing, actuation, and a computer program that implements the desired logic.
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Elements of the F-35 flight control system are power-by-wire. The actuators in such an electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA) system are self-contained hydraulic devices, small closed-circuit hydraulic systems. The overall aim is towards more- or all-electric aircraft and an early example of the approach was the Avro Vulcan. Serious consideration was given to using the approach on the Airbus A380.
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A diaphragm micropump uses the repeated actuation of a diaphragm to drive a fluid. The membrane is positioned above a main pump valve, which is centered between inlet and outlet microvalves. When the membrane is deflected upwards through some driving force, fluid is pulled into the inlet valve into the main pump valve. The membrane is then lowered, expelling the fluid through the outlet valve.
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This type of polymeric actuation can be described as photo-induced stress relaxation. This technology takes advantage of temperature driven polymer bending by exposing the desired bending seams to focused strips of intense light. These bending seams are printed in a state of stress but do not deform until exposed to light. The active agent that induces bending in the material is heat transmitted by intense light.
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A torque multiplier is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to be actuated by application of torque, such as the actuation of valves,"Torque multiplier works deep under the sea", "A Norbar Torque Tools product story / Edited by the Engineeringtalk editorial team", Engineeringtalk, 10 June 2008. particularly where there are relatively high torque requirements.
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Howie Choset is a professor at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. His research includes snakebots, or robots designed in a segmented fashion to mimic snake-like actuation and motion, demining, and coverage. His snake robots have also been used in surgical applications for diagnosis and tumor removal; nuclear power plant inspection, archaeological excavations, manufacturing applications and understanding biological behaviors of a variety of animals.
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The mine can be located visually or with metal detectors under most field conditions. Depending on its actuation method the MON-50 may be resistant to blast overpressure from explosive breaching systems like the Giant Viper and M58 MICLIC. The MON-50 is currently manufactured in Russia and also manufactured for export in Bulgaria. The MON 50 is widely used in many parts of the world.
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Peugeot proved the reliability of the motor bike in test runs conducted in 1913. The racing motorcycle reached a world record of over the flying kilometre for its displacement class. The company entered reliable and proven two-cylinder V-engines with simple valve actuation in the 1913 French motorcycle Grand Prix. The machine was raced at various venues, but its full potential was thwarted due to the First World War.
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He invented and obtained several patents for a wristwatch that monitored the pulse rate of cardiac patients and gave off an alarm if the heartbeat became irregular,US Patent and Trademark Office; US Pat. 3,473,526; "Cardiac Pulse-Rate Monitor", filed July 14, 1967 & issued October 21, 1969; 3,426,747, "Method and Watch Mechanism for Actuation by a Cardiac Pulse", a continuation-in-part filed November 20, 1967, issued February 11, 1969.
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KAL 007 had four redundant hydraulic systems of which systems one, two, and three were damaged or destroyed. There was no evidence of damage to system four. The hydraulics provided actuation of all primary and secondary flight controls (except leading edge slats in the latter) as well as of landing gear retraction, extension, gear steering, and wheel braking. Each primary flight control axis received power from all four hydraulic systems.
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The Koenigsegg CC8S is a mid-engine sports car produced by the Swedish automobile manufacturer Koenigsegg. It was the company's first production car and the first production car to use the company's trademark dihedral-synchro helix actuation doors. At its introduction, it won several awards, including the Guinness World Record for the Most Powerful Production Engine and design awards from both Red Dot in Germany and Utmärkt Svensk Form in Sweden.
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Electromagnetic clutches operate electrically but transmit torque mechanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. Over the years, EM became known as electromagnetic versus electro- mechanical, referring more about their actuation method versus physical operation. Since the clutches started becoming popular over 60 years ago, the variety of applications and clutch designs has increased dramatically, but the basic operation remains the same today.
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Where operations in both directions are required, two control stands ("dual control stands") may be provided. The control desk of an Amtrak Talgo-designed Series 8 Cab Control Car The early control stands were designed to Association of American Railroads (AAR) standards. The traditional AAR control stand is still preferred by some railroads. Current control stands may employ multiple displays and electronic actuation of operational controls from an all- electronic desktop.
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Gap, extension, or passage time determines the extendable portion of the green time for a movement. The movement remains in the extendable portion as long as an actuation is present and the passage timer has not expired. If the interval is set as three seconds and there is not vehicle present after that three seconds, the movement will terminate. MAX time limits of a maximum time of the green interval.
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Six Step Actuation Processes of the Piezo Inchworm Motor. In its simplest form, the inchworm motor uses three piezo-actuators (2 and 3, see Figure 1.) mounted inside a tube (1) and electrified in sequence to grip a shaft (4) which is then moved in a linear direction. Motion of the shaft is due to the extension of the lateral piezo (2) pushing on two clutching piezos (3).
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The actuation process of the inchworm motor is a six step cyclical process after the initial relaxation and initialization phase. Initially, all three piezos are relaxed and unextended. To initialize the inchworm motor the clutching piezo closest to the direction of desired motion (which then becomes the forward clutch piezo) is electrified first then the six step cycle begins as follows (see Figure 2.): Step 1. Extension of the lateral piezo.
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There were more accurate wheel sensors for improved ABS actuation. New steering calibration for more on-center feel and reduced parking effort. GM's previously optional OnStar system, standard for this year, uses a dedicated button on the cellular telephone putting drivers in contact with an information center that can provide them with emergency assistance. The system uses no transmitters to determine the vehicle's location and provide route information to any destination.
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This results in added stress to the entire valvetrain. Pneumatic systems, sharing a common reservoir of pressure retain a more static level of force, controlling the valve effectively, without any attendant peak lift load increase. The actuation mechanism is simply a piston and cylinder, similar to a small pneumatic ram. The tappet bore where a hydraulic tappet would normally reside, becomes the cylinder, and the retainer assembly becomes the piston.
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The Ducati 998, a successor to the Ducati 996 and the final variation on the Ducati 916, was produced in various models from 2002 to 2004. The new Testastretta engine shared many similarities with the previous Desmoquattro engine in the 996, although it was completely new from the crankshaft up. Testastretta means narrow head and refers to a complete redesign of the cylinder heads. The desmodromic valve actuation method was retained.
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The speed difference between the actuator motor and camshaft timing is used to operate a mechanism that varies the camshaft timing. The benefit of the electric actuation is enhanced response and accuracy at low engine speeds and at lower temperatures as well as a greater total range of adjustment. The combination of these factors allows more precise control, resulting in an improvement of both fuel economy, engine output and emissions performance.
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TinyOS provides interfaces and components for common abstractions such as packet communication, routing, sensing, actuation and storage. TinyOS is fully non-blocking: it has one call stack. Thus, all input/output (I/O) operations that last longer than a few hundred microseconds are asynchronous and have a callback. To enable the native compiler to better optimize across call boundaries, TinyOS uses nesC's features to link these callbacks, called events, statically.
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The propulsion control unit electronics are mounted in the port intake fairing, ahead of the fin actuation subsystem. The solid propellant nozzleless booster is integrated within the ramcombustor and accelerates the missile to a velocity where the TDR can take over. The reduced smoke propellant complies with STANAG 6016. The air intakes and the port covers which seal the intake diffusors from the ramcombustor remain closed during the boost phase.
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DMUs (DEMUs) are widely used in India. DEMUs in India are used in both the 8 coach format and the 4 coach format. These trains replaced many (up to 10 car) trains with a WDM-2 or WDM-3A locomotive in the middle. These old trains had the loco controls duplicated in the Driving Trailer coach and all the actuation information reaching the locomotive through thin communication lines.
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An air hydraulic jack is a hydraulic jack that is actuated by compressed air - for example, air from a compressor - instead of human work. This eliminates the need for the user to actuate the hydraulic mechanism, saving effort and potentially increasing speed. Sometimes, such jacks are also able to be operated by the normal hydraulic actuation method, thereby retaining functionality, even if a source of compressed air is not available.
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It includes a common rail TDI diesel engine rated at and , a stop-start system and regenerative braking. It can achieve a fuel consumption of 3.99L/100 km (58.95 mpg) and CO2 output of 105 g/km. It can accelerate 0- in 10.7 seconds, with top speed of . Other features include electric motor-based power steering, revised aerodynamics, low-rolling-resistance 225/45R17 tires, and electric actuation of the rear brakes.
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The economy kept growing and unemployment finally began to fall during his second term. In foreign policy, Spain adopted a neoconservative approach and grew closer ties with the United States and the Bush administration, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Aznar supported the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. In 2002, he faced harsh criticisms for the actuation of the government during the Prestige oil spill in Galicia.
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According to ARL, the IoBT was primarily designed to interact with the surrounding environment by acquiring information about the environment, acting upon it, and continually learning from these interactions. As a consequence, research efforts focused on sensing, actuation, and learning challenges. In order for the IoBT to function as intended, the following prerequisite conditions must first be met in regard to technological capability, structural organization, and military implementation.
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Also known as photo- optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology. An optical keyboard technology utilizes LEDs and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB. The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys.
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Direct proportional control works well when each joint of the exoskeleton is actuated in one direction (uni-directional actuation), such as a pneumatic piston only bending the knee, but is less effective when two joint actuators work in opposition (bi-directional actuation). An example of this would be ankle exoskeleton using one pneumatic artificial muscle for dorsiflexion based on tibialis anterior (shin muscle) EMG and another pneumatic artificial muscle for plantar flexion based on soleus (calf muscle) EMG. This could result in a large degree of co-activation of the two actuators and make walking more difficult.Ferris, D.P., Gordon, K.E., Sawicki, G.S. and Peethambaran, A.: "An improved powered ankle-foot orthosis using proportional myoelectric control", Gait and Posture, 23, pp 425–428, 2006 To correct for this unwanted co- activation, a rule can be added to the control scheme so that artificial dorsiflexor activation is inhibited when soleus EMG is above a set threshold.
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Two important classes of claytronics algorithms are shape sculpting and localization algorithms. The ultimate goal of claytronics research is creating dynamic motion in three-dimensional poses. All the research on catom motion, collective actuation and hierarchical motion planning require shape sculpting algorithms to convert catoms into the necessary structure, which will give structural strength and fluid movement to the dynamic ensemble. Meanwhile, localization algorithms enable catoms to localize their positions in an ensemble.
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This adds to the overall width of the engine, limiting the vehicles in which it can be installed. Significant challenges in the commercialization of engine designs utilizing hemispherical chambers revolved around the valve actuation, specifically how to make it effective, efficient, and reliable at an acceptable cost. This complexity was referenced early in Chrysler's development of their 1950s hemi engine: the head was referred to in company advertising as the Double Rocker Shaft head.
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The field telephone 50 is packed in a rectangular box-shaped protective casing of green canvas on which a strap is secured from the same material. Inside is the actual phone that is powered by a 1.5-volt battery. A standard handset with earpiece and microphone is used (called Mikrotel). The canvas surrounding the phone has a circular opening for the crank, through the actuation of the ring signal is triggered at the other end.
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The tail unit is of a cantilever monoplane style, using an all-metal tailplane and fin while the aerodynamically-balanced rudder and elevators use a metal frame covered with fabric. The undercarriage was hydraulically-retracted, with an auxiliary hand-pump for emergency actuation; medium-pressure tyres were used, complete with pneumatically-actuated differentially-control brakes.Oughton 1971, p. 177. The Blenheim typically carried a crew of three – pilot, navigator/bombardier and wireless (radio) operator/air gunner.
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Hall effect keyboards use magnets and Hall effect sensors instead of switches with mechanical contacts. When a key is depressed, it moves a magnet that is detected by a solid-state sensor. Because they require no physical contact for actuation, Hall-effect keyboards are extremely reliable and can accept millions of keystrokes before failing. They are used for ultra- high reliability applications such as nuclear power plants, aircraft cockpits, and critical industrial environments.
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The steel industry is one of the largest users of rotary unions primarily for continuous casting machines (CCM) which use rotary unions to cool the numerous rolls that support molten slabs as it moves by gravity through various segments onto a run-out table to downstream annealing and heat treating. The slab is formed into coil or sheet. Coil is further converted in processing centers that require hydraulic unions for actuation of mandrels.
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The early 20th century continued the advances of the Industrial Revolution. In The procedural loops required for mechanized textile knitting and weaving already used logic were encoded in punch-cards and tapes. Since the machines were already computers, the invention of small-scale electronics and microcontrollers did not immediately change the possible functions of these machines. In the 1960s, existing machines became outfitted with computerized numeric control (CNC) systems, enabling more accurate and efficient actuation.
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High speed and high angle of attack protections enter alternative law mode. ALT1 may be entered if there are faults in the horizontal stabilizer, an elevator, yaw-damper actuation, slat or flap sensor, or a single air data reference fault. Alternate law 2 (ALT2) loses normal law lateral mode (replaced by roll direct mode and yaw alternate mode) along with pitch attitude protection, bank angle protection and low energy protection. Load factor protection is retained.
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Fuel injection control is digitally electronic. It is based on the measurement engine load (this signal is provided by the Air Flow Sensor), and on engine speed (signal provided by the Hall sender in the distributor). These primary signals are compared to a 'map', or table of values, stored in the Engine Control Module (ECM) memory. The amount of fuel delivered is controlled by the duration of actuation of the fuel injector(s).
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Multiple disk clutch Introduction – Multiple disk clutches are used to deliver extremely high torque in a relatively small space. These clutches can be used dry or wet (oil bath). Running the clutches in an oil bath also greatly increases the heat dissipation capability, which makes them ideally suited for multiple speed gear boxes and machine tool applications. How it works – Multiple disk clutches operate via an electrical actuation but transmit torque mechanically.
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One membrane calling actuator deflects into cavity by electrostatic pressure to compress air and increase air pressure. Elevated pressure pushes the other membrane and cause dome shape. With direct electrostatic actuation on membrane, a concave shape is achieved. This method is used in MEMS deformable mirrors to create convex and concave mirrors.Moghimi, M. J. Wilson, C. Dickensheets, D. L. “Electrostatic-pneumatic membrane mirror with positive or negative variable optical power” in Proc.
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In addition to a wide selection of trigger/firing modes, the USP has an ambidextrous magazine release lever that is shielded by the trigger guard from inadvertent actuation. The rear of the USP grip is stepped, and combines well with the tapered magazine to allow for rapid reloading. Finger recesses in the grip frame also aid in magazine removal. On 9 mm and .40 caliber USPs, magazines are constructed of polymer reinforced with stainless steel.
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Soon after return to the UK, Bill Strang was placed in charge of the Aerodynamics and Flight Research and Development Departments. In 1955, he was appointed Chief Designer, Britannia, which, for its time, was a large aircraft intended for transatlantic service. Only a limited number of Britannias were built but they proved to be very durable. The Britannia was notable for the first civil use of pure servo-tabs for control surface actuation.
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APS's North Gila Substation reported power loss at 3:27 pm PDT. Within seconds a portion of a Mexico power plant shut down, but there was no indication that Arizona impacted Mexico. Units 2 and 3 at SONGS automatically tripped offline due to a "grid disturbance" which initiated the plant's Emergency Feed Actuation System (EFAS). The hardest hit region of the blackout, the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area, was essentially brought to a standstill.
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Developments after the separate expansion valve led to more sophisticated valve gears that could achieve the same goal of varying inlet lap with a single valve. The first of these were the link valve gears, particularly the Stephenson link valve gear. This uses a pair of eccentrics with a sliding link mechanism between them that acts as a mechanical adding device. Selecting intermediate positions provides a valve actuation with the effect of increasing cut-off.
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Actuators are essential, because they are used to keep the system stable and to bring it into the desired state. Both requires a certain amount of power or force to be applied to the system. No control approach can work unless the actuators produce this necessary force. So the common solution is to err on the side of safety by over-actuation: much more control action than strictly necessary is built into the system.
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The S38 is based on the M88/3 engine. Compared to the M88/3, the S38 has a lower compression ratio (9.8:1), simplified exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, dual-row timing chain and a shorter camshaft duration. As per the M88/3, the S38 uses a DOHC valvetrain with shim-and-bucket valve actuation. Air intake is via six individual throttle bodies with intake trumpets, fed by a cast aluminum intake plenum.
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The high cost of the metal itself and the processing requirements make it difficult and expensive to implement SMAs into a design. As a result, these materials are used in applications where the super elastic properties or the shape-memory effect can be exploited. The most common application is in actuation. One of the advantages to using shape-memory alloys is the high level of recoverable plastic strain that can be induced.
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A coolant heat-exchanger was installed which upon startup, warmed the gearbox oil quicker. A rod-driven actuation system, which replaces the 348's cable operated system, was also added for precise gear shifts. The frame is a steel monocoque with tubular steel rear sub-frame with front and rear suspensions using independent, unequal-length wishbones, coil springs over gas-filled telescopic shock absorbers with electronic control servos and anti-roll bars.
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Although it may seem that the V-tail configuration can result in a significant reduction of the tail wetted area, it suffers from an increase in control-actuation complexity, as well as complex and detrimental aerodynamic interaction between the two surfaces. This often results in an upsizing in the total area that reduces or negates the original benefit. The Beechcraft Bonanza light aircraft was originally designed with a V-tail. Others combined layouts exist.
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This has proven to be difficult for quasi-static scanners, although there are promising approaches in the literature using long meandering flexures for deflection amplification. For resonant rotational scanners, on the other hand, scanners using piezo-electric actuation combined with an indirect drive are the highest performer in terms of scan angle and working frequency. However, the technology is newer than electro-static and electro-magnetic drives and remains to be implemented in commercial products.
