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56 Sentences With "monopolisation"

How to use monopolisation in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "monopolisation" and check conjugation/comparative form for "monopolisation". Mastering all the usages of "monopolisation" from sentence examples published by news publications.

The risk is what political scientists call "state capture": the monopolisation of government by corrupt actors.
A key problem with this is somewhat unique to digital platforms: high entry barriers are increasingly generated by the monopolisation of data.
The deal marks an "increasing monopolisation of opinion", said Andrew Finkel, a veteran Turkey commentator and the author of "Turkey: What Everyone Needs to Know".
There was a growing consensus backed by some government officials that the increase was due to the monopolisation of the meat industry by a handful of suppliers.
Though it adds that "even if these services were included in the relevant market, the Facebook group with its subsidiaries Instagram and WhatsApp would still achieve very high market shares that would very likely be indicative of a monopolisation process".
The IMF has decried that and said that holds the growth of the South African economy back because the monopolisation by a few firms in economic sectors in South Africa such that it blocks and impedes the energy and participation of many.
"We urge the Government, and the Competition and Markets Authority, to review proactively the use and potential monopolisation of data by the big technology companies operating in the UK." The report also raises concerns about access to funding for UK AI startups to ensure they can continue scaling domestic businesses — recommending that a chunk of the £2.5BN investment fund at the British Business Bank, which the government announced in the Autumn Budget 2017, is "reserved as an AI growth fund for SMEs with a substantive AI component, and be specifically targeted at enabling such companies to scale up".
The name change especially reflected the incorporation of football into the federation, which promoted leftist political views and attempted to break the monopolisation of football under the umbrella of the DFB.
Louis XIII on horseback, 1615–1620. Bronze, from France (probably Paris). Victoria and Albert Museum, London Luynes soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented his monopolisation of the King.
The other and main reason is because the government monopolisation of national economy through its party parastatals. policies and or labour service. As of 2017 a third of Tigurat population are estimated to be emigrated. Eritrea is categorised an ethnically heterogeneous country with nine recognised ethnic groups.
There can be little or no doubt as to the scientific status that Wilhelm Haidinger achieved during the years 1850 to 1866: the "Kaiserlich-Königliche Geologische Reichsanstalt" became the epicentre of geological research of its time. Haidinger's unselfish attitude is best reflected in his motto: "Förderung der Wissenschaft, nicht Monopolisirung der Arbeit" (Advancement of science, not monopolisation of research).
Al Hayman, also known as Raphael Hayman, (1847 – February 10, 1917) was the business partner of the better-known Charles Frohman who together with others established the Theatrical Syndicate. In addition to the financial backing, ownership and construction of new theaters and the early monopolisation of the booking networks, the Syndicate also produced a number of Broadway shows.
For the first time in the region's history the work questioned the monopolisation of Vedas, sciences and education by a minority.Raman Nair, p. 216 While Nitya Chaitanya Yathi read it to his Master Nataraja Guru, the Master told that 'The words of the book are true like fire and it was to be considered our luck that these papers have not got burned'.Nitya Chaithanya Yathi (1980).
This monopolisation is directed against competitors who share some positive or negative characteristic; its purpose is always the closure of social and economic opportunities to outsiders. The nature of these exclusionary practices, and the completeness of social closure, determine the general character of the distributive system.Parkin (1979a), p. 44. Parkin goes on to elaborate this concept, by identifying two main types, exclusionary and usurpationary closure.
These were patrons of the late 14th century. Weever mentions the burial of Adam de Brandeston at Blackfriars, who was sometime M.P. and deputy butler of Ipswich,S. Alsford, 1998–2003, The Men Behind the Masque: Office-holding in East Anglian boroughs, 1272–1460, Ch. 3: The Monopolisation of Office, at note 67 and sources cited (The Orb – Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies). but was outlawed for felony.
After accession of Öljaitü, he was appointed as new viceroy of Anatolia in June 1305.His headquarters was centered in Niksar. Öljaitü's vizier Sa‘d al- Daula Savaji appointed his nephew Sharaf al-Din Musafir as Irinjin's tax collector, Ahmad Lakushi as vizier and emir Agacheri as his commander-in- chief. His monopolisation of duties and officies caused several officers and emirs to abandon their appointments, such as Ögedei, son of Shiktur Noyan of Jalairs.
