Luckily, kimberlites appear to be monogenetic—that is, they erupt once and are done.
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They may occur as a monogenetic volcanic field or a polygenetic volcanic field.
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Cinder cones typically only erupt once like Paricutin. As a result, they are considered to be monogenetic volcanoes and most of them form monogenetic volcanic fields. Cinder cones are typically active for very brief periods of time before becoming inactive. Their eruptions range in duration from a few days to a few years.
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Monogenetic volcanism of mainly basaltic composition has been active here for millions of years accompanied by the formation of several polygenetic volcanoes, generating more than eight hundred monogenetic cones although historical eruptions have not been observed. Further south are the Chachahuen and Auca Mahuida volcanoes, while the Tromen volcano is located southwest from Payún Matrú.
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The genus Allopseudaxine was created by Yamaguti in 1943, to include Pseudaxine katsuwonis.Yamaguti, S. (1965) New Monogenetic trematodes from Hawaiian fishes, I. Pacific Science, 19, 55–95. PDF This genus was placed in a new family erected by Price, Allopseudaxinidae.Price, E.W. (1962b) Redescription of two exotic species of Monogenetic trematodes and the proposal of a new family.
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In it, he also postulated his monogenetic theory on the origin of these vernaculars. Linguists are unsettled on how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are: Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and a "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971.
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New and little known species of monogenetic trematodes of fish in the Black Sea. Problemy Parazitologii (Trudy ukr. respubl. nauch. Obshch. Parazit.), 3, 30-42.
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The CapsalidaeBychowsky, B.E. (1957) Monogenetic Trematodes. Their systematic and phylogeny. Akad. Nauka. USSR. English translation by the American Institute of Biological Science, Washington. 509 pp.
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The family Diplectanidae was proposed by the Italian parasitologist Monticelli in 1903 (as subfamily Diplectaninae). The status of the family and its components was later examined by various authors, including Johnston & Tiegs (1922), Price (1937),Price, E. W. 1937: North American Monogenetic Trematodes. I. The superfamily Gyrodactyloidea Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 27, 146-164. PDF Bychowsky (1957),Bychowsky, B. E. (1957) Monogenetic Trematodes.
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Some sources make a distinction between two forms of monogenetic diabetes: MODY and neonatal diabetes. However, they have much in common and are often studied together.
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Monogenetic Trematodes their systematics and phylogeny. English translation edited by W. J. Hargis Jr. Washington: American Institute of Biological Sciences Archive.org.Hayward, C. (2005). Monogenea Polyopisthocotylea (ectoparasitic flukes).
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Helgafell is most probably a monogenetic subglacial mound, no traces of subaerial eruptions were found on its slopes. H.H.Schopka, M.T.Gudmundsson, H.Tuffen: The formation of Helgafell, southwest Iceland, a monogenetic subglacial hyaloclastite ridge: Sedimentology, hydrology and volcano–ice interaction. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 152 (2006) 359–377:Retrieved 9 August 2020. The Pleistocene ice shield under which Helgafell eruptions took place, was about 500 m thick at time of eruption.
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Agua Poca is a monogenetic volcano in the Puelén Department of Argentina. The volcano has the form of a cinder cone and has been active in the Pleistocene.
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SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability is a monogenetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that affects the central nervous system. Symptoms include intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism, sensory processing deficits, hypotonia and unstable gait.
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Quaternary sediments are buried beneath Bazman's eruption products. The Moho beneath Bazman is approximately deep. The area around Bazman is remote. A field of monogenetic volcanoes is found northwest of Bazman.
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Hexabothriidae is a family of monogenean parasites. The family name was proposed by Emmett W. Price in 1942.Price, E. W. 1942: North American monogenetic trematodes. V. The family Hexabothriidae n. n. (Polystomatoidea).
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Studies on the parasites of Indian fishes. IV. Trematoda: Monogenea, Microcotylidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 52(2/4), 231-247 in Gastrocotylinae Sproston, N. G. (1946). A synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes.
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Helmet Peak is a monogenetic cinder cone of the Milbanke Sound Group in British Columbia, Canada. The basaltic tuff breccias on Lake Island and Lady Douglas Island originated from Helmet Peak on Lady Island.
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Sibitrema poonui is a species of monogenean flatworm, which is parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae. Yamaguti, S. (1966). "New monogenetic trematodes from Hawaiian fishes, II".
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It consists of mostly monogenetic scoria cones, each of which produced three or four lava flows. There are at least 22 cones, and all volcanic landforms older than 12,000 years have been glaciated, the oldest the Soda Peaks basalt lava flows, dated to 0.36 million years old. The West Crater-Soda Peaks zone covers an area of , to the southeast of Mount St. Helens. A monogenetic volcanic field, it consists of 13 basaltic to andesitic volcanic edifices that vary from 360,000 years old to 2,000 years old.
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A polygenetic volcanic field is a group of polygenetic volcanoes, each of which erupts repeatedly, in contrast with monogenetic volcanoes, each of which erupts only once. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last over 10 million years. Unlike monogenetic volcanoes, polygenetic volcanoes reach massive sizes, such as Mauna Loa, which is the world's largest active volcano.
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The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone Group, is a potentially active monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located approximately north of Kamloops. It is situated in the Cariboo Mountains of the Columbia Mountains and on the Quesnel and Shuswap Highlands. As a monogenetic volcanic field, it is a place with numerous small basaltic volcanoes and extensive lava flows. Most of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is encompassed within a large wilderness park called Wells Gray Provincial Park.
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Essai de phylogenèse. Thèse d'État, Académie de Montpellier, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, France. According to the classical book of Bychowsky (1967),Bychowsky, B. E. (1957) Monogenetic Trematodes. Their systematic and phylogeny. Akad. Nauka. USSR.
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Lagenivaginopseudobenedenia sp. Satyu Yamaguti created what is probably the longest currently valid genus name of the zoological nomenclature, Lagenivaginopseudobenedenia Yamaguti, 1966.Yamaguti S. 1966. New monogenetic trematodes from Hawaiian fishes, II. Pacific Science 20(4): 419-434.
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Yamaguti S. 1966. New monogenetic trematodes from Hawaiian fishes, II. Pacific Science 20(4): 419-434. PDF The genus includes only 2 species, which are both parasitic on the gills of marine fish of the family Lutjanidae.
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Laminiscus is a genus of monogeneans in the family Gyrodactylidae. It consists of one species, Laminiscus gussevi (Bykhovskiĭ & Polyanskiĭ, 1953).Bykhovskiĭ, B. E. & Polyanskiĭ, Y. I. (1953). Contribution to the knowledge of marine monogenetic trematodes of the family Gyrodactylidae Cobb.
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Pseudorhabdosynochus serrani is a species of diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of a fish. It was described in 1953 by Satyu Yamaguti as Diplectanum serrani Yamaguti, S. 1953: Parasitic worms mainly from Celebes. Part 2. Monogenetic trematodes of fishes.
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Formed of a complex of stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes, there are about 35 known satellite vents in the Mazama complex. Mazama is surrounded by monogenetic cinder cones, lava fields, and shield volcanoes made up of calc-alkaline basalt and andesite, tholeiite, and shoshonitic andesite. Varying in age from 600,000 to 40,000 years old, these edifices closely resemble other monogenetic volcanoes in the High Cascades. Extending from the eastern half of Mazama and to the southeast lies a volcanic field consisting of rhyodacitic lava domes and lava flows between 700,000 and 600,000 years old, which encompasses an area of more than .
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Volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Jefferson tends to originate from either stratovolcanoes that erupt for thousands of years or monogenetic volcanoes, which only erupt for brief periods of time. At least 35 volcanic vents can be detected within of the main volcanic cone at Mount Jefferson. These have produced andesitic and dacitic lava flows, lava domes, small shield volcanoes, and lava aprons. Basalt lava flows, at least two of which are younger than 7,700 years old, have been produced from four monogenetic volcanoes to the south of Jefferson, and they are not directly related to activity at the Mount Jefferson volcano.
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Pseudorhabdosynochus querni is a species of diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of the grouper Epinephelus quernus. It was described in 1968 by Satyu Yamaguti under the name Diplectanum querni Yamaguti, S. (1968). Monogenetic Trematodes of Hawaiian Fishes. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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Pseudorhabdosynochus americanus is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It was described as Diplectanum americanum by Price in 1937Price, E. W. 1937: North American Monogenetic Trematodes. I. The superfamily Gyrodactyloidea. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 27, 146-164.
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The Garrotxa field is a monogenetic volcanic field, with each volcano representing a single period of eruption. The field became active about 700,000 years ago,. and is the most recent expression of volcanic activity in northeastern Catalonia, which dates back 10 million years.