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Within the microfluidic world, physical laws change their appearance.Order from Chaos , The CAFE Foundation As an example, volumetric forces, such as weight or inertia, often become negligible, whereas surface forces can dominate fluidical behaviour , especially when gas inclusion in liquids is present. With only a few exceptions, micropumps rely on micro-actuation principles, which can reasonably be scaled up only to a certain size. Micropumps can be grouped into mechanical and non-mechanical devices.
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Electromagnetic clutches and brakes operate electrically, but transmit torque mechanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches or brakes. Over the years, EM became known as electromagnetic versus electro mechanical, referring more about their actuation method versus physical operation. Since the clutches started becoming popular over 60 years ago, the variety of applications and brake and clutch designs has increased dramatically, but the basic operation remains the same.
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In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and shutting of sets of nozzles rather than regulating its pressure.“Turbines, compressors and fans” S M Yahya (fourth edition) Tata McGraw-hill.p.393. In this method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a set and each set is controlled by a separate valve. The actuation of individual valve closes the corresponding set of nozzle thereby controlling the flow rate.
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Six 30 cm long, 0.8 cm diameter spring-actuated aluminum alloy aerials protruded from the sphere. On actuation, the aerial axes were mutually perpendicular to lines that passed through the center of the sphere. The transmitters were primarily for engineering and tracking data, but were also to determine the total electron content between the spacecraft and ground stations. Vanguard also carried two thermistors which could measure the interior temperature in order to track the effectiveness of the thermal protection.
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Pneumatic artificial muscles, while lightweight and inexpensive, pose a particularly difficult control problem as they are both highly nonlinear and have properties, such as temperature, that fluctuate significantly over time. PAMs generally consist of rubber and plastic components. As these parts come into contact with each other during actuation, the PAM's temperature increases, ultimately leading to permanent changes in the structure of the artificial muscle over time. This problem has led to a variety of experimental approaches.
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A mobile bleacher or portable bleacher is a type of bleacher that can be moved to different locations to fulfill a need for temporary or reconfigurable seating. Some units incorporate a built-in hydraulic or electric actuation system for raising and lowering the unit. Highway towable units are available, as well as units designed to be moved within a single venue.Nussli Group Mobile bleacher In multi-purpose sports venues, seating arrangements must be adapted to suit different sports' requirements.
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Schematic of a quake valve, with process fluid channel perpendicular and out of plane with the control fluid channel. One inexpensive method of producing valves with fast actuation times and variable flow restriction is multilayer soft lithography (MSL). Valves produced through this fabrication technique are called Quake valves, because they were first created in the lab of Stephen Quake at Stanford University. The basic scheme involves two perpendicular flow conduits separated by an impermeable elastomeric membrane at their intersection.
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Overhead valves and their actuation mechanism. Camshaft is to the far right, and the tappets are next to it In an internal combustion engine, a tappet (also called a 'valve lifter' or 'cam follower') is the component which converts the rotation of the camshaft into vertical motion which opens and closes the intake or exhaust valve. The types of valve lifters (i.e. tappets) commonly used by automotive engines are solid lifters, hydraulic lifters and roller lifters.
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Softer valve springs and valves with thicker stems were also utilised. Engines that have had these modifications performed have much improved durability. Another third party development offers a redesigned cylinder head with cam and bucket valve actuation so eliminating the use of finger followers altogether. The initial 4.0 litre version of the engine as used in the Cerbera produced with the final incarnations of the engine having TVR claimed outputs of in the Tuscan S, Sagaris and Typhon.
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The relatively slow cyclic rate of fire (550–600 rds/min.) and low recoil of the bolt-mechanism actuation (straight blowback) makes it easy to control during full automatic fire. Single shots are also easy to achieve (with very little training) by letting go of the trigger before another round is cycled. The m/45 is fairly accurate up to 200 meters. Accessories include a special sub-calibre barrel (painted silver) for firing blanks and low-powered gallery ammunition.
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In this way the resulting system does not possess any eigenfrequencies and associated dynamic instabilities, which need to be suppressed through extensive damping in conventional suspension systems. The actuation of the nitrogen spring reservoir is performed through an incompressible hydraulic fluid inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality is implemented. The nitrogen gas within the suspension sphere is separated from the hydraulic oil through a rubber membrane.
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When pressure vessels are exposed to a fire, the stresses in the vessel walls are increased, potentially leading to rupture; blowdown reduces the stress levels. Blowdown is through a pipe connected to the vapour space of the vessel. A normally closed actuated blowdown valve (BDV) opens and allows vapour to pass from the vessel to relief system or blowdown stack. BDVs are configured to open in the event of a failure of the control or actuation system.
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Photoactuation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been demonstrated using photoelectrowetting., A microcantilever is placed on top of the liquid- insulator-photoconductor junction. As light is shined on the junction, the capillary force from the droplet on the cantilever, due to the contact angle change, deflects the cantilever. This wireless actuation can be used as a substitute for complex circuit-based systems currently used for optical addressing and control of autonomous wireless sensorsYick, Jennifer, Biswanath Mukherjee, and Dipak Ghosal.
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Magneti Marelli delivers the control system which integrates BorgWarner's hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units. It can handle torque inputs of up to In Geneva was also unveiled Blue&Me;–TomTom, this new system integrates TomTom navigation to the Blue&Me; infotelematic system. For model year 2014, the MiTo gets a new 105 PS 0.9 L Turbo TwinAir engine, new chrome-plated grille, new Anthracite grey colour and new burnished front light clusters.
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Towards Bristol Airport, Claverham make actuation equipment for the aerospace sector in Yatton in North Somerset, off the A370, and is part of Hamilton Sundstrand, derived from the electrical systems part of Fairey Aviation. Wessex Water, Future plc, Buro Happold and Rotork are in Bath. Cadbury used to make Curly Wurly, Double Decker and Crunchie at the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham until Kraft closed the plant in March 2011 and moved production to Skarbimierz, Opole Voivodeship in Poland.
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Built by Percival Aircraft of Gravesend and Luton (after 1936 when Percival Aircraft became a Limited Company), the 'K-Series' Vega Gull was a development of their earlier 'D-Series' Gull. The main changes from the earlier design were the provision of an additional fourth seat, dual controls and flaps. The fuselage was widened and the wingspan increased. Increases in drag were compensated for by reducing parasitic drag from exterior fittings such as hinges and actuation horns.
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Robotic materials allow to off- load computation inside the material, most notably signal processing that arises during high-bandwidth sensing applications or feedback control that is required by fine-grained distributed actuation. Examples for such applications include camouflage, shape change, load balancing, and robotic skinsRobotic materials: Changing with the world around them, phys.org, March 19, 2015. as well as equipping robots with more autonomy by off-loading some of the signal processing and controls into the material.
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Nature offers a large number of ideas for the design of novel materials with superior properties. Self-assembly and self- organization being the main principle of structure formation in nature attract significant interest as promising concepts for the design of intelligent materials. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels mimic swelling/shrinking behavior of plant cells and produce macroscopic actuation is response to small variation of environmental conditions. Mostly, homogenous expansion or contraction in all directions can result a change of conditions.
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Strokes were reported as high as 215% for strain-biased low-modulus electrostrictive rubbers under biases greater than 1 kV (corresponding to an electric field 239 MV/m for the geometry mentioned in the reference paper). Spinks et al. realized pneumatic actuation from the carbon nanotube sheets in electrolyte solutions with high electrochemical potential (1.5 V), which cause gas generation in the electrolyte. The released gas dramatically increases the actuator stroke from the carbon nanotube sheet.
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By the end of hostilities in 1945, Dowty had reportedly manufactured 87,786 landing gears and 984,388 hydraulic units. A major drive to apply its technology to other commercial ventures was taken in the post-war era. Throughout much of its existence, Dowty Group specialised in the manufacture of hydraulic and actuation systems, advanced propellers, turbine engine components and tubular systems; it was also a long-term owner of the Hamble aircraft structures business."History." GE Aviation.
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"Flight Control Actuation System Integrator for the B-2 Spirit." Moog, Retrieved: 11 August 2012. Northrop had investigated several means of applying directional control that would infringe on the aircraft's radar profile as little as possible, eventually settling on a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust. Engine thrust became a key element of the B-2's aerodynamic design process early on; thrust not only affects drag and lift but pitching and rolling motions as well.
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In the trauma context, it is primarily given by nose in hospital; although a prepared nasal spray is available. It has traditionally been made by the attending physician, generally from the same "dry" ampoules as used for injection. In children, Ayendi nasal spray is available at 720 micrograms and 1600 micrograms per 50 microlitres actuation of the spray, which may be preferable as a non-invasive alternative in pediatric care, avoiding the fear of injection in children.
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Also known as photo-optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard, and optical key actuation detection technology. Optical keyboard technology was introduced in 1962 by Harley E. Kelchner for use in a typewriter machine with the purpose of reducing the noise generating by actuating the typewriter keys. An optical keyboard technology utilizes light-emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located at the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB.
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Educators interact with each other around the formative feedback on the local interventions implemented across classrooms and programs. Formative feedback systems are made of three main components: intervention, assessment, and actuation. Intervention artifacts here include curriculum materials like textbooks and experiments, or programs such as individualized education programs (Intervention). The effect of these intervention artifacts can be evaluated through formative assessments, either commercial or self-created, from the perspective that they had brought intended changes to teaching and learning (Assessment).
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Yamaha Aerox 155 VVA This new version of the Aerox was unveiled at Sepang International Circuit in Malaysia in October 2016. It is the most powerful version of the Aerox. It is powered by either liquid-cooled 4-stroke 4-valve 125 cc (unrelated to the engine used in Indonesian-only Aerox 125 LC) or bored-up 155 cc Blue Core engine equipped with Variable Valve Actuation that produces a claimed power output of or . These engines are shared with the NMAX.
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Regarding part production, SENER delivers turn-key equipment such as hot forming systems and pultrusion machines for wing spar production. In the Defense field, SENER's main area of activity is that of missiles: missile subsystems, actuation and control and SAL guided systems. Furthermore, the company has the ability to provide complete systems. Among its projects, we can mention the supply of Taurus missiles for the Spanish Air Force as main contractor or the participation in the IRIS-T and Meteor programs.
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Controlling a gas flow with MEMS microvalves has the following general benefits: the integration of the actuation mechanism with the other microvalve components allows component miniaturization; and the small scale of the component results in a rapid response time and a low-power consumption. However, despite the potential for cost-efficient batch fabrication offered by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, gas microvalves have so far failed to reach the critical cost-per-performance ratio needed for a wide adoption of this technology.
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The Sync-Producer provides the synchronization-signal for the Sync-Consumer. When the Sync-Consumer receive the signal they start carrying out their synchronous tasks. In general, the fixing of the transmission time of synchronous PDO messages coupled with the periodicity of transmission of the Sync Object guarantees that sensor devices may arrange to sample process variables and that actuator devices may apply their actuation in a coordinated fashion. The identifier of the Sync Object is available at index 1005h.
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Can vary from microseconds (MEMS and magnetics mirrors) to tens of seconds for thermally controlled DM's. Hysteresis and creep are nonlinear actuation effects that decrease the precision of the response of the deformable mirror. For different concepts, the hysteresis can vary from zero (electrostatically-actuated mirrors) to tens of percent for mirrors with piezoelectric actuators. Hysteresis is a residual positional error from previous actuator position commands, and limits the mirror ability to work in a feedforward mode, outside of a feedback loop.
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In order to solve the rather complex problem of actuating a sphere, a variety of different actuation mechanisms have been introduced. The CMU Ballbot used an inverse mouse-ball drive mechanism. Unlike the traditional mouse ball that drives the mouse rollers to provide computer input, the inverse mouse-ball drive uses rollers to drive the ball producing motion. The inverse mouse-ball drive uses four rollers to drive the ball and each roller is actuated by an independent electric motor.
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They should not be used in high speed applications or applications that have engagement speeds over 50 rpm otherwise damage to the clutch teeth would occur when trying to engage the clutch. How it works – Electromagnetic tooth clutches operate via an electric actuation but transmit torque mechanically. When current flows through the clutch coil, the coil becomes an electromagnet and produces magnetic lines of flux. This flux is then transferred through the small gap between the field and the rotor.
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A Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme system, complete with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) and Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) - also known as traction control system, coupled with a dual- rate tandem vacuum servo provided the brake actuation. Standard wheels were 'Avus-III die-cast aluminium alloy, 8.0Jx18H2 ET45 in size, and shod with (eXtra Load) high performance tyres, with factory supplies being either Continental SportContact2 or Michelin PilotSport PS2.
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His contributions towards database assisted design through a web-portal recommended in ASCE 7 is used worldwide for designing tall buildings. More recently, his group has embarked on shape optimization of tall buildings based on CFD with embedded topology optimization to configure efficient and optimal structural system for super tall buildings and long span bridges. This work through sensing, computational intelligence and control and actuation technologies is leading to the development of autonomously morphing structures like long span bridge decks and tall buildings.
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Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are slightly crosslinked liquid crystalline polymer networks. These materials combine the entropy elasticity of an elastomer with the self-organization of the liquid crystalline phase. In liquid crystalline elastomers, the mesogens can either be part of the polymer chain (main-chain liquid crystalline elastomers) or they are attached via an alkyl spacer (side-chain liquid crystalline elastomers). Due to their actuation properties, liquid crystalline elastomers are attractive candidates for the use as artificial muscles in soft or microrobots.
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This book has been awarded Engineering Science Book Award by International Academy of Astronautics for year 2019. He has published around 42 papers in reputed international and national journals, conferences and guided more than 450 technical reports on various technology developments at VSSC during his stay of 38 years. The areas encompass a variety of subjects ranging from vehicle control system design, navigation and guidance, actuation systems, sensors, simulation, the test systems, vehicle & mission design aspects and also on management topics.
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By shining an optical beam on one edge of a liquid droplet, the reduced contact angle creates a pressure difference throughout the droplet, and pushes the droplet's center of mass towards the illuminated side. Control of the optical beam results in control of the droplet's movement. Using 4 mW laser beams, OEW has proven to move droplets of deionized water at speeds of 7mm/s. Traditional electrowetting runs into problems because it requires a two-dimensional array of electrodes for droplet actuation.
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For actuator applications, maximum rotation of magnetic moments leads to the highest possible magnetostriction output. This can be achieved by processing techniques such as stress annealing and field annealing. However, mechanical pre-stresses can also be applied to thin sheets to induce alignment perpendicular to actuation as long as the stress is below the buckling limit. For example, it has been demonstrated that applied compressive pre-stress of up to ~50 MPa can result in an increase of magnetostriction by ~90%.
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Patent Drawing for Interlocking Rigid Chain Actuator (1972). Modified roller chain has been used extensively in material handling equipment, but could only be used in push-pull applications when a continuous loop of chain was used (with the exception of chain encapsulated in a guide channel). The development of efficient rigid chain actuators broadened the use of chain actuation for industrial applications. Small scale rigid chain actuators are used as building hardware, incorporated into windows, door and hatches as motorized open/close mechanisms.
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Electromagnetic Multiple Disk Brake Multiple disk brakes are used to deliver extremely high torque within a small space. These brakes can be used either wet or dry, which makes them ideal to run in multi-speed gear box applications, machine tool applications, or in off-road equipment. Electro- mechanical disk brakes operate via electrical actuation, but transmit torque mechanically. When electricity is applied to the coil of an electromagnet, the magnetic flux attracts the armature to the face of the brake.
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The design is based on the skeletal structure of the human body, consisting of two legs with hip, knee, and ankle joints, each representing 1 degree of freedom (DOF). Movement is accomplished with the aid of gravity (walking down a slope) or by minimal actuation to enable the machine to walk on level ground. SIGMO was developed using proven methods of gravity-driven passive dynamic bipeds. Small actuators were added to the legs to provide walking capability on level ground.
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SIGMO is a humanoid robot designed to demonstrate the applications of passive dynamics technologies. SIGMO stands for Synthetic, IntelliGent, MObility, and was developed by a team of high school students to demonstrate the capabilities of passive-dynamic actuation techniques. The technology used to enable SIGMO to walk is being applied to advanced prosthetic devices. Current prosthetic devices are nearing the limitations of the available technologies and require advancements such as customized motion, lower cost, and the development of light-weight materials.
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The Great Incline cable mechanism was engineered by Andrew Smith Hallidie of San Francisco cable car fame. It climbed with approximately of cable spliced into a complete loop which raised and lowered the cars of the Incline. At the Echo summit an incline powerhouse was erected to house the winding motor and gear works which powered the grip wheel. The wheel consisted of 72 clamping "finger" mechanisms which bit down on the cable creating a smooth, non-slip actuation of the winding cable.
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In recent years, attention has been drawn to using SAWs to drive microfluidic actuation and a variety of other processes. Owing to the mismatch of sound velocities in the SAW substrate and fluid, SAWs can be efficiently transferred into the fluid, creating significant inertial forces and fluid velocities. This mechanism can be exploited to drive fluid actions such as pumping, mixing, and jetting.[8] To drive these processes, there is a change of mode of the wave at the liquid-substrate interface.
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On the Balliol Business Park, in Bilbrook and directly west of Fordhouses in Wolverhampton north of Pendeford, Cargill process poultry (with another site at Hereford), and next door is Moog Aircraft (GE Aviation Systems before September 2009, which had bought Smiths Aerospace in May 2007) which makes flight control actuation systems (for the hydraulics on Boeing and Airbus), to move to the I54 Business Park in Bilbrook; the Balliol Business Park was formerly the site of Boulton Paul Aircraft, that made the Defiant.