The economic policies of the Republicans are largely derived from those of the CSU, and its social market economy. The party additionally wants to reduce the size of bureaucracy and state subsidies. The early programmes of the party sought to protect German agriculture, the middle classes, as well as German small businesses from big corporations and monopolisation. From the 1990s, the party increasingly started to promote the interests of the lower classes.
For the first time in Australian federal law, his Trade Practices Bill, which was passed on 6 August 1974, introduced offences related to monopolisation, exclusive dealing, price discrimination, resale price maintenance, restraints of trade by agreement, anti-competitive mergers, misleading advertising, coercive sales conduct, pyramid selling, and the sale of unsolicited goods.Hocking, Jenny, op.cit. p.205 Surprisingly, though the Act included substantial penalties, Murphy's initiative received very little opposition in the Parliament or the business community.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina media ownership is highly unregulated. Given the small dimension of its media market, there is no meaningful media ownership concentration, but there is a serious risk of monopolisation of the media space which is a consequence of the absence of ownership regulations. Concentration of media ownership has been totally unregulated since 2006, when the relevant law, i.e. Rules on Media Concentration and Ownership of Electronic and Print Media (adopted in 2004) expired.
Though the original directive was seen by some as a law bringing about privatisation of the railways,A Proud British Tradition gets Shunted Off the Rails www.sovereignty.org.uk there are no requirements in the legislation requiring any level of privatisation. The main aim of the process was the "de-monopolisation" of European railways, with the aim of increasing competitiveness,Liberalization of railway transport : European directives on railway transport and Access to infrastructure Author: Enrico Mordiglia www.mordiglia.it a process referred to as 'liberalisation'.
In the 1990s the de-monopolisation and liberalisation of the railways of member states of the European Union meant that private companies could access formerly state-owned track. With this came numerous private operators running locomotives on the main line for the first time. MaK had previously been quite successful in providing freight locomotives for industrial use to various companies. The G 1201 and G 1205 models (and intermediate variants) had been examples of the type of locomotives larger private companies had used.
In 1946, Hall joined Eric Pulford's Pulford Publicity where he started on £16 per week, a high salary then for a poster artist. Pulford, who Hall regarded as an excellent artist, had a background in printing and asked Hall to teach him new techniques such as painting in oils, which he did. He was based in Potters Bar from 1951. He stayed with Pulford Publicity until 1953 when he left after growing frustrated with Pulford's monopolisation of the design process.
Since 1815, Belgium had been a reluctant part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.J. Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London 1967), p. 30. In 1830, Belgians broke away and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. The overwhelmingly Catholic population could not accept the Dutch king's favouritism toward Protestantism, while French-speakers were irritated by his disdain for the French language, and the middle classes objected to the Dutch monopolisation of public offices.D. Richards Modern Europe (London 1964), pp. 86-7.
H.L., in x., « Quelques remarques sur le Plan de Man. Une lettre de M. Henri Lambert sur l’économie libre. Il faut découvrir la cause de la monopolisation graduelle ou deson danger », in L’Étoile belge, 29 avril 1934, p.1 sq. H.L., in « CR de la séance du 15 mai 1934 de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique consacrée au plan du travail d’Henri Deman », in Comptes rendus des travaux de la Société d’Économie politique de Belgique, n° 96, mai 1934, interventions d’ H. L., p.
Apogevmatini headline quoting former Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis: "I am a Macedonian, just like two and a half million Greeks." According to both the official Greek position and various public demonstrations in GreeceLiotta, P. H. and Simons, A. Thicker than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conflict in the Balkans , from Parameters, Winter 1998, pp. 11-27. and the Greek diaspora, the Greek Macedonians feel that their right to self- determination is violated by what they regard as the monopolisation of their name by a neighbouring country.
Telstra Wholesale In response to Telstra's monopolisation of ADSL provision other carriers installed their own DSLAMs.Optus Press Release — First competitive DSL network opens for business Internode The presence of non-Telstra DSLAMs allowed the service providers to control the speed of connection, and most offered 'uncapped' speeds, allowing the customers to connect at whatever speed their copper pair would allow, up to 8 Mbit/s. Ratification of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ increased the maximum to 12 Mbit/s, then 24 Mbit/s. In November 2007 the first Naked DSL product was announced by iiNet.
