105 Sentences With "scission" | Random Sentence Generator

In the third one, we actually bought an enterprise software for the PR communications industry called Scission.

Even lines like "Within our eyes there lies a scission" (on "22 (OVER S∞∞N)") — an academic reach in the hands of another musician — will feel relatable to anyone who has ever stood by and watched a relationship divide slowly and inexplicably widen.

Under oxidative environment, SPES can undergo sulfonic group detachment and main chain scission. However the latter is more dominant; midpoint scission and unzip mechanism have been proposed as the degradation mechanism depending on the strength of the polymer backbone.

On the other hand, chain scission is fragmentation of polymer chains that leads to a molecular weight reduction.

"Confusion chez les anciens rebelles touaregs" Radio France International, 1 September 2007. "La peur de la scission" . Radio France International, 3 September 2007.

Hydrazine is used to cleave N-alkylated phthalimide derivatives. This scission reaction allows phthalimide anion to be used as amine precursor in the Gabriel synthesis.

Appel de Kadhafi aux rebelles touaregs du Niger et du Mali . Reuters. 15 March 2009.Niger: Scission au sein des rebelles touaregs . RFI 13 March 2009.

Four regimes were proposed: the steady-state regime, the linear regime, the power- law regime and the fourth regime where crack grows catastrophically. In the power-law regime, the relation is found to be similar to the Paris law, which was found by Paris et al. in metals. Hysteresis heating and Chain scission Fatigue in polymers, controlled by cyclical loading, is caused by two general mechanisms: hysteresis heating and chain scission.

Calicheamicins target DNA and cause strand scission. Calicheamicins bind with DNA in the minor groove, wherein they then undergo a reaction analogous to the Bergman cyclization to generate a diradical species. This diradical, 1,4-didehydrobenzene, then abstracts hydrogen atoms from the deoxyribose (sugar) backbone of DNA, which ultimately leads to strand scission. The specificity of binding of calicheamicin to the minor groove of DNA was demonstrated by Crothers et al.

The title Scission describes the action or state of cutting or being cut and each of the stories has this theme of tearing apart involving family, neighbours and strangers.

The United Ancient Order of Druids (UAOD) is a fraternal organisation founded in England, in 1833 after a scission with the Ancient Order of Druids. Its motto is United to assist.

Secondary electrons generated by primary ionizing radiation have energies sufficient to dissociate this bond, causing scission. In addition, the low-energy electrons have a longer photoresist interaction time due to their lower speed; essentially the electron has to be at rest with respect to the molecule in order to react most strongly via dissociative electron attachment, where the electron comes to rest at the molecule, depositing all its kinetic energy. The resulting scission breaks the original polymer into segments of lower molecular weight, which are more readily dissolved in a solvent, or else releases other chemical species (acids) which catalyze further scission reactions (see the discussion on chemically amplified resists below). It is not common to select photoresists for electron-beam exposure.

For example, cross-linked polymers are less capable of diffusion and interdigitation because they are bonded together at many points of contact, and are not free to twist into the adjacent surface. Uncrosslinked polymers (thermoplastics), on the other hand are freer to wander into the adjacent phase by extending tails and loops across the interface. Another circumstance under which diffusive bonding occurs is “scission”. Chain scission is the cutting up of polymer chains, resulting in a higher concentration of distal tails.

The canton was created in 1985 by scission of canton of Cusset. It includes 7 communes (list below) and fraction of Cusset. The canton has been disbanded in March 2015 due to French departmental elections.

Electron-beam processing provides Chain scission without the use of harsh chemicals usually utilized to initiate chain scission. An example of this process is the breaking down of cellulose fibers extracted from wood in order to shorten the molecules, thereby producing a raw material that can then be used to produce biodegradable detergents and diet-food substitutes. "Teflon" (PTFE) is also electron-beam-processed, allowing it to be ground to a fine powder for use in inks and as coatings for the automotive industry.

In the case of chain-end scission, monomers are released and this process is referred to as unzipping or depolymerize . With mechanism dominates will depend on the type of polymer and temperature; in general, polymers with no or a single small substituent in the repeat unit will decompose via random-chain scission. The sorting of polymer waste for recycling purposes may be facilitated by the use of the resin identification codes developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry to identify the type of plastic.

Mutations in Dynamin II have been found to cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Epileptic encephalopathy–causing de novo mutations in dynamin have been suggested to cause dysfunction of vesicle scission during synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Blood and Water is a 1993 short story collection of Australian author Tim Winton's drawn from the previous two short story collections, Scission and Other Stories and Minimum Of Two, as well as some previously uncollected stories.

This repression split the CGT, leading to the formation in April 1948 of the spin-off Force Ouvrière (FO), headed by Léon Jouhaux and subsidised by the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and assisted by the AFL sole representative in Europe, Irving Brown, who worked with Jay Lovestone.Force Ouvrière : il y a 50 ans, la scission, L'Humanité, 19 December 1997 Annie Lacroix-Riz, Autour d'Irving Brown: l'A.F.L., le Free Trade Union Committee le Departement d'Etat et la scission syndicale francaise (1944–1947) in Le Mouvement social, No. 151 (April – June 1990), pp.

Another explanation for the large difference in bond strengths is that, in addition to defluorination, sodium etching results in cross-linking which may stabilize the modified PTFE interface, while plasma etching may cause chain scission (breakage of the PTFE polymer chain), since the C-C bond is weaker than the C-F bond. This polymer chain scission weakens the strength of the modified PTFE. While plasma etching is not able to achieve adhesion increases approaching those of chemical etching, it does provide some improvement to PTFE adhesion over untreated PTFE.

PDCD6IP protein is part of ESCRT pathway. It participates in the membrane scission of the revers topology budding and participates in multivesicular body formation. It is also vital at the later stages and for successful completion of cytokinesis.