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Re-examination of type-specimens by Jean-Lou Justine have confirmed this interpretation. Other synonyms include Cycloplectanum americanum (Price, 1937) Oliver, 1968, partim;Price, E. W. 1937: North American Monogenetic Trematodes. I. The superfamily Gyrodactyloidea. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 27, 146-164.
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Food particles were observed to be passing back and forth along these pathways in vivo.Remley, L. W. 1942. Morphology and life history studies of Microcotyle spinicirrus MacCallum 1918, a Monogenetic Trematode parasitic on the gills of Aplodinotus grunniens. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol.
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Some commentators remarked that those variants which could replace what much of the world considers a "typical banana" are so different that most people would not consider them the same fruit, and blame the decline of the banana on monogenetic cultivation driven by short-term commercial motives.
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Computer model of the clamp of a microcotylid monogenean Clamps in various Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans of family Protomicrocotylidae Clamps are the main attachment structure of the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans.Bychowsky, B. E. (1957) Monogenetic Trematodes. Their systematic and phylogeny. Akad. Nauka. USSR. English translation by the American Institute of Biological Science, Washington.
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Crater Basalt volcanic field is a volcanic field in Argentina in the Chubut province. The field covers a surface area of and a width of . It presents monogenetic volcanoes and several shield volcanoes that have merged to form volcanic plateaus. The tallest of these cones, Antitruz 1, is high.
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Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 16 (3): 711–723. Japan, Turkey,Sezen Y. and Price C., 1967 – The parasites of Turkish Fishes Part I, redescriptions of two monogenetic trematodes from marine Fishes, Istanbul University, Journal of Science Faculty, 33, 1–2, 59–66. New York, and off south-western Africa.
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Both Negro de Chorrillos and neighbouring San Jerónimo centres have heights of and widths of . The volume of both centres is less than . Negro de Chorrillos may be the source of local pyroclastic flows, and material eroded from such flows. The Negro de Chorrillos monogenetic volcano formed during the Pleistocene.
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Pseudaxine indicana is a species of monogenean flatworm, which is parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae.Chauhan, B.S. (1945) Trematodes from Indian Marine fishes Part I. On Some New Monogenetic Trematodes of the Sub-orders Monopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912 and Polyopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912. Indian Acad.Sci.
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Acanthopagrus berda is the type host of Pseudaxine indicana The type-host is the black sea-bream Acanthopagrus berda) (Sparidae). The type-locality is off India. It was also recorded on an undefined mackerel “Salala” off Fiji island.Manter, H.W. & Prince, D.F. (1953) Some Monogenetic Trematodes f Marine Fishes from Figi.
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Pempheris xanthoptera is the type host of Microcotyle pempheri Microcotyle pempheri is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. Machida, M. & Azaki, J., 1977, Monogenetic and digenetic trematodes of the sweeper, Pempheris xanthoptera. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, s.
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The species can be distinguished from the most closely related species Microcotyle emmelichthyops Yamaguti, 1968Yamaguti, S. (1968). Monogenetic trematodes of Hawaiian fishes. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. by the absence of a posterior chamber in the genital atrium, a smaller number of testes and the structure of the middle spring of the clamp.
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Volcanic activity dramatically increased during the Miocene, during which large stratovolcanoes and ignimbrites were emplaced; it is often not clear from which centre a given ignimbrite is sourced from. Later volcanic activity was characterized by the emplacement of ignimbrites and of monogenetic volcanoes, which consist of cinder cones and lava flows with small volumes. Some of these cones are partially eroded, other ones have a fresh appearance and these are as little as 200,000 ± 90,000 years old, with even more recent (Holocene) activity possible. While the Miocene phase of high activity was linked to a fast subduction regime, the monogenetic activity may be linked to delamination of the crust beneath the Puna instead as well as with a change in tectonic regime that favoured crustal extension.
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It consists of a group of monogenetic vents that surround the Cerro Negro mountain. North of the mountain two dykes have been found, while lava flows with thicknesses of are found embedded within sediments on its southern side. Antilla rocks are compositionally trachybasalts to trachytes. They are porphyritic and contain phenocrysts of amphibole and clinopyroxene.
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Along with many other lysosomal storage diseases, MPS-III exists as a model of a monogenetic disease involving the central nervous system. Several promising therapies are in development. The French company Lysogene is conducting a Phase II/III clinical trial of a gene therapy based treatment.Intracerebral Gene Therapy for Sanfilippo Type A Syndrome on clinicaltrials.
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Many small monogenetic volcanoes formed around the uplifted block. Volcanism during the Holocene produced a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows.Ischia: Synonyms and Subfeatures volcano.si.edu, accessed 28 September 2019 The last eruption of Ischia, in 1302, produced a spatter cone and the Arso lava flow, which reached the NE coast.
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The volcano is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes along an east–west line in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The upper is almost entirely covered by glacial snow and ice. In all, Shishaldin's glacial shield covers about . It is flanked to the northwest by 24 monogenetic parasitic cones, an area blanketed by massive lava flows.
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San Jerónimo is a volcano in Argentina. It is a monogenetic volcano like Negro de Chorrillos. It formed on top of ignimbrites of Miocene age of the Aguas Calientes caldera about 780,000 ± 100,000 years ago and is formed by lava, lava bombs and scoria. The volcano erupted basaltic-trachyandesitic lava which propagated to distances of from the vent.
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Most of these features are formed only by a single volcanic eruption and are therefore monogenetic in nature. However, in some cases several eruptions occur at a single locus to create larger, polygenetic centres (e.g. Satah Mountain, Baldface Mountain, Nazko Cone). Once activity has ended, erosion eventually reduces them into volcanic remnants such as lava plugs.
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El Rojo Sur is a monogenetic volcano in the Andes, in the form of a cone. It is similar to El Rojo Norte farther north. A mafic andesite lava flow was erupted from the high cone that also features red scoria. Ages obtained by potassium-argon dating are 2.93±0.13, 3.4±0.4 and 3.23±0.12 mya.
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Four basaltic andesite-andesite lava flows emanate from it. Tilocálar Norte () is a high monogenetic system and generated northbound lava flows that run along the eastern wall of the . Based on the age of the underlying Tucucaro ignimbrite (3.2 mya) the volcano is less than 3.2 million years old. An andesitic dyke swarm is associated with this system.
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The Proto-Human language (also Proto-Sapiens, Proto-World) is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of all the world's languages. The concept is speculative and not amenable to analysis in historical linguistics. It presupposes a monogenetic origin of language, i.e. the derivation of all natural languages from a single origin, presumably at some point of the Middle Paleolithic.
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Eimeria tenella has a monogenetic life cycle, that is, the life cycle involves a single host. Various stages of its complicated life cycle may conveniently be described under two phases, asexual cycle or schizogony and sexual cycle involving gametogony. Much of life cycle is intracellular. It is one of seven protozoan parasites that cause avian coccidiosis in poultry.
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Activity was strombolian in nature with the formation of Pele's tears and lava bombs and was likely monogenetic in nature. A fault system running through the edifice possibly controlled the activity of this volcano. The "Cueva de Halada" lava tube is located away from Agua Poca. Given the small magma output of this volcano, it's likely the tunnel is unrelated to Agua Poca.
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Cinder cones are typically monogenetic. The cinder cones of Hippo Butte, Three Sisters, Juniper Butte, and Crescent Butte are all older than the Mammoth and Modoc Crater flows, more than 30,000–40,000 years old. Eagle Nest Butte and Bearpaw Butte are 114,000 years old. Schonchin Butte cinder cone and the andesitic flow from its base were formed around 62,000 years ago.
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The last volcano to erupt was much bigger than all others, with Rangitoto making up 41 per cent of the field's entire volume of erupted material. Kereszturi, G., Németh, K., Cronin, S. J., Agustín-Flores, J., Smith, I. E., & Lindsay, J. (2013). A model for calculating eruptive volumes for monogenetic volcanoes—Implication for the Quaternary Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand.
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San Jerónimo is part of a long alignment of volcanoes along the Calama-Olacapato-El Toro fault. This string of volcanoes is diverse, including calderas and stratovolcanoes on the one hand and plutons and monogenetic volcanoes on the other hand. One volcano that is part of this structure is Aguas Calientes caldera, on whose border the San Jerónimo volcano is constructed.
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The posterior part of the body of L. vera is asymmetrical. It bears two lateral flaps and a terminal lappet which is striated, and there are no clamps - this is a characteristic of the genus Lethacotyle.Manter, H. W. & Prince, D. F. 1953: Some Monogenetic Trematodes of marine fishes from Fiji. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 20, 105-112.
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Lethacotyle is a genus of polyopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Protomicrocotylidae. The genus includes only two species: Lethacotyle fijiensis Manter & Price, 1953 Manter, H. W. & Price, D. F. 1953: Some Monogenetic Trematodes of marine fishes from Fiji. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 20, 105-112. , the type-species of the genus, and Lethacotyle vera Justine, Rahmouni, Gey, Schoelinck, & Hoberg, 2013 .