Some of the first codetermination laws emerged in universities in the UK during the 19th century, such as the Oxford University Act 1854 and the Cambridge University Act 1856. Further Acts included the South Metropolitan Gas Act 1896 and the Port of London Act 1908.E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2017) 46(4) Industrial Law Journal 444. See also JS Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1870) discussing, albeit very different, Henry Briggs & Son Co, incorporated 1865, which had an employee share plan and a worker director.
Misconceptions about early versions of the device include the suggestion that the first working hemp decorticator was invented in the United States in 1935. In 1916, there were already five different kinds of "machine brakes" for hemp in use in the United States, and still others in Europe.Lyster H. Dewey: HEMP HURDS AS PAPER-MAKING MATERIAL. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BULLETIN No. 404, 1916 In Italy, the"scavezzatrice" faded in the 1950s because of monopolisation from fossil fuel, paper interests, synthetic materials and from other less profitable crops.
Direct participation rights in UK corporations and other forms of enterprise have a long history in specific sectors.E McGaughey, A Casebook on Labour Law (2019) ch 11, 'Votes at work'. E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the 'Single Channel' (2016) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76 They remain today in institutions such as universities,See the Oxford University Act 1854 ss 16 and 21, Cambridge University Act 1856 ss 5 and 12. Also the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, ss 20(2) and 85, and Sch 4, para 4.
Ukraine is regarded as a developing economy with high potential for future success, though such a development is thought likely only with new all-encompassing economic and legal reforms. Although Foreign Direct Investment in Ukraine remained relatively strong since recession of the early 1990s, the country has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. The reasons are the takeover and monopolisation of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as Rinat Akhmetov, the enduring failure to broaden the nation's economic base and a lack of effective legal protection for investors and their products.
On 1 January 2005 a law came into effectSerie 333 y el fin del monopolio de Renfe Class 333's and the end of the RENFE monopoly (Spanish) that began the de- monopolisation of the Spanish railway systemLey 39/2003, de 17 de noviembre, del Sector Ferroviario. 17 November 2003 Law 39/2003 concerning the railway sector.(Spanish) \- one effect of this new law was that private rail companies could now operate services in Spain alongside existing RENFE services. Two companies "Continental Rail" (part of ACS) and "Acciona Rail" bought Class 333.3 locomotives to operate freight services.
The new middle class consisted of capitalists and entrepreneurs who opposed the traditional elite – the monopolisation of power by the traditional elite led to the radicalisation of the new middle-class. The military, which in many countries is conservative and elitist, became radicalised in Syria because the military wanted greater power, believing that the traditional elite was unable to defend the country. A significant group of military personnel were recruited from the new middle class or the hinterlands. In Syria, ethnic minorities were often underprivileged, and a specific ethnicity usually belonged to a specific social class.
The Alawites, the Druzes and the Isma'ilis for instance, were ethnic groups with low social class who began to embrace a radical form of Arab nationalism, e.g. Ba'athism. Without the peasantry there could not have been a Ba'athist revolution in Syria. The new middle class alone could only produce instability, but together with the peasantry, the revolution became possible. The inequality between urban and rural dwellers, together with capitalist penetration of the agrarian sector and the traditional elites' monopolisation of most large revenue sources, led to the establishment of peasant movements who fought for change or opposed the system.
Its purposes were to create an industrial powerhouse that could resist Japan in the short run and create a centre for future Chinese industrial development for the long run. It had several basic components, such as the monopolisation of all operations of tungsten and antimony; the construction of the central steel and machine works in Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan; and the development of power plants and chemical factories. Cost overrun for the projects was partly assuaged by the fact that the price of tungsten had more than doubled between 1932 and 1936.Chu 1943, p. 145.
With the Reward Work Act, the Accountable Capitalism Act is the second recent proposal to give employees the ability to elect representatives on a company board of directors. The United States is in a minority of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that gives no representation of the workforce in corporate governance.E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’' (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76, map of countries on page 4. For years, Senator Warren endorsed the slogan "corporations are not people," in opposition to the Citizens United Supreme Court ruling.
Geddes' proposals became the 1920 white paper "Outline of Proposals as to the Future Organisation of Transport Undertakings in Great Britain and their Relation to the State" (Cmd. 787). This suggested the formation of six or seven regional companies; additionally it suggested worker participation on the board of directors of the company.E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’ (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76 The white paper was opposed by the Railway Companies' Association (RCA) and MPs representing railway companies' interests. The move to greater worker participation was strongly opposed by the RCA, but supported by the Labour Party.
