He spoke of renewing borders and solidarity, and called for national reconsolidation.
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By blocking the effect of norepinephrine and disrupting memory reconsolidation, we could perhaps reverse this process.
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Dr. Kindt is not the first to demonstrate that disrupting reconsolidation can weaken or erase emotional memories.
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"Kindt and her team are like magicians of reconsolidation," said Karim Nader, who now runs a laboratory at McGill University.
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Reconsolidation — the process in which memories are recalled and modified with new knowledge — plays a pivotal role in strengthening skills and learning.
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Kindt wanted to make the leap from studying reconsolidation in animals to humans—a huge challenge, given the complexity of the human brain.
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Kindt is currently focusing her research on the specific conditions that trigger reconsolidation in people with more complicated anxiety disorders than specific phobias.
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"Our enforcement officials are the last line of defense preventing reconsolidation of our telecommunications markets at the expense of American consumers," the senators wrote.
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Reconsolidation is a bit like pulling up a file on your computer, rewriting the same material in a bigger, bolder font and saving it again.
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Study results may well change with the development of better methods for administering propranolol or new drugs that are more effective in disrupting memory reconsolidation.
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In 2003, Kindt took a job as a professor at the University of Amsterdam and began to lay the groundwork for her research into reconsolidation.
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In January, more than 30 local private therapists undertook training in reconsolidation of traumatic memories (RTM), a treatment that has proven effective for post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Disrupting reconsolidation with propranolol or another drug is akin to retrieving this document, erasing some or all of the text and then writing something new in its place.
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White's book ends in 1896, with the debacle of the agrarian Populist movement and reconsolidation of a Republican Party that now worshiped the gold standard and protective tariffs.
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She believes reconsolidation is normally initiated by what she calls a "prediction error": The actual events that follow a trigger must be different from the outcome the patient anticipated.
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This chemical, which is similar to adrenaline, enhances learning, so blocking it disrupts the way a memory is put back in storage after it is retrieved — a process called reconsolidation.
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While both Macy's and JCPenney have been quietly shuttering stores in a move toward reconsolidation, Macy's is showing that its renovation efforts and investment in experiential retail is starting to pay off.
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With reconsolidation, researchers argued, there seemed to be a brief window in between the retrieval of an old memory and the creation of a new memory in which the old memory is vulnerable to manipulation.
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Daniela Schiller, a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience at NYU who, like Kindt, has studied reconsolidation in humans and its potential for treating anxiety, said she hoped their findings will become part of mainstream clinical practice within the next ten years.
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To examine the ability to modify emotional memory, Schiller’s research focused on reconsolidation, which is a memory process of restabilizing a destabilized memory. Reconsolidation can be blocked using pharmacological agents, or non- invasive behavioral interference such as new motor learning during the reconsolidation of motor memories, new episodic learning during reconsolidation of declarative memory, and extinction learning during the reconsolidation of fear memory. Schiller's research demonstrated the interference of reconsolidation of fear memory using extinction in humans. Subsequent research demonstrated retrieval-extinction interference in mice, rats, and humans.
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There have also been concerns about the use of reconsolidation research to justify psychotherapy treatments, and the generalizability of basic reconsolidation research into the therapy roomPatihis, L. (2015). Let's be skeptical about reconsolidation and emotional arousal in therapy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38.
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Questions arose if reconsolidation was a unique process or merely another phase of consolidation. Both consolidation and reconsolidation can be disrupted by pharmacological agents (e.g. the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin) and both require the transcription factor CREB. However, recent amygdala research suggests that BDNF is required for consolidation (but not reconsolidation) whereas the transcription factor and immediate early gene Zif268 is required for reconsolidation but not consolidation.
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Memory reconsolidation is a process of retrieving and altering a pre-existing long-term memory. Reconsolidation after retrieval can be used to strengthen existing memories and update or integrate new information. This allows a memory to be dynamic and plastic in nature. Just like in consolidation of memory, reconsolidation, involves the synthesis of proteins.
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Some studies have supported this theory, while others have failed to demonstrate disruption of consolidated memory after retrieval. It is important to note that negative results may be examples of conditions where memories are not susceptible to a permanent disruption, thus a determining factor of reconsolidation. After much debate and a detailed review of this field it had been concluded that reconsolidation was a real phenomenon. Tronson and Taylor compiled a lengthy summary of multiple reconsolidation studies, noting a number of studies were unable to show memory impairments due to blocked reconsolidation.
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This led to the idea that trauma-related cues might be weakened in humans by blocking reconsolidation. Studies with Marie Mofils, Daniela Schiller and Phelps showed that extinction conducted shortly after triggering reconsolidation is considerably more effective in reducing the threat value of stimuli than conventional extinction,Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, Klann E, LeDoux JE (2009) Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science 324:951-955; Schiller D, Monfils MH, Raio CM, Johnson DC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2010) Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature 463:49-53; Schiller D, Kanen JW, LeDoux JE, Monfils MM, and Phelps EA (2013) Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement.