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Research in robotic materials ranges from the device- level and manufacturing to the distributed algorithms that equip robotic materials with intelligence.Materials that Couple Sensing, Actuation, Computation and Communication, Computing Community Consortium (CCC) "Great Innovative Ideas", November 2, 2015. As such it intersects the fields of composite materials, sensor networks, distributed algorithms, and due to the scale of the involved computation, swarm intelligence. Unlike any individual field, the design of the structure, sensors, actuators, communication infrastructure, and distributed algorithms are tightly intertwined.
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To retain operational commonality, the LCD screens can be programmed to display information in the same manner as earlier 767s. In 2012, Boeing and Rockwell Collins launched a further 787-based cockpit upgrade for the 767, featuring three landscape-format LCD screens that can display two windows each. The 767 is equipped with three redundant hydraulic systems for operation of control surfaces, landing gear, and utility actuation systems. Each engine powers a separate hydraulic system, and the third system uses electric pumps.
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I²CBaMBUS, a flower robot developed by BBS 1 - Technik - Kaiserslautern In home automation systems and robotics, a flower robot is a simple electromechanical device with the appearance of a common flower, with components such as stem and leaves. First developed by Berufsbildende Schule 1 Kaiserslautern in 2006 and later by Carnegie Mellon University in 2007, flower robots are used as intelligent home appliances, with capabilities such as sensing, simple actuation for movements, and effectors such as lights or humidifier.
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Actuation of the flaps, dive-brake and undercarriage was provided using electric motors delivering power via flexible shafts and Lear electric motors. The nose of the Paris contained much of the avionics and electrical systems, including the radio, alternators, batteries and motors. Access to the engines was provided via a completely detachable tail unit; the wings could also be similarly detached without the necessity of removing the undercarriage. The sizable main canopy was a one-piece moulding, being 8 mm (0.3 lin) thick.
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Because the web may be fragile — particularly at its edge — non-contact sensors are used. Sensors developed for Web Guiding applications in the Converting Industry may be pneumatic, photoelectric, ultrasonic, or infrared. The system’s controls must process the output signals from the sensors in to a form that can drive an actuator. Many controls today are electronic, typically using an amplifier to convert signals from the sensor, then commanding a special servo motor incorporating a lead or ball screw for guiding actuation.
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Khatib is holding a novel muscle actuated robot arm that uses a hybrid pneumatic muscle and electrical motor actuation mechanism. ; Stanford Robotics Platforms (Romeo and Juliet) In the mid 1990s, Khatib's lab focused their efforts towards developing robot manipulation in a human environment. The Stanford Robotics Platforms, developed in the process, were the first fully integrated holonomic mobile manipulation platforms and were later known as Romeo and Juliet. This effort gave birth to a commercial holonomic mobile robot, the Nomad XR4000,Nomad XR4000 Robot by Nomadic Technologies.
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The Volkswagen variator is referred to as a 'fluted variator', owing to the shape of the hydraulic components. Unlike the Alfa Romeo system with its helical splines and indirect actuation,Hydraulic action in the Alfa Romeo is axial, using helical splines to then cause a rotation of the variator. the Volkswagen system has a direct rotational action. The internal components of the variator resemble a paddle wheel inside a loose casing, so that it is free to move a few degrees from side to side.
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Bellanca Super Viking photographed at Centennial Airport Over the years there were a number of refinements to the aircraft. The original hydraulic gear and flap actuation system was redesigned in 1968 introducing electric flaps. In 1969 the FAA issued Type Certificate A18CE and the aircraft built under that design were designated the "A" series "Super Vikings". Aside from refinements already made to late Viking 300 models, the new 300A Vikings (17-30A, 17-31A and 17-31ATC) had a gross weight increase to 3,325 lbs.
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Regarding challenges in launching the LFA with its automated transmission without having the ability to use its launch control, Motor Trend noted, "It works, but not all of the time. A great launch means only a chirp of the tires and blistering acceleration, but vary the rpm just a bit and the LFA torches its rubber before rocketing down the strip. A slight delay between paddle actuation and SMG response further complicates a fast start." Motor Trend awarded the win in this comparison to Lexus LFA.
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The application of brushless DC motors within industrial engineering primarily focuses on manufacturing engineering or industrial automation design. In manufacturing, brushless motors are primarily used for motion control, positioning or actuation systems. Brushless motors are ideally suited for manufacturing applications because of their high power density, good speed-torque characteristics, high efficiency, wide speed ranges and low maintenance. The most common uses of brushless DC motors in industrial engineering are linear motors, servomotors, actuators for industrial robots, extruder drive motors and feed drives for CNC machine tools.
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Crossflow cylinder head, with twin overhead cams A crossflow cylinder head is a cylinder head that features the intake and exhaust ports on opposite sides. The gases can be thought to flow across the head. This is in contrast to reverse-flow cylinder head designs that have the ports on the same side. Crossflow heads use overhead valves, but these can be actuated by camshafts that are either in the cylinder block, with actuation by push rods and rockers, or by one or more overhead camshafts.
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Active protection measures which need power or external activation to trigger the protection action can be used to (i) suppress fire, such as water/foam sprinklers and (ii) isolate process unit using equipment such as emergency shutdown (ESD) systems. An active protection measure usually consists of three elements: (i) a detection system, (ii) a treatment system, and (iii) an actuation system. In order to ensure the performance of active protection measures, all the above three elements should be inactive, otherwise, the protection doesn't work.
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There are actuation, sensing, electronic, and computational elements that must be present for the meter to function. Coriolis meters can handle a wide range of flow rates and have the unique ability to output mass flow - this gives the highest accuracy of flow measurement currently available for mass flow measurement. Since they measure flowing density, coriolis meters can also infer gas flow rate at flowing conditions. American Gas Association Report No. 11 provides guidelines for obtaining good results when measuring natural gas with a coriolis meter.
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The TVR Speed Twelve engine is the name of a V12 engine manufactured by TVR for use in the TVR Speed 12 race car, and later the TVR Cerbera Speed Twelve road car. The engine was developed by essentially joining two Speed Six engine blocks to a common crankshaft. However it featured a revised cylinder head design with bucket valve actuation in place of the Speed Six's finger follower system. The completed engine displaced 7.7 litres and was originally developed for racing applications in TVR's Speed Twelve.
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Dropper seatposts on mountain bikes can be remotely adjusted while riding using a lever or switch on the handlebar. This can be used to quickly lower the saddle and position it out of the way to allow for better body positioning and maneuverability on technical sections. The same lever or switch can then be used to return the saddle to its normal position for better pedaling efficiency. Most dropper seatposts use a hydraulically damped air or coil spring with cable, hydraulic, or electronic actuation.
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After the first 10,000 cars were built, the engine was changed to a B-Series, but still of , (as used in the Austin A40 Cambridge). Other modifications that were incorporated at this time were a new gearbox, and hydraulic actuation for the clutch (Series I models used a mechanical clutch linkage). The change to a new engine and gearbox added to the weight. This model is referred to as Series II or NK2 (Commencing with Vehicle identification number (VIN) E11001 on August 19, 1954).
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Their first MotoGP effort, dubbed the RS Cube, was technically advanced but difficult to ride and performed poorly in the championship. The Cube did, however, pioneer many advanced technologies including ride by wire throttle and pneumatic valve actuation systems. Aprilia left the MotoGP class at the end of and then left the lower classes when two-stroke engines were banned. Aprilia set the record for the most points earned by a manufacturer in a single season from the 125cc class with 410 points in .
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However, a sinusoidal waveform may be preferable for the simplicity in power supply construction. The additional benefit is the relatively less electromagnetic interference. Pulse width modulation can be adopted to instantaneously adjust the strength of actuation. Pulse width modulation of plasma power input One configuration of DBD plasma actuator One configuration of DBD plasma actuator Manipulation of the encapsulated electrode and distributing the encapsulated electrode throughout the dielectric layer has been shown to alter the performance of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator.
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Cutaway diagram of an angle valve An angle seat piston valve is a pneumatically-controlled valve with a piston actuator providing linear actuation to lift a seal off its seat. The seat is set at an angle to provide the maximum possible flow when unseated. Angle seat piston valves are particularly suited to applications where high temperatures and large flow rates are required, such as steam or water. When used in reverse some models of angle seat piston valve will eliminate water hammer when operated.
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Development of the HP-14 was carried out by several parties but the biggest modifications to the design were carried out by Slingsby Aviation at Kirkbymoorside, North Yorkshire, England, where a 20-metre wing was fitted on the prototype HP-14C, along with an enlarged V-tail. Later Slingsby production aircraft had a conventional cruciform tail. Slingsby production and sales were hampered by certification problems, particularly with flap actuation at high speed, and the disastrous fire at Kirbymoorside on 18 November 1968. Slingsby produced only three aircraft.
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Unusual key shapes can easily be accommodated as can key travel up to three millimeters. Tactile forces can be as high as 500 g depending on key size and shape. The snap ratio of a keypad determines the tactile feel experienced by the user. The recommended snap ratio for designers to maintain is 40%-60%; if dropped below 40% the keys will lose tactile feel but have an increased life. Loss of tactile feel means the user will not receive a ‘click’ feedback during actuation.
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Studer, V., Hang, G., Pandolfi, A., Ortiz, M., Anderson, W. F., Quake, S. R.: Scaling properties of a low-actuation pressure microfluidic valve. J. Applied Physics, 95: 393- 398, 2004.Marcus, J.S., Anderson, W.F., Quake, S.R.: Single cell mRNA isolation and analysis. Anal. Chem, , 2006 May 1; 78(9) 3084-9 His final project before he was arrested was the discovery and identification of a factor in the serum of irradiated animals that could rescue lethally irradiated animals even 24 hours after the irradiation.
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An important feature of the high-redundancy actuation is that the actuator elements are connected both in parallel and in series. While the parallel arrangement is commonly used, the configuration in series is rarely employed, because it is perceived to be less efficient. However, there is one fault that is difficult to deal with in a parallel arrangement: the locking up of one actuator element. Because parallel actuator elements always have the same extension, one locked-up element can render the whole assembly useless.
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Traditional active cancellation techniques for tremor reduction use electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems to actuate an object in the direction opposite to the disturbance. However, these systems are limited due to the large infrastructure required to produce large amplitudes of power at human tremor frequencies. SMAs have proven to be an effective method of actuation in hand-held applications, and have enabled a new class active tremor cancellation devices. One recent example of such device is the Liftware spoon, developed by Verily Life Sciences subsidiary Lift Labs.
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Sometimes clockwork controllers would also control and vary direction or behaviour. Other methods included tethering to a central point (popular for model cars and hydroplanes), round the pole control for electric model aircraft and control lines (called u-control in the US) for internal combustion powered aircraft. The first general use of radio control systems in models started in the late 1940s with single-channel self-built equipment; commercial equipment came soon thereafter. Initially remote control systems used escapement, (often rubber driven) mechanical actuation in the model.
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) initiated the Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator Group (SSN-XG) to develop the Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology, intended to model sensor devices, systems, processes, and observations. The Incubator Group later transitioned into the Semantic Sensor Networks Community Group. It was then picked up in the joint OGC and W3C Spatial Data on the Web Working Group and published as a W3C Recommendation.Semantic Sensor Network Ontology The Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology enables expressive representation of sensor observations, sampling, and actuation.
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An updated model of SIGMO, currently in the research and development stage, will incorporate more precise control over limb movement and directional stability. To add more functionality SIGMO will have more motors, but use each more efficiently than previous designs. Knowledge of actuation techniques gained from previous experiments will be applied to reduce complexity and maintain an efficient method of locomotion. A framework is in development to allow multiple configurations of the robot to lower production costs over time and increase flexibility of design during testing.
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Trackers can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker's axes. Compared to a fixed mount, a single axis tracker increases annual output by approximately 30%, and a dual axis tracker an additional 10-20%. Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: standard photovoltaic (PV) trackers and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports and foundation.
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DC injection brakes only require a small module located with the other motor switchgear and/or drivers, mounted in a remote and convenient location, whereas a friction brake must be mounted somewhere on the rotating system. Friction brakes eventually wear out with use and require replacement of braking components. DC brake modules do not have consumable parts and should not require maintenance. Friction brakes also require a method of actuation, requiring either a human operator or system controlled actuator, adding to the complexity of the system.
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Although the design concept was geared towards law enforcement and military close quarters combat scenarios, there was inadequate demand for the weapon due to some problematic design issues in its conception. One such design feature was safety lever on the left side of the stamped steel receiver, above the pistol grip. The actuation of this lever is not possible without removing the left arm from the pump, and is difficult if the operator is wearing gloves. The same problem exists for the slide lock button.
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MAYA (Micro- Assembly YBCO Apparatus) is an experimental robot that utilizes the concept of quantum locking. By using this concept, the YBCO, a high temperature superconductor, can pic a micro-magnet in space above itself. From there, the position of the YBCO can be controlled using motors and actuators, which results in the movement of the micro-magnet. MAYA comes complete with an optical tracking system that can account for the error between the macro and micro-scale movements, resulting in high-precision actuation.
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Their first MotoGP effort, dubbed the Aprilia RS Cube, was technically advanced but difficult to ride and performed poorly in the championship. The Cube did, however, pioneer many advanced technologies including ride by wire throttle and pneumatic valve actuation systems. Aprilia left the MotoGP class at the end of 2004 and then left the lower classes when two-stroke engines were banned. Aprilia set the record for the most points earned by a manufacturer in a single season from the 125cc class with 410 points in 2007.
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In India, Raicam will carry on the former local Passive Hydraulic Business of Valeo in its Sanand Site, which is already operative. Raicam, by integrating the division acquired in its organization, has now the capabilities and the resources to design and manufacture the entire clutch and actuation system, to provide customers with a faster and integrated service and to facilitate the industrialization of the active hydraulic actuators, developing innovative products and systems that can contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the automotive industry.
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AlN crystallizes in the wurtzite structure and thus shows pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties enabling sensors, for instance, with sensitivity to normal and shear forces. TiN, on the other hand, exhibits a high electrical conductivity and large elastic modulus, making it possible to implement electrostatic MEMS actuation schemes with ultrathin beams. Moreover, the high resistance of TiN against biocorrosion qualifies the material for applications in biogenic environments. The figure shows an electron- microscopic picture of a MEMS biosensor with a 50 nm thin bendable TiN beam above a TiN ground plate.
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In the year 1998 Fito participated with the group as a guest in a benefit concert organized by the band, which managed to fill the Teatro Municipal of Reinosa. The quartet played their own songs and covers of songs by other rock bands, such as Platero y tú, Maná or Los Suaves. The actuation was recorded for the album Un juguete por Navidad, launched as a special limited signed edition, with just 1000 copies. After the concert, the members of the group asked Fito to return, and he accepted.
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In contrast, self-healing materials counter degradation through the initiation of a repair mechanism that responds to the micro-damage. Some self-healing materials are classed as smart structures, and can adapt to various environmental conditions according to their sensing and actuation properties. Although the most common types of self-healing materials are polymers or elastomers, self-healing covers all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics, and cementitious materials. Healing mechanisms vary from an instrinsic repair of the material to the addition of a repair agent contained in a microscopic vessel.
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Continuous flow microfluidics rely on the control of a steady state liquid flow through narrow channels or porous media predominantly by accelerating or hindering fluid flow in capillary elements. In paper based microfluidics, capillary elements can be achieved through the simple variation of section geometry. In general, the actuation of liquid flow is implemented either by external pressure sources, external mechanical pumps, integrated mechanical micropumps, or by combinations of capillary forces and electrokinetic mechanisms. Continuous-flow microfluidic operation is the mainstream approach because it is easy to implement and less sensitive to protein fouling problems.
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James 1971, pp. 307–308. The flying controls of the E.1/44 were relatively conventional, employing an array of push-rods and spring-torque shafts (the latter being primarily used for actuation of the spring tabs) to feed control inputs to the flight control surfaces. Power for the undercarriage and the flaps was provided by a Dowty hydraulic pump, driven via a gear box from the Nene engine. For emergencies, there was a hand-pump for the flight surfaces and a compressed-air system for the undercarriage.
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A set of coil springs or a diaphragm spring plate force the plates together when the clutch is engaged. On motorcycles the clutch is operated by a hand lever on the left handlebar. No pressure on the lever means that the clutch plates are engaged (driving), while pulling the lever back towards the rider disengages the clutch plates through cable or hydraulic actuation, allowing the rider to shift gears or coast. Racing motorcycles often use slipper clutches to eliminate the effects of engine braking, which, being applied only to the rear wheel, can cause instability.
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Focusing is claimed to be suitable for video ("MSC"- movie and stills compatible), with a fast, quiet autofocus motor. The lens is "focus by wire"- the focusing ring sends commands, while the actual actuation is via a motor, even for manual focus. Focusing is internal- the front lens element does not rotate, allowing the consistent use of polarizing filters. The 46mm thread lets a Micro Four Thirds user share filters between it, the Panasonic 20mm, Panasonic Leica 25mm, Panasonic Leica 45mm lenses, and the Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 12mm f/2.
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The three types of artificial muscles have different constraints that affect the type of control system they require for actuation. It is important to note, however, that control systems are often designed to meet the specifications of a given experiment, with some experiments calling for the combined use of a variety of different actuators or a hybrid control schema. As such, the following examples should not be treated as an exhaustive list of the variety of control systems that may be employed to actuate a given artificial muscle.