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Ramadas is an isolated monogenetic volcano. It is the origin of the Corte Blanco Tuff deposit, a widespread formation generated by a Plinian eruption. This eruption deposited large amounts of pumice and smaller amounts of ignimbrite and pyroclastic surge mainly to the east of the vent. The eruption left fallout as far as away, the total volume of the deposits is over .
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Stages of the Entamoeba coli parasite Entamoeba species all come in monogenetic forms, or having one generation lifecycles. E. coli has "three distinct morphological forms exist airing the life cycle-Trophozoite, Pre-cystic stage and Cystic stage". This lifecycle gives rise to the general way of how Entamoeba species form. This parasite has one large nucleus with a thick membrane surrounding the nucleus.
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Gabrielse Cone is a remarkably fresh, clearly postglacial monogenetic cinder cone, located in the Tuya Volcanic Field in British Columbia, Canada. It is about in diameter and has a central crater about deep. It is Holocene in age and to its northeast appears to be breached with the remnants of a lava flow. The cone is near the headwaters of Iverson Creek.
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The last volcanism occurred at Ciomadul in the last glacial age. Sparse basaltic volcanism has also occurred in the area, forming monogenetic volcanic fields. A volcanic arc lies in the Carpathians. In its southern segment, also known as the Călimani (Kelemen) – Gurghiu (Görgényi) – Harghita (Hargita) chain, volcanism has migrated between 9 and 0.22 million years ago southward, forming a long volcanic chain.
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Cerro Morado is a monogenetic volcanic field, in Argentina. It is part of a group of mafic volcanic centres in the Altiplano-Puna region, which is dominated by silicic rocks such as dacitic - rhyolitic rocks. The field was formed during eruptions 6.4 million years ago which probably lasted from half a year to several years. These eruptions formed scoria cones and a plateau of lava flows.
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The Milbanke Sound Group in the Kitimat Ranges consists of young lava flows and monogenetic cinder cones that were probably formed in the last 10,000 years. Like Silverthrone and Franklin, little is known about the Milbanke Sound Group. As a result, its affinity also remains unclear. It may reflect a northern extension of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but there is not enough data to support this hypothesis.
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It has an elevation of and is the source of a basaltic lava flow. This lava flow extends down to the northeastern shoreline of Price Island where it covers beach gravel. Helmet Peak on the northern end of Lake Island just off the southwestern side of the Don Peninsula is a steep-sided monogenetic cinder cone. It is composed of welded volcanic blocks and basaltic feeder dikes.
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Basalt on Lake Island is characterized by abundant to labradorite and clinopyroxene phenocrysts. At the southern end of the Milbanke Sound Group, a small monogenetic cinder cone with an elevation of resides on Dufferin Island. It sent basaltic lava flows to the north where they reached the island's shoreline to cover beach gravel. Since its formation, the cinder cone has been eroded and covered by forest.
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Teneguía is a monogenetic cinder cone – a vent which has been active once and is considered as being unlikely to become active in the future. It is situated on the island of La Palma, one of the Canary Islands and is located at the southern end of the sub-aerial section of the Cumbre Vieja volcano of which Teneguía is just one of several vents.
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Dufferin Island is an island on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the south side of Seaforth Channel just northwest of Bella Bella. Dufferin Island was named in 1876 by Captain Chatfield and the officers of HMS Amethyst after Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood. Dufferin Island is part of a volcanic area called the Milbanke Sound Group which includes several monogenetic cinder cones.
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Lady Douglas Island is an island in the North Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located off the south coast of Dowager Island. Lady Douglas Island is part of a volcanic area called the Milbanke Sound Group which includes monogenetic cinder cones. Basaltic tuff breccias on Lady Douglas Island originated from Helmet Peak on the north end of Lake Island.
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Cerro de los Chenques is a monogenetic volcano in the Chubut Province, Argentina, which is considered to be of Holocene age. The volcano developed on a basement formed by Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic rocks and more recent volcanic and granitic formations. The volcano is source of lava flows and pyroclastics. Cerro de los Chenques has erupted rocks ranging from alkali basalt to basanite, which contain phenocrysts ranging from clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.
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North of Bazman, andesites of Miocene-Eocene age are partly buried beneath the volcano and there are also andesitic to dacitic intrusions. Carboniferous and Permian metamorphic rocks form the oldest basement at Bazman. Petrological analysis at the monogenetic volcanoes around Bazman has indicated porphyritic basalts containing clinopyroxene, hornblende, olivine and plagioclase, and titanite and zircon as accessories. The rocks have medium content, lower than that of Taftan and Koh-i-Sultan.
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Tebenquicho together with other volcanoes such as Antofalla is a back-arc stratovolcano of the Puna. These volcanoes developed starting from 15-14 million years ago in response to a change in the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. These edifices are voluminous and volcanic activity on them long-lasting. Additionally, Tebenquicho together with Galan, Llullaillaco and some monogenetic volcanoes forms the so-called Archibarca volcano lineament.
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Subaerial tephra and volcanic bombs are the main volcanics comprising the volcano. These volcanics surround eroded remains of the basalt lava flows and are composed of the mineral olivine. Kitasu Hill rests on till that overlies glacially scoured bedrock. Satellite image of Kitasu Hill and its circular volcanic crater Near the northeastern shore of Price Island, a small eroded monogenetic cinder cone composed of basalt is covered by mature forest.
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Both are located within the Kitimat-Stikine Regional District. Swindle Island's southernmost extremity is Jorkins Point, which lies at the confluence of Milbanke Sound and Finlayson Channel. Swindle Island is part of a volcanic centre called the Milbanke Sound Group which includes several monogenetic cinder cones. Kitasu Hill on the western side of Swindle Island is a young basaltic cinder cone that produced lava flows that extend to the north.
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Since they are formed from repeated piling of liquid magma sourced from the center, they spread widely and grow upwards relatively slowly. However, West Antarctic Volcanoes form underneath ice sheets, and are thus categorized as subglacial volcanoes. Subglacial volcanoes that are monogenetic are far more narrow, steeper, flat topped structures. Polygenetic subglacial volcanoes have a wider variety of shapes and sizes due to being made up of many different eruptions.
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Poike and Rano Kau exist on the east and south slopes of Terevaka, respectively. Rano Kau developed between 0.78 and 0.46 Ma from tholeiitic to alkalic basalts. This volcano possesses a clearly defined summit caldera. Benmoreitic lavas extruded about the rim from 0.35 to 0.34 Ma. Finally, between 0.24 and 0.11 Ma, a 6.5 km fissure developed along a NE-SW trend, forming monogenetic vents and rhyolitic intrusions.
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A crater resulted from the ejection of hot lava through cracks in the old coral reefs which, at the time, extended to the foot of the Koolau Mountain Range. The volcano is most likely a monogenetic volcano, meaning that it only erupted once. Although there are various translations of the Punchbowl's Hawaiian name, "Puowaina," the most common is "Hill of Sacrifice." This translation closely relates to the history of the crater.
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From the former Catalina railway station west, an unpaved road leads to Lastarria. Lastarria is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone, which extends over from Peru to Chile. Over 1,000 volcanic edifices have been identified in this zone, of which about 50 volcanoes are active or potentially active, with many exceeding in altitude. In addition, the zone features 18 monogenetic volcanoes and about 6 caldera/ignimbrite systems.
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These centres are aligned on a northeast-trending fracture that also includes a monogenetic centre northeast of the caldera (GVP). The volcano has produced long lava flows, although the more proximal parts of the flow were later degraded by glaciation. The volcano has been assigned a Holocene age given the young appearance of some of its eruption products. The volcanism was at first dacitic and later changed to basaltic andesite (GVP).
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In the Puna, extension appears to have begun between 10 and 5 million years ago. A basin formed at Pasto Ventura during the Miocene and was filled with thick sedimentary deposits; it is the only exposed basin in the Puna. The high plateau is volcanically active, with various stratovolcanoes, monogenetic volcanoes, lava domes, calderas and associated ignimbrites including Cerro Galán. Some of these volcanic centres are aligned along northwest-southeast trending lineaments.
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Lake Tikub is a maar or a low-profile volcano created by phreatomagmatic eruption or the interaction between groundwater and magma underneath the Earth's surface. Like the seven lakes in the city of San Pablo, Laguna, which is about away, the lake is one of the monogenetic volcanoes located in the Southwestern Luzon Volcanic field.Wernstedt, Frederick L. and Spancer, J.E. (1967). "Philippine Island World: a physical, cultural and regional geography", p.21.
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The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium armed with a corona of 14 hook-like spines, one row of dorsolateral marginal vaginae on each side of the body, each row divided into a longitudinal row of transverse slit with sclerotized margins, a slender tubular ovary and about 60 large oval testes pre, para and post-ovarian. Yamaguti S. 1968: Monogenetic Trematodes of Hawaiian Fishes. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 287 pp.
