284 Sentences With "plosive" | Random Sentence Generator

Luckily, dialect coach Erik Singer is here to help you distinguish a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative from a uvular plosive.

It's a large number with nice clean lines; "billion" has a nice plosive pop to it when said out loud.

The very word — those three rather finicky, hissy syllables, with that tight-arsed, final plosive burst of air — sounds too restrained, too orderly, too well-behaved by half.

At surface level, it was a special-effects demonstration, a bonanza of texture and timbre: quavery drones, like an oscillating synthesizer; delicate ghost tones, hovering in flute range; sharp, plosive rivets of percussive airflow.

Language lives not in the mind, but rather in the larynx, the soft pallet, the mouth, and the tongue, and its progeny are the soft serpentine sibilant, the moist plosive, the chest gutturals' heart-burn.

Homeboy Sandman & Edan: Humble Pi (Stones Throw) His beatmaking proudly utilitarian, his quick tetrameters and plosive rat-a-tat-tat too abrupt to fully earn the glorious old metaphor flow, the heroically consistent Homeboy has never been quite musical enough.

Mine was named Dwork, a slime-green monstrosity with hooded eyes, and for years thereafter it remained my physical reference point for bogs, a land type whose very name, with its double plosive, became a byword in my mind for murk and monsters.

Separated from the two female Asian elephants he was raised with in captivity, Koshik lived alone at Everland for seven years, a period during which he construed a way of speaking perfectly intelligible Korean words by sticking his trunk in his mouth and then using his tongue to shape his own plosive trumpetings into the language of the zoo's workers and local visitors.

The doctor's gown even greener than before they swarm the buxom Equatorial one— head bent, body curled— a creaturely sound from the vast, void-like and watery opening out, the throat a conduit for this otherworldly force like a glacier calving inside the more obsolete sound of a trireme that'll always be circumnavigating that glacier, gloved hands holding my own heels high for the pelvissing plosive head, shoulders, hip, knees feet and cord that voice never not in my ear and soon another, voices so large in their beautiful Latin, how could they accept being refracted so small in another grammar?

The original uvular plosive, , has also moved forward in Western Neo-Aramaic. In Bakh'a it has become a strongly post-velar plosive, and in Maaloula more lightly post-velar. In Jubb'adin, however, it has replaced the velar plosive, and become .

A transliteration pattern peculiar to Sinhala, and facilitated by the absence of phonemic aspirates, is the use of for the voiceless dental plosive, and the use of for the voiceless retroflex plosive. This is presumably because the retroflex plosive is perceived the same as the English alveolar plosive , and the Sinhala dental plosive is equated with the English voiceless dental fricative .Matzel (1983), p. 16 Dental and retroflex voiced plosives are always rendered as , though, presumably because is not found as a representation of in English orthography.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive ( in the IPA, `k'` or `k_j` in X-SAMPA).

Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar plosive,Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular". which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. Some languages have the voiced pre-velar plosive,Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front- velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal". which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive. Conversely, some languages have the voiced post- velar plosive,Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".

"Occlusive" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. "Plosive" refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant. Some object to the use of "plosive" for inaudibly released stops, which may then instead be called "applosives". The International Phonetic Association and the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association use the term "plosive".

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless velar plosive.

In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the prevoiced aspirated velar plosive .

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, denotes the voiceless alveolar plosive.

Although upper- pharyngeal plosives are not found in the world's languages, apart from the rear closure of some click consonants, they occur in disordered speech. See voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive and voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive.

Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain . Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. Tahitian. Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar plosive,Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front- velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal". which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

The letter tav in Modern Hebrew usually represents a voiceless alveolar plosive: .

We avoid this phrase, preferring to reserve the term 'stop' for sounds in which there is a complete interruption of airflow. In addition, they restrict "plosive" for a pulmonic consonants; "stops" in their usage include ejective and implosive consonants. If a term such as "plosive" is used for oral non-affricated obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a stop may mean the glottal stop; "plosive" may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word "plosive" that is restricted to the glottal stop.

83 Kani commonly represents the voiceless velar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "king".

19 Bani commonly represents the voiced bilabial plosive , like the pronunciation of in "boy".

23 Gani commonly represents the voiced velar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "gun".

27 Doni commonly represents the voiced dental plosive , like the pronunciation of in "dome".

34 Tani commonly represents the voiceless alveolar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "table".

New Dialect Formation in Kent's 'Sunshine Corner'. David Hornsby. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2016, pp.44-56. The "t" form suggests a voiceless alveolar plosive or a voiceless dental plosive realisation , as in tin, but also serves to represent a 'glottal' form.

The Stamna () is a plosive aerophone (in this case implosive) and an idiophone of the Greece.

Spirant mutation transforms three unvoiced plosive consonants into fricatives: p → f , t → z and k → c'h .

126 Vowel diacritics attach in the same way as they would to the corresponding plain plosive.

The extIPA provides the letter (a small-capital ) to transcribe such a voiceless upper pharyngeal plosive.

Kha represents the voiceless uvular fricative in Ossetian. The digraph ⟨хъ⟩ represents the voiceless uvular plosive .

The extIPA provides the letter (a turned small-capital ) to transcribe such a voiced upper pharyngeal plosive.

In Serbian, the letter represents the voiced bilabial plosive /b/, regardless of the position in the word.

In the orthographies of other languages, is often used for , the voiceless dental plosive , or similar sounds.

Occasionally called "percussive aerophones", plosive aerophones are sounded by percussion caused by a single compression and release of air. An example of a plosive aerophone is the "scraper flute" which has tubes with ridged or serrated edges so that they can be scraped with a rod to produce sound.

Its voiceless counterpart is voiceless labial–velar plosive, . The voiced labial–velar plosive is commonly found in Niger-Congo languages, e.g. in Igbo (Volta-Congo, in the name [iɡ͡boː] itself) or in Bété (Atlantic-Congo), e.g. in the surname of Laurent Gbagbo ([ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]), former president of Ivory Coast.

In the Italian alphabet, it represents before the non-front vowel letters . is used in the Albanian alphabet for the voiced palatal plosive , though for Gheg speakers it represents . In the Arbëresh dialect, it represents the voiced velar plosive . In the Norwegian and Swedish alphabets, represents in words like gjorde ('did').

Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, stands for in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for in Tatar. stands for in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, .

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-13 is used to represent an unvoiced velar plosive, ie /k/..

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1234 is used to represent a voiceless bilabial plosive, ie /p/..

The following is the "core" phonemic inventory, common to virtually all varieties of Tok Pisin. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels. Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English hand becomes Tok Pisin .

Velar plosive [g] only appears following [ŋ], and [ŋ] can only appear without a following [g] if it is stem-initial.

In Modern Hebrew, Tet represents a voiceless alveolar plosive , although this can be pharyngealized to produce in traditional Temani and Sephardi pronunciation.

Finally, the (Spanish) minimally-voiced "J" sound has evolved to a plosive (so the name "Joseph" sounds to the American ear as "Kosip").

The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `J\_-` and `g_+`, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive ( in the IPA, `g'` or `g_j` in X-SAMPA).

The epiglottal region produces the plosive as well as sounds that range from fricative to trill, and . Because the latter are most often trilled and rarely simply fricative, these consonants have been classified together as simply pharyngeal, and distinguished as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill.John Esling (2010) 'Phonetic Notation', in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p. 695.

Aspirated consonants do not occur before breathy vowels, and glottalized consonants only occur before modally voiced vowels. Nasal consonants only occur before nasal vowels. Voiced plosives are prenasalized in intervocalic position. Consonant clusters include NC, where N is a nasal and C is a voiceless plosive or affricate, and SC, where S is a sibilant and C is a tenuis plosive or affricate.

It most often represents the voiced dental plosive . However, word-finally and before voiceless consonants, it represents a voiceless . Before a palatalizing vowel, it represents .

The voiceless labial–velar plosive is found in Vietnamese and various languages in West and Central Africa. In Yoruba it is written with a simple .

In aspirated plosives, the vocal cords (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated plosive (a plosive followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the plosive and the voice onset is called the voice onset time (VOT) or the aspiration interval. Highly aspirated plosives have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic ) before the onset of the vowel.

In standard Serbian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian and Macedonian the letter Ghe represents a voiced velar plosive but is devoiced to word-finally or before a voiceless consonant.

Te (Т т; italics: Т т) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "stop".

Ka (К к; italics: К к) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless velar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "king".

Wladimir Klitschko vs. Hasim Rahman, billed as "X-Plosive", was a professional boxing match contested on 13 December 2008 for the IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight championship.

Pe (П п; italics: П п) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the unaspirated voiceless bilabial plosive , like the pronunciation of in "spin".

Most of the time it is followed by the voiced velar plosive, but it can also be followed by the lateral retroflex, as well as occurring independently.

The letter ' is pronounced differently depending on the region of the speaker. In many regions it represents a coronal consonant such as or . However, in Classical Arabic, it represented a palatalized voiced velar plosive or a voiced palatal plosive (and a contemporary pronunciation as or is retained in Egypt, Sudan and southern Yemen / Oman). As a result, it was classified as a moon letter and it never assimilates the article.

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-2345 is used to represent an unvoiced dental or alveolar plosive, such as /t/ or /t̪/, and otherwise as needed..

Just like Standard Dutch, Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect devoices all obstruents at the ends of words. Morpheme-final may be voiced if a voiced plosive or a vowel follows.

The first sound is a pre-voiced , i.e. it has a negative VOT. Then, increasing the VOT, it reaches zero, i.e. the plosive is a plain unaspirated voiceless .

Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect.

Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in - is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.

Likewise, ⟨g⟩ was probably a voiced velar plosive and the initial ⟨g⟩ was not silent: for example, German Gnom, a cognate of gnome, Gneis, a cognate of gneiss, etc.

Doubly articulated consonants are consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner (both plosive, or both nasal, etc.). They are a subset of co-articulated consonants. They are to be distinguished from co-articulated consonants with secondary articulation; that is, a second articulation not of the same manner. An example of a doubly articulated consonant is the voiceless labial-velar plosive , which is a and a pronounced simultaneously.