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Using mask, welds in specific patterns can be made using this technique. In a thick enough sample of nanofibers, only the side exposed to the flash will be welded, creating an asymmetric film where one side remains intact as nanofibers while the other side is effectively crosslinked due to welding. These asymmetric films demonstrate rapid reversible actuation in the presence of acids and bases, in the form of bending and curling. The advantages polyaniline nanofiber asymmetric films have over other actuators include the ease of synthesis, large degree of bending, patternability, and no delamination.
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2000 Koenigsegg CC prototype Work on the car started in 1994. Koenigsegg wanted to build a sports car that could exceed the standards set by the McLaren F1 at the time, and achieve speeds over the 386 km/h (240 mph) set by the F1 in 1997. The design of the CC was inspired by the McLaren F1 along with the Ferrari F40. The car, initially painted silver, was then painted black when the new dihedral helix synchro actuation doors were fitted, and finally was painted its current colour.
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Oil circulation system Gerotor type oil pump from a scooter engine The oil pump in an internal combustion engine circulates engine oil under pressure to the rotating bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of the engine. This lubricates the bearings, allows the use of higher-capacity fluid bearings and also assists in cooling the engine. As well as its primary purpose for lubrication, pressurized oil is increasingly used as a hydraulic fluid to power small actuators. One of the first notable uses in this way was for hydraulic tappets in camshaft and valve actuation.
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A membrane potentiometer uses a conductive membrane that is deformed by a sliding element to contact a resistor voltage divider. Linearity can range from 0.50% to 5% depending on the material, design and manufacturing process. The repeat accuracy is typically between 0.1 mm and 1.0 mm with a theoretically infinite resolution. The service life of these types of potentiometers is typically 1 million to 20 million cycles depending on the materials used during manufacturing and the actuation method; contact and contactless (magnetic) methods are available (to sense position).
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The mechanism can also be deliberately modified to reduce the turbine efficiency in a pre- defined position. This mode can be selected to sustain a raised exhaust temperature to promote "light-off" and "regeneration" of a diesel particulate filter (this involves heating the carbon particles stuck in the filter until they oxidize away in a semi-self-sustaining reaction - rather like the self- cleaning process some ovens offer). Actuation of a VGT for EGR flow control, or to implement braking or regeneration modes in general, requires hydraulic actuators or electric servos.
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Folding wingtip at the 2019 roll-out The 777X has a new longer composite wing with folding wingtips. Based on the 787 wing but with less sweep, the new wing has a higher lift-to- drag ratio, an aspect ratio increased from 9:1 to 10:1, an area increased from , and usable fuel capacity increased from . Folding wingtips are a first for commercial aviation. To stay within the size category of the current 777 with a less than wingspan, it features folding wingtips with the folding wingtip actuation system made by Liebherr Aerospace.
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Due to the limitations in storage space and processing power of the iRobot Command Module, many choose to utilize an external computer in controlling the Create robot. Since the built-in serial port supports the transmission of sensor data and can receive actuation commands, any embedded computer that supports serial communication can be used as the control computer. A number of robot interface server / simulators support the iRobot Create. Most notably, the Player Project has long included a device interface for the Roomba, and developed a Create interface in Player 2.1.
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The damage was not immediately noticed during an exterior assessment. It was later discovered during an interior assessment. In April 2013, the New York Police Department announced that surveyors inspecting the building had discovered a wide piece, long airplane part complete with Boeing identification number wedged in an wide alley between 51 Park and 50 Murray Street. Initially officials thought it was part of the landing gear but Boeing confirmed it was the trailing edge flap actuation support structure of an airplane flap from a Boeing 767, the type of jet which hit both towers.
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Electrostatic–pneumatic activation is an actuation method for shaping thin membranes for microelectromechanical and microoptoelectromechanical systems.K. J. Gabriel, O. Tabata, K. Shimaoka, S. Sugiyama, H. Fujita "Surface normal electrostatic/pneumatic actuator" Micro Electro Mechanical Systems 92 Travemunde (Germany), Feb. 1992Cleopatra Cabuz, Thomas R. Ohnstein, Michael R. Elgersma (2000), "Electrostatic/pneumatic actuator for active surfaces" US Patent No. 09/573,460 This method benefits from operation at high speed and low power consumption.Moghimi, M. J. Chattergoon, K. N. Dickensheets, D. L. “High speed focus control capability of electrostatic–pneumatic MEMS deformable mirrors” in Proc.
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The avionics suite was almost entirely of Israeli design, and employed a modular design capable of adding upgrades via the Elbit ACE-4 mission computer. The Lavi had a bootstrap-type hydraulic system, pressurised by Adex pumps providing 207 bars of pressure to the flight surfaces. The electronics were powered by a Sundstrand 60 kVA integrated drive generator, with a SAFT main battery and Marathon standby; Sundstrand also provided the actuation system. The emergency power unit (EPU) and environmental control system were produced by Garrett AiResearch, as was the secondary power system.
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Power-Packer is part of the CentroMotion organization, a privately held, growing portfolio of global brands that add value through innovative motion, actuation and control technologies. CentroMotion is wholly owned by One Rock Capital Partners, experienced investors with differentiated resources. One Rock manages approximately $1.4 billion in capital, with a focus on high-potential middle- market businesses. The organization makes controlling investments in companies with potential for growth and operational improvement using a rigorous approach that utilizes highly experienced Operating Partners to identify, acquire and enhance businesses in select industries.
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300 mm rocket for T-300 Typical Kasirga battery systems are composed of a Command and Control Vehicle with between six and nine launcher vehicles (F-302T) and an equal number of resupply and reloading vehicles. Each rocket has four fixed fins and reaches a maximum flight altitude of 30,000m with a maximum speed of Mach 4.2. The rockets use a composite solid propellant system (HTPB) and are usually fitted with a Blast Fragmentation warhead consisting of 26,000 steel balls. The system has aerodynamic control with electromechanical actuation system.
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There are three types of elliptical trainers, categorized by the location of the motor or "drive." The oldest elliptical design is the "rear drive" type, the second generation elliptical design is the "front-drive" type, and the most recent elliptical design is the "center-drive" type. On some models, the incline of sloping roller-ramps beneath the pedal-links can be adjusted to produce varying pedal-motion paths. An adjustable ramp, whether automatic or manual, alters the angle of the elliptical path which can vary hip actuation as well as vary the stride length.
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Release of the spring-loaded covers requires actuation of Capture Latches to close them again afterwards and, therefore, exercises the Ready-to-Latch Indicators. Including inspection, each Radial Port is budgeted about 15 minutes for a single EVA crew member, assisted by IVA crew to operate the ACBM as necessary. Full-sized elements launched on the NSTS had protective covers over the seal on the PCBM. Two EVA crew members required 40 - 50 minutes each to remove and stow the PCBM's covers, inspecting the seal as they did so, and cleaning it if necessary.
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The Board called for adoption of the T1E3 rifle to replace both the Model 1903 Springfield and the Browning Automatic Rifle. The Cavalry Board was also positive in its own evaluation of the T1E3. To soldiers used to the heavy recoil and exhausting manual operation of the Springfield rifle, the moderate recoil and self-loading functionality of the T1 rifle clearly must have made an impression. Due to problems with primer-actuation, John Garand gave up work on a .30-06 semiautomatic rifle and also focused exclusively on caliber .276.
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6th generation 2003 VFR800 VTEC The sixth generation VFR was introduced in 2002. It featured dual underseat exhausts, optional ABS, DCBS linked brakes, and optional hard luggage. It featured chain-driven cams rather than the gear-driven cams of earlier VFRs, and VTEC valve actuation. In 2006 the VFR 800 received some minor upgrades, which included the change of the tachometer face from black to white, a re- mapped ECU to provide a smoother transition into VTEC, clear turn signal lenses and upgrades to the electrical wiring to fix issues with the charging system.
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The M30 was originally developed in the late 1960s, loosely based on the BMW M10 four-cylinder engine first used in the BMW New Class sedans and coupes. Initially, the engine code was "M06", until it was later renamed the M30. Common features between the M10 and M30 include a profile lowering 30-degree slant to the right, a crossflow cylinder head (a gas flow head in later designs) and chain-driven camshaft with rocker arm valve actuation. Further similarities include a cast-iron block with an aluminium head and a forged crankshaft.
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Either a direct current (DC) or an alternating current (AC) power supply or a microwave microdischarge can be used for different configurations of plasma actuators. One schematic of an AC power supply design for a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is given here as an example. The performance of plasma actuators is determined by dielectric materials and power inputs, later is limited by the qualities of MOSFET or IGBT. Driving circuits (E-type) of a power supply The driving waveforms can be optimized to achieve a better actuation (induced flow speed).
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He was quoted to say: > The specific purpose of the desmodromic system is to force the valves to > comply with the timing diagram as consistently as possible. In this way, any > lost energy is negligible, the performance curves are more uniform and > dependability is better. The engineers that came after him continued that development, and Ducati held a number of patents relating to desmodromics. Desmodromic valve actuation has been applied to top-of-the-range production Ducati motorcycles since 1968, with the introduction of the "widecase" Mark 3 single cylinders.
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The Journal will serve as a unique forum to advance transdisciplinary research through new integrative methodologies and their implementation in software and hardware devices, machines, robots or any other form of synthetic or physical actuation. The Journal welcomes original research articles of outstanding quality. In addition, the Journal publishes topical reviews in emerging areas of integrative neuroscience that will be of interest to non-specialists. The journal had been published by World Scientific from 2002-2016, and then it was published by IOS Press in 2017 based on a non-exclusive right.
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The cylinder bore diameter is and piston stroke length is . The engine shares many of the design features of modern racing engines, including dry sump lubrication, a pump assembly located outside the crankcase, and four valves per cylinder. The 32-valve DOHC utilises chain-driven, twin-overhead camshafts that provide valve actuation in less than 0.15 seconds, with the intake cams being controlled by variable valve timing. The crankcase and cylinder heads are made from an aluminum and silicon alloy, giving the engine a relatively light weight of .
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The dead pedal was not a staple component in original design of automobile pedals. Cars such as the original Ford Model T, 1908, did not have dead pedals and had an upright pedal system. The dead pedal was developed to prevent the accidental actuation of the clutch or brake, also known as left-foot braking, by providing an alternative surface to rest the foot on. The dead pedal became more important with time as stronger and faster cars were developed because the left foot must push against the floor to brace the drivers body.
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Magnetic actuation is not limited to the use of Lorentz force to cause a mechanical displacement. Magnetostrictive actuators can also use the theory of magnetism to bring about displacement. Materials that change their shapes when exposed to magnetic fields can now be used to drive high-reliability linear motors and actuators.. An example is a nickel rod that tends to deform when it is placed in an external magnetic field. Another example is wrapping a series of electromagnetic induction coils around a metal tube in which a Terfenol-D material is placed.
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Although the use of a secondary gridiron valve was an early technique, it also remained in service with increasingly sophisticated valves and actuation, throughout the history of stationary engines. McIntosh and Seymour engines used one driven by a cam and toggle arrangement that moved intermittently and stood still when open, giving precise timing, and independent adjustment of each valve movement. Gridiron valves were also used on the backs of slide valves, in the manner of the Meyer valve. This was a patent of John Turnbull of Glasgow in 1869.
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The aim of high redundancy actuation is not to produce man-made muscles, but to use the same principle of cooperation in technical actuator's to provide intrinsic fault tolerance. To achieve this, a high number of small actuator elements are assembled in parallel and in series to form one actuator (see Series and parallel circuits). Faults within the actuator will affect the maximum capability, but through robust control, full performance can be maintained without either adaptation or reconfiguration. Some form of condition monitoring is necessary to provide warnings to the operator calling for maintenance.
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Optoelectrowetting (OEW) is a method of liquid droplet manipulation used in microfluidics applications. This technique builds on the principle of electrowetting, which has proven useful in liquid actuation due to fast switching response times and low power consumption. Where traditional electrowetting runs into challenges, however, such as in the simultaneous manipulation of multiple droplets, OEW presents a lucrative alternative that is both simpler and cheaper to produce. OEW surfaces are easy to fabricate, since they require no lithography, and have real-time, reconfigurable, large- scale manipulation control, due to its reaction to light intensity.
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The traditional electrowetting mechanism has been receiving increasing interest due to its ability to control tension forces on a liquid droplet. As surface tension acts as the dominant liquid actuation force in nano-scale applications, electrowetting has been used to modify this tension at the solid-liquid interface through the application of an external voltage. The applied electric field causes a change in the contact angle of the liquid droplet, and in turn changes the surface tensions across the droplet. Precise manipulation of the electric field allows control of the droplets.
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The large magnetically induced strain, as well as the short response times make the MSM technology very attractive for the design of innovative actuators to be used in pneumatics, robotics, medical devices and mechatronics.T. Schiepp, A Simulation Method for Design and Development of Magnetic Shape Memory Actuators, PhD Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015. MSM alloys change their magnetic properties depending on the deformation. This companion effect, which co-exist with the actuation, can be useful for the design of displacement, speed or force sensors and mechanical energy harvesters.
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MDI canister and actuator components from H&T; Presspart A metered-dose inhaler consists of three major components; the canister which is produced in aluminium or stainless steel by means of deep drawing, where the formulation resides; the metering valve, which allows a metered quantity of the formulation to be dispensed with each actuation; and an actuator (or mouthpiece) which allows the patient to operate the device and directs the aerosol into the patient's lungs.Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, ed. A. J. Hickey, 2nd edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., NY, 2004.
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SMA have many advantages over traditional actuators, but do suffer from a series of limitations that may impede practical application. In numerous studies, it was emphasised that only a few of patented shape memory alloy applications are commercially successful due to material limitations combined with a lack of material and design knowledge and associated tools, such as improper design approaches and techniques used. The challenges in designing SMA applications are to overcome their limitations, which include a relatively small usable strain, low actuation frequency, low controllability, low accuracy and low energy efficiency.
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The principle behind magnetic, mechanical, cable, and other float level sensors often involves the opening or closing of a mechanical switch, either through direct contact with the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed. In other instances, such as magnetostrictive sensors, continuous monitoring is possible using a float principle. With magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs when a permanent magnet sealed inside a float rises or falls to the actuation level. With a mechanically actuated float, switching occurs as a result of the movement of a float against a miniature (micro) switch.
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They are used to shut off flow from a zone for economic reasons or to shut off a zone that is depleting or producing too much water. In multi-zone wells, they are used to regulate which zones to produce from and which ones to shut off. Mechanically actuated sleeves are simple and inexpensive but require actuation by a "lock," which must be run in the well on wireline or coiled tubing. Hydraulically actuated sleeves are more complicated but can be actuated from a small pump at surface.
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At small scales, and with large quantities of modules, deterministic control over reconfiguration of individual modules will become unfeasible, while stochastic mechanisms will naturally prevail. Microscopic size of modules will make the use of electromagnetic actuation and interconnection prohibitive, as well, as the use of on-board power storage. Three large scale prototypes were built in attempt to demonstrate dynamically programmable three-dimensional stochastic reconfiguration in a neutral-buoyancy environment. The first prototype used electromagnets for module reconfiguration and interconnection. The modules were 100 mm cubes and weighed 0.81 kg.
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The magnetically linked gearbox prevents direct external actuation of the stepper motor, thus reducing the risk of damage to the stepper motor and internal mechanisms. The camera module casing is constructed of liquid metal, an amorphous metallic alloy similar to Liquidmetal, for its toughness, weight, high yield strength, and anti-wearing characteristics needed in a mechanical component subject to repeated stress. The flip camera is actuated by a geared micro-stepper motor. The 6.4-inch IPS LCD display is marketed as a "NanoEdge display" for the reduced bezel size.
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This was followed soon by MIT creating their own lab as well. The major difficulties lying in these robots lied in the balance, the actuation, power requirements, and environment sensing. While the balance has been worked on extensively by many researchers, the second and third are often bypassed by providing a form of umbilical cable to supply energy and allow for larger actuators to be used. The environment sensing remains to be a large issue that has not been solved effectively enough to try and outdo typical animal behavior in rough terrains.
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A single cell method to observe the response to an external stimulus, in this case, cellular response to a ligand was studied using a microfluidic device with micro channel valves to trap a single cell into a chamber. A 23 valve system was used for actuation and fluorescent dye was used stimulus response imaging. Single cell clustering methods are a series of statistical methods designed by data scientists based on intracellular properties. The whole process includes Single Cell RNA-Seq data gathering, Data preprocessing for clustering, CLustering and Evaluations of clustering.
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EcoBot-II, developed in 2004, by Melhuish, Greenman, Ieropoulos and Horsfield at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory (BRL) UK, was the first robot in the world to perform sensing, information processing, communication and actuation phototaxis, by utilising unrefined biomass. In fact, it consumed dead flies, rotten fruits and crustacean shells as the fuel and oxygen from free air as the cathode. EcoBot- II operated continuously for 12 days after having been fed with 8 houseflies of the species Musca domestica [Ieropoulos et al. 2005a, b; Melhuish et al. 2006].
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Directional control valves are generally specified using the number of ports and the number of switching positions. It can be represented in general form as np/ns, where np is the number of ports connected to the direction control valve and ns the number of switching positions. In addition, the method of actuation and the return method can also be specified. A hypothetical valve could be specified as 4-way, 3-position direction control valve or 4/3 DCV since there are four ports and three switching positions for the valve.