There was growing resentment amongst Tamils at the monopolisation of political and economic power by the Sinhalese. As a result, Tamil parties started coming together and on 14 May 1972 the ITAK, ACTC, Ceylon Workers' Congress, Eelath Thamilar Otrumai Munnani and All Ceylon Tamil Conference met in Trincomalee and formed the Tamil United Front (TUF) with Chelvanayakam as its president. The TUF MPs boycotted the ceremonial opening of the National State Assembly (NSA) on 22 May 1972, the day the new constitution was promulgated. In October 1972 Chelvanayakam informed the NSA that he was resigning his parliamentary seat and would seek re-election on the issue of the new constitution which he claimed had been rejected by the Tamils.
The Osthannoversche Eisenbahnen AGLiterally the East Hanoverian Railway (OHE) is a Celle based transportation company with railway network in North-eastern Lower Saxony around the Lüneburg Heath area of over 250 km. The OHE's main business is the transportation of freight through their own routes as well as the network of the Deutsche Bahn. Historically the company also operated passenger trains, which completely ended in 1977 after previous partial closures. After the de-monopolisation of the German railways in the 1990s the company re-entered the rail passenger market through the company NiedersachsenBahn GmbH which has a large stake in the company metronom In March 2007 the OHE became majority owned by Arriva Deutschland.
Several idioms related to pigs have entered the English language, often with negative connotations of dirt, greed, or the monopolisation of resources, as in "road hog" or "server hog". As the scholar Richard Horwitz puts it, people all over the world have made pigs stand for "extremes of human joy or fear, celebration, ridicule, and repulsion". Pig names are used as epithets for negative human attributes, especially greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness, and these ascribed attributes have often led to critical comparisons between pigs and humans. "Pig" is used as a slang term for either a police officer or a male chauvinist, the latter term adopted originally by the women's liberation movement in the 1960s.
A majority of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have laws requiring direct participation rights.See further, www.worker-participation.eu, E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the 'Single Channel' (2018) 15(1) Industrial Law Journal 76 and 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135. In 1994, the Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations: Final Report examined law reform to improve collective labor relations, and suggested minor amendments to encourage worker involvement.Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations: Final Report (1994) Congressional division prevented federal reform, but labor unions and state legislatures have experimented.
Sima Zhao therefore summoned Zhuge Dan back to the capital, forcing him to start a rebellion that was quickly crushed. After the incident, Jia Chong became even more highly regarded by Sima Zhao. In 260, the Wei emperor Cao Mao, unable to contain his anger about Sima Zhao's monopolisation of power, attempted a coup d'état to try to take back power from the regent. When forces led by Sima Zhao's brother Sima Zhou quickly collapsed against Cao Mao's forces, it was Jia Chong who was willing to stand against the emperor and who further ordered his subordinate, Cheng Ji (成濟), to take any measure to defeat the emperor and his loyalists.
Therefore, a small but significant number of consumers (generally 5 to 10 percent) switching to another product when there is a price increase is considered a sufficient condition for both goods to be defined as forming part of the same relevant market. Therefore, the existence of a group of consumers who would never switch in response to a relative price increase is not by itself sufficient to conclude that the relevant market should be defined narrowly. Determining both the likely extent of demand-side substitution, and the level of substitution which would imply that monopolisation was not worthwhile, requires an assessment of the price- elasticity of demand. This is generally done using the SSNIP-test.
In 2004 Estonia joined the European union - for rail transport this has clear consequences, an EU directive of 1991 (EU Directive 91/440) suggested the separation of railway operation structure into track, and train operators with the intention of encouraging or allowing new railway operators to be able to run trains on other companies tracks ("de-monopolisation or railways"), a related directive extends the encouragement of competition to inter-state railway operations. For the railways of Estonia this means the possibility of new companies operating on Estonian railways such as the Haapsalu Raudtee which sees restarting passenger operations on the Haapsalu line as a possible option, and increased competition from other railways, such as the Russian company SeverStal.
The most progressive models support a high degree of voice for staff and students, with the Higher Education Code of Governance stating that: Reforms were first put into law after an Oxford University commission of 1852 stated it must reverse "successive interventions by which the government of the University was reduced to a narrow oligarchy."Oxford University Commission, Report of Her Majesty’s Commissioners appointed to inquire into State, Discipline, Studies and Revenues of University and Colleges of Oxford (1852) 8. See Oxford University Act 1854 ss 16 and 21, cf Statute IV and VI, Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4-10. Discussed in E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’ (2017) Industrial Law Journal.