The epiglottal or pharyngeal plosive (or stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants occur at the same place of articulation. Esling (2010) describes the sound covered by the term "epiglottal plosive" as an "active closure by the aryepiglottic pharyngeal stricture mechanism" - that is, a stop produced by the aryepiglottic folds within the pharynx.

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-145 is used to represent a voiced dental or alveolar plosive, such as /d/ or /d̪/, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

The lips then release suddenly, causing a burst of sound. The place of articulation of this sound is therefore called ', and the manner is called ' (also known as a plosive).

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1236 is used to represent a voiced labial plosive or labio-velar approximant, such as /v/, /β/, or /w/, and otherwise as needed..

Boa means "good" (feminine) and voa, "he/she/it flies". Unlike most of the West Iberian languages, Portuguese usually differs between the voiced bilabial plosive and the voiced labiodental fricative, but the distinction used to be absent in the dialects of the northern half of Portugal, and in some dialects spoken in the border of Brazil or Portugal and Spanish-speaking countries. Both are realized indistinctly as a voiced bilabial plosive or a voiced bilabial fricative, like in Spanish.

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with /a/ or /ɨ/ in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.) /b/ voiced bilabial plosive syllable initial and final. For example: : bio ‘eagle’ : kalub ‘fall face down’ /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive. environment: syllable initial (but rare word initial) and final variants: [p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive environment: syllable initial : patuy ‘compressed lump of soaked nami’ : paras ‘small mouse species’ : agipan ‘scorpion’ : apalya ‘ampalaya, bitter gourd’ : napsug ‘full, satisfied with food’ [pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive environment: word final : tap ‘number’ /p/ is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following: there is at least one minimal pair: : tapi ‘count (imperative)’, from root ‘tap’ plus suffix -i : tafi ‘slash, chop mark from a knife’ /p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/ under the following circumstances: : /f/ is never syllable-final, but /p/ can be.

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1245 is used to represent a voiced velar plosive, i.e. /g/, and is otherwise assigned as needed. It is also used for the number 7..

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-12 is used to represent a voiced bilabial plosive, ie /b/, and is otherwise assigned as needed. It is also used for the number 2..

The alphabet on a black figure vessel, with a point-and-circle theta. In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative .

Multiple sets of these "plosive aerophones"Dadson, Philip and Hopkin, Bart, "Slap Tubes and Other Plosive Aerophones", audio CD and book, 64 pp., Experimental Musical Instruments, 2007 were typically used, struck with rubber paddles. They were inspired partly by seeing a Solomon Islands group performing with bamboo tube instruments at the 1976 South Pacific Festival of the Arts in Rotorua. The From Scratch versions were constructed from PVC drain pipe, beginning the group's association with sculptural instruments invented from industrial materials.

The status of is somewhat different from and , since it also appears in native Finnish words, as a regular 'weak' correspondence of the voiceless (see Consonant gradation below). Historically, this sound was a fricative, (th as in English the), varyingly spelled as d or dh in Old Literary Finnish. Its realization as a plosive originated as a spelling pronunciation, in part because when mass elementary education was instituted in Finland, the spelling d in Finnish texts was mispronounced as a plosive, under the influence of how Swedish speakers would pronounce this letter. (In the close to seven centuries during which Finland was under first Swedish, then Russian rule, Swedish speakers dominated the government and economy.) Initially, few native speakers of Finnish acquired the foreign plosive realisation of the native phoneme.

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-46 is used to represent an unvoiced dorsal plosive, such as /k/ or /q/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.

Hypernasal speech or hyperrhinolalia or rhinolalia aperta is inappropriate increased airflow through the nose during speech, especially with syllables beginning with plosive and fricative consonants. Examples of hypernasal speech include cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency.

When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive (). There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

When the Pe has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless bilabial plosive, . There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

The voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive , except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `q`. There is also the voiceless pre-uvular plosiveInstead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar".

In the romanization of various languages, usually represents the voiced velar fricative (). Like , may also be pharyngealized, as in several Caucasian and Native American languages. In transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages such as Sanskrit and Hindi, as well as their ancestor, Proto-Indo-European, represents a voiced velar aspirated plosive (often referred to as a breathy or murmured voiced velar plosive). In the romanization of Ukrainian language is used seldom to avoid occurrence of another digraph, usually which is used for another type of phoneme.

In Italian and Romanian, represents (the voiced velar plosive) before and . In Esperanto orthography, (or ) can be used when the is missing, which represents . In Galician, it is often used to represent the pronunciation of gheada.

The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `p`.

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1246 is used to represent a voiced dental or alveolar plosive, such as /d/ or /d̪/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-23456 is used to represent an unvoiced dental or alveolar plosive, such as /t/ or /t̪/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed..

The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `c`. If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as (advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `c_+` and `t_-'` or `t_-_j`, respectively.

The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `J\`. If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed , (both symbols denote an advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue.

The letter tav is one of the six letters that can receive a dagesh kal diacritic; the others are bet, gimel, dalet, kaph and pe. Bet, kaph and pe have their sound values changed in modern Hebrew from the fricative to the plosive, by adding a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, the other three do not change their pronunciation with or without a dagesh, but they have had alternate pronunciations at other times and places. In traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation, tav represents an without the dagesh and has the plosive form when it has the dagesh.

In tenuis plosives, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the plosive as voiceless and not voiced. In voiced plosives, the vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in English, the voicing after release is not breathy. A plosive is called "fully voiced" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion.

A fortis plosive is produced with more muscular tension than a lenis plosive. However, this is difficult to measure, and there is usually debate over the actual mechanism of alleged fortis or lenis consonants. There are a series of plosives in the Korean language, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using "stiff voice", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless plosives. The indirect evidence for stiff voice is in the following vowels, which have a higher fundamental frequency than those following other plosives.

As wildcards, for {consonant} and for {vowel} are ubiquitous. Other common capital-letter symbols are for {tone/accent} (tonicity), for {nasal}, for {plosive}, for {fricative}, for {sibilant}, is particularly ambiguous. It has been used for 'stop', 'fricative', 'sibilant', 'sonorant' and 'semivowel'. The illustrations given here use, as much as possible, letters that are capital versions of members of the sets they stand for: IPA [n] is a nasal, [p] a plosive, [f] a fricative, [s] a sibilant, [l] a liquid, [r] both a rhotic and a resonant, and [ʞ] a click.

Ch represents [] in Uyghur Latin script. Ch represents in the Uzbek alphabet. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 28th letter of the alphabet. In Vietnamese, ch represents the voiceless palatal plosive in the initial position.

In Catalan it is used in some old spelling conventions for . :DD: used in Sicilian and Sardinian to represent the voiced retroflex plosive . In recent history more accurately transcribed as DDH. :DJ: used in Walloon and Catalan for .

Detroit received its Canadian premiere in January 2014 at The Gladstone Theatre in Ottawa. It is directed by Chris Ralph and will feature Teri Loretto Valentik, David Whiteley, Stephanie Izsak, David Benedict Brown and Geoff Gruson. A Plosive Production.

The terms stop, occlusive, and plosive are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. "Stop" refers to the airflow that is stopped.

In 2011, Plosive Productions and SevenThirty Productions joined forces to take on the operation of the theatre. The partnership expanded to include shows by Black Sheep Theatre, Bear and Co., Same Day Theatre (in 2013), and Three Sisters Company (in 2014).

The Gladstone Theatre is programmed by a partnership of independent theatre companies. For the 2013-14 season, those partners included Plosive Productions, SevenThirty Productions, Black Sheep Theatre, Bear & Co., and Same Day Theatre. The production companies are local to Ottawa.

The Karkar inventory is as follows.Dorothy Price, 1993. Organised Phonology Data: Karkar-Yuri Language [YUJ]: Green River – Sandaun Province Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.

In English, it is most commonly used to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, a sound it also denotes in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in English-language texts.

The Sounds of the World's Languages. Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. the choice between one or another analysis is purely based on phonological convenience—there is no actual acoustic or articulatory difference between one language's "laterally-released plosive" and another language's biphonemic cluster.

It is named after the royal House of Kamehameha; the last king of this lineage, Kamehameha V, had died in 1872, a short time before this species was described. The specific name tameamea is an old-fashioned and partially wrong transcription of "Kamehameha". The Hawaiian language has no strict distinction between the voiceless alveolar plosive and voiceless velar plosive; use varies from island to island, but today, "k" is used as the standard transliteration. The voiceless glottal transition "h" is distinct and should always be pronounced - for example, "aloha" is correct whereas "aloa" is a wrong pronunciation.

The voiced plosives // and // are imploded word-initially and intervocalically. When a nasal occurs before //, // becomes a prenasalized voiced plosive [ᵐb]. Similarly, when a nasal occurs before // or //, they become, respectively, [ⁿd] and [ᵑɡ]. //, //, //, and //'s allophone, [ᵑɡ] become labialized before //, with // becoming [].

In Ancient Greek, delta represented a voiced dental plosive . In Modern Greek, it represents a voiced dental fricative , like the "th" in "that" or "this" (while in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as ντ). Delta is romanized as d or dh.

"C7osure (You Like)" is a song by American rapper and singer Lil Nas X. It is the seventh track on his debut EP, 7 (2019). The song was produced by Boi-1da and Allen Ritter, with miscellaneous production by Abaz and X-Plosive.

Most languages have at least a plain , and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a are Hawaiian (except for Niʻihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar plosive for loanwords with ), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an ), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.

The prenasalized consonants resemble their plain counterparts. is made up by the left half of and the right half of , while the other three are just like the grapheme for the plosive with a little stroke attached to their left.Fairbanks et al. (1968), p.

In most words of Greek origin, it represents as in archéologie, chœur, chirographier; but chimie, chirurgie, and chimère have , as does anarchiste. In Italian, ch represents the voiceless velar plosive before -e and -i. In Occitan, ch represents , but in some dialects it is .

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while was distinguished from and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900. In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized and as typographic equivalents, and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993. While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommended the use of for a velar plosive and for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian, this practice never caught on. The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.

