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"oakum" Definitions
  1. a material obtained by pulling old rope to pieces, a job done in the past by prisoners, and used to fill holes in wooden ships

82 Sentences With "oakum"

How to use oakum in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "oakum" and check conjugation/comparative form for "oakum". Mastering all the usages of "oakum" from sentence examples published by news publications.

The poop deck is being repaired traditionally, using wooden planks caulked with cotton and oakum then sealed with pitch.
With compelling eroticism, Mr Crummey depicts them awakening to their physical selves; Ada first learned of pleasure when, at nine, she pressed herself against the keel of the boat that Evered and their father were preparing for the season, by raking oakum from its seams.
Oakum can be used to seal cast iron pipe drains. After setting the pipes together, workers pack oakum into the joints, then pour molten lead into the joint to create a permanent seal. The oakum swells and seals the joint, the "tar" in the oakum prevents rot, and the lead keeps the joint physically tight. Oakum present in cast iron bell/spigot joints may also contain asbestos.
In Herman Melville's novella Benito Cereno, crew members of a slave ship spend their idle hours picking oakum. Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist mentions the extraction of oakum by orphaned children in the workhouse. The oakum extracted is for use on navy ships, and the instructor says that the children are serving the country. The Innocents Abroad, a travel book by Mark Twain, also mentions in chapter 37 a "Baker's Boy/Famine Breeder" who eats soap and oakum, but prefers oakum, which makes his breath foul and teeth stuck up with tar.
The word oakum derives from Middle English ', from Old English ', from ' (separative and perfective prefix) + ' (akin to Old English ', 'comb')—literally 'off-combings'. Oakum was at one time recycled from old tarry ropes and cordage, which were painstakingly unravelled and reduced to fibre, termed "picking". The task of picking and preparation was a common occupation in prisons and workhouses, where the young or the old and infirm were put to work picking oakum if they were unsuited for heavier labour. Sailors undergoing naval punishment were also frequently sentenced to pick oakum, with each man made to pick of oakum a day.
The original loft floor of timber remains, caulked with oakum and bitumen.
Oakum and tools for caulking. Hemp. Prisoners picking oakum at Coldbath Fields Prison in London. Oakum is a preparation of tarred fibre used to seal gaps. Its main traditional applications were in shipbuilding, for caulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and the deck planking of iron and steel ships; in plumbing, for sealing joints in cast iron pipe; and in log cabins for chinking.
Tar-like petroleum by-products can also be used for modern oakum. "White oakum" is made from untarred material, and was chiefly used as packing between brick and masonry in pre-war home and building construction, as its breathability allows moisture to continue to wick and transfer.
Old rope was also hung up, to provide oakum for closing up the seams between ships' boards.
Jack London, in his book The People of the Abyss (1903), mentions picking oakum in the workhouses of London.
Tools used included the mallets and irons. Mallets were usually 16 inches from end to end with the handle bar usually being about 16 inches. The material that was hammered in between each of the planks was typically oakum, a kind of hemp fiber. There were oftentimes 2-3 layers of this oakum fiber placed in between the planks.
To move the > structures was a major undertaking. They were dismantled log by log, and > each log was numbered and replaced in its exact, original position. Spaces > between the logs were packed with oakum, and the logs and oakum remain in > excellent condition. Sewer and water lines were installed in 1904, sidewalks > were finished in 1910, and paving on Eighteenth Street was apparently > completed by 1924.
Breton hemp (from Brittany) was considered some of the finest in the world. The French Navy "always" used national hemp sources for oakum necessary to seal wooden boats and ships.
At Coldbath Fields Prison, the men's counterpart to Tothill Fields, prisoners had to pick per day unless sentenced to hard labour, in which case they had to pick between of oakum per day.Mayhew & Binny (1862) p. 312. In modern times, the fibrous material used in oakum comes from virgin hemp or jute. In plumbing and marine applications, the fibers are impregnated with tar or a tar-like substance, traditionally pine tar (also called 'Stockholm tar'), an amber- coloured pitch made from pine sap.