Many BAR family proteins contain alternative lipid specificity domains that help target these protein to particular membrane compartments. Some also have SH3 domains that bind to dynamin and thus proteins like amphiphysin and endophilin are implicated in the orchestration of vesicle scission.

Fractures can be characterized by a series of concentric crack growth bands that grow from the surface initiation site. Cyclic loading can bring about failure in polymer due to: chain scission, built up heat due to hysteresis, recrystallization of material and cumulative crack generation.

Golfomycin A is a synthetic enediyne molecule designed in an attempt to create a more easily manufactured antitumor antibiotic. DNA strand-scission induced by golfomycin A is pH dependent. Preliminary in vitro studies have demonstrated that golfomycin A can reduce carcinomas in bladder cells.

Secosteroids (Latin seco, "to cut") are a subclass of steroidal compounds resulting, biosynthetically or conceptually, from scission (cleavage) of parent steroid rings (generally one of the four). Major secosteroid subclasses are defined by the steroid carbon atoms where this scission has taken place. For instance, the prototypical secosteroid cholecalciferol, vitamin D3 (shown), is in the 9,10-secosteroid subclass and derives from the cleavage of carbon atoms C-9 and C-10 of the steroid B-ring; 5,6-secosteroids and 13,14-steroids are similar. Norsteroids (nor-, L. norma; "normal" in chemistry, indicating carbon removal) and homosteroids (homo-, Greek homos; "same", indicating carbon addition) are structural subclasses of steroids formed from biosynthetic steps.

DNA cleavage by bleomycin depends on oxygen and metal ions, at least in vitro. The exact mechanism of DNA strand scission is unresolved, but it has been suggested that bleomycin chelates metal ions (primarily iron), producing a pseudoenzyme that reacts with oxygen to produce superoxide and hydroxide free radicals that cleave DNA. An alternative hypothesis states that bleomycin may bind at specific sites in the DNA strand and induce scission by abstracting the hydrogen atom from the base, resulting in strand cleavage as the base undergoes a Criegee-type rearrangement, or forms an alkali-labile lesion. In addition, these complexes also mediate lipid peroxidation and oxidation of other cellular molecules.

The process from saddle (when nucleus begins its irreversible evolution to fragmentation) to scission point (when fragments are formed and nuclear interaction between fragments dispels), fissioning system shape changes but also promote nucleons to excited particle levels. Because, for even Z (proton number) and even N (neutron number) nuclei, there is a gap from ground state to first excited particle state—which is reached by nucleon pair breaking—fragments with even Z is expected to have a higher probability to be produced than those with odd Z. The preference even Z even N divisions is interpreted as the preservation of superfluidity during the descent from saddle to scission.

U of Santa Barbara, 2008. Abstract. (2008): n. pag. Print. Thermal degradation of EVA is temperature-dependent and occurs in two stages; in the first stage acetic acid is lost, followed by the degradation of the unsaturated polyethylene polymer. Thermal degradation of EVA by allylic scission.

This was significant because, for many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for recycling.Electron Beam Processing of PTFE E-BEAM Services website. Accessed 21 May 2013 This radiation-induced chain scission allows it to be more easily reground and reused.

The importance of cold fission phenomena lies in the fact that fragments reaching detectors have the same mass that they obtained at the "scission" configuration, just before the attractive but short-range nuclear force becomes null, and only Coulomb interaction acts between fragments. After this, Coulomb potential energy is converted in fragments kinetic energies, which—added to pre-scission kinetic energies—is measured by detectors. The fact that cold fission preserves nuclear mass until the fission fragments reach the detectors permits the experimenter to better determine the fission dynamics, especially the aspects related to Coulomb and shell effects in low energy fissionModesto Montoya, "Shell and coulomb effects in thermal neutron induced cold fission of U-233, U-235, and Pu-239", Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, Volume 93, Issue 1–4 March 1986 , pages 9 - 12 and nucleon pair breaking. Adopting several theoretical assumptions about scission configuration one can calculate the maximal value of kinetic energy as a function of charge and mass of fragments and compare them to experimental results.

ESCRT 0 recognizes and retains ubiquitinated proteins marked for packaging in the late endosomal membrane. ESCRT I/II recognizes the ESCRT 0 and starts creating involution of the membrane into the MVB. ESCRTIII forms a spiral shaped structure constricting the neck. ATPase VPS4 protein drives the membrane scission.

The ozone molecules react with the rubber which in most cases is unsaturated (contains double bonds), however a reaction will still occur in saturated polymers (those containing only single bonds). When reaction occurs, scission of the polymer chain (breaking of double covalent bonds) takes place forming decomposition products: Chain scission increases with the presence of active hydrogen molecules (for example, in water) as well as acids and alcohols. Along with this type of reaction, cross linking and side branch formations also occur by an activation of the double bond and these make the rubber material more brittle. Due to the increase in brittleness due to the chemical reactions, cracks form in areas of high stress.

The absence of odd- even effect means that process is rather viscous. S. Bjorholm. "Superfluid versus Viscous Descent from Saddle to Scission" Physica Scripta Vol 10/1974, , pp. 110–114 Contrary to observed for charge distributions no odd-even effect on fragments mass number (A) is observed. This result is interpreted by the hypothesis that in fission process always there will be nucleon pair breaking, which may be proton pair or neutron pair breaking in low energy fission of uranium-234, uranium-236, C. Signarbieux et al.. "Evidence for nucleon pair breaking even in the coldest scission configurations of 234U and 236U", Journal de Physique Lettres Vol 42, No 19 /1981, , pp.

Phosphine ligands are usually "spectator" rather than "actor" ligands. They generally do not participate in reactions, except to dissociate from the metal center. In certain high temperature hydroformylation reactions, the scission of P-C bonds is observed however. The thermal stability of phosphines ligands is enhanced when they are incorporated into pincer complexes.