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The LM has an upgraded gearbox with gun drilled driveshaft derived from the F1 GTR, tripod CV joint and straight cut gears, although the gear ratios are identical to the standard F1, i.e. 3.23:1, 2.19:1, 1.71:1, 1.39:1, 1.16:1, 0.93:1, with a final drive of 2.37:1. The LM does not benefit from the magnesium gearbox casing of the 1996 F1 GTR. The clutch of the LM is a hydraulic remote actuation triple plate carbon/carbon clutch, the clutch is 200 mm (7.87 in) in diameter.
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A Psion Series 4 does not exist, due to Psion's concern of tetraphobia in their Asian markets. The external appearance of the Psion Series 5 and the Psion Series 5mx are broadly similar, but their mainboards and other internal components were different and not interchangeable. The screens are not interchangeable because of different screen cables. The Series 5 was the first to feature a unique sliding- clamshell design, whereby the keyboard slides forward as the device opens to counterbalance the display, and brace it such that touchscreen actuation does not topple the device, a feature mentioned in the granted European patent EP 0766166B1.
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This limited their best acceleration, no matter how light the train, to a minimum of a minute to reach full speed. The Ae 4/6 avoided this by using fewer tappings, with faster actuation between them. An air-blast main high voltage circuit breaker was also used. alt=The drive wheel of a Winterthur Drive, showing the four pivoted links in a square arrangement which link the wheel to the axle The Winterthur Drive is a geared drive on the centreline of the locomotive, giving room for a traction motor each side, two to an axle.
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Sala (the first one below the middle pillar) in the first colla actuation in 1969 Josep Sala i Mañé (1938 – 20 April 2020) was a Spanish Catalan casteller. He was born in Vilafranca del Penedès in 1938. In his youth, he was member of the Castellers de Vilafranca until his family moved to Barcelona in the 50s. In 1958, alongside the Duch family and he founded the colla (team) of Castellers de Ballets de Cataluña,"Castellers de Barcelona 25 anys" Un segle i mig de castells a la ciutat (2004), Raimon Cervera, Josep Dàvila i Claudi Dòmper - Ed. DUX, pag.
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Canisters containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire in a server room without damaging equipment. Gaseous fire suppression, also called clean agent fire suppression, is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire. These agents are governed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems – NFPA 2001 in the US, with different standards and regulations elsewhere. The system typically consists of the agent, agent storage containers, agent release valves, fire detectors, fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling), agent delivery piping, and agent dispersion nozzles.
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Since 1990, Heisig has been intensively engaged with the music of the composer Conlon Nancarrow, who often punched his compositions into paper rolls that were played with player pianos. Since Nancarrow was hardly interested in the duplication and distribution of these rolls, Heisig not only acquired a to interpret the works through nuanced pedalling and actuation of dynamic and tempo levers. He also had a PC-controlled punching machine built to produce and perform Nancarrow's compositions on a music roll. In the meantime, this has resulted in the world's only music roll edition of Nancarrow's works.
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On older cars the clutch might be operated by a mechanical linkage. Even though the clutch may physically be located very close to the pedal, such remote means of actuation are necessary to eliminate the effect of vibrations and slight engine movement, engine mountings being flexible by design. With a rigid mechanical linkage, smooth engagement would be near-impossible because engine movement inevitably occurs as the drive is "taken up." The default state of the clutch is engaged - that is the connection between engine and gearbox is always "on" unless the driver presses the pedal and disengages it.
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A common modification was to replace the switches with miniature snap-action switches (microswitches). Some of these, however, have the problem that their actuation is non-linear; they require considerable force to start moving compared to the force needed to complete the motion. When used in an otherwise unmodified CX40, this caused it to be more difficult to move along the diagonals, as one of the two switches being pushed would normally reach the threshold first, causing motion in that direction while the other was not yet pressed. In games that required fine control, like Jumpman, these solutions were generally unsuitable.
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After a trailer accident during road transport in 1986, which destroyed the rear fuselage and tail-unit, a T-tail was fitted during repairs. A thicker aerofoil section was used for the vertical tail of this revised unit, a specially developed Wortmann FX-71 L 150/30 profile. The single retractable main undercarriage wheel is supported on a tall leg assembly which was originally built with electric actuation, but after a field landing with a flat battery caused a wheels-up landing a manual system was fitted. A rubber tail skid, capped with hardened steel, under the rear fuselage completes the undercarriage.
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The transition was gradual and has extended into the 21st century, due to the huge installed base of 3–15 psi devices. As the operation of pneumatic valves over motorised valves has many cost and reliability advantages, pneumatic actuation is still an industry standard. To allow the construction of hybrid systems, where the 4–20 mA is generated by the controller, but allows the use of pneumatic valves, a range of current to pressure (I to P) converters are available from manufacturers. These are usually local to the control valve and convert 4–20 mA to 3–15 psi (or 0.2–1.0 bar).
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Hydraulic tappets (along with rockers, valves and cylinder head) for a 1980-1985 Ford CVH engine A hydraulic tappet, also known as a "hydraulic lash adjuster", contains a small hydraulic piston that becomes filled with pressurised engine oil. the piston acts as a hydraulic spring that automatically adjusts the tappet clearance according to the oil pressure. Although the movements of the piston are small and infrequent, they are sufficient to make the valve actuation self-adjusting so that there is no need to manually adjust the clearance of the tappets. Hydraulic tappets depend on a supply of clean oil at the appropriate pressure.
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The Agera comes with forged aluminum wheels with centre locking nuts, measuring 19-inch on the front and 20-inch on the rear and wrapped in a set of Michelin Super Sport tyres that can be used for speeds of up to . Other notable features include the trademark Dihedral synchro helix actuation doors, a new traction control system, LED lighting, blue hood stripes that continue on through the cockpit of the car and a custom interior with a new "Ghost light" lighting system, which uses carbon nanotubes in a unique configuration to shine through the car's aluminum buttons.
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Nasal administration is primarily suitable for potent drugs since only a limited volume can be sprayed into the nasal cavity. Drugs for continuous and frequent administration may be less suitable because of the risk of harmful long-term effects on the nasal epithelium. Nasal administration has also been associated with a high variability in the amount of drug absorbed. Upper airway infections may increase the variability as may the extent of sensory irritation of the nasal mucosa, differences in the amount of liquid spray that is swallowed and not kept in the nasal cavity and differences in the spray actuation process.
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"Lift-Fan Aircraft-Lessons Learned The Pilot's Perspective" Ronald M. Gerdes, NASA Contractor Report 177620August 1993 The fans provided vertical lift of approximately , nearly three times the thrust of the engines as turbojets. A set of louvered vanes underneath each of the wing fans could vector the thrust fore and aft and provided yaw control. The engine power setting determined the lift from the fans, as fan RPM was determined by the exhaust output from the J85 engines and the load on the fan. Roll control was by differential actuation of the wing-fan exit louvers.
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When the windmills of the 18th century included the feature of rotor orientation via the rotation of the nacelle, an actuation mechanism able to provide that turning moment was necessary. Initially the windmills used ropes or chains extending from the nacelle to the ground in order to allow the rotation of the nacelle by means of human or animal power. Another historical innovation was the fantail. This device was actually an auxiliary rotor equipped with plurality of blades and located downwind of the main rotor, behind the nacelle in a 90° (approximately) orientation to the main rotor sweep plane.
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The last seven articles of the Constitution detail the regime of the provincial governments. Its organization was only tied to the stipulations of the provincial constitutions, independently of the federal government. At the same time, they conserved all the attributions that the national constitution hadn't expressly given the federal government. Among these were the legislation on commerce and navigation; the customs' impositions or weight rights; emission of currency unless delegation of the central government; the establishment of civil, commerce, penal and mining codes; citizenship legislation; gathering of war troupes; and the direct actuation with foreign states, including the Vatican.
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Son of Ashkenazi Jews who fled the Nazi persecution during the World War II (Belgian father and Polish mother), Sobel was born in Lisbon, Portugal. While he was an infant his family moved to New York City where he grew up and was eventually ordained a reform rabbi in 1970. In the same year, he accepted an invitation to be the rabbi at Congregação Israelita Paulista and established himself in São Paulo, Brazil. In his own words, it "made possible my actuation in the social and politic fronts and gave me the chance of engaging myself".
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Although actuation of the retraction mechanism is normally achieved via an engine-driven pump, a manual fall-back mechanism is provided to force the wheels down in the event of an in-flight engine failure. The undercarriage wheels are equipped with pneumatically- operated brakes, controlled by a lever set on each control column. For inspection purposes, access panels are located beneath the pilot's cockpit for internal access to the flight controls, hydraulics and electrical components; inspection panels are also present in the outer wing sections. The semi- monocoque fuselage of Oxford uses an arrangement of spruce longerons and stiffeners underneath a plywood exterior.
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The nanomorphic cell is a conception of an atomic-level, integrated, self- sustaining microsystem with five main functions: internal energy supply, sensing, actuation, computation and communication. Atomic level integration provides the ultimate functionality per unit volume for microsystems. The nanomorphic cell abstraction allows one to analyze the fundamental limits of attainable performance for nanoscale systems in much the same way that the Turing Machine and the Carnot Engine support such limit studies for information processing and heat engines respectively. The nanomorphic cell concept is inspired by the trend, synergistic with semiconductor device scaling; to use these core technologies for diverse integrated system applications.
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The Huayra BC uses a lightweight titanium exhaust system, new aluminum alloy wheels, and a stripped out interior. The tyres are Pirelli P-Zero Corsa tires that feature 12 different rubber compounds, and the suspension and wishbones are made of aeronautical grade aluminum, known as Avional. The Huayra BC also has a new front bumper with a front splitter and winglets, deeper side skirts, and an air diffuser that stretches the entire width of the rear bumper along with a large rear wing. The car uses an Xtrac 7-speed sequential manual transmission, and has an electro-hydraulic actuation.
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Rear view of the CCX The chassis is made from carbon fibre reinforced with kevlar and aluminium honeycomb like the previous models. While the body keeps the targa top body style and the dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors, it is completely reworked. There is a new front bumper design, enhanced brake cooling, fog lamps, US patented head lamps, a new fresh air intake on the bonnet that acts as ram air booster, air intakes behind the front wheels to enhance airflow and a glass window over the engine. magnesium- alloy rear wheel of a CCX The CCX has frontal area of and a .
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Further, modals usually interpret actuation of the enter key (or in rare cases the presence of a newline in pasted input) as a cue to accept the input and process it—or, in rare cases, may intercept a mouse click intended for a different application that has suddenly been covered. Such interception, called focus stealing (or stealing focus) can compromise privacy and security practices, as well as capture inappropriate, out-of-context input that can cause undefined, arbitrary results in the program that generated the modal window. Depending on the specifics of implementation, modal windows can violate the principle of least surprise.
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Teleflex window chain openers: Rigid chain actuators are also used as the lifting columns in performing arts facilities, incorporated in stage, orchestra and seating platform lift systems. Increasingly rigid chain systems are being incorporated into scissor lift tables or platform lifts as the method of actuation, replacing hydraulic cylinders. They are also used for production line automation and die changing. The autoloaders used in Soviet/Russian tanks such as the T-64, T-80, T-72 and T-90 use rigid chain systems to push the two-part ammunition (projectile and propellant) into the tank's gun.
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Electromagnetic brakes (also called electro-mechanical brakes or EM brakes) slow or stop motion using electromagnetic force to apply mechanical resistance (friction). They were originally called "electro-mechanical brakes," but over the years the name changed to "electromagnetic brakes", referring to their actuation method. Since becoming popular in the mid-20th century, especially in trains and trams, the variety of applications and brake designs has increased dramatically, but the basic operation remains the same. Both electromagnetic brakes and eddy current brakes use electromagnetic force, but electromagnetic brakes ultimately depend on friction whereas eddy current brakes use magnetic force directly.
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Magnetic nanochains are a class of new magnetoresponsive and superparamagnetic nanostructures with highly anisotropic shapes (chain-like) which can be manipulated using magnetic field and magnetic field gradient. The magnetic nanochains possess attractive properties which are significant added value for many potential uses including magneto- mechanical actuation-associated nanomedicines in low and super-low frequency alternating magnetic field and magnetic drug delivery. Cell imaging Nanoparticles have good biological labeling and sensing because of brightness and photostability; thus, certain self-assembled nanoparticles can be used as imaging contrast in various systems. Combined with polymer cross-linkers, the fluorescence intensity can also be enhanced.
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The missile was first test-fired in flight from a Halifax bomber in May 1950 at Colomb-Bechar. The missile was large for an air-to-air missile, with two pairs of cruciform swept wings, with the smaller rear pair being moved using pneumatic actuation to provide steering. A SEPR acid/aniline rocket containing 110 kg of propellent provided 1,250 kg of thrust for 14 seconds, taking it to a speed of 490 meters per second. The surface-to-air version was intended to have an additional tandem booster stage, and was designated the R.042 - and work continued on it until 1955.
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Jaramillo-Botero is recognized for the development and application of first-principles physicochemical based methods to understand, characterize, design and optimize nanoscale materials and materials' phenomena, devices and systems. His contributions span multiple fields of study, including: molecular hypervelocity impact phenomena in space missions, dynamics of materials in extreme conditions (non-adiabatic behavior), first-principles based atomistic and coarse-grain force field methods to study complex chemical processes, low- temperature crystalline thin film growth and characterization, single-molecule sensing and actuation nanodevices, and computational dynamics methods in large-scale multi body systems (from atomistic to continuum).
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PAMELA (Pump Actuation Mediated by Excited Light Absorption) is a microfluidic based MEMS which was first developed by the NanoRobotics Group. Originally proposed in 2007 by the founding members of the group, its design is to use thrust to manipulate the microrobot through a fluidic medium. The propulsion system of the robot is two small pumps made of a photosensitive membrane that will deform and expel fluid when a laser is shone on the membrane. The motion of the robot is determined by focusing the laser beam onto an individual pump to turn, or on both pumps simultaneously for forward motion.
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The convenience of the camshaft is that not only does it keep the timing of the opening and closing valves and injecting fuel through its cams, it is also responsible for the mechanical force that is required to actually open and close the valves and power the port and helix fuel pump. The camshaftless intelligent system uses the rotation of the engine to power an axial piston pump that pressurizes a hydraulic oil system. The potential energy from the hydraulic pressure is directed by the electronically controlled servo system to drive InFI (Intelligent Fuel Injection) and InVA (Intelligent Valve Actuation) systems.
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The ICB's research aim is to model biological mechanisms for use in military materials and tools. Quoting Army Research Office program manager Robert Campbell, "The inspiration for the ICB comes from the fact that biology uses different mechanisms to produce materials and integrated circuits for high-performance sensing, computing and information processing, and actuation than are presently used in human manufacturing." Much research is focused on evaluating biomolecular sensors, bio-inspired materials and energy, biodiscovery tools, bio-inspired network science, and cognitive neuroscience through the disciplines of cellular and molecular biology, materials science, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and psychology.
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In microfluidics, capillary pumping plays an important role because the pumping action does not require external actuation power. Glass capillaries and porous media, including nitrocellulose paper and synthetic paper, can be integrated into microfluidic chips. Capillary pumping is widely used in lateral flow testing. Recently, novel capillary pumps, with a constant pumping flow rate independent of the liquid viscosity and surface energy, were developed, which have a significant advantage over the traditional capillary pump (of which the flow behaviour is Washburn behaviour, namely the flow rate is not constant) because their performance does not depend on the sample viscosity.
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Furthermore, the use of carbon nanotubes as the building blocks as an artificial muscle also helps in terms of strength and robustness by making the artificial muscle stronger than steel in one direction and more flexible than rubber in the other two directions. The lack of electrolyte solution and temperature robustness of the aerogel sheet in inert ambient makes high temperature operation possible. The actuation stroke decreases by only 50% from its room-temperature value to . Thus, this design of artificial muscles can be quite useful for many industrial applications with the drawback of high-voltage operation for giant strokes.
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The high RPMs needed to produce competitive power in a small engine generated valve float, which Taglioni believed could be overcome with desmodromic valve actuation. The 125 Grand Prix could produce 16 hp at 11,500 rpm, its true rev limit, while the Desmo could crank out 19 hp at 12,500 rpm and could “safely” (bottom end permitting) rev further to 15,000. Big-end life was short at these sorts of revs and new crankshaft bearings were put in for every race. Desmodromics, were used in the W196 Mercedes-Benz straight-eight Desmo engines that dominated early formula 1 racing.
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Main-chain liquid crystalline polymers have mesogenic groups linked to each other by a flexible spacer. The mesogens within a backbone form the mesophase structure causing the polymer itself to adopt a conformation compatible with the structure of the mesophase. The direct coupling of the liquid crystalline order with the polymer conformation has given main-chain liquid crystalline elastomers a large amount of interest. The synthesis of highly oriented elastomers leads to have a large strain thermal actuation along the polymer chain direction with temperature variation resulting in unique mechanical properties and potential applications as mechanical actuators.
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Steven Ray Hall (born July 6, 1959 in West Palm Beach, Florida) is the Chair of the Faculty and Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His research interests are in aerospace controls systems, including flexible space structure control, control of noise and vibration, especially in helicopters, and the development of smart material actuators. He is the coauthor of seven patents, mostly in the area of smart material actuation. His teaching includes graduate and undergraduate subjects in signals and systems, control theory, guidance and navigation, and flight mechanics and control.
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He also acted as Berrão, character of the text of Plinio Marcos Homens de Papel, and integrated in the cast of O Enigma Blavatsky, of José Rubens Siqueira. It was during the presentations of Homens de Papel that Giulio received an invitation to participate in the feature film Contra Todos, with the screenplay nd direction of Roberto Moreira. His actuation in the film gave him two prizes of best actor: in the 8th Cine PE and in the 14th FestNatal. In 2005, he participated in other 3 films: Antônia (Tata Amaral), Querô (Carlos Cortez), and Os Doze Trabalhos (Ricardo Elias), with casting forecast to 2006.