The dialect in many towns and villages in the Wādī (valley) and the coastal region is characterised by its -yodization, changing the Classical Arabic reflex to the approximant . That resembles some Eastern Arabian and Gulf dialects, including the dialects of Basra in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain other Arab Emirates. In educated speech, is realised as a voiced palatal plosive or affricate in some lexical items which are marked [+ religious] or [+ educated] (see below). The reflex is pronounced as a voiced velar in all lexical items throughout the dialect. In some other Arabic dialects, is realised as a voiceless uvular plosive in certain marked lexemes [+ religious], [+ educational]: “Qur’an”.

On the other hand, the voiceless labialized velar plosive has only a single stop articulation, velar (), with a simultaneous approximant- like rounding of the lips. In some dialects of Arabic, the voiceless velar fricative has a simultaneous uvular trill, but this is not considered double articulation either.

A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a -like secondary articulation. Common examples are , which are pronounced like a , with rounded lips, such as the labialized voiceless velar plosive . Such sounds occur across Africa and the Americas, in the Caucasus, etc.

"Juste une photo de toi" (English: Just a picture of you) is a song performed by French singer M. Pokora. Produced by Gee Futuristic & X-Plosive, the song serves as the lead single from Pokora's fourth studio album Mise à Jour. It was released on June 7, 2010.

34, No. 2. (1971), pp. 273–297. The Arabic letter ج maintains an archaic pronunciation in Sudanese (other dialects typically have , or , while Cairene Arabic has ). Sudanese Arabic also maintains an archaic rendering of qaf as (Voiced uvular plosive) while Cairene Arabic (like some other modern Urban dialects) renders it as .

For example: m' andâ ('I have walked'), m' stâ tâ sintí ('I am feeling'), m' labába ('I had washed'). Before plosive or affricate consonants this nasality becomes homorganic nasal of the following consonant. For ex.: m' bêm ('I came'), m' têm ('I have'), m' tchigâ ('I arrived'), m' crê ('I want').

With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced is much rarer than voiceless .WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain .

Words may be monomorphemic or polymorphemic. Words follow the following rule set: # Words can start with any consonant but ṇ and ṛ. # Native words end in a vowel, a plosive, a nasal, or a liquid consonant. # No native word begins or ends in a consonant cluster other than the exceptions mentioned above.

The letter ق (qāf) is pronounced as an unvoiced velar fricative /x/ with the same pronunciation as خ ( _kh_ e) whereas in Standard Hindustani dialects the ق is pronounced as a velar plosive /k/ with the same pronunciation as ک (kāf). For example, the word 'qabar' (grave) is pronounced as ' _kh_ abar' (news).

The canonical syllable structure of Iatmul is C(C)V(C), where the first consonant can be any consonant. Possible codas are only , , , , , and . Most words begin with the nasal consonants , or the plosive consonants , . Excluded from this rule are about 5% of the words in Iatmul, which begin with the vowels or .

In the orthography of Shona it is the opposite: represents , and . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, represents a dental stop, . :In addition, is used in various romanization systems. In transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages, for example, it represents the murmured voiced dental plosive , and for equivalent sounds in other languages.

These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al.

Te with middle hook (Ꚋ ꚋ; italics: Ꚋ ꚋ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Not to be confused with Ћ or Ђ. Te with middle hook is used in the old Abkhaz and old Ossetian languages. In the modern Abkhaz language, Ҭ has replaced this letter. It represents the aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive .

Beta (, ; uppercase , lowercase , or cursive ; or ) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 2. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive . In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiodental fricative (while in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ).

This could also be compared to the /dn/ cluster found in Russian and other Slavic languages, which can be seen in the name of the Dnieper River. Note that the terms prenasalization and postnasalization are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of plosive plus nasal.

In Russian, the letter Ka represents the plain voiceless velar plosive or the palatalized one ; for example, the word короткий ("short") contains both the kinds: [kɐˈrotkʲɪj]. The palatalized variant is pronounced when the following letter in the word is ь, е, ё, и, ю, or я. In Macedonian it always represents the sound /k/.

Gje (Ѓ ѓ; italics: Ѓ ѓ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Ѓ is used in Macedonian to represent the voiced palatal plosive . Ѓ is most commonly romanized using the Latin letter G with acute . When the Socialist Republic of Macedonia was part of SFR Yugoslavia, the Macedonian () was also transliterated as đ or dj.

K is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is kay (pronounced ), plural kays."K" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "kay," op. cit. The letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive.

The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `b`. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter in obey (`obeI`).

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is (although the symbol can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `d`.

UberRock, CD Reviews, by Ben Hughes 19 August 2013"DOLL – THE RAGDOLL DIARIES CD Review" . X-PLOSIVE METAL by Kidman J. Williams Two singles/videos came out of this: "FMO" and "Youth of Today, Hope for Tomorrow". This album was not only released in CD format, but vinyl. Soon after, Alex Vance was recruited to fill the bass position.

Instead, aspirated-unaspirated contrast plays an important role in distinguishing meanings. Since there are no voiced plosive and affricative consonants in Cantonese, the scheme makes use of these unused voiced symbols for unaspirated. In modern Cantonese, all non-nasal initial consonants are voiceless. However, there are many contrasting aspirated and unaspirated pairs of such initial consonants.

The most notable and distinguishable varieties of Atlantic- Colombian accents are Barranquilla (Considered the most l-articulated Spanish in America and mostly rhotic in upper-class speakers), Cartagena (Mostly non-rhotic and fast-spoken) and Montería (Sinú Valley Accent, strictly non-rhotic, plosive and very marked wording like Received Pronunciation in British English), and all varieties avoid using r.

It is treated as a distinct letter, named èdd, and placed between and in alphabetical order. In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; examples are ddeokbokki and bindaeddeok. In the Basque alphabet, it represents a voiced palatal plosive , as in onddo, ('mushroom'). In several African languages it is implosive .

Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; pheî ; Modern Greek fi ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Archaic and Classical Greek (c. 9th century BC to 4th century BC), it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive (), which was the origin of its usual romanization as . During the later part of Classical Antiquity, in Koine Greek (c.

In historical linguistics, betacism (, ) is a sound change in which (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and (the voiced labiodental fricative , as in vane) are confused. The final result of the process can be either /b/ → [v] or /v/ → [b]. Betacism is a fairly common phenomenon; it has taken place in Greek, Hebrew and several Romance languages.

Ge or Ghe (Г г; italics: Г г) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is also known in some languages as He. It commonly represents the voiced velar plosive , like in "gift". It is generally romanized using the Latin letter G, but to romanize Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn, the Latin letter H is used.

In Konkani, the ं is traditionally defined as representing a nasal stop homorganic to a following plosive,() and also vowel nasalisation. The precise phonetic value of the phoneme is dependent on the phonological environment.Varma, Siddheshwar (1929), Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel (e.g. ' , "a well").

Jones (2002: 342) comments that no contact explanation with other varieties of Germanic is required (or could be supported on the basis of available evidence) to explain DAR as the development of DAR involves common cross-linguistic patterns of change (stopping of dental fricatives, change of plosive to glottal) that occur in unrelated languages and so have a purely phonetic origin.

The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `k`. The sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain , and some distinguish more than one variety.

The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal in the sequence: . It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch., . The first source specifies the place of articulation of after as more front than the main allophone of .

The letter Ʈ (minuscule: ʈ), called T with retroflex hook, is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on the letter t. It is used to represent a voiceless retroflex plosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and is used some alphabets of African languages. A ligature of ʈ with h was part of the Initial Teaching Alphabet to represent the voiceless dental fricative.

An udu percussion pot Sound of plastic, or fiberglass Udu The udu is a plosive aerophone (in this case implosive) and an idiophone of the Igbo of Nigeria. In the Igbo language, ùdù means 'vessel'. Actually being a water jug with an additional hole, it was played by Igbo women for ceremonial uses. Usually the udu is made of clay.

In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive . In the romanization of Arabic, it denotes , which represents in Modern Standard Arabic. is used in the Faroese, French and many French-based orthographies for . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written , , , or .

Among Yemen and some Sephardi areas, tav without a dagesh represented a voiceless dental fricative - a pronunciation hailed by the Sfath Emeth work as wholly authentic, while the tav with the dagesh is the plosive . In traditional Italian pronunciation, tav without a dagesh is sometimes . Tav with a geresh () is sometimes used in order to represent the TH digraph in loanwords.

Greek literature sometimes contains representations of animal cries in Greek letters. The most often quoted example is , used to render the cry of sheep, and is used as evidence that beta had a voiced bilabial plosive pronunciation and eta was a long open-mid front vowel. Onomatopoeic verbs such as for the lowing of cattle (cf. Latin '), for the roaring of lions (cf.

Note that, generally speaking, plosives do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are plosives with no audible release, such as the in apt. However, English plosives do have plosion in other environments. In Ancient Greek, the term for plosive was (áphōnon), which means "unpronounceable", "voiceless", or "silent", because plosives could not be pronounced without a vowel.

"Bushido – AMYF Ansage Nr. 1". YouTube. 22 August 2012. On 19 September 2012, Bushido released the second announcement video, in which he announced several producers, including Beatzarre, Djorkaeff, X-Plosive Beats and Phat Cripsy, and represented the other guest performers King Orgasmus One (who is only featured on the Premium edition) and Brutos Brutaloz."Bushido – AMYF Ansage Nr. 2". YouTube.

J with stroke (majuscule Ɉ, minuscule ɉ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a bar through the letter. It is used in Arhuaco to represent a sound similar to the j in English just. Its lowercase dotless form ɟ is used to represent a voiced palatal plosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Te with descender (Ҭ ҭ; italics: Ҭ ҭ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Te (Т т Т т) by the addition of a descender to the leg of the letter. Te with descender is used in the alphabet of the Abkhaz language, where it represents the aspirated voiceless alveolar plosive , like the pronunciation of in "tick".

In Haida, a language isolate, the letter ĝ was sometimes used to represent pharyngeal voiced fricative In Aleut, an Eskimo-Aleut language, ĝ represents a voiced uvular fricative . The corresponding voiceless Aleut sound is represented by x̂. In Dutch, the letter ĝ is used in some phrase books and dictionaries for pronunciation help. It represents a plosive , because g is pronounced as a fricative in Dutch.