Annie Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Libération à la scission de 1944-1947, éditions sociales, 1983, p.91. In 1948, the right wing of the union left to form the Federation of Public Service and Health Service Staff, affiliated to Workers' Force. In 1979, the Health and Social Protection Federation split away from the union.

Radio France International, 1 September 2007. La peur de la scission. Radio France International, 3 September 2007. At the same time, Hama Ag Sidahmed, speaking for the same group announced the creation of a Niger-Mali Tuareg alliance (the Alliance-Touareg-Niger-Mali pour le Changement, ATNMC), though this was denied by another group, claiming to represent the ADC.

Chain scission is a term used in polymer chemistry describing the degradation of a polymer main chain. It is often caused by thermal stress (heat) or ionizing radiation (e.g. light, UV radiation or gamma radiation), often involving oxygen. During chain cleavage, the polymer chain is broken at a random point in the backbone to form two - mostly still highly molecular - fragments.

The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, zinc pyrithione exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure), where each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers. In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn-O bond. This compound was first described in the 1930s.

A free radical is formed here, and then reacts further with oxygen, followed by chain scission to yield aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In external applications, it shows up as a network of fine cracks and crazes that become deeper and more severe with time of exposure. For external applications, UV-absorbing additives must be used. Carbon black also provides some protection from UV attack.

Dibenzothiophene is prepared by the reaction of biphenyl with sulfur dichloride in the presence of aluminium chloride.L. H. Klemm, Joseph J. Karchesy "Dibenzothiophene from biphenyl and derivatives" Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1978, Volume 15 Issue 4, Pages 561 - 563. Reduction with lithium results in scission of one C-S bond. S-oxidation occurs to give the sulfone, which is more labile than the parent dibenzothiophene.

Radio France International, 1 September 2007. La peur de la scission. Radio France International, 3 September 2007. Regardless of the connection with the Second Tuareg Rebellion of 2007 in Niger, the small size of forces involved in the 2007 Malian violence, and the wide support for the 1995 and 2006 accords among Malian Tuareg leaders, paint a picture of a largely successful peace process.

Girl Guiding was introduced to Jamaica by Miss Clare Messias in 1915. After Jamaica's independence in 1962, the Jamaican Girl Guides remained a branch of the United Kingdom's Guide Association until July 17, 1967, when the Girl Guides Association of Jamaica was incorporated.The Boy Scouts and Girl Guides Associations Act A scission of the association led to the formation of the Girl Scouts of Jamaica in 2008.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG) is the conjugate acid of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP). The glycerate is a biochemically significant metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. This anion is often termed as PGA when referring to the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, 3-phosphoglycerate is the product of the spontaneous scission of an unstable 6-carbon intermediate formed upon CO2 fixation.

Schematic flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracker The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at milder temperatures, which saves energy. Furthermore, by operating at lower temperatures, the yield of alkenes is diminished.

Ziegler's work with free radicals led him to the organo compounds of the alkali metals. He discovered that ether scission opened a new method of preparing sodium and potassium alkyls, and found that these compounds could easily be converted to the hexa-substituted ethane derivatives. The nature of the substituent could be easily and systematically altered using this synthetic route by simply changing the identity of the ether starting material.

At its TGN localization, M2 protein's ion channel activity has been shown to effectively activate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Other important functions of M2 are its role in formation of filamentous strains of influenza, membrane scission and the release of the budding virion. M2 stabilizes the virus budding site, and mutations of M2 that prevent its binding to M1 can impair filament formation at the site of budding.

Carbon-localized free radicals and cations are both highly unstable and undergo processes of chain rearrangement, C–C scission in position beta (i.e., cracking) and intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer or hydride transfer. In both types of processes, the corresponding reactive intermediates (radicals, ions) are permanently regenerated, and thus they proceed by a self- propagating chain mechanism. The chain of reactions is eventually terminated by radical or ion recombination.

Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids along or at the end of polymer chains are generated by oxygenated species in photolysis of photo-oxidation. The initiation of photo-oxidation reactions is due to the existence of chromophoric groups in the macromolecules. Photo- oxidation can occur simultaneously with thermal degradation and each of these effects can accelerate the other. The photo-oxidation reactions include chain scission, cross linking and secondary oxidative reactions.

Polymers containing an unsaturated backbone degrade via ozone cracking. Carbon based polymers are more susceptible to thermal degradation than inorganic polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane and are therefore not ideal for most high-temperature applications. The degradation of polyethylene occurs by random scission—a random breakage of the bonds that hold the atoms of the polymer together. When heated above 450 °C, polyethylene degrades to form a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Ozone-induced cracking in natural rubber tubing Polymer oxidation has caused accidents involving medical devices. One of the oldest known failure modes is ozone cracking caused by chain scission when ozone gas attacks susceptible elastomers, such as natural rubber and nitrile rubber. They possess double bonds in their repeat units which are cleaved during ozonolysis. Cracks in fuel lines can penetrate the bore of the tube and cause fuel leakage.

One-room schoolhouse at Wakem Corner. As higher education in New Brunswick is summarized on a separate page, the text below relates primarily to primary and secondary education. From the year of the scission of the province from Nova Scotia, 1784, until 1802 there was no law in New Brunswick about government-funded education. In 1802, an Act to enable Parish Schools to be funded publicly was passed by the Assembly.

Using toluene as a solvent, the efficacy of degrading PEA through ultrasonic sound waves was examined. Degradation of a polymer chain occurs due to cavitation of the liquid leading to scission of chemical chains. In the case of PEA, degradation was not observed due to ultrasonic sound waves. This was determined to be likely due to PEA not having a high enough molar mass to warrant degradation via these means.