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Just south of Kitasu Bay on the southwestern shore of Swindle Island, Kitasu Hill rises with an elevation of and a topographic prominence of . This is a small symmetrical monogenetic cinder cone and the best preserved volcano associated with the Milbanke Sound Group. It is the northernmost and most prominent volcano of the Milbanke Sound Cones with a circular volcanic crater at its summit. The volcano produced basaltic lava flows that extend to the north.
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Modern Bislama bears a striking resemblance to Pidgin Englishes of West Africa (where the slave trade was also active at one time); it is possible that Bislama is one branch of an evolution of pidgins from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the first truly global trading system began. See Monogenetic theory of pidgins. with grammatical structures typical of languages in the region.For this whole section, see: Tryon & Charpentier (2004), and Crowley (1990).
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The lakes are maars or low-profile volcanic craters located in the San Pablo Volcanic Field. They are among the 200 small monogenetic volcanoes found along the Macolod Corridor, a rift zone between Mount Makiling and Mount Banahaw, which is part of the larger Southwestern Luzon Volcanic Field. These craters are formed by phreatomagmatic eruptions, an eruption where ground water comes in contact with hot magma pushing up near the Earth's surface.
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Among these volcanic necks are the Cuadrado, Domeyko, Gay and Philippi hills, which conspicuously stick out of the surrounding plains. The volcanic rocks are emplaced atop Tertiary sediments, which are smoothened by glacial action. A vent close to Laguna Azul Over 450 different monogenetic volcanoes are emplaced on the lava plateau at elevations of above sea level and include maars, tuff rings and scoria cones. These various centres rise between above the surrounding terrain.
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During the eruption, it contained a lava lake. Búrfell is an exception in the volcanic landscape of the Reykjanes peninsula in Southwest Iceland, as it is not part of a cone row, but an isolated monogenetic cone, which nevertheless produced a long drawn eruption series and a rather big lava field reaching down to the sea at many places and under many names, between Hafnarfjörður and Straumsvík as well as in Álftanes into Skerjafjörður.
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Xitle Monolithic Highland, Mexico Xitle ( Nahuatl, "navel") is a monogenetic volcano in the Ajusco range in Cumbres del Ajusco National Park. It is located in the Tlalpan borough in the southwestern part of Mexico City. It is an ash cone volcano with a conical form, round base, altitude of approximately 300m, and a slope between 30° and 40°. Xitle erupted during the period AD 245-315, according to the results of radiocarbon dating.
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A low gravity field anomaly is also found in the area. The basement consists of fractured rocks of Precambrian-Ordovician age, known as the Puncoviscana Formation and Faja Eruptiva, respectively, overlain with an impermeable Cretaceous unit named the Pirgua Formation. Volcanism in the area has existed since the Miocene, involving lava domes, ignimbrite eruptions (the 0.6mya Tuzgle ignimbrite) and monogenetic volcanism. Volcanoes located south of Tuzgle are Aguas Calientes, Negro de Chorrillos and San Jeronimo.
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Trout Creek Hill lies in the Quaternary Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill volcanic field in southern Washington state, formed by small basaltic and basaltic andesite shield volcanoes and cinder cones. This field runs from Marble Mountain to the area to the south of Trout Creek Hill. Located south of Mount St. Helens, it extends for and has a width of . It consists of mostly monogenetic scoria cones, each of which produced three or four lava flows.
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Peruvian volcanoes include stratovolcanoes, which are typically active for less than 500,000 years, long-lived clusters of lava domes, and monogenetic volcanic fields. Historical eruptions have been recorded at seven Peruvian volcanoes: El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Ubinas, and Yucamane. The volcanoes Ampato, Casiri, Chachani, Coropuna, and Sara Sara are dormant. Reaching an elevation of , Ubinas is a conical, truncated stratovolcano with upper slopes that reach angles of up to 45 degrees, and more gently sloping lower flanks.
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The basaltic Auckland volcanic field is a monogenetic volcanic field underlying much of the Auckland metropolitan area. The field's many vents have produced a diverse array of explosion craters, scoria cones, and lava flows. The largest and most recent is Rangitoto, which erupted in the Hauraki Gulf 600–700 years ago. Currently dormant, the field is likely to erupt again within the next "hundreds to thousands of years" (based on past events), a very short timeframe in geologic terms.
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The Keli (Qeli) Highland (, qelis zegani) is a volcanic field in Georgia on the western side of the Jvari Pass south to the Greater Caucasus range. More than thirty volcanic edifices on an area of 20x30km2 make up this volcanic field, which consists mostly of monogenetic volcanic structures. The lavas are rhyolites, trachyandesites and andesites. The rivers Tetri Aragvi, Patara Liakhvi, Ksani and Didi Liakhvi originate from the Keli volcanic area, and some peaks drain into the Terek river.
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This formation integrated lavas, basaltic pyroclasts, tuff cones and trachyte domes into two layers (referred to as the Ponta Delgada and Penhal da Paz sub-depoists) and compiled to about 5,000 years ago. The peak area between Sete Cidades and Fogo is a monogenetic volcanic field composed of 270 volcanoes. They are primarily made up of basaltic cones which were formed during Strombolian and Hawaiian-style eruptions. This is the part of the island with most recent volcanic activity.
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These contain about 74 volcanoes with post- glacial activity; they include both monogenetic volcanoes, stratovolcanoes and volcanic complexes. Llaima and Villarrica are among the most active of these volcanoes. The Southern and Austral volcanic zones are separated by a gap without volcanic activity, close to the Chile Triple Junction. The strongest volcanic eruption in the region occurred 7,750 years before present at Cerro Hudson volcano, which deposited tephra all over southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
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This may reflect differences in the subduction beneath Bazman and the other two volcanoes. Composition data are typical of volcanic island arc rocks, with some samples have element ratios more akin to ocean island basalts. Lithosphere modified by the subduction may be the origin of the magmas that formed the monogenetic cones. On the basis of its composition, the environmental conditions under which one of the samples formed have been estimated, the temperature being and a minimum depth of about .
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Lethacotyle fijiensis is a species of monogeneans of the family Protomicrocotylidae. Microscopic slide of the holotype of Lethacotyle fijiensis, made in 1953 The species is ectoparasitic on the gills of an unknown carangid fish identified in the original publication as "yellow jack". It is the type-species of the genus Lethacotyle Manter & Prince, 1953. It has been described from two specimens only by Manter & Prince in 1953;Manter, H. W. & Prince, D. F. 1953: Some Monogenetic Trematodes of marine fishes from Fiji.
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Until recently creoles were considered "degenerate" dialects of Portuguese unworthy of attention. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. The monogenetic theory of pidgins assumes that some type of pidgin language — dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese — based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast.
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In the area surrounding Mount Jefferson, monogenetic volcanoes constructed an upland area composed of basaltic lava flows and small volcanic vents. Within this region, basaltic vents occur at Olallie Butte, Potato Butte, Sisi Butte, North Cinder Peak, and South Cinder Peak, with basaltic lava flows at Cabot Creek, Jefferson Creek, and upper Puzzle Creek. There are several hundred other basaltic volcanoes within the central Oregon High Cascades, extending up to away. Mount Jefferson overlies an silicic volcanic field from the early Pleistocene.
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It is situated in the Arequipa Region, Condesuyos Province, in the districts of Chichas and Salamanca, and in the La Unión Province, in the districts of Cotahuasi and Toro.escale.minedu.gob.pe – UGEL Map of the Condesuyos Province (Arequipa Region) Several towns lie around the volcano. Solimana is part of the Peruvian segment of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone in this segment has both generated large composite volcanoes which rise above their basement and monogenetic volcanoes and volcanic fields.
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Koko Crater is a tuff cone that is part of the Honolulu Volcanic Series. A tuff cone, sometimes called an ash cone, is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of above the crater floor and steep slopes that are greater than 25 degrees. They typically have a rim to rim diameter of .
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Indian Heaven features both polygenetic and monogenetic volcanic activity; many of its volcanoes have only erupted once before coming extinct, while others have erupted several times. Approximately 50 eruptive centers lie within the Indian Heaven field, which also has approximately 40 lava flows. The field's eruptive output totals , with sporadic activity taking place for the past 700,000 years. The last volcanic activity in the field produced a large cinder cone, Big Lava Bed, as well as a voluminous lava and scoria flows about 9,000 years ago.
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Dragon Cone is a monogenetic cinder cone located in Wells Gray Provincial Park in east-central British Columbia. It is the source of a long lava flow, called Dragon's Tongue. This lava covered the floor of narrow Falls Creek Valley and terminated at the Clearwater River, damming it to a height of and raising the level of existing Clearwater Lake upstream. Geologists have recovered some peat buried by the lava and radiocarbon dating produced an age of 7560 years plus or minus 100 years.