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In the decade between 2005 and 2015, at least five groups argued the notion that memory reconsolidation can be used to treat psychological problems. Three of these groups have proposed that the wide variety of different psychotherapies produce permanent change in clients to the extent that they manage to activate this same neurobiological mechanism of reconsolidation in a way that leads to deconsolidation. But for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy that criticizes some of the claims of Ecker et al., see: Memory reconsolidation may be a common factor in many forms of psychotherapy.
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An example of this is if you had a truly frightening experience and recall that memory in a less arousing environment, the memory will be weaken the next time it is retrieved. "Some studies suggest that over-trained or strongly reinforced memories do not undergo reconsolidation if reactivated the first few days after training, but do become sensitive to reconsolidation interference with time." This, however does not mean that all memory is susceptible to reconsolidation. There is evidence to suggest that memory that has undergone strong training and whether or not is it intentional is less likely to undergo reconsolidation.
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Mediation: The first phase (post WWII – 1952) Bodemann calls "the phase of charismatic mediators" (Bodemann, 1990: 39). In this first phase, diverse groups from diverse backgrounds come together in She'erit Hapletah ("saved remnant"). : 2. Reconsolidation: The second phase is when the process of bureaucratic reconsolidation occurs, and there is an active reconstruction of Jewish life.
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With the reconsolidation of TM’s businesses in August 2017, TM’s three customer-focused clusters are unifi, TM ONE and TM GLOBAL.
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Finnie, Peter SB, and Karim Nader. "The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 36.7 (2012): 1667-1707.
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In one example, at least three independent groups have converged on the conclusion that a wide variety of different psychotherapies can be integrated via their common ability to trigger the neurobiological mechanism of memory reconsolidation.; ; ; for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy see and the objections in some of the invited comments in For further examples, see , below.
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Lee, M. C., Yasuda, R., & Ehlers, M. D. (2010). Metaplasticity at single glutamatergic synapses. Neuron, 66(6), 859-870. These metaplastic effects regulate memory destabilization and reconsolidation.
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The reconsolidation hypothesis claims that objects encoded into long term memory experience a new period of consolidation, or the time and resource expended to stabilize a memory object, upon each recollection. This is in opposition to the classical consolidation hypothesis which regards consolidation as a one-time event, following the first encoding of a memory. A memory item in this hypothesis, upon reactivation, destabilizes for a brief period and thereafter invokes the neuronal processes requisite for stabilization. The reconsolidation hypothesis has lingered since the 1960s; however, a 2000 study, entitled "Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval", examining fear conditioning in rats, has provided evidence in its favor.
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"Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Novel Therapeutics." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics (2008) 148C:89–98. Work conducted with Karim Nader and Glenn Schafe triggered a wave of interest in the topic of memory reconsolidation,Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406:722-726 a process by which memories become labile and subject to change after being retrieved.
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A similar double dissociation between Zif268 for reconsolidation and BDNF for consolidation was found in the hippocampus for fear conditioning. However, not all memory tasks show this double dissociation, such as object recognition memory.
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One of the ways scientists have attempted to erase these memories through suppression is by interrupting the reconsolidation of a memory. Memory consolidation of a memory is when a person recalls a memory, usually a fearful one, it becomes susceptible to alteration, and then gets stored again. This has led many researchers to believe that this time period is the best time for memories to be altered or erased. Studies have shown that through behavioral training results showed that they were able to erase memories by tampering with memories during the reconsolidation phase.
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However the need for standardized methods was underscored as in some learning tasks such as fear conditioning, certain forms of memory reactivation could actually represent new extinction learning rather than activation of an old memory trace. Under this possibility, traditional disruptions of reconsolidation might actually maintain the original memory trace but preventing the consolidation of extinction learning. Recent work has suggested that epigenetic modifications may also prevent reconsolidation in some cases. The removal of these epigenetic modifications with inhibitors of histone deacetylase enabled the erasure of remote memories after recall.
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Memory reconsolidation is when previously consolidated memories are recalled or retrieved from long-term memory to your active consciousness. During this process, memories can be further strengthened and added to but there is also risk of manipulation involved. We like to think of our memories as something stable and constant when they are stored in long-term memory but this isn't the case. There are a large number of studies that found that consolidation of memories is not a singular event but are put through the process again, known as reconsolidation.
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Common factors theory asserts it is precisely the factors common to the most psychotherapies that make any psychotherapy successful. Some psychologists have converged on the conclusion that a wide variety of different psychotherapies can be integrated via their common ability to trigger the neurobiological mechanism of memory reconsolidation in such a way as to lead to deconsolidation (Ecker, Ticic & Hulley 2012; Lane et al. 2015; Welling 2012—but for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy see the objections in some of the invited comments in: Lane et al. 2015).