Mironova, N. Cancer and spaceflight. Aerospace America, 30-35, 2014 Earlier studies focused on DNA repair and DNA recombination. Using sensitive DNA strand break assays in human cells, he was the first to show scission events by nucleotide excision repair,Fornace, A. J., Jr, Kohn, K. W., and Kann, H. E. J. DNA single-strand breaks during repair of UV damage in human fibroblasts and abnormalities of repair in xeroderma pigmentosum.

At this point the pulp is known as brown stock because of its color. The combined liquids, known as black liquor (because of its color), contain lignin fragments, carbohydrates from the breakdown of hemicellulose, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and other inorganic salts. aryl, R = alkyl groups). One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the kraft process is the scission of ether bonds by the nucleophilic sulfide (S2−) or bisulfide (HS−) ions.

Chain scissioning or polymer degradation can also be achieved through electron-beam processing. The effect of the electron beam can cause the degradation of polymers, breaking chains and therefore reducing the molecular weight. The chain scissioning effects observed in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been used to create fine micropowders from scrap or off-grade materials. Chain scission is the breaking apart of molecular chains to produce required molecular sub-units from the chain.

Using S K-edge XAS and DFT, these model studies point to concerted S-O scission and electron transfer. Rates are proportion to decreasing substrate X-O bond strength and increasing substrate proton affinity. X-ray crystallography established that the overall tertiary structure of the enzyme remains constant through the reaction progression. However, several different experiments conducted on DMSOR of R. sphaeroides reported different results for the coordination activity of the four potential dithiolene ligands.

The most important reaction of the CFCs is the photo-induced scission of a C-Cl bond: :CCl3F → CCl2F. \+ Cl. The chlorine atom, written often as Cl., behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule (Cl2). The radical Cl. is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O2. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface.

She showed that the antiviral drug amantadine inhibits proton conduction by direct occlusion of the channel pore. She determined the cholesterol-binding structure of the M2 protein, which sheds light on how cholesterol mediates M2's membrane scission function. In 2020 she determined the first phospholipid-bound structures of the influenza B M2 protein in both its closed and open states. The 1.5 Å structures gave insight into differences in the activation mechanism of BM2 compared to AM2.

Chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium is a method to deposit thin layers of ruthenium on substrates by Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A unique challenge arises in trying to grow impurity-free films of a catalyst in Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Ruthenium metal activates C–H and C–C bonds, that aids C–H and C–C bond scission. This creates a potential catalytic decomposition path for all metal-organic CVD precursors that is likely to lead to significant carbon incorporation.

The active site of the [NiFe]-hydrogenases are described as (NC)2(OC)Fe(μ-SR)2Ni(SR)2 (where SR is cysteinyl). The “FeS-free” hydrogenases have an undetermined active site containing an Fe(CO)2 center. Methanogenesis, the biosynthesis of methane, entails as its final step, the scission of a nickel-methyl bond in cofactor F430. The iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenases contains an Fe6C unit and is an example of an interstitial carbide found in biology.

Plaque celebrating the foundation of the order in London. After World War I, the relations between the AOD and the UAOD and the OD (scission of the UAOD) abated, and each year a joint congress was organized in Great-Britain. During World War II, much of the Order's archives has been destroyed during The Blitz. After World War II, a welfare state was established in the United Kingdom, the consequences were that fraternal societies were no longer attractive and they faded.

He graduated at the age of 16 during the Great Depression. Edna Yadven majored in biology and minored in chemistry at the City University of New York. With encouragement from his wife, Jonas Kamlet went to graduate school and got his Ph.D. from New York University in 1944 for his dissertation on the topic “The Synthesis of 5-Dialkylamino, 2-chloropentanes. An investigation into the Mechanism of Olefine Formation by the Alkaline Scission of N, N-Dialkylpiperdinium Salts” (Proquest, 2005).

In this model, FtsZ scission force comes from the relative lateral movement of subunits. Lines of FtsZ would line up together parallel and pull on each other creating a "cord" of many strings that tightens itself. In other models, FtsZ does not provide the contractile force but provides the cell a spatial scaffold for other proteins to execute the division of the cell. This is akin to the creating of a temporary structure by construction workers to access hard-to-reach places of a building.

If the polymer is relatively brittle, it will exhibit fatigue crack growth through chain scission. In this mechanism, the crack-tip yielding is limited by the brittle material properties and each loading cycle breaks a specific amount of bonds allowing the crack front to advance. Polymers with viscoelastic behavior fatigue by the hysteresis heating mechanism. In this mechanism, during loading and unloading, the polymer the stress-strain curve will act as a hysteresis loop as shown in Figure 2, creating energy on the material as discussed before.

The heightened concentration of these chain ends gives rise to a heightened concentration of polymer tails extending across the interface. Scission is easily achieved by ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of oxygen gas, which suggests that adhesive devices employing diffusive bonding actually benefit from prolonged exposure to heat/light and air. The longer such a device is exposed to these conditions, the more tails are scissed and branch out across the interface. Once across the interface, the tails and loops form whatever bonds are favorable.

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a budding vesicle. Dynamin binds to and assembles around the neck of the endocytic vesicle, forming a helical polymer arranged such that the GTPase domains dimerize in an asymmetric manner across helical rungs. The polymer constricts the underlying membrane upon GTP binding and hydrolysis via conformational changes emanating from the flexible neck region that alters the overall helical symmetry. Constriction around the vesicle neck leads to the formation of a hemi-fission membrane state that ultimately results in membrane scission.

Polymer stabilizers (British: polymer stabilisers) are chemical additives which may be added to polymeric materials, such as plastics, to inhibit or retard their degradation. Common polymer degradation processes include oxidation, UV-damage, thermal degradation, ozonolysis, combinations thereof such as photo-oxidation, as well as reactions with catalyst residues, dyes, or impurities. All of these degrade the polymer at a chemical level, via chain scission, uncontrolled recombination and cross-linking, which adversely affects many key properties such as strength, malleability, appearance and colour. Stabilizers are used at all stages of the polymer life-cycle.

