Yet, written communication is the primary method for transmitting information online, but not everyone is skilled in written communication.
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When followed, they lay the groundwork for clear written communication.
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There are brands of music therapy and a potential for written communication.
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She is beginning to read and can't grasp nuances in written communication.
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The second most important skill, which Mr. Bruni mentioned, is communication, particularly written communication.
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The good news is that opportunities to improve your written communication are all around you.
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Remember that our earliest forms of written communication were cave paintings and elaborate pictographic engraving!
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Those indirect cues, involving the many characteristics of the human voice, are absent in written communication.
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But do you, a Gen X-er, need to incorporate it into your own written communication?
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Machine learning algorithms are allowing computers to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the context of written communication.
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If you aren't ready to invest in a course, there are countless ways to improve your written communication.
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In addition to improving your verbal communication, this exercise will also help you to hone your written communication.
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Jacobs sent written communication to Qualcomm's board that he wants to take the company private, sources told CNBC.
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Are the shape and structure of our thoughts as prone to rapid reinvention as verbal and written communication?
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In the context of business, this slippery definition might have me decide that written communication is more reliable.
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It's about personal, well-written communication that varies depending on the actions performed seven emails deep into the campaign.
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Though detractors say emojis "dumb down" written communication, the symbols are extremely helpful for adding nuance to non-verbal conversations.
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Action planet Mars also enters the sector of your chart ruling written communication, encouraging you to reach out to others.
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According to Stone's own account to Reuters, he "reluctantly" identified the journalist as Credico in written communication to the committee.
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Your planetary ruler, informative Mercury, enters loud-and-proud Leo in the written communication sector of your chart on Friday.
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It's in this way that you and I are able to understand each other's emotions without using verbal or written communication.
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Taking written communication skills into account as a part of the hiring process is an excellent idea for anyone hiring remotely.
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It is already a misdemeanor in New York State to harass someone by telephone, mail or other forms of written communication.
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It seemed strange that I can sign up and pay online but they refuse to cancel via either online or written communication.
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Detecting tone of voice virtually can be damn near impossible, hence why written communication can lead to bad vibes and unwarranted arguments.
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Though half of the diamonds were gone, he had found something more valuable: all the written communication that remained on the server.
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The new moon in sensual, grounded Taurus on Tuesday brings fresh energy to the section of your chart that informs written communication.
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Welch says you should be on the lookout for written communication about things like expenses, the details of conversations and differences of opinion.
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If we could start just talking a little bit about what makes text messages or tweets different than other forms of written communication?
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Oral and written communication Success in business, as tech-focused as it's become, can still come down to people's interactions with each other.
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They'd develop core skills, such as logic and reasoning, verbal and written communication, and mathematics, with an emphasis on computation, probability and statistics.
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Until we've banished written communication entirely, we're going to have to keep doing it — so you might as well get your text messages returned.
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Some have accused Wu of faking English proficiency, despite her being open about the fact that she receives help and proofreading with her written communication.
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Group texts, like all written communication, function differently than an eye-to-eye conversation, and understanding those differences can help kids navigate tricky texting territory.
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On Thursday, the Sun in Cancer lights up the social networking sector of your chart and harmonizes with lucky Jupiter in the written communication sector.
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During Cancer season, the Sun illuminates the sector of your chart that rules written communication, shining a light on your natural gift for self-expression.
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Chuck makes a pretty grand show out of "realizing" he's probably being spied on too before halting the verbal conversation and switching to written communication.
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Both are in rows contained in columns (or towers), suggesting a form that connects all written communication, despite the dispersion that concludes the Babel story.
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"We surveyed our users and the results suggested that a majority were concerned about the appropriate tone that they used in written communication," he said.
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The focus Thursday will be on its current assessment of global risks and whether this translates into a change in wording for the ECB's written communication.
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"I believe one of the main drivers in the ubiquitous rise of emoji is their usefulness in filling in tonal gaps in written communication," says Greenspan.
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Arum and Roksa's study of 2,300 college graduates from two dozen universities found 1/3 showed no improvement in critical thinking, analytical reasoning, or written communication.
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They should possess very strong personal and written communication skills, outstanding organizational skills, a high capacity for detail work and a very patient and winning attitude.
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"Zava provides reliable and convenient access to a qualified clinical team, via written communication, which drives an effective patient:doctor relationship," says co-founder and CEO David Meinertz.
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You're in the mood to record your most inspired feelings, as love planet Venus meets dream planet Neptune in the sector of your chart concerning written communication.
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They learned about how the internet works, how corporations mine data to focus their advertising, how email has altered written communication, how social media transforms individual psychology.
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The firm strictly prohibited its registered representatives from using personal email addresses to conduct business and even required all written communication to be approved prior to sending.
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It is rare for a senior Department of Justice official to so sharply criticize the attorney general in a written communication that would soon be made public.
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Or that the dominance of written communication in the workplace should co-opt the way we're able to express ourselves in the messages that matter to us, personally.
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"Designing features of online mental health communities for the purpose of improving written communication can enhance the everyday life of individuals suffering from mental conditions," they wrote in the current study.
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The flipside of their technological competence will be a decrease in soft skills such as professional written communication and somewhat ironically, an emphasis or preference for in person meetings versus electronic.
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But in March, Chen confirmed to BuzzFeed News that he had taken over as CEO of the company, though there has been no public announcement or written communication about the move.
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According to ManpowerGroup data, 60 percent of employers say that good verbal and written communication skills are both the most important and the most challenging trait to find in a new candidate.
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"There was no pre-approved written communication anywhere in the January 30 communications that stated that Tesla would make around 500,000 cars in the 2019 year," the agency said in its complaint.
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McKeegan looks for three skills when hiring remote employees: strong written communication skills, the ability to work independently, and a sense of when to ask for help versus Googling for the answer.
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From there, workers will want to make contact with their supervisor to ask whether they can work from home either in person or in a written communication via email or a letter.
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This summer, your reputation of being slow to respond to texts is just going to get worse, as action planet Mars begins its lethargic retrograde in the written communication sector of your chart.
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While the role does not require an advanced degree, it does need a wide range of skills including oral and written communication abilities, computational proficiency, technical expertise, problem-solving abilities and leadership potential.
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The ministry in 2017 set up units in every government department — where less than 1 percent of written communication with the public is carried out in the language — to train civil servants in Guaraní.
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There's still a sense here of the futility of trying to teach a lesson, of hoping that you might be able to get people to consider their words more carefully in any form of written communication.
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It is already a misdemeanor in the state to harass someone via telephone or through forms of written communication, but the bill announced Wednesday would be the first to codify language against the unwanted transmission of images.
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According to a 2018 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, the three attributes of college graduates that employers considered most important were written communication, problem-solving and the ability to work in a team.
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We all loved the disappearing ink prank when we were children — it's much harder to pull off when your main method of written communication is a keyboard — but what does it have to do with the theme?
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To me, Joe and Kathleen's correspondence in You've Got Mail is a compelling reminder that email — not text, not even handwritten notes — is the most romantic form of written communication, because the back-and-forth stays there forever.
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The documents include any paperwork related to meetings between Trump and Putin, concerning written communication between the two, and any guidance for White House personnel with regard to the retention of records related to Trump's meetings with foreign leaders.
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A recent survey by the AACU revealed that in many instances, students are more than twice as likely as employers to report being well prepared in key areas such as critical thinking, oral and written communication skills and being creative.
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The bulk carrier Top Trader was receiving the load from state-run PDVSA when burning petroleum coke was noticed in three of its containers, according to the source and written communication between the vessel's captain, charterer U.S. Koch Industries and the ship broker.
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According to the filing, Musk now needs Tesla's securities lawyer to pre-approve any public, written communication containing information about: This change to the settlement agreement came after, on February 2360th, Musk tweeted Tesla would make "around" 4003,2400 Model 2000s this year.
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When the SEC sued him for securities fraud, Musk settled and agreed to have a securities lawyer (either inside or outside Tesla) review any written communication or tweets to his shareholders or the market that "reasonably could contain" material information about Tesla.
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Because despite the spam, you could be pretty sure you were good if you just checked it a few times a day, since most people used it as their primary means of written communication and they usually didn't expect an immediate response.
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Most of all, as he, teachers and other reading-instruction stakeholders have already joined forces to do in the Wisconsin Reading Coalition, he pleads with those who teach written communication and those who research it to start, at last, communicating with one another.
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One former long-term CEO of Inditex, and Mr Ortega's business partner for 31 years, José María Castellano, says that his ex-boss's working method is to discuss things intensely with small groups, delegate paperwork, listen hard to others and prefer oral over written communication.
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" Mr. Folta of Viacom said that there had been no communication from Mr. Redstone and that the only contact came through "written communication on Tuesday from Mr. Tu, a lawyer previously unknown until this week to anyone associated with Sumner other than Shari Redstone.
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With a gestural vocabulary of squiggles, lines, blots, swirls, and other pen marks — evoking script, calligraphy, ideograms, and glyphs, but lacking recognizable semantic content — her work is a Rorschach test, through which we can perceive our anxieties about the digital era's surfeit of written communication.
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The settlement could state that Musk must consult a Tesla attorney about any written communication (including tweets) that he makes about Tesla unless it would be obvious to any reasonable person that the statement could not possibly be deemed material at the time it was made.
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In an effort to improve written communication with patients, an initiative unveiled this week by the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges — which represents 250,000 doctors in Britain — is encouraging doctors to ditch confusing medical jargon and instead write to their patients directly in plain, simple English.
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WATCH: Teen Mom 2's Kailyn Lowry Shares Sweet First Family Photos Since Giving Birth to Baby Lo The petition comes after Lowry filed an order of protection against Marroquin, limiting their contact to written communication via email or text message, and solely about matters concerning their son.
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To quote the relevant statute: A solicitation is an oral or written communication that, construed as reasonably understood in the context in which it is made, contains a clear message asking, requesting, or recommending that another person make a contribution, donation, transfer of funds, or otherwise provide anything of value.
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" New York Penal Law § 240.30(1)(a) provides that a "person is guilty of aggravated harassment in the second degree when, with intent to harass, annoy, threaten or alarm another person, he or she ... communicates with a person, anonymously or otherwise, by telephone, by telegraph, or by mail, or by transmitting or delivering any other form of written communication, in a manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm.
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Able to work with others to meet tight deadlines and adjust direction efficiently and preciselyStrong verbal and written communication skills Other skills required for the job:A degree in Graphic Design or a related field, or equivalent experience and backgroundProficiency in Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesignExpert knowledge of Microsoft Word and PowerPointExperience with responsive design, data visualization, typography, GIF creation, photo editing, and infographicsUnderstanding of web and email design standards and best practicesA huge plus: Experience and understanding of web technologies (HTML5, CSS, JavaScript/jQuery), coding standards, and best practicesA huge plus: Ability to convert web and email designs into HTML If this sounds like a great job for you, please apply online and include a cover letter and portfolio of examples highlighting why you'd be a good fit for the role.