Historian Corneliu Crăciun notes that the PCR attempt to dominate the Romanian Jewish community upon the end of World War II was part of an "aggressive and all- encompassing strategy" to extend control into all areas of society. In doing so, communists relied on political traditions (including the over- representation of Jews within its own ranks), as well on the monopolisation of anti-fascist discourse by the Soviet Union after the Holocaust: "Given the Jewish people's suffering at the hands of fascism, it seemed that PCR members could do no wrong, and that their moral-political investment would turn a profit."Crăciun, p. 173 In September 1944, some days after the anti-fascist coup, the PCR contributed to the creation of a General Jewish Council.
He was instrumental in introducing a plan for sharing the profits of his company with the employees, and ensuring workers had a right to appoint up to three members of the company's board of directors.E McGaughey, 'Votes at work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the ‘Single Channel’ (2018) 47(1) Industrial Law Journal 76. His innovative design of the water sealed holder brought him accolades. He worked as an engineer at the Tynemouth Gas Company, and consulting engineer to the Coventry Gas Company, the Aldershot Gas Company and others. He founded the Camberwell Public Library, No. 1 on Old Kent Road in 1890; the library became the Livesey Museum for Children in 1974, which existed until its closure by Southwark Council on 1 March 2008.
Some modern critics of the concept of the "dictatorship of the proletariat"—including various anti-communists, libertarian Marxists, anarcho- communists and anti-Stalinist communists and socialists—argue that the Stalinist Soviet Union and other Stalinist countries used the "dictatorship of the proletariat" to justify the monopolisation of political power by a new ruling layer of bureaucrats, derived partly from the old Tsarist bureaucracy and partly created by the impoverished condition of Russia. However, the rising Stalinist clique rested on other grounds for political legitimacy rather than a confusion between the modern and Marxist use of the term "dictatorship". Rather, they took the line that since they were the vanguard of the proletariat, their right to rule could not be legitimately questioned. Hence, opposition parties could not be permitted to exist.
Royal Visit, May 1927 - Mr Mildenhall with his Armstrong Siddley motor car Registration Number 27 William James "Jack" Mildenhall (1891–1962) photographed construction of the new Australian capital, Canberra, during its development in the 1920s and 1930s. Mildenhall was a Commonwealth public servant, initially employed as paymaster in the Department of Works & Railways, he later became the Information Officer for the Federal Capital Commission in 1926. Mildenhall had seen the need to officially document the growing national capital in photographs, and offered his services to the Department of Works & Railways in 1921; an offer which was readily accepted. He often took photographs in his own time, and on an ad hoc basis alongside his full-time clerical position, continuing in this role until 1935, when complaints concerning his monopolisation of departmental photography resulted in an inquiry that forced the arrangement to be discontinued.
One study of commercial farms found that over half the redistributed land that year went to absentee owners otherwise unengaged in agriculture. The perceived monopolisation of land by the ruling party provoked intense opposition from the ESAP donor states, which argued that those outside the patronage of ZANU-PF were unlikely to benefit. In 1996, party interests became even more inseparable from the issue of land reform when President Mugabe gave ZANU-PF's central committee overriding powers— superseding those of the Zimbabwean courts as well as the Ministry of Lands and Agriculture—to delegate on property rights. That year all farms marked for redistribution were no longer chosen or discussed by government ministries, but at ZANU-PF's annual congress. In 1997 the government published a list of 1,471 farms it intended to buy compulsorily for redistribution.
Pagano has been deeply involved in the debate concerning the economic crisis started in 2007. He has advanced the hypothesis that some of the roots of the crisis are to be found in the institutions of the knowledge economy, in particular the TRIPs, which have substantially increased the cost of investments. According to this interpretation, the possible remedies to the crisis should not only focus on monetary policy, financial regulations or even on standard Keynesian policies, but should be coupled with policies that decrease the level of intellectual monopolisation of the economy. On his personal website, Pagano says that as a Director of the PhD Programme in Economics at the University of Siena, he has tried to co-operate with his colleagues to organise graduate programmes where research students feel part of a community within which they make autonomous choices on their research.