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Hippocampus activation takes place when an episodic memory is recalled.Nadel, L., Hupbach, A., Hardt, O., & Gomez, R. (2008). "Episodic Memory: Reconsolidation". Dere, D., Easton, A., Nadel, L., & Huston, J., P. (Eds), Handbook of Episodic Memory (pp. 43–56).
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Theoretical formulations and empirical work suggest that inconsistencies in reconsolidation effects may depend on the degree of memory destabilization, as not every memory recall involves neural destabilization; or on the efficacy of the interference, which could differ across individuals and populations.
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Daniela Schiller (born October 26, 1972 in Israel) is a neuroscientist who leads the Affective Neuroscience Lab at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She is best known for her work on memory reconsolidation, and on modification of emotional learning and memory.
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Attempts have been made to remember memories that have been consolidated and reconsolidate them under desired conditions. According to Alex Chadwick speaking on NPR: This idea of the reconsolidation of memories has also been used in cases of PTSD to lessen or alleviate some of the symptoms associated with the illness.
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Illubabor was, by the late 19th century, an Oromo state facing the prospect of forcibly being absorbed into the Ethiopian Empire, whose reconsolidation of authority over long-abandoned peripheral territories had been intensifying since the ascension of Menelik II, who had begun his southern campaigns while King of Shewa, to the imperial throne in 1889.
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To prevent the reconsolidation of farmland, joint-stock companies cannot own farmland; agricultural cooperatives can own farmland only if they do the actual farming. Currently the average rice farmer works only 1.65 acres (whereas the typical American farm is 160 times larger). As part of the government’s control of rice, rice imports are banned except in processed forms.
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Reconsolidation of a memory involves the retrieval of an already consolidated memory (explicit or implicit), into short-term or working memory. Here it is brought into a labile state where subsequent information can interfere with what is currently in memory, therefore altering the memory. This is known as retroactive interference, and is an extremely significant issue for court and eyewitness testimonies.
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Therapists encourage the patients to reach their own introspective conclusions, punctuated by discussion and collective reconsolidation of the memory. The patient stays in the clinic overnight to be monitored. The following morning, the patient and therapist hold an integration session where they discuss the experimental session and process emotions. Three 90-minute integration sessions are held in the subsequent month.
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Morris and colleagues' experiment indicates that the reconsolidation hypothesis could apply to particular memory types such as allocentric spatial memory, which is either acquired slowly or rapidly. As implied by the authors, however, such an application is feasible only in the case of rapidly acquired spatial memory, the degree to which is influenced by how thoroughly a spatial object is trained.
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After 10 years of full operation, and the breakaway and reconsolidation of the LC&CRR;, the South Carolina Railroad was still obliged by its original charter to connect with Camden. Despite hard economic times, and heavy debt inherited from the failed LC&CRR; project, the branch between Kingsville, South Carolina and Camden, South Carolina was completed in 1848, fixing the route map for the next 50 years.
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Brain Research Bulletin. 95: 1-6. When researchers looked at stress effects on LTM, they found many outcomes. In multiple studies, the formation of LTM (tested 24 h later) was found to be enhanced by corticosterone in some studies, while the persistence of LTM (tested at least 1 wk later) was only assisted by corticosterone in the late phase of memory consolidation and reconsolidation.
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Neuroscience has shown that memories are vulnerable to disruption for several hours after they form. Holmes and colleagues proposed that because of this visuospatial distractors like Tetris, if administered within six hours of a traumatic event could help prevent symptoms of flashbacks. Also there is some evidence that memories can become vulnerable to disruption even at longer periods of time in a process known as reconsolidation.
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When cortisol was given to PTSD patients, they reported fewer recollections of traumatic memories and symptoms related to PTSD such as flashbacks or nightmares. Even after the cortisol doses ended, occurrence of recollections and nightmares remained low showing that cortisol seemingly ceased the reconsolidation process that keeps traumatic memories vivid. When combined with behavioral therapy, cortisol shows great promise in treating PTSD.de Quervain, D. J. (2006).
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However, when the first-order association is only indirectly activated (through the associative chain), it appears that there is not sufficient stimulation to kick off cellular processes which would place it in a labile state, so it remains fixed.Debiec, J., Doyere, V., Nader, K., LeDoux, J.E. (February 28, 2006). Directly reactivated, but not indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala. PNAS, Volume 103, Number 9, 3428-3433.
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Despite this, however, Fox et al. found "consistent differences in prefrontal cortex and body awareness regions" in "areas key to meta-awareness..., exteroceptive and interoceptive body awareness..., memory consolidation and reconsolidation..., self and emotion regulation..., and intra- and interhemispheric communication..." and that changes were significant with "moderate" global median effect size and "consistent and medium-sized brain structure differences." More research will be needed before any firm conclusions can be made.