'Kje (or ') (Ќ ќ; italics: Ќ ќ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, used only in the Macedonian alphabet, where it represents the voiceless palatal plosive , or the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate . Kje is the 24th letter in this alphabet. It is romanized as or sometimes . Words with this sound are most often cognates to those in Serbo-Croatian with / and in Bulgarian with , or .

In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. פִיזִיקַאי and never (= "physicist"), סְנוֹבּ and never (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to unambiguously denote the plosive variant: בּ = , כּ = , פּ =; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in Yiddish) a rafé placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant: בֿ = , כֿ = and פֿ = .

Occasionally, is written for this sound, following Portuguese and medieval Spanish usage. "G" is the voiced velar spirant , as in Spanish haga; it is not a plosive () as in English gate. "V" is the English and French labiodental voiced fricative , as in Victor, not the Spanish bilabial. It is also pronounced as the labiodental approximant , which is like with the lower lip touching the upper teeth.

Fagan 1989: 38; Ringe 2006: 115) have stated that there are very few or no cases where a Proto-Germanic root with a long plosive corresponds to, or is best explained as corresponding to, a PIE root followed by a suffix that began with n. Lühr (1988) and Kroonen (2011) countered by presenting long lists of examples, especially (as they point out) of n-stem nouns.

The voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant. Pharyngeal consonants are typically pronounced at two regions of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower region is epiglottal, so the upper region is often abbreviated as merely 'pharyngeal'. Among widespread speech sounds in the world's languages, the upper pharynx produces a voiceless fricative and a voiced sound that ranges from fricative to (more commonly) approximant, .

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. The Nǁng language (Nǀuu) is claimed to have an upper pharyngeal place of articulation among its stops. Click consonants in Nǁng have a rear closure that is said to vary between uvular or upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type.Miller, Amanda L., Johanna Brugman, Bonny Sands, Levi Namaseb, Mats Exter, and Chris Collins. 2009a.

The voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant. Pharyngeal consonants are typically pronounced at two regions of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower region is epiglottal, so the upper region is often abbreviated as merely 'pharyngeal'. Among widespread speech sounds in the world's languages, the upper pharynx produces a voiceless fricative and a voiced sound that ranges from fricative to (more commonly) approximant, .

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. The Nǁng language (Nǀuu) is claimed to have an upper pharyngeal place of articulation among its stops. Click consonants in Nǁng have a rear closure that is said to vary between uvular or upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type.Miller, Amanda L., Johanna Brugman, Bonny Sands, Levi Namaseb, Mats Exter, and Chris Collins. 2009a.

Be (Б б italics: Б б б) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced bilabial plosive , like the English pronunciation of in "ball". It should not be confused with the Cyrillic letter Ve (В в), which is shaped like Latin capital letter B but represents the voiced labiodental fricative . The Cyrillic letter Б (Be) is romanized using the Latin letter B.

German for "Germany"), on a boundary stone at the border between Austria and Germany. In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet, generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive . However, in the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound in northern dialects or in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).) In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop .

Qa (Ԛ ԛ; italics: Ԛ ԛ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is based on the Latin letter Q (Q q). Depending on the font, the lowercase form can look like a reversed Cyrillic letter Р. Qa is used in the alphabet of the Kurdish language and in the old alphabet of the Abkhaz language. In both it represents the voiceless uvular plosive .

Implosives in Wadiyari involve five different places of articulation. It is noteworthy that bilabial and dental implosives do not appear word-finally; and the manifestation of the pre-palatal/palatal implosive is relatively less frequent. Wadiyara Koli's 16 plosive consonants have four places of articulation: the bilabial, alveolar, retroflex, and velar. There are clear contrasts between voicing and unvoicing, as well an unaspirated and aspirated consonants.

Gimel is the third letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gīml 12px, Hebrew ˈGimel , Aramaic Gāmal 12 px, Syriac Gāmal , and Arabic (in alphabetical order; fifth in spelling order). Its sound-value in the original Phoenician and in all derived alphabets, except Arabic, is a voiced velar plosive ; in Modern Standard Arabic, it represents either a or for most Arabic speakers except in Lower Egypt, the southern parts of Yemen and some parts of Oman where it is pronounced as a voiced velar plosive (see below). In its unattested, yet hypothetical, Proto-Canaanite form, the letter may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick, ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on the hieroglyph below: T14 The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C and G and yogh , and the Cyrillic Г and Ґ.

Any plosive effects are then controlled by means of pop shields and meshes. Lip-ribbon microphones are more efficient at noise reduction at lower frequencies. In general, noise reduction at 300 Hz is 10 dB; at 100 Hz it is 20 dB. Lip-ribbon microphones' response will often not be much higher than 10 kHz, which is sufficient in the speaking voice applications for which it is normally used.

Burlington: Focal Press. pp. 47-57. It is necessary that there is a clear section of silence prior to the audio. Fade-ins and -outs can also be used to change the characteristics of a sound, such as to soften the attack in vocals where very plosive (‘b’, ‘d’, and ‘p’) sounds occur. It can also be used to soften up the attack of the drum and/or percussion instruments.

In Russian and Bulgarian, the letter Be generally represents the voiced bilabial plosive , but word-finally or before a voiceless consonant, it also represents the voiceless . Before a palatalizing vowel, it represents . In Macedonian, the letter represents the sound , but if it is in the final position of the word, it is pronounced as , like in ('bread'). In Mari, it may represent either /b/ or the voiced bilabial fricative .

The distinction of this model is that, during this process, other elements would also be primed ({rat} might be somewhat primed, for example), as they are physically similar, and so can cause conceptual interference. Errors might also occur at the phoneme level, as many words are phonetically similar, e.g. mat. Substitutions of similar consonant sounds are more likely to occur, e.g. between plosive stop consonants such as d, p and b.

In phonetics, a lateral release is the release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant. Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with a superscript , for example as in English spotless . In English words such as middle in which, historically, the tongue made separate contacts with the alveolar ridge for the and , , many speakers today make only one tongue contact. That is, the is laterally released directly into the : .

In English, the plosive in the affricate , as in the word church, is farther back than an alveolar due to assimilation with the postalveolar fricative . In narrow transcription, may be transcribed . In General American English, the in the word eighth is farther front than normal, due to assimilation with the interdental consonant , and may be transcribed as . Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol.

Typographic variants include a double-story and single-story g. In the early stages of the alphabet, the typographic variants of g, opentail (8px) and looptail (8px), represented different values, but are now regarded as equivalents. Opentail has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while was distinguished from and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900. Subsequently, represented the fricative, until 1931 when it was replaced again by .

Bashkir Qa or Bashkir Ka (Ҡ ҡ; italics: Ҡ ҡ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) with the top extending horizontally to the left. It is a letter corresponding to Қ. It is used in the alphabet of the Bashkir language and Siberian Tatar language, where it represents the voiceless uvular plosive . It is represented in the Arabic script as ق.

Another common phonological alternation of Yup'ik is word-final fortition. Only the stops /t k q/, the nasals /m n ŋ/, and the fricative /χ/ may occur word-finally. Any other fricative (and in many cases also /χ/) will become a plosive when it occurs at the end of a word. For example, qayar-pak "big kayak" is pronounced [qajaχpak], while "kayak" alone is [qajaq]; the velar fricative becomes a stop word-finally.

The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Their relationship has been demonstrated through shared morphology in their verbal inflections. Many of the languages have a fortis–lenis contrast in plosive consonants. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing.

Among all the 28 consonants, voiced and voiceless plosives are present along with voiceless aspirated plosives. Sounds like nasals, trills, retroflex flap, lateral and retroflex laterals all occur in this language. There are also two approximants in the Jarawa language, these being labial and palatal, along with a few fricatives like the pharyngeal fricative and the bilabial fricative. Two labialised consonants also exist, such as the pharyngeal fricative and voiceless aspirated velar plosive.

In Unicode, this letter is called "Ghe with upturn". The letterform of this letter is based on the letterform of the letter ⟨Г г⟩, but its handwritten and italic lowercase forms do not follow the italic modification of ⟨г⟩ (i.e. г). It represents the voiced velar plosive , like the pronunciation of ⟨g⟩ in "go". Ghe with upturn is romanized using the Latin letter G (but with an additional grave accent in ISO 9).

On the phonetic level, the classical consonants and are usually realised as voiced (hereafter marked ) and . The latter is still, however, pronounced differently from , the distinction probably being in the amount of air blown out (Cohen 1963: 13–14). In geminated and word-final positions both phonemes are voiceless, for some speakers /θ/ apparently in all positions. The uvular fricative is likewise realised voiceless in a geminated position, although not fricative but plosive: .

Some other dialects, particularly Attic Greek, have (long ) in the same words (e.g. vs. 'sea', or vs. 'four'). The sounds in question are all reflexes of the proto- Greek consonant clusters or . It is therefore believed that the local letter sampi was used to denote some kind of intermediate sound during the phonetic change from the earlier plosive clusters towards the later sound, possibly an affricate , forming a triplet with the Greek letters for and .

The velar stops are palatalized before front vowels or at the end of a syllable. In Classical Persian, the uvular consonants and denoted the original Arabic phonemes, the fricative and the plosive , respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian (which is used in the Iranian mass media, both colloquial and standard), there is no difference in the pronunciation of and . The actual realisation is usually that of a voiced stop , but a voiced fricative ~ is common intervocalically.

Svan retains the voiceless aspirated uvular plosive, , and the glides /w/ and /j/. It has a larger vowel inventory than Georgian; the Upper Bal dialect of Svan has the most vowels of any South-Caucasian language, having both long and short versions of plus , a total of 18 vowels (Georgian, by contrast, has just five). Its morphology is less regular than that of the other three sister languages, and there are notable differences in conjugation.

Aleut Ka (Ԟ ԟ; italics: Ԟ ԟ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) by adding a stroke to the upper diagonal arm. Aleut Ka was used in the alphabet of the Aleut language in the 19th century, where it represented the voiceless uvular plosive . During the revival of the Aleut Cyrillic alphabet in the 1980s it has been replaced by the Ka with hook.

