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"lisp" Definitions
  1. a speech fault in which the sound ‘s’ is pronounced ‘th’

1000 Sentences With "lisp"

How to use lisp in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "lisp" and check conjugation/comparative form for "lisp". Mastering all the usages of "lisp" from sentence examples published by news publications.

For example, he had a slight lisp, and in some films, that lisp is exaggerated.
He's invested in countless successful startups through YC and has authored several books including On Lisp (1993), ANSI Common Lisp (1995), and Hackers & Painters (2004).
ZURICH (Reuters) - Swiss chocolate maker Lindt & Spruengli (LISP.
ZURICH (Reuters) - Luxury Swiss chocolate maker Lindt & Spruengli (LISP.
Lisp was an amazing language, I would like to say.
"Is this our lovely visitor?" he asked with a lisp.
He speaks with a faint lisp but no placeable accent.
You can try to spot my lisp in the preface.
He even got rid of a lisp to have more authority.
WHY, you ask, must they pronounce their words with a Spanish lisp?
He's got a delightful lisp and a nice skittery fairy tale flow.
Dias told him he thought Ramos's lisp affected his on-court authority.
ZURICH (Reuters) - In his last few months as chief executive, Lindt & Spruengli (LISP.
It's like, 'Tom is a workaholic with a lisp and a tortured childhood.
Or maybe he's just kind of mean, noting a staffer's lisp, a stranger's birthmark.
And he spoke with a lisp, which — according to Plutarch — was imitated by some.
He has a thick Australian accent, a bit of a lisp, and talks excruciatingly slow.
I was terrible at sports, I spoke with a lisp and walked with a swish.
He had read about Lisp, a challenging programming language, and was hoping to sharpen his skills.
" Court explained that this involves more animated, energetic pitch changes and use of the "gay lisp.
For years, she scarcely spoke; she had a lisp and seemed loath to reveal the imperfection.
Robert (John C. Reilly) has a lisp, for example, and John (Ben Whishaw) has a limp.
She was from a rural area and spoke with a slight lisp and a country accent.
"Ordinary, fookin' talentless idiots from Tesco with a lisp or celebrity cunts in the jungle," he harrumphed.
You jig and amble, and you lisp, you nickname God's creatures and make your wantonness your ignorance.
This year, Eduardo Julian introduced us to his unapologetically ambitious Lux programming language, a functional, statically-typed Lisp.
" Miranda took the part of Valjean, complete with a Colm Wilkinson–style lisp on "Another day, another deshtiny.
He has an adenoidal tenor and a lisp, but when he is indignant he can be an impassioned orator.
Cox is tall and neatly groomed, extremely fit at 51, and speaks with a slow drawl and slight lisp.
Bullied at school for his lisp and his looks, he grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit, Wash.
Our accents are comparable to having a lisp or some kind of speech impediment, they aren't used for authoritative voices.
So I got into speech therapy lessons after that because I was mumbling a lot and kind of had a lisp.
I did the preface, but I spent the whole time trying to hide my lisp and getting scared about pronouncing Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
If you wish to put your game hacking skills to the test, you may do so using C, Python, Lua, and LISP.
Bloch speaks with a soft lisp, and in a tone that betrays no urgency to monetize, but he is a skilled pitchman.
He was a cogent speaker but had a lisp and was a poor orator; he knew it, and rarely addressed a crowd.
Lin-Manuel Miranda plays Dustin (lisp and all) and we finally get to meet Lucas' family, played by Leslie Jones and Kenan Thompson.
She speaks with a slight lisp through her tongue and lip piercings, her fuchsia-dyed hair practically glowing from the nearby street lights.
President Trump unveiled something new at the White House -- and we don't mean his policy on Jerusalem ... instead, we're talking about a mysterious lisp.
Fortran, Lisp and Ada were all highly popular in the 1980s and 1990s, according to the TIOBE index, which tracks coding practices among professional developers.
He speaks thoughtfully and matter-of-factly, with a slight lisp, as he discusses topics like social media, religion, and gang culture with equal comfort.
Nancies were, in fact, caricatures that society had been trained to laugh at: fey, limp-wristed, speaking with a lisp, with no social defense but a quip.
He has short dark blond hair, a large tattoo on his right upper arm of a "pointed cross and barbed wire," and speaks with a distinct lisp.
I was one such suspect, singled out for my swishiness, my lisp, and my admission that I kind of enjoyed "Breakaway" by Kelly Clarkson, a major tactical blunder.
I still wouldn't say that TensorFlow and other comparative deep learning frameworks are "easy" to use, but they're a heck of a lot easier to use than LISP.
The 32-year-old German is cerebral and quiet in conversation, and he has a scar and a lisp resulting from a cleft lip operation in his childhood.
It's what you might term the "gay voice," which typically means a man who speaks with a singsong lilt, an affected lisp, greater pitch variation, and a flamboyant flair.
Rather than an angry bellow that might transport a listener to a lonely fjord among Viking warriors, it sounded more like a bugle played by someone with a lisp.
"He would talk with a fake lisp to try to make people feel sorry for him to sell more peanuts," my father, his oldest son Randy, told me recently.
As always with Ms. Weintraub's constructions, there was a generous splash of wit in the fill — clues for PEA, LAST PLACE, SCARECROWS, LISP and, my favorite, I think, SEALY.
It was the "outrageous" characters that Van Dosselaer is fondest of, including Sassan, a reanimated, patchwork corpse who talks with a lisp because her tongue is half melted away.
John McCarthy, Father Of AI And Lisp, Dies At 84WIRED's 2011 obituary of the man who coined the term artificial intelligence gives a sense of the origins of the field.
"It's one of the reasons why I haven't been getting roles, because of my lisp, and the teeth situation, and my height," Matarazzo explains on Wednesday's episode of The Doctors.
And if the original composition felt like an acoustic bombardment of our emotions, Coco O.'s warm voice and subtle lisp make this track a sensory overload of biblical proportions.
Until I was 9 or 10, I had a lisp, and one day I was visiting my grandparents who lived near a playground in D.C., and also near a bookstore.
Basically, Lux is folding in ideas from a number programming languages, while also offering a few features I've never seen before, and wrapping them all in parentheses (that's the Lisp part).
Most obviously, the film burlesques society's scorn for single people and the capriciousness of coupling: suitability in a mate is based on odd superficial qualities, such as a limp or a lisp.
Towards the end of his speech on Israel Wednesday, Donald Trump noticeably slurred his words, prompting many to come up with theories about why the commander-in-chief suddenly had a lisp.
I had a slight lisp with them on, which never completely disappeared throughout my treatment, but no one ever pointed it out, and I was probably more self-conscious than necessary about it.
Steele was instrumental in documenting and creating programming languages like Lisp and Scheme, while Stallman laid the foundation for the free software movement, the most significant challenge to the arbiters of technology since Luddism.
As he and the other kids are fighting for their lives and their world, Dustin brings levity to their dire straits by exalting the beauty of chocolate pudding or charming viewers with his lisp.
When it's time to laugh at yourself, be prepared for an unpleasant task: You need to list the things you don't like about yourself — maybe you're insecure about your body or dislike your lisp.
All of Infocom's games were created using the Zork Implementation Language (ZIL), which is based on another old programming language called MIT Design Language (MDL), which itself was based on a the programming language Lisp.
But the way I saw him create was the best part of him: sensitive, collaborative, fun ... acting mean to approximate genius is as foolish as trying to be successful by copying his lisp or his walk.
"It's mine, all mine!" cartoon character Daffy Duck wails, spit flying and lisp in full effect as he stuffs Bugs Bunny down a rabbit hole in hopes of keeping the pile of treasure all to himself.
She'd told me that Newsom's childhood, when he was bullied and felt conspicuous—he had a lisp, a bowl haircut, and braces on his legs from a growth spurt—made him mistrust being sought out now.
A man with a permanent limp (Ben Whishaw) and a man with a lisp (John C. Reilly) each look for women with the same problems; a woman with beautiful hair dismisses David because he might be bald someday.
Secret Service's chief antagonist, Valentine (Samuel L. Jackson), is a stylish, effete internet mogul who speaks with a lisp; he is squeamish about violence, even though he plans to perpetrate the largest act of mass murder in history.
There is an archbishop with a lisp, babbling about "thovereignty," who could have been imported from a Monty Python sketch, although the movie as a whole is low on lightness, and laughs are about as common as laptops.
On a large scale, I've used the Java-based Lisp dialect Clojure to construct a pipeline from the article itself through SyntaxNet into vaderSentiment — the output of which is the list of subjects and their positive or negative bent.
As Sancho, Mr. Joseph cuts a pensive and gently sardonic figure, affecting a slight lisp and turning a mordant eye on life in 18th-century England, carefully guiding us from Sancho's blighted childhood to his later ascendance to the middle class.
Her bewilderment is affectingly and persuasively embodied by Mr. Steggert, a gifted actor in his 30s who assumes the aspect of a child in a dress without any assistance from a feminine costume, a wig or even a toddler's lisp.
Charming and chubby, with a lisp, his most revealing moment came when he tearfully revealed that he has hidden his exquisite talents at makeup and costume design from his own mother, for fear she will be repulsed by his love of drag.
He has randomly adopted British accents during junkets, showed up to a radio interview wearing a massive grill that made him lisp, sported a green wig to a glitzy screening, and at last year's Emmys, sat down on the red carpet and glowered.
Lines like "Let's talk about the sound of the phone outside of Texaco from Bell South down to a southern belle" likely induced eye-rolls in some, but Von Bohlen's endearing delivery, complete with his charming lisp, made it more than palatable.
His arc from mediocre tennis player to the upper echelon of officiating included overcoming a lisp, which mentors thought would hold him back; cutting his teeth on the scrappy matches of the Portuguese tennis circuit; and developing a reputation for rigidity, even among fellow umpires.
Graham, a software developer who'd sold his dotcom-era startup to Yahoo in 1998, started writing essays online around 2001, first about the glories of the LISP programming language and later, as the Y Combinator incubator he cofounded in 2005 took off, about the philosophy of startups.
While the rest of the immature adults I know are busy jerking off to the cynical, ugly awfulness of Game of Thrones, I'm over here watching a show about an optimistic eight-year-old butterball with a lisp who lives in a poor fictional town in Arizona.
These include images in paintings like "High Voice and Slight Lisp," which is double-dated 213/13 — the artists began working together in 224 — and elements of the show's centerpiece installation, "Temple of Onan," a homage to self-pleasuring in the form of genitally enhanced parlor furniture.
Well, between The Bachelor, The Bachelorette and Bachelor in Paradise this sly, handsome 28-year-old technology salesman from Milwaukee who may or may not have a lisp, has somewhat managed to slither his way onto not one, not two, not three, but four seasons across the beloved franchise.
The things we loved—the Commodore Amigas and AOL chat rooms, the Pac-Man machines and Tamagotchis, the Lisp machines and RFCs, the Ace paperback copies of Neuromancer in the pockets of our dusty jeans—these very specific things have come together into a postindustrial Voltron that keeps eating the world.
Common Lisp and Scheme represent two major streams of Lisp development. These languages embody significantly different design choices. Common Lisp is a successor to Maclisp. The primary influences were Lisp Machine Lisp, Maclisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, and Scheme.
Lisp Machine Lisp is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. A direct descendant of Maclisp, it was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the system programming language for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lisp machines. Lisp Machine Lisp was also the Lisp dialect with the most influence on the design of Common Lisp. Lisp Machine Lisp branched into three dialects.
Symbolics provided a successor to Flavors named New Flavors. Later Symbolics also supported Common Lisp and the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). Then Symbolics Common Lisp became the default Lisp dialect for writing software with Genera. The software of the operating system was written mostly in Lisp Machine Lisp (named ZetaLisp) and Symbolics Common Lisp.
A Lisp interpreter directly executes Lisp source code provided as Lisp objects (lists, symbols, numbers, ...) read from s-expressions. A Lisp compiler generates bytecode or machine code from Lisp source code. Common Lisp allows both individual Lisp functions to be compiled in memory and the compilation of whole files to externally stored compiled code (fasl files). Several implementations of earlier Lisp dialects provided both an interpreter and a compiler.
The HyperSpec is used by many Common Lisp development environments (examples: LispWorks, the Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs (SLIME) for looking up reference information on the constructs of ANSI Common Lisp. The HyperSpec is also available for download. Before the ANSI Common Lisp standard, the book Common Lisp the Language had been used as a Common Lisp standard reference. Allegro Common Lisp has its own hypertext version of the ANSI Common Lisp standard.
The Common Lisp language was developed as a standardized and improved successor of Maclisp. By the early 1980s several groups were already at work on diverse successors to MacLisp: Lisp Machine Lisp (aka ZetaLisp), Spice Lisp, NIL and S-1 Lisp. Common Lisp sought to unify, standardise, and extend the features of these MacLisp dialects. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification.
Object Lisp was a computer programming language, a dialect of the Lisp language. It was an object-oriented extension for the Lisp dialect Lisp Machine Lisp, designed by Lisp Machines, Inc. Object Lisp was also an early example of prototype-based programming. It was seen as a competitor to other object-oriented extensions to Lisp at around the same time such as Flavors, in use by Symbolics, Common Objects developed by Hewlett-Packard, and CommonLoops, in use by Xerox.
They ran large Lisp programs very efficiently. The Symbolics machine was competitive against many commercial super minicomputers, but was never adapted for conventional purposes. The Symbolics Lisp Machines were also sold to some non-AI markets like computer graphics, modeling, and animation. The MIT- derived Lisp machines ran a Lisp dialect named Lisp Machine Lisp, descended from MIT's Maclisp.
Object Lisp was also used in early versions of Macintosh Common Lisp. There, the user interface toolkit was written using Object Lisp.
This allows older Lisp software to be ported to Common Lisp.
Fexpr support continued in Lisp 1.5, the last substantially standard dialect of Lisp before it fragmented into multiple languages.Steele and Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", pp. 231-232. In the 1970s, the two dominant Lisp languagesSteele and Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", p. 235. -- MacLisp and Interlisp -- both supported .
This increase in awareness may be contrasted to the "AI winter" and Lisp's brief gain in the mid-1990s. Dan Weinreb lists in his survey of Common Lisp implementations eleven actively maintained Common Lisp implementations. Scieneer Common Lisp is a new commercial implementation forked from CMUCL with a first release in 2002. The open source community has created new supporting infrastructure: CLiki is a wiki that collects Common Lisp related information, the Common Lisp directory lists resources, #lisp is a popular IRC channel and allows the sharing and commenting of code snippets (with support by lisppaste, an IRC bot written in Lisp), Planet Lisp collects the contents of various Lisp-related blogs, on LispForum users discuss Lisp topics, Lispjobs is a service for announcing job offers and there is a weekly news service, Weekly Lisp News. Common-lisp.
The operating systems were written from the ground up in Lisp, often using object-oriented extensions. Later, these Lisp machines also supported various versions of Common Lisp (with Flavors, New Flavors, and Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)).
This is because unlike LISP 2, CGOL is implemented as portable functions and macros written in Lisp, requiring no alterations to the host Lisp implementation.
Common Lisp includes CLOS, an object system that supports multimethods and method combinations. It is often implemented with a Metaobject Protocol. Common Lisp is extensible through standard features such as Lisp macros (code transformations) and reader macros (input parsers for characters). Common Lisp provides partial backwards compatibility with Maclisp and John McCarthy's original Lisp.