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Reagan won the election in Hawaii with a decisive 11 point landslide. The election results in Hawaii are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Pacific states at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Washington with a decisive 13 point landslide. The election results in Washington are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Pacific states at large, as Californian Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Oregon with a decisive 12 point landslide. The election results in Oregon are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Pacific states at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Delaware with a resounding 20 point sweep-out landslide. Delaware, historically a conservative swing state, voted Republican for the second to last time in this election. Election results in Delaware are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election.
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In a response accompanying the article, Bruce Ecker and colleagues (creators of coherence therapy) disagreed with this claim and argued that the key ingredient in therapeutic change involving memory reconsolidation is not emotional arousal but instead a perceived mismatch between an expected pattern and an experienced pattern; they wrote:; see also for a similar criticism from a cognitive behavioral therapy perspective > The brain clearly does not require emotional arousal per se for inducing > deconsolidation. That is a fundamental point. If the target learning happens > to be emotional, then its reactivation (the first of the two required > elements) of course entails an experience of that emotion, but the emotion > itself does not inherently play a role in the mismatch that then > deconsolidates the target learning, or in the new learning that then > rewrites and erases the target learning (discussed at greater length in ). > [...] The same considerations imply that "changing emotion with emotion" > (stated three times by Lane et al.) inaccurately characterizes how learned > responses change through reconsolidation.
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Reagan won the election in Idaho with a resounding 46 point sweep-out landslide. While Idaho is typically conservative leaning, these are some of the largest margins found in the State's electoral history. The election results in Idaho are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election.
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Reagan won the election in West Virginia with a decisive 11 point landslide. While West Virginia typically voted Democratic at the time, the election results in the state are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 election. West Virginia would not vote Republican again in a presidential election until 2000.
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Additional demonstrations of retrieval-extinction were shown in juvenile rats and adolescents humans. Variations of the effect include retrieval followed by vicarious extinction and imaginal extinction. The retrieval-extinction procedure was also effective in clinical populations, including heroine addicts, tobacco smokers, PTSD and spider phobics with long- lasting effects. Some forms of therapy, such as coherence therapy, are built on the principles of memory reconsolidation and are designed to maximally optimize this process.
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Telephone Palace (Palatul Telefoanelor) on Victory Avenue In 1930, Societatea Anonimă Română de Telefoane (SART, "Romanian Telephone Company, Ltd.") was founded, more than 90% of its value being a foreign investment from ITT. During this period (1930-1933), SART commissioned Palatul Telefoanelor (The Telephone Palace), a historic building in Bucharest. Although the building has suffered from several earthquakes and a bombardment, it is still standing, and has recently undergone a process of reconstruction and reconsolidation.
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Reagan won the election in New Mexico with a resounding 20 point sweep-out landslide. The election results in New Mexico are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American West at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Arizona with a decisive 34 point sweep-out landslide. The wide margins found in Arizona, though generally conservative in its voting, are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution". This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American West at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Connecticut with a resounding 22 point sweep-out landslide. Typically a liberal-leaning state, the election results in Connecticut are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the Atlantic Northeast, at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Iowa by a sound 8 point margin. While Iowa typically leaned conservative prior to the 1990s, the election results in Iowa are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Midwest at large, as Reagan did.
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Lane, R.D. and Nadel, L. (2020) Neuroscience of Enduring Change: Implications for Psychotherapy, Oxford University Press, USA Studies have also demonstrated engram specific manipulation of retrieval-extinction on remote memories. The Epigenetic priming of behavioral memory updating was shown to enable retrieval-extinction interference. Additional conceptual replications and demonstrations of reconsolidation updating using other forms of behavioral and non-invasive interferences have been reported. Some studies failed to replicate retrieval-extinction effects and disputed the results.
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Lubin moved with the lab to the University of Alabama at Birmingham and continued her postdoctoral training there. During this second phase of her postdoctoral training, Lubin explored epigenetic transcriptional regulation of fear memory reconsolidation. She found that fear memory retrieval activates the NK-kB signalling pathway and leads to epigenetic modifications of the gene promoters in the hippocampus via IKKa-mediated mechanisms. Lubin then discovered a role for epigenetic modifications of the bdnf gene in fear memory consolidation.
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Particularly, one division within the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in the consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of drug memory. The caudate nucleus is thought to assist in learning and memory of associations taught during operant conditioning. Specifically, research has shown that this part of the basal ganglia plays a role in acquiring stimulus-response habits, as well as in solving sequence tasks. Damage to the basal ganglia has been linked to dysfunctional learning of motor and perceptual-motor skills.
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Memory reconsolidation is the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and actively consolidated. It is a distinct process that serves to maintain, strengthen and modify memories that are already stored in the long-term memory. Once memories undergo the process of consolidation and become part of long-term memory, they are thought of as stable. However, the retrieval of a memory trace can cause another labile phase that then requires an active process to make the memory stable after retrieval is complete.