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Cerros Negros de Jama is a monogenetic volcanic group in the Andes, Jujuy Province, Argentina. The group is formed by about four well preserved scoria cones (between high and wide at the basis, subcircular to elliptic) with lava fields and one isolated lava field, constructed on Ordovician marine sediments and dacitic lavas from the adjacent Cerro Bayo de Archibarca (7.2 million years old) volcano. These cones are aligned submeridionally with a fault system in the ground. The lavas and associated dykes have porphyritic appearance and variable morphology.
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Stefan Karlsson is recognized as an important contributor to the field of gene therapy. His early research focused on retroviral vector based gene correction of hematopoietic cells from monogenetic disorders, such as Gaucher’s disease and hemoglobinopathies. The results of these studies led to the first gene therapy clinical trial for the treatment of Gaucher’s disease (1995). He has also developed lentiviral vectors for gene correction of hematopoietic stem cells, and more recently developed preclinical gene therapy models for Gaucher’s disease and Diamond Blackfan anemia.
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The Laguna Volcanic Field, also known as the San Pablo Volcanic Field, is an active volcanic field in the Philippines, located between Laguna de Bay, Mount Banahaw volcano complex and Mount Malepunyo range. It is part of the larger Southwestern Luzon Volcanic Field (SWLVF). From Manila, it is about southeast to Mount Makiling, its most prominent volcanic feature. The field is composed of over 200 dormant and monogenetic maars, crater lakes, scoria cones, and stratovolcanoes, the tallest of which is Mount Makiling at in elevation.
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Cinder cone volcanoes are typically monogenetic, meaning that they only undergo one eruptive period before ceasing activity forever. These eruptions often consist of the ejection of tephra, though they may also generate lava flows, which often originate from vents near the base rather than the summit of the volcanic edifice. The summit of Cinder Cone has a crater with a double rim (photo), probably created by two different phases of one eruptive period. The cone also has a widespread ash deposit identifiable for from the cone.
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A fragment of the Hippocratic Oath from the third century. Beyond medical ethics and bioethics, the philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that includes the epistemology and ontology/metaphysics of medicine. Within the epistemology of medicine, evidence-based medicine (EBM) (or evidence-based practice (EBP)) has attracted attention, most notably the roles of randomisation, blinding and placebo controls. Related to these areas of investigation, ontologies of specific interest to the philosophy of medicine include Cartesian dualism, the monogenetic conception of diseaseLee, K., 2012.
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Bazman (, also known as Kuh-e Bazman) is a dormant stratovolcano in a remote desert region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in south-eastern Iran. A 500-m-wide crater caps the summit of the dominantly andesitic-dacitic volcano, the flanks of which are covered by monogenetic centres especially to the northwest. Bazman is a geologically young volcano which formed mainly in the Quaternary, with the oldest dated rocks being 11.7 million years old and the youngest 0.6 million years. Although no historic eruptions have been reported from Bazman, it does contain fumaroles.
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These gaps are not static; the gap separating the Austral and the Southern Volcanic Zones has been moving northward for the past 15-20 million years. The Southern Volcanic Zone itself is subdivided into additional volcanic zones, the Northern, Transitional, Central and Southern Southern Volcanic Zone and contains over two calderas and over 60 volcanoes with Quaternary activity. More volcanoes in the neighbourhood of Mentolat include Melimoyu and Cay to the north, Maca and Cerro Hudson to the south, as well as several monogenetic volcanoes. South of Hudson, the Chile Rise subducts in the trench.
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Hydrothermally altered rhyolites contain rutile and secondary silicates in veins. All products are porphyritic, including the late andesites which contain phenocrysts of hornblende and plagioclase with smaller amounts of biotite, clinopyroxene, iron oxides and orthopyroxene. Based on crystal analysis, the rhyolites were stored at pressures of and temperatures of . The volcano is situated at the point where the main volcanic arc intersects the Calama–Olacapato–El Toro lineament, a fault zone that has formed over fifteen million years a number of volcanic structures including lava domes, stratovolcanoes and monogenetic scoria cones.
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Being derived partly from the present day Edo/Delta area of Nigeria, there are still some words left over from the Portuguese language in pidgin English (Portuguese ships traded slaves from the Bight of Benin). For example, "you sabi do am?" means "do you know how to do it?". "Sabi" means "to know" or "to know how to", just as "to know" is "saber" in Portuguese. (According to the monogenetic theory of pidgins, sabir was a basic word in Mediterranean Lingua Franca, brought to West Africa through Portuguese pidgin.
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Off the western coast of South America, the oceanic Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench. Volcanism associated with subduction in the region has been ongoing since the Jurassic. Dehydration of the downgoing slab causes melts to form in the abovelying asthenosphere which drive the activity in the volcanic arc. East of the main volcanic arc of the Central Volcanic Zone the back-arc region has been volcanically active since the Oligocene, generating volcanic edifices ranging from small monogenetic volcanoes to large calderas with their ignimbrites.
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There is a small amount of andesite in the lavas from the field, mostly erupted from monogenetic vents or Larch Mountain. Sometimes, Boring Lava overlaps with volcaniclastic conglomerate from other Cascade eruptions in Multnomah County and the northern part of Clackamas County. The Boring Lava also contains tuff, cinder, and scoria; it is characterized by plagioclase laths that show a pilotaxitic texture with spaces between them that show a diktytaxitic texture. The Boring Lava exposures show aeromagnetic anomalies with short wavelengths and high amplitudes suggestive of their relatively young geological ages.
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The Laguna Volcanic Field is composed of over 200 dormant and monogenetic maars, crater lakes, scoria cones and stratovolcanoes, the tallest of which is Mount Makiling at in elevation. San Pablo itself is known for its seven crater lakes, the largest of which is Lake Sampaloc. Apart from the Laguna de Bay and the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, there are also two reservoir lakes that can be found in Laguna, the Lake Caliraya and Lumot Lake. These two man-made lakes were formed by the creation of the Caliraya Dam and the Lumot Dam.
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The strip may still be active, as monogenetic vents near Jefferson have produced basaltic andesite since the last glacial period. Jefferson — with Mount Hood, the Three Sisters- Broken Top area, and Crater Lake — represents one of four volcanic centers responsible for much of the Oregon Cascades' Quaternary andesite, dacite, and rhyolite deposits. Some of this andesite and dacite occurs in vents that underlie the Jefferson vicinity, which also erupted during the Quaternary. Quaternary volcanic production rates in the Cascade Range from Jefferson to Crater Lake have averaged per mile of arc length per million years.
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The mountain is considered to be an apu by the local population, and constructions have been reported either from its slopes or from its summit. The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic zones of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The Central Volcanic Zone spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains about 44 active volcanoes, plus a number of monogenetic volcanoes and silicic caldera volcanoes. A number of older inactive volcanoes are well preserved owing to the dry climate of the region.
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The Auckland volcanic field is an area of monogenetic volcanoes covered by much of the metropolitan area of Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, located in the North Island. The approximately 53 volcanoes in the field have produced a diverse array of maars (explosion craters), tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows. No volcano has erupted twice, but eruptions lasted for various periods ranging from a few weeks to several years. The field is fuelled entirely by basaltic magma, unlike the explosive subduction-driven volcanism in the central North Island, such as at Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo.
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San Borja is part of a province of monogenetic volcanic fields that formed on Baja California after cessation of subduction west of the peninsula. These volcanoes have erupted magmas ranging from adakite to andesite and their origin is unknown; various processes such as changes in the tectonic stress field and the formation of slab windows have been proposed. The slab window theory was considered the main cause of voclanism at first, but later research has indicated that parts of the slab still exist beneath Baja California. The San Borja volcanic field covers a surface of over and encompasses at least 227 individual centres.
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The Big Pine volcanic field (also known as Aberdeen volcanic field) lies in the Owens Valley, around Aberdeen, California and between the towns of Big Pine and Independence. U.S. Route 395 and the Owens River run through the field, the latter is dammed north of the field in the Tinemaha Reservoir. The field covers and consists of 25 monogenetic volcanoes and about 15 further vents. The field features volcanic cones on both sides of the valley, which take the form of symmetrical cones and irregular vents; the latter are found at the valley margin while the former are located on the valley floor.
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Erupting magma that ranged from high-alumina olivine tholeiite to magnesian basaltic andesite, these volcanoes show increased contents of subduction-produced or melted fluids that mixed with another magma chamber in the mantle. These magmas vary from 47.6 percent to 73.2 percent silicon dioxide. Mazama and Crater Lake form part of the Mazama reach of the Oregon Cascades, which stretches for from Timber Crater to the Big Bunchgrass shield volcano. This includes 175 Quaternary volcanic vents within a belt that ranges from in width, which has a high vent density with many shields and monogenetic volcanic centers.