In standard Russian, Ghe represents the voiced velar plosive but is devoiced to word-finally or before a voiceless consonant. It represents before a palatalizing vowel. In the Southern Russian dialect, the sound becomes the velar fricative . Sometimes, the sound is the glottal fricative in the regions bordering Belarus and Ukraine. It is acceptable, for some people, to pronounce certain Russian words with (sometimes referred to as Ukrainian Ge): (Bog, bogatyj, blago, Gospod’).

The ⟨kn⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ letter combinations usually indicate a Germanic origin of the word. In Old English, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ were not silent when preceding ⟨n⟩. Cognates in other Germanic languages show that the ⟨k⟩ was probably a voiceless velar plosive in Proto-Germanic. For example, the initial ⟨k⟩ is not silent in words such as German Knecht which is a cognate of knight, Knoten which is a cognate of knot, etc.

Tamil and Malayalam have both retroflex lateral (/ɭ/) and retroflex approximant (/ɻ/) sounds, whereas Kannada has retained only the retroflex lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex approximants changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the bilabial voiceless plosive (/p/) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a velar fricative (/h/) or has disappeared completely.

Pe with middle hook (Ҧ ҧ; italics: Ҧ ҧ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Pe (П п) by the addition of a hook to the middle of the right leg. Pe with middle hook was formerly used in the Abkhaz language, where it represented the aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive , like the pronunciation of in "pack". It was the 36th letter of the alphabet and is transliterated using .

Pintupi has only two possible syllable types: CV (a consonant followed by a vowel) and CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant). In the middle of a word, and may appear in the syllable coda only when followed by a homorganic plosive, as in 'left side' and 'mouse'. Otherwise, only coronal sonorants may appear in the syllable coda. All consonants except the apico-alveolars and may appear in word-initial position; only coronal sonorants (except ) may appear in word- final position.

Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity. Voicing is a common period sound source in spoken language and is related to how closely the vocal cords are placed together. In English there are only two possibilities, voiced and unvoiced. Voicing is caused by the vocal cords held close by each other, so that air passing through them makes them vibrate.

The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `G\`. is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999) proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur.

Eurythmy is often performed with spoken texts such as poetry, stories or plays. Speech eurythmy includes such elements as the sounds of speech, rhythms, poetic meters, grammar and mood. In speech eurythmy, all the sounds of language have characteristic gestural qualities: the sound of an 'A' is open due to the position of the articulators during the vowel. A 'k' sounds sharper due to the manner of articulation of the consonant, that it is a plosive.

In Old French, a language that had no or and represented by c, k, or qu, ch began to be used to represent the voiceless palatal plosive , which came from in some positions and later became and then . Now the digraph ch is used for all the aforementioned sounds, as shown below. The Old French usage of ch was also a model of several other digraphs for palatals or postalveolars: lh (digraph), nh (digraph), sh (digraph).

Pe is the seventeenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Pē 12px, Hebrew Pē , Aramaic Pē 12 px, Syriac Pē ܦ, and Arabic (in abjadi order). The original sound value is a voiceless bilabial plosive: ; it retains this value in most Semitic languages, except for Arabic, where the sound changed into the voiceless labiodental fricative , carrying with it the pronunciation of the letter. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Pi (Π), Latin P, and Cyrillic П.

The voiceless labial–velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a and pronounced simultaneously. To make this sound, one can say Coe but with the lips closed as if one were saying Poe; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the C of Coe. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .

The voiced labial–velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a and pronounced simultaneously. To make this sound, one can say go but with the lips closed as if one were saying Bo; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the g of go is pronounced. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .

Ka with vertical stroke (Ҝ ҝ; italics: Ҝ ҝ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) by the addition of a stroke through the short horizontal bar in the centre of the letter. Ka with vertical stroke is used in the Azerbaijani language, where it represents the voiced palatal plosive , similar to the pronunciation of in "angular". The corresponding letter in the Latin alphabet is .

Word-finally, plosives undergo abhinidhāna according to the and the '. The latter text adds that final semivowels (excluding r) are also incompletely articulated. The ' 2.38 lists an exception: a plosive at the end of the word will not undergo and will be fully released if it is followed by a consonant whose place of articulation is further back in the mouth. The ' states that the consonants affected by abhinidhāna are the voiceless unaspirated plosives, the nasal consonants and the semivowels ' and '.

Jota Vaqueira, traditional song in Paḷḷuezu The Asturian spelling Ḷḷ ḷḷ, called "che vaqueira" is used where l.l has sometimes been used if it is imposible to write ḷḷ. It can be a voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ], a voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] or a voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ], and it corresponds to standard palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/, dritten Ll ll and called "elle". The latter spelling is current in publications of the Paḷḷuezu literary revival that has been underway since approximately 2006.

The aspirate breathing (aspiration, referring here to the phoneme , which is usually marked by the rough breathing sign), which was already lost in the Ionic idioms of Asia Minor and the Aeolic of Lesbos (psilosis), later stopped being pronounced in Koine Greek. Incorrect or hypercorrect markings of assimilatory aspiration (i.e. un-aspirated plosive becomes aspirated before initial aspiration) in Egyptian papyri suggest that this loss was already under way in Egyptian Greek in the late 1st century BC.e.g. for , Randall Buth, op. cit.

The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.Umeda N., "Occurrence of glottal stops in fluent speech", J. Acoust. Soc.

Subapical retroflex plosive A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants, especially in Indology. Other terms occasionally encountered are apico-domal and cacuminal . The Latin-derived word retroflex means "bent back"; some retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue fully curled back so that articulation involves the underside of the tongue tip (subapical).

Komi De (Ԁ ԁ; italics: Ԁ ԁ) is a letter of the Molodtsov alphabet, a version of Cyrillic. It was used only in the writing of the Komi language in the 1920s and in the Mordvin language. The lowercase form resembles the lowercase of the Latin letter D (d d) and its uppercase form resembles an upside-down capital Latin letter P or a reversed soft sign. Komi De represents the voiced dental plosive , like the pronunciation of in "din".

In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, may occur corresponding to standard , with the [t] itself being succeeded by the t-glottalization rule: thus for with and for nothing. Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed. In initial position, occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is , without the stopping of West Indian accents.Wolfram 1969, p.

Differences will undoubtedly exist in the first language element because of different linguistic organization. Different characteristics, like phonological properties, show noticeable differences from a speaker transitioning from L1 to L2. For example, Cook brings up the possibility of differences in "the first language of L2 users for plosive consonants such as /p/ and /b/ or /k/ and /g/ across pairs of languages such as Spanish/English, French/English, and Hebrew/English, which are essentially undetectable in normal language use" (Cook 2003: 13).

The digraph was first used in Latin since the 2nd century B.C. to transliterate the sound of the Greek letter chi in words borrowed from that language. In classical times, Greeks pronounced this as an aspirated voiceless velar plosive . In post- classical Greek (Koine and Modern) this sound developed into a fricative . Since neither sound was found in native Latin words (with some exceptions like pulcher 'beautiful', where the original sound was influenced by or ), in Late Latin the pronunciation occurred.

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ) tongue body (, ), lips (, ), or glottis (). Plosives contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in and , and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract.

Vatteluttu script in stone during Chola period c.1000 AD at Brahadeeswara temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic.

None of the other six mentioned ingredients provides an obvious rhyme word for the German standard "gelb" which means yellow. Therefore, the traditional lyric writes "gehl" (also known as "gel") to provide a plausible approximate rhyme to "Mehl" which means meal or flour. There are Upper German dialects, such as the Northeast Bairische which soften the plosive -b to a -w, so it was eventually not heard or was no longer spoken. Furthermore, "geel" is a Low German and Dutch word for "yellow".

In 1948, the Council of the Association recognized and as typographic equivalents, and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993. While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommended the use of for a velar plosive and for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian, this practice never caught on. The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.

The voiced uvular tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There is no dedicated symbol for this sound in the IPA. It can specified by adding a 'short' diacritic to the letter for the uvular plosive, , but normally it is covered by the unmodified letter for the uvular trill, ,Bruce Connell, Lower Cross Wordlist since the two have never been reported to contrast. The uvular tap or flap is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.

This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush. There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosiveInstead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".

As for loanwords, was often assimilated to . Even well into the 20th century it was not entirely exceptional to hear loanwords like deodorantti ('a deodorant') pronounced as teotorantti, while native Finnish words with a were pronounced in the usual dialectal way. Due to diffusion of the standard language through mass media and basic education, and due to the dialectal prestige of the capital area, the plosive can now be heard in all parts of the country, at least in loanwords and in formal speech.

In Ukrainian and Rusyn, it represents a voiced glottal fricative , a breathy voiced counterpart of the English . In Belarusian (like in Southern Russian), the letter corresponds to the velar fricative and its soft counterpart . In both languages, the letter is called He and transliterated with H rather than with G. In Ukrainian, Rusyn and Belarusian, a voiced velar plosive is written with the Cyrillic letter Ghe with upturn (Ґ ґ) in Ukrainian (transliterated with G) and with the digraph кг in Belarusian (also ґ in Taraškievica).

The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the [nd] in candy, but many languages have prenasalized stops that function phonologically as single consonants. Swahili is well known for having words beginning with prenasalized stops, as in ndege 'bird', and in many languages of the South Pacific, such as Fijian, these are even spelled with single letters: b [mb], d [nd]. A postnasalized plosive begins with a raised velum that lowers during the occlusion. This causes an audible nasal release, as in English sudden.

The following papyrus letter from 100 AD is again transcribed in popular Koine pronunciation. It now shows fricative values for the second element in diphthongs αυ/ευ and for β, except in transliterations of Latin names,However, the pronunciation suggested by Horrocks is more advanced than the pronunciation indicated by the table above since αυ/ευ have fully transitioned to [av, ev]. but aspirated plosives remain plosive. Monophthongization and loss of vowel length are clearly seen in the graphic interchanges of ι/ει, υ/οι, and ω/o.