The water molecule will then dissociate, with one hydrogen atom forming a carboxylic acid group on the carbon atom with the double bonded Oxygen, while the remaining atoms form an alcohol on the other chain end. These reactive products may also cause further degradation of the polymer chain. This chain scission lowers average molecular weight of the polymer, decreasing the number and strength of intermolecular bonds as well as the degree of entanglement. This will increase chain mobility, decreasing strength of the polymer and increasing deformation at low stresses.

PstI preferentially cleaves purified pSM1 DNA without being influenced by the superhelicity of the substrate. However, it is not known whether the effects of this cleavage occurs upon binding to the recognition site or DNA scission. Its differential cleavage rates at different restriction sites is due to the five features of duplex structure. The proximity to the ends in linear DNA molecule, variation in DNA sequence within the recognition sites for enzymes, short distance between regions of unusual DNA sequences and recognition sites, and lastly the special structures such as loops and hairpins.

Once the cargo carriers are matured, the carrier scission is then catalyzed by dynamin-II or EHD1, together with the mechanical forces generated by actin polymerization and motor activity. The cargo carrier is transported to the TGN by motor proteins such as dynein. Tethering of the cargo carrier to the recipient compartment will lead to the uncoating of the carrier which is driven by ATP-hydrolysis and Rab7-GTP hydrolysis. Once released from the carrier, the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex and the SNX-BAR dimers get recycled back onto the endosomal membranes.

Hong's research focuses on elucidating the structure, dynamics and mechanism of membrane proteins using ssNMR. She is particularly known for her in-depth study of the Matrix-2 (M2) proteins of influenza A viruses, which are responsible for all flu pandemics in history. M2 is an acid-activated proton channel and a membrane scission protein of the influenza virus. Hong's ssNMR studies have provided insights into the proton-conduction mechanism of this channel, by quantifying the proton transfer rates and equilibria between water and the proton-selective histidine residue.

The diradical formation in the Bergman cyclization provides a potent mechanism for DNA scission and crosslinking by abstracting hydrogens from adjacent ribose sugars, which can then bond to kink or cleave the strand entirely, rendering the DNA of the target cell unusable.Zhang, H.; Li, R.; Ba. S.; Lu, Z.; Pitsinos, E. N.; Li, T.; Nicolaou, K. C. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019. 141. 7843-7852 Chelation about a transition metal brings the cyclization barrier down to conditions tolerable for the human body; this allows for targeted heating of select tissues to initiate this reaction.

Reaction scheme of the olefin metathesis - changing groups are colored Olefin metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of alkenes (olefins) by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon double bonds. Because of the relative simplicity of olefin metathesis, it often creates fewer undesired by-products and hazardous wastes than alternative organic reactions. For their elucidation of the reaction mechanism and their discovery of a variety of highly active catalysts, Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock were collectively awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Thermal degradation of polymers refers to deterioration of polymeric molecules as a result of overheating. At high temperatures, the components of the long chain backbone of the polymer can break (chain scission) and react with one another to change the properties of the polymer. Thermal degradation can present an upper limit to the service temperature of plastics as much as the possibility of mechanical property loss. Indeed, unless correctly prevented, significant thermal degradation can occur at temperatures much lower than those at which mechanical failure is likely to occur.

Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin family are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus.Hinshaw, J. "Research statement, Jenny E. Hinshaw, Ph.D." National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology.

The disulfide bonds are strong, with a typical bond dissociation energy of 60 kcal/mol (251 kJ mol−1). However, being about 40% weaker than C−C and C−H bonds, the disulfide bond is often the "weak link" in many molecules. Furthermore, reflecting the polarizability of divalent sulfur, the S−S bond is susceptible to scission by polar reagents, both electrophiles and especially nucleophiles (Nu): :RS−SR + Nu− → RS−Nu + RS− The disulfide bond is about 2.05 Å in length, about 0.5 Å longer than a C−C bond. Rotation about the S−S axis is subject to a low barrier.

Tensions between French- and Dutch-speaking students came to a head in 1968 when the Catholic University of Leuven split along linguistic lines, becoming the first of several national institutions to do so. On 1 October 1969, the Free University was also split into two successor institutions: the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). The scission was made official by the law of 28 May 1970 which created ULB and VUB as distinct legal entities. ULB retained much of the existing university infrastructure, while VUB began construction of a new campus nearby.

PEEK), sulfur (as diphenyl sulfone groups in PES or diphenyl group, for example in PPS) or nitrogen (imide group in PEI or PAI. Resulting operating temperatures might be between 200 °C in the case of PES to 260 °C in case of PEI or PAI. The increase in temperature stability by incorporating aromatic units is due to the fact, that the temperature stability of a polymer is determined by its resistance against thermal degradation and its oxidation resistance. The thermal degradation occurs primarily by a statistical chain scission; depolymerization and removal of low molecular weight compounds are playing only a minor role.

Coats function to deform the donor membrane to produce a vesicle, and they also function in the selection of the vesicle cargo. Coat complexes that have been well characterized so far include coat protein-I (COP-I), COP-II, and clathrin. Clathrin coats are involved in two crucial transport steps: (i) receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis from the plasma membrane to early endosome and (ii) transport from the TGN to endosomes. In endocytosis, the clathrin coat is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, forming pits that invaginate to pinch off (scission) and become free CCVs.