Note that the Franz LISP dialect was the immediate, portable successor to the ITS version of Maclisp and is perhaps the closest thing to the LISP in the Steven Levy book Hackers as is practical to operate. PC-LISP runs well in DOS emulators and on modern Windows versions. Because PC-LISP implements Franz LISP, it is a dynamically scoped predecessor to modern Common Lisp. This is therefore an historically important implementation.
The Franz Lisp interpreter was written in C and Franz Lisp. It was bootstrapped solely using the C compiler. The Franz Lisp compiler, written entirely in Franz Lisp, was called Liszt, completing the pun on the name of the composer Franz Liszt. Some notable features of Franz Lisp were arrays in Lisp interchangeable with arrays in Fortran and a foreign function interface (FFI) which allowed interoperation with other languages at the binary level.
Chapter 1.1.2, History, ANSI CL Standard It has many of the features of Lisp Machine Lisp (a large Lisp dialect used to program Lisp Machines), but was designed to be efficiently implementable on any personal computer or workstation. Common Lisp is a general-purpose programming language and thus has a large language standard including many built-in data types, functions, macros and other language elements, and an object system (Common Lisp Object System). Common Lisp also borrowed certain features from Scheme such as lexical scoping and lexical closures.
LISP II is 6.3 kilometers from LISP-I, located in Barangay Diezmo, Cabuyao in Laguna, Philippines.
Multics Maclisp had a far larger address space, but was costly to use. When the memory and processing power of the PDP-10 were exceeded, the Lisp Machine was invented: Lisp Machine Lisp is the direct descendant of Maclisp. Several other Lisp dialects were also in use, and the need to unify the community resulted in the modern Common Lisp language.
Portable Standard Lisp has fewer features than other Lisps, such as Common Lisp, and some people found it unpleasant to use. Richard P. Gabriel wrote in his popular essay Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big, "the third most standard Lisp was Portable Standard Lisp, which ran on many machines, but very few people wanted to use it;".
Semantically, CGOL is essentially just Common Lisp, with some additional reader and printer support. CGOL may be regarded as a more successful incarnation of some of the essential ideas behind the earlier LISP 2 project. Lisp 2 was a successor to LISP 1.5 that aimed to provide ALGOL syntax. LISP 2 was abandoned, whereas it is possible to use the CGOL codebase today.
Common Lisp is most frequently compared with, and contrasted to, Scheme—if only because they are the two most popular Lisp dialects. Scheme predates CL, and comes not only from the same Lisp tradition but from some of the same engineers—Guy L. Steele, with whom Gerald Jay Sussman designed Scheme, chaired the standards committee for Common Lisp. Common Lisp is a general-purpose programming language, in contrast to Lisp variants such as Emacs Lisp and AutoLISP which are extension languages embedded in particular products (GNU Emacs and AutoCAD, respectively). Unlike many earlier Lisps, Common Lisp (like Scheme) uses lexical variable scope by default for both interpreted and compiled code.
During the 1980s and 1990s, a great effort was made to unify the work on new Lisp dialects (mostly successors to Maclisp such as ZetaLisp and NIL (New Implementation of Lisp) into a single language. The new language, Common Lisp, was somewhat compatible with the dialects it replaced (the book Common Lisp the Language notes the compatibility of various constructs). In 1994, ANSI published the Common Lisp standard, "ANSI X3.226-1994 Information Technology Programming Language Common Lisp".
Richard P. Gabriel (born 1949) is an American computer scientist known for his work in computing related to the programming language Lisp, and especially Common Lisp. His best known work was a 1990 essay "Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big", which introduced the phrase Worse is Better, and his set of benchmarks for Lisp, termed Gabriel Benchmarks, published in 1985 as Performance and evaluation of Lisp systems. These became a standard way to benchmark Lisp implementations.
Some Lisp dialects provide an extensive sublanguage for describing Loops. An early example can be found in Conversional Lisp of Interlisp. Common Lisp provides a Loop macro which implements such a sublanguage.
Lisp has officially standardized dialects: R6RS Scheme, R7RS Scheme, IEEE Scheme, ANSI Common Lisp and ISO ISLISP.
The development of Scheme was heavily influenced by two predecessors that were quite different from one another: Lisp provided its general semantics and syntax, and ALGOL provided its lexical scope and block structure. Scheme is a dialect of Lisp but Lisp has evolved; the Lisp dialects from which Scheme evolved—although they were in the mainstream at the time—are quite different from any modern Lisp.
BBN LISP (also stylized BBN-Lisp) was a dialect of the Lisp programming language by Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was based on L. Peter Deutsch's implementation of Lisp for the PDP-1 (called Basic PDP-1 LISP), which was developed from 1960 to 1964. Over time the language was expanded until it became its own separate dialect in 1966.
Implementations of Common LISP were thus required to have lexical scope. Again, from An overview of Common LISP: > In addition, Common LISP offers the following facilities (most of which are > borrowed from MacLisp, InterLisp or Lisp Machines Lisp): (...) Fully > lexically scoped variables. The so-called "FUNARG problem" is completely > solved, in both the downward and upward cases. By the same year in which An overview of Common LISP was published (1982), initial designs (also by Guy L. Steele Jr.) of a compiled, lexically scoped Lisp, called Scheme had been published and compiler implementations were being attempted.
The following examples show dynamic features using the language Common Lisp and its Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).
Acornsoft LISP (marketed simply as LISP ) is a dialect and commercial implementation of the Lisp programming language, released in the early 1980s for the 8-bit Acorn Atom, BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers.
The first complete Lisp compiler, written in Lisp, was implemented in 1962 by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT. This compiler introduced the Lisp model of incremental compilation, in which compiled and interpreted functions can intermix freely. The two variants of Lisp most significant in the development of Scheme were both developed at MIT: LISP 1.5 developed by McCarthy and others, and Maclisp – developed for MIT's Project MAC, a direct descendant of LISP 1.5. which ran on the PDP-10 and Multics systems.
Other Lisp implementations for the VAX were MIT's NIL (never fully functional), University of Utah's Portable Standard Lisp, DEC's VAX Lisp, Xerox's Interlisp-VAX, and Le Lisp. In 1982, the port of Franz Lisp to the Motorola 68000 processor was begun. In particular, it was ported to a prototype Sun-1 made by Sun Microsystems, which ran a variant of Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix called SunOS. In 1986, at Purdue University, Franz Lisp was ported to the CCI Power 6/32 platform, code named Tahoe.
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs (a text editor family most commonly associated with GNU Emacs and XEmacs). It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in C, as is the Lisp interpreter. Emacs Lisp is also termed Elisp, although there is also an older, unrelated Lisp dialect with that name. Users of Emacs commonly write Emacs Lisp code to customize and extend Emacs.
The name LISP derives from "LISt Processor". Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp. The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax.
Notably, the "cl" package implements a fairly large subset of Common Lisp. Emacs Lisp (unlike some other Lisp implementations) does not do tail-call optimization. Without this, tail recursions can eventually lead to stack overflow. The apel library aids in writing portable Emacs Lisp code, with the help of the polysylabi platform bridge.
The firm acquired in February 1995 the rights to the Lisp-related technology Lucid Common Lisp of Lucid Inc., that went out of business in summer 1994 due to financial hardships. Many of the newly hired American Lisp staff had formerly worked for two other Lisp companies which had failed previously: Lucid Inc. and Symbolics.
Early Lisps had many limitations, including limited data types and slow numerics. Its use of fully parenthesized notation was also considered a problem. The inventor of Lisp, John McCarthy, expected these issues to be addressed in a later version, called notionally Lisp 2. Hence the name Lisp 1.5 for the successor to the earliest Lisp.
A fundamental distinction between Lisp and other languages is that in Lisp, the textual representation of a program is simply a human-readable description of the same internal data structures (linked lists, symbols, number, characters, etc.) as would be used by the underlying Lisp system. Lisp uses this to implement a very powerful macro system. Like other macro languages such as C, a macro returns code that can then be compiled. However, unlike C macros, the macros are Lisp functions and so can exploit the full power of Lisp.
The major contributors to Franz Lisp at UC Berkeley were John K. Foderaro, Keith Sklower, and Kevin Layer. A company was formed to provide support for Franz Lisp called Franz Inc., by founders Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Fritz Kunze, Kevin Layer, and Keith Sklower, all associated with UC Berkeley. After that, development and research on Franz Lisp continued for a few years, but the acceptance of Common Lisp greatly reduced the need for Franz Lisp.
Composite of Early BioBIKE Lisp-Listener Style Interaction depicting knowledge base frames, graphical I/O, and through-the-web Lisp programmability.
Since the decline of MacLisp and Interlisp, the two Lisp languages that had risen to dominance by 1993Steele and Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", pp. 245-248 -- Scheme and Common Lisp -- do not support . newLISP does support , but calls them "macros". In Picolisp all built-in functions are , while Lisp-level functions are exprs, , , or a mixture of those.
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 [S2008] (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).Quoted from cover of cited standard. ANSI INCITS 226-1994 [S2008], for sale on standard's document page . The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived from the ANSI Common Lisp standard.
In January 2015 Corman Lisp has been published under MIT license. ; Embeddable Common Lisp (ECL) : ECL includes a bytecode interpreter and compiler. It can also compile Lisp code to machine code via a C compiler. ECL then compiles Lisp code to C, compiles the C code with a C compiler and can then load the resulting machine code.
Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. Only Fortran is older, by one year. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history.
After Palladian Software Inc, Hartley worked for Apple Computers on Allegro Common Lisp and tools for using Lisp on the Macintosh. Hartley single-handedly maintained Macintosh Common Lisp until 2007 when she open-sourced the source code under LLGPL.
Every CLOS class is integrated into the Common Lisp type system. Many Common Lisp types have a corresponding class. There is more potential use of CLOS for Common Lisp. The specification does not say whether conditions are implemented with CLOS.
Maxima includes a complete programming language with ALGOL-like syntax but Lisp-like semantics. It is written in Common Lisp and can be accessed programmatically and extended, as the underlying Lisp can be called from Maxima. It uses gnuplot for drawing.
Commercially, many LISP companies failed, like Symbolics, LISP Machines Inc., Lucid Inc., etc. Other companies, like Texas Instruments and Xerox, abandoned the field.
The first language documentation was published in 1984 as Common Lisp the Language (known as CLtL1), first edition. A second edition (known as CLtL2), published in 1990, incorporated many changes to the language, made during the ANSI Common Lisp standardization process: extended LOOP syntax, the Common Lisp Object System, the Condition System for error handling, an interface to the pretty printer and much more. But CLtL2 does not describe the final ANSI Common Lisp standard and thus is not a documentation of ANSI Common Lisp. The final ANSI Common Lisp standard then was published in 1994.
Several attempts to write open-source emulators for various Lisp Machines have been made: CADR Emulation, Symbolics L Lisp Machine Emulation, the E3 Project (TI Explorer II Emulation), Meroko (TI Explorer I), and Nevermore (TI Explorer I). On 3 October 2005, the MIT released the CADR Lisp Machine source code as open source. In September 2014, Alexander Burger, developer of PicoLisp, announced PilMCU, an implementation of PicoLisp in hardware. The Bitsavers' PDF Document Archive has PDF versions of the extensive documentation for the Symbolics Lisp Machines, the TI Explorer and MicroExplorer Lisp Machines and the Xerox Interlisp-D Lisp Machines.
Light Industry and Science Park (LISP) is the name of a series of industrial parks owned and developed by Science Park of the Philippines. As of 2017, there are two completed and sold out projects namely LISP I and LISP II. The other properties that are still under development are LISP III, LISP IV, Cebu Light Industrial Park (CLIP), and Hermosa Ecozone Industrial Park (HEIP). LISP II, which is located in Barangay Real, Calamba City, Laguna, sold out after two years. It has an area of and is home to 24 locators which employ more than 10,000 people.
Sylvester's trademark is his sloppy and yet stridulating lisp. In Mel Blanc's autobiography, That's Not All Folks! It's worth noting that Sylvester's voice is similar to Daffy Duck, only not sped up in post-production, plus the even more exaggerated slobbery lisp. Conventional wisdom is that Daffy's lisp, and hence also Sylvester's, were based on the lisp of producer Leon Schlesinger.
For instance, many Common Lisp programmers like to use descriptive variable names such as list or string which could cause problems in Scheme, as they would locally shadow function names. Whether a separate namespace for functions is an advantage is a source of contention in the Lisp community. It is usually referred to as the Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2 debate.
These Lisp dialects are both provided by Genera. Also parts of the software was using either Flavors, New Flavors, and Common Lisp Object System. Some of the older parts of the Genera operating system have been rewritten in Symbolics Common Lisp and the Common Lisp Object system. Many parts of the operating systems remained written in ZetaLisp and Flavors (or New Flavors).
Assemblers were the first language tools to bootstrap themselves. The first high-level language to provide such a bootstrap was NELIAC in 1958. The first widely used languages to do so were Burroughs B5000 Algol in 1961 and LISP in 1962. Hart and Levin wrote a LISP compiler in LISP at MIT in 1962, testing it inside an existing LISP interpreter.
Emacs Lisp is a Lisp-2 meaning that it has a function namespace which is separate from the namespace it uses for other variables.
Control Abstraction (Recursion vs. Iteration) in Tutorial on Good Lisp Programming Style by Kent Pitman and Peter Norvig, August, 1993. in Common Lisp is not just a matter of stylistic preference, but potentially one of efficiency (since an apparent tail call in Common Lisp may not compile as a simple jump) and program correctness (since tail recursion may increase stack use in Common Lisp, risking stack overflow). Some Lisp control structures are special operators, equivalent to other languages' syntactic keywords.
Symbolics named their variant ZetaLisp. Lisp Machines, Inc. and later Texas Instruments (with the TI Explorer) would share a common code base, but their dialect of Lisp Machine Lisp would differ from the version maintained at the MIT AI Lab by Richard Stallman and others.
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp () is a well-known programming book by Peter Norvig about artificial intelligence programming using Common Lisp.
A key breakthrough in ITS research was the creation of The LISP Tutor, a program that implemented ITS principles in a practical way and showed promising effects increasing student performance. The LISP Tutor was developed and researched in 1983 as an ITS system for teaching students the LISP programming language (Corbett & Anderson, 1992).Corbett, A.T., & Anderson, J. R. (1992). LISP Intelligent Tutoring System Research in Skill Acquisition.
EuLisp is a statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers from around Europe. The standardizers intended to create a new Lisp "less encumbered by the past" (compared to Common Lisp), and not so minimalist as Scheme. Another objective was to integrate the object-oriented programming paradigm well. It is a third-generation programming language.
Eventually there was a move to port parts of the window system to run on other Common Lisp implementations by other vendors as the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM). Versions of CLIM have been available (among others) for Allegro Common Lisp, LispWorks, and Macintosh Common Lisp. An open source version is available (McCLIM). Dynamic Windows uses typed objects for all output to the screen.
Lisp languages are often used with an interactive command line, which may be combined with an integrated development environment (IDE). The user types in expressions at the command line, or directs the IDE to transmit them to the Lisp system. Lisp reads the entered expressions, evaluates them, and prints the result. For this reason, the Lisp command line is called a read–eval–print loop (REPL).
The Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM) is a Common Lisp-based programming interface for creating user interfaces, i.e., graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It provides an application programming interface (API) to user interface facilities for the programming language Lisp. It is a fully object- oriented programming user interface management system, using the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) and is based on the mechanism of stream input and output.
Lisp was the original language to make use of an `eval` function in 1958. In fact, definition of the `eval` function led to the first implementation of the language interpreter.John McCarthy, "History of Lisp - The Implementation of Lisp" Before the `eval` function was defined, Lisp functions were manually compiled to assembly language statements. However, once the `eval` function had been manually compiled it was then used as part of a simple read-eval-print loop which formed the basis of the first Lisp interpreter.
PC-LISP is an implementation of the Franz Lisp dialect by Peter Ashwood-Smith. Version 2.11 was released on May 15, 1986. A current version may be downloaded from the external link below. Currently, PC-LISP has been ported to 32 & 64 bit Linux, Mac, and Windows.
Most development involving AutoLISP since AutoCAD 2000 is performed within Visual LISP since the original AutoLISP engine was replaced with the Visual LISP engine. There are thousands of utilities and applications that have been developed using AutoLISP or Visual LISP (distributed as LSP, FAS and VLX files).
The goal of this standards effort was to define a small, core language to help bridge the gap between differing dialects of Lisp. It attempted to accomplish this goal by studying primarily Common Lisp, EuLisp, Le Lisp, and Scheme and standardizing only those features shared between them.
The book describes computer science concepts using Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. It also uses a virtual register machine and assembler to implement Lisp interpreters and compilers.
The following Lisp code implements s11 for Lisp. (defun s11 (f x) (let ((y (gensym))) (list 'lambda (list y) (list f x y)))) For example, evaluates to .
A patch is a file that can be loaded to fix problems or provide extensions to a particular version of a system. Symbolics developed a version named Open Genera, that included a virtual machine that enabled executing Genera on DEC Alpha based workstations, plus several Genera extensions and applications that were sold separately (like the Symbolics S-Graphics suite). Also, they made a new operating system named Minima for embedded uses, in Common Lisp. The original Lisp machine operating system was developed in Lisp Machine Lisp, using the Flavors object-oriented extension to that Lisp.
After having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a resurgence of interest after 2000. Most new activity has been focused around implementations of Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp, Clojure, and Racket, and includes development of new portable libraries and applications. Many new Lisp programmers were inspired by writers such as Paul Graham and Eric S. Raymond to pursue a language others considered antiquated. New Lisp programmers often describe the language as an eye-opening experience and claim to be substantially more productive than in other languages.
Remaining problems or possible problems involve the different internal representation of Emacs Lisp strings from Scheme strings, the difference between how Emacs Lisp and Scheme treat the Boolean false and empty list objects, Emacs Lisp macros not integrating with Scheme, Emacs Lisp not having been designed for concurrency, and the portability of Guile to platforms supported by Emacs. Other concerns raised by the Emacs community include the relative sizes of the Emacs and Guile communities, and whether it would cause splitting in the community if Emacs were extensible in programming languages other than Emacs Lisp.
ASDF was originally designed and written in 2001-2002 as a successor for a previous program, mk-defsystem, taking advantage of Common Lisp features such as CLOS and pathname support. It has since expanded to become the default build tool for Common Lisp programs. It is now used as the basis for Common Lisp library build systems, and dependency managers, such as Quicklisp, cl-build, and Debian's Common Lisp Controller. (Note: ASDF-Install is obsolete.) Most maintained, open-source Common Lisp libraries are buildable and installable through ASDF.
The first complete Lisp compiler, written in Lisp, was implemented in 1962 by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT. This compiler introduced the Lisp model of incremental compilation, in which compiled and interpreted functions can intermix freely. The language used in Hart and Levin's memo is much closer to modern Lisp style than McCarthy's earlier code. The first garbage collection routines were developed by MIT graduate student Daniel Edwards.
CMUCL is a free Common Lisp implementation, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University. CMUCL runs on most Unix-like platforms, including Linux and BSD; there is an experimental Windows port as well. Steel Bank Common Lisp is derived from CMUCL. The Scieneer Common Lisp is a commercial derivative from CMUCL.
Lisp Machines, Inc. was a company formed in 1979 by Richard Greenblatt of MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to build Lisp machines. It was based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. By 1979, the Lisp Machine Project at MIT, originated and headed by Greenblatt, had constructed over 30 CADR computers for various projects at MIT.
The Lisp compiler is available at runtime to compile files or individual functions. These make it easy to use Lisp as an intermediate compiler or interpreter for another language.
Caveman2 is an open-source framework for creating web applications in Common Lisp. Caveman2 is a free software released under the Lisp LGPL license. It is available through Quicklisp.
The first CG implementation was CGP by Fred Karlsson in the early 1990s. It was purely LISP-based, and the syntax was based on LISP s-expressions (Karlsson 1990).
Most of the Lisp systems whose designs contributed to Common Lisp—such as ZetaLisp and Franz Lisp—used dynamically scoped variables in their interpreters and lexically scoped variables in their compilers. Scheme introduced the sole use of lexically scoped variables to Lisp; an inspiration from ALGOL 68. CL supports dynamically scoped variables as well, but they must be explicitly declared as "special". There are no differences in scoping between ANSI CL interpreters and compilers.
Common Lisp implementations are available for targeting different platforms such as the LLVM, Clasp is a Common Lisp implementation that interoperates with C++ and uses LLVM for just-in-time compilation (JIT) to native code. the Java virtual machine, "Armed Bear Common Lisp (ABCL) is a full implementation of the Common Lisp language featuring both an interpreter and a compiler, running in the JVM" x86-64, PowerPC, Alpha, ARM, Motorola 68000, and MIPS, Common Lisp Implementations: A Survey and operating systems such as Windows, macOS, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Dragonfly BSD, and Heroku. Comparison of actively developed Common Lisp implementations Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy L. Steele, Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. It was designed to have exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form expressions.
Barangay Diezmo is the home of Cabuyao's numerous companies and factories. It is the site of the first Light Industry and Science Park of the Philippines called LISP 1 while the others are in Calamba City (LISP 2) and Santo Tomas, Batangas (LISP 3).Barangay Diezmo is also divided into several sitios/Purok.
Other events include the European Common Lisp Meeting, the European Lisp Symposium and an International Lisp Conference. The Scheme community actively maintains over twenty implementations. Several significant new implementations (Chicken, Gambit, Gauche, Ikarus, Larceny, Ypsilon) have been developed in the 2000s (decade). The Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language SchemeDocuments: Standards: R5RS. schemers.
CL-HTTP is a web server, client and proxy written in Common Lisp. It is based on its own web application framework. It was written by John C. Mallery "in about 10 days" starting in 1994 on a Symbolics Lisp Machine. In the same year a port to Macintosh Common Lisp was done.
Le Lisp (also Le_Lisp and Le-Lisp) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. It was developed at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), to be an implementation language for a very large scale integration (VLSI) workstation being designed under the direction of Jean Vuillemin. Le Lisp also had to run on various incompatible platforms (mostly running Unix operating systems) that were used by the project. The main goals for the language were to be a powerful post-Maclisp version of Lisp that would be portable, compatible, extensible, and efficient.
The Lisp Machine Manual describes the Lisp Machine Lisp language in detail. The manual was popularly termed the Chine Nual, because the full title was printed across the front and back covers such that only those letters appeared on the front. This name is sometimes further abbreviated by blending the two words into Chinual.
Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (GOAL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, made for video games developed by Andy Gavin and the Jak and Daxter team at the company Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games.
Sequence types in Common Lisp include lists, vectors, bit-vectors, and strings. There are many operations that can work on any sequence type. As in almost all other Lisp dialects, lists in Common Lisp are composed of conses, sometimes called cons cells or pairs. A cons is a data structure with two slots, called its car and cdr.
Steve RussellS.R. Russell noticed that eval could serve as an interpreter for LISP, promptly hand coded it, and we now had a programming language with an interpreter. —John McCarthy, History of LISP invented the continuation in his second Lisp implementation for the IBM 704, though he did not name it. gives a complete history of the discovery of continuations.
Maclisp is a descendant of Lisp 1.5. Maclisp departs from Lisp 1.5 by using a value cell to access and store the dynamic values of variables; Lisp 1.5 used a linear search of an association list to determine a variable's value.Lisp 1.5 p. 13, evaluating an atom `e` in the environment `a` is done with `(cdr (assoc e a))`.
Type KEYWORD from the Common Lisp HyperSpec Keywords are usually used to label named arguments to functions, and to represent symbolic values. The symbols which name functions, variables, special forms and macros in the package named COMMON-LISP are basically reserved words. The effect of redefining them is undefined in ANSI Common Lisp. Binding them is possible.
Byte-compiling can make Emacs Lisp code execute faster. Emacs contains a compiler which can translate Emacs Lisp source files into a special representation termed bytecode. Emacs Lisp bytecode files have the filename suffix "`.elc`". Compared to source files, bytecode files load faster, occupy less space on the disk, use less memory when loaded, and run faster.
Two versions of XEmacs for the Microsoft Windows environment exist: a native installer and a Cygwin package. Users can reconfigure almost all of the functionality in the editor by using the Emacs Lisp language. Changes to the Lisp code do not require the user to restart or recompile the editor. Programmers have made available many pre-written Lisp extensions.
William Frederick Schelter (1947In memoriam. Access in 2007-07-05. – July 30, 2001) was a professor of mathematics at The University of Texas at Austin and a Lisp developer and programmer. Schelter is credited with the development of the GNU Common Lisp (GCL) implementation of Common Lisp and the GPL'd version of the computer algebra system Macsyma called Maxima.
CLIM has been designed to be portable across different Common Lisp implementations and different windowing systems. It uses a reflective architecture for its window system interface. CLIM supports, like Dynamic Windows, so-called Presentations. CLIM is available for Allegro CL, LispWorks, Macintosh Common Lisp, and Symbolics Genera McCLIM Lisp Listener A free software implementation of CLIM is named McCLIM.
Xerox also worked on a Lisp machine based on reduced instruction set computing (RISC), using the 'Xerox Common Lisp Processor' and planned to bring it to market by 1987, which did not occur.
Work on Common Lisp started in 1981 after an initiative by ARPA manager Bob Engelmore to develop a single community standard Lisp dialect. Much of the initial language design was done via electronic mail.Knee-jerk Anti-LOOPism and other E-mail Phenomena: Oral, Written, and Electronic Patterns in Computer-Mediated Communication, JoAnne Yates and Wanda J. Orlikowski., 1993 In 1982, Guy L. Steele, Jr. gave the first overview of Common Lisp at the 1982 ACM Symposium on LISP and functional programming.
Since inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence research community, especially on PDP-10The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6/PDP-10 was influenced by the usefulness of having two Lisp 18-bit pointers in a single word. systems. Lisp was used as the implementation of the programming language Micro Planner, which was used in the famous AI system SHRDLU. In the 1970s, as AI research spawned commercial offshoots, the performance of existing Lisp systems became a growing issue.
Zmacs is one of the many variants of the Emacs text editor. Zmacs was written for the MIT Lisp machine and runs on its descendants (Symbolics Genera, LMI Lambda, TI Explorer). Zmacs is written in Lisp Machine Lisp (called ZetaLisp on Symbolics Lisp Machines). It is based on the ZWEI programming substrate, which stands for "Zwei Was EINE Initially"; Zwei was a collection of routines which could be used to easily implement other programs, like the Symbolics mail program, Zmail.
The compiler was written in PSL or a more primitive dialect named System Lisp or SYSLISP as "... an experiment in writing a production-quality Lisp in Lisp itself as much as possible, with only minor amounts of code written by hand in assembly language or other systems languages." so the whole ensemble could bootstrap itself, and improvements to the compiler improved the compiler. Some later releases had a compatibility package for Common Lisp, but this is not sustained in the modern versions.
After being ported to Franz Lisp, Macsyma was distributed to about 50 sites under a license restricted by MIT's interest in making Macsyma proprietary. The VAX Macsyma that ran on Franz Lisp was called Vaxima. When Symbolics Inc., bought the commercial rights to Macsyma from MIT to sell along with its Lisp machines, it eventually was compelled to sell Macsyma also on DEC VAX and Sun Microsystems computers, paying royalties to the University of California for the use of Franz Lisp.
Kyoto Common Lisp (KCL) is an implementation of Common Lisp by Taichi Yuasa and Masami Hagiya, written in C to run under Unix-like operating systems. KCL is compiled to ANSI C. It conforms to Common Lisp as described in the 1984 first edition of Guy Steele's book Common Lisp the Language and is available under a licence agreement. KCL is notable in that it was implemented from scratch, outside of the standard committee, solely on the basis of the specification. It was one of the first Common Lisp implementations ever, and exposed a number of holes and mistakes in the specification that had gone unnoticed.
With the onset of the AI winter and the early beginnings of the microcomputer revolution, which would sweep away the minicomputer and workstation makers, cheaper desktop PCs soon could run Lisp programs even faster than Lisp machines, with no use of special purpose hardware. Their high profit margin hardware business eliminated, most Lisp machine makers had gone out of business by the early 90s, leaving only software based firms like Lucid Inc. or hardware makers who had switched to software and services to avoid the crash. , besides Xerox, Symbolics is the only Lisp machine firm still operating, selling the Open Genera Lisp machine software environment and the Macsyma computer algebra system.
Portable Standard Lisp (PSL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. PSL was inspired by its predecessor, Standard Lisp and the Portable Lisp Compiler. It is tail-recursive, late binding (or dynamically bound), and was developed by researchers at the University of Utah in 1980, which released PSL 3.1; development was handed over to developers at Hewlett- Packard in 1982 who released PSL 3.3 and up. Portable Standard Lisp was available as a kit containing a screen editor, a compiler, and an interpreter for several hardware and operating system computing platforms, including Motorola 68000 series, DECSYSTEM-20s, Cray-1s, VAX, and many others.
The LISP Logo Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) () is a "map-and- encapsulate" protocol which is developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force LISP Working Group. The basic idea behind the separation is that the Internet architecture combines two functions, routing locators (where a client is attached to the network) and identifiers (who the client is) in one number space: the IP address. LISP supports the separation of the IPv4 and IPv6 address space following a network-based map-and-encapsulate scheme (). In LISP, both identifiers and locators can be IP addresses or arbitrary elements like a set of GPS coordinates or a MAC address.
Lisp-1 refers to Scheme's model and Lisp-2 refers to Common Lisp's model. These names were coined in a 1988 paper by Richard P. Gabriel and Kent Pitman, which extensively compares the two approaches.
It is not compatible with GNU Emacs and its Emacs Lisp.
This section describes how a compiler transforms Lisp code to C.
BBN LISP is most notable for being the predecessor of Interlisp.
In the programming language Lisp, the reader or `read` function is the parser which converts the textual form of Lisp objects to the corresponding internal object structure. In the original Lisp, S-expressions consisted only of symbols, integers, and the list constructors `( xi... )` and `(x . y)`. Later Lisps, culminating in Common Lisp, added literals for floating-point, complex, and rational numbers, strings, and constructors for vectors. The reader is responsible for parsing list structure, interning symbols, converting numbers to internal form, and calling read macros.