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Knowledge and Skills:• Excellent research and analytical ability• Acute attention to detail with a high level of data integrity and accuracy• Strong oral and written communication• Strong interpersonal skills and ability to work with people at all levels of the organization• Broad and deep technical knowledge of Federal legislative processes and ability to understand policy effects, including benefits and drawbacks, on financial services and banking policy sectors• Proficient computer skills including Microsoft Office along with various other online applications, as needed for the role• Broad and deep technical knowledge of US central bank functions including monetary policy, macroeconomics, central bank lending, payments systems, national and regional economics, cybersecurity and other supporting functions in order to understand policy effects Education and Experience:• 9+ years of relevant work experience• Bachelor's degree or equivalent experience Other/Physical Requirements:• Position requires continuous visual concentration and manual dexterity to operate PC• Minor lifting and carrying, not likely to exceed ten pounds• May require extended work hours• Occasional travel including overnight stays may be necessary Special Considerations: Candidate should review the FRB Employee Code of Conduct to ensure compliance with issues related to previous employment and prohibited financial interests.
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Written Communication is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of written communication. The editor-in-chief is Chad Wickman (Auburn University). It was established in 1984 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
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Over time the forms of and ideas about communication have evolved through the continuing progression of technology. Advances include communications psychology and media psychology, an emerging field of study. The progression of written communication can be divided into three "information communication revolutions": # Written communication first emerged through the use of pictographs. The pictograms were made in stone, hence written communication was not yet mobile.
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Nonetheless, paralanguage in written communication is limited in comparison with face-to-face conversation, sometimes leading to misunderstandings.
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The two different authentication models are often called oral communication and written communication models. In an oral communication model, the immediate source of information is known, whereas in stronger, written communication models, every step along the receiver learns not just the immediate source of the message, but the communication history of the message.
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Research as social practice: a case study of research on technical and professional communication. Written Communication, 17(2), 158-296.
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Dyson, A. H. (1995). Writing children: Reinventing the development of childhood literacy. Written Communication, 12(1), 4-46. Dyson, A. H. (1998).
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Nystrand, M. (1987). The context of written communication. In R. Horowitz and S. J. Samuels (Eds.), Understanding Oral and Written Discourse (pp. 197-214).
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Arabic was generally the primary spoken dialect in Egypt, and was the language of written communication. Coptic was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century.Lapidus, p. 52.
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Dyson, A. H. (1984). Emerging alphabetic literacy in school contexts: Toward defining the gap between school curriculum and child mind. Written Communication, 1(1), 5-55. Dyson, A. H. (1987).
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Individual differences in beginning composing: An orchestral vision of learning to compose. Written Communication, 4(4), 411-442. Dyson, A. H. (1990). Weaving possibilities: Rethinking metaphors for early literacy development.
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Written communication can also be delivered with minimal time delay (e-mail, SMS), and in some cases, with an imperceptible time delay (instant messaging). Writing is a preservable means of communication.
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The Reading Teacher, 44(3), 202-213. Dyson, A. H. (1992). The case of the singing scientist: A performance perspective on the" stages" of school literacy. Written Communication, 9(1), 3-47.
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Museum Scryption: This was a former museum in Tilburg with the main theme 'written communication'. SEA Foundation Tilburg: an internationally oriented art foundation, exhibition space and artist residence for artists, writers and curators.
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It is primarily a spoken language. All written communication is in Hindi. Attitudes toward Jad are negative with little institutional support. Education, media, television, and all other official sources of communication are in Hindi.
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After formal written communication from the VFA in 1895 that it did not recognise the existence of the council, national administration of the game returned to the informal process which had existed since 1883.
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Written Communication is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 1.267, ranking it 44 out of 84 journals in the category "Communication".
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In 1976, Apple created the first consumer computer. The computer was the start of mass written communication using email. Apple continues to be a leading company in computer use. In 1998, the first ever social media site SixDegrees.
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The official written language of Botswana is English. Most written communication and official business texts are written in English. The language of the Tswana people—Setswana—is the country's national language, and is spoken by most of the population.
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Email is the latest formal method of business communication. It is the most widely used method of written communication usually done in a conversational style. It is used when there is a need to communicate to large audience in an organization.
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This is also valid for written communication, as explained in William Wardrobe's essay "Beyond Hofstede: Cultural applications for communication with Latin American Businesses".Beyond Hofstede: Cultural applications for communication with Latin American, William Wardrobe, 2005, Association for Business Communication Annual Convention.
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Sound, sight and written communication systems played key roles in ensuring the safe operation of trains between stations. The newly invented electric telegraph was swiftly introduced to the railways. In 1876, the telephone was added. Later teleprinter took place of the telegraph.
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Verbal or written communication is known as "explicit," and involves such activities as "offering concessions." What happens, though, when this type of communication becomes impossible or improbable? This is when something called "tacit maneuvers" become important. Think of this as action-based communication.
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Law enforcement jargon refers to a large body of acronyms, abbreviations, codes and slang used by law enforcement personnel to provide quick concise descriptions of people, places, property and situations, in both spoken and written communication. These vary between countries and to a lesser extent regionally.
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Bengali is written using the Bengali script. In ancient Bengal, Sanskrit was the language of written communication, especially by priests. During the Islamic period, Sanskrit was replaced by Bengali as the vernacular language. The Sultans of Bengal promoted the production of Bengali literature instead of Sanskrit.
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An ikpe 'court case' recorded in nsibidi by J. K. Macgregor in the early 20th century. Advertisement in Igbo in Abia State. Note the use of the letter ụ. The Igbo people have long used Nsibidi ideograms, invented by the neighboring Ekoi people, for basic written communication.
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However, there are people who aren't good at oral or written communication. Instead, they are more comfortable with drawing and art. Graffiti is an illegal street art, and some people are attracted to the exciting and rebellious feeling of doing illegal things in an attempt to voice their opinions.
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They also seem to cross on the second landing above, after which each move off in their own direction. The meeting room contains frescos by Bartolomé Gallotti painted over a base of 24 carat gold, with themes relating to the history of written communication and the sending of messages.
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In California, over 565,000 older people fell more than once in 2007 (Wallace et al., 2010) and the costs of falls in California could reach $6.6 billion in 2020 (Trent, written communication, 2010). The fear of falling can lead to depression, isolation, and loss of independence for older adults.
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This is in accordance with the sayings of Prophet Muhammad: 'You hear (the science from me), then you heard by your students and your disciples heard ole pupils' (Hadith Abu Dawud). So the knowledge transfer methods in PPB includes two aspects as well as the verbal communication (oral communication) and written communication (written communication). Therefore, this method is not applied only in Pondok Pesantren Walibarokah Burengan Banjaran Kediri but also throughout the cabin LDII the ordinary worshipers are familiar with teaching methods in schools. This method is a method of learning in which teachers convey the meaning and description as well as the historical decline in the verses or hadith in question.
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The official languages of Botswana are English and Tswana. English, which was inherited from colonial rule, is the language of official business and most written communication. Most of the population speak Tswana, but over 20 smaller languages are also spoken. Some of the country's languages are in danger of becoming extinct.
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Print awareness refers to a child's understanding of the nature and uses of print. A child's print awareness is closely associated with his or her word awareness or the ability to recognize words as distinct elements of oral and written communication. Both skills are acquired in the child's natural environment.
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Commenting on writing: Typology and perceived helpfulness of comments from novice peer reviewers and subject matter experts. Written Communication, 23, 260–294.Topping, K., (1988). Peer assessment between students in colleges and universities. Review of Educational Research, 68(3). 249–276.Topping, K., Smith, E. F., Swanson, I., & Elliot, A. (2000).
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For example, the word for "name" in Bambara is [tɔgɔ] and in Maninka it is [tɔɔ], but the standard written N'Ko form is (/tô/). In written communication each person will write it a single unified way using the N'Ko script, and yet read and pronounce it as in their own linguistic variety.
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Written texts differ from conversational utterances in their explicitness; autonomous texts "say what they mean and mean what they say." See Nystrand, M., Himley, M., and Doyle, A. (1986). A critical examination of the doctrine of autonomous texts. In M. Nystrand, The Structure of Written Communication: Studies in Reciprocity between Writers and Readers.
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The Philippines uses the 12-hour notation in most oral or written communication, whether formal or informal. A colon (:) is used to separate the hour from the minutes (12:30 p.m.). The use of the 24-hour notation is usually restricted in use among airports, the military, police and other technical purposes.
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Business correspondence means the exchange of information in a written format for the process of business activities. Business correspondence can take place between organizations, within organizations or between the customers and the organization. The correspondence refers to the written communication between persons. Hence oral communication or face to face communication is not a business correspondence.
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Towards the end of the course, greater emphasis was given to the preparation and delivery of more classroom orientated activities such as short briefs, lecturing and improving written communication skills and attending informal lectures from external speakers who had a record of excellence of leadership or personal achievement in their own areas of personal endeavour.
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The Finnish spoken in informal conversation is similar on both sides of the river, although some newer words differ. To support the traditional language on the Swedish side a new written language has been devised, Meänkieli. On the Finnish side only Finnish is used in written communication. These two languages differ considerably in spelling.
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A social- interactive model of writing. Written communication, 6(1), 66-85. Nystrand’s social-interactive model of writing, in which text meaning is neither (a) found in the writer’s intentions, which, according to cognitive models of writing, the writer "translates" into text,Flower, L. and Hayes, J. (1977). Identifying the organization of writing processes.
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The rhetoric of mental health considers how language functions in the production of knowledge on topics such as mental and psychological disorders, chemical imbalances in the brain, and variations on what are considered normal mental faculties.McCarthy, Lucille Parkinson, and Joan Page Gerring. “Revising Psychiatry’s Charter Document: DSM-IV.” Written Communication 11.2 (1994): 147-92.
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In 1747/48 the Qianlong Emperor permitted a Dzungar embassy to travel to Tibet. The envoys arrived to Lhasa at the end of January 1748 and were received with celebrations. The contacts they made with Gyurme Namgyal meant that he could maintain written communication with Dzungaria and call for the Dzungars to march to Tibet via Ladakh.
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Writing (PBGR 7) I use written communication and appropriate technical language for a variety of audiences and purposes. Oral Communication (PBGR 8) I use oral communication for a variety of audiences and purposes. Technology (PBGR 9) I use technology effectively to find, organize, and communicate information for a variety of purposes. 5 Guidelines of VUHS: 1\.
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A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other written or non-written communication. Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter is Dear followed by the recipient's given name or title. For each style of salutation there is an accompanying style of complimentary close, known as valediction.
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Activity theory, according to David Russell, "traces cognition and behavior, including writing, to social interaction."Russell, David R. "Rethinking Genre in School and Society: An Activity Theory Analysis." Written Communication (October 1997). p.509. Activity theorists examine the ways that the work done in one sphere of activity could potentially change the work done in another.
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It is regarded as a rare trace of early written communication and important for further academic investigation. The pottery sherd shows a badly defined row of symbols in what some consider to be an abstract linear rather than pictographic form of character. It has not been reliably dated however suggestions have been made of c. 1800 BC or earlier.
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Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part of the "reading public", then society could be said to be enlightened.Chartier, 26, 26. Kant, "What is Enlightenment?" The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures.
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By the beginning of the second millennium the city of Cordoba in modern Spain, had become one of the foremost intellectual centers of the world and contained the world's largest library at the time. Its position as a crossroads between the Islamic and Western Christian worlds helped fuel intellectual development and written communication between both cultures.