When used in Chinese medicine, it is called chuíxù shānglù (垂序商陸).Further unlisted names that appear in Hortus Third (Bailey, Bailey, et al., 1976, op. cit.) include: cancer jalap, oakum, garget, pocan, and scoke.
The original Newton Abbot poorhouse was in East Street. The cellar of the Devon Arms was used as the oakum picking room, where paupers were given the unpleasant job of untwisting old rope to provide oakum, used to seal the seams of wooden boats. Newton Bushel had its own poorhouse, not far from present day Newton Abbot Leisure Centre, previously known as Dyron's. The 1834 Poor Law Act required changes and incorporation that led in 1839, to a new workhouse being built in East Street for paupers from surrounding areas.
Clyde Brion Davis. "The Passing of the Brass Pounder." The Reporter, April 13, 1954, p. 41 Also during this time, in July 1876, Phillips released a work of humor and social commentary, under the pen name of John Oakum.
Most male prisoners made herring nets or picked oakum (Inveraray was a busy herring port); those with skills were often employed where their skills could be used, such as shoemaking, tailoring or joinery. Female prisoners picked oakum, knitted stockings or sewed. Forms of labour for punishment included the treadmill, shot drill, and the crank machine. Treadmills for punishment were used in prisons in Britain from 1818 until the second half of the 19th century; they often took the form of large paddle wheels some 20 feet in diameter with 24 steps around a six-foot cylinder.
To seal the gate the enlarged 'keel' of the ship caisson fits closely into a groove in the stonework of the lock opening. Flexible material is attached to this prominent keel and seals the water. Originally rope or oakum packing was used. Modern caissons use neoprene rubber.
Gas was introduced to the prison in 1879. This allowed the provision of heating via hot water pipes and earned it the nickname of the Cranmore Hotel. Male inmates in the prison were forced to undertake "hard labour". This labour included the picking of oakum, rock breaking and wood chopping.
The morning revealed that the caulking between hull planks - Oakum - had been driven out. High winds drove the Sparrow-Hawk over the bar and into the Harbor. Many goods were rescued and no lives were lost. Two survivors were guided to William Bradford and the Plimouth Plantation by two Indians who spoke English.
The wheel remained in use until 1890. Other prisoners were engaged in breaking stones which were used for roadbuilding, oakum picking (unpicking old ropes) and other tasks. Further building work to designs by Richard Carver, the county surveyor, was undertaken in the 1830s and 1840s. This included the rebuilding of the front range and the addition of the gatehouse.
Nossov, p. 202 The besieged Carthaginians in Motya, 398 BC, set alight the siege engines of the attacking Syracusan forces under Dionysius I by dropping burning charred logs and resin- soaked oakum; however, the Syracusans were able to put out the fires.Nossov, p. 36 Pitch was a base ingredient in many incendiary devices throughout the period.
Caulking was made from the pitch of pine trees, and palmetto leaves were used as oakum. They sewed shirts together for sails. Occasionally they raided the Aute village, from which they stole 640 bushels of corn to sustain themselves during the construction. Twice, within sight of the camp, ten men gathering shellfish were killed by Apalachee raids.
Delano is disturbed by the incidents he observes among the hatchet polishers and oakum pickers, such as when a black boy slashes the head of a white boy with a knife. Surprisingly, Cereno does not acknowledge or even seem to care about this behavior. This is also evident with Atufal, a slave who even in chains appears regal and rebellious.
At five pm on Saturday, January 15, 1916, some workers were taking inventory of stock for the Berstad scrap-iron dealer in a shed at Murallmenningen (Mur Commons). There was a strong storm outside with hurricane-force gusts. One of the workers accidentally ignited a ball of black oakum with a light. He opened the door to throw it into the sea.
The work was tedious, slow and taxing on the worker's thumbs and fingers. In 1862, girls under 16 at Tothill Fields Bridewell had to pick a day, and boys under 16 had to pick . Over the age of 16, girls and boys had to pick per day respectively. The oakum was sold for £4 10s ( in modern money) per hundredweight ().
Boats carried oakum and chisels to patch leaks.Kytle p. 221 There were also boat repair areas, for instance, beside Lock 35 and at Lock 47 (Four Locks), to repair boats. The boat would settle on raised beams (at lock 35, they were made of concrete), as the drydock was drained, and the men could make the necessary repairs, using tin and tar.