Clojure is not designed to be backwards compatible with other Lisp dialects. Further, Lisp dialects are used as scripting languages in many applications, with the best-known being Emacs Lisp in the Emacs editor, AutoLISP and later Visual Lisp in AutoCAD, Nyquist in Audacity, Scheme in LilyPond. The potential small size of a useful Scheme interpreter makes it particularly popular for embedded scripting. Examples include SIOD and TinyScheme, both of which have been successfully embedded in the GIMP image processor under the generic name "Script-fu".
Some of the LMI-LAMBDAs and the TI Explorer were dual systems with both a Lisp and a Unix processor. TI also developed a 32-bit microprocessor version of its Lisp CPU for the TI Explorer. This Lisp chip also was used for the MicroExplorer – a NuBus board for the Apple Macintosh II (NuBus was initially developed at MIT for use in Lisp machines). Symbolics continued to develop the 3600 family and its operating system, Genera, and produced the Ivory, a VLSI implementation of the Symbolics architecture.
Concurrent with the effort to write NIL, a research group at Stanford University and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory headed by Richard P. Gabriel were investigating the design of a Lisp to run on the S-1 Mark IIA supercomputer, S-1 Lisp. That Lisp was never fully functional, but was a test bed for implementing advanced compiler methods in a Lisp. Eventually the S-1 and NIL groups began collaborating. Although unsuccessful in meeting its goals as a used language, NIL was important in several ways.
Rich Hickey, creator of Clojure Rich Hickey is the creator of the Clojure language. Before Clojure, he developed dotLisp, a similar project based on the .NET platform, and three earlier attempts to provide interoperability between Lisp and Java: a Java foreign language interface for Common Lisp (jfli), A Foreign Object Interface for Lisp (FOIL), and a Lisp- friendly interface to Java Servlets (Lisplets). Hickey spent about 2½ years working on Clojure before releasing it publicly, much of that time working exclusively on Clojure with no outside funding.
For example, benchmarks were published showing workstations maintaining a performance advantage over LISP machines. Later desktop computers built by Apple and IBM would also offer a simpler and more popular architecture to run LISP applications on. By 1987, some of them had become as powerful as the more expensive LISP machines. The desktop computers had rule-based engines such as CLIPS available.
Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) developed its own Lisp machine, named Jericho, which ran a version of Interlisp. It was never marketed. Frustrated, the whole AI group resigned, and were hired mostly by Xerox. So, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center had, simultaneously with Greenblatt's own development at MIT, developed their own Lisp machines which were designed to run InterLisp (and later Common Lisp).
Prefix notation has seen wide application in Lisp S-expressions, where the brackets are required since the operators in the language are themselves data (first-class functions). Lisp functions may also be variadic. The Tcl programming language, much like Lisp also uses Polish notation through the mathop library. The Ambi programming language uses Polish notation for arithmetic operations and program construction.
CLX is the standard X Window System client library for Common Lisp,CLX — Common LISP X Interface equivalent to the Xlib library for the C programming language. CLX is written solely in Common Lisp; it does not use Xlib. CLX contains data types, functions and macros to interact with an X server by sending requests and receiving events and replies.
It has several extensions to CLIM and has been used for several applications like Climacs, an Emacs-like editor. It also provides a mouse-sensitive Lisp Listener, a read–eval–print loop (REPL) for Common Lisp.
In 1982, Guy L. Steele Jr. and the Common LISP Group publish An overview of Common LISP, a short review of the history and the divergent implementations of Lisp up to that moment and a review of the features that a Common Lisp implementation should have. On page 102, we read: > Most LISP implementations are internally inconsistent in that by default the > interpreter and compiler may assign different semantics to correct programs; > this stems primarily from the fact that the interpreter assumes all > variables to be dynamically scoped, while the compiler assumes all variables > to be local unless forced to assume otherwise. This has been done for the > sake of convenience and efficiency, but can lead to very subtle bugs. The > definition of Common LISP avoids such anomalies by explicitly requiring the > interpreter and compiler to impose identical semantics on correct programs.
There have been several past unfinished attempts to replace or supplement Emacs's Emacs Lisp (Elisp) extension language with Guile, parallel to the efforts of supporting other languages in Guile. With version 2.0 of Guile, a new attempt at implementing Elisp on the Guile compiler tower and replacing Emacs's Elisp implementation with that of libguile has begun and made significant progress through Google Summer of Code projects. A Guile-based Emacs could offer better execution performance for Emacs Lisp, support new Emacs Lisp language features more easily, make Guile libraries written in other programming languages available to Emacs Lisp code, and allow writing Emacs extensions in other programming languages supported by Guile, all while remaining fully backward compatible with existing Emacs Lisp code bases. , the implementation had reached a stage where Guile Emacs is able to reliably run most Emacs Lisp code.
Later versions of the Lisp `eval` function have also been implemented as compilers. The `eval` function in Lisp expects a form to be evaluated and executed as argument. The return value of the given form will be the return value of the call to `eval`. This is an example Lisp code: ; A form which calls the + function with 1,2 and 3 as arguments. ; It returns 6. (+ 1 2 3) ; In lisp any form is meant to be evaluated, therefore ; the call to + was performed. ; We can prevent Lisp from performing evaluation ; of a form by prefixing it with "'", for example: (setq form1 '(+ 1 2 3)) ; Now form1 contains a form that can be used by eval, for ; example: (eval form1) ; eval evaluated (+ 1 2 3) and returned 6. Lisp is well known to be very flexible and so is the `eval` function.
In the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol the network elements (routers) are responsible for looking up the mapping between end-point- identifiers (EID) and route locators (RLOC) and this process is invisible to the Internet end-hosts.IPJ article about LISPScaling the Internet with LISP tutorial The mappings are stored in a distributed database called the mapping system, which responds to the lookup queries. The LISP beta network initially used a BGP-based mapping system called LISP ALternative Topology (LISP+ALT), but this has now been replaced by a DNS-like indexing system called DDT inspired from LISP-TREE. The protocol design made it easy to plug in a new mapping system, when a different design proved to have benefits.
However, a number of customer companies (that is, companies using systems written in LISP and developed on LISP machine platforms) continued to maintain systems. In some cases, this maintenance involved the assumption of the resulting support work.
Stadium Lierse anno 2018 Since 1925 Lierse played in the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion often referred to as Lisp. The latter is the location of the stadium in the residential area Lisp. The stadium has a capacity of 14,538.
The first product of Franz Inc. was Franz Lisp running on various Motorola 68000-based workstations. A port of Franz Lisp was even done to VAX VMS for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. However, almost immediately Franz Inc.
WorldView Press, developed in Lisp, was conceived and implemented by Jim Giza.
LISP Acornsoft titles extended their consistent branding to the software's loading screens.
Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Racket, Common Lisp, Scheme and Clojure. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by (though not originally derived from ) the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read–eval–print loop.
Hewitt's own work on Planner continued with Muddle (later called MDL), which was developed in the early 1970s by Sussman, Hewitt, Chris Reeve, and David Cressey as a stepping-stone towards a full implementation of Planner. Muddle was implemented as an extended version of Lisp, and introduced several features that were later adopted by Conniver, Lisp Machine Lisp, and Common Lisp. However, in late 1972 Hewitt abruptly halted his development of the Planner design in his thesis, when he and his graduate students invented the actor model of computation.
Maclisp (or MACLISP, sometimes styled MacLisp or MacLISP) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. It originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Project MAC (from which it derived its prefix) in the late 1960s and was based on Lisp 1.5. Richard Greenblatt was the main developer of the original codebase for the PDP-6; Jon L. White was responsible for its later maintenance and development. The name Maclisp began being used in the early 1970s to distinguish it from other forks of PDP-6 Lisp, notably BBN Lisp.
At the time of Franz Lisp's creation, the Macsyma computer algebra system ran mainly on a DEC PDP-10. This computer's limited address space caused difficulties. Attempted remedies included ports of Maclisp to Multics or Lisp machines, but even if successful, these would only be solutions for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as these machines were costly and uncommon. Franz Lisp was the first example of a framework where large Lisp programs could be run outside the Lisp machines environment; Macsyma was then considered a very large program.
The first self-hosting compiler (excluding assemblers) was written for Lisp by Hart and Levin at MIT in 1962. They wrote a Lisp compiler in Lisp, testing it inside an existing Lisp interpreter. Once they had improved the compiler to the point where it could compile its own source code, it was self-hosting. This technique is usually only practicable when an interpreter already exists for the very same language that is to be compiled; though possible, it is extremely uncommon to humanly compile a compiler with itself.
Lisp Flavored Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, garbage collected, general-purpose programming language and Lisp dialect built on Core Erlang and the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). LFE builds on Erlang to provide a Lisp syntax for writing distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time, non-stop applications. LFE also extends Erlang to support metaprogramming with Lisp macros and an improved developer experience with a feature-rich read–eval–print loop (REPL). LFE is actively supported on all recent releases of Erlang; the oldest version of Erlang supported is R14.
At the time the Connection Machine was being designed and built, the only language being actively developed for it was an assembly-level language named PARIS (Parallel Instruction Set). It became evident that a better way to program the machine was needed, and quickly. Waiting for the completion of Connection Machine Lisp (CM Lisp), an implementation of the very high-level programming language Lisp with parallel computing extensions) was not an option. CM Lisp had been proposed by Danny Hillis, and development was expected to continue for several more years.
It is also possible to embed ECL in C programs, and C code into Common Lisp programs. ; GNU Common Lisp (GCL) : The GNU Project's Lisp compiler. Not yet fully ANSI-compliant, GCL is however the implementation of choice for several large projects including the mathematical tools Maxima, AXIOM and (historically) ACL2. GCL runs on Linux under eleven different architectures, and also under Windows, Solaris, and FreeBSD.
CLiki is an open source wiki application written in Common Lisp, that was under development from 2002 to 2005. CLiki was first presented at the International Lisp Conference 2002.CLiki: Collaborative Content Management for Community Web Sitescliki.net - International Lisp Conference 2002 CLiki was the first wiki variant to introduce so called "free links", using the `_(free link format)` as an alternative to the much-criticized CamelCase.
Similar, Lisp Machines were booted from Lisp images, called Worlds. The World contains the complete operating system, its applications and its data in a single file. It was also possible to save incremental Worlds, that contain only the changes from some base World. Before saving the World, the Lisp Machine operating system could optimize the contents of memory (better memory layout, compacting data structures, sorting data, ...).
Dylan attempts to address potential performance issues by introducing "natural" limits to the full flexibility of Lisp systems, allowing the compiler to clearly understand compilable units, such as libraries. Dylan derives much of its semantics from Scheme and other Lisps; some Dylan implementations were initially built within extant Lisp systems. However, Dylan has an ALGOL-like syntax instead of a Lisp-like prefix syntax.
Specifically regarding LISP routines, BricsCAD supports AutoCAD Vl, Vlr, Vla and Vlax functions. Bricsys also supports developers who wish to use LISP encryption, BricsCAD cannot read AutoCAD FAS (compiled LISP) files. Most compiled application programs developed for AutoCAD's Advanced Runtime eXtension (ObjectARX) facility require recompilation with the BricsCAD Runtime eXtension (BRX) libraries. BRX is source code-compatible with AutoCAD's ARX 2018, with a few exceptions.
Examples of languages that support multiple dispatch are Common Lisp, Dylan, and Julia.
Formerly known as OpenMCL, Clozure CL is an evolution of Macintosh Common Lisp.
We cannot, of course, convey the slightest idea of the infantine Eskimo lisp.
The CLiki program is free software licensed under the MIT license. It runs under SBCL and uses the Araneida Common Lisp web server. CLiki also operates a homepage using the software that is dedicated to the subject of Common Lisp.
Irani was born on 2 December 1959, in Bombay (now Mumbai) to an Irani Zoroastrian family. He finished his schooling in St. Mary's School, Mumbai. Irani was dyslexic and had ADHD and had a lisp. He overcame his lisp eventually.
Common Lisp includes a toolkit for object-oriented programming, the Common Lisp Object System or CLOS, which is one of the most powerful object systems available in any language. For example, Peter Norvig explains how many Design Patterns are simpler to implement in a dynamic language with the features of CLOS (Multiple Inheritance, Mixins, Multimethods, Metaclasses, Method combinations, etc.). Several extensions to Common Lisp for object- oriented programming have been proposed to be included into the ANSI Common Lisp standard, but eventually CLOS was adopted as the standard object-system for Common Lisp. CLOS is a dynamic object system with multiple dispatch and multiple inheritance, and differs radically from the OOP facilities found in static languages such as C++ or Java.
Dylan was created by the same group at Apple that was responsible for Macintosh Common Lisp. The first implementation had a Lisp-like syntax. :Dylan began with the acquisition of Coral Software, which became ATG East. Coral was marketing Macintosh Common Lisp, and Apple asked them to continue to support MCL and simultaneously develop a new dynamic language with all the programmer power and convenience of Lisp and Smalltalk but with the performance required for production applications :: Quoted from MacTech Vol 7 No. 1 :In the late 1980s, Apple’s Advanced Technology Group (ATG) saddled themselves with the task of creating a new language, one that would combine the best qualities of dynamic languages like Smalltalk and Lisp, with those of static languages like C++.
The Texas Instruments Explorer is a family of Lisp machine computers. These computers were sold by Texas Instruments in the 1980s. The Explorer is based on a design from Lisp Machines Incorporated, which is based on the MIT Lisp Machine. The Explorer was used for development and deployment of artificial- intelligence software Notable is also the early use of the NuBus as the system bus for the Explorer computer family.
To implement a Lisp REPL, it is necessary only to implement these three functions and an infinite-loop function. (Naturally, the implementation of will be complex, since it must also implement all special operators like or .) This done, a basic REPL is one line of code: . The Lisp REPL typically also provides input editing, an input history, error handling and an interface to the debugger. Lisp is usually evaluated eagerly.
The original implementation of ICAD was on a Lisp machine (Symbolics). Some of the principals involved with the development were Larry Rosenfeld, Avrum Belzer, Patrick M. O'Keefe, Philip Greenspun, and David F. Place. The time frame was 1984–85.Philip Greenspun's resumePhilip Greenspun's List of Engineering Projects ICAD started on special-purpose Symbolics Lisp hardware and was then ported to Unix when Common Lisp became portable to general-purpose workstations.
Format is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the printf format string. It provides more functionality than `printf`, allowing the user to output numbers in English, apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures, and output in a tabular format. This functionally originates in MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp, where it was based on Multics `ioa_`.
Clojure (, like closure) is a modern, dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform. Like other Lisp dialects, Clojure treats code as data and has a Lisp macro system. The current development process is community-driven, overseen by Rich Hickey as its benevolent dictator for life (BDFL). Clojure advocates immutability and immutable data structures and encourages programmers to be explicit about managing identity and its states.
Some programming languages provide a command to take a system image of a program. This is normally a standard feature in Smalltalk (inspired by FLEX) and Lisp, among other languages. Development in these languages is often quite different from many other programming languages. For example, in Lisp the programmer may load packages or other code into a running Lisp implementation using the read-eval- print loop, which usually compiles the programs.
Lispkit Lisp is a lexically scoped, purely functional subset of Lisp ("Pure Lisp") developed as a testbed for functional programming concepts. It was first used for early experimentation with lazy evaluation. An SECD machine- based implementation written in an ALGOL variant was published by the developer Peter Henderson in 1980. The compiler and virtual machine are highly portable and as a result have been implemented on many machines.