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Typing Day (also known as International Typing Day or World Typing Day) is an annual event that falls on 8 January in Malaysia. It is co-organized by the STC (Speed Typing Contest) Team from JCI (Junior Chamber International) Mines and Team TAC (Typo Auto Corrector) to promote speed, accuracy and efficiency in written communication among the public.
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The 12-hour notation is widely used in daily life, written communication, and is used in spoken language. The 24-hour notation is used in rare situations where there would be widespread ambiguity. Examples include railway timetables, plane departure and landing timings. A colon is used to separate hours, minutes and seconds (for example 10:00:15).
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The Hall Braille Writer, along with Hall's advocacy, helped make Braille the dominant form of written communication for the blind. He never patented the machine because he thought profit would sully his work with the blind. The Hall Braille Writer was manufactured by the Harrison & Seifried company in Chicago, Illinois. It was manufactured for 10 dollars and sold for 11 dollars.
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At their College of Humanities, the members of the Legion of Christ undertake studies in humanities (Western Civilization, Literature, Art and Music Theory and History), oral and written communication, foreign languages (Latin, Greek, and Spanish), Mathematics, Physics, and Biology for Bioethics. Each year, the humanities students do a week of work with similar goals as the novices month of work.
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Verbal communication is interaction through words in linguistic form. Verbal communication consists of oral communication, written communication and sign language. It is an effective form of communication as the individuals sending and receiving the information are physically present, allowing immediate responses. In this form of communication, the sender uses words, spoken or written, to express the message to the individuals receiving the information.
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The peculiarity of the ECL testing is that it does not include grammar tests or translation tasks. The structure of the test is the same on all four levels. The oral exam consists of two parts in which "oral communication" and "listening" skills are assessed. As part of the written part of the examination "written communication" and "reading comprehension" skills are tested.
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Written in Arabic script, the first Rohingya language texts are more than 200 years old. While Arakan was under British rule (1826–1948), the Rohingya people used mainly English and Urdu for written communication. Since independence in 1948, Burmese has been used in all official communications. Since the early 1960s, Rohingya scholars have started to realise the need for a writing system suited to their own language.
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International detainees can be visited by home country consular. Such visit is the only venue whereby detainees can communicate with family and friends—detainees do not have phone privileges at all. Such visits must be approved by either the Police department or the district attorney, depending on case progression, and could be accompanied by a Chinese translator. Detainees are not allowed to provide written communication to visitors.
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In terms of time usage, both the 24-hour clock and 12-hour clock are widely used in the country. The 12-hour notation is widely used in daily life, written communication, and is used in spoken language. The 24-hour notation is used in situations where there would be widespread ambiguity. Examples include railway timetables, plane departure and landing timings, and TV schedules.
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The Incas were not known to develop a written form of language; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (qirus). These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g.: heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear.
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BOLLETTINO DI GEOFISICA TEORICA ED APPLICATA, 45 (3) 113-.129 Finally, a huge amount of data was published providing access to seismic researchers and practitioners in Europe. Many people argue that Ambraseys's greatest contribution is in the field of historical seismicity. He personally searched, found and collected an enormous amount of information about earthquakes which existed in various libraries, manuscripts and other forms of written communication around the world.
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As of 2016, 70.1% of total population is Roman Catholic. According to a 2012 survey, the population aged 15 years and older is mostly Roman Catholic (70%), further Christian denominations account for 10% of the population (including Swiss Reformed 4%), 2% are Muslims and 1% of the population has another religion (including Jews 0.1%). The official language, and the one used for most written communication, is Swiss Italian.
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The station serves most of the northwest side of Chicago and several surrounding suburbs that purchase water from Chicago. Seven steam driven pumps are used to pump water. The venturis at the station do not have bronze throat-liners, unlike those at other Chicago-area pumping stations, but this is not reported to be a problem (B. Whalin, USDA-ARS Water Conservation Laboratory, written communication, October 11, 2000).
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Hoffman and others (2011) examined the effects of distal vs. proximal traits on leader effectiveness. He found that distal individual differences of achievement motivation, energy, flexibility, dominance, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, creativity, and charisma were strongly correlated with leader effectiveness. Additionally, he found that the proximal individual differences of interpersonal skills, oral communication, written communication, management skills, problem solving skills, and decision making were also strongly correlated with leader effectiveness.
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The Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP) formed in 1991 in the United States on the initiative of scholars Jonathan Rose, Simon Eliot, and others. Its members study the history of books and the "composition, mediation, reception, survival, and transformation of written communication." The group maintains an electronic discussion list (SHARP-L), produces the academic journal Book History (est. 1998), and holds annual meetings.
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Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," Written Communication, 3(3), 1986, 275-296. Similarly, John Oddo stated that American reporters covering Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell's discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell's allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell's claims. Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization".
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Its spheres of use involve informal, interpersonal communication: conversation in the home, among friends, in marketplaces. In some diglossias, this vernacular dialect is virtually unwritten. Those who try to use it in literature may be severely criticized or even persecuted. The other dialect is held in high esteem and is devoted to written communication and formal spoken communication, such as university instruction, primary education, sermons, and speeches by government officials.
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Chemutai Goin has been in the media industry for the last eight years. She exhibits key elements of storytelling which include reporting, producing feature stories and written communication for research. She started as an intern at Kenya Television Network (KTN) and was able to advance and equip herself with the necessary skills thus shaping her career as she took political reporting as her niche. Chemutai then joined Capital FM as a reporter.
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During Romania's communist period, it was generally frowned upon to use domn/doamnă (meaning Mr./Mrs.) to address people, preferring tovarăș (comrade) or cetățean (citizen) instead. This was reflected in written communication from that period. Today, society has reverted to using domn/doamnă as the standard way to address or refer to others. Today, salutations using the distinctly communist-sounding tovarăș or cetățean are only used in closed communist circles or humorously.
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While Indian languages are preferred in other means of communication in India (e.g. oral and written communication, radio, TV, newspapers and magazines), English is still the most preferred language for text input. The focus of this project is to increase the Indian text input on smartphones and tablets. A better text input mechanism will be helpful to people with little or no knowledge of English, and also for those who prefer not to use English.
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Church services, including the sermon and prayers, are usually in Swiss Standard German. Generally in any educational setting Swiss Standard German is used (during lessons, lectures or tutorials). However, outside of lessons Swiss-German dialects are used, even when, for example, talking to a teacher about the class. The situations in which Swiss Standard German is spoken are characteristically formal and public, and there are situations where written communication is also important.
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He was born during the Dazhongxiangfu () era of the Song dynasty in Xianyou () county of Xinghua () prefecture, now Xianyou County in Putian of Fujian province. In the eight year of the Tiansheng () era (1030 CE) he obtained the degree of jinshi (進士, lit. "advanced scholar"), a graduate who passed the triennial court exam. His highest rank was Secretariat Drafter of the Duanming Court (Duanmingdian Xueshi), in charge of written communication of the imperial government.
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The king's nomadic lifestyle also facilitated control over local magnates, strengthening national cohesion. Medieval government was for a long time a system of personal relationships, rather than an administration of geographic areas. Therefore, the ruler had to "personally" deal with his subordinates. This "oral" culture gradually, during medieval times, gave way to a "documentary" type of rule - based on written communication, which generated archives, making stationary rule increasingly more attractive to the kings.
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Students enrolling in AP Russian Language and Culture are typically in their fourth or fifth year of language study, or have had equivalent experience with the language. The exam is reported with a score of 1 to 5. A prototype exam was administered to students in 2010. An unofficial exam was created and distributed by the American Council for International Education, and was split into four segments: reading and listening comprehension, integrated written communication, and oral proficiency overview.
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On the night of April 7, 1865, in the company of Colonel Heman H. Perry, assistant adjutant general of Moxley Sorrel's brigade, English received the first written communication from Grant to Lee about a surrender, which happened soon after at Appomattox Court House. Following his parole, English arrived in Atlanta on May 14, 1865, where he later became a banker. On December 1, 1880, he defeated developer H. I. Kimball to become mayor, taking office in January.
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The Krymchaks speak a modified form of the Crimean Tatar language, called the Krymchak language. It is the Jewish patois, or ethnolect of Crimean Tatar, which is a Kypchak Turkic language. Krymchak is not a distinct language, but only one constituent of Crimean Tatar. Before the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Krymchaks were at least bilingual: they spoke the Krymchak ethnolect and at the same time mostly used Hebrew for their religious life and for written communication.
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Interactive writing and gifted children: Communication through literacy. Journal for the Education of the gifted, X (2), 99–106. points out that the learning styles of gifted children (rapid development, open exploration, self-motivated, dislike of rote drills) are uniquely compatible with the dynamic communication that is possible in dialogue journals. Armstrong studied the importance of teachers learning to use a wide variety of language functions to create shared mutuality and engage gifted students in written communication.
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People corresponding with state bodies can generally send and receive correspondence in Irish or English. The ESB, Irish Rail/Iarnród Éireann and Irish Water/Uisce Éireann have Irish-speaking customer support representatives and offer both Irish and English language options on their phone lines, along with written communication in both languages. These services are being phased in to all State organisations. The Emergency response number 112 or 999 also have agents who deal with emergency calls in both languages.
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In written communication each person will write it one single way in N'Ko, and yet read and pronounce it as in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a koiné language blending elements of the principal Manding languages, which are mutually intelligible, but has a very strong Maninka flavour. There has also been documented use of N'Ko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwestern Nigeria.
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Mūlabhadra (മൂലഭദ്ര) aka Mūlabhadri (:ml:മൂലഭദ്രി) was a secret method of communication employed by the royal spies of the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom during the medieval period. The scheme was also colloquially referred to as Mūlapatra. It was essentially a cryptographic scheme involving a partial transposition of the letters of the Malayalam alphabet. The scheme had been extensively used by King Marthanda Varma (1706–1758) of Travancore Kingdom and his spies both for oral and written communication of messages.
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His mother died in 1952. A Nazi, she had greatly enjoyed dining with Hitler. Wolters and longtime Speer secretary Annemarie Kempf, while not permitted direct communication with Speer in Spandau did what they could to help his family and carry out the requests Speer put in letters to his wife—the only written communication he was officially allowed. Beginning in 1948, Speer had the services of Toni Proost, a sympathetic Dutch orderly to smuggle mail and his writings.
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Probation and parole officers are required to possess excellent oral and written communication skills, a broad knowledge of the criminal justice system. This includes knowledge of the roles, relationships, and responsibilities that are distributed among the government agencies and outside organizations. Government agencies include the courts, the parole authority, the Bureau of Prisons or Department of Corrections, local jails, the prosecuting attorneys, and other police agencies. Outside organizations may include legal services, substance abuse counseling and social services agencies.
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In a later written communication circa 1958, Brown again revised the age still older, stating the fossils found in the area of Mount Elizabeth indicated an Oligocene age. This age was used by R.L. Parker and J. A. Calkins in their 1964 work on the Curlew Quadrangle of Ferry County. Since then the fossil-bearing strata of the Formation have been radiometrically dated, to give a current estimate of the Ypresian, the mid stage of the early Eocene,.