As of 2008, the upper two stories of the Leland continue to be housing. Together, all of these constitute today's Main Market. The two-story Triangle Market (Thompson & Thompson, 1908; rehabilitation by Fred Bassetti & Co., 1977) originally housed the South Park Poultry Company. The 1977 rehabilitation joined it with the adjacent 3-story Silver Oakum Building (unknown, 1910; Bassetti, 1977).
The Fabyan Guard Station is located about north of United States Route 302, on Cherry Mountain Road near a crossing of Desolation Brook. It stands in a small clearing on the west side of the road. It is a single-story log structure, measuring about , with a gabled roof. It is built out of spruce logs, with the gaps filled with wooden slats and chinked with oakum.
She is thought to have been placed in Great Yarmouth Workhouse by her brother Edgar shortly after and he would have paid to leave her there. The workhouse had 500 inmates, including about 60, like Lorina, who had mental disorders and were classified as "lunatics". They would have unpicked oakum for up to 10 hours a day. Bulwer embroidered long messages that can read as a letters of protest or outrage.
Each Tree is inspected for Grafting signs. Once the good fruit is found, the mashgiach shows it to the worker who cuts it off leaving a piece of the stalk. Then the mashgiach analyses the picked citron one more time and if he decides it is worthy he wraps it in oakum and puts it in the box. The farmer receives the agreed sum for each picked fruit.
Finally, Withall sold his business to Le Mesurier, who made a success of it. Next he started an oakum manufactory, probably to help a brother, but it did not prosper. In 1859, he was elected to the city council, and in 1867 was elected mayor, defeating the sitting mayor, Joseph Cauchon, who later became governor of Manitoba. Following John's first term, the people of Quebec re-elected him by acclamation.
On 6 March 1862, the ship departed New York bound for Fort Monroe, Virginia, towed by the ocean-going tug Seth Low and accompanied by the gunboats and .Baxter, 1968, pp. 266, 286 Worden, not trusting the seal between the turret and the hull, and ignoring Ericsson's advice,Konstam, 2002, p. 40 wedged the former in the up position and stuffed oakum and sail cloth in the gap.
The Hidden Step is the ninth studio album by English band Ozric Tentacles. It was released in 2000 on Stretchy Records. It was their last to include bassist Zia Ahmad Geelani (except for the track Oakum on Spirals in Hyperspace) and drummer "Rad" (Conrad Prince). It was also the first Ozric Tentacles album that does not feature a cover by the artist Blim; the cover art, by guitarist Edward Wynne, features his cat Pixel.
A shipbuilder from the naval dockyard examined Lady Nelson and as her main and after keels were both found to be beyond repair they were replaced with new ones. Lady Nelson had been troubled by leaks in her topsides since she left England. This was also investigated whilst the vessel was at the Cape, and it was found 'that instead of the seams being filled with oakum they had absolutely substituted putty'.Memorial of Lieut.
Caulking tools with tow In the textile industry, a tow (or hards) is a coarse, broken fibre, removed during processing flax, hemp, or jute and separated from the chives. Flax tows are often used as upholstery stuffing and oakum. Tows in general are frequently cut up to produce staple fibre. The very light color of flax tow is the source of the word "towhead", meaning a person with naturally light blonde hair.
Preparations for the 1947 season began in early April, when Chief Engineer R.W. "Bert" Kern deported Portland for Alaska. In April, the boats were still locked in solid ice. Temperatures the previous winter had reached 68 degrees below zero. To free the hulls from the ice, without pulling out the oakum caulking between the planking, the crews had to fill the hulls with water, then heat the water by running steam lines through it.
Inmates were put to work oakum-picking and treading the treadmill, and it operated on the silent/separate system. However, due to poor management, the regime was changed in 1850 and the Bridewell then housed only women and convicted boys under the age of seventeen. The second prison was closed in 1877, when prisoners were transferred to Millbank Prison, and was demolished in 1885. Westminster Cathedral, started in 1895, now stands on the site.