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After Newberry Volcano, Mazama is the second largest Quaternary volcanic edifice in Oregon, and the most voluminous, with an overall volume of . Mazama is the newest of the Quaternary calderas in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which also include the Newberry calderas and the caldera at the Medicine Lake Volcano. Quaternary monogenetic volcanism throughout Oregon's High Cascades includes cinder cones, lava fields, and small shield volcanoes, which have produced lava ranging from low-potassium, high-alumina olivine tholeiite to medium-potassium calc-alkaline basalt, basaltic andesite to shoshonitic basaltic andesite. The Mazama volcanic complex originally formed as a cluster of overlapping edifices.
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The volcanic field contains more than 220 Pleistocene- to-Holocene monogenetic vents. The best-known eruption occurred about 1670 radiocarbon years ago from the Xitle scoria cone, NE of the Volcán Ajusco lava-dome complex, which at forms the highest peak of the Sierra Chichinautzin. The Xitle eruption produced a massive basaltic tube-fed lava flow that covered agricultural lands as well as pyramids and other structures of Cuicuilco and adjacent prehispanic urban centers. The southern part of Mexico City and the National University of Mexico, in the greater El Pedegral district, lie atop the distal end of the long lava flow.
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Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain. The extent of large lava fields is most readily grasped from the air or in satellite photos, where their typically dark, nearly black color contrasts sharply with the rest of the landscape. According to the US Geological Survey, monogenetic volcanic fields are collections of cinder cones, and/or maar vents and associated lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. Sometimes a stratovolcano is at the center of the field, as at the San Francisco Volcanic Field in Arizona.
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Classic examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy. Throughout recorded history, ash produced by the explosive eruption of stratovolcanoes has posed the greatest volcanic hazard to civilizations. Not only do stratovolcanoes have greater pressure buildup from the underlying lava flow than shield volcanoes, but their fissure vents and monogenetic volcanic fields (volcanic cones) also have more powerful eruptions because they are often under extension. They are also steeper than shield volcanoes, with slopes of 30–35° compared to slopes of generally 5–10°, and their loose tephra are material for dangerous lahars.
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Lake Island is an island on the coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located between Mathieson Channel and Lady Trutch Passage, and is flanked by Dowager Island (to the northwest), Lady Douglas Island (to the west), and a long finger shaped peninsula of the Canadian mainland to the east. Lake Island is not a lake island, as it is in an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and lies only some 6 kilometres from the open sea. Lake Island is part of a volcanic area called the Milbanke Sound Group and includes monogenetic cinder cones.
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West Antarctic Rift system in the Ross Sea Mount Melbourne is part of the McMurdo Volcanic Group and together with Mount Erebus one of its active volcanoes. This volcanic group is one of the largest alkaline volcanic provinces in the world, comparable with that of the East African Rift, and is subdivided into the Melbourne, the Hallett and the Erebus volcanic provinces. The volcanic group consists of large shield volcanoes mainly near the coasts, stratovolcanoes and monogenetic volcanoes which formed parallel to the Transantarctic Mountains. Volcanic activity of the McMurdo Volcanic Group is tied to continental rifting and commenced during the Oligocene.
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El Negrillar volcano just north of Socompa; the white area to the right is part of the Socompa landslide deposit Socompa forms a northeast-trending alignment with neighbouring volcanoes such as Pular and Pajonales, which reach elevations of about . Monogenetic volcanoes were active in the area as well during the Pliocene and Quaternary and generated lava flows. One of these centres is El Negrillar just north of the collapse deposit, which was active during the Pleistocene and formed andesite-basaltic andesite lavas unlike the eruption products of Socompa itself. A long lineament known as the Socompa Lineament is associated with the volcano.
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Nuclear factor-kappa B Essential Modulator (NEMO) deficiency syndrome is a rare type of primary immunodeficiency disease that has a highly variable set of symptoms and prognoses. It mainly affects the skin and immune system but has the potential to affect all parts of the body, including the lungs, urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract. It is a monogenetic disease caused by mutation in the IKBKG gene (IKKγ, also known as the NF-κB essential modulator, or NEMO). NEMO is the modulator protein in the IKK inhibitor complex that, when activated, phosphorylates the inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factors allowing for the translocation of transcription factors into the nucleus.
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A tuff ring is a related type of small monogenetic volcano that is also produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by rims that have a low, broad topographic profiles and gentle topographic slopes that are 25 degrees or less. The maximum thickness of the pyroclastic debris comprising the rim of a typical tuff ring is generally thin, less than to thick. The pyroclastic materials that comprise their rim consist primarily of relatively fresh and unaltered, distinctly and thin- bedded volcanic surge and air fall deposits.
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Finally, they are also common as parasitic and monogenetic cones on complex shield and stratovolcanoes. Globally, cinder cones are the most typical volcanic landform found within continental intraplate volcanic fields and also occur in some subduction zone settings as well. Parícutin, the Mexican cinder cone which was born in a cornfield on February 20, 1943, and Sunset Crater in Northern Arizona in the US Southwest are classic examples of cinder cones, as are ancient volcanic cones found in New Mexico's Petroglyph National Monument. Cone-shaped hills observed in satellite imagery of the calderas and volcanic cones of Ulysses Patera, Ulysses Colles and Hydraotes Chaos are argued to be cinder cones.
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The monogenetic theory of pidgins and creoles hypothesizes that they are all derived from a single Mediterranean Lingua Franca, via a West African Pidgin Portuguese of the seventeenth century, relexified in the so-called "slave factories" of Western Africa that were the source of the Atlantic slave trade. This theory was originally formulated by Hugo Schuchardt in the late nineteenth century and popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Taylor,such as in Whinnom,, Thompson, and Stewart. However, this hypothesis is no longer actively investigated, as there are examples of creoles, such as Hezhou, which evidently have nothing to do with the Lingua Franca.
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The volcanic zones are separated by areas where the subducting plate subducts at a flatter angle and volcanism is absent. The Peruvian flat slab between the Northern and the Central Volcanic Zones is associated with the subduction of the Nazca Ridge, the Pampean flat slab between the Central and the Southern Volcanic Zone is associated with the subduction of the Juan Fernandez Ridge, and the Patagonian volcanic gap between the Southern and the Austral Volcanic Zone is associated with the Chile Triple Junction. About 178 volcanoes are found in the Andes, 60 of which have been active in historical times. In addition, large calderas and monogenetic volcanoes exist in the Andes.
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Weathering, fine grain size, and glassy content mean that there are limitations to argon–argon dating for the field as well. Recent research suggests that eruptive activity at the Boring Lava Field began between 2.6 and 2.4 million years ago, yielding far-reaching basalt lava flows, the Highland Butte shield volcano, a number of monogenetic vents, and one andesitic lava flow. These took place near the southern Portland Basin, and were followed by about 750,000 years of quiescence. About 1.6 million years ago, eruptive activity resumed to the north of the previously active area, with alkalic basalt lava flows generating the Mount Scott shield volcano.
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Wulffite is a volcanic, or fumarolic, mineral which forms in or near volcanic activity. It has been recorded to associate with hematite, langbeinite, calciolangbeinite, arcanite, krasheninnikovite, lammerite, labberite-β, johillerite, bradaczekite, urusovite, fluoborite, gahnite, orthoclase, and fluorophlogopite. Wulffite has been found to reside about a meter down in between layers of basalt scoria and small 2-inch volcanic plutons, otherwise known as volcanic bombs, where most of the common chemicals are sulfates, arsenate, and oxides. Wulffite was found in abundance at the active monogenetic volcanic Arsenatnaya fumarole where the temperature ranged from 360-380ºC where Wulffite was found to mainly form, but with other nearby fumaroles reaching temperatures up to 430ºC.
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The Caja del Rio plateau is a monogenetic volcanic field, which includes approximately 60 cinder cones, spatter cones, and basalt outflows. The volcanism can be explained by the field's location, which is very close to the intersection of the Rio Grande Rift and the Jemez Lineament. The Rio Grande Rift is a result of extensional, (or divergent) tectonic forces exerted upon the American Southwest. This feature runs southward from the vicinity of Leadville, Colorado, through the entire state of New Mexico, through the vicinity of El Paso, Texas, and into Chihuahua, Mexico. The Rift began forming approximately 30 million years ago during the late Oligocene Epoch.
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The segment of the Toro fault closest to Tuzgle has been active recently. Based on displacements along two monogenetic volcanoes, slip rates of have been estimated. The shoshonitic San Geronimo and Negro de Chorillos scoria cones and lava flows, as well as Antuco hot springs and travertine deposits (), are also linked to the Toro fault zone and thermal waters flowing along it. Volcanic activity in the area occurred during two separate phases, the first one between 17.15 mya and 5.3 mya that generated a large number of volcanic centres, with a much more limited phase of activity since 1.5 mya associated with the Diaguita phase of Andean deformation.