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There was further testing done with rats and mazes that showed that reactivated memories were more susceptible to manipulation, in both good and bad ways, than newly formed memories. It is still not known whether or not these are new memories formed and it's an inability to retrieve the proper one for the situation or if it's a reconsolidated memory. Because the study of reconsolidation is still a newer concept, there is still debate on whether it should be considered scientifically sound.
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Reagan won the election in Louisiana with a resounding 22 point sweep-out landslide. Reagan did better in the West than in the Deep South, but still pulled well ahead of Mondale with Southern voters during the election. While Louisiana typically votes conservative, the election results in Louisiana are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election.
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Reagan won the election in Maine by 22%. While Maine typically voted more conservative, at the time, than its New England neighbors, the election results in Maine are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has since received as strong of support in the Atlantic Northeast, at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Nevada with a resounding 34 point sweep-out landslide. While Nevada typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Nevada are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American West at large, as Reagan did.
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Reagan won the election in Wyoming with a resounding 42 point sweep-out landslide. While Wyoming typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Wyoming are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American West at large, as Reagan did.
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Dukakis won the election in Hawaii with a solid 10 point landslide. The election results in Hawaii stand out from most in the United States during this election. The nationwide electoral results are largely reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Reagan won the election in Tennessee with a 16-point sweep-out landslide. While Tennessee typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Tennessee are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Reagan generally did better in the West than the South, but still pulled far ahead of Mondale in this election.
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It is not yet understood how psychotherapies can succeed in treating mental illnesses. Different therapeutic approaches may be associated with particular theories about what needs to change in a person for a successful therapeutic outcome. In general, processes of emotional arousal and memory have long been held to play an important role. One theory combining these aspects proposes that permanent change occurs to the extent that the neuropsychological mechanism of memory reconsolidation is triggered and is able to incorporate new emotional experiences.
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Various factors could interrupt this process; but without protein synthesis, memory re-consolidation would not occur and would result in the potential loss of the retrieved memory. This has been known as the reconsolidation theory of memory, which states that, after reactivation, memories undergo a process similar to initial consolidation to return them to their permanent state. Since then, a wealth of research has been done to clarify the mechanisms, genes, and proteins involved in the physiological correlate of memory.
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Reagan won the election in Florida with a resounding 31 point sweep-out landslide. While Florida typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Florida are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Hardly then the swing state we now consider it, Florida produced Reagan's best numbers in the Deep South.
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At first recall attempt, the memory is fairly accurate. The impairment begins when reconsolidation is present, such that the more times the memory is brought to conscious awareness, the less accurate it will become. When stress is induced the memory will be susceptible to other influences, such as suggestions from other people, or emotions unrelated to the event but present during recall. Therefore, stress at the encoding of an event positively influences memory, but stress at the time of recollection impairs memory.
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Bush won the election in Florida with a 22-point sweep-out landslide. This is the last election where Florida voted reliably Republican, afterward becoming a regular swing state. The election results in Florida are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Reagan won the election in Oklahoma with a resounding 38 point sweep-out landslide. While Oklahoma typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Oklahoma are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Reagan won the election in Virginia with a resounding 25 point sweep-out landslide. While Virginia typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Virginia are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Reagan won the election in Arkansas with a resounding 22-point sweep-out landslide. While Arkansas typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Arkansas are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Arkansas continued in this election as a component of the Republican stronghold of the Deep South, which is evident after the presidency of Jimmy Carter.
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Reagan won the election in Georgia with a resounding 21-point sweep-out landslide. While Georgia typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Georgia are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Reagan won the election in Illinois with a decisive 13 point landslide, carrying all but five counties. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Great Lakes States, at large, post Reagan. While Illinois typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Illinois are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election.
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Reagan won the election in Kentucky with a resounding 21 point sweep-out landslide. While Kentucky typically voted (and votes) conservative, the election results in Kentucky are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Reagan won the election in Missouri with a resounding 20 point sweep-out landslide. While Missouri typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Missouri are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Ali Ahmeti was born on January 4, 1959, in Zajas, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia. From 1979 to 1983, Ahmeti studied philosophy at the University of Pristina in Kosovo, graduating in 1983. Between 1981 and 1983, he also was one of the student leaders in the 1981 protests in Kosovo. For these activities, Ahmeti was arrested and imprisoned for one year by the Serbian and Yugoslav authorities. During the years 1984-86 he was involved with reconsolidation of the student movement (and general popular movement) in Kosovo.
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Bush won the election in New Mexico with a solid 5 percentage point margin. The election results in New Mexico are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and large scale tax cuts.
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Memory erasure is the selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind. Memory erasure has been shown to be possible in some experimental conditions; some of the techniques currently being investigated are: drug-induced amnesia, selective memory suppression, destruction of neurons, interruption of memory, reconsolidation, and the disruption of specific molecular mechanisms. There are many reasons that research is being done on the selective removal of memories. Potential patients for this research include patients suffering from psychiatric disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder, or substance use disorder, among others.