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Talmud Torah offers an integrated program of Judaic and secular studies in a Hebrew Bilingual setting, offering Hebrew bilingual instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 9 with an emphasis on Judaic Studies. The school's focus is on the development of language in both English and Hebrew to ensure students excel in oral and written communication. Classes are kept as small as possible. Parents, organized through the Talmud Torah Society and the school council, are actively involved in the life and fabric of the school.
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The external influences of Chukchi have not been well- studied. In particular, the degree of contacts between the Chukchi and Eskimo languages remains an open question. Research into this area is problematic in part because of the lack of written evidence. (Cf. de Reuse in the Bibliography.) Contact influence of Russian, which is increasing, consists of word borrowing and pressure on surface syntax; the latter is primarily seen in written communication (translated texts) and is not apparent in day-to-day speech.
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The FATP privilege applies only to communications made on or after July 22, 1998. The privilege does not apply to any written communication before October 22, 2004, between a federally authorized tax practitioner and a director, shareholder, officer, employee, agent, or representative of a corporation in connection with the promotion of the direct or indirect participation of such corporation in any tax shelter.The term tax shelter is defined in . Section 7525 was amended by the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004,Pub.
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This book, first published in 1956, was written by Frederic M. Wheelock, who received a PhD from Harvard University. Wheelock's Latin has become the standard text for many American introductory Latin courses. The Living Latin movement attempts to teach Latin in the same way that living languages are taught, as a means of both spoken and written communication. It is available at the Vatican and at some institutions in the US, such as the University of Kentucky and Iowa State University.
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This refers to the formalized execution of the event; guest speakers and members alike might still use Japanese for presentations or informal salutations. AV Edo-Rhenania uses the same array of predominantly German and Latin songs at its events as is common among fraternities in Central Europe. The songbook currently in use is the Allgemeines Deutsches Kommersbuch. For official texts such as the statutes of the fraternity, as well as for written communication between members, Japanese and German are used almost interchangeably.
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He was the editor of the journal: Discourse, Context and Media. He has been on the editorial boards of the journals Applied Linguistics, Discourse & Society, English for Specific Purposes, ESPecialist, Language in Society, Language Teaching Research, Science as Culture, Text and Talk, and Written Communication. Myers was the editor, along with Ruth Wodak, the John Benjamins Publishing Company's series Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society, and Culture. In 2011, Myers was elected as the Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences.
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Glass, pp. 39–54, 56–57 These initial successes aside, in Spring 1943, seemingly forgotten by SOE headquarters in London, Starr was suffering from a skin disease probably caused by stress and contemplating failure and the abandonment of his mission. He sent Denise Bloch, an SOE agent on the run from another part of France, to Spain and hence to England with a written report (violating his own rule against written communication) requesting money and a wireless operator of his own.
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The introduction of written language and mathematics to the new world was of paramount importance. The 26-letter, Roman-based alphabet that formed the basis for French and English words was arguably much more flexible that the pictographs that characterized eastern languages. The pen along with ink and paper made written communication possible and allowed private individuals, businessmen, the clergy and government officials to produce the documents essential for social, commercial, religious and political intercourse. This created a need for mail service.
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He pays attention to the Elizabethan theater and the relationship between English and American literature with film, music and other arts. He is also president of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes (AELFE), and a member of the Editorial Board of the international journals English for Specific Purposes and Written Communication. He is author of over seventy academic publications, including Netlinguistics: Language, Discourse and Ideology in Internet (2003) and the Spanish Computing Dictionary: English-Spanish, Spanish-English (2004).Goodreads website.
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This prevents divers from performing at their full potential. Voice communication is the most generally useful format underwater, as visual forms are more affected by visibility, and written communication and signing are relatively slow and restricted by diving equipment. Recreational divers do not usually have access to voice communication equipment, and it does not generally work with a standard scuba demand valve, so they use other signals. Hand signals are generally used when visibility allows, and there are a range of commonly used signals, with some variations.
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Tom Fairley Award for Editorial Excellence Established in 1983 and presented annually, The Tom Fairley Award for Editorial Excellence recognizes the editor's often invisible contribution to written communication. The cash award of $2,000 for the winner and $500 for each of the other two finalists is made possible by the association and its donors. Claudette Upton Scholarship The Claudette Upton Scholarship is an annual award of $1,000 that recognizes a student editor from among Editors Canada's membership. It was awarded for the first time in 2010.
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On March 28, 2017, a supervisor in the Office of International Climate and Clean Energy asked staff to avoid the phrases "climate change," "emissions reduction," or "Paris Agreement" in written memos, briefings or other written communication. A DOE spokesperson denied that phrases had been banned. In a May 2019 press release concerning natural gas exports from a Texas facility, the DOE used the term 'freedom gas' to refer to natural gas. The phrase originated from a speech made by Secretary Rick Perry in Brussels earlier that month.
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I had to create this kind of pseudonym so I could do things without people really knowing about it and having expectations about it." As Bob Evans, he concludes written communication with the sign offs: "XXXBOBXXX" or "XXXbobXXX", akin to SMS language. Bob Evan's debut album, Suburban Kid, was released on 8 September 2003 by Redline Records, Evans co- produced it with Simon Struthers. AllMusic's Jason Ankeny compared the album to his material with Jebediah: it showed a "more intimate, roots-flavored dimension of his songwriting.
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Until the 19th century, Bulgarian was predominantly a spoken language, with no standardized written form of the vernacular dialects. Formal written communication was usually in the Church Slavonic language. For a long time the Cyrillic script was primarily associated with religious texts, and as such it was more resistant to changes. The early Cyrillic alphabet from the 9th century developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, contained 44 letters for 44 sounds. However, by the 19th century the Bulgarian sound system had changed and contained fewer sounds.
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Each student who enters the undergraduate degree program is required to complete Webster's Global Citizenship Program. The program aims at teaching students how to confront global issues and the quickly-changing society of the 21st century. The program criteria include six knowledge areas (Roots of Cultures, Social Systems & Human Behavior, Physical & Natural World, Global Understanding, Arts Appreciation, and Quantitative Literacy) and five skill areas (Critical Thinking, Oral Communication, Ethical Reasoning, Written Communication, Intercultural Competence) each with a variety of courses students can choose from.
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Much of her training involved mastery of the necessary encryption techniques and the associated rotating sipher tables. She was taught about important codes, addresses and pseudonyms for German intelligence contacts in London. During breaks in her study, Alexander came to explain various tools of the trade including the wooden box which, using easily replaceable ingredients such as lemon juice, alcohol and cotton wool, contained the necessary elements for written communication using "invisible ink". There was a close-range miniature dart shooter disguised as a pen.
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Rastemama complained to his sister and Gopikabai urged Madhavrao to reconsider the fine, he simply refused and did not budge even when she threatened to move out of Shaniwarwada. Gopikabai decided to live separately in Gangapur near Nashik, the two always shared frequent written communication. He had great respect, love and regard for his mother, which is visible in the letters exchanged between the two. Madhavrao was one of the most able administrators; he brought radical revolutions in the Maratha Empire in terms of efficiency and honesty.
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For most engineers not involved at the cutting edge of system design and development, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many senior engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason, project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
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Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important. The workplaces of engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a fabrication plant, on board a Naval ship, the offices of a consulting firm or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists, electricians, computer programmers, and other engineers.
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Chinese characters are complicated and depending on how the string of characters is put together, the meaning can be quite different. Post 1950, to speed up the education of the masses, People's Republic of China has implemented a Simplified Chinese characters set of over 2,300 characters. This is a version with less stokes per character, taken from the entire pool of the more complex tradition Chinese characters. The easier to learn simplified version covered the needs for written communication in the daily life of the general public.
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IMT N has a rigorous admission procedure. Prospective students are required to qualify by taking the CAT, XAT, GMAT or CMAT test. Based on performance in one of the above-mentioned tests, applicants will be shortlisted and called for the subsequent round of screening which comprises a written communication test, group exercise and personal interview. Several components like admission test score, performance in written test, group exercise and personal interview, past academic performance and relevant work experience will be considered for the final admission call.
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The majority of the Tzʼutujil people have Spanish as their second language, although many of the older people, or those in more remote locations do not. Many children also do not learn Spanish until they go to school around the age of five although more importance is now being placed upon it due to the influx of tourism into the region. As of 2012, the Community Library Rijaʼtzuul Naʼooj in San Juan La Laguna features story telling for children in Tzʼutujil; bilingual children's books are also available. Spanish is used in written communication.
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The ten-codes are used only for voice communications, usually radio transmissions and denote commonly used phrases; for example 10-16 means domestic disturbance for some agencies. Use of ten-codes is intended for the clear, quick, and concise communication between law enforcement officers. The response codes consist of the word "Code" followed by a number; for example "Code 3" means lights and sirens. Numbers and alphanumeric combinations referring to offenses and actions covered by legal codes are often used both as nouns and verbs in both spoken and written communication.
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Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in Shuruppak, Sumerian tablet, circa 2600 BC The earliest forms of written communication originated in Sumer, located in southern Mesopotamia about 3500-3000 BCE. During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by the need to manage the new quantities of information and the new type of governance created by trade and large scale production".Easton, P. (in press). "History and spread of literacy", Excerpted from Sustaining Literacy in Africa: Developing a Literate Environment, Paris: UNESCO Press pp. 46-56.
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Parallel to the Independent Counsel track, both houses of the United States Congress had been investigating Whitewater and holding hearings on it. The House Committee on Financial Services had been scheduled to begin hearings in late March 1994, but they were postponed after an unusually angry, written communication from Democratic Banking Committee chair Henry B. Gonzalez to Republican Jim Leach. Gonzalez called Leach "obstinate", "obdurate", "in willful disregard" of House etiquette, and "premeditatedly" plotting a "judicial adventure". The House Banking Committee began its hearings in late July 1994.
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She has published articles in Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, Research in the Teaching of English, Linguistics and Education, Discourse and Society, Written Communication and co-authored articles in Harvard Education Review, Language Arts, Urban Education and International Journal of Educational Reform. Her edited book Literacy as Snake Oil: Beyond the Quick Fix addresses the problem of the commodification of literacy. She also co-edited the Handbook of Early Childhood Literacy. Her newest book is Making Literacy Real: Theories and Practices in Learning and Teaching, co-authored with Jackie Marsh.
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The teacher or more competent peer assists, "scaffolds," the child's actions or behavior by working collaboratively with the learner. This is different from the learner's actual abilities when working independently on the same task or goal. This concept captures the nature of dialogue journal communication, in which the goal of understanding is achieved by a collaborative effort, with the more competent partner ensuring its accomplishment. Authentic written communication in a first or second language over time develops learner competence in expressing oneself in the language and understanding the statements of the other person.
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The Todhri alphabet is an 18th-century Albanian alphabet invented for writing the Albanian language by Dhaskal Todhri (born Theodor (Todhri) Haxhifilipi). It is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around Elbasan from the late eighteenth century on. The Todhri alphabet was discovered in Elbasan by Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869) who published it in 1854 his work Albanesische Studien in Jena. He considered it to be 'the original' Albanian alphabet and a derivative of the ancient Phoenician script.