Fourth studio album titled Mise à jour was released on 23 August 2010. The lead single "Juste une photo de toi" was released on 7 June 2010 and was a big hit reaching #4 in the French Albums Chart. It includes collaborations with Wayne Beckford, Gee Futuristic, X-Plosive, Astro Boyz, Tarz, STX and Bionix. Simultaneously a Mis à jour Édition Deluxe was released that in addition to the original 15 tracks of Mis à jour also contained seven new tracks exclusive for the Deluxe edition (including six in English).

This p sound, a plosive, is normally produced with the nasal airway closes off - all air comes out of the pursed lips, none from the nose. If it is impossible to say the sound without fogging a nasal mirror, there is an air leak - reasonable evidence of poor palatal closure. Speech is often unclear due to inability to pronounce certain sounds. One of the surgical treatments for velopalatal insufficiency involves tailoring the tissue from the back of the throat and using it to purposefully cause partial obstruction of the opening of the nasopharynx.

Ed Sullivan admired Worsley's ventriloquism act because, in addition to being funny, Worsley's technique was so perfect that he could appear in tight close-up exhibiting no discernible lip movements while his "figure" (dummy) appeared to be speaking. It is almost impossible to form the plosive consonants "B" and "P" without some movement of the lips; ventriloquists traditionally substitute another consonant. As part of Worsley's act, his dummy would shout the phrase "Bottle of beer!" repeatedly while Worsley's lips remained motionless; invariably, this brought a round of applause.

The Tihami Arabic or Tihamiyya dialect has many aspects which differentiate it from all other dialects in the Arab world. Phonologically Tihami is similar to the majority of Yemeni dialects, pronouncing the ' () as and the ' () as a velar plosive (the ' pronunciation is also shared with Egyptian Arabic) unlike San'ani and Hadhrami Arabic which pronounce the ' () as . Grammatically all Tihami dialects also share the unusual feature of replacing the definite article (al-) with the prefix (am-). The future tense, much like the dialects surrounding Sanaa, is indicated with the prefix (š-), for all persons, e.g.

The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `d``. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward- pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) .

That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiced post-palatal plosiveInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant.

Ka with hook (Ӄ ӄ; italics: Ӄ ӄ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) by the addition of a hook. Ka with hook is widely used in the alphabets of Siberia and the Russian Far East: Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Itelmen, Yukaghir, Yupik, Aleut, Nivkh and Selkup languages, where it represents the voiceless uvular plosive . It has been sometimes used in the Khanty language as a substitute for Cyrillic letter Ka with descender, Қ қ, which also stands for .

The Arabic name of the university, means "University of the People from Kairouan ( )," the provenance of Fatima al-Fihriya's family in Tunisia . The presence of the letter Qoph (ق), a voiceless uvular plosive which has no equivalent in European languages, as well as the () triphthong in the university's name, in addition to the French colonization of Morocco, have introduced a number of different orthographies for the Romanization of the university's name, including al-Qarawiyyin, a standard anglicization; Al Quaraouiyine, following French orthography; and Al-Karaouine, another rendering using French orthography.

Figure 4: Example identification (red) and discrimination (blue) functions Categorical perception is involved in processes of perceptual differentiation. People perceive speech sounds categorically, that is to say, they are more likely to notice the differences between categories (phonemes) than within categories. The perceptual space between categories is therefore warped, the centers of categories (or "prototypes") working like a sieve or like magnets for incoming speech sounds. In an artificial continuum between a voiceless and a voiced bilabial plosive, each new step differs from the preceding one in the amount of VOT.

Gradually, adding the same amount of VOT at a time, the plosive is eventually a strongly aspirated voiceless bilabial . (Such a continuum was used in an experiment by Lisker and Abramson in 1970. The sounds they used are available online.) In this continuum of, for example, seven sounds, native English listeners will identify the first three sounds as and the last three sounds as with a clear boundary between the two categories. A two-alternative identification (or categorization) test will yield a discontinuous categorization function (see red curve in Figure 4).

Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI). #The full complement of tones exists only in so-called "live syllables", those that end in a long vowel or a sonorant (). #For "dead syllables", those that end in a plosive () or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final glottal stop (especially in slower speech), all "dead syllables" are phonetically checked, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.

Pop filters are designed to attenuate the energy of the plosive, which otherwise might exceed the design input capacity of the microphone, leading to clipping. In effect, the plosive's discrete envelope of sound energy is intercepted and broken up by the strands of the filter material before it can impinge on, and momentarily distort, the sensitive diaphragm of the microphone. Pop filters do not appreciably affect hissing sounds or sibilance, for which de-essing is used. Additionally, a pop filter can protect against the accumulation of saliva on the microphone element.

In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular (a Fula language) for the voiced bilabial implosive , whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive . is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are mabm ('mother') or hebma ('this'). is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for , and in Irish it represents . is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate .

Dalet (, also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Dālet 𐤃, Hebrew 'Dālet , Aramaic Dālath 12 px, Syriac Dālaṯ , and Arabic (in abjadi order; 8th in modern order). Its sound value is a voiced alveolar plosive (). The letter is based on a glyph of the Middle Bronze Age alphabets, probably called dalt "door" (door in Modern Hebrew is delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a door: O31 The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek delta (Δ), Latin D, and the Cyrillic letter Д.

A tone in a contour- tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones. His translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is considered "a classical piece of verbal art." Zongxin Feng, "Translation and Reconstruction of a Wonderland: Alice’s Adventures in China," Neohelicon 36.1 (2009): 237-251.

Where the letter "h" appears after a plosive consonant in Devanāgarī transliteration, it always indicates aspiration. Thus "ph" is pronounced as the p in "pit" (with a small puff of air released as it is said), never as the ph in "photo" (IPA /f/). (On the other hand, "p" is pronounced as the p in "spit" with no release of air.) Similarly "th" is an aspirated "t", neither the th of "this" (voiced, IPA /ð/) nor the th of "thin" (unvoiced, IPA /θ/). The aspiration is generally indicated in both formal and informal transliteration systems.

The voiced velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are and , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `g_G`. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding in the IPA and `gG` in X-SAMPA. The voiced velar affricate has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language, but it is reported as an allophone of /g/ (usually realized as a voiced velar plosive) in some dialects of English English.

Bonda Population on the Decline Two of the most important phonetic features that characterize the Bonda language are the glottal stop, which is a glottal plosive produced by the release of the breath behind the vocal chords, and checked consonants. Those sounds are also featured in Munda languages as a whole. It is the checked consonants k’ and p’ that occur in Bonda, found mostly in the final position of native words. The glottal stop, however, may occur initially in native words. In fact, the checked consonants k’ and p’ are pre-glottalized.

The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb ' (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall".

Sound values proposed by Rodríguez Ramos (2000) Tartessian inscriptions are in the Southwestern script, which is also known as the Tartessian or South Lusitanian script. Like all other Paleo-Hispanic scripts, except for the Greco-Iberian alphabet, Tartessian uses syllabic glyphs for plosive consonants and alphabetic letters for other consonants. Thus, it is a mixture of an alphabet and a syllabary that is called a semi-syllabary. Some researchers believe these scripts are descended solely from the Phoenician alphabet, but others that the Greek alphabet had an influence as well.

A good example of feeding order can be seen in English, where preglottalization can be considered as rule B. As a consequence of this rule, all voiceless plosives which make part of a word- final consonant cluster are glottalized. This can be seen in the form looked, with the underlying representation . It is pronounced . Another rule in English which is called fortis stop insertion shall be considered here as rule A. This rule inserts a voiceless plosive for example in (prince), so that the new form of the word becomes .

Modern Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet make little use of digraphs apart from for , for (in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Bulgarian), and and for the uncommon Russian phoneme . In Russian, the sequences and do occur (mainly in loanwords) but are pronounced as combinations of an implosive (sometimes treated as an affricate) and a fricative; implosives are treated as allophones of the plosive /d̪/ and so those sequences are not considered to be digraphs. Cyrillic has few digraphs unless it is used to write non-Slavic languages, especially Caucasian languages.

Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating).Rothenberg, M. The Breath-Stream Dynamics of Simple- Released Plosive Production, Vol. 6, Bibliotheca Phonetica, Karger, Basel, 1968.

Written Rapa Nui uses the Latin script. The Latin alphabet for Rapa Nui consists of 20 letters: A, Ā, E, Ē, H, I, Ī, K, M, N, Ŋ, O, Ō, P, R, T, U, Ū, V, ꞌ The nasal velar consonant is generally written with the Latin letter , but occasionally as . In electronic texts, the glottal plosive may be written with an 'okina to avoid the problems of using a straight apostrophe . A special letter, , is sometimes used to distinguish the Spanish , occurring in introduced terms, from the Rapa Nui .

It was described in the various Prātiśākhyas as well as the '. These texts are not unanimous on the environments that trigger abhinidhana, nor on the precise classes of consonants affected. One ancient grammarian, ' (in 6.12), states that only occurred when a consonant was doubled, whereas according to the text of the ' it was obligatory in this context but optional for plosives before another plosive of a different place of articulation. The ' and the ' agree on the observation that abhinidhana occurs only if there is a slight pause between the two consonants and not if they are pronounced jointly.

The grapheme Ď (minuscule: ď) is a letter in the Czech and Slovak alphabets used to denote , the voiced palatal plosive, a sound similar to British English d in dew. It was also used in Polabian. The majuscule of the letter (Ď) is formed from Latin D with the addition of a háček; the minuscule of the letter (ď) has a háček modified to an apostrophe-like stroke instead of a wedge. In the alphabet, Ď is placed right after regular D. Ď is also used to represent uppercase ð in the Coat of Arms of Shetland; however, the typical form is Ð.

The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is `t`. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, and the postalveolar with a retraction line, , and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, . The sound is a very common sound cross- linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are , and .

The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are `J\_+` and `d_-'` or `d_-_j`, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge. It is also common for the symbol to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato- alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages.

The Oron people speak a dialect known as "Örö" by the Oronians, but widely called "Oron", an anglicized spelling and pronunciation. Many Oron people are also fluent in the Efik dialect. Örö has many dialectical similarities with the Ibibio and Annang people, hence many Oronians can communicate proficiently in Ibibio and Annang languages. The phonemes of Oron comprise seven oral vowels í, ε, e, a, o, σ, u, five plosive consonants b, kp, d, t, k, three nasal consonants m, ŋ, n, three fricative consonants f, s, h, two semi-vowel consonants w, y and one lateral consonant l.