Paul Brousse returned to France in 1880 and progressively became more reformist. He began to take part in the French Workers' Party (POF) and then, after a scission, to the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FTSF), which became known as the "possibilists". He voted at the 1896 international congress in London along with Jules Guesde for the expulsion of the "anti-authoritarian socialists", as were known the anarchists. The possibilists then joined Jean Jaurès's French Socialist Party in 1902, which fused with others movements in 1905 to create the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

TCEP technical information, from Interchim In organic synthesis, hydride agents are typically employed for scission of disulfides, such as sodium borohydride. More aggressive, alkali metals will effect this reaction: : RS−SR + 2 Na → 2 NaSR These reactions are often followed by protonation of the resulting metal thiolate: : NaSR + HCl → HSR + NaCl Thiol–disulfide exchange is a chemical reaction in which a thiolate group −S− attacks a sulfur atom of a disulfide bond −S−S−. The original disulfide bond is broken, and its other sulfur atom is released as a new thiolate, carrying away the negative charge. Meanwhile, a new disulfide bond forms between the attacking thiolate and the original sulfur atom.

They supported most reforms of Giscard d'Estaing's presidency (in particular the authorization of the contraceptive pill and recognition of women's rights). This evolution brought by Servan-Schreiber's influence would end with the latter's failure during the 1979 European elections. Following the left-wing scission in 1971, the Radical Party valoisien maintained the judicial rights to the official name of Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party and is its legal continuation. After the failure of the alliance with the Christians Democrats into the Reforming Movement, the Radical Party maintained its influence by participating in the foundation of Giscard d'Estaing's Union for French Democracy (UDF) in 1978.

Cold fission or cold nuclear fission is defined as involving fission events for which fission fragments have such low excitation energy that no neutrons or gammas are emitted. Cold fission events have so low a probability of occurrence that it is necessary to use a high-flux nuclear reactor to study them. According to research first published in 1981, the first observation of cold fission events was in experiments on fission induced by thermal neutrons of uranium 233, uranium 235,C. Signarbieux et al.. "Evidence for nucleon pair breaking even in the coldest scission configurations of 234U and 236U", Journal de Physique Lettres Vol 42, No 19 /1981, , pp.

Alkenes react with percarboxylic acids and even hydrogen peroxide to yield epoxides: :RCH=CH2 \+ RO2H → RCHOCH2 \+ RO2H For ethylene, the epoxidation is conducted on a very large scale industrially. This commercial route uses oxygen in the presence of catalysts: :C2H4 \+ 1/2 O2 → C2H4O Alkenes react with ozone, leading to the scission of the double bond. The process is called ozonolysis. Often the reaction procedure includes an mild reductant, such as dimethylsulfide (SMe2): :RCH=CHR' + O3 \+ SMe2 → RCHO + R'CHO + O=SMe2 :R2C=CHR' + O3 → R2CHO + R'CHO + O=SMe2 When treated with a hot concentrated, acidified solution of KMnO4, alkenes are cleaved ketones and/or carboxylic acids.

In its monomeric form, zinc pyrithione has two of the anions chelated to a zinc centre with a tetrahedral geometry. In the solid state, it forms a dimer in which each zinc centre adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with two of the anions acting as bridging ligands coordinated through the oxygen atoms in the axial positions. In solution, the dimers dissociate via scission of zinc- oxygen bonds to each bridging ligand. Further dissociation of the monomer into its constituents can occur and is undesirable as the complex is more potent in medical applications; for this reason, zinc carbonate can be added to formulations as it inhibits the monomer dissociation.

Som Catalans (SOM; English: "We are Catalans") is a xenophobic and independentist party, active in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia and founded in 2014 by Ester Gallego and Enric Ravello, following a scission from Platform for Catalonia. The party, classified as part of the identitarian movement, maintains relations with other European movements such as Vlaams Belang (Flanders, Belgium), Lega Nord (Italy), Aitheantas Éire (Ireland) and Casal Europa (Northern Catalonia, France). In the 2015 local elections, the party contested in Vic without obtaining any representation. In the 2019 local elections, the party contested in Llagostera, Sabadell, Sant Feliu de Guíxols and Ripoll without obtaining any representation anywhere.

There was a western/eastern divide among the Wudjari bands. At the earliest point of contact with white explorers, it was noted that the western divisions were on the move, shifting towards Bremer Bay. The groups to the east of Fanny Cove and the Young River, on the other hand, had adopted circumcision as part of their tribal initiatory rites, a transformation that earned them the name of Bardonjunga/Bardok among those Wudjari who refused to absorb the practice. This customary scission, according to Norman Tindale, perhaps marked the inchoate genesis of a new tribal identity among the easterners, who had also adopted a differential ethnonym for themselves; Nyunga.

The proximity effect in electron beam lithography (EBL) is the phenomenon that the exposure dose distribution, and hence the developed pattern, is wider than the scanned pattern, due to the interactions of the primary beam electrons with the resist and substrate. These cause the resist outside the scanned pattern to receive a non-zero dose. Important contributions to weak-resist polymer chain scission (for positive resists) or crosslinking (for negative resists) come from electron forward scattering and backscattering. The forward scattering process is due to electron-electron interactions which deflect the primary electrons by a typically small angle, thus statistically broadening the beam in the resist (and further in the substrate).

Montoya's research work was on cold fission at the CEA Saclay and he participated in the discovery of nucleon-pair breaking in cold fission, C. Signarbieux et al.. "Evidence for nucleon pair breaking even in the coldest scission configurations of 234U and 236U", Journal de Physique Lettres Vol 42, No 19 (1981), , pp. 437–440 M. Montoya. Journal de Physique, Volume 44 (1983), , pp. 785–790 phenomenum studied also by Hervé Nifenecker H. Nifenecker et al.. "A combinatorial analysis of pair-breaking in fission", Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Volume 158/1982, , pp. 1616–6361 in cold fission of uranium 233, uranium 235 and plutonium 239.