Desain and Honing have exploited Lisp in their efforts to tap the potential of microworld methodology in cognitive musicology research. Also working in Lisp, Heinrich Taube has explored computer composition from a wide variety of perspectives. There are, of course, researchers who chose to use languages other than Lisp for their research into the computational modeling of musical processes. Tim Rowe, for example, explores "machine musicianship" through C++ programming.
The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.
CL-HTTP has been used as an example of a non-trivial Lisp application.
He considered implementing a version of the program in BASIC, but once at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), instead he implemented it in several dialects of Lisp, including Maclisp. He was a technical contributor to X3J13, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) subcommittee that standardized Common Lisp and contributed to the design of the programming language. He prepared the document that became ANSI Common Lisp, the Common Lisp HyperSpec (a hypertext conversion of the standard), and the document that became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISLISP. He can often be found on the Usenet newsgroup `comp.lang.
Over its sixty-year history, Lisp has spawned many variations on the core theme of an S-expression language. Moreover, each given dialect may have several implementations—for instance, there are more than a dozen implementations of Common Lisp. Differences between dialects may be quite visible—for instance, Common Lisp uses the keyword `defun` to name a function, but Scheme uses `define`.Common Lisp: `(defun f (x) x)` Scheme: `(define f (lambda (x) x))` or `(define (f x) x)` Within a dialect that is standardized, however, conforming implementations support the same core language, but with different extensions and libraries.
In computer programming, Franz Lisp is a discontinued Lisp programming language system written at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, UCB) by Professor Richard Fateman and several students, based largely on Maclisp and distributed with the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX minicomputer. Piggybacking on the popularity of the BSD package, Franz Lisp was probably the most widely distributed and used Lisp system of the 1970s and 1980s. The name is a pun on the composer and pianist Franz Liszt. It was written specifically to be a host for running the Macsyma computer algebra system on VAX.
However, it has remained AutoCAD's main user customizing language. Vital-LISP, a considerably enhanced version of AutoLISP including an integrated development environment (IDE), debugger, compiler, and ActiveX support, was developed and sold by third party developer Basis Software. Vital LISP was a superset of the existing AutoLISP language that added VBA-like access to the AutoCAD object model, reactors (event handling for AutoCAD objects), general ActiveX support, and some other general Lisp functions. Autodesk purchased this, renamed it Visual LISP, and briefly sold it as an add-on to AutoCAD release 14 released in May 1997.
To understand the logic behind Emacs Lisp, it is important to remember that there is an emphasis on providing data structures and features specific to making a versatile text editor over implementing a general-purpose programming language. For example, Emacs Lisp cannot easily read a file a line at a time—the entire file must be read into an Emacs buffer. However, Emacs Lisp provides many features for navigating and modifying buffer text at a sentence, paragraph, or higher syntactic level as defined by modes. Here follows a simple example of an Emacs extension written in Emacs Lisp.
"Symbolics (1985) was using New Flavors (a message-sending model, like Java today), Xerox was using CommonLoops (Bobrow et al., 1986), Lisp Machine Incorporated was using Object Lisp , and Hewlett-Packard proposed using Common Objects (Kempf, 1987). The groups vied with each other in the context of the standardization effort going on for Common Lisp at the time and finally settled on a standard based on CommonLoops and New Flavors." pg 108 of Veitch 1998. CommonLoops was supported by a portable implementation known as Portable CommonLoops (PCL) which ran on all Common Lisp implementations of the day.
Pathnames and streams could be implemented with CLOS. These further usage possibilities of CLOS for ANSI Common Lisp are not part of the standard. Actual Common Lisp implementations use CLOS for pathnames, streams, input–output, conditions, the implementation of CLOS itself and more.
Some Lisp implementations even have a mechanism, `eval-when`, that allows code to be present during compile time (when a macro would need it), but not present in the emitted module.Time of Evaluation - Common Lisp Extensions. Gnu.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
CCL contains a precise, generational, compacting garbage collector. CCL's compiler produces native instructions for Lisp expressions and files. By default every expression entered at the REPL is compiled to native code. Lisp threads are implemented as preemptively-scheduled, native operating-system threads.
In the mid-1980s, Integrated Inference Machines (IIM) built prototypes of Lisp machines named Inferstar.
SNePS is implemented as a platform-independent system in Common Lisp and is freely available.
The Library also provides bindings for Python (aka PySndObj), Java and Common Lisp (through CFFI).
According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, BASIC, and Lisp.
Hashlife was originally implemented on Symbolics Lisp machines with the aid of the Flavors extension.
Early implementations of Lisp used this obvious strategy for implementing local variables, and the practice survives in some dialects which are still in use, such as GNU Emacs Lisp. Lexical scope was introduced into Lisp later. This is equivalent to the above shallow binding scheme, except that the central reference table is simply the global variable binding context, in which the current meaning of the variable is its global value. Maintaining global variables isn't complex.
The Mersenne Twister is the default PRNG for the following software systems: Dyalog APL, Microsoft Excel,. GAUSS,GAUSS 14 Language Reference GLib,Random Numbers: GLib Reference Manual GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library, GNU Octave, GNU Scientific Library, gretl,"uniform". Gretl Function Reference. IDL, Julia, CMU Common Lisp, Embeddable Common Lisp, Steel Bank Common Lisp, Maple, MATLAB, Free Pascal, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, SageMath,Probability Distributions — Sage Reference Manual v7.2: Probablity Scilab, Stata.
Further, because Lisp code has the same structure as lists, macros can be built with any of the list-processing functions in the language. In short, anything that Lisp can do to a data structure, Lisp macros can do to code. In contrast, in most other languages, the parser's output is purely internal to the language implementation and cannot be manipulated by the programmer. This feature makes it easy to develop efficient languages within languages.
During 1979–1980, Weinreb worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) on the operating system Amber for the S-1 supercomputer, more so the file system and the multiprocess scheduler. In 1980, he cofounded Symbolics, developing software for their Lisp machine. He also participated significantly in the design of the programming language Common Lisp (CL). He was one of the five co-authors of the original language specification, Common Lisp the Language, First Edition.
Facebook also said it was supporting an emerging encapsulation mechanism known as Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP), which separates Internet addresses from endpoint identifiers to improve the scalability of IPv6 deployments. "Facebook was the first major Web site on LISP (v4 and v6)", Facebook engineers said during their presentation. Facebook said that using LISP allowed them to deploy IPv6 services quickly with no extra cost. Facebook's IPv6 services are available at www.v6.facebook.
GNU Common Lisp (GCL) is the GNU Project's ANSI Common Lisp compiler, an evolutionary development of Kyoto Common Lisp. It produces native object code by first generating C code and then calling a C compiler. GCL is the implementation of choice for several large projects including the mathematical tools Maxima, AXIOM, HOL88, and ACL2. GCL runs under eleven different architectures on Linux, and under FreeBSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.
Clozure CL (CCL) is a Common Lisp implementation. It implements the full ANSI Common Lisp standard with several extensions (CLOS MOP, threads, CLOS conditions, CLOS streams, ...). It contains a command line development environment, an experimental integrated development environment (IDE) for Mac OS X using the Hemlock editor, and can also be used with SLIME (a Common Lisp development environment for GNU Emacs). Clozure CL is open source and the project is hosted by Clozure Associates.
Common Lisp supports first-class functions. For instance, it is possible to write functions that take other functions as arguments or return functions as well. This makes it possible to describe very general operations. The Common Lisp library relies heavily on such higher-order functions.
LISP 2 was married with the unparse rules of TREEMETA in the CWIC generator language. With LISP 2 processing, CWIC can generate fully optimized code. CWIC also provided binary code generation into named code sections. Single and multipass compiles could be implemented using CWIC.
Masinter received his PhD from Stanford University in 1980, writing a dissertation on "Global Program Analysis in an Interactive Environment." His advisor was Terry Winograd. Masinter then worked on the PDP-10 version of Lisp and worked with Bill van Melle on Common Lisp.
Since its inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence (AI) research community, especially on PDP-10. The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6 and PDP-10 was influenced by the usefulness of having two Lisp 18-bit pointers in one word.
In 1979, he and Tom Knight were the main designers of the MIT Lisp machine. He founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (later renamed Gigamos Systems), according to his vision of an ideal hacker-friendly computer company, as opposed to the more commercial ideals of Symbolics.
The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) provides metaobject protocols (MOPs) to implement those classes and metaclasses.
One of the unusual features of the Lisp family of languages is the possibility of using macros to create an internal DSL. Typically, in a large Lisp-based project, a module may be written in a variety of such minilanguages, one perhaps using a SQL-based dialect of Lisp, another written in a dialect specialized for GUIs or pretty-printing, etc. Common Lisp's standard library contains an example of this level of syntactic abstraction in the form of the LOOP macro, which implements an Algol-like minilanguage to describe complex iteration, while still enabling the use of standard Lisp operators. The MetaOCaml preprocessor/language provides similar features for external DSLs.
Another early self-hosting compiler was written for Lisp by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT in 1962.T. Hart and M. Levin "The New Compiler", AIM-39 CSAIL Digital Archive – Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Series They wrote a Lisp compiler in Lisp, testing it inside an existing Lisp interpreter. Once they had improved the compiler to the point where it could compile its own source code, it was self-hosting. :The compiler as it exists on the standard compiler tape is a machine language program that was obtained by having the S-expression definition of the compiler work on itself through the interpreter.
In 1973, Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight, programmers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab), began what would become the MIT Lisp Machine Project when they first began building a computer hardwired to run certain basic Lisp operations, rather than run them in software, in a 24-bit tagged architecture. The machine also did incremental (or Arena) garbage collection. More specifically, since Lisp variables are typed at runtime rather than compile time, a simple addition of two variables could take five times as long on conventional hardware, due to test and branch instructions. Lisp Machines ran the tests in parallel with the more conventional single instruction additions.
Multics Emacs is an early implementation of the Emacs text editor. It was written in Maclisp by Bernard Greenberg at Honeywell's Cambridge Information Systems Lab in 1978, as a successor to the original 1976 TECO implementation of Emacs and a precursor of later GNU Emacs. It has been claimed to be the first version of Emacs to be written in the Lisp programming language, although the same claim has also been made for the Lisp Machine editors EINE and ZWEI, also written in the late 1970s. As well as the editor itself being written in Lisp, user-supplied extensions were also written in Lisp.
Reflection is a valuable language feature to facilitate metaprogramming. Metaprogramming was popular in the 1970s and 1980s using list processing languages such as LISP. LISP hardware machines were popular in the 1980s and enabled applications that could process code. They were frequently used for artificial intelligence applications.
In February 2011, Lisp performed the song "Aru Imi! Kono Tabi?! Sensation" for the game Trickster. On April 13, 2011, Lisp released their first major single, "You May Dream", as the first opening theme song to Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream, which the members voiced the main characters.
Paul Graham (; born 13 November 1964) is an English-born American computer scientist, essayist, entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and author. He is best known for his work on the programming language Lisp, his former startup Viaweb (later renamed Yahoo! Store), cofounding the influential startup accelerator and seed capital firm Y Combinator, his blog, and Hacker News. He is the author of several computer programming books, including: On Lisp (1993), ANSI Common Lisp (1995), and Hackers & Painters (2004).
Genera is a commercial operating system and integrated development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI), and Texas Instruments (TI). Genera is also sold by Symbolics as Open Genera, which runs Genera on computers based on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Alpha processor using Tru64 UNIX.
He proposed its inclusion in ALGOL, but it was not made part of the Algol 58 specification. For Lisp, McCarthy used the more general cond-structure. Algol 60 took up if–then–else and popularized it. Lisp deeply influenced Alan Kay, the leader of the research team that developed Smalltalk at Xerox PARC; and in turn Lisp was influenced by Smalltalk, with later dialects adopting object-oriented programming features (inheritance classes, encapsulating instances, message passing, etc.) in the 1970s.
Later, both Texas Instruments and Symbolics developed Lisp Machine NuBus boards (the TI MicroExplorer and the Symbolics MacIvory) based on their Lisp supporting microprocessors. These NuBus boards were co-processor Lisp Machines for the Apple Macintosh line (the Mac II and Mac Quadras). NuBus was also selected by Apple Computer for use in their Macintosh II project, where its plug-n-play nature fit well with the Mac philosophy of ease-of- use.Macintosh II technical specifications at apple.
In 1974, Knight designed and implemented the prototype version of the MIT Lisp Machine processor, with the production version following in 1976. The Lisp Machine was a microprogrammed machine, tuned for high-performance emulation of other instruction sets. The design of the Lisp Machine was directly implemented by both Symbolics and LMI and was the basis of all of their computers. Texas Instruments implemented surface mount and single-chip versions of the architecture in 1983 and 1987, respectively.
Russell attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire from 1954 to 1958. Russell wrote the first two implementations of the programming language Lisp for the IBM 704 mainframe computer. It was Russell who realized that the concept of universal functions could be applied to the language. By implementing the Lisp universal evaluator in a lower-level language, it became possible to create the Lisp interpreter; prior development work on the language had focused on compiling the language.
Number types include integers, ratios, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers. Common Lisp uses bignums to represent numerical values of arbitrary size and precision. The ratio type represents fractions exactly, a facility not available in many languages. Common Lisp automatically coerces numeric values among these types as appropriate.
The Common Lisp character type is not limited to ASCII characters. Most modern implementations allow Unicode characters. The symbol type is common to Lisp languages, but largely unknown outside them. A symbol is a unique, named data object with several parts: name, value, function, property list, and package.
Unfortunately often the semantics were different. These earlier Lisps implemented lexical scoping in the compiler and dynamic scoping in the interpreter. Common Lisp requires that both the interpreter and compiler use lexical scoping by default. The Common Lisp standard describes both the semantics of the interpreter and a compiler.
An early example of pretty-printing was Bill Gosper's "GRINDEF" (i.e. 'grind function') program (c. 1967), which used combinatorial search with pruning to format LISP programs. Early versions operated on the executable (list structure) form of the Lisp program and were oblivious to the special meanings of various functions.
In 1996 CL-HTTP became the first web server to support the HTTP 1.1 protocol. It runs on Unix, Linux, BSD variants, Mac OS X, Solaris, Symbolics Genera and Microsoft Windows. CL-HTTP makes extensive use of the Common Lisp Object System and the macro capabilities of Lisp.
The workstations had no appeal in a market where general purpose systems could now take over their job and even outrun them. This is parallel to the Lisp machine market, where rule-based systems such as CLIPS could run on general-purpose computers, making expensive Lisp machines unnecessary.
Its main traits are that it is a Lisp-1 (no separate function and variable namespaces), has a Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) style generic-function type object-oriented system named The EuLisp Object System (TELOS) integrated from the ground up, has a built-in module system, and is defined in layers to promote the use of the Lisp on small, embedded hardware and educational machines. It supports continuations, though not as powerfully as Scheme. It has a simple lightweight process mechanism (threads).
ERC is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client integrated into GNU Emacs. It is written in Emacs Lisp.
Examples of languages that use dynamic name resolution include some Lisp dialects, Perl, PHP, Python, REBOL, and Tcl.
Planner(PIM) running in Emacs Planner is a free personal information manager for Emacs written in Emacs Lisp.
A machine translation system developed at the University of Texas and at Siemens which ran on Lisp Machines.
Examples of modern-day programming languages which commonly find use in metaprogramming include ML, Lisp, m4, and Yacc.