An important morphophonological process in Yucatec Maya is the dissimilation of identical consonants next to each other by debuccalizing to avoid geminate consonants. If a word ends in one of the glottalized plosives /pʼ tʼ kʼ ɓ/ and is followed by an identical consonant, the final consonant may dispose of its point of articulation and become the glottal stop /ʔ/. This may also happen before another plosive inside a common idiomatic phrase or compound word. Examples: ~ 'Yucatec Maya' (literally, "flat speech"), and náak’- (a prefix meaning 'nearby') + káan 'sky' gives 'palate, roof the mouth' (so literally "nearby- sky").

That is, the characters for , and have no similarity to indicate their common "k" sound (voiceless velar plosive). More recent creations such as the Cree syllabary embody a system of varying signs, which can best be seen when arranging the syllabogram set in an onset–coda or onset–rime table. Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. The English language, on the other hand, allows complex syllable structures, with a relatively large inventory of vowels and complex consonant clusters, making it cumbersome to write English words with a syllabary.

It is also possible to apply different fade times to the out and in portions; which a standard cross-fade would not allow you to apply. Appropriate fade-in time for a linear fade can be around 500ms; for the fade-out 500ms would also be affective. By having this longer fade it makes sure that everything is gentle as it gives the fade time to blend in and be less abrupt. To clear up plosive sounds created through vocals a fade-in can be used, but now it has to have a very short time of around 10ms.

Christian prayers in Tamil The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.

One noteworthy situation that does pertain to the representation of consonants is the indication of phonetic distinctions between each of the four character pairs beys/veys, kof/khof, pey/fey, and tof/sof. The 'hard' (plosive) pronunciation of the first letter in each pair is unequivocally denoted by a dot (dagesh) in the middle of the letter. The 'soft' (fricative) pronunciation is similarly notated with a horizontal bar over the letter (rafe). Most orthographic systems usually only point one of the two characters in a pair but may be inconsistent from pair to pair in indicating the hard or soft alternative.

Subsequent missionaries, including Robert S. Maclay from American Methodist Episcopal Mission, R. W. Stewart from the Church of England and Charles Hartwell from the American Board Mission, further modified White's System in several ways. The most significant change was made for the plosive consonants, where the spiritus lenis of the aspirated initials was removed and the letters , and substituted for and . In the aspect of vowels, , , and were replaced by , , and . Since the diacritical marks were all shifted to underneath the vowels, this left room above the vowels which was occupied by the newly introduced tonal marks.

Florentine, and Tuscan more generally, can be distinguished from Standard Italian by differences in numerous features at all levels: phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Perhaps the difference most noticed by Italians and foreigners alike is known as the gorgia toscana (literally 'Tuscan throat'), a consonant-weakening rule widespread in Tuscany in which the voiceless plosive phonemes , , are pronounced between vowels as fricatives , , respectively. The sequence la casa 'the house', for example, is pronounced , and buco 'hole' is realized as . Preceded by a pause or a consonant, is produced as (as in the word casa alone or in the phrase in casa).

Because the lowercase letter has a descender, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their Adobe glyph names are 'letter with comma', their names in the Unicode Standard are 'letter with a cedilla'. They were introduced to the Unicode standard before 1992 and, per Unicode Consortium policy, their names cannot be altered. In Livonian, whose alphabet is based on a mixture of Latvian and Estonian alphabets, the comma is used on the letters , , , , to indicate palatalization in the same fashion as Latvian, except that Livonian uses and represent the same palatal plosive phonemes which Latvian writes as and respectively.

The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.

The human voice consists of sounds generated by the opening and closing of the glottis by the vocal cords, which produces a periodic waveform with many harmonics. This basic sound is then filtered by the nose and throat (a complicated resonant piping system) to produce differences in harmonic content (formants) in a controlled way, creating the wide variety of sounds used in speech. There is another set of sounds, known as the unvoiced and plosive sounds, which are created or modified by the mouth in different fashions. The vocoder examines speech by measuring how its spectral characteristics change over time.

LPC starts with the assumption that a speech signal is produced by a buzzer at the end of a tube (voiced sounds), with occasional added hissing and popping sounds (sibilants and plosive sounds). Although apparently crude, this model is actually a close approximation of the reality of speech production. The glottis (the space between the vocal folds) produces the buzz, which is characterized by its intensity (loudness) and frequency (pitch). The vocal tract (the throat and mouth) forms the tube, which is characterized by its resonances; these resonances give rise to formants, or enhanced frequency bands in the sound produced.

In the reproduction of sound by headphones or loudspeakers, absolute phase refers the phase of the reproduced signal relative to the original signal, retaining the original polarity. A positive pressure on the microphone is reproduced as a positive pressure by the loudspeaker or headphones driver. For instance, the plosive "p" sound from a vocalist sends an initial positive air pressure wave toward the microphone which responds with an initial inward movement of the microphone diaphragm, away from the vocalist. To maintain absolute phase, a loudspeaker reproducing the sound would send an initial positive pressure outward from the loudspeaker, toward the listener.

However, is the usual form for the relative particle in these two villages, with a variant , where Bakh'a always uses . Among the velar consonants, the traditional voiced pair of has collapsed into , while /ɡ/ still remains a phoneme in some words. The unvoiced velar fricative, , is retained, but its plosive complement , while also remaining a distinct phoneme, has in its traditional positions in Aramaic words started to undergo palatalization. In Bakh'a, the palatalization is hardly apparent; in Maaloula, it is more obvious, and often leads to ; in Jubb'adin, it has become , and has thus merged phonemically with the original positions of .

In these languages, "t" clearly derives from the neuter definite article (Dutch het and West Frisian it) because the Dutch and Frisian masculine and feminine singular as well as plural definite article de cannot become "t"). The family name "Huis in't Feld" exists in Dutch, meaning "house in the field". Claims that this is phonetically similar to DAR remain to be verified experimentally. In Cumbria, a voiceless alveolar plosive (the English t sound) does occur, which may have some superficial similarities to realizations in West Frisian and Low German, but the glottal and glottalised DAR variants found elsewhere in the DAR area and across Yorkshire present a very different realisation.

There is also a non-IPA letter ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in sinological circles. It is common for the phonetic symbol to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosiveInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".

This articulatory difficulty can be said to account for the marked rarity of this sound among the world's languages. The uvular nasal most commonly occurs as a conditioned allophone of other sounds, for example as an allophone of before a uvular plosive as in Quechua, or as an allophone of /q/ before another nasal consonant as in Selkup. However, it has been reported to exist as an independent phoneme in a small number of languages. Examples include the Klallam language, the Tawellemmet and Ayr varieties of Tuareg Berber, the Rangakha dialect of Khams Tibetan, at least two dialects of the Bai language, and the Papuan language Mapos Buang.

Quantal theory is supported by a theory of language change, developed in collaboration with Jay Keyser, which postulates the existence of redundant or enhancement features. It is quite common, in language, to find a pair of phonemes that differ in two features simultaneously. In English, for example, "thin" and "sin" differ in both the place of articulation of the fricative (teeth versus alveolar ridge), and in its loudness (nonstrident versus strident). Similarly, "tell" and "dell" differ in both the voicing of the initial consonant, and in its aspiration (the /t/ in "tell" is immediately followed by a puff of air, like a short /h/ between the plosive and the vowel).

Philip Dadson is a New Zealand musician and artist, who was in the foundation group for the Scratch Orchestra and founder of From Scratch. He was made an Arts Laureate by the Arts Foundation of New Zealand in 2001, and an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2005. He lectured at the Elam School of Fine Arts, part of the University of Auckland from 1977, leaving in 2001 to take up full-time art practice. He co-authored the 2007 book Slap Tubes and other Plosive Aerophones with fellow instrument inventor Bart Hopkin, whose 1998 CD/book Gravikords, Whirlies & Pyrophones had also featured Dadson's group From Scratch.

The communes of Vaccarizzo Albanese and San Giorgio Albanese were founded by Albanian refugees after the conquest of Albania by the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent mass migration of Albanians to Italy. As all Arbëresh dialects, Vaccarizzo Albanian exhibits many medieval elements of the Albanian language. However, unlike other Arbëresh dialects, which under southern Italian dialectal influence have undergone a process of partial or total fricativization resulting in the change of the intervocalic voiced velar plosive () to a voiced velar fricative (), Vaccarizzo Albanian has retained the initial . Another feature of the Vaccarizzo dialect is the sonorization of the voiceless velar fricative , which also occurs in the Arbëresh dialects of the region.

The phoneme represented by the letter ق in texts is a point of contention. The letter, which in Classical Arabic represented either a voiceless pharyngealized velar stop or a voiceless uvular stop, most likely represented some kind of post- alveolar affricate or velar plosive in Andalusian Arabic. The vowel system was subject to a heavy amount of fronting and raising, a phenomenon known as imāla, causing to be raised, probably to or and, particularly with short vowels, in certain circumstances, particularly when i-mutation was possible. Contact with native Romance speakers led to the introduction of the phonemes , and, possibly, the affricate from loanwords.

Vowels (a, e, i, o, u and diphthongs such as ai) corresponded to sine tones and their combinations, plosive consonants (p, k, t) to pulses, and fricative consonants such as f, s, sh, and ch, to rushing noises . Stockhausen on the one hand subjected the recording of a child's voice to the same manipulations as the sounds and noises produced in the studio, and on the other hand tried to approximate the latter in various degrees to the vocal sounds. He wanted to achieve a continuum between electronic and human sounds . In any event, the first step had been taken towards the inclusion of materials other than sounds produced purely by electronic means.

The classic RCA Type 77-DX microphone has several externally adjustable positions of the internal baffle, allowing the selection of several response patterns ranging from "figure-eight" to "unidirectional". Such older ribbon microphones, some of which still provide high-quality sound reproduction, were once valued for this reason, but a good low-frequency response could be obtained only when the ribbon was suspended very loosely, which made them relatively fragile. Modern ribbon materials, including new nanomaterials, have now been introduced that eliminate those concerns and even improve the effective dynamic range of ribbon microphones at low frequencies. Protective wind screens can reduce the danger of damaging a vintage ribbon, and also reduce plosive artifacts in the recording.