The BASF-chemical factories in Ludwigshafen, Germany, 1881 The economy continued to industrialize and urbanize, with heavy industry (coal and steel especially) becoming important in the Ruhr, and manufacturing growing in the cities, the Ruhr, and Silesia.Barker, Modern Germany; her political and economic problems, her foreign and domestic policy, her ambitions, and the causes of her success (1907) pp 502-20.online Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. Big businesses such as BASF and Bayer led the way in their production and distribution of artificial dyes and pharmaceuticals during the Wilhelmine era, leading to the German monopolisation of the global chemicals market at 90 percent of the entire share of international volumes of trade in chemical products by 1914.
The Le Tellier aerial tramway was an early proposed alternative to the existing tramway system (1889). Vice president Victorino de la Plaza opening Line A (1913) Line A under the Avenida de Mayo (1912) In its early days, Line A continued on above ground (1913). Diagonal Norte station on Line C (1936) Line B Metropolitan Cammell car, circa 1938 Evolution of the network from 1913 to 2015. Discussions on the need to build an underground transportation system in Buenos Aires began in the late nineteenth century, alongside the tramway system, which was one of the most extensive in the world at the time. The first trams appeared in 1870, and by about 1900 the system was in a crisis exacerbated by the monopolisation of the lines, which had concentrated under the ownership of fewer companies during the electrification of the system.
Baker was, like Balcon, a vocal critic of what he saw as the monopolisation of British film exhibition by the Rank Organisation, and in 1944 he negotiated a more favourable co-production and distribution deal for Ealing. Backed by Rank's ample resources, Ealing entered into its finest period with the national epic Scott of the Antarctic, classic adaptation Nicholas Nickleby, romantic costume drama Saraband for Dead Lovers, the supernatural with Dead of Night. Most often remembered for its comedies such as Hue and Cry, Passport to Pimlico, The Lavender Hill Mob, Kind Hearts and Coronets starring Dennis Price, The Man in the White Suit and the black comedy The Ladykillers. However, following the withdrawal of Courtauld's financing in 1952 having relocated to Rhodesia the previous year due to failing health,"Michael Balcon Presents...A Lifetime of Films", by Michael Balcon, published by Hutchinson, 1969, p.
The caste based discrimination made many Karava, Salagama, Durava, Bathgama, Deva & other castes people considered as 'low' by the Govi to become Catholics and Anglicans. The Siyam Nikaya as custodians of the Tooth Relic have always received the full support and patronage of the Govigama dominated Sri Lankan State and its Ministers and Ministries of Buddha Sasana, Cultural Affairs and others, the monopolisation of the 'Tooth' relic by the Radala and Govi combination on caste based lines have brought shame and a bad reputation to Buddhism in Sri Lanka, which resembles the white apartheid rule in South Africa , where only the whites were able to enjoy certain privileges. In many of his discourses the lord Buddha had specifically mentioned against caste based discrimination. It is often overlooked that the largest Buddhist converts today are the Indian Dalit community, a practice that had also been common in the history of Buddhism.
Hull was also the centre of a thriving inland and coastal trading network, serving the whole of the United Kingdom. Throughout the second half of the 19th century and leading up to the First World War, the Port of Hull played a major role in the emigration of Northern European settlers to the New World, with thousands of emigrants sailing to the city and stopping for administrative purposes before travelling on to Liverpool and then North America. Parallel to this growth in passenger shipping was the emergence of the Wilson Line of Hull (which had been founded in 1825 by Thomas Wilson). By the early 20th century, the company had grown – largely through its monopolisation of North Sea passenger routes and later mergers and acquisitions – to be the largest privately owned shipping company in the world, with over 100 ships sailing to different parts of the globe.
Crucially, the Companies Act 2006 section 168 defines "members" as those with the ability to vote out the board. Under section 112 a "member" is anybody who initially subscribes their name to the company memorandum, or is later entered on the members' register, and is not required to have contributed money as opposed to, for instance, work. A company could write its constitution to make "employees" members with voting rights under any terms it chose. Universities in the UK are generally required to give staff members a right to vote for the board of managers at the head of corporate governance, such as in the Oxford University Act 1854, or the Cambridge University Act 1856.Oxford University Act 1854 ss 16 and 21, Cambridge University Act 1856 ss 5 and 12; cf King's College London Act 1997 s 15, though since amended. Discussed in E McGaughey, 'Votes at Work in Britain: Shareholder Monopolisation and the 'Single Channel' (2016) ssrn.

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