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This is when a memory is recalled or retrieved and placed back into your working memory. The memory is now open to manipulation from outside sources and the misinformation effect which could be due to misattributing the source of the inconsistent information, with or without an intact original memory trace (Lindsay and Johnson, 1989). One thing that can be sure is that memory is malleable. This new research into the concept of reconsolidation has opened the door to methods to help those with unpleasant memories or those that struggle with memories.
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Bush won the election in South Carolina with a solid 24 point sweep-out landslide. South Carolina has voted for the same candidate as its sister Southern States in every presidential election since 1968. Bush's easy win in the former Democratic bastion was reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Bush won the election in Oklahoma with a strong 15 point landslide. While traditionally conservative, the election results in Oklahoma are indicative of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Bush won the election in Ohio with a solid 11 point landslide. As a historical swing state, the decisive election results in Ohio are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Bush won the election in South Dakota with a 6-point margin. While South Dakota tends to lean conservative, the election results in South Dakota are also reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection.
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Bush won the election in Tennessee with a solid 16 point landslide. The election results in Tennessee are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts (most beneficial to the wealthy).
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Reagan won the election in Nebraska with a resounding 42 point sweep-out landslide. While Nebraska typically votes conservative, the election results in Nebraska are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Nebraska continued its age-old trend of voting in par with its sister Great Plains States (North Dakota, South Dakota, and Kansas), a trend that has not been broken in any presidential election since 1920.
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Reagan won the election in Wisconsin by a solid 9 point margin. While Wisconsin typically voted more conservative at the time, the election results in Wisconsin are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. The election of 1984 was the most recent election where Wisconsin has turned out for the Republican Party until Donald Trump won the state in the 2016 election.
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Bush won his home-state with a solid 12 point landslide. This election marks one of the first times that Texas has proven (post Reagan) to be a reliable Republican vote, and a decisively large player in Southern politics. The election results in Texas are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Bush won the election in Utah with a 34-point sweep-out landslide – his strongest victory in the nation. The election results in Utah are somewhat reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide- scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Reagan won the election in Alabama with a resounding 22 point sweep-out landslide. While Alabama typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Alabama are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Also, Alabama continued its trend of voting for the same presidential candidate as its sister Dixie State Mississippi this election cycle – a trend which has remained unbroken since 1872.
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Reagan won the election in South Carolina with a resounding 28 point sweep-out landslide. While South Carolina typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in South Carolina are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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Dukakis won the election in West Virginia with a 5-point margin. The relatively narrow election results in West Virginia are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Dukakis won the election in Wisconsin with a 4-point margin. The state has since consistently voted for the Democratic Party, until the narrow victory of Republican Donald Trump in 2016. The narrow election results in the rapidly liberalizing state of Wisconsin are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Reagan won Indiana by a margin of 24%. While Indiana had long been the most Republican leaning state in the Great Lakes region, the election results in Indiana are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention.
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After receiving post-retrieval an intra-amygdalar infusion of a known amnesic agent, anisomycin, rats failed to recall a rapidly learned fear memory. Hippocampal lesions formed post-retrieval affected the rats' fear conditioning in a similar manner. The reconsolidation hypothesis does not suppose that subsequent and precedent consolidation phases are necessarily identical in duration or in the neural mechanisms involved. Nevertheless, the commonality that exists in every consolidation phase is a short-lived destabilization of a memory object and a susceptibility for said object to react to amnesic agents—principally protein synthesis inhibitors.
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After a tearful farewell, a talkative make-up artist named Coffretchi moved in and agreed to take Himespetchi's place in the Kira Kira Girls' band. Later on, after Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi make frequent use of the Yume Kira Bag, a Tamagotchi named Nandetchi notices the true identities and decided to take photos of them and show them to Dream School, much to the girls' humiliation. After reconsolidation, Nandetchi tore up the photos. Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi then learned it was time to return the Yume Kira Bags and Yumecantchi back to the fortune teller that gave them the items.
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Bush won the election in North Dakota with a solid 13 point landslide. While North Dakota has typically voted conservative in presidential elections, the election results in North Dakota are also reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Reagan won the election in Kansas with a highly decisive 32 point sweep-out landslide. While Kansas typically votes conservative in the modern era, the election results in Kansas are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. Kansas also continued its age-old trend of voting in par with its sister Great Plains States (North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska), a trend that has not been broken in any presidential election since 1920.
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Reagan won the election in South Dakota with a resounding 27 point sweep-out landslide. While South Dakota typically votes conservative, the election results in South Dakota are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. South Dakota continued its age-old trend of voting in par with its sister Great Plains States (North Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas), a trend that has not been broken in presidential elections since 1920.