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The IoT can realize the seamless integration of various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. Based on such a highly integrated smart cyber- physical space, it opens the door to create whole new business and market opportunities for manufacturing. Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and smart manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real- time optimisation of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.
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A race of Forza Motorsport 6, utilizing a racing wheel controller, at the EB Games Expo 2015. A racing wheel is a method of control for use in racing video games, racing simulators, and driving simulators. They are usually packaged with a large paddle styled as a steering wheel, along with a set of pedals for gas, brake, and sometimes clutch actuation, as well as various shifter controls. An analog wheel and pedal set such as this allows the user to accurately manipulate steering angle and pedal control that is required to properly manage a simulated car, as opposed to digital control such as a keyboard.
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The keys do not need to be fully pressed to be actuated, which enables some people to type faster. The sensor tells enough about the position of the key to allow the user to adjust the actuation point (key sensitivity). This adjustment can be done with the help of the bundled software and individually for each key, if so implemented.Topre keyboard documentation, describing various features and they software manual pdf The IBM Model F keyboard is mechanical-key design consisted of a buckling spring over a capacitive PCB, similarly to the later Model M keyboard that used a membrane in place of the PCB.
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The General Secretary directly responds to the Minister of Defence for administrative competences and to the CSMD for the technical-operative ones, and he controls 9 general direction of the Ministry. Main tasks of the General Secretary of Defence are related to the actuation of directives issued by the Minister in the field of higher administration, to the operation of technical-administrative field of defence, to the promotion and coordination of technological research relative to weaponry materials. The General Secretary manages the supplying of means, materials and weapon systems for the Armed Forces, the support to the Italian defence industry and direct/indirect offsets.
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Incorporating hydraulic actuation for the clutch, in addition to hydraulic tappets for the valves, made the new engine virtually maintenance-free. In order to make the Gold Wing more nimble, front and rear wheel diameters contracted (and tire widths expanded) one more time. The GL1200 was built on a new, stronger frame and despite all the improvements, the claimed dry weight of the naked bike remained unchanged at for the 1984 model year. 1984 was the one and only year for the GL1200 Standard (which was not exported to Europe) for the reason that sales had decreased in favor of the Interstate and Aspencade models.
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This deformation has been observed in experiments.Poncharal Science 283, 1513 (1999)Wei APL 79, 4527 (2001) This property is an important characteristic for CNTs promising nanoelectromechanical systems applications, as well as for their fabrication, separation and electromanipulation. Recently, several nanoelectromechanical systems based on cantilevered CNTs have been reported such as: nanorelays,Kinaret APL 82, 1287 (2003)Lee Nano Lett 4, 2027 (2004) nanoswitches,Jang APL 87, 163114 (2005) nanotweezersAkita APL 79, 1691 (2001) and feedback deviceKe APL 85, 681 (2004) which are designed for memory, sensing or actuation uses. Furthermore, theoretical studies have been carried out to try to get a full understanding of the electric deflection of carbon nanotubes.
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The phase transitions of GeTe can be fast, reversible and repeatable, with drastic property changes, making GeTe a promising candidate in applications like radio frequency (RF) switching and direct current (DC) switching. Researches on mechanisms that relate the phase transition and radio frequency (RF) switching is underway, with promising future in optimization for telecommunication applications. Although both solid states can exist at room temperatures, the transition requires specific heating and cooling process known as the thermal actuation method. To achieve the amorphous state the solid is heated up beyond the melting temperature with a high current pulse in a short amount of time and rapidly quenched or cooled down.
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Tethers Unlimited, Inc. (TUI) is an American private aerospace company headquartered near Seattle, Washington, which performs research and development of new products and technologies for space, sea, and air. Founded in 1994 by Robert P. Hoyt and Robert L. Forward, Tethers Unlimited began developing products based on space tether technologies, including concepts for removal of space debris and momentum exchange tethers for launching payloads into higher orbits. TUI has since broadened its suite of technologies to include power, propulsion, actuation, and communications systems for small satellites, robotic technologies for on-orbit fabrication and assembly, optical fiber winding and deployment, software defined radio communications, and 3D printed radiation shielding.
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Gull-wing doors have a somewhat questionable reputation because of early examples like the Mercedes and the Bricklin. The 300 SL needed the door design, as its tubular frame race car chassis design had a very high door sill, which in combination with a low roof would make a standard door opening very low and small. The Mercedes engineers solved the problem by also opening a part of the roof. The Bricklin was a more conventionally sized door but the actuation system was problematic in day-to-day use and led to unreliable operation until an aftermarket air-door upgrade was installed in all Bricklins.
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The rudder actuation system also drives the full-time mechanical nosewheel steering for ground operations. The engine inlet is another major unique feature of ARES. Since gun gas ingestion posed significant problems in other aircraft development programs (like A-10), the configuration of ARES was designed to avoid this problem: the engine inlet is entirely contained on the left side of the aircraft, and the gun is installed on the right side. The inlet has a circular cross section, and is straight into the fan face. The engine is mounted slightly transversely in the fuselage, with an 8-degree misalignment from the aircraft's longitudinal axis.
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A sprinkler system timer is an electrical device that is used to set an irrigation sprinkler system to come on automatically at a certain time. Irrigation timers first appeared in the early 1960s to control large-radius lawn sprinklers, which at the time usually contained their own electrically operated valve (most golf-course sprinklers still use this type of actuation). These timers were large and cumbersome with numerous mechanical parts and were usually relegated to agricultural and commercial applications. Compact irrigation timers did not become commonplace until the 1970s when Lawn Genie introduced a mechanical timer which measured only ten by six inches and was four inches deep.
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To control the engine's output, the MEC operates five hydraulically actuated propellant valves on each engine; the oxidizer preburner oxidizer, fuel preburner oxidizer, main oxidizer, main fuel, and chamber coolant valves. In an emergency, the valves can be fully closed by using the engine's helium supply system as a backup actuation system. In the Space Shuttle the main oxidizer and fuel bleed valves were used after shutdown to dump any residual propellant, with residual liquid oxygen venting through the engine and residual liquid hydrogen venting through the liquid hydrogen fill and drain valves. After the dump was completed, the valves closed and remained closed for the remainder of the mission.
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Another advantage of PAMs is their inherent compliant behaviour: when a force is exerted on the PAM, it "gives in", without increasing the force in the actuation. This is an important feature when the PAM is used as an actuator in a robot that interacts with a human, or when delicate operations have to be carried out. In PAMs the force is not only dependent on pressure but also on their state of inflation. This is one of the major advantages; the mathematical model that supports the PAMs functionality is a non-linear system, which makes them much easier than conventional pneumatic cylinder actuators to control precisely.
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Each crew member had a single centralised service connector comprising circuits that served ventilated g-suits as well as controls for humidity and temperature for crew comfort. The flying controls of the Sea Vixen were relatively complex, which controlled the fully powered tailplane, ailerons, and rudder; these controls remained usable even in the absence of electrical power, such as in the event of a double engine failure. Actuation of the powered flight control surfaces was provided by a pair of independent hydraulic systems and typically featured variable gearing of control movements over differing speeds. An intricate three-section flap arrangement was employed, partially due to the nature of the wing's geometry.
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NASA's continued funding, coupled with its collective innovations in robotics and shock-absorption/comfort materials are inspiring and enabling the private sector to create new and better solutions for animal and human prostheses. Advancements such as Environmental Robots Inc.'s development of artificial muscle systems with robotic sensing and actuation capabilities for use in NASA space robotic and extravehicular activities are being adapted in order to create more functionally dynamic artificial limbs. Additionally, other private-sector adaptations of NASA's temper foam technology have brought about custom- moldable materials offering the natural look and feel of flesh, as well as preventing friction between the skin and the prosthesis, and heat/moisture buildup.
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On that same year, she also appeared in the Antena 3 serie Compañeros (Partners) when Verónica was also preparing her actuation for a play titled Federica de Bramante o las florecitas del fango directed by Pedro G. de las Heras in late 2002 and early 2003. Her following TV projects were two fixed roles in the series Tres son multitud (Telecinco, 2003) and Capital (Telemadrid, 2004), including an apparition in Paco y Veva (TVE, 2004). She also appeared in some episodes from the series Los Serranos (Telecinco, 2005). During 2006, Verónica was an actress for a TV-movie, Mobbing by Sonia Sánchez starred by Cristina Marcos.
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Most CMGs hold rotor speed constant using relatively small motors to offset changes due to dynamic coupling and non-conservative effects. Some academic research has focused on the possibility of increasing and decreasing rotor speed while the CMG gimbals. Variable-speed CMGs (VSCMGs) offer few practical advantages when considering actuation capability because the output torque from the rotor is typically much smaller than that caused by the gimbal motion. The primary practical benefit of the VSCMG when compared to the conventional CMG is an additional degree of freedom—afforded by the available rotor torque—which can be exploited for continuous CMG singularity avoidance and VSCMG cluster reorientation.
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BOTS uses nProtect GameGuard but because of its method of actuation, similar to a rootkit, it is criticized for being extremely invasive. The software installs a device driver which is difficult to uninstall; even uninstalling the game will still leave residual files on the system and remains active without the game installed. In later versions of the game, starting with revision 1007, GameGuard fails to halt when BOTS ends and continues to use computer resources and inject code into processes until the system is restarted. This is often unknown to the end- user, as GameGuard masks its CPU usage by hooking Windows system querying APIs.
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The MRUD is usually command actuated by electric detonator, but it can also be set up for tripwire actuation. In Bosnia and Croatia it was combined with a PMA-2 blast type anti- personnel mine by inserting one end of a length of detonating cord in the detonator cavity of the MRUD and taping the other end of the detonating cord to the bottom of the PMA-2. When the blast mine actuated, the MRUD was actuated as well. If an insulated wire is encountered, care must be taken to establish control of both ends of the wire before attempting to neutralize the mine.
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During the normal full operation of the power plant on ', Unit 2 reactor scram was initiated followed by a main turbine trip. A universal logic card in the plant's solid-state protection system malfunctioned, erroneously reporting a low-low water level condition in the steam generators. This then caused the actuation of the auxiliary feed water system and reactor protection system. Unit 1 was operating at full power on ' when the reactor tripped on low-low water level in steam generator C. Prior to the trip, the high water level alarm in steam generator C was triggered when the water level kept rising and the main feedwater control valve did not respond to manual intervention.
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This flintlock mechanism is distinct from the metal barrel extending to the right, and the surrounding wooden stock encloses and obscures the trigger mechanism connection to the actuation spring. The lock of a firearm is the firing mechanism used to ignite the propellant. Lock, stock and barrel is an old figure of speech defining the totality of a firearm as the barrel through which the bullet is directed toward a target, the stock which provides a means of gripping the firearm, and the lock as all other essential parts. As might be deduced from its placement as the first mentioned, the lock is a complex part essential to the functioning of the firearm.
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This approach has successfully been employed in various robots, particularly advanced manufacturing robots Bi-directional series-parallel elastic actuator and overlap of the actuation layers Raphaël Furnémont1, Glenn Mathijssen1,2, Tom Verstraten1, Dirk Lefeber1 and Bram Vanderborght1 Published 26 January 2016 • © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd and walking humanoid robots. The controller design of a series elastic actuator is most often performed within the passivity framework as it ensures the safety of interaction with unstructured environments. Despite its remarkable stability robustness, this framework suffers from the stringent limitations imposed on the controller which may trade-off performance.The reader is referred to the following survey which summarizes the common controller architectures for SEA along with the corresponding sufficient passivity conditions.
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The car had many unique functions such as the roof, which could be stored in the car's trunk located in the front similar to how a Chevrolet Corvette stores its roof (other Targa top sports cars of the time such as the Ferrari F50 and the Porsche Carrera GT lacked this feature), vertical opening doors dubbed dihedral-synchro helix actuation doors and a central patented free-flowing exhaust system based on the 'Rocket Cat Principle'. These unique features and design received great praise from the spectators, despite large orders, only 6 cars were produced due to high production costs out of which, 2 were right-hand drive. The CC8S was replaced by the more powerful CCR model in 2004.
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By using femtosecond lasers light pulses that last less than a ten-trillionth of a second JIN could carve conductive channels of ionized oxygen in the air. Through these channels, Ionatron's blaster sent man-made lightning bolts. Thor IED Zappers: The vehicular system is mounted on a remotely controlled weapon station, carrying the laser beam director and high-energy laser and coaxial 12.7 mm machine gun to neutralize improvised explosive devices from a safe, standoff distance. Restricted link Ultra Wide Band High Powered Electro Magnetics: An UWB-HPEM system typically consists of the following components: a battery-based direct current power supply, an actuation system, a semiconductor-based ultra- wideband pulse generator and an ultra-wideband antenna.
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Although engine starters do not require an air supply for their basic operation, air was supplied to later designs, such as that of the English Electric Lightning, by an automatic scavenge pump simply to control these fumes. The history of AVPIN use on the Lightning demonstrated it was both safe and effective in use. The reduced availability of AVPIN is now a restriction on the continued operation of some preserved military aircraft, such as Lightnings in the UK and South Africa and some are thus being converted to electric starting. It has also been used as a fuel for power supply and actuation in guided weapons, notably in the British Royal Navy.
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This arrangement increased the importance of the Bois- Colombes plant near Paris as Hispano-Suiza's premier luxury car plant, and while the Spanish operations continued to produce luxury cars, mostly the smaller, less expensive models, production in Spain moved increasingly to the production of buses, trucks, and aircraft engines at several plants located around the country. Through the 1920s and into the 1930s, Hispano-Suiza built a series of luxury cars with overhead camshaft engines of increasing performance. On the other hand, in the 1930s, Hispano-Suiza's V-12 car engines reverted to pushrod valve actuation to reduce engine noise. During this time, Hispano-Suiza released the 37.2 Hispano-Suiza car built at the Bois-Colombes works.
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On 15 January 1943, the prototype CA-4, A23-1001, crashed on a test flight to assess powerplant performance and evaluate aerodynamic effects of a new fixed leading edge slat. During the return to the CAC airfield at Fisherman's Bend, the pilot, Squadron Leader Jim Harper, had detected a fuel leak in the port Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engine. As the problem worsened he attempted to shut down the engine, feathering the propeller; however, the actuation of the feathering switch caused an explosion and uncontrollable fire. The three-man crew subsequently attempted evacuation at , yet only Harper succeeded in parachuting free, while the CAC test pilot Jim Carter and power plant group engineer Lionel Dudgeon were both killed.
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The main goal of a robotic prosthesis is to provide active actuation during gait to improve the biomechanics of gait, including, among other things, stability, symmetry, or energy expenditure for amputees. There are several powered prosthetic legs currently on the market, including fully powered legs, in which actuators directly drive the joints, and semi-active legs, which use small amounts of energy and a small actuator to change the mechanical properties of the leg but do not inject net positive energy into gait. Specific examples include The emPOWER from BionX, the Proprio Foot from Ossur, and the Elan Foot from Endolite. Various research groups have also experimented with robotic legs over the last decade.
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MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) for in situ mechanical characterization refers to microfabricated systems (lab-on-a-chip) used to measure the mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, fracture strength) of nanoscale specimens such as nanowires, nanorods, whiskers, nanotubes and thin films. They distinguish themselves from other methods of nanomechanical testing because the sensing and actuation mechanisms are embedded and/or co-fabricated in the microsystem, providing — in the majority of cases— greater sensitivity and precision. This level of integration and miniaturization allows carrying out the mechanical characterization in situ, i.e., testing while observing the evolution of the sample in high magnification instruments such as optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes (SEM), transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and X-ray setups.
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A key safety feature was a novel braking system that consisted of an automotive disc brakes attached to the vehicles driveshafts. These brakes were held off by hydraulic pressure that was present whenever the vehicle was connected with guideway power and the on-board controller was commanding them off. In the event of loss of electrical power, the hydraulic pressure holding the brakes was lost and springs inside the cylinders forced brake fluid into the calipers of the disc braking system, ensuring that the vehicles did not simply coast to a stop. In order to provide for a controlled deceleration, a pendulum valve was located in line with the brake actuation cylinders.
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"Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right). If the yaw sensor detects less(more) yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering(oversteering) and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back onto its intended course. For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car left. The sensors are so sensitive and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver reacts.
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According to Mason, the controls of the Vampire were considered to be relatively light and sensitive, employing an effective elevator arrangement that enabled generous acceleration from relatively little control inputs along with highly balanced ailerons that could achieve high rates of roll. In comparison to the elevator and ailerons, the rudder required more vigorous actuation in order to achieve meaningful effect. Pilots converting from piston-engined types would find themselves having to adapt to the slower acceleration of turbojet engines and the corresponding need to moderate rapid throttle movements to avoid instigating a compressor stall. The Vampire had a relatively good power/weight ratio and was reputedly quite maneuverable within the 400-500MPH range.
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Daniel Polani is a professor of Artificial Intelligence and Director of the Centre for Computer Science and Informatics Research (CCSIR), and Head of the Adaptive Systems Research Group, and leader of the SEPIA (Sensor Evolution, Processing, Information and Actuation) Lab at the University of Hertfordshire. Polani is best known for his work in artificial intelligence, cognitive science and robotics, applying the tools of information theory to cognitive modelling and analysing intelligent agent behaviour and decision making in complex adaptive systems and sensor evolution. Rooted in embodied cognition and dynamical systems Polani's work on relevant information and empowerment stem from the concept of organisms as Shannon information processing entities and the treatment of the perception-action loop as an information channel.