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Bouncers need to be able to detect the early warning signs of a potential confrontation with a patron, by observing crowds and individuals and spotting the signs of a "heated" interaction that could become a fight. Bouncers also profit from good written communication skills, because they are often required to document assaults in an incident log or using an incident form. Well-kept incident logs can protect the employee from any potential criminal charges or lawsuits that later arise from an incident. Bouncers need to be polite when answering questions or controlling crowds.
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"In general, Arabic became the language of written communication in administration, literature, and religion. Arabic also became the primary spoken dialect in the western parts of the Middle East – Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia and Iraq – where languages close to Arabic, such as Aramaic, were already spoken. The spread of Arabic was faster than the diffusion of Islam, but this is not to say that the process was rapid or complete. For example, Coptic was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century." Lustreware Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century.
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The last reason, and also the most important factor affecting the development of academic discourse is the spread of English. English becomes as a lingua franca for oral and written communication. Even academic journals, as a representative type of academic discourse, are most in English. Moreover, “the global status of English has come to influence both the lives of scholars throughout the globe and the production and exchange of academic knowledge in the twenty-first century.” As a result, the learning of academic discourse is especially meaningful for second language learners.
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All Bachelor of Fine Arts degree students choose a focus for their studies in an area of personal and academic interest called an emphasis, such as cinematography, directing, digital marketing, or digital modeling. Flashpoint has integrated critical studies competencies and skills into the outcomes of specialty courses. Critical Studies learning outcomes include critical thinking and problem solving, oral and written communication, global awareness and responsibility, information literacy, quantitative reasoning, and aesthetic literacy. Columbia College Hollywood has operating and degree- granting authority in the Chicago region from the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE).
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It is generally considered polite to address a woman by Ms rather than Mrs, unless the preference of the woman in question is clearly known. This is especially true in written communication, as dictated by professional etiquette. Modern etiquette provides various options in addressing married couples in which the wife uses her own last name, or uses a title such as Dr, Mayor, or Ms. Etiquette writer Judith Martin ("Miss Manners") generally advises that, in non-standard situations, the individuals be addressed on separate lines when writing invitations (e.g., "Dr Sue Martin/Mr John Martin").
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On October 21, 2015, Citron Research founder Andrew Left, a short seller of Valeant shares, published claims that Valeant recorded false sales of products to specialty pharmacy Philidor Rx Services and its affiliates. These specialty companies were controlled by Valeant, and allegedly resulted in improper bookkeeping of revenues. In addition, by controlling the pharmacy services offered by Philidor, Valeant allegedly steered Philidor's customers to expensive drugs sold by Valeant. One alleged practice entailed Valeant employees directly managing Philidor's business operations while posing as Philidor employees, and with all written communication under fictitious names.
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Among Southern Baptists in the United States, pastors are often referred to in written communication and formal address as Reverend. However, Southern Baptist pastors are often orally addressed as either Brother (Brother Smith, as New Testament writers describe Christians as being brothers and sisters in Christ) or Pastor (as in Pastor Smith or simply Pastor without the pastor's last name). Many African American Baptists use "Reverend" informally and formally, however correctly The Reverend John Smith or The Reverend Mary Smith. Members of the National Baptist Convention usually refer to their pastors as The Reverend.
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In some Methodist churches, especially in the United States, ordained and licensed ministers are usually addressed as Reverend, unless they hold a doctorate in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as The Reverend Doctor. In informal situations Reverend is used. The Reverend, however, is used in more formal or in written communication, along with His/Her Reverence or Your Reverence. Brother or Sister is used in some places, although these are formally used to address members of Methodist religious orders, such as the Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery.
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The Science Communication Prize is an annual award in science writing given by the European Commission. It was begun as a Descartes Prize in 2004, but in 2007 was separated to its own prize.Research - EU Prize for excellence in science communication It is a "prize of prizes" that is only open to winners of other award schemes from the year preceding the award. Eligible forms of science communication include public engagement, written communication including newspaper articles and popular science books, audio-visual media including TV programmes and websites, and "innovative action".
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Nystrand’s theory of writing posits that written communication is governed by reciprocity between writers and readers, and his model outlines the textual "moves" that writers make vis-à-vis readers in order to initiate and sustain their interaction. Because Nystrand’s theory is based on reciprocity between writer and reader and a dialogic conception of meaning, it differs fundamentally from Grice’s cooperation model of communication,Grice, H. P. (1975 [1967]). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58).
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Wolters and longtime Speer secretary Annemarie Kempf, while not permitted direct communication with Speer in Spandau, did what they could to help his family and carry out the requests Speer put in letters to his wife—the only written communication officially allowed Speer. Beginning in 1948, Speer had the services of a sympathetic Dutch orderly to smuggle mail. In 1949, Wolters opened a special bank account for Speer, the Schulgeldkonto or "School Fund Account", and began fundraising among those architects and industrialists who had benefited from Speer's activities during the war.
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Finalists come from a diverse range of graduate institutions, but the schools with the most PMF Finalists in 2014 included American University, University of Michigan, Harvard University, Georgetown University, George Washington University, Columbia University, and Johns Hopkins University. The application process requires a résumé, an online assessment, and short essays. Potential fellows should demonstrate breadth and quality of accomplishments, capacity for leadership, exceptional oral and written communication skills, and a commitment to excellence in the leadership and management of public policies and programs. The application occurs usually during the autumn.
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However, with the arrival of the Internet and its iconic AOL notice "You've Got Mail", written expressions of love made a partial comeback - and provided the plot device for a highly successful 1998 romantic comedy by that name, You've Got Mail. So far out of fashion had written love letters fallen that in the 2000s one can find websites where advice is given on how to write one.Salecl, p. 29 As ever, an advantage of written communication - being able to express thoughts and feelings as they come to a writer's mind - remains.
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The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. There are authors (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Bagno, Perini) who describe it as a case of diglossia, considering that informal BP has developed – both in phonetics and grammar – in its own particular way. Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register (FW) is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school.
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Besides her constant written communication with her family, friends, and the CMS headquarters in England, Bird wrote a book in 1899, Persian Women and Their Creed, which outlines some of the CMS missionary work among Iranian women and children, Bird's observations of the Iranian culture, and some personal accounts of medical work and converts. She wrote it in order to raise awareness in England of “the spiritual needs of Persian women.” Bird, Mary, Persian Women and Their Creed, London: Church Missionary Society, Salisbury Square, E.C. 1899, p. v.
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Although Kriol is widely spoken, its literal translation is minimal, with the exception of the Bible, and stories produced for the bilingual program which are available through the Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages. This means that literacy rates of Kriol are quite low. Apart from practical implications of this, especially if English literacy is also low (i.e., written communication, education opportunities), it means that traditional stories are either not recorded in written form, or the Ngukurr people must rely on texts from Barunga, which may lessen the identity distinction between the two groups.
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The stylistic differences between the syntax and lexicon of men and women extends even beyond written communication. In other applications of communication the same rift exists. In computer programming and coding, women are believed to write code that is more user-friendly, containing comments that explain how to use it, and easy to understand variables, while code written by men tends to be cryptic and obscure. Emma McGrattan, a programmer located in Silicon Valley, says she can accurately determine whether code was written by a man or a woman just by looking at it.
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Old Bulgarian was established as the language of liturgy and written communication along with the Cyrillic script created in Bulgaria, which was used for the Romanian language until the 1860s; the first written text in the Romanian language, Neacşu's letter of 1512, illustrates this trend: it was written in Cyrillic, intermixed with Bulgarian sentences and phrases. To this day, a notable part of Romanian's core vocabulary is of Latinized South Slavic origin, although much of it was replaced by Romance and Classical Latin loanwords in the 19th century.
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He was very good at written communication and sometimes continued fighting battles long after the other party had conceded defeat. The last round of the clash with the Commissioner was concluded as follows: "I am sure that Mr Jackson has tact enough if he chooses to enable me to avoid further friction" . Mr Jackson probably did exercise a lot of tact, as a few years later he invited Fourcade to join him for lunch with the Governor, Alfred Milner and the Mayor of Knysna, an exclusive event for just four people. All that was still in the future.
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Schools in North America lack the necessary resources for supporting refugee children, particularly in negotiating their academic experience and in addressing the diverse learning needs of refugee children. Complex schooling policies that vary by classroom, building and district, and procedures that require written communication or parent involvement intimidate the parents of refugee children. Educators in North America typically guess the grade in which refugee children should be placed because there is not a standard test or formal interview process required of refugee children. Sahrawi refugee children learning Arabic and Spanish, math, reading and writing, and science subjects.
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Sahitya Akademi has recognized this language by conferring Bhasha Samman awards to Saurashtra Scholars. Most Saurashtrians are bilingual in their mother tongue and Tamil and are more comfortable using their second language for all practical written communication though of late, some of them started writing in Sourashtram using Saurashtra script. There is an ongoing debate within the Saurashtra community regarding the use of the script for the Saurashtra language right from 1920 when a resolution was passed to adopt Devanagari Script for Saurashtra Language. Though some of the books were printed in Devanagari script, it failed to register the growth of the language.
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The use of Catalan in government-run institutions and in public events was banned. During later stages of Francoist Spain, certain folkloric or religious celebrations in Catalan were allowed to resume and were tolerated. Use of Catalan in the mass media was initially forbidden, but beginning in the early 1950s, it was permitted in the theater. Publishing in Catalan continued throughout the Spanish State.. There were attempts at prohibiting the use of spoken Catalan in public and in commerce, and all advertising and signage had to be in Spanish, as did all written communication in business.
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In B.A. Raforth & D.L. Rubin (Eds.), The social construction of meaning (pp. 195–217). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Opportunities to participate in authentic written communication in a new language, in contrast to the restrictions of formal written assignments, is perhaps the major reason that teachers of second languages, particularly of English, have adopted this practice in classrooms around the world. (See section on Use in international settings.) While the descriptions here focus on interactive writing as a way to promote student learning, improved student-teacher relationships can also promote the health and success of students, especially more behaviorally challenged students.
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Contrary to popular conception, however, Victorian society recognised that both men and women enjoyed copulation. Verbal or written communication of sexual feelings was also often proscribed so people instead used the language of flowers. However, they also wrote explicit erotica, perhaps the most famous being the racy tell-all My Secret Life by the pseudonym Walter (allegedly Henry Spencer Ashbee), and the magazine The Pearl, which was published for several years and reprinted as a paperback book in the 1960s. Victorian erotica also survives in private letters archived in museums and even in a study of women's orgasms.
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In the past, more gairaigo came from other languages besides English. The first period of borrowing occurred during the late fourth century A.D., when a massive number of Chinese characters were adopted. This period could be considered as one of the most significant in the history of gairaigo, because it was the first moment when the written communication systems using kanji were formed. The first non-Asian countries to have extensive contact with Japan were Portugal and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Japanese has several loanwords from Portuguese and Dutch, many of which are still used.
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Second language writing is the practice of teaching English composition to non native speakers and writers of English. Teaching writing to ESL students does not receive much attention because even in ESL classes teachers focus on speaking, listening and reading, not just writing. Paul Kei Matsuda in his article "Situating ESL Writing in a Cross-Disciplinary Context" stresses the importance of teaching writing specifically with understanding the needs of ESL students to help them improve their writing.Matsuda, Paul K. "Situating ESL Writing in a Cross-Disciplinary Context." Written Communication, Sage Publications, 1998, 15 (1), pp 99-121.