Proposed mechanism of DNA scission by kedarcidin chromophore–induced 4'-H abstraction The unifying mechanism of bioactivity in all enediyne antibiotics is the Bergman cyclization, wherein the enediyne portion undergoes spontaneous cycloaromatization to generate a para-benzyne biradical activated toward homolytic abstraction of hydrogen from suitable donors, including the deoxyribose sugars of DNA. This generates a carbon-centered free radical on DNA, which undergoes oxidation by molecular oxygen. The resulting peroxide decomposes to form single- or double-stranded breaks in DNA, ultimately leading to cell death. With considerable sequence selectivity, kedarcidin chromophore binds and cleaves DNA preferentially at TCCTn-mer sites, producing single-strand breaks.

With the Middle Ages, there are several documents concerning the establishments of monks, in particular of Saint-Victor, who mention Thoramina as of the 13th century. The 13th century is also marked by the installation of rich person seigneuriales families. It is supposed that the scission of the territory goes back to this period with a geographical qualifier: Supériori for Top and Infériori for Bottom, from where Thoramina Supériori which will become with the wire of the century Thorame-High. This period is also marked by the appearance of a legend related to an "appearance céleste", this one is at the origin of the vault of Notre Dame of the Fleur and her pilgrimage which remains today.

Laruelle argues that all forms of philosophy (from ancient philosophy to analytic philosophy to deconstruction and so on) are structured around a prior decision, and remain constitutively blind to this decision. The 'decision' that Laruelle is concerned with here is the dialectical splitting of the world in order to grasp the world philosophically. Examples from the history of philosophy include Immanuel Kant's distinction between the synthesis of manifold impressions and the faculties of the understanding; Martin Heidegger's split between the ontic and the ontological; and Jacques Derrida's notion of différance/presence. The reason Laruelle finds this decision interesting and problematic is because the decision itself cannot be grasped (philosophically grasped, that is) without introducing some further scission.

The first process of degradation in OXO-treated plastic is an oxidative chain scission that is catalyzed by metal salts, leading to oxygenated (hydroxylated and carboxylated) shorter-chain molecules. OXO- degradable plastic, if discarded in the environment, will degrade to oxygenated low-molecular-weight chains (typically MW 5–10,000 amu) within 2–18 months, depending on the material (resin, thickness, anti-oxidants, etc.), temperature, and other factors in the environment. By contrast, old-fashioned plastic will take decades to reach this stage, and in the meantime will have adsorbed toxins. OXO-degradable plastics are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfill and they will not therefore generate methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) in anaerobic conditions.

In vivo nucelophilic addition of thiolates to C12 and consequent opening of the core epoxide has been hypothesized to trigger Bergman cyclization in kedarcidin chromophore. Nucleophilic activiation is thought to diminish the ring strain incurred by formation of the cycloaromatized product, and thus activate kedarcidin chromophore toward DNA scission. In the isolation and structural characterization studies carried out by Leet et al., C12-sodium borohydride reduction of kedarcidin chromophore induced rapid cycloaromatization and so facilitated studies of the otherwise unstable natural product. Consequently, C12-nucleophilic activation is proposed extensively in review literature as a possible means for triggering the cycloaromatization event in vivo. Ring strain associated with the C1-C12 double bond in kedarcidin chromophore core.

The single boat transition state is a simplification, but DFT calculations suggest 500pxthat the time difference in bond scission and formation is minimal, and that despite potential asynchronicity, the reaction is concerted, with relevant bonds being either partially broken or partially formed at some point during the reaction. The near synchronicity of the DAINV means it can be treated similarly to the standard Diels-Alder reaction. The reaction can be modeled using a closed, boat-like transition state, with all bonds being in the process of forming or breaking at some given point, and therefore must obey the Woodward–Hoffman general selection rules. This means that for a three component, six electron system, all components must interact in a suprafacial manner (or one suprafacial and two antarfacial).

A plastic item with thirty years of exposure to heat and cold, brake fluid, and sunlight. Notice the discoloration, swelling, and crazing of the material Polymer degradation is a change in the properties—tensile strength, color, shape, or molecular weight—of a polymer or polymer-based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors, such as heat, light, and the presence of certain chemicals, oxygen, and enzymes. This change in properties is often the result of bond breaking in the polymer backbone (chain scission) which may occur at the chain ends or at random positions in the chain. Although such changes are frequently undesirable, in some cases, such as biodegradation and recycling, they may be intended to prevent environmental pollution.

In addition, Jacques Lacan had begun a technical shift consisting of varying the length of session times, most frequently making them very short, provoking the mistrust of other members of the Society. These tensions resulted in the departure of a small group, gathered around Daniel Lagache and subsequently joined by Jacques Lacan. This group resigned from the S.P.P., and founded the “Société Française de Psychanalyse” (S.F.P.). Having resigned from the SPP without maintaining their membership in the I.P.A., the members of the S.F.P. had to apply for membership in the I.P.A. The latter refused to recognise the practice of shortened session times and refused to recognise the S.F.P.A collection of first-hand documents pertaining to the 1953 "Scission" and the 1963 "Excommunication" of Jacques Lacan may be consulted in English in Television/A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment.

See A. Stoia and the other essays in M.L. Stig Sørensen and R. Thomas, eds., The Bronze Age—Iron Age Transition in Europe (Oxford) 1989, and T.H. Wertime and J.D. Muhly, The Coming of the Age of Iron (New Haven) 1980. The cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the Egyptian Empire in Syria and Israel, the scission of long-distance trade contacts and sudden eclipse of literacy occurred between 1206 and 1150 BC. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter (for example, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the rise of settled Neo-Hittite Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

At the 1996 elections, CDR managed to rank 1st, with 30.70% (or 3,772,084 votes), and once again supported the candidacy of Emil Constantinescu, who also managed to win the presidency with 54.41% (or 7,057,906 votes). For the period 1996–2000, PNȚ-CD was the most important governing party within the CDR, being also part of a grand coalition which included the Democratic Party (PD) and the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR). At the 2000 elections, PNȚ-CD ran on a common CDR 2000 list and scored 5.30% (or 575,706 votes), being unable to pass the electoral threshold required for an alliance. This weak electoral result was primarily owed to the fragmentation of the alliance and the scission of the Romanian right into several other parties as well as to the tumultuous previous governing term.