Same goes with 63-bit unboxed integers on 64-bit computers. Similar designs may be found in LISP and some of the other languages whose variables can take values of any type. In some cases, there was hardware support for this kind of design: see Tagged architecture and Lisp machine.
Apple Dylan is the original implementation of the programming language Dylan. It was developed by Apple Computer from 1992 to 1995. Dylan was developed at Apple Cambridge, formerly Coral Software, developers of Macintosh Common Lisp. The original language had much in common with Lisp, including its parenthetical S-expression syntax.
Syntactic preprocessors were introduced with the Lisp family of languages. Their role is to transform syntax trees according to a number of user-defined rules. For some programming languages, the rules are written in the same language as the program (compile-time reflection). This is the case with Lisp and OCaml.
Symbolics developed Genera based on this foundation of the MIT Lisp machine operating system. It sells the operating system and layered software. Some of the layered software has been integrated into Genera in later releases. Symbolics improved the operating system software from the original MIT Lisp machine and expanded it.
The documentation provides user guides, installation guidelines and references of the various Lisp constructs and libraries. The markup language is based on the Scribe markup language and also usable by the developer. Genera supports printing to postscript printers, provides a printing queue and also a PostScript interpreter (written in Lisp).
The Lisp family splits over the use of dynamic or static (a.k.a. lexical) scope. Clojure, Common Lisp and Scheme make use of static scoping by default, while newLISP, Picolisp and the embedded languages in Emacs and AutoCAD use dynamic scoping. Since version 24.1, Emacs uses both dynamic and lexical scoping.
MLisp was a contemporary (1968-1973) project to implement an M-expression-like frontend for Lisp. A few extra features like hygienic macros, pattern matching, and backtracking were incorporated. It eventually evolved into an abandoned LISP70 draft. M-LISP (MetaLISP) from 1989 was another attempt to blend M-expressions with Scheme.
Early inference engines focused primarily on forward chaining. These systems were usually implemented in the Lisp programming language. Lisp was a frequent platform for early AI research due to its strong capability to do symbolic manipulation. Also, as an interpreted language it offered productive development environments appropriate to debugging complex programs.
A lisp is a speech impediment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ). These misarticulations often result in unclear speech.
Yegge's blog has received considerable attention, particularly his series of posts on hiring and interviewing. In addition to his posts on hiring and interviewing, Yegge's Lisp is Not an Acceptable Lisp post about the Lisp programming language has been widely discussed and cited. Other programmers—including Paul Bissex, the co-author of Python Web Development with Django—have described Yegge's blog as "required reading". Upon leaving Google for Grab, Yegge published a 5000-word post in which he critiqued what he claimed is Google's lack of innovation.
Since 2011, Zach Beane, with support of the Common Lisp Foundation, has maintained the Quicklisp library manager. It allows automatic download, installing, and loading Quicklisp description of over 3600Library count can be directly obtained by executing (length (ql:system- list)) in a Lisp REPL that has loaded the Quicklisp system. Count as of March 11, 2019 is 4087 packages. libraries, all of which are required to work on more than just one implementation of Common Lisp and to have a license that allows their redistribution.
Lisp originally had very few control structures, but many more were added during the language's evolution. (Lisp's original conditional operator, , is the precursor to later structures.) Programmers in the Scheme dialect often express loops using tail recursion. Scheme's commonality in academic computer science has led some students to believe that tail recursion is the only, or the most common, way to write iterations in Lisp, but this is incorrect. All oft-seen Lisp dialects have imperative-style iteration constructs, from Scheme's loop to Common Lisp's complex expressions.
The Lisp programming language has survived since 1958 as a primary language for Artificial Intelligence research. This text was published in 1992 as the Common Lisp standard was becoming widely adopted. Norvig introduces Lisp programming in the context of classic AI programs, including General Problem Solver (GPS) from 1959, ELIZA: Dialog with a Machine, from 1966, and STUDENT: Solving Algebra Word Problems, from 1964. The book covers more recent AI programming techniques, including Logic Programming, Object-Oriented Programming, Knowledge Representation, Symbolic Mathematics and Expert Systems.
The reliance on expressions gives the language great flexibility. Because Lisp functions are written as lists, they can be processed exactly like data. This allows easy writing of programs which manipulate other programs (metaprogramming). Many Lisp dialects exploit this feature using macro systems, which enables extension of the language almost without limit.
"[H]e built the first implementation as a set of macros for the Python Lisp compiler. In the following months, the elements of his macro set were transformed from macros into Lisp, and later into Dylan itself." June 1994: Robert Stockton announces an online browsable version of the new Dylan Interim Reference Manual.
The cleanup behavior now generally called "finally" was introduced in NIL (New Implementation of LISP) in the mid- to late-1970s as `UNWIND-PROTECT`. This was then adopted by Common Lisp. Contemporary with this was `dynamic-wind` in Scheme, which handled exceptions in closures. The first papers on structured exception handling were and .
Example CMN rendering Common Music Notation (CMN) is open-source musical notation software. It is written in Common Lisp and runs on a variety of operating systems and Common Lisp implementations. CMN provides a package of functions to hierarchically describe a musical score. When evaluated, the musical score is rendered to an image.
Because of its suitability to complex and dynamic applications, Lisp is enjoying some resurgence of popular interest in the 2010s.
The Explorer was used for development and deployment of artificial-intelligence software. Later models were based on a special 32-bit microprocessorPatrick Bosshart "A 553K-Transistor LISP Processor Chip", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, VOL sc-22, nr 5, October 1987 developed by Texas Instruments, which supported the execution of Lisp software in hardware.
Boolean values in Common Lisp are represented by the self-evaluating symbols T and NIL. Common Lisp has namespaces for symbols, called 'packages'. A number of functions are available for rounding scalar numeric values in various ways. The function `round` rounds the argument to the nearest integer, with halfway cases rounded to the even integer.
Scheme was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope. It was also one of the first programming languages after Reynold's Definitional Language to support first-class continuations. It had a large impact on the effort that led to the development of its sister-language, Common Lisp, to which Guy Steele was a contributor.
Inside of his castle, Floop introduces his latest creation to Mr. Lisp, small robots in the shape of children. He wishes to replace the world leaders' children with these super- strong robots to control the world. The androids are "dumb", and cannot function outside of their inherent programming. Lisp is furious, demanding usable androids.
Schelter authored Austin Kyoto Common Lisp (AKCL) under contract with IBM. AKCL formed the foundation for Axiom, another computer algebra system. AKCL eventually became GNU Common Lisp. He is also credited with the first port of the GNU C compiler to the Intel 386 architecture, used in the original implementation of the Linux kernel.
In Lisp programming languages, a fexpr is a function whose operands are passed to it without being evaluated. When a fexpr is called, only the body of the fexpr is evaluated; no other evaluations take place except when explicitly initiated by the fexpr. In contrast, when an ordinary Lisp function is called, the operands are evaluated automatically, and only the results of these evaluations are provided to the function; and when a (traditional) Lisp macro is called, the operands are passed in unevaluated, but whatever result the macro function returns is automatically evaluated.
Essay subjects range from "Beating the Averages", which compares Lisp to other programming languages and introduced the hypothetical programming language Blub, to "Why Nerds are Unpopular", a discussion of nerd life in high school. A collection of his essays has been published as Hackers & Painters by O'Reilly Media, which includes a discussion of the growth of Viaweb and what Graham perceives to be the advantages of Lisp to program it. In 2001, Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named Arc. It was released on 29 January 2008.
The best examples of language extension through macros are found in the Lisp family of languages. While the languages, by themselves, are simple dynamically typed functional cores, the standard distributions of Scheme or Common Lisp permit imperative or object-oriented programming, as well as static typing. Almost all of these features are implemented by syntactic preprocessing, although it bears noting that the "macro expansion" phase of compilation is handled by the compiler in Lisp. This can still be considered a form of preprocessing, since it takes place before other phases of compilation.
Common Lisp is sometimes termed a Lisp-2 and Scheme a Lisp-1, referring to CL's use of separate namespaces for functions and variables. (In fact, CL has many namespaces, such as those for go tags, block names, and `loop` keywords). There is a long-standing controversy between CL and Scheme advocates over the tradeoffs involved in multiple namespaces. In Scheme, it is (broadly) necessary to avoid giving variables names which clash with functions; Scheme functions frequently have arguments named `lis`, `lst`, or `lyst` so as not to conflict with the system function `list`.
CLN uses class inheritance to model the natural subsets of the available number types: E.g. the integer class is a subtype of the rational class, just as the integer numbers are a subset of the rational numbers. The complex numbers and all its subtypes behave exactly like the types of numbers known to the Common Lisp language, giving CLN another meaning: it becomes an abbreviation of Common Lisp Numbers. Due to this, CLN can be and is used for implementations of Common Lisp, other interpreted languages, or computer algebra systems.
Lisp was the first language where the structure of program code is represented faithfully and directly in a standard data structure—a quality much later dubbed "homoiconicity". Thus, Lisp functions can be manipulated, altered or even created within a Lisp program without lower-level manipulations. This is generally considered one of the main advantages of the language with regard to its expressive power, and makes the language suitable for syntactic macros and metacircular evaluation. A conditional using an if–then–else syntax was invented by McCarthy in a Fortran context.
Expressions using these operators have the same surface appearance as function calls, but differ in that the arguments are not necessarily evaluated—or, in the case of an iteration expression, may be evaluated more than once. In contrast to most other major programming languages, Lisp allows implementing control structures using the language. Several control structures are implemented as Lisp macros, and can even be macro-expanded by the programmer who wants to know how they work. Both Common Lisp and Scheme have operators for non-local control flow.
ICAD provided a declarative language (IDL) using New Flavors (never converted to Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)) that supported a mechanism for relating parts (defpart) via a hierarchical set of relationships. Technically, the ICAD Defpart was a Lisp macro; the ICAD defpart list was a set of generic classes that can be instantiated with specific properties depending upon what was represented. This defpart list was extendible via composited parts that represented domain entities. Along with the part-subpart relations, ICAD supported generic relations via the object modeling abilities of Lisp.
Weinreb graduated from St. Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York in 1975. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1975–1979 (starting at age 16), graduating with a B.S. in computer science and electrical engineering, where he and Mike McMahon wrote EINE and ZWEI, text editors for MIT Lisp machines. EINE made use of the windowing system of the Lisp machine, and thus is the first Emacs written for a graphical user interface (GUI). EINE was the second implementation of Emacs ever written, and the first implementation of Emacs in Lisp.
Instead of assigning a value to a variable (a storage space with a name and potentially variable value), one creates a binding of a name to a value, such as by the `let` construct in many dialects of Lisp. In some functional languages, particularly multiparadigm ones such as Common Lisp, modifying data is commonplace, while in others it is avoided or considered exceptional; this is the case for Scheme (another Lisp dialect), which uses the `set!` construct to modify data, with the `!` exclamation point drawing attention to this.
Before Lisp had macros, it had so-called FEXPRs, function-like operators whose inputs were not the values computed by the arguments but rather the syntactic forms of the arguments, and whose output were values to be used in the computation. In other words, FEXPRs were implemented at the same level as EVAL, and provided a window into the meta-evaluation layer. This was generally found to be a difficult model to reason about effectively. In 1963, Timothy Hart proposed adding macros to Lisp 1.5 in AI Memo 57: MACRO Definitions for LISP.
In computer programming, homoiconicity (from the Greek words homo- meaning "the same" and icon meaning "representation") is a property of some programming languages. A language is homoiconic if a program written in it can be manipulated as data using the language, and thus the program's internal representation can be inferred just by reading the program itself. For example, a Lisp program is written as a regular Lisp list, and can be manipulated by other Lisp code. This property is often summarized by saying that the language treats "code as data".
Often, people with the condition are mistakenly referred to as a person with a lisp, which is a different speech pattern.
For performance reasons, in 1992 and 1993 SK8 was re-implemented from the ground up. Working at Apple's Cambridge Research Center, the Macintosh Common Lisp object store was isolated and directly hooked into SK8's store. The SK8Script debugger was re- implemented at the assembler language level (previously in Lisp) and the compiler and runtime performance improved.
Protege Ontology Editor The earliest versions of classifiers were logic theorem provers. The first classifier to work with a Frame language was the KL-ONE classifier. A later system built on common lisp was LOOM from the Information Sciences Institute. LOOM provided true object-oriented capabilities leveraging the Common Lisp Object System, along with a frame language.
Perl is a language with dynamic scope that added static scope afterwards. The original Lisp interpreter (1960) used dynamic scope. Deep binding, which approximates static (lexical) scope, was introduced in LISP 1.5 (via the Funarg device developed by Steve Russell, working under John McCarthy). All early Lisps used dynamic scope, at least when based on interpreters.
Forth is an example of a self-hosting compiler. The self compilation and cross compilation features of Forth are commonly confused with metacompilation and metacompilers. Like Lisp, Forth is an extensible programming language. It is the extensible programming language features of Forth and Lisp that enable them to generate new versions of themselves or port themselves to new environments.
Lisp is an expression oriented language. Unlike most other languages, no distinction is made between "expressions" and "statements"; all code and data are written as expressions. When an expression is evaluated, it produces a value (in Common Lisp, possibly multiple values), which can then be embedded into other expressions. Each value can be any data type.
In general, Common Lisp is a type-safe language. A Common Lisp compiler is responsible for inserting dynamic checks for operations whose type safety cannot be proven statically. However, a programmer may indicate that a program should be compiled with a lower level of dynamic type-checking. A program compiled in such a mode cannot be considered type-safe.
Scott Malkinson is a background character who speaks occasionally. He has a lisp and diabetes, and it is portrayed to be totally uncool to hang out with him. He has visible freckles on his face and wears a light green jacket with dark teal trousers. In "Elementary School Musical" Cartman makes fun of his lisp and diabetes.
Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript.Io Programming Guide Io has a prototype- based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses dynamic typing. Like Lisp, programs are just data trees.
Lisp Machines, Inc. sold its first LISP machines, designed at MIT, as the LMI-CADR. After a series of internal battles, Symbolics began selling the CADR from the MIT Lab as the LM-2. Symbolics had been hindered by Noftsker's promise to give Greenblatt a year's head start, and by severe delays in procuring venture capital.
McCLIM is an implementation of the Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM), for the programming language Common Lisp. The project is named partly after Mike McDonald, the person who began it. It is free and open-source software released under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) version 2.1. The CLIM 2.0 Specification is available as multiple HTML pages.
Most of the notable subsequent Emacs implementations used Lisp, including Richard Stallman's GNU Emacs, James Gosling's Gosmacs, and Bernard Greenberg's Multics Emacs.
OBJ3 is a version of OBJ based on order-sorted rewriting. OBJ3 is agent-oriented and runs on Kyoto Common Lisp AKCL.
The Flavors object system introduced the concept of multiple inheritance and the mixin. The Common Lisp Object System provides multiple inheritance, multimethods with multiple dispatch, and first-class generic functions, yielding a flexible and powerful form of dynamic dispatch. It has served as the template for many subsequent Lisp (including Scheme) object systems, which are often implemented via a metaobject protocol, a reflective metacircular design in which the object system is defined in terms of itself: Lisp was only the second language after Smalltalk (and is still one of the very few languages) to possess such a metaobject system. Many years later, Alan Kay suggested that as a result of the confluence of these features, only Smalltalk and Lisp could be regarded as properly conceived object-oriented programming systems.