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The Computer Unit and the English Language Teaching Unit, which come under the purview of the vice-chancellor, operate through a director or a coordinator, offer service courses to the undergraduates of both faculties at Kuliyapitiya to further their IT, oral and written communication skills. An academic year consists of two semesters of 15 weeks each. Academic programs are based on a course credit system, which embodies characteristics such as modularity, flexibility, and accumulation of credits. After a semester, a two-week study leave is given before the semester-end examinations conducted in a three-week period.
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Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication. It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invention of the written language, demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings around 30,000 years ago (Art of the Upper Paleolithic).Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge 2011c These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. The sketches and paintings produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylised and simplified in to symbol systems (proto-writing) and eventually into early writing systems.
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A 2005 study by Igboanusi and Peter demonstrated the preferential attitude towards English over the Igbo language amongst Igbo people in the communication, entertainment, and media domains. English was preferred by Igbo speakers at 56.5% for oral communication, 91.5% for written communication, 55.5–59.5% in entertainment, and 73.5–83.5% for media. The effect of English on Igbo languages amongst bilingual Igbo speakers can be seen by the incorporation of English loanwords into Igbo and code-switching between the two languages. English loanwords, which are usually nouns, have been found to retain English semantics, but typically follow phonological and morphological structures of Igbo.
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Ojibwa pictographs on cliff-face at Agawa Rock, Lake Superior Provincial Park of a boat and Mishipeshu, an animal with horns, painted with red ochre Early written symbols were based on pictographs (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms (symbols which represent ideas). Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations began to adapt such symbols to represent concepts, developing them into logographic writing systems. Pictographs are still in use as the main medium of written communication in some non-literate cultures in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania. Pictographs are often used as simple, pictorial, representational symbols by most contemporary cultures.
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4 The basic affordances of virtual collaborative learning are to have the ability to synchronously and asynchronously communicate via an array of electronic tools, e.g.: group and discussion chats, wikis, and blogs, where application transparency is essential. The main barrier to virtual collaborative learning is the difficulty in achieving agreement when diverse viewpoints, cultural boundaries, acuity of thoughts, or different working and cognitive learning styles exist.5 Virtual collaborative learning systems can be divided into two main categories: action-oriented from where the participant’s knowledge is captured and shared or text-oriented which focuses on participants sharing knowledge via written communication.
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The origin of typographical ligatures comes from the invention of writing with a stylus on fibrous material (like paper) or clay. Businessmen especially who needed a way to speed up the process of written communication found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than the bulky long forms. The earliest known script, Sumerian cuneiform, includes many cases of character combinations that, over time, gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Ligatures figure prominently in many historical manuscripts, notably the Brahmic abugidas, or the bind rune of the Migration Period Germanic runic inscriptions.
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Mashriqi Arabic is used for almost all spoken communication, as well as in television and advertising in Egypt and Lebanon, but Modern Standard Arabic is used in written communication. In Lebanon, where Mashriqi Arabic was taught as a colloquial language as a separate subject under French colonization, some formal textbooks exist. The varieties of Mashriqi have a significant degree of mutual intelligibility, especially between geographically adjacent ones (such as Lebanese and Syrian or between Iraqi and Kuwaiti). On the contrary, Darija is very hard to understand for Arabic-speakers from the Mashriq, as it derives from different substrata.
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Later Korea, Japan, and Vietnam developed strong central governments modeled on Chinese institutions, with Literary Chinese as the language of administration and scholarship, a position it would retain until the late 19th century in Korea and (to a lesser extent) Japan, and the early 20th century in Vietnam. Scholars from different lands could communicate, albeit only in writing, using Literary Chinese. Although they used Chinese solely for written communication, each country had its own tradition of reading texts aloud, the so-called Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Chinese words with these pronunciations were also extensively imported into the Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese languages, and today comprise over half of their vocabularies.
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There is a high degree of bilingualism in Uttarakhand. Hindi is the official language of the state, so all written communication in addition to mainstream media and formal discussions are in Hindi, while Tibeto-Burman languages like Byangsi are now only spoken at home, between close friends and family. Byangsi is not written, although there has been a recent movement among its speakers to create a script for a uniform written language, which may greatly help preserve the language for years to come if successful. Many Tibeto-Burman languages borrow frequently from more widely-known languages, Byangsi borrows to a lesser degree than its relatives.
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Examples of personal data include: Genome data, GPS location, written communication, spoken communication, lists of contacts, internet browsing habits, financial transactions, supermarket spending, tax payments, criminal record, laptop and mobile phone camera lens recording, device microphone recordings, driving habits via car trackers, mobile and health records, fitness activity, nutrition, substance use, heartbeat, sleep patterns and other vital signs. The collective of one individual's personal data forms a digital identity (or perhaps digital alter ego is more fitting). A digital identity encompasses all of our personal data shadowing, representing and connected to our physical and ideological self. The distinction between data categories is not always clear cut.
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Typically, family injunctions are written by men; as such, Lady Hyegyong's nephew's request that she write the injunction was unusual. However, given Lady Hyegyong's position within the Joseon court as well as how educated she was, the exception was not entirely strange. Furthermore, to guarantee the privacy of the court and her position, Lady Hyegyong's parents destroyed any and all written communication from her to them or vice versa. On a personal level, it makes sense that her nephew and family wanted to document her life once she reaches her later years, especially given how her membership in the court influenced the Hong family line.
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One of the main themes of the story is totalitarianism, in that the government attempts to control every aspect of written communication among the citizens, even sexual relations. Once the laws begin to be passed, the people of Nollop are scared even to attempt to rebel against the council for fear of the harsh penalties. This theme is brought to the forefront in the first letter of the novel. Ella writes to Tassie saying that "in the end, our assessments and opinions counted for (and continue to count for) precious little, and we have kept our public speculation to a minimum for fear of government reprisal".
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The Montenegrin alphabet is the collective name given to "Abeceda" (Montenegrin Latin alphabet) and "Азбука" (Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet), the writing systems used to write the Montenegrin language. It was adopted on 9 June 2009 by the Montenegrin Minister of Education, Sreten Škuletić and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets in use at the time. Although the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro, the government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media.
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This award honors the effort, work, and success of outstanding professionals in the various arts and media, including music and recording, television, radio, written communication, fashion, and beauty. Originally designated to recognize the outstanding achievements of Puerto Ricans, the Paoli Award has branched out internationally, and since 1992 it also includes Hispanics and Latin Americans from around the world. On 9 October 2009, the Government of the United States listed Casa Paoli in Antonio Paoli's hometown of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The house, Antonio's childhood house in Puerto Rico, is Paoli's only remaining residencial structure in Puerto Rico.
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The written Language had been Gujarati for long, migrants into Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra speak Urdu but it is slowly changing from Urdu to regional languages; change to Malayalam in Kerala is practically complete though Kutchi is still understood by a sizeable population. The local languages are used for written communication even among members of the clan in Kerala and Urdu in other states. The size of the population cannot be determined due to its lack of concentration but estimations would put their number close to 0.5 million people. The community follows all the basic Sunni- Hanafi path Islamic tradition but with somewhat different practices remnant of the old Kutchi traditions modified by local customs.
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There is controversy regarding the innovative nature of digital rhetoric. Arguments opposed to legitimizing webtext are Platonically-based in that they reject the new form of scholarship—web text, and praise the old form—print, in the same way that oral communication was originally favored over written communication. Originally some traditionalists didn't regard online open-access journals with the same legitimacy as print journals for this reason; however, digital arenas have become the primary place for disseminating academic information in many areas of scholarship. Modern scholars struggle to "claim academic legitimacy" in these new media forms, as the tendency of pedagogy is to write about a subject rather than actively work in it.
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The description of Diotrephes as one who loves to be first suggests he is arrogant, and his behavior displays this: He refuses to acknowledge the written communication mentioned by the author at the beginning of v. 9 (and thus did not recognize the author’s apostolic authority), and furthermore (v. 10) refuses to show any hospitality to the traveling missionaries (welcome the brothers) already mentioned by the author. It has been suggested that the description “loves to be first” only indicates that Diotrephes sought prominence or position in this church, and had not yet attained any real authority. But his actions here suggest otherwise: He is able to refuse or ignore the author’s previous written instructions (v.
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Papyrus seems to have been used almost uniformly as the material for these documents until the early years of the eleventh century, after which it was rapidly superseded by a rough kind of parchment. Modern scholars have retroactively used the word "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege, solemn or simple, and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal. Today, the bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as "Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei" ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God").
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Mining occurred on the Hammond River, a tributary of the Koyukuk River, from about 1900 to at least 2000. Exact production is unknown, but is estimated at about 80,000 ounces. A rich, deep channel was struck beneath the Hammond River in 1912, and during the following 4 years, over 48,000 oz gold were produced, including a 138.8-oz nugget. (Pringel, 1921; T.K. Bundtzen, written communication, 1999) Much of the gold was coarse: the third (146 troy oz.), fourth (139 troy oz.), 14th (61 troy ounces), and 17th (55 troy ounces) largest gold nuggets in Alaska were found on the Hammond River between Discovery claim and Vermont Creek a distance of 4 miles.
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Recently scholars and researchers in rhetoric, linguistics, and information sciences have begun to explore the relationships between new media and socio-contextual genre theories (like those of Carolyn Miller, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Charles Bazerman). These researchers have expressed concerns about the appropriateness of traditional genre theory for new media communication. Some scholars have argued that since genre theory was originally developed to describe written texts, the theory needs to be modified to account for nonlinguistic communication. Linguist and semiotician Gunter Kress suggested that much of the vocabulary of generic analysis is ill-equipped to address non-written communication, arguing that “there are no genre terms for describing what [a] drawing is or does…” Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T (1996).
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Pakistan has promulgated harassment law in 2010 with nomenclature as "The Protection Against Harassment of Women at The Workplace Act, 2010". This law defines the act of harassment in following terms. "Harassment means any unwelcome sexual advance, request for sexual favors or other verbal or written communication or physical conduct of a sexual nature or sexually demeaning attitude, causing interference with work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment, or the attempt to punish the complainant for refusal to such a request or is made a condition for employment." Pakistan has adopted a Code of Conduct for Gender Justice in the Workplace that will deal with cases of sexual harassment.
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This system only existed during the Occupation. In 1972, a declaration was made for a joint spelling system in both nations, known as Ejaan Rumi Baharu (New Rumi Spelling) in Malaysia and Sistem Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (Perfected Spelling System) in Indonesia. With the introduction of this new common spelling system, all administrative documents, teaching and learning materials and all forms of written communication is based on a relatively uniform spelling system and this helps in effective and efficient communication, particularly in national administration and education. Despite the widespread and institutionalised use of Malay alphabet, Jawi script remains as one of the two official scripts in Brunei, and is used as an alternate script in Malaysia.