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Techniques for HIL simulation have been recently applied to the automatic generation of complex controllers for robots. A robot uses its own real hardware to extract sensation and actuation data, then uses this data to infer a physical simulation (self-model) containing aspects such as its own morphology as well as characteristics of the environment. Algorithms such as Back-to- RealityZagal, J.C., Ruiz-del-Solar, J., Vallejos, P. (2004) Back-to-Reality: Crossing the Reality Gap in Evolutionary Robotics. In IAV 2004: Proceedings 5th IFAC Symposium on Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (BTR) and Estimation ExplorationBongard, J.C., Lipson, H. (2004) “Once More Unto the Breach: Automated Tuning of Robot Simulation using an Inverse Evolutionary Algorithm”, Proceedings of the Ninth Int.
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The actuation of this approach requires the expansion of the u_i in a set of basis functions appropriate to the geometry of the body, substituting that expression into Eq. (1) and reducing the problem to that of diagonalizing a N×N matrix (eigenvalue problem). The stationary points of the Lagrangian are found by solving the eigenvalue problem resulting from Eq. (4), that is, \omega^2 E a = \Gamma a (5) where a are the approximations to the motion expanded in a complete basis set, E comes from the kinetic energy term, and Γ comes from the elastic energy term. The order of the matrices is ~10^3 for good approximations. Equation (5) determines the resonance frequencies from the elastic moduli.
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While the feature was available at the time, Fokker chose not to equip the engines of early F28s with a water-methanol injection system as they determined that the engines already possessed sufficient performance even when being flown under hot-and-high conditions. The majority of onboard systems are designed with simplicity in terms of operability and serviceability; there was no hydraulic system, actuation of the undercarriage and steering relied on pneumatic pumps instead. However, the F28 was outfitted with comparatively advanced electronics, as Fokker's design team viewed this factor as directly relating to overall competitiveness. One uncommon feature of the F28 was the movable split-sections installed upon the tail cone; these would be hydraulically- opened outwards to act as a variable air brake.
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After the end of the military dictatorship that had ruled the country for 20 years from the 1960s to the 1980s, the 1988 Constitution of Brazil sought to guarantee more rights and freedoms to the population, and set many objectives of social development. Among those, improving health care was set as a priority: Two years later on 19 September 1990, the objectives set in the constitution were consolidated in the letter of the law by law number 8.080, whose articles created the SUS and defined its actuation. Prior to that, only people who contributed with the social security were able to receive health care. The creation of SUS was important in that more than 80% of the Brazilian population depend on it to receive medical treatment.
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"Danger! No Selfie Sticks on the platform" sign at a West Japan Railway Company station Dangerous selfie, Paris 2014. This is a list of serious injuries and deaths in which one or more subjects of a selfie were killed or injured before, during, or after taking a photo of themselves, with the accident at least in part attributed to taking the photo. The United States Department of Transportation estimated that in 2014, the so-called "year of the selfie", 33,000 people were injured while driving and using a cell-phone in some fashion, which can include talking, listening, and "manual button/control actuation". A 2015 survey by Erie Insurance Group found that 4% of all drivers admitted to taking selfies while driving.
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At the beginning of 2020, YDUQS announced the acquisition of five educational institutions from the extinguished group Athenas Educacional (São Paulo Faculty, Pimenta Bueno Faculty, Meta University Center and Pantanal Faculty), strengthening its actuation in the North and Central-West regions of Brazil. Nowadays, the educational institutions integrating YDUQS have more than 750 thousand students, and their strategy is focused on expanding education brands, acquiring new institutions, strengthening digital learning and contents, and developing the Medicine sector. YDUQS’s Educational institutions offer Undergraduate, Graduate, Master’s and PhD Programs, in addition to extension courses, through on-site, distance and hybrid modalities. For onsite students, the educational model combines digital with onsite learning in a unique manner, ensuring a stronger presence at the unit associated to the best online content.
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Vice President Dick Cheney inside a B-2 cockpit with pilot Capt. Luke Jayne during a visit to Whiteman AFB, 2006 To address the inherent flight instability of a flying wing aircraft, the B-2 uses a complex quadruplex computer-controlled fly-by-wire flight control system that can automatically manipulate flight surfaces and settings without direct pilot inputs in order to maintain aircraft stability. The flight computer receives information on external conditions such as the aircraft's current air speed and angle of attack via pitot-static sensing plates, as opposed to traditional pitot tubes which would impair the aircraft's stealth capabilities. The flight actuation system incorporates both hydraulic and electrical servoactuated components, and it was designed with a high level of redundancy and fault-diagnostic capabilities.
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This pattern has been popular with racing gearboxes, as it allows quicker, more direct shifts between 2nd and 3rd, and 4th and 5th, gears. The output from the final drive to the rear wheels is via a pair of short, solid drive shafts fitted with constant-velocity joints at each end to allow for suspension articulation. For these models, clutch actuation is hydraulic, unlike their two-seater cousins' cable systems, and transmission selection is via a rod which extends through the centre chassis tunnel and passes through the engine sump into the transmission housing. For the Mondial t, the engine and transmission were substantially reconfigured and their orientations rotated by ninety degrees to place the axes of both the engine crankshaft and the transmission input shafts parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis.
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The Italian Chief of Defence General Staff is appointed with a decree of the President of the Republic, on proposal of the Minister of Defence. He has to be and officer of the Army, Navy or Air Force with the rank of generale di corpo d'armata, ammiraglio di squadra or generale di squadra aerea in standing service. He depends directly to the Minister of Defence, of who he is also the higher technical-military advisor and to who he responds for the actuation of directives received. The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, reunited in the committee of Chiefs of Staff, are hierarchically subordinated to the CSMD, who joins also the Supreme Council of Defence and he is replaced by the oldest in office among the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces.
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The Embodied Computation Lab, located off the School of Architecture grounds proper, is a teaching and research facility dedicated to the interface between computation and design and the development of knowledge in the fields of digital fabrication and remote sensing. It combines architectural and engineering experimentation to utilize computation design, digital fabrication, and sophisticated sensing, actuation, and control electronics that make the Lab a center for interdisciplinary design exploration and prototyping. Over 5,000 square feet of space is available for heavier fabrication work, hands-on material experiments, and the construction of full-scale mock-ups. Also housed within the Lab are facilities for building in wood, plastic, metal, and concrete that enable students to learn general model theory, build and test models of actual buildings, and study current building systems and technology.
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Answering a U.S. Navy requirement for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of naval rounds, the ORKA leverages technology BAE Systems developed for larger 127 mm and 155 mm guided rounds, using a 4-canard actuation systems to guide the round. It is fitted with a multi-mode imaging semi-active seeker that can be guided through laser designation or autonomous targeting by downloading image of the target prior to firing; ORKA retains the 3P multiple fuzing modes.BAE Systems Unveils the ORKA One Shot One Kill Round for 57mm Gun at Sea-Air-Space 2015 - Navyrecognition.com, 14 April 2015 In December 2015, the U.S. Navy revealed they were working on developing a guided 57 mm round for its Mk 110 guns on the Littoral Combat Ship and other Navy and Coast Guard ships.
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The 1914 Grand Prix Delage and Nagant (see Pomeroy "Grand Prix Car") used a desmodromic valve system (quite unlike the present day Ducati system). Azzariti, a short lived Italian manufacturer from 1933 to 1934, produced 173 cc and 348 cc twin-cylinder engines, some of which had desmodromic valve gear, with the valve being closed by a separate camshaft.Title: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles, Editor: Erwin Tragatsch, Publisher: New Burlington Books, Copyright: 1979 Quarto Publishing, Edition: 1988 Revised, Page 81, The Mercedes-Benz W196 Formula One racing car of 1954–1955, and the Mercedes-Benz 300SLR sports racing car of 1955 both had desmodromic valve actuation. In 1956, Fabio Taglioni, a Ducati engineer, developed a desmodromic valve system for the Ducati 125 Grand Prix, creating the Ducati 125 Desmo.
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The components discussed in this article are based on RF MEMS switches, switched capacitors and varactors. These components can be used instead of FET and HEMT switches (FET and HEMT transistors in common gate configuration), and PIN diodes. RF MEMS switches, switched capacitors and varactors are classified by actuation method (electrostatic, electrothermal, magnetostatic, piezoelectric), by axis of deflection (lateral, vertical), by circuit configuration (series, shunt), by clamp configuration (cantilever, fixed-fixed beam), or by contact interface (capacitive, ohmic). Electrostatically-actuated RF MEMS components offer low insertion loss and high isolation, linearity, power handling and Q factor, do not consume power, but require a high control voltage and hermetic single-chip packaging (thin film capping, LCP or LTCC packaging) or wafer-level packaging (anodic or glass frit wafer bonding).
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Several buses built in the United Kingdom from around 1940 to 1960 had preselector transmission, including those built by Leyland, Daimler and AEC. The AEC RT type, a bus commonly used in London during this period, used compressed air to actuate the gear shifts, while other gearboxes used mechanical actuation. Typical operation of London buses was they had a very low first gear, only used on hills, so the driver when starting would select second gear, depress and release the change gear pedal to engage the transmission, and then select third ready for changing gear on the move, all this done while the bus was still stationary. On starting, just the accelerator pedal was pressed, with the eventual shift into third gear made by simply pressing the gear change pedal.
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The failed blowout preventer was taken to a NASA facility in Louisiana for examination by Det Norske Veritas (DNV). On 20 March 2011, DNV presented their report to the US Department of Energy. Their primary conclusion was that while the rams succeeded in partly shearing through the drill pipe they failed to seal the bore because the drill pipe had buckled out of the intended line of action of the rams (because the drill string was caught at a tool joint in the upper annular BOP valve), jamming the shears and leaving the drill string shear actuator unable to deliver enough force to complete its stroke and fold the cut pipe over and seal the well. They did not suggest any failure of actuation as would be caused by faulty batteries.
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However, it was decided to opt for a traditional mechanical linkage approach that was augmented by a series of electrically-driven power assist units to effectively support actuation instead. The ailerons and rudder were split into multiple sections in order that, if a part of the servo-powered control system were to fail, a faulty section could be "trailed" so that it did not act against the remaining working sections. While the prototype aircraft had been fitted with advanced (but conventional) hydraulic controls, Saunders-Roe had intended production aircraft to use an analogue system based around electrical servos with hydraulic final control actuators. Such a system had been built and undergone ground-testing, but the Princess had been terminated prior to any aircraft having been fitted with the system.
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Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) is the name given by Ford to engines with the ability to advance or retard the timing of both the intake and exhaust camshafts independently, unlike the original versions of VCT, which only operated on a single camshaft. This allows for improved power and torque, particularly at lower engine RPM, as well as improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. Some Ford Ti-VCT engines use BorgWarner's Cam Torque Actuation (CTA) which utilizes the "existing torsional energy in the valve train to rotate the camshaft" instead of traditional oil pressure driven cam phasing. Many new Ford engines feature Ti-VCT, including ones used in the 2011-2015 Mustang, 2011 Edge and Edge Sport, 2011 Lincoln MKX, 2011 Fiesta, 2011 Explorer, 2011-2016 F-150, and 2012 Focus.
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Micro adaptive flow control is largely defined by the active manipulation of aerodynamic flows using small time-dependent actuators in carefully chosen locations. By taking advantage of flow instabilities, the system can generate large amounts of energy from using only a small fraction of the overall flow if the actuators and their activity are properly assigned. As a result, MAFC can enable low power yet highly distributed redundant actuation systems in contrast to flow systems that utilize steady blowing where high velocity flows must be provided through complex and high-loss ducting. Rather than configuring the shape of the munition with fins or canards to control its trajectory, the SCORPION project aimed to integrate these tiny actuators on the munition that pump out brief spurts of air at a high frequency (around 1000 Hz).
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Technologies for counting bicycles on roads, or bicycles and pedestrians along sidewalks or shared-use paths have progressed with the increased emphasis on the economic, environmental and social benefits of multi-modal traffic networks. Non-motorized modes of traffic are often surveyed using the same types of sensors used for motorized vehicles; in some cases tuned to be more sensitive to actuation (e.g. Pneumatic tubes, Piezoelectric, inductive loop detectors, Passive and Active Infrared, Video, Magnetometers, et al.). In 2004, the American private-sector firm Alta Planning and Design, in partnership with the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) initiated the National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Program (NBPD) as an effort to promote greater data collection for non-motorized transportation modes, establish a consistent model for data collection, and address the lack of data access and shared research.
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More importantly, all Shimano competitors won the right to compete in the lucrative OEM bicycle components arena. The years after the Shimano settlement were marked by dramatic growth for the company, as it increased sales greatly and added other companies to its portfolio. SRAM is an example of a recent trend within the high-end cycle-component segment of the bicycle industry, where companies seek a position as a "one-stop shopping center" for bicycle frame manufacturers/bicycle brand owners, supplying all or most of the parts needed to build a complete bike. SRAM now incorporates the former bicycle divisions of Fichtel & Sachs, Sachs-Huret, and acquired component makers RockShox, Avid, Truvativ, Zipp, and QUARQ. In 1995, SRAM introduced their first mountain bike rear derailleur, dubbed “ESP”, that featured a 1:1 cable actuation ratio that was more tolerant of cable contamination.
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Volvo's answer to DSG goes by the name PowerShift, 2008-01-11Ford officially announces dual-clutch PowerShift gearbox for 2010, 2009-01-21 However, the new PowerShift gearbox used in the Ford Fiesta and Ford Focus used dry clutches and electric motor/solenoid actuation. The transmission proved problematic even before it was released, with all installed units exhibiting failure behavior such as slipping or surging during launches, poor shift quality, and uncommanded shifts into neutral resulting in loss of power. Investigations have revealed that Ford's engineers and management were aware of the transmission problems before and after launching, and knew that the transmission was not capable of achieving an acceptable operation, yet chose to use the transmission anyway. Production workers have stated that cars with this transmission exhibited problems on their first drive off of the production line.
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Such "superlubric" threshold depends on the tip-surface interaction and the stiffness of the materials in contact, as described by the Tomlinson model. Transition from Stick-Slip to Continuous Sliding in Atomic Friction: Entering a New Regime of Ultralow Friction Anisoara Socoliuc, Enrico Gnecco, Roland Bennewitz, and Ernst Meyer Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 134301 (2004) The threshold can be significantly increased by exciting the sliding system at its resonance frequency, which suggests a practical way to limit wear in nanoelectromechanical systems.Atomic-Scale Control of Friction by Actuation of Nanometer-Sized Contacts Anisoara Socoliuc, Enrico Gnecco, Sabine Maier, Oliver Pfeiffer, Alexis Baratoff, Roland Bennewitz, and Ernst Meyer Science 313, 207 (2006) Superlubricity was also observed between a gold AFM tip and Teflon substrate due to repulsive Van der Waals forces and hydrogen-bonded layer formed by glycerol on the steel surfaces.
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In the case where a mass airflow sensor (MAF) is used and is located upstream from the blowoff valve, the engine control unit (ECU) will inject excess fuel because the atmospherically vented air is not subtracted from the intake charge measurements. The engine then briefly operates with a fuel-rich mixture after each valve actuation. The rich mixing can lead to hesitation or even stalling of the engine when the throttle is closed, a situation that worsens with higher boost pressures. Occasional events of this type may be only a nuisance, but frequent events can eventually foul the spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter, as the inefficiently combusted fuel produces soot (excess carbon) and unburned fuel in the exhaust flow can produce soot in the converter and drive the converter beyond its normal operating temperature range.
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Both the flaps and air brakes were operated hydraulically, with an independent system for emergency actuation. Up to 6,170 imperial gallons of fuel could be housed in a total of 22 fuel tanks, 14 of these in the wings and 8 in the fuselage; the tanks were pressurized to prevent collapse during fast dives and other manoeuvres.Flight 1954, pp. 871-872. The wing was located in a mid position on the fuselage between the bomb bay and fuselage fuel tanks. The fuselage of the Sperrin consisted of separate nose, centre, and tail sections, which were constructed as single units; the upper area of the forward fuselage contained the pressurized drum for the crew, while the lower part of the forward fuselage, which initially contained concrete ballast, was intended to house the H2S Mk.9 airborne radar behind a fibreglass radome.
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Colt 1911 government model 7+1 shot .45 ACP pistol TT pistol 8+1 shot 7.62 Tokarev pistol Browning Hi-Power 13+1 shot 9mm Luger pistol Glock 17 Gen 4 17+1 shot 9mm Luger pistol A semi-automatic pistol is a type of repeating single-chamber handgun (pistol) that automatically cycles its action to insert the subsequent cartridge into the chamber (self-loading), but requires manual actuation of the trigger to actually discharge the following shot. As a result, only one round of ammunition is fired each time the trigger is pulled, as the pistol's fire control group disconnects the trigger mechanism from the firing pin/striker until the trigger has been released and reset. Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are self-loading pistol, autopistol, and autoloading pistol.
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Passive ECCS The Automatic Depressurization System (ADS) consists of a series of valves which open to vent steam several feet under the surface of a large pool of liquid water (known as the wetwell or torus) in pressure suppression type containments (typically used in boiling water reactor designs), or directly into the primary containment structure in other types of containments, such as large-dry or ice-condenser containments (typically used in pressurized water reactor designs). The actuation of these valves depressurizes the reactor vessel and allows lower pressure coolant injection systems to function, which have very large capacities in comparison to the high pressure systems. Some depressurization systems are automatic in function, while others may require operators to manually activate them. In pressurized water reactors with large dry or ice condenser containments, the valves of the system are called Pilot operated release valves.