The ship's two pumps were capable of handling this flow, but two weeks later the leak doubled to 2,000 gallons per hour. In a dive, the leak was found and stanched with oakum and burlap and it was later reinforced to be fixed at the next dry docking, in November 1970. In October 1972, the United States Congress established the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the San Francisco Maritime State Historical Park was intentionally included in its range.
Therefore, if a ship's hull was heavily damaged, only one compartment would fill with water while the ship could be salvaged without sinking.Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 391. Zhu Yu wrote that ships springing a leak could hardly be repaired from the inside, though; instead the Chinese employed expert foreign divers (people from the "Kunlun Mountains" region) that would dive into the water with chisels and oakum and mend the damage from the outside.Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 462.
The lucky ones who had a skill and could work might escape the worst depravity – but according to many accounts the Oakum trade boomed. Puritanical middle-class Victorians hated poverty and deplored it to the extent that many chose to ignore it altogether. Branded as idle, and lazy those who could not be worked; and yet many MPs found that the workhouses, harsh as they were in the early 19th century were too easy-going on the homeless tramp.
The sail loft was converted into a chapel in 1902, with stained glass windows installed from the original chapel, which had been built in 1891. The original loft floor of timber remains caulked with oakum and bitumen, access being by exterior timber stairs. Facades have recessed bays. The Chapel incorporates a unique stained glass commemorative window to Australia's first two submarines, AE1 and AE2, based at the Island and lost at Rabaul (1914) and near Gallipoli (1915) respectively.
In the 1400s, some inmates at the Tolhouse jail waited 10 years for a trial. In 1645, witch-hunter Matthew Hopkins used the Tolhouse jail during his witch trials, in which several local women were hanged. In the 18th century, the Tolhouse used hard labour, on a treadmill or picking oakum nearby. In the early 19th century, British prison visitor Sarah Martin criticised the living conditions in the jail, as the cells were too warm and the jail was unsanitary.
Outside the citadel, above the armoured deck were a large number of small watertight compartments used to hold coal and stores. Between them and the hull were compartments filled with cork and containing a coffer dam. The dam was filled with oakum and canvas which had been shown to help reduce the size of the hole made by a projectile passing through the coffer dam. All of these materials were treated with calcium chloride to try to reduce their flammability.
The Barnhill Poorhouse, had also opened at Springburn in 1850. Paupers who could not support themselves were sent here by the Parish and were obliged to work at jobs such as bundling firewood, picking oakum (separating tarred rope fibres) and breaking rocks. In 1905 the Glasgow Poorhouse in Townhead closed and its inmates went to Barnhill, making it the largest poorhouse in Scotland. In 1945 it was renamed Foresthall Home and Hospital and was thereafter used as a geriatric hospital and residential home.
Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fibre. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England. Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and oakum. In the early 1940s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250 000 to 350 000 metric tonnes, Russia was the biggest producer.
It was run by the Liverpool Juvenile Reform Society Boys were occupied in continually scrubbing the decks and until 1862 in picking oakum (teasing apart old rope so the fibres could be reused). They learned tailoring and shoemaking. Recreation was limitid to reading suitable magazines, bagatelle and playing draughts. On 27 September 1887, ('Akbar Mutiny') while the captain was ashore the boys mutinied, they armed themselves with sticks, broke into the stores and entered the captains cabin, and stole valuables.
The heat generated by the warmed water would gradually melt the ice on the outside of the hull, without tearing out the oakum. After this, the boats still had to be kept out of the main flow of the river until the May ice jams had passed. During the 1947 season, Northwestern made five round-trips on the Bethel- McGrath route. Each trip the steamer pushed or towed a steel barge, and together both vessels loaded about 1,000 tons of freight at Bethel.
By the 1540s, when the Spanish Basques began sending whaling expeditions to Newfoundland, the ventures were no longer experimental, but a "resounding financial success from their inception." By the end of the decade they were delivering large cargoes of whale oil to Bristol, London, and Flanders. A large market existed for "lumera", as whale oil used for lighting was called. "Sain" or "grasa de ballena" was also used (by mixing it with tar and oakum) for caulking ships, as well as in the textile industry.
Pipes are commonly joined by welding, using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Thread seal tape, oakum, or PTFE string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal.