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For scams conducted via written communication, baiters may answer scam emails using throwaway email accounts, pretending to be receptive to scammers' offers. Popular methods of accomplishing the first objective are to ask scammers to fill out lengthy questionnaires; to bait scammers into taking long trips; to encourage the use of poorly made props or inappropriate English- language idioms that surreptitiously cast doubt upon their scams. Baiters may deceive scammers with claims as ludicrous as the ones they have used to defraud their victims; or they may entrap them with Trojan horses, such as remote administration tools, that enables baiters to gain sensitive information from or damage scammers' computers. Baiters may publicly humiliate scammers by live streaming their sessions.
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During the No Man's Land storyline, Cassandra Cain was given the role of Batgirl under the guidance of Batman and Oracle. Written as the daughter of assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva, she is trained from early childhood to read human body language instead of developing verbal and written communication skills as part of her father's conditioning to mold her into the world's deadliest assassin. However, after committing her first murder, she vows to never again use her martial-arts prowess to kill. In 2000, she became the first Batgirl to star in an eponymous monthly comic book series as well as one of the most prominent characters of Asian descent to appear in American comics.
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The WDPD initiative advances the kinds of deliberation, discussion, debate, and advocacy that cultivate democracy. Its goals are to teach constructive practices of engagement and communication, stimulate productive public discourse on campus and in the community, develop civic leadership through participation in public life, and promote the free speech rights and responsibilities of every individual. Students in WDPD work with campus and community partners to design and facilitate public engagement events, such as community forums, dialogues, public deliberations. Students involved with WDPD leave Wabash with advanced, applied skills in oral and written communication, leadership, public affairs, and civic awareness that will enable them to contribute more productively to their communities, to their workplaces, and to their personal relationships.
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New Tech @ Ruston (NT@R) is a 4-year Project Based Learning program for students at Ruston High School and is part of the New Tech Network. In this program students learn the Louisiana GLE curriculum through project based learning by working in groups to complete end products such as videos, documents, posters, flyers, websites and other media. Through project based learning in this environment, students learn real life skills such as Collaboration, Content Literacy, Critical Thinking, Global & Community Engagement, Oral Communication, Written Communication, Technology Literacy, and Work Ethic. Because students are in groups, students learn the culture known as " Trust, Respect, and Responsibility" is obtained where students learn to trust, respect and hold critical responsibility.
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The General Achievement Test (GAT) is a test of general knowledge and skills in written communication, mathematics, science and technology, humanities, the arts and social sciences taken by all Victorian students prior to completing their VCE. It consists of two writing tests and 70 multiple choice questions on science, technology, mathematics and humanities. The first writing test is usually an informative piece based on information given, while the second is an opinionative to be based on statements provided. At the end of the year the student will receive a statement of marks showing their numerical score for each section as well as a standardised study score out of 50 for each section.
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The result was the Cornerstone Integrated Liberal Arts program, which in September 2020 became the model for an initiative led by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Teagle Foundation to replicate the program's general education delivery at colleges and universities across the country. Launched in fall 2017 as a 15-credit certificate program, Cornerstone established a faculty-taught first year sequence to fulfill core curriculum requirements in oral and written communication built around transformative texts, among the greatest that has been said and written. Cornerstone has gained significant notice in the higher education press. Reingold advocated for the importance of general education classes at large research universities, referencing Cornerstone, in an op-ed for the Washington Post.
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Itzhak Danziger Nimrod, 1939 The Israel Museum, Jerusalem Collection Amos Kenan Messiah, 1966 Tefen Open Museum In 1943 the poet Yonatan Ratosh (1908–1981) published "Epistle to Hebrew Youth", the proclamation, the manifesto, the first written communication of "The Canaanites", a literary and artistic movement that had been active for some time. In this essay Ratosh called on Hebrew speaking youth to become a buffer against Judaism. He declared that between the youth that had settled in the Land of Israel and the Jews of the Diaspora there was no true connection. This became the characteristic cry of the Caananites, whose members proposed a return to the mythological past, in order to create a Hebrew–speaking nation with an independent identity.
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The romanization of Arabic writes written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script in one of various systematic ways. Romanized Arabic is used for a number of different purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used moreover or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet. Different systems and strategies have been developed to address the inherent problems of rendering various Arabic varieties in the Latin script.
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A romanization of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the French Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes (1591–1660), based on works of the early 16th-century Portuguese missionaries Gaspar do Amaral and António Barbosa. This Vietnamese alphabet (chữ quốc ngữ or "national script") was gradually expanded from its initial domain in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public, which had previously used Chinese-based characters. During the French protectorate (1883–1945), colonial rulers made an effort to educate all Vietnamese, and a simpler writing system was found more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the romanized script came to predominate written communication.
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John Morris Duncan, PC, MP, (born December 19, 1948) is a Canadian politician. He served as a Member of the Parliament of Canada from 1993 to January 2006 and again from October 2008 until August 2015. On August 6, 2010, he was appointed to the Canadian Cabinet as Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians, and Minister responsible for the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency until his resignation on February 15, 2013 over his inappropriate written communication to the Tax Court of Canada. He later returned to Cabinet as Chief Government Whip, and served in that capacity until the 2015 election, which saw both Duncan's own defeat and the defeat of the government.
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Sergeants are required to complete the SGTDEP (nonresident) course. The SGTDEP is a prerequisite for the SNCOA Sergeants School, meaning it must be completed prior to attending the SNCOA Sergeants School. The nonresident and resident courses are focused on providing the skills necessary for sergeants to plan and conduct training for their Marines and are designed to provide the war fighting skills, core values and mindset necessary for effective leadership of a squad size unit and subordinate leaders. Upon completion, sergeants will have the skills necessary to clearly articulate thoughts in both oral and written communication; lead Marines through effective leadership; implement tactical measures at the squad/platoon level; understand basic national military capabilities; conduct training with the MCCS Program; and understand career progression.
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Today, the use of the genitive case is relatively rare in spoken language - speakers sometimes substitute the dative case for the genitive in conversation. But the genitive case remains almost obligatory in written communication, public speeches and anything that is not explicitly colloquial, and it is still an important part of the Bildungssprache (language of education). Television programs and movies often contain a mix of both, dative substitution and regular genitive, depending on how formal or "artistic" the program is intended to be. The use of the dative substitution is more common in southern German dialects, whereas Germans from northern regions (where Luther's Bible-German had to be learned like a foreign language at that time) use the genitive more frequently.
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Decolonisation, Globalisation: Language-in-education Policy and Practice. (Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, Ltd. 2005). pp. 98-114. The first legislation which granted the Persian language its status was initiated back in 1906, as part of an electoral law that positioned it as the official language of the state of Iran, its government, its political institutions and its legal system. In the course of time this enactment was followed by others, which eventually led to a monolingual policy by the Iranian regime. Perceiving multilingualism as a threat to the nation's unity and territorial integrity, and seeing the need to restrict minority languages’ use and to advance the Persian language's hegemony, Iran's language policy consists of a non-translation outline as well: all government, administration and educational settings are obliged to use merely Persian for any written communication.
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In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Modern Standard Korean, as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters and syllables took on identical pronunciations, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul. Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered by many Koreans a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.
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Professional writing as an activity is writing for reward or as a profession; as a product or object, professional writing is any form of written communication produced in a workplace environment or context that enables employees to, for example, communicate effectively among themselves, help leadership make informed decisions, advise clients, comply with federal, state, or local regulatory bodies, bid for contracts, etc.. For example, in a business office, a memorandum (abbrev. memo) can be used to provide a solution to a problem, make a suggestion, or convey information. Other forms of professional writing commonly generated in the workplace include email, letters, reports, and instructions. In seeking to inform, persuade, instruct, stimulate debate, or encourage action from recipients, skilled professional writers make adjustments to different degrees of shared context, e.g.
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Public disclosure is any non-confidential communication which an inventor or invention owner makes available to one or more members of the public, revealing the existence of the invention and enabling an appropriately experienced individual ("person having ordinary skill in the art") to reproduce the invention. In the U.S., public disclosure of an invention results in the loss of patentability of the invention after a period of one year. In other countries, public disclosure may result in the immediate loss of invention patentability unless a patent application has already been filed, and disclosure may be considered to include oral as well as written communication. establishes various statutory bars to invention patentability with regard to invention novelty; these explicit bars preclude patentability as exceptions to a general underlying entitlement.
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In 1843 Hamilton discovered the quaternions, and it was to Graves that he made on 17 October his first written communication of the discovery. In his preface to the Lectures on Quaternions and in a prefatory letter to a communication to the Philosophical Magazine for December 1844 are acknowledgments of his indebtedness to Graves for stimulus and suggestion. Immediately after the discovery of quaternions, before the end of 1843, Graves successfully extended to eight squares Euler's four-square identity, and went on to conceive a theory of "octaves" (now called octonions) analogous to Hamilton's theory of quaternions, introducing four imaginaries additional to Hamilton's i, j and k, and conforming to "the law of the modulus". Octonions are a contemporary if abstruse area of contemporary research of the Standard Model of particle physics.
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Kircher reported that the origin of the work was a request from Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III to develop "a kind of lingua universalis" which would allow written communication between all peoples. The Emperor knew of the earlier secret communication system developed by Johannes Trithemius in his 1518 work Polygraphia, dedicated to the art of steganography, and wanted to know if such a system could be used to bridge different languages. Systems of cryptography had been developed in Italy in late medieval times and by the 17th century many rulers employed cipher secretaries for diplomatic and other sensitive communication. The Thirty Years War gave rise to a range of scholarly publications summarising existing knowledge of the field, and there was a growing interest in the relationship between cryptography and linguistics.
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In considering incentive pay for teachers based on student test scores, they wrote: > Proponents of the system, guided by a conception very like the standard one- > dimensional incentive model, argue that these incentives will lead teachers > to work harder at teaching and to take greater interest in their students' > success. Opponents counter that the principal effect of the proposed reform > would be that teachers would sacrifice such activities as promoting > curiosity and creative thinking and refining students' oral and written > communication skills in order to teach the narrowly defined basic skills > that are tested on standardised exams. It would be better, these critics > argue, to pay a fixed what without any incentive scheme than to base > teachers' compensation only on the limited dimensions of student achievement > that can be effectively measured. (Emphasis in original).
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LuxemburgsSprachenmarkt in Wandel, Luxembourg, SESOPI, 2009 Each of the three official languages is used as the primary language in certain spheres of everyday life, without being exclusive. Luxembourghish is the national language of the Grand Duchy and is considered the mother tongue or "language of the heart" for the local population, being the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other. However, despite a recent increase in the production of novels in the language, it is seldom used as written language, and the numerous expatriate workers (approximately 60% of the population) also generally do not use it to speak to each other. Most official business and written communication is carried out in French, which is also the language mostly used for public communication, with written official statements, advertising displays and road signs generally being in the language.
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The Outer Island lighthouse is a lighthouse located on the northern tip of Outer Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield. The light was designed by United States Lighthouse Board Eleventh District Chief Engineer Orlando Poe and constructed under the supervision of his successor, Godfrey Weitzel.Jane C. Busch, People and Places: A Human History of the Apostle Islands, U.S. National Park Service, 2008; David Snyder, A Compendium Of Written Communication Of The Light House Board For The Twelve Light Stations Of The Midwest Region, National Park Service, 1839-1881, U.S. National Park Service, 1992. Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, part of reference number 77000145.