A Jewish presence in community in İzmir is attested in Ottoman provincial surveys (tahrir defter) as of 1605 and in provenance of Selanik. But the core Jewish population of the city grew rapidly and soon, to reach at an estimated 7,000 in 1631 and to 15,000 in 1675, around the time Sabbatai Zevi proclaimed himself as messiah and thus sowed the seeds of a deep and lasting crisis and scission within the community. Concentrated at first in today's Kemeraltı bazaar area and pulsating along with the entire population of Ottoman İzmir, the more well-to- do Jewish residents of the city increasingly chose to live in the resort-like environment of Karataş as of 1865 when the area was officially opened for residential use. The history of the Jewish community of İzmir was generally marked with stability despite the successive turmoils Turkey has been through.

The articles of Le Gorafi comment real or imaginary events in a satirical and offbeat way, taking again most of the press codes. Le Gorafi was first an element on Twitter that began in February 2012, during the French presidential campaign, before being transformed as a blog in May, and then becoming in September 2012 a website. Since then, many of its articles were relayed in the press, especially the one stating about a supposed new challenge undertaken by Felix Baumgartner who would have decided to cross alone the entire region of Île-de-France taking the RER B. The site presents the newspaper as dating of 1826, from a scission after a conflict of interest at the redaction of Le Figaro and named Le Gorafi due to the dyslexia of its founder Jean-René Buissière. The contents are compared to the "Page Pute" of Brain Magazine, or other humoristic and satirical sites like Bilboquet Magazine and L'Humour de droite, which reacts on Twitter and Facebook.

Difluoromethylenedioxyamphetamine (DiFMDA) is a substituted derivative of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), which was developed by Daniel Trachsel and coworkers, along with the corresponding fluorinated derivatives of MDMA, MDEA, BDB and MBDB, with the aim of finding a non-neurotoxic drug able to be used as a less harmful substitute for entactogenic drugs such as MDMA. Since a major route of the normal metabolism of these compounds is scission of the methylenedioxy ring, producing neurotoxic metabolites such as alpha- methyldopamine, it was hoped that the difluoromethylenedioxy bioisostere would show increased metabolic stability and less toxicity. These compounds have not yet been tested in animals to verify whether they show similar pharmacological activity to the non-fluorinated parent compounds, although in vitro binding studies show DFMDA to have a SERT affinity in between that of MDA and MDMA. However, there is known to be a lack of bulk tolerance at this position of the molecule, shown by the generally reduced activity of the ethylidenedioxy and isopropylidenedioxy analogues.

The gap between Greek East and Latin West had already been widened by the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Great Schism of 1054, and would be eventually widened again by the Iron Curtain (1945–1991). Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the French and American Revolutions after the demise of Napoléon's Empire (1804–1815). In the decades following the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna, ideals of European unity flourished across the continent, especially in the writings of Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1799–1882) or Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872). The term United States of Europe () was used at that time by Victor Hugo (1802–1885) during a speech at the International Peace Congress held in Paris in 1849: During the interwar period, the consciousness that national markets in Europe were interdependent though confrontational, along with the observation of a larger and growing US market on the other side of the ocean, nourished the urge for the economic integration of the continent.

If its OH group is eliminated or its position is changed the binding affinity is reduced. The triphenylethylene moiety and the side chain are required for tamoxifen binding to the ER, whereas for 4-hydroxytamoxifen, the side chain, and the phenyl-propene do not appear as crucial structural elements for binding to the ER. The basicity and length of the side chain do not seem to play a crucial role for tamoxifen binding affinity to the ER nor the β-ring of tamoxifen, but the stilbene moiety of tamoxifen is necessary for binding to the ER. The hydroxyl group is of particular importance for ER binding of 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and the ethyl side chain of tamoxifen protrudes out of the ligand-binding domain of the ER. Few tamoxifen users have suffered from increased rates of uterine cancer, hot flushes, and thromboembolisms. The drug can also cause hepatocarcinomas in rats. This is likely due to the ethyl group of the tamoxifen stilbene core that is subject to allylic oxidative activation causing DNA alkylation and strand scission.

In 1960, Wanzlick reported that tetraaminoethylene 1 readily dissociates into diaminocarbene halves, and a long series of papers from his group followed, describing interesting reactions of 1 interpreted as arising from the carbene. Based on a crossover experiment, Lemal and coworkers showed in 1964 that 1 does not dissociate even under the most vigorous conditions Wanzlick had employed. The reaction chemistry was explained in terms of electrophilic attack on the tetraaminoethylene followed by scission of the central bond. tetraaminoethylene Many years later, in 1991, Arduengo made the striking discovery that diaminocarbenes with the structure 2 are stable and do not dimerize. This led Denk in 1999 to repeat Lemal’s crossover experiment, to find crossover, and thus to conclude that Wanzlick was right about dissociation after all. Lemal’s group responded by repeating the work themselves, and showed that eliminating electrophilic catalysis precluded the occurrence of crossover, thus reaffirming the result Lemal had obtained 36 years earlier. diaminocarbene By selecting a diaminocarbene structure intermediate in character between the Wanzlick and Arduengo carbenes, Lemal’s group found and studied a carbene-dimer pair that does exist in equilibrium. Here the dimer (3) lies about 5 kcal/mol below its "halves" (4) in free energy at 25 °C.