She had her back broken around 1939 while hauling up on land at Camp Wanapitei, a youth camp situated on the northern shore of Ferguson Bay. She was still the biggest boat afloat between James Bay and Manitoulin Island on Lake Huron in 1940. After taking some damage from dock collisions and shoal groundings in her career, she sank in her winter quarters on Muddy Water Bay during the winter of 1939 or 1940. The cause of her sinking was likely the loosening of oakum in her seams.
They are used to create the fire and flame to the scene. The window frames are made of sheet iron and covered in oakum soaked in alcohol and naphtha, Though these pieces are not fastened to the scene at all and are place a short distance behind it on platforms, it still gives the illusion of the set actually burning. The Quick Match ables the entire frame and sash of panels to catch fire in a matter of seconds. The spectacle was beyond astounding; it held the attractiveness and breathtaking aspect of contemporaneity.
Richard Sharpe is born in London circa 26 June 1777 (he believes that he may be 22 during the early months of 1799) to a prostitute residing in "Cat Lane", and a French smuggler. When Sharpe is three, his mother is killed in the Gordon Riots, leaving him an orphan. With no other known relatives to claim him, Sharpe is deposited in Jem Hocking's foundling home at Brewhouse Lane, Wapping, where he spends his days picking his assigned quota of oakum. He is malnourished and regularly beaten, resulting in his being undersized for his age.
The Puhl House, also known as the Bacon House, is a historic house at the corner of Scott Road and Glenn Highway in Palmer, Alaska. It is a rectangular single-story log structure measuring , built out of round logs joined by saddle notches at the corners. The diameter and length of the logs reduces as they rise to the eaves; oakum chinking is used to close the gaps. The house was built in 1935 by Joe and Blanche Puhl, settlers who were part of the Matanuska Valley Colony settlement project.
The term "junk head" originates from these sealing rings or "junk rings" and the dummy piston head. The term was previously in use with steam engines. Whereas a piston ring must slide within the cylinder and so be made of the best quality long-lived materials, where a fixed cylinder cover was sealed by a ring, this stationary ring could be of the lowliest materials or "junk", often a greased or graphited rope or oakum packing. Although the high cylinder temperature of an internal combustion engine requires high quality materials even here, the term stuck.
In place of the oakum and pitch normally used to caulk ships, lead was used. The timbers used in the brigs were still green, as the builders did not have the luxury of time to allow the wood to dry properly. A total of 65 cannons were shipped to Erie to arm the fleet; Hamilton approved the production of 37 cannons by a foundry in Washington, D.C. and the rest were moved from Sackets Harbor. and were launched in April 1813, in May, and the brig on 25 June.
Alan Lewrie was born on Epiphany Sunday, 1763, at St Martin in the Fields (parish), London, the bastard son of Elisabeth Lewrie and Sir Hugo St. George Willoughby, a captain in 4th Regiment of Foot. Elisabeth Lewrie had been abandoned by Sir Hugo Willoughby and died in childbirth leaving Alan Lewrie to be placed in the parish poorhouse. As a toddler he was employed as an oakum- picker and flax-pounder for the Royal Dockyards. In 1766, he was claimed by Sir Hugo from the poorhouse and taken into the Willoughby household at St. James's Square, London.
Around the time of Oliver's ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, the parish beadle, removes Oliver from the baby farm and puts him to work picking and weaving oakum at the main workhouse. Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots; the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. This task falls to Oliver himself, who at the next meal comes forward trembling, bowl in hand, and begs Mr. Bumble for gruel with his famous request: "Please, sir, I want some more".
Work in the 19th century consisted of cooking, washing clothes, cleaning the prison, tailoring, bootmaking, and printing. However, demand exceeded the availability of such work – increasingly so in the later years of the 19th century – so prisoners were also given activities with no practical value other than keeping them occupied. These included breaking stones, operating a water pump, and oakum picking. Even with these extra activities, by 1899, 60 to 70 men were employed at the pump, each doing only a few minutes work per hour, and occupied the rest of the time with recreation such as draughts.