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Reagan won the election in North Dakota with a very decisive 31 point sweep-out landslide. While North Dakota typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in North Dakota are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. North Dakota continued its age-old trend of voting in par with its sister Great Plains States (South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas), a trend that has not been broken in any presidential election since 1920.
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Bush won the election in Virginia with a solid 20 point sweep-out landslide. This is the first election (post-Reagan) where Virginia voted reliably in block with the states of the Deep South during presidential elections - a trend which would continue for nearly 20 years. The election results in Virginia are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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Bush won the election in Wyoming with a solid 22 point sweep-out landslide. While Wyoming tends to vote conservative during presidential elections, these election results in Wyoming are also reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Stress facilitates the consolidation but disrupts the reconsolidation of emotional memory. As mentioned previously, the persistence of LTM is selectively enhanced when stress and corticosterone are administered during the late phase after acquisition, but it is disrupted when stress and corticosterone are administered during the late phase after retrieval of memory. With regards to the persistence of LTM, there is a restricted time window between acquisition or retrieval where persistence is affected. These studies found that while persistence of LTM is selectively affected based on stage of memory, the formation of LTM is left intact after a certain length of time.
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Dukakis won the election in Washington with a narrow 2 point margin. The close election results in what was at the time a left-leaning swing state are reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide- scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.
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Another renovation was completed at the high school in the Autumn of 1998 that nearly tripled its size, enabling all four grades to be moved back to what had been the North Campus. With the reconsolidation of the high school onto one campus, the Stringham Road building became LaGrange Middle School. Because the 1998 expansion was meant to address the district's requirements for only 10 years, discussion began in 2005 on an additional, large expansion of the building. Debate over the expansion was tense, due to the perception of already lofty school-tax rates and the looming energy crisis.
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When the 42nd Infantry Division was activated on 14 July 1943, three new infantry regiment were created to fill the division up because all of the regiments that had formed the division during World War I were serving elsewhere. The 222nd Infantry Regiment, 232nd Infantry Regiment, and the 242nd Infantry Regiment were activated and included recruits from all 48 states. The 222nd Infantry Regiment underwent intense combat training at Camp Gruber, Oklahoma and arrived in Marseille, France in November 1944. After a brief period of training and reconsolidation, the regiment was attached to "Task Force Linden" under the command of General Henning Linden in early December to prepare for combat.
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Reagan won the election in Ohio with a decisive 18 point landslide. While Ohio typically leaned conservative at the time, the election results in Ohio are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. The election of 1984 is also one of the final elections where Ohio has reliably turned out for the Republican presidential candidate, and marks the end of a political era for the State, which has since transformed more into the swing state that we know it as today.
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Their actions at this stage were bolder and more aggressive causing considerable losses to the security forces. These successes were due to their preparation and the training that they received during the "lull periods" or the reconsolidation period after the end of the first insurgency. According to Chin Peng, the MCP's ranks had grown to around 1,000 by the period between 1967–68. Following the race riots of the May 13 Incident, underground Communist activists operating in the towns and rural areas launched a word–of–mouth campaign which targeted ethnic Chinese youths who were disaffected with the Alliance government's pro-Malay affirmative action policies particularly the New Economic Policy.
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After using these substances a person may experience a loss of memory of a specific event temporarily or even permanently. Steven Johnson, (the author of Mind Wide Open: Your Brain and the Neuroscience of Everyday Life) also states that: "Scientists believe memories are captured and stored by two separate parts of the brain, the hippocampus, the normal seat of memory, and the amygdala, one of the brain's emotional centers. People who, due to hippocampus damage, are incapable of forming long- term memories can still form subconscious memories of traumatic events if their amygdala is intact."This may be related to erasure or reconsolidation of memories.
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"Facing the Music: Further Thoughts on Integrating Music into Psychotherapy: Response to Commentaries on: The Effect of Integrating Music Listening With an Attachment- and Affective-Focused Short-Term Psychotherapy in an Individual With Relational Trauma: The Case of 'James'". Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, Volume 15, Module 2, Article 5, pp. 206–213. In response to Sass's commentary, Fosha clarified that meta-processing occurs when the client is no longer defended and that the activity of meta-processing is "about the experience of experience and experience-near reflection that allows further experience", not "self-awareness" or "self-monitoring". Bruce Ecker proposed that memory reconsolidation may be the neurological mechanism underlying healing change in AEDP.
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The DGEMN Direcção-Geral de Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (General- Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments) interevened between 1969-1970, with repairs to the building caused by this event. This included the surveying and repositioning of the main ceiling coverings; the removal of existing cornerstones over the arches, and replacement by cement basis; the resealing of joints; plastering; assessment of the roofing; and the plastering of the exterior parapets. By the end of 1970, almost all the azulejo tile that covered the walls, vaulted ceiling and cupola had become extracted from the walls/coverings, with several broken, lost or in a state of imminent dislocation repaired. In 1984 there was a reconsolidation of the wooden cupola.