In Vulgar Latin, the original diphthong first began to be pronounced as a simple long vowel . Then, the plosive before front vowels began, due to palatalization, to be pronounced as an affricate, hence renderings like in Italian and in German regional pronunciations of Latin, as well as the title of Tsar. With the evolution of the Romance languages, the affricate became a fricative (thus, ) in many regional pronunciations, including the French one, from which the modern English pronunciation is derived. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible, which contains the famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's".

The Tartessian script is typologically intermediate between a pure alphabet and the Paleohispanic semi-syllabaries. Although the letter used to write a plosive was determined by the following vowel, as in a semi-syllabary, the following vowel was also written, as in an alphabet (as seen in the Tartessian language). This redundant typology re-emerged in a few late (2nd and 1st century BCE) texts of northeastern Iberian and Celtiberian scripts, where vowels were once again written after plosives. Some scholars treat Tartessian as a redundant semi-syllabary, with essentially syllabic glyphs followed by the letter for the corresponding vowel; others treat it as a redundant alphabet, with the choice of an essentially consonantal character decided by the following vowel.

'" This same full band version of "She Stayed as Steam" featured as a bonus track on international versions of Brother's Blood. An acoustic demo (with slight lyrical changes) was shared by Kevin online and featured on theI Could Be With Anyone EP. The EP also features two remixes, one of "Hand of God" by Plosive (a pseudonym of Chris Bracco, who has produced a number of Kevin's releases), along with a remix for "Another Bag of Bones" by Trevor Dowdy of I Married My Highschool Sweetheart, a Favorite Gentlemen labelmate. The EP was released on a limited edition "Coke bottle green"12" viny (limited to 750 copies), along with a digital download. Two live tracks from a session on FM 4 serve as vinyl exclusive tracks.

View of the Chengde Mountain Resort Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over most of the province, and most Mandarin dialects in Hebei are in turn classified as part of the Ji Lu Mandarin subdivision. Regions along the western border with Shanxi, however, have dialects that are distinct enough for linguists to consider them as part of Jin, another subdivision of Chinese, rather than Mandarin. In general, the dialects of Hebei are quite similar to and readily intelligible with the Beijing dialect, which forms the basis for Standard Chinese, the official language of the nation. However, there are also some distinct differences, such as differences in the pronunciation of certain words that derive from entering tone syllables (syllables ending on a plosive) in Middle Chinese.

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft . The sound of a hard (which often precedes the non- front vowels or a consonant) is usually the voiced velar plosive (as in gangrene or golf) while the sound of a soft (typically before , , or ) may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft is the affricate , as in general, giant, and gym. A at the end of a word usually renders a hard (as in "dog"), while if a soft rendition is intended it would be followed by a silent (as in "change").

The Greek alphabet was in turn the basis of other alphabets, notably the Etruscan and Coptic and later the Armenian, Gothic, and Cyrillic. Similar arguments can be derived in these cases as in the Phoenician-Greek case. For example, in Cyrillic, the letter (ve) stands for , confirming that beta was pronounced as a fricative by the 9th century AD, while the new letter (be) was invented to note the sound . Conversely, in Gothic, the letter derived from beta stands for , so in the 4th century AD, beta may have still been a plosive in Greek although according to evidence from the Greek papyri of Egypt, beta as a stop had been generally replaced by beta as a voiced bilabial fricative by the first century AD.

Chart (which is said to be invented by a Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao) illustrating the contours four tones in Standard Chinese When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones. It has been theorized that the relative timing of a contour tone is not distinctive.

For one, it facilitated the development of intimate, expressive singing styles such as "crooning" which would not have enough projection and volume if done without a microphone. As well, pop singers who use microphones can do a range of other vocal styles that would not project without amplification, such as making whispering sounds, humming, and mixing half-sung and sung tones. As well, some performers use the microphone's response patterns to create effects, such as bringing the mic very close to the mouth to get an enhanced bass response, or, in the case of hip-hop beatboxers, doing plosive "p" and "b" sounds into the mic to create percussive effects. In the 2000s, controversy arose over the widespread use of electronic Auto-Tune pitch correction devices with recorded and live popular music vocals.

In English, however, initial voiced plosives like or may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, and word-final plosives tend to be fully devoiced: In most dialects of English, the final /b/, /d/ and /g/ in words like rib, mad and dog are fully devoiced. Initial voiceless plosives, like the p in pie, are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a plosive after an s, as in spy, is tenuis (unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words par, tar, and car are articulated, compared with spar, star, and scar. In the common pronunciation of papa, the initial p is aspirated whereas the medial p is not.

After this, the music as a whole is louder than it was before, but the maximum volume points (mostly transients) are not as pronounced as they were before. Since this whole process is done before the final Audio CD is recorded, its effect is equally present in uncompressed audio files created from such a CD, in lossless compressed audio made from the CD, as well as in lossy compressed audio from that same CD. Transients are typically found in percussive sounds, in plosive consonants of voice recordings, and during the first few milliseconds (the so- called attack phase) of non-percussive instrument sounds. All these tend to be somewhat muffled by dynamic range compression.Loudness War:Dynamic Range Compression and Its Effects at Music Production To undo this effect, the uses a multiband compander (compressor/expander) with dynamically adjusted compression/expansion.

This symbol later dropped out of alphabetic use, but survived in the form of the numeral symbol sampi (modern ). As an alphabetic character, it has been attested in the cities of Miletus, Ephesos, Halikarnassos, Erythrae, Teos (all situated in the region of Ionia in Asia Minor), in the island of Samos, in the Ionian colony of Massilia, and in Kyzikos (situated farther north in Asia Minor, in the region of Mysia). In Pontic Mesembria, on the Black Sea coast of Thrace, it was used on coins, which were marked with the abbreviation of the city's name, spelled . The sound denoted by this letter was a reflex of the proto-Greek consonant clusters , , , or , and was probably an intermediate sound during the phonetic change from the earlier plosive clusters towards the later sound, possibly an affricate similar to .

The second design involved a console, similar to that of a musical organ of the period, in which the operator manned a set of keys, one for each letter. The sounds were produced by a common bellows that fed air through various pipes with the appropriate shapes and obstructions needed to produce that letter. Through experimentation, he came to find that the reed's resonant length was not crucial to the creation of the high-frequency components of certain vowels and fricatives, so he tuned them all to be the same pitch for the sake of consistency between letters. While not all letters were represented at this point, Kempelen had developed the technology required to produce most vowels and several consonants, including the plosive /p/, and the nasal /m/, and thus was in a position to begin forming syllables and short words.

The nasalisation of vowels and consonants in Mixtec is an interesting phenomenon that has had various analyses. All of the analyses agree that nasalization is contrastive and that it is somewhat restricted. In most varieties, it is clear that nasalization is limited to the right edge of a morpheme (such as a noun or verb root), and spreads leftward until it is blocked by an obstruent (plosive, affricate or fricative in the list of Mixtec consonants). A somewhat more abstract analysis of the Mixtec facts claims that the spreading of nasalization is responsible for the surface "contrast" between two kinds of bilabials ( and , with and without the influence of nasalization, respectively), between two kinds of palatals ( and nasalized —often less accurately (but more easily) transcribed as —with and without nasalization, respectively), and even two kinds of coronals ( and , with and without nasalization, respectively).

Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular. In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king Silo of Asturias, dated in 775: it uses substrate words as arrogio and lagena, now arroio ("stream") and laxe ("stone"), and presents also the elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants;Cf. actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician-Portuguese contemporary language. As for the oldest document written in Galician-Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated in 1231, since the 1228-dated Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas is probably a slightly latter translation of a Latin original.

In the syllabic portions of the scripts, each plosive sign stood for a different combination of consonant and vowel, so that the written form of ga displayed no resemblance to ge, and bi looked quite different from bo. In addition, the original format did not distinguish voiced from unvoiced plosives, so that ga stood for both /ga/ and /ka/, and da stood for both /da/ and /ta/. On the other hand, the continuants (fricative sounds like /s/ and sonorants like /l/, /m/, trills, and vowels) were written with simple alphabetic letters, as in Phoenician and Greek. Over the past few decades, many researchers have come to believe that one variant of the northeastern Iberian script, the older one according to the archaeological contexts, distinguished voicing in the plosives by adding a stroke to the glyphs for the alveolar (/d/~/t/) and velar (/g/~/k/) syllables, creating distinct glyphs for unvoiced /t/ and /k/, and restricting the original glyphs to voiced /d/ and /g/.

Based on these results, they proposed the notion of categorical perception as a mechanism by which humans can identify speech sounds. More recent research using different tasks and methods suggests that listeners are highly sensitive to acoustic differences within a single phonetic category, contrary to a strict categorical account of speech perception. To provide a theoretical account of the categorical perception data, Liberman and colleagues worked out the motor theory of speech perception, where "the complicated articulatory encoding was assumed to be decoded in the perception of speech by the same processes that are involved in production" (this is referred to as analysis-by-synthesis). For instance, the English consonant may vary in its acoustic details across different phonetic contexts (see above), yet all 's as perceived by a listener fall within one category (voiced alveolar plosive) and that is because "linguistic representations are abstract, canonical, phonetic segments or the gestures that underlie these segments".

Gr. : Lat. '); that many instances of had earlier been (cf. Gr. : Lat. '); that Greek sometimes stood in words that had been lengthened from and therefore must have been pronounced at some stage (the same holds analogically for and , which must have been ), and so on. For the consonants, historical linguistics established the originally plosive nature of both the aspirates and the mediae , which were recognised to be a direct continuation of similar sounds in Indo-European (reconstructed and ). It was also recognised that the word-initial spiritus asper was most often a reflex of earlier (cf. Gr. : Lat. '), which was believed to have been weakened to in pronunciation. Work was also done reconstructing the linguistic background to the rules of ancient Greek versification, especially in Homer, which shed important light on the phonology regarding syllable structure and accent. Scholars also described and explained the regularities in the development of consonants and vowels under processes of assimilation, reduplication, compensatory lengthening etc.