The pumps were manned, but could not keep up with the ingress of water, and by midnight there was of water in the hold. At dawn on 25 December, an attempt was made to fother the hull by lowering an oakum-packed studding sail over the side to cover the gash in the hull and slow the flooding. This was temporarily successful and by 11 o'clock the pumps had been able to reduce the water to a level of . The respite was short-lived, when the sail split under the pressure of the water and the water level began to rise again.
After the peace Mary Rose was placed in the reserves, "in ordinary". She was laid up for maintenance along with her sister ship the Peter Pomegranate in July 1514. In 1518 she received a routine repair and caulking, waterproofing with tar and oakum (old rope fibres) and was then assigned a small skeleton crew who lived on board the ship until 1522. She served briefly on a mission with other warships to "scour the seas" in preparation for Henry VIII's journey across the Channel to the summit with the French king Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520.
For articulated pieces, he designed a paste that would dry in a material dense enough that fasteners and hinges could be fixed, or include metal frames for larger models. The molds used in that case were in a metal alloy. Workers would line them with a paper and cardboard shell, consisting of only 3 to 4 layers, then fill them with the paste, called "terre" = earth, made of flour glue, shredded paper, shredded oakum, chalk and cork powder, the latter said to be the crucial ingredient in the mix. The mold was then closed and placed under a press to compact the paste and spread it into the finest details.
The wards were seedbeds of disease and contagion, often infested with rats and cockroaches. Casuals had to work and sleep in solitary confinement, even if not convicted of an offence. It was this incarceration that was perceptibly dichotomous for any defining feature of respectability for the deserving man. Nowadays it would be axiomatic to condemn stone-breaking as unskilled, but in 1900 it was considered a skilled job. Being thus condemned to mind-numbing casual hard labour, a man could not recover his status, and was thus permanently in a ‘poverty trap.’ Oakum picking was “demoralising” to an out-of-work navvy moving between jobs.
There was two feet of water in the hold and more was rushing in, while the sea was rising and a gale had sprung up. The pumps were manned, but could not keep up with the influx of water, and by midnight there was 6 feet of water in the hold. At dawn on Christmas Day, an attempt was made to fother the hull, which involved lowering an oakum-packed studding sail over the side to cover the gash in the hull and slow the flooding. This was temporarily successful and by 11 o'clock the pumps had been able to reduce the water to a level of 19 inches.
Seventeenth-century ships chandler, Amsterdam 1932 chandler's lighter, now a museum piece A ship chandler is a retail dealer who specializes in providing supplies or equipment for ships.The Maritime Industry Knowledge Centre For traditional sailing ships, items that could be found in a chandlery might include sail-cloth, rosin, turpentine, tar, pitch (resin), linseed oil, whale oil, tallow, lard, varnish, twine, rope and cordage, hemp, and oakum. Tools (hatchet, axe, hammer, chisel, planes, lantern, nails, spike, boat hook, caulking iron, hand pump, and marlinspike) and items needed for cleaning such as brooms and mops might be available. Galley supplies, leather goods, and paper might also appear.
Wilde was incarcerated from 25 May 1895 to 18 May 1897. He first entered Newgate Prison in London for processing, then was moved to Pentonville Prison, where the "hard labour" to which he had been sentenced consisted of many hours of walking a treadmill and picking oakum (separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes), and where prisoners were allowed to read only the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. A few months later he was moved to Wandsworth Prison in London. Inmates there also followed the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed", which wore harshly on Wilde's delicate health.
Prisoners picking oakum at Coldbath Fields Prison in London, circa 1864. Penal servitude was abolished for England and Wales by section 1(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948.section 1(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 Every enactment conferring power on a court to pass a sentence of penal servitude in any case must be construed as conferring power to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding the maximum term of penal servitude for which a sentence could have been passed in that case immediately before the commencement of that Act. Imprisonment with hard labour was abolished by section 1(2) of that Act.
The New Poor Law curbed the cost of poor relief, which had been spiralling throughout the previous decades, and led to the creation of workhouses for those who were unemployed. Most workers in the workhouse were set tasks such as breaking stones, bone crushing to produce fertilizer, or picking oakum using a large metal nail known as a spike. Although conditions in the workhouse were intended to be harsh to act as a deterrent, in areas such as the provision of free medical care and education for children, inmates were advantaged over the general population. By the late 1840s most workhouses outside London and the larger provincial towns housed only "the incapable, elderly and sick".