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On the narrational plane, the Tribute is developed in three stages: in the central part, Christ, from whom the tax collector asks a tribute for the Temple, orders Peter to go and fetch a coin from the mouth of the first fish he can catch; on the left, Peter, squatting on the shore, takes the coin from the fish; on the right, Peter tenders the coin to the tax collector. The three stages unite and the temporal sequences are expressed in spatial measures. The absence of a chronological scansion in the narrative, is to be sought in the fact that the painting's salient motif is not so much the miracle, as the actuation of the Divine Will, expressed by Jesus' the imperative gesture. His will becomes Peter's will who, by repeating his Lord's gesture, simultaneously indicates the fulfillment of Christ's will.
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For the transmission gearboxes, all IndyCar Series cars currently use an electronically-assisted 6-speed semi-automatic sequential gearbox with an electro-pneumatically operated paddle-shift system and a pneumatic clutch with semi-automatic activation, supplied by Xtrac Limited since the 2008 season but with assistance. All current IndyCar transmissions use pneumatic actuation for the shifting and clutch, so the clutch is therefore only needed for launching the car from a standstill, and the clutch isn't required for gear shifting. From 1996 to 2007, all IndyCar Series cars used a hand-shifted 6-speed sequential manual transmission with a shift lever, supplied also by Xtrac since 2000 season until 2007. The clutch of all IndyCar Series cars are carbon with steel housing 3-plate clutch operated by foot-pedal in 1996–2011 later hand-paddle steering wheel clutch in 2012–present and provided by AP Racing.
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The GLV device is built on a silicon wafer and consists of parallel rows of highly reflective micro-ribbons – ribbons of sizes of a few µm with a top layer of aluminium – suspended above an air gap that are configured such that alternate ribbons (active ribbons are interlaced with static ribbons) can be dynamically actuated. Individual electrical connections to each active ribbon electrode provide for independent actuation. The ribbons and the substrate are electrically conductive so that the deflection of the ribbon can be controlled in an analog manner: When the voltage of the active ribbons is set to ground potential, all ribbons are undeflected, and the device acts as a mirror so the incident light returns along the same path. When a voltage is applied between the ribbon and base conductor an electrical field is generated and deflects the active ribbon downward toward the substrate.
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Pailton Engineering was founded in 1969 in the Village of Pailton, Warwickshire near the city of Coventry which is situated in the heart of the Industrial Midlands and today occupies an 80,000 sq. ft. factory employing in excess of 150 people, the business has been family owned since its formation. Originally a sub contract manufacturing facility, in 1982 Pailton developed their own range of universal joints and sliding shafts for steering systems. Continued expansion in the steering product market followed with the introduction in 1995 of the Pailton Mitre box or Bevel box, a device to allow 90 degree changes in direction of the steering input shaft with low backlash and no universal joint phasing allowing the steering box to be positioned in a place more favourable to the steering gear for actuation, while still placing the steering column in the best position for the driver.
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Network Rail Driving Brake Standard Open in October 2009 In 1967, the Southern Region, already familiar with operating electric multiple units, applied the technique to its services from London Waterloo to Bournemouth, which were operated by electro-diesel locomotives. In the early 1970s, the Scottish Region used a system with a Class 27 locomotive at each end of a rake of coaches that had been retrofitted with the necessary 'Blue Star' multiple working cables to control the remote unit; but some problems of delay in actuation were experienced. They were replaced in 1979 by a system in which a Driving Brake Standard Open (DBSO), converted from a Mark 2, could control the Class 47/7 locomotive via computerised time-division multiplex (TDM) signalling through the train lighting circuits. This had the added benefit that intermediate carriages needed no special equipment, and was found more satisfactory.
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Modular self-reconfiguring robotic systems or self-reconfigurable modular robots are autonomous kinematic machines with variable morphology. Beyond conventional actuation, sensing and control typically found in fixed- morphology robots, self-reconfiguring robots are also able to deliberately change their own shape by rearranging the connectivity of their parts, in order to adapt to new circumstances, perform new tasks, or recover from damage. For example, a robot made of such components could assume a worm-like shape to move through a narrow pipe, reassemble into something with spider- like legs to cross uneven terrain, then form a third arbitrary object (like a ball or wheel that can spin itself) to move quickly over a fairly flat terrain; it can also be used for making "fixed" objects, such as walls, shelters, or buildings. In some cases this involves each module having 2 or more connectors for connecting several together.
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TML captures when and where a sensor measurement or transmitter actuation occurs. Its system description describes not only individual data sources but also systems of components, including the specific types of components, the logical and physical relationships between the components, and the data produced or consumed by each of the components. Information captured includes manufacturer information, model numbers of specific items, serial numbers, how two devices may relate to each other both logically and physically (for example, a GPS system may provide location information for a camera and the GPS antenna may be located a certain distance away from the camera center), and the type of data being produced from those particular devices. Time stamps for each data measurement and other identifying information is also captured, making the TML system description particularly well suited for carrying data required for automated system discovery and to support data retrieval.
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Barbecue sauce in a squeeze bottle Actuation of a nasal spray bottle A squeeze bottle is a type of container such as a plastic bottle for dispensing a fluid, that is powered by squeezing the container by exerting pressure with the user's hand. Its fundamental characteristic is that manual pressure applied to a resilient hollow body is harnessed to compress fluid within it and thereby expel the fluid through some form of nozzle. Typically, as with wash bottles and commercial resealable containers for many viscous fluids including sauces and adhesives, it is the main body of the container that is squeezed. While atomizers fit the basic pattern of squeeze bottles, they differ from those typical examples in that the squeezed component compresses and propels air, whose interaction with a volatile liquid inside a rigid container then entrains and dispenses a mist of the liquid.
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DOI: 10.1142/S2301385020500077. Farbod Khoshnoud, Y. Zhang, R. Shimura, A. Shahba, G. Jin, G. Pissanidis, Y.K. Chen, Clarence W. De Silva, Energy regeneration from suspension dynamic modes and self-powered actuation, IEEE/ASME transaction on Mechatronics, Volume: 20, Issue: 5, pp. 2513 - 2524, 2015. Clarence W. de Silva, Farbod Khoshnoud, Maoqing Li, Saman K. Halgamuge, Mechatronics: Fundamentals and Applications, (Chapter 12: Self-Powered and Bio-Inspired Dynamic Systems), CRC Press, 2015, . Farbod Khoshnoud, Michael McKerns, Clarence W. De Silva, Ibrahim Esat, Richard H.C. Bonser, Houman Owhadi, Self-powered and Bio-inspired Dynamic Systems: Research and Education, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2016. Vladimir V. Vantsevich, Michael V. Blundell, Advanced Autonomous Vehicle Design for Severe Environments, (Chapter: Farbod Khoshnoud, Clarence W. de Silva, Mechatronics of vehicle control and self-powered systems), IOS Press, sponsored by NATO Advanced Science Institute, ISBN online 978-1-61499-576-0, 2015.
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This lever is fixed in so far that it can tilt the plane...to one side or the other..." The actuation of which by the pilot induces the rocking motion of the wing. When in flight the rocking wing functions in the following manner, "when the rocking aeroplane...is tilted out of the horizontal...by moving the lever...to one side, the normal pressure of the rocking aeroplane...is inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling its axle...to one side relative to the line of flight." "The [aircraft is] thus caused to rotate about the line of flight, that is to say, the [rocking wing] becomes tilted about the line of flight and out of the horizontal. The normal pressure of the [main plane] is thus inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling the [aircraft] to one side of the line of flight.
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Initial work on the Cirit design began in 2004 and it was first shown in public during IDEF 2007. Roketsan had opted not to follow the lead of other similar 70 mm (2.75 in) guided rocket programmes and has developed the Cirit as an all-up round and not as an add-on guidance kit for existing unguided rockets. This has seen the company work on several new components for the rocket including its semi-active laser seeker, actuation and control systems, bearings, computer hardware and software. Multipurpose high performance warhead, motor and specific container were designed and developed by TUBITAK-SAGE. The Cirit is designed for use with existing 70 mm rocket launchers such as the LAU-61, LAU-68, LAU-130, LAU-131, M260 and M261. Roketsan is also developing a new series of digital launchers, with seven and 19 tubes, to take advantage of the Cirit's MIL-STD-1760 databus capabilities.
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The Serpollet Steam System of Motors, The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal, Jan 1897, pp146-148 The key characteristics of flash steam boilers stem from the fact that there is very little water in the boiler at any moment, which leads to fast startup, and minimal explosion risk - they also provide high steam pressures and temperatures which can give high thermal efficiency, but were not ideal for the steam engines of the time. In addition flash boilers needed a sophisticated control system to ensure the water injected to the boiler and the heat from the burner matched, and that the steam produced matched the demand of the engine. In addition to the control system, Léon also had to devise a better steam engine design suited to very high pressure steam, using poppet valves the actuation of which presents a problem with providing the variable cut-off needed to allow steam to work expansively.
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These arms were hydraulically extended at the appropriate time and engaged a rail mounted above the power and signal rails, serving to steer the vehicle from the enclosed, single-lane guideway into the bypass areas where the guideway split to become two separate passing lanes. Since the system was centrally controlled and used hydraulics, there was a minimum actuation time that required headways to be around 30 seconds at the normal operating speed of 30 mph. It may be noted that, although the designed and advertised maximum operating speed was 30 mph, the actual cruise speed of the Fairlane system was lowered to about 25 mph, where it remained throughout the duration of its operating lifetime of approximately 12 years. Power was supplied at 480 V 60 Hz AC, in a corner-grounded Delta configuration, with the guide rail serving as the ground leg and the other two phases supplied on separate rails above the ground/guidance rail.
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The next-generation ZenFone 7 Pro in Pastel White On , Asus launched the ZenFone 7 series in a Mandarin online press conference from their Taiwan headquarters. The ZenFone 7 series consists of the ZenFone 7 and ZenFone 7 Pro, retaining the hallmark flip camera form-factor of the ZenFone 6 with the addition of a 3x telephoto camera, Sony IMX686 main sensor, 8K video recording capabilities, improved actuation mechanism, and optical image stabilisation exclusive to the Pro model. The ZenFone 7 series features a 6.67-inch 90 Hz AMOLED display with 200 Hz touch sampling and a 5G-capable Snapdragon 865 system on a chip, with the higher-clocked Snapdragon 865 Plus on the Pro model. Other changes include the removal of the headphone jack, ZenUI 7, 30W fast charging, combined side-mounted fingerprint scanner–power button–smart key, UFS 3.1 storage, three-microphone array utilising Nokia’s OZO Audio processing, and a larger and heavier overall form factor.
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" To climb and descend in the aircraft, the vertically mounted lever, "...is moved fore and aft, thus causing the front edge of the rudder [tailplane, none of Watson's aeroplanes were fitted with a vertical rudder. The Wrights also initially referred to their horizontal stabilisers as horizontal rudders] to be moved downwards or upwards." Because of the dual actuation of the control lever, "...the [rocking wing] and the [tailplane] can be moved so as to cause the machine to move up and down while at the same time moving to the one side or the other, that is to say that by simply moving the hand which actuates the lever in any desired direction and the trim altered." Watson's declaration as a conclusion to the patent is in two points, as follows: # "In aeroplanes the use of a rocking plane situated on a higher level than the main plane, for preserving lateral stability and for steering right and left and controlled by a lever which also operates the horizontal rudder as described and illustrated on the drawings annexed.
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After launch, if the firing aircraft or surrogate continues to track the target, periodic updates—such as changes in the target's direction and speed—are sent from the launch aircraft to the missile, allowing the missile to adjust its course, via actuation of the rear fins, so that it is able to close to a self-homing distance where it will be close enough to "catch" the target aircraft in the basket (the missile's radar field of view in which it will be able to lock onto the target aircraft, unassisted by the launch aircraft). Not all armed services using the AMRAAM have elected to purchase the mid-course update option, which limits AMRAAM's effectiveness in some scenarios. The RAF initially opted not to use mid-course update for its Tornado F3 force, only to discover that without it, testing proved the AMRAAM was less effective in beyond visual range (BVR) engagements than the older semi-active radar homing BAE Skyflash weapon—the AIM-120's own radar is necessarily of limited range and power compared to that of the launch aircraft.
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Boiling water reactor safety systems are nuclear safety systems constructed within boiling water reactors in order to prevent or mitigate environmental and health hazards in the event of accident or natural disaster. Like the pressurized water reactor, the BWR reactor core continues to produce heat from radioactive decay after the fission reactions have stopped, making a core damage incident possible in the event that all safety systems have failed and the core does not receive coolant. Also like the pressurized water reactor, a boiling water reactor has a negative void coefficient, that is, the neutron (and the thermal) output of the reactor decreases as the proportion of steam to liquid water increases inside the reactor. However, unlike a pressurized water reactor which contains no steam in the reactor core, a sudden increase in BWR steam pressure (caused, for example, by the actuation of the main steam isolation valve (MSIV) from the reactor) will result in a sudden decrease in the proportion of steam to liquid water inside the reactor.
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On 2 October 1943, German troops went to the offensive and launched the Operation Wolkenbruch ("Cloudburst") with three SS divisions and two infantry divisions that repelled the 9th Corps and destroyed the houses used by Yugoslavs as support bases; the operation ended with the German victory on 15 October 1943. On 1 October 1943, Germans established the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, (OZAL) administrated by Supreme Commissar Friedrich Rainer to whom was flanked for the repression by SSGruppenführer Odilo Globočnik, previously the coordinator of German extermination camps in Poland. On 9 October 1943, the Julian provinces (Gorizia, Trieste, Pola, Fiume), as well as Friuli, were merged into the OZAL and subordinated to the German military administration, subtracting them from the Italian Social Republic (RSI). The policy of German authorities in the Adriatisches Kustenland, ruled by Rainer with dictatorial powers, included the ouster of the political-administrative influence of the RSI, the planning and actuation of measures for a subsequent annexation to the Reich, the economic exploitation, the repression of dissent and anti-fascist partisan struggle.
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Markestein was made aware of Moen's flaps retraction only during the taxi checklist's second reading, but neither officer remembered to revisit flaps, that item being absent from the pre-takeoff checklist. Any time a 707's flaps aren't extended (lowered) for takeoff, upon the crew applying thrust, the takeoff warning system should sound an audible warning signal (horn), but this didn't happen on flight 799, because Pan American had failed to implement Boeing's January 31, 1967 Service Bulletin 2384 recommending the warning system's throttle actuation point be reduced from 42 degrees of thrust-lever advancement to 25 degrees in order to work correctly in cold-weather conditions (where very cold air provides greater lift, as was the case with flight 799, hence less need for thrust): Pan Am's operations engineering group had decided (incorrectly) that Boeing's service bulletin was inapplicable to Pan Am aircraft, for reasons they never documented. The NTSB recommended that checklists be revised so that items critical for safe flight be accomplished prior to takeoff, and that Boeing Service Bulletin No. 2384 be immediately made mandatory via an FAA airworthiness directive. FAA (belatedly) issued the requested airworthiness directive five months later, on May 28, 1969.
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Magna Decoma, west of JLR Halewood and east of Novartis, make car interiors and exteriors. Dairy Crest makes Vitalite and Utterly Butterly on the A5207 in Kirkby, off the M57 Randles Farm Interchange, opposite a former site of Ethel Austin; to the east of Dairy Crest is Yorkshire Copper Tube, Britain's main manufacturer of copper tubing, owned by Italian KME Group; Counterline make foodservice counters on Knowsley Business Park; Clarke Energy is on the A5208. Further north on the estate next to the A5208 is QVC UK's distribution centre, with all three in Kirkby. Further north, next to the Lancashire boundary is Goodrich Actuation Systems on the Huyton Ind Est (in former Huyton Quarry) on the north-west side of the M62 Tarbock Island M62 (off the A5080) in Tarbock. Next door Halewood International, who make Lambrini, Red Square, Lamb's Navy Rum and some alcopops, are in Whitefield Lane End, in the south of Huyton at the M62/M57 junction. Belling Ltd (owned by Glen Dimplex) is in Whiston, next to the large Whiston Hospital; Glen Dimplex Whiston is the UK's only manufacturer of cookers, around 350,000 a year (Stoves plc before 2001), and also owns LEC fridges.
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The water- cooled Ducati Desmoquattro engine that has dominated World Superbike racing was introduced in 1986 with the Ducati 748 IE racer ridden by Virginio Ferrari, Juan Garriga and Marco Lucchinelli at 1986 Bol d'Or and then transferred to series production in 1987 in Ducati 851 form, and despite subtle changes and increases in capacity, from 851, to 888, 916, and then 996 cc, remains true to the 851 motor designed by Massimo Bordi. That 851 was the first successful adaptation of Ducati’s desmodromic valve actuation to a four valves per cylinder engine, and began production with a 40-degree included valve angle. This was also the introduction of liquid cooling and computerised fuel injection to the V-twin range. Fabio Taglioni, the designer of earlier Ducati v-twins, had experimented with four-valve heads, but stuck to his 80-degree included valve angle, not realizing that a much lower included valve angle was needed for the benefits of the layout to become apparent. In 1991 Ducati increased the capacity of the 851 to 888 cc, creating the Ducati 888 In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini, with striking new bodywork that had aggressive lines, under-seat exhausts, and a single-sided swingarm."Modern Ducati" magazine, Article: P61 - P71, "Desmoquattro", Author: Ian Falloon.
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