OpenLisp is a programming language in the Lisp family developed by Christian Jullien from Eligis. It conforms to the international standard for ISLISP published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ISO/IEC 13816:1997(E), revised to ISO/IEC 13816:2007(E).. Written in the programming languages C and Lisp, it runs on most common operating systems. OpenLisp is designated an ISLISP implementation, but also contains many Common Lisp-compatible extensions (hashtable, readtable, package, defstruct, sequences, rational numbers) and other libraries (network socket, regular expression, XML, Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), SQL, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)). OpenLisp includes an interpreter associated to a read–eval–print loop (REPL), a Lisp Assembly Program (LAP) and a backend compiler for the language C.
Multi-stage programming languages support constructs similar to the Lisp construct of quotation and `eval`, except that scoping rules are taken into account.
The final Common Lisp standard does not natively provide generators, yet various library implementations exist, such as SERIES documented in CLtL2 or pygen.
In computing, CLISP is an implementation of the programming language Common Lisp originally developed by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll for the Atari ST. Today it supports the Unix and Microsoft Windows operating systems. CLISP includes an interpreter, a bytecode compiler, debugger, socket interface, high-level foreign language interface, strong internationalization support, and two object systems: Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) and metaobject protocol (MOP). It is written in C and Common Lisp. It is now part of the GNU Project and is free software, available under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Pitman, The Revised MacLisp Manual, p. 182. At the 1980 Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, Kent Pitman presented a paper "Special Forms in Lisp" in which he discussed the advantages and disadvantages of macros and , and ultimately condemned . His central objection was that, in a Lisp dialect that allows , static analysis cannot determine generally whether an operator represents an ordinary function or a fexpr -- therefore, static analysis cannot determine whether or not the operands will be evaluated. In particular, the compiler cannot tell whether a subexpression can be safely optimized, since the subexpression might be treated as unevaluated data at run-time.
The fall of the LISP machine market and the failure of the fifth generation computers were cases of expensive advanced products being overtaken by simpler and cheaper alternatives. This fits the definition of a low-end disruptive technology, with the LISP machine makers being marginalized. Expert systems were carried over to the new desktop computers by for instance CLIPS, so the fall of the LISP machine market and the fall of expert systems are strictly speaking two separate events. Still, the failure to adapt to such a change in the outside computing milieu is cited as one reason for the 1980s AI winter.
Kent M. Pitman (KMP) is a programmer who has been involved for many years in the design, implementation, and use of systems based on the programming languages Lisp and Scheme. , he has been President of HyperMeta, Inc. Pitman was chair of the ad hoc group (part of X3J13) that designed the Common Lisp Error and Condition System and is author of the proposal document that was ultimately adopted, and many papers on Lisp programming and computer programming in general. While in high school, he saw output from one of the guess the animal pseudo-artificial intelligence (AI) games then popular.
In 1984–85 a UK firm, Racal-Norsk, a joint subsidiary of Racal and Norsk Data, attempted to repurpose Norsk Data's ND-500 supermini as a microcoded Lisp machine, running CADR software: the Knowledge Processing System (KPS). There were several attempts by Japanese manufacturers to enter the Lisp machine market: the Fujitsu Facom-alpha mainframe co-processor, NTT's Elis, Toshiba's AI processor (AIP) and NEC's LIME. Several university research efforts produced working prototypes, among them are Kobe University's TAKITAC-7, RIKEN's FLATS, and Osaka University's EVLIS. In France, two Lisp Machine projects arose: M3L at Toulouse Paul Sabatier University and later MAIA.
This royalty led to speculation on the desire of MIT and ADL to see MACSYMA prosper. The development of Macsyma continued at Symbolics despite the fact that it was seen as a diversion from the sales of Lisp machines, which Symbolics considered to be their main business despite the fact that Macsyma sales and the leveraged sales of Lisp Machines reached 10% of overall sales at Symbolics within two years. Despite resistance from many in Symbolics, Macsyma was released for DEC VAX computers and Sun workstations using Berkeley's Franz Lisp in the early to mid 80s.
Although primitives can be called from Lisp code, they can only be modified by editing the C source files and recompiling. In GNU Emacs, primitives are not available as external libraries; they are part of the Emacs executable. In XEmacs, runtime loading of such primitives is possible, using the operating system's support for dynamic linking. Functions may be written as primitives because they need access to external data and libraries not otherwise available from Emacs Lisp, or because they are called often enough that the comparative speed of C versus Emacs Lisp makes a worthwhile difference.
Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) is a programming environment built around a version of the programming language Lisp. Interlisp development began in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (renamed BBN Technologies) in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Lisp implemented for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 computer by Danny Bobrow and D. L. Murphy. In 1970, Alice K. Hartley implemented BBN LISP, which ran on PDP-10 machines running the operating system TENEX (renamed TOPS-20). In 1973, when Danny Bobrow, Warren Teitelman and Ronald Kaplan moved from BBN to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), it was renamed Interlisp.
CommonLoops (the Common Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System;pg 18 of Bobrow 1986 an acronym reminiscent of the earlier Lisp OO system "Loops" for the Interlisp-D systempg 24 of Bobrow 1986) is an early programming language which extended Common Lisp to include Object-oriented programming functionality and is a dynamic object system which differs from the OOP facilities found in static languages such as C++ or Java. Like New Flavors, CommonLoops supported multiple inheritance, generic functions and method combination. CommonLoops also supported multi-methods and made use of metaobjects. CommonLoops and New Flavors were the primary ancestors of CLOS.
Several implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It supports a combination of procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming paradigms. As a dynamic programming language, it facilitates evolutionary and incremental software development, with iterative compilation into efficient run-time programs.
The namespace for function names is separate from the namespace for data variables. This is a key difference between Common Lisp and Scheme. For Common Lisp, operators that define names in the function namespace include `defun`, `flet`, `labels`, `defmethod` and `defgeneric`. To pass a function by name as an argument to another function, one must use the `function` special operator, commonly abbreviated as `#'`.
As an example, the M-expression is equivalent to the S-expression . Once Lisp was implemented, programmers rapidly chose to use S-expressions, and M-expressions were abandoned. M-expressions surfaced again with short-lived attempts of MLisp by Horace Enea and CGOL by Vaughan Pratt. Lisp was first implemented by Steve Russell on an IBM 704 computer using punched cards.
This means that you can make use of classical AI solutions that have been extensively used and tested by other users. These libraries can also be extended by your own problem solving techniques and representations. SHINE facilities are invoked directly by a programmer in the Common Lisp language. For improved efficiency, an optimizing compiler is included that generates highly optimized Common LISP code.
In 2006, he joined ITA Software, working on an airline reservations system (ARS).RES, Airline Reservation System from ITA Software In 2009 Daniel Weinreb gave a Google Tech Talk about the use of Common Lisp as one of the implementation languages for the airline reservation system. In 2009, he was the chair of the International Lisp Conference 2009 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Many of Dylan's syntax features come from its Lisp heritage. Originally, Dylan used a Lisp-like prefix syntax, which was based on s-expressions. By the time the language design was completed, the syntax was changed to an ALGOL-like syntax, with the expectation that it would be more familiar to a wider audience of programmers. The syntax was designed by Michael Kahl.
It featured PPC code generation but did not itself run on PowerPC natively. The development bed was all Common Lisp and there was no PPC MCL (Macintosh Common Lisp) at that time. Later Digitool was paid to port the environment to PPC using their development version of MCL for PPC they were working on. Apple Dylan TR PPC was quietly released 1996.
Macintosh Common Lisp (MCL) is an implementation and IDE for the Common Lisp programming language. Various versions of MCL run under the classic Mac OS (m68k and PPC) and Mac OS X. Versions of MCL up to and including 5.1 are proprietary. Version 5.2 has been open sourced. In 2009 a new different version of MCL has been open sourced: RMCL.
BioBIKE is open-source software implemented using the Lisp programming language. Continuing development takes place by the BioBIKE team centered at Virginia Commonwealth University .
The Wolfram Language syntax is overall similar to the M-expression of 1960s LISP, with support for infix operators and "function-notation" function calls.
LFE has lambda, just like Common Lisp. It also, however, has lambda-match to account for Erlang's pattern-matching abilities in anonymous function calls.
This allows metaprogramming to be applied to virtually any target language without regard to whether that target language has any metaprogramming abilities of its own. One can see this at work with Scheme and how it allows to tackle some limitations faced in C by using constructs that were part of the Scheme language itself to extend C. Lisp is probably the quintessential language with metaprogramming facilities, both because of its historical precedence and because of the simplicity and power of its metaprogramming. In Lisp metaprogramming, the unquote operator (typically a comma) introduces code that is evaluated at program definition time rather than at run time; see Self- evaluating forms and quoting in Lisp. The metaprogramming language is thus identical to the host programming language, and existing Lisp routines can be directly reused for metaprogramming, if desired.
The Guile manual gives details of the inception and early history of the language. A brief summary follows: After the success of Emacs in the free software community, as a highly extensible and customizable application via its extension (and partly implementation) language Emacs Lisp, the community began to consider how this design strategy could apply to the rest of the GNU system. Tom Lord initially began work on an embeddable language runtime named the GNU Extension Language (GEL), which was based on Aubrey Jaffer's Scheme implementation SCM (which in turn was based on George Carrette's SIOD). Lord convinced Richard Stallman to make GEL the official extension language of the GNU project, based on the argument that Scheme was a cleaner Lisp dialect than Emacs Lisp, and that GEL could evolve to implement other languages on the same runtime, namely Emacs Lisp.
EINE and ZWEI are two discontinued Emacs-like text editors developed by Daniel Weinreb and Mike McMahon for Lisp machines in the 1970s and 1980s.
They are descendants of Hasan ibn Ali from his great-grandson Ibrahim AlTabataba. He used to lisp while talking, which is called "tabtabah" in Arabic.
The other operand, either the third or the second, is not evaluated. This example is statically scoped: the local environment is an extension of the static environment. Before about 1980, the Lisp languages that supported were mainly dynamically scoped: the local environment was an extension of the dynamic environment, rather than of the static environment.Steele and Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", pp. 239-240.
With an interdental lisp, the therapist teaches the student how to keep the tongue behind the two front incisors. One popular method of correcting articulation or lisp disorders is to isolate sounds and work on correcting the sound in isolation. The basic sound, or phoneme, is selected as a target for treatment. Typically the position of the sound within a word is considered and targeted.
In computer programming, ' ( or ) is a fundamental function in most dialects of the Lisp programming language. cons'tructs memory objects which hold two values or pointers to values. These objects are referred to as (cons) cells, conses, non-atomic s-expressions ("NATSes"), or (cons) pairs. In Lisp jargon, the expression "to cons x onto y" means to construct a new object with `(cons x y)`.
However, Blanc made no such claim. He said that Daffy's lisp was based on him having a long beak and that he borrowed the voice for Sylvester. He also said that Sylvester's voice was very much like his own, excluding the lisp (his son Noel Blanc has also confirmed this). In addition, director Bob Clampett, in a 1970 Funnyworld interview, agreed with Blanc's account concerning Schlesinger.
However, the S-expression syntax is also responsible for much of Lisp's power: the syntax is extremely regular, which facilitates manipulation by computer. However, the syntax of Lisp is not limited to traditional parentheses notation. It can be extended to include alternative notations. For example, XMLisp is a Common Lisp extension that employs the metaobject protocol to integrate S-expressions with the Extensible Markup Language (XML).
A Lisp list is written with its elements separated by whitespace, and surrounded by parentheses. For example, is a list whose elements are the three atoms , , and . These values are implicitly typed: they are respectively two integers and a Lisp-specific data type called a "symbol", and do not have to be declared as such. The empty list is also represented as the special atom .
Lisp lists, being simple linked lists, can share structure with one another. That is to say, two lists can have the same tail, or final sequence of conses. For instance, after the execution of the following Common Lisp code: (setf foo (list 'a 'b 'c)) (setf bar (cons 'x (cdr foo))) the lists and are and respectively. However, the tail is the same structure in both lists.
Lisp evaluates expressions which are entered by the user. Symbols and lists evaluate to some other (usually, simpler) expression – for instance, a symbol evaluates to the value of the variable it names; evaluates to . However, most other forms evaluate to themselves: if entering into Lisp, it returns . Any expression can also be marked to prevent it from being evaluated (as is necessary for symbols and lists).
SHINE programs are executed directly by the LISP interpreter and compiled directly by the LISP compiler. This means much greater speed and better portability to other machines. SHINE is a set of high level and low level software tools designed to assist in building stand-alone knowledge-based system applications, shells and tools. SHINE comes with libraries that implement most common problem solving techniques and representations.
The Scheme programming language was designed as a simplified and more abstract variant of the early Lisp programming language. The first Lisp implementation was available in 1958, Scheme was introduced in 1975. Development of LambdaNative toolkit started in 2009 at the Pediatric Anesthesia Research Team (PART) in Vancouver, Canada. It was initially used as an in-house platform for a closed- loop intravenous anesthesia system.
The latter is used as a basis for Reduce's user-level language. Implementations of Reduce are available on most variants of Unix, Linux, Microsoft Windows, or Apple Macintosh systems by using an underlying Portable Standard Lisp or Codemist Standard LISP implementation. It has also been translated into Julia. Reduce was open sourced in December 2008 and is available for free under a modified BSD license on SourceForge.
The combined company was purchased by Agfa-Gevaert in 2001. In the early 1960s, Information International Inc. contributed several articles by Ed Fredkin, Malcolm Pivar, and Elaine Gord, and others, in a major book on the programming language LISP and its applications.Berkeley, Edmund C.; Bobrow, Daniel G. (editors), The Programming Language LISP: Its Operation and Applications, Cambridge : The M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1964.
On June 11, 2011, they released their second single, "Love the Music", which was the first ending theme song to Bakugan Battle Brawlers under the name "Lisp feat. Dan", which also included a performance by Yū Kobayashi, the voice of Dan. In June 2011, Lisp announced that they were disbanding, with their last performance as a group during their first anniversary concert event on July 31, 2011.
A slightly different interpretation of higher-order programming in the context of object-oriented programming are higher order messages, which let messages have other messages as arguments, rather than functions. Prominent examples of languages supporting this are Wolfram Language, C#, Java, ECMAScript (ActionScript, JavaScript, JScript), F#, Haskell, Lisp (Common Lisp, Scheme, Clojure, others), Lua, Oz, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Scala, ML, and Erlang.
The SHRDLU blocks-world program was written in Maclisp, and so the language was in widespread use in the artificial intelligence (AI) research community through the early 1980s. It was also used to implement other programming languages, such as Planner and Scheme. Multics Maclisp was used to implement the first Lisp-based Emacs. Maclisp was an influential Lisp implementation, but is no longer maintained actively.
Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp: A Programmer's Guide to CLOS (1988, Addison-Wesley, ) is a book by Sonya Keene on the Common Lisp Object System. Published first in 1988, the book starts out with the elements of CLOS and develops through the concepts of data abstraction with classes and methods, inheritance, and genericity towards creating an advanced CLOS program using streams I/O.
McCarthy invented Lisp in the late 1950s. Based on the lambda calculus, Lisp soon became the programming language of choice for AI applications after its publication in 1960. In 1958, McCarthy served on an ACM Ad hoc Committee on Languages that became part of the committee that designed ALGOL 60. In August 1959 he proposed the use of recursion and conditional expressions, which became part of ALGOL.