New York soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system, and other states followed. Prisoners picking oakum at Coldbath Fields Prison in London, c. 1864\. But by 1820 faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. In response, New York developed the Auburn system in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at Auburn State Prison and Sing Sing at Ossining.
Typical leaded bell-and-spigot joint used for cast iron pipe In a bell and spigot joint, one end of the pipe stick is flared, termed the bell or socket, to enable the opposite end of the next stick, the spigot end, to be inserted to create a joint. The gaps in these joints were stuffed with oakum or yarn to retain molten-lead, which solidified into a waterproof joint. This was a labor-intensive operation, and the quality of the seal was dependent on the skill of the laborer. Mechanical joints were made by bolting a movable follower ring on the spigot close to the corresponding bell, which compressed a gasket in between.
However, conditions were better and healthier than at Newgate and similar older prisons, and each prisoner was made to do work such as picking oakum (tarred rope) and weaving. The work lasted from six in the morning until seven at night. The food ration was a breakfast of 10 ounces of bread and three-quarters of a pint of cocoa; dinner was half a pint of soup (or four ounces of meat), five ounces of bread, and one pound of potatoes; supper a pint of gruel and five ounces of bread. Pentonville became the model for British prisons; a further 54 were built to similar designs over six years and hundreds throughout the British Empire.
Lacking size, Tawles defends himself primarily with his quick wit: > ...but this trick of the Captain's was no trouble to Pibby; for he rigged a > dummy oakum-head to that end of his bunk which showed through the open > doorway and slept then the other way about. The stories are likely inspired by Hodgson's own experience with bullying while he himself was a young apprentice at sea. Several other Hodgson stories have similar plot lines, often involving wily apprentices who outsmart or take their revenge against abusive sailors. Both Captain Jat stories involve narrow escapes from marauding natives of some sort while stealing valuable treasure, with Pibby Tawles managing to pocket some of the treasure for himself.
Colonel Plug's usual tactics were to sneak aboard or have one of his river pirates, secretly, go into the hull of a boat, dig out the caulking between the boat bottom planks, causing the boat to sink and be easily attacked. The other method for disabling a boat was to drill holes in the bottom planks, with an auger. Traditional caulking was made from combining the fibers of cotton and oakum, a type of hemp rope fiber soaked in pine tar. The sticky caulk mixture would be driven into a wedge-shaped seam between the wooden boat hull planks, with a caulking mallet and a broad chisel-like tool called a caulking iron to create a watertight seal.
As with others, Mulholland inspected it, judged it to be another contraction crack and ordered it filled with oakum and grouted to seal off any seepage. At the same time another fracture appeared in a corresponding position on the eastern portion of the dam, starting at the crest near the last spillway section and running downward at an angle for sixty-five feet before ending at the hillside. It too was sealed in the same manner. Both of these fractures were noted to be wider at their junction with the hillside abutments and narrowed as they angled toward the top of the dam. The reservoir continued to rise steadily until early February 1928, when the water level was brought to within one foot of the spillway.
This meant that the rigging had better anchor points to take the force of high cross-winds, while shear forces along the hull were no longer borne by the oakum-packing of the timber planks which had leaked while they were squeezed and released like a sponge.Seppings, R. (1818) On The Great Strength Given To Ships of War by the Application of Diagonal Braces, From The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Bulmer, pp. 6-8 Seppings was also instrumental, along with other innovators, in the introduction of iron elements into ship construction, reducing the need for 'grown timbers', which were in increasingly short supply (grown timbers were structural elements, such as 'knees', that needed timber grown to shape in the living tree, in order to give the required strength).Nautical Research Journal, Volume 49 (2004), p.
Wilde's cell in Reading Gaol as it appears today Wilde entered prison on 25 March 1895, sentenced to two years' hard labour—a punishment that was considered more severe than mere penal servitude. He was first sent, briefly, to Newgate Prison for initial processing, and the next week was moved to Pentonville prison, where "hard labour" consisted of many hours of pointless effort in walking a treadmill or picking oakum (separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes), and allowed to read only the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. Prisoners were not allowed to speak to each other, and, out of their solitary cells, were required to wear a cap with a sort of thick veil so they would not be recognised by other prisoners. A few months later he was moved to Wandsworth Prison, which had a similar regimen.