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Reconsolidation experiments are more difficult to run than typical consolidation experiments as disruption of a previously consolidated memory must be shown to be specific to the reactivation of the original memory trace. Furthermore, it is important to demonstrate that the vulnerability of reactivation occurs in a limited time frame, which can be assessed by delaying infusion till six hours after reactivation. It is also useful to show that the behavioral measure used to assess disruption of memory is not just due to task impairment caused by the procedure, which can be demonstrated by testing control groups in absence of the original learning. Finally, it is important to rule out alternative explanations, such as extinction learning by lengthening the reactivation phase.
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Ahead of the first midterm polls in the country, the two factions of the Nacionalista Party had already reunited. The party went into the 1938 Elections with the confidence of having practically every branch of government under the control of its stalwarts. This reconsolidation of political forces left the opposition in tatters, with the Allied Minorities, a loose caucus of opposition parties, failing to stop the Nacionalista bid. The elections of 1938 proved to be historic in two ways: It was the first and last time that a single party would secure 100 percent of the seats in the legislature, with the Nacionalistas winning all 98 seats; and it ushered in the years of one- party rule in the country.
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Bush won the election in the battleground state of Missouri by a narrow 4 point margin which was far below the margin of support the state gave Reagan just four years earlier. Bush's loss of many northern rural counties combined with Dukakis's stronger than normal performance across much of the state and his over performance in the St. Louis city area made the final election results in this state much closer than usual. The election results in Missouri are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.
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The Guardians of Religion Organization is part of the Stand Firm Operations Room, formerly the Rouse the Believers or Incite the Believers Operations Room. The Stand Firm Operations Room is the reconsolidation of the Incite the Believers Operations Room following Ansar al Tawhid's defection from it 3 May 2020. The Incite the Believers Operations Room was led by the Guardians of Religion Organization alongside three other Jihadist factions based in northwestern Syria, and alongside Ansar al-Tawhid, which was also part of the Rouse the Believers Operations Room and largely consists of former Jund al-Aqsa elements, established the Alliance to Support Islam in early 2018. Flag of al-Nusra, al- Qaeda's original official branch in Syria until separating in 2016 and dissolving itself to form Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in 2017.
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Reagan campaigning in Saginaw, Michigan with Bill Schuette and Jack Lousma Reagan won the election in Michigan with a decisive 19% landslide. While Michigan was typically a contested battleground state at the time, with a large black population and a heavy presence of organized labor balanced by a large rural and suburban population, the election results in Michigan are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution." This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election. The election of 1984 is the final election where Michigan was won by the Republican Party with a double-digit margin, with George H.W. Bush winning the state with a single- digit margin in 1988.
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Farah D. Lubin is an American neuroscientist and Associate Professor of Neurobiology and an Associate Professor of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham within the School of Medicine. Lubin is the Principal Investigator of the Lubin Lab which explores the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cognition and how these mechanisms are altered in disease states such as epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Lubin discovered the role of NF-κB in fear memory reconsolidation and also uncovered a novel role for epigenetic regulation of BDNF in epilepsy leading to memory loss. Lubin is a champion for diversity at UAB as the Co-Director of the Roadmap Scholar Program and as a faculty mentor for several institutional and national programs to increase retention of underrepresented minorities in STEM.
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It has been demonstrated in an associative fear conditioning chain, such as CS2 \--> CS1 \--> US, that extinction of freezing responses to the first-order stimulus (CS1) leads to responding impairments in CS2, but extinction of the second-order stimulus (CS2), does not have any effect on CS1 (Debiec et al.). In the same study, the effect of activation (memory retrieval) on such an associative chain has been examined. Results demonstrated that protein synthesis inhibition after exposure to a single CS1 impairs responses to both CS1 and CS2, but protein synthesis inhibition after exposure to a single CS2, only disrupts CS2 and leaves CS1 freezing intact. Therefore, it is believed that when the first- order association is directly activated, it is placed into a labile state (as we would expect from reconsolidation research) which may affect dependent associations.
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Brain trait changes have also been observed in neuroimaging studies, most often employing fMRI. In a meta-analysis of 21 neuroimaging studies, eight brain regions were found to be consistently altered, including areas key to meta-awareness (frontopolar cortex/Brodmann area 10), exteroceptive and interoceptive body awareness (sensory cortex and insular cortex), memory consolidation and reconsolidation (hippocampus), self and emotion regulation (anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), and intra- and interhemispheric communication (superior longitudinal fasciculus; corpus callosum) These changes were distinguished by density increases in grey matter regions and white matter pathways in the brains of individuals who meditate in comparison to individuals who do not. Of all areas with reported findings, a greater number of structural changes were found in the left hemisphere. There is also evidence to suggest meditation plays a protective role against the natural reduction in grey matter volume associated with aging.
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