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San Pedro is located in northern Chile, in the Ollagüe commune, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region; the border to Bolivia is away. The whole region is remote and thinly populated; towns in the area include Ascotán, Cupo, Inacaliri and Paniri; and the San Pedro railway station lies southwest of the volcano. Tracks left by sulfur miners lead up to San Pedro's summit, and roads run around the volcano; passes around the northern, northwestern and western flanks of the volcano. San Pedro is part of the long Central Volcanic Zone, one of the two belts of volcanoes in Chile, which contains a total of about 44 active volcanoes plus silicic caldera and ignimbrite systems and monogenetic volcanoes.
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One of 13 volcanic cones in the West Crater-Soda Peaks zone, which covers an area of , West Crater is part of a monogenetic volcanic field with basaltic to andesitic volcanic edifices that vary from 360,000 years old to 2,000 years old. It has a summit crater with a width of and a depth of . West Crater's lava dome formed on the floor of a glacial cirque, and has a similar size to the lava dome formed after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. West Crater has erupted at least two large lava flows within the Holocene epoch, about 8,000 years Before Present, each of which extend about from the volcano.
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Located in the Portland Basin, the field consists of monogenetic volcanic cones that appear as hills throughout the area, reaching heights of above their surroundings. The collection includes more than 80 small volcanic edifices and lava flows in the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area, with the possibility of more volcanic deposits buried under sedimentary rock layers. The borders for the Boring Lava Field group are clear, except on the eastern side where distinguishing between Boring deposits and those from the major Cascade arc are less clear; many geologists have arbitrarily placed the eastern border at a longitude of 122 degrees west. In total, the Boring Lava Field covers an area of about , and it has a total volume of .
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Lava flows from Mount Jefferson or another volcano nearby might form lava domes that could collapse, also yielding pyroclastic flows. Moreover, while basaltic lava flows from surrounding monogenetic vents tend to travel slowly and typically only reach from their source, and therefore would not pose serious hazards to much wildlife or humans, they would still burn and bury anything they encountered. Mazama Ash in the region reached in thickness, and at least one explosive eruption from Jefferson deposited of ash onto its surroundings within . Finer ash particles from the volcano could threaten air traffic, as a large gas plume may form; clouds from such a plume might also spawn pyroclastic flows on the flanks of the Jefferson volcano.
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Rhyodacitic lava flows and pyroclastic material, which have since been significantly altered and stripped by glaciation, originated from eight vents in the area. The Mount Jefferson vicinity contains at least 40 of the 190 documented lava domes in the Oregon Cascades, including the tall Goat's Peak dome; it also contains monogenetic tuyas (flat-topped, steep-sided volcanoes formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet) and emplacements of hyaloclastite among mafic lava flows. The area is full of cinder cone volcanoes and intrusive lava plugs, which occur in irregular patterns. Made up of red to gray cinders, some are loose and agglutinated, and some contain intrusive rock plugs, while others do not.
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They were fed through numerous dikes, which also gave rise to small scoria cones and spatter cones, and were emplaced non- contemporaneously. A tuff cone rises from the lava field and is formed by monogenetic volcano ejecta, including lava bombs encasing granite fragments and bombs large enough to leave craters in the ash they fell in. Ropy basalt lava flows with an uncertain source vent, and a undissected scoria cone rise above the lava field and complete the Edmonson Point system. The Adelie Penguin Rookery lava field was erupted about 90,000 years ago, and its emplacement may have been accompanied by the emission of tephra recorded in the Talos Dome ice core.
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In vivo gene electrotransfer was first described in 1991 and today there are many preclinical studies of gene electrotransfer. The method is used to deliver large variety of therapeutic genes for potential treatment of several diseases, such as: disorders in immune system, tumors, metabolic disorders, monogenetic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, analgesia…. With regards to irreversible electroporation, the first successful treatment of malignant cutaneous tumors implanted in mice was completed in 2007 by a group of scientists who achieved complete tumor ablation in 12 out of 13 mice. They accomplished this by sending 80 pulses of 100 microseconds at 0.3 Hz with an electrical field magnitude of 2500 V/cm to treat the cutaneous tumors.
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The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is one of the 10 volcanic areas in Canada associated with recent seismic activity; the others are Castle Rock, Mount Edziza, Mount Cayley, Hoodoo Mountain, The Volcano, Crow Lagoon, Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi and Nazko Cone. Seismic data suggests that these volcanoes still contain living magma plumbing systems, indicating possible future eruptive activity. Although the available data does not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canada's volcanoes are potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. Beneath areas of monogenetic cinder cone activity, such as the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, the seismicity appears to be more dispersed.
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Hot springs containing iron and sulfur are other signs of ongoing volcanism; Bazman has been considered a potential site for development of geothermal energy, with a surface area of . In 1960, Bazman together with Taftan was considered a volcano with sporadic historic activity, while a different report in 1975 considered the volcano extinct. Potassium-argon dating of basalts from the volcano has yielded ages of 4.6 and 0.6 million years ago. These dates were obtained on the monogenetic cones; zircons directly from Bazman rocks are dated 7.5 ± 0.1 and 5.9 ± 0.2 million years ago by uranium-lead dating, along with other ages of 8–6 million years ago from other zircons around Bazman. A third date is of 11.7 million years ago.
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Indian Heaven consists of several, overlapping shield volcanoes that run along a line from Sawtooth Mountain at the north to Red Mountain to the south, as well as cinder cones, lava flows, and spatter cones (low, steep- sided hills or mounds that consist of welded lava fragments). With a total magma output of , the field has about 50 mafic eruptive edifices (rich in magnesium and iron), whose activity lasted from the Pleistocene to the early Holocene. Roughly half of these vents mark a mountainous highland, in length, which runs parallel to the north–south trend of the Cascade Arc in southern Washington state. Most of the volcanoes that comprise the Indian Heaven field are monogenetic, only erupting once before becoming extinct.
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The volcanic field covers a long and wide area with a surface of about . Lunar Crater volcanic field extends in north-northeast to south-southwest direction along the Reveille Range and Pancake Range and between Railroad Valley to the southeast and Hot Creek Valley/Big Sand Springs Valley/Kawich Valley in the northwest. Over 200 vents are located within the field, mostly monogenetic volcanoes with long aa (blocky lava with a jagged surface) lava flows along with a few lava domes, dykes, four maars (craters formed by gas or steam explosions), scoria cones, tuff rings and volcano clusters; cones reach heights of and widths of and often are open on one side while fissure vents are often associated with elongated ramparts. The vents reach elevations of .
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Unintentional genetic findings (aka "incidentalomes") are more commonly encountered with the advent of biomedical technologies capable of quickly and reliably performing genomic analysis, such as whole-genome sequencing. As with medical imaging, the capacity to measure biologic information in the form of genetic variation may exceed the scientific understanding of what the findings mean. In 2013, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomic Working Group on Incidental Findings published preliminary guidelines for clinical laboratories that perform clinical exome and genome sequencing. They outlined a list of "medically actionable" pathogenic gene mutations, mostly monogenetic or single-gene disorders, which were significantly associated with important medical diagnoses and which should be reported to the patient "regardless of the proband’s phenotype or age".
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Postglacial, mafic eruptions are more common in the Sisters Reach — which includes Belknap — than anywhere in the Cascade volcanic arc. A lava flow lies next to South Cinder Peak, the Nash Crater–Lost Lake cone cluster, Sand Mountain Volcanic Field, Inaccessible Cone chain, Blue Lake Crater, and a number of monogenetic scoria cones and chains. The McKenzie and Santiam Pass area saw more than a dozen distinct mafic eruptions between 4,500 and 1,100 years ago according to radiocarbon dating, which corresponded to a pulse of mafic eruptions in the late Holocene epoch. Other nearby mafic eruptive units occur at Sims Butte, Cayuse Crater, LeConte Crater, Mount Bachelor, the Egan Cone cluster, and the Katsuk-Talapus chain, which likely were all emplaced between 18,00 and 8,000 years ago.
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It represents one of the largest lava domes on Earth, with a height of above its surroundings, and an approximate volume of . Unlike more conventional, conical stratovolcanoes like Mount Shasta or Mount Rainier, Lassen Peak is part of a volcanic center that erupts from different vents, which each remain active for a number of years or decades but often do not erupt from the same vent twice, also known as a monogenetic volcanic field. 2000 years after Lassen's formation, it was surrounded by glaciers which ate away at its spiny protrusions of dacite. Due to glacial erosion from the last local glacial advance, which ceased roughly 15,000 years ago, Lassen's lava dome is now covered in broken rock fragments at the base of crags called talus deposits.