Those refused entry risked being sentenced to two weeks of hard labour if they were found begging or sleeping in the open and prosecuted for an offence under the Vagrancy Act 1824. A typical early 19th-century casual ward was a single large room furnished with some kind of bedding and perhaps a bucket in the middle of the floor for sanitation. The bedding on offer could be very basic: the Poor Law authorities in Richmond in London in the mid-1840s provided only straw and rags, although beds were available for the sick. In return for their night's accommodation vagrants might be expected to undertake a certain amount of work before leaving the next day; for instance at Guisborough men were required to break stones for three hours and women to pick oakum, two hours before breakfast and one after.
She would sit with the women in the cellars—many of whom were prisoners—and pick oakum with them, while discussing the Bible or praying with them. Butler's hostel for women, Liverpool in a derelict condition in 2009 before its demolition Just as they had done in Cheltenham, the Butlers began providing shelter in their own home for some of the women, often prostitutes in the terminal stages of venereal disease. It soon became clear that there were more women in need than they could provide for, so Butler set up a hostel, with funds from local men of means. By Easter 1867 she had established a second, larger home, in which more appropriate work was provided, such as sewing and the manufacture of envelopes; the "Industrial Home", as she called it, was funded by the workhouse committee and local merchants.
In 1886, arguing that mechanisation inevitably reduced demand for labour, and by creating unemployment it then reduced the market for goods, in a vicious cycle that could not be solved by existing Poor Law institutions. For Mills, the workhouse encouraged anything but work: on the contrary, he was impressed by ‘the extraordinary amount of yawning that goes on’ even in the best-managed institutions, by the useless imposition of such tasks as oakum-picking and stone-breaking, and by the disdain with which officials treated the poor. For positive solutions, Mills looked to the independent-minded islanders of St Kilda, and the vagrancy colonies of the Netherlands, concluding that what was required was an “English experiment” in co-operative land settlement. He created the Home Colonisation Society (HCS) in the following year to pursue his ideas.
I am happy in being enabled to state that > the Convicts by the Catherine and the Three Bees have, without a Single > Exception, borne grateful Testimony to their having been treated with the > most unremitting care, Attention, and kindness, by the Masters and Surgeons > of those Vessels, from the day of their Embarkation until they were finally > landed here. The circumstance of several of those unfortunate men being > embarked in a diseased or feeble State will, I trust, shew the necessity for > greater attention being paid to the state of the Health of the Convicts, who > are to be embarked in future, which I have much reason to believe has not > been so fully attended to by the Examining Surgeons as Humanity > demands.Despatch No.8 of 1814 from Governor Macquarie to Earl Bathurst, > dated Sydney, NSW, 24 May 1814 After the 210 convicts were all disembarked a fire was discovered on the ship at 4.30 pm on 20 May 1814. It was later thought that the fire was caused by candle snuff being dropped on oakum when an officer and boy had entered the hold.
Colonel Plug and the Cache River pirates chose flatboats, keelboats, and rafts, as profitable targets, to attack, because of the valuable and plentiful cargo on board and the crews could be easily overwhelmed and killed. Cave-in- Rock on the Ohio River the real life river pirate Samuel Mason led a gang of river pirates, from 1797-1799 who the legendary Colonel Plug may have been based on Fort Massac, down river, from Cave-in-Rock and above the Cache River which was a U.S. Army frontier post that policed the Ohio River looking for pirates like Colonel Plug and his gang. hull planks with watertight seams wedged together used traditional caulking made from the combined fibers of cotton and oakum, a type of hemp rope fiber soaked in pine tar auger the drilling tool used by Colonel Plug and his river pirates Colonel Plug (1700s? – 1820?), also known as Colonel Fluger and "The Last of the Boat- Wreckers", who existed sometime between the 1790s and 1820, was the legendary river pirate who ran a criminal gang on the Ohio River in a cypress swamp near the mouth of the Cache River.

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