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A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks."Taylor, Insup and Maurice M. Taylor (1995), Writing and literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Volume 3 of Studies in written language and literacy, John Benjamins, p. 124. Because Pinyin is purely a representation of the sounds of Mandarin, it completely lacks the semantic cues and contexts inherent in Chinese characters. Pinyin is also unsuitable for transcribing some Chinese spoken languages other than Mandarin, languages which by contrast have traditionally been written with Han characters allowing for written communication which, by its unified semanto- phonetic orthography, could theoretically be readable in any of the various vernaculars of Chinese where a phonetic script would have only localized utility.
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After teaching as a professor of English at the University of Illinois-Chicago, Nystrand moved to the Department of English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he served as architect of a campus-wide reform of undergraduate writing curriculum and founded the doctoral program in Composition & Rhetoric. While also at Wisconsin, he served as a director of the National Research Center on English Learning & Achievement (CELA). Awarded more than $9 million in grants over the course of his career, he was president of the American Education Research Association Special Interest Group for Writing Research, 1991-1993, as well as the National Conference for Research on Language & Literacy (NCRLL), 2002-2003. In addition to editing Written Communication from 1994-2002, Nystrand has published nine books, 60 papers & chapters and was awarded the Distinguished Lifetime Research Award from the NCRLL in 2011.
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Nystrand's research focuses on the dialogic organization of discourse in both writing and classroom discourse. His writing research examines how writing-reader interaction shapes writers' writing processes and development (Nystrand, The Structure of Written Communication: Studies in Reciprocity Between Writers and Readers (Academic Press, 1986). His classroom discourse research probes the role of classroom interaction in student learning and was the first large-scale empirical study to document the role of open classroom discussion in student learning: Nystrand, Opening Dialogue: Understanding the Dynamics of Language and Learning in the English Classroom (Teachers College Press, 1997). His study, "Questions in Time: Investigating the Structure and Dynamics of Unfolding Classroom Discourse" with L. Wu, A. Gamoran, S. Zeiser, D. Long, Discourse Processes, 35 (2003), 135-196) was the first use of event-history analysis to investigate classroom discourse.
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Following the conquest of Mesopotamia, the Aramaic language (as used in that territory) was adopted as a "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages. The use of a single official language, which modern scholarship has dubbed "Official Aramaic" or "Imperial Aramaic", can be assumed to have greatly contributed to the astonishing success of the Achaemenids in holding their far-flung empire together for as long as they did." In 1955, Richard Frye questioned the classification of Imperial Aramaic as an "official language", noting that no surviving edict expressly and unambiguously accorded that status to any particular language. p. 457. Frye reclassifies Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Achaemenid territories, suggesting then that the Achaemenid-era use of Aramaic was more pervasive than generally thought.
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In addition, the article "Gender Differences in EFL Writing" states that "research on gender differences in writing have mostly been conducted among children. Punter and Burchell’s study (1996) on the GCSE English language exam in the UK primary school discovered that girls scored better in imaginative, reflective, and empathetic writing while boys scored better in argumentative and factual writing", which provides evidence for the stance that there is an ingrained difference in the writing of men and women, one that starts very early on in life. This, however, is not the case for everybody, as shown by Alice Sheldon's "The Girl Who Was Plugged In," which was believed to be written by a man based on the type of language used. Further evidence for the difference between written word of boys and girls is provided in Written Communication.
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What skill set is needed to successfully serve in the role of Chief Information Officer in higher education? A review of the literature provides some useful perspectives. Linda Fleit (1999), the former president and founder of the IT Consulting Firm Edutech International from 1985 to 2008 and through this experience, well acquainted with the role CIOs in higher education institutions, indicated seven areas which she felt were requirements for CIOs. These included (as cited in Hawkins, 2004): 1) a clear vision about the role on information technology in higher education; 2) excellent oral and written communication and listening skills; 3) ability to form alliances and relationships with key campus constituents; 4) the ability to work collaboratively and effectively; 5) the ability to make and back hard decisions; 6) the ability to manage resources judiciously, and 7) deep expertise and knowledge in at least one aspect of technology.
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Around 500 BC, following the Achaemenid (Persian) conquest of Mesopotamia under Darius I, Aramaic (as had been used in that region) was adopted by the conquerors as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages. The use of a single official language, which modern scholarship has dubbed Official Aramaic or Imperial Aramaic, can be assumed to have greatly contributed to the astonishing success of the Achaemenids in holding their far-flung empire together for as long as they did". In 1955, Richard Frye questioned the classification of Imperial Aramaic as an "official language", noting that no surviving edict expressly and unambiguously accorded that status to any particular language. Frye reclassifies Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Achaemenid territories, suggesting then that the Achaemenid-era use of Aramaic was more pervasive than generally thought.
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Holmgren, Richard A. (2010): Learning Commons: A Learning-Centered Library Design, College & Undergraduate Libraries, 17:2-3, 177-191 Often, libraries and learning commons share responsibility for delivering college-wide outcomes: developing effective research strategies, finding and evaluating the appropriateness of resource materials for a particular topic, honing effective oral and written communication skills, and promoting good study and learning habits. The goal of a Learning Commons Librarians’ work should be to encourage all students to engage in substantive ways with multiple services in the organization. Properly implemented in an academic library, this model of library service benefits all parts of the institution. A cohesiveness and purpose among the diverse elements of the library allows both the library and the school to run more smoothly and efficiently and students’ needs are met in an environment that is designed to provide multiple services in a single location.
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New York Penal Law § 240.30(1)(a) provides that "[a] person is guilty of aggravated harassment in the second degree when, with intent to harass, annoy, threaten or alarm another person, he or she ... communicates with a person, anonymously or otherwise, by telephone, by telegraph, or by mail, or by transmitting or delivering any other form of written communication, in a manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm." The court agreed with Golb that this statute is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad, and that his conviction of three counts of aggravated harassment related to his conduct toward Schiffman, Goranson and Cargill must therefore be vacated. The court ruled that "any proscription of pure speech must be sharply limited to words which, by their utterance alone, inflict injury or tend naturally to evoke immediate violence."23 N.Y.3d at 466-67, 991 N.Y.S.2d at 800, 15 N.E.3d at 813.
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THE NAM is a 1,000-page book which describes the plots of six Vietnam films in their entirety: the films are Apocalypse Now, Born on the Fourth of July, The Deer Hunter, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill and Platoon. Following her shows at the , and Dundee Contemporary Arts, Banner was nominated for the Turner Prize in 2002. Since early 2000, Banner has been working with pornographic film as a basis for an exploration of our obsession with sex, and the extreme limits of written communication. In large, densely filled works she transcribe the varied sexual activities taking place in Asswoman in Wonderland, starring Tiffany Minx, who also directed this X-rated version of Alice's fictional adventures. Banner's own Arsewoman in Wonderland (2001), presented in the Turner Prize exhibition, is a 4 x 6 m printed description of the film pasted and layered sheet after sheet onto the wall like and overladen billboard.
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Around 500 BC, following the Achaemenid conquest of Mesopotamia under Darius I, Old Aramaic was adopted by the Persians as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast Persian empire with its different peoples and languages. The use of a single official language, which modern scholarship has dubbed as Official Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic or Achaemenid Aramaic, can be assumed to have greatly contributed to the astonishing success of the Achaemenid Persians in holding their far-flung empire together for as long as they did." p. 251 Imperial Aramaic was highly standardised; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by Old Persian. The Aramaic glyph forms of the period are often divided into two main styles, the "lapidary" form, usually inscribed on hard surfaces like stone monuments, and a cursive form whose lapidary form tended to be more conservative by remaining more visually similar to Phoenician and early Aramaic.
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The newest and most prolific wave of anglicisms arose after 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the surge of the "Anglo-Saxon" smack of economic liberalism in continental Europe and the associated business jargon ("CEO" became extremely fashionable in German, replacing traditional terms such as Direktor, Geschäftsführer, Vorsitzender during the 1990s). At the same time, the rapid development of information technology pushed many technical terms from that field into everyday language. Many of the more recent loans have developed in the spoken language and are still clearly felt to be English words, so their English orthography is retained in written communication, which leads to awkward spellings combining German morphemes with English word stems, as in gebootet ("booted up" of a computer) or gecrasht or gecrashed ("crashed", of a computer), downgeloadet, gedownloadet or gedownloaded ("downloaded"). They also retain English phonology in many cases, including phonemes that do not exist in Standard German (such as the /eɪ/ in "update").
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A 12-hour clock is commonly used in speech when unambiguous, with the AM/PM distinction denoted by phrases ' ("in the morning"), ' ("in the afternoon"), ' ("in the evening"), ' ("at night"), and ' ("before daybreak" or "in the wee hours") when needed; written communication uses 24-hour clock almost universally, including written forms of informal speech. 24-hour times will often be read out in 12-hour form, so that the recipient of a text message "Let's meet at 15:00" could relay it as "she said to meet at three" to their companions. The written notation "AM" and "PM" is never used, not even to transcribe speech that used 12-hour times. Times that introduce ambiguity in 12-hour notation (12:00AM and 12:00PM) are sometimes avoided in speech and replaced by "noon" and "midnight", but in the absence of further clarification, 24-hour interpretation prevails, such that ' ("twelve o'clock") refers to noon and midnight is expressed as ' ("twelve o'clock at night") or similar.
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When addressing a formal letter whose recipient is not known by name, the salutation of preference is Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (equivalent to Dear Sir or Madam in English). When the recipient is known by name, Stimate Domnule or Stimată Doamnă, followed by the person's last name, is used for a man or a woman respectively. For unmarried women, Stimată Domnișoară is acceptable for close relations, though this title is falling out of use in written communication and can be considered inappropriate or offensive. Examples: : Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (used when the reader is unknown) : Stimate Domnule Ungureanu, (used when the reader is a man and his last name is known—this is the most commonly used version) : Stimată Doamnă Ungureanu,(the reader is a woman and the last name is known, the most commonly used version) When the addressee has additional titles, such as Doctor or Profesor, they are interposed between Domnule/Doamnă and the person's last name, although it is sometimes acceptable to drop the last name altogether when the intended recipient is clear.
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The final Franklin communication Discovery of the cairn Meanwhile, near Cape Jane Franklin, the sledge party led by Lieutenant Hobson located the first written communication recovered from Franklin's Expedition inside a message cairn (note that the date of wintering at Beechey has been attributed to error): Handwritten around the margin of this communication was the following: > 25th April 1848 HMShips Terror and Erebus were deserted on the 22nd April 5 > leagues NNW of this having been beset since 12th Sept 1846. The officers and > crews consisting of 105 souls under the command of Captain F. R. M. Crozier > landed here — in Lat. 69°37’42’’ Long. 98°41’ This paper was found by Lt. > Irving under the cairn supposed to have been built by Sir James Ross in 1831 > — 4 miles to the Northward — where it had been deposited by the late > Commander Gore in May June 1847. Sir James Ross’ pillar has not however been > found and the paper has been transferred to this position which is that in > which Sir J. Ross’ pillar was erected.
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