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Tunupa is located in Bolivia, at the centre of the Altiplano about east of the main volcanic arc. It forms a peninsula in the Salar de Uyuni, which surrounds the volcano on its southern side, and the towns of Ayque, Coquesa and Jirira lie on its southern slopes. Volcanism in the backarc of the Central Andes is represented by several types of volcanoes, including several monogenetic volcanoes, stratovolcanoes such as Cerro Tuzgle, Tunupa and Uturunku and large ignimbrites like Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, Galán, Los Frailes volcanic field and Morococala. The volcano rises about above the surrounding terrain, the summit of the volcano is heavily hydrothermally altered and its summit crater degraded by erosion, with crags representing remnants of the old lava conduit.
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Moreover, ash can cause irritation of the eyes or respiratory system among the ill, the elderly, and infants, potentially leading to chronic lung disease. Tephra can also lead to the short-circuiting of electric transformers and power lines, collapse roofs, clog engine filters, damage car engines, and create clouds capable of producing lightning that can start fires. Even monogenetic volcanoes in the area could yield hazardous ashfall, reaching in thickness in areas within ; it is unlikely they would threaten areas outside the local Jefferson vicinity. An eruption at Jefferson could create lahars that would reach Detroit Lake on the western side of the volcano or Lake Billy Chinook on the eastern side, leading to increased lake water levels (or lake dam failure) and endangering life downstream.
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Magma output progressively decreased during time, with early volcanoes being large stratovolcanoes sometimes featuring caldera-forming eruptions, while more recent activity includes monogenetic volcanoes although more precise dating and volume estimation efforts at Ciomadul have found an increase of eruption rates over time. This volcanism occurs in a setting where the collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Tisza-Dacia microplate took place, preceded by a stage of subduction involving a narrow ocean. This is part of the collision between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate; subduction may still be underway in the area of the Carpathians. The Vrancea zone, which is away from Ciomadul, features ongoing earthquake activity; deep earthquakes suggest that a remnant of a slab exists beneath the Vrancea zone.
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Located in the Portland Basin, the Boring Lava Field consists of monogenetic volcanic cones that appear as hills throughout the area, reaching heights of above their surroundings. The field includes more than 80 small volcanic edifices and lava flows in the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area, with the possibility of more volcanic deposits buried under sedimentary rock layers. Volcanism in the Boring Lava Field is the product of subduction of the Juan de Fuca oceanic tectonic plate under the North American continental tectonic plate, as well as regional rifting. Powell Butte lies northwest of the Boring Hills, and the surrounding area includes (moving clockwise from the north) other volcanic centers like Green Mountain, Prune Hill, Chamberlain Hill, Devils Rest, Larch Mountain, Pepper Mountain, Kelly Butte, and Mount Tabor.
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The discovery of recent Holocene activity, which was initially assumed to have been protracted over time, has led to the California Volcano Observatory commencing volcano monitoring at the Ubehebe Craters, including the installation of one seismometer. The volcano is classified as a "Moderate Threat" volcano in the USGS volcanic threat assessment. An incomplete circular volcano hazard zone has been defined for the Ubehebe Craters, which reaches Scotty's Castle, within which pyroclastic surges and steam blasts could be expected in case of renewed eruptions. Future eruptions of the Ubehebe Craters may impact the almost a million annual Death Valley National Park visitors and the about 100 people who live in the region; however, the apparently monogenetic nature of the Ubehebe Craters implies that the risk for renewed eruptions is low.
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At least three types of volcanic zones are present in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, including large persistent lava plateaus like those found at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, polygenetic volcanoes such as Hoodoo Mountain and monogenetic volcanoes like the basaltic cinder cones found throughout the volcanic province. When Northern Cordilleran volcanoes do erupt, pyroclastic flows, lava flows and landslides can devastate areas away and mudflows of volcanic ash and debris can inundate valleys downstream. Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of kilometres downwind, and drifting clouds of fine volcanic ash can cause severe damage to jet aircraft even hundreds of kilometres away. Volcanic deposits in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province include lava flows, welded and unwelded pyroclastic deposits, hydroclastic deposits and other ice-contact volcanic deposits.
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Arnold Chikobava () (March 14, 1898 - November 5, 1985) was a Georgian linguist and philologist best known for his contributions to Caucasian studies and for being one of the most active critics of Nicholas Marr's controversial monogenetic "Japhetic" theory of language. Chikobava was born in the small village of Sachikobavo in Samegrelo, western Georgia (then part of Imperial Russia). He graduated from the recently established Tbilisi State University in 1922 and earned a degree there, later serving as a docent (1926–33) and professor (1933-85). For years, he headed the Department of Caucasian Studies at Tbilisi State University (1933–60), and the Department of Ibero-Caucasian languages at the Institute of Linguistics in Tbilisi (1936–85). The institute, briefly directed by Chikobava from 1950 and 1952, now bears his name.
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Smellie and other scientists newly discovered a similar monogenetic subglacial tuff cone within the ice of Antarctica and could determine the thickness of ice which covered the vent during eruption. The Antarctic cone did lie under a polar ice sheet and not a temperate glacier as was the case with Keilir. Aditionally, the Antarctic cone is much older (around 640 000 years), whereas Keilir is up to 100 000 years old. And the tuff cone from Victoria Land, Antarctica, is placed next to known granitic plutonic complexes and seems to be a parasitic cone of a stratovolcano, whereas Keilir is located adjacent to presently active volcanic systems and looks as if it were placed on top of the shield volcano Þráinskjöldur, though the last one is younger than the subglacial formation.
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The existence of a volcano at Huaynaputina was not recognized before the 1600 eruption, with no known eruptions of Huaynaputina other than fumarolic activity. As a result, the 1600 eruption has been referred to as an instance of monogenetic volcanism. The pre-1600 topography of the volcano was described as "a low ridge in the center of a Sierra," and it is possible that a cluster of lava domes existed at the summit prior to the 1600 eruption and was blown away during the event. However, the last eruption may have preceded 1600 by several centuries, seeing as native people reportedly offered sacrifices to the mountain such as birds, personal clothing and sheep, although it is known that non-volcanic mountains were also offered sacrifices in southern Peru.
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The Yukon–Tanana and Cassiar terranes consist of shifted sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that were derived from the North American continent. The southern boundary of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is parallel with southwestern Stikinia and is characterized by separate volcanic vents and erosional remains of lavas south of the small community of Stewart. The southern boundary of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province also parallels with a gap in modern volcanism and the supposed northern boundary of the Cascadia subduction zone, defined by the eastward extension of the northern edge of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate. These two zones divide the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province from modern volcanic zones further south, including the broad Chilcotin Plateau, the east-west trending Anahim Volcanic Belt and the monogenetic Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field in the British Columbia Interior.
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Grosse et al. 2018, p.15 Surrounding volcanoes include Condorito (which is considered to be part of the old El Cóndor volcano), Falso Azufre and Laguna Escondida which have constrained the extent of El Cóndor's lava flows. The volcano rises within the Laguna Amarga caldera,Grosse et al. 2018, p.14 and an older mafic monogenetic volcano lies north of El Cóndor.Grosse et al. 2018, p.15 Radiometric dating has yielded ages of 2.89 - 2.67 million years ago to 0.13 - 0.02 million years ago, with the volcano developing in two phases.Grosse et al. 2018, p.14 The older group of ages has been obtained on the Condorito and the older edifice, while the ages of 130,000 years ago and younger come from the younger edifice and lava flows; some of these dates have high uncertainties (one young age is 20,000 ± 30,000 years ago from the western flank)Grosse et al.
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The Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate subduct beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench at a pace of and , respectively, resulting in volcanic activity and geothermal manifestations in the Andes. Present-day volcanism occurs within four discrete belts: the NVZ (between 2°N–5°S), the CVZ (16°S–28°S), the SVZ (33°S–46°S) and the Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ) (49°S-55°S). Between them they contain about 60 active volcanoes and 118 volcanoes which appear to have been active during the Holocene, not including potentially active very large silicic volcanic systems or very small monogenetic ones. These belts of active volcanism occur where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a steep angle, while in the volcanically inactive gaps between them the subduction is much shallower; thus there is no asthenosphere between the slab of the subducting plate and the overriding plate in the gaps.
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The volcanic activity still relates to the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate, however; one proposed mechanism is that a Miocene change in the subduction regimen led to the development of extensional tectonics and of faults that form the pathways for magma ascent, while other mechanisms envisage changes in mantle characteristics.alt=Payún Matrú is part of a group of volcanoes, with a string of volcanoes just to its south Other volcanic fields in the region are the Llancanelo volcanic field, the Nevado volcanic field and Salado Basin volcanic field; the first two lie north of Payún Matrú and the last south. These fields are subdivided on the basis of geochemical differences and consist of two stratovolcanoes (Payún Matrú itself and Nevado) and many monogenetic volcanoes. The volcanic field is part of the larger Payunia volcanic province, which covers an area of about in the Provinces of La Pampa, Mendoza and Neuquén and is also known as the Payenia or Andino- Cuyana volcanic province.
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