Common Lisp provides the types SHORT-FLOAT, SINGLE-FLOAT, DOUBLE-FLOAT and LONG- FLOAT. Most implementations provide SINGLE-FLOATs and DOUBLE-FLOATs with the other types appropriate synonyms. Common Lisp provides exceptions for catching floating-point underflows and overflows, and the inexact floating-point exception, as per IEEE 754. No infinities and NaNs are described in the ANSI standard, however, several implementations do provide these as extensions.
Koza represented Lisp programs as trees. He was able to find analogues to the genetic operators within the standard set of tree operators. For example, swapping sub-trees is equivalent to the corresponding process of genetic crossover, where sub-strings of a genetic code are transplanted into an individual of the next generation. Fitness is measured by scoring the output from the functions of the Lisp code.
A notable example was the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation, regarded to be the first commercial minicomputer. The Lisp machines developed at MIT in the early 1970s pioneered some of the principles of the workstation computer, as they were high- performance, networked, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. Lisp Machines were commercialized beginning 1980 by companies like Symbolics, Lisp Machines, Texas Instruments (the TI Explorer) and Xerox (the Interlisp-D workstations). The first computer designed for a single-user, with high-resolution graphics facilities (and so a workstation in the modern sense of the term) was the Xerox Alto developed at Xerox PARC in 1973.
Lists are typically implemented either as linked lists (either singly or doubly linked) or as arrays, usually variable length or dynamic arrays. The standard way of implementing lists, originating with the programming language Lisp, is to have each element of the list contain both its value and a pointer indicating the location of the next element in the list. This results in either a linked list or a tree, depending on whether the list has nested sublists. Some older Lisp implementations (such as the Lisp implementation of the Symbolics 3600) also supported "compressed lists" (using CDR coding) which had a special internal representation (invisible to the user).
A Knight machine preserved in the MIT Museum Lisp machines are general-purpose computers designed to efficiently run Lisp as their main software and programming language, usually via hardware support. They are an example of a high-level language computer architecture, and in a sense, they were the first commercial single-user workstations. Despite being modest in number (perhaps 7,000 units total as of 1988Newquist, HP. The Brain Makers, Sams Publishing, 1994. .), Lisp machines commercially pioneered many now-commonplace technologies, including effective garbage collection, laser printing, windowing systems, computer mice, high-resolution bit-mapped raster graphics, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations such as Chaosnet.
A consultant from CDC, who was trying to put together a natural language computer application with a group of West-coast programmers, came to Greenblatt, seeking a Lisp machine for his group to work with, about eight months after the disastrous conference with Noftsker. Greenblatt had decided to start his own rival Lisp machine firm, but he had done nothing. The consultant, Alexander Jacobson, decided that the only way Greenblatt was going to start the firm and build the Lisp machines that Jacobson desperately needed was if Jacobson pushed and otherwise helped Greenblatt launch the firm. Jacobson pulled together business plans, a board, a partner for Greenblatt (one F. Stephen Wyle).
Like other influential cognitive architectures (including Soar, CLARION, and EPIC), the ACT-R theory has a computational implementation as an interpreter of a special coding language. The interpreter itself is written in Common Lisp, and might be loaded into any of the Common Lisp language distributions. This means that any researcher may download the ACT-R code from the ACT-R website, load it into a Common Lisp distribution, and gain full access to the theory in the form of the ACT-R interpreter. Also, this enables researchers to specify models of human cognition in the form of a script in the ACT-R language.
There is also a GPL-licensed version, called Maxima, based on the 1982 version of the DOE Macsyma, subsequently adapted for Common Lisp and enhanced by William Schelter. It is under active development, and can be compiled under several Common Lisp systems. Downloadable executables for GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and other systems, including graphical user interfaces are available. Maxima does not include many of the numerous features added during the period of commercial development between 1982–1999, but is a current, free, open codebase that includes numerous additional features, several alternative front ends, and works with a number of Common Lisp engines.
Other options include the Customize feature that's been in GNU Emacs since version 20. Itself written in Emacs Lisp, Customize provides a set of preferences pages allowing the user to set options and preview their effect in the running Emacs session. When the user saves their changes, Customize simply writes the necessary Emacs Lisp code to the user's config file, which can be set to a special file that only Customize uses, to avoid the possibility of altering the user's own file. Emacs Lisp can also function as a scripting language, much like the Unix Bourne shell or Perl, by calling Emacs in batch mode.
A dialect of a programming language or a data exchange language is a (relatively small) variation or extension of the language that does not change its intrinsic nature. With languages such as Scheme and Forth, standards may be considered insufficient, inadequate or illegitimate by implementors, so often they will deviate from the standard, making a new dialect. In other cases, a dialect is created for use in a domain-specific language, often a subset. In the Lisp world, most languages that use basic S-expression syntax and Lisp- like semantics are considered Lisp dialects, although they vary wildly, as do, say, Racket and Clojure.
In Common Lisp, arguments are evaluated in applicative order ('leftmost innermost'), while in Scheme order of arguments is undefined, leaving room for optimization by a compiler.
The Lisp Machine File System supports versioning. This was provided by implementations from MIT, LMI, Symbolics and Texas Instruments. Such an operating system was Symbolics Genera.
Perceptual Bias and the Myth of the 'Gay Lisp' (perhaps fewer than half), and some carefully speaking men who identify as heterosexual also produce this feature.
It is now considered to be the first actual personal computer in terms of what has become the "canonical" GUI mode of operation. All the subsequent computers built at Xerox PARC except for the "Dolphin" (used in the Xerox 1100 LISP machine) and the "Dorado" (used in the Xerox 1132 LISP machine) followed a general blueprint called "Wildflower", written by Lampson, and this included the D-Series Machines: the "Dandelion" (used in the Xerox Star and Xerox 1108 LISP machine), "Dandetiger" (used in the Xerox 1109 LISP machine), , "Daybreak" (Xerox 6085), and "Dicentra" (used internally to control various specialized hardware devices). At PARC, Lampson helped work on many other revolutionary technologies, such as laser printer design; two-phase commit protocols; Bravo, the first WYSIWYG text formatting program; and Ethernet, the first high-speed local area network (LAN). He designed several influential programming languages such as Euclid.
Daniel L. Weinreb (January 6, 1959 – September 7, 2012) was an American computer scientist and programmer, with significant work in the environment of the programming language Lisp.
ASDF (Another System Definition Facility) is a package format and a build tool for Common Lisp libraries. It is analogous to tools such as Make and Ant.
Starting with Brian Smith's 3-Lisp in 1982, several experimental Lisp dialects have been devised to explore the limits of computational reflection. To support reflection, these Lisps support procedures that can reify various data structures related to the call to them -- including the unevaluated operands of the call, which makes these procedures . By the late 1990s, had become associated primarily with computational reflection.Wand, "The Theory of Fexprs is Trivial", p. 189.
The compiler can be called using the function compile for individual functions and using the function compile- file for files. Common Lisp allows type declarations and provides ways to influence the compiler code generation policy. For the latter various optimization qualities can be given values between 0 (not important) and 3 (most important): speed, space, safety, debug and compilation-speed. There is also a function to evaluate Lisp code: `eval`.
He left the Lab in 1973 "under duress" (according to Levy), but would later return to the Lab. Richard Greenblatt's development of the early Lisp machine led to Noftsker and Greenblatt working together with the team of Lisp Machine developers to commercialize the technology. Differences over business strategy and direction split the group from Greenblatt in February 1979. A year later Noftsker and the rest of that group formed Symbolics Inc.
Ontologies can of course be written down in a wide variety of languages and notations (e.g., logic, LISP, etc.); the essential information is not the form of that language but the content, i.e., the set of concepts offered as a way of thinking about the world. Simply put, the important part is notions like connections and components, not the choice between writing them as predicates or LISP constructs.
Genera provides a system menu to control windows, switch applications, and operate the window system. Many features of the user interface (switching between activities, creating activities, stopping and starting processes, and much more) can also be controlled with keyboard commands. The Dynamic Lisp Listener is an example of a command line interface with full graphics abilities and support for mouse- based interaction. It accepts Lisp expressions and commands as input.
The differences in these operators are some of the deepest differences between the two dialects. Scheme supports re- entrant continuations using the procedure, which allows a program to save (and later restore) a particular place in execution. Common Lisp does not support re-entrant continuations, but does support several ways of handling escape continuations. Often, the same algorithm can be expressed in Lisp in either an imperative or a functional style.
Reduce is a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics. The development of the Reduce computer algebra system was started in the 1960s by Anthony C. Hearn. Since then, many scientists from all over the world have contributed to its development under his direction. Reduce is written entirely in its own LISP dialect called Portable Standard Lisp, expressed in an ALGOL-like syntax called RLISP.
What's sometimes incorrectly described as a gay "lisp" is one manner of speech stereotypically associated with gay speakers of North American English, and perhaps other dialects or languages. It involves a marked pronunciation of sibilant consonants (particularly and ). Speech scientist Benjamin Munson and his colleagues have argued that this is not a mis-articulated (and therefore, not technically a lisp) as much as a hyper-articulated .Mack & Munson, 2011, p. 200.
SPOJ supports about 60 languages in which the users can submit their solutions. They are: Ada, Assembler, AWK, Bash, Brainfuck, C, C++ and C99 strict, C#, Clojure, Common Lisp, D, Doc(no testing), Erlang, Fortran, F#, Go, Haskell, Icon, Intercal, Jar, Java, JavaScript, Lisp, Lua, Nemerle, Nice, Node.js, OCaml, Pascal, Pdf, Perl, PHP, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Scheme, sed, Smalltalk, Tcl, Tecs, Text, and Whitespace.
Some languages, like Perl and Common Lisp, allow the programmer to choose static or dynamic scoping when defining or redefining a variable. Examples of languages that use dynamic scoping include Logo, Emacs lisp, and the shell languages bash, dash, and the MirBSD Korn shell (mksh)'s "local" declaration. Most other languages provide lexically scoped local variables. In most languages, local variables are automatic variables stored on the call stack directly.
In particular, uniform syntax makes it easier to determine the invocations of macros. Lisp macros transform the program structure itself, with the full language available to express such transformations. While syntactic macros are often found in Lisp-like languages, they are also available in other languages such as Prolog, Dylan, Scala, Nemerle, Rust, Elixir, Nim, Haxe, and Julia. They are also available as third-party extensions to JavaScript, C# and Python.
ACL2 ("A Computational Logic for Applicative Common Lisp") is a software system consisting of a programming language, an extensible theory in a first- order logic, and an automated theorem prover. ACL2 is designed to support automated reasoning in inductive logical theories, mostly for the purpose of software and hardware verification. The input language and implementation of ACL2 are written in Common Lisp. ACL2 is free and open-source software.
The system definition file must contain at least one call to defsystem, a lisp form in which are defined all of the components and dependencies of the system. ASDF is capable of automatically compiling and loading lisp source code, as well as automatically building and linking C programming language (also known as C source code). It contains hooks to allow for definitions of alternate compilers and complex treatment of custom components.
Hy is a dialect of the Lisp programming language. It is designed to interact with the language Python by translating expressions into Python's abstract syntax tree (AST). Hy was introduced at Python Conference (PyCon) 2013 by Paul Tagliamonte. Similar to Kawa's and Clojure's mapping of s-expressions onto the Java virtual machine (JVM), Hy is meant to operate as a transparent Lisp front end to Python's abstract syntax.
Personal Content Isn't A Sin Hubski started out as a clone of Hacker News, and is still written in Arc, the dialect of Lisp created by Paul Graham.
These inference engine products were also often developed in Lisp at first. However, demands for more affordable and commercially viable platforms eventually made Personal Computer platforms very popular.
NET Framework (.NET) bytecode. As with other Lisp dialects, it contains an interpreter, also termed a read-eval-print loop (REPL). It is free and open-source software.
A further improvement was two microcode instructions which specifically supported Lisp functions, reducing the cost of calling a function to as little as 20 clock cycles, in some Symbolics implementations. The first machine was called the CONS machine (named after the list construction operator `cons` in Lisp). Often it was affectionately referred to as the Knight machine, perhaps since Knight wrote his master's thesis on the subject; it was extremely well received. It was subsequently improved into a version called CADR (a pun; in Lisp, the `cadr` function, which returns the second item of a list, is pronounced or , as some pronounce the word "cadre") which was based on essentially the same architecture.
Scott Elliott Fahlman (born March 21, 1948) is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University's Language Technologies Institute and Computer Science Department. He is notable for early work on automated planning and scheduling in a blocks world, on semantic networks, on neural networks (especially the cascade correlation algorithm), on the programming languages Dylan, and Common Lisp (especially CMU Common Lisp), and he was one of the founders of Lucid Inc.. During the period when it was standardized, he was recognized as "the leader of Common Lisp." From 2006 to 2015, Fahlman was engaged in developing a knowledge base named Scone, based in part on his thesis work on the NETL Semantic Network.
Steele cited evidence that well optimized numerical algorithms in Lisp could execute faster than code produced by then-available commercial Fortran compilers because the cost of a procedure call in Lisp was much lower. In Scheme, a Lisp dialect developed by Steele with Gerald Jay Sussman, tail call optimization is mandatory.R5RS Sec. 3.5, Although Steele's paper did not introduce much that was new to computer science, at least as it was practised at MIT, it brought to light the scope for procedure call optimization, which made the modularity- promoting qualities of procedures into a more credible alternative to the then-common coding habits of large monolithic procedures with complex internal control structures and extensive state data.
In fact, Burroughs became known for its superior compilers and implementation of languages, including the object- oriented Simula (a superset of ALGOL), and Iverson, the designer of APL declared that the Burroughs implementation of APL was the best he'd seen. John McCarthy, the language designer of LISP disagreed, since LISP was based on modifiable code, he did not like the unmodifiable code of the B5000, but most LISP implementations would run in an interpretive environment anyway. The storage required for the multiple processes came from the system's memory pool as needed. There was no need to do SYSGENs on Burroughs systems as with competing systems in order to preconfigure memory partitions in which to run tasks.
RoutledgeEhn, Billy and Löfgren, Orvar (2010). The Secret World of Doing Nothing. University of California Press, 1 May 2010 The architecture is implemented as 12,000 lines of Lisp code.
" The pseudepigraphical writer Dares Phrygius states that Hector "spoke with a slight lisp. His complexion was fair, his hair curly. His eyes would blink attractively. His movements were swift.
And even in his posthuman form, he is shown to have tantrums whenever people mock his sibilant lisp or damage the small crown he has chained to his head.
Kleiman's first effort was a dynamic, prototype-based object system, MacFrames, a frame/object system with plug-ins for inference engines. Through preferences settings, MacFrames was used to emulate a large variety of object systems, including IntelliCorp's KEE. This research, in concert with users developing actual applications and prototypes at Apple, yielded the object model used in SK8. MacFrames was developed in Coral Lisp, which was acquired by Apple and became Macintosh Common Lisp.
The core of Apple Dylan is implemented in Macintosh Common Lisp, upon which the rest is implemented in Dylan. The Apple Cambridge office started life as an acquisition of Coral Software, the developers of Macintosh Common Lisp. When Dylan was retargeted from the processor of the Apple Newton (ARM), to the desktop Macintosh, the back end was modified to use APPLEX, a portable assembler designed by Wayne Loofbourrow's team in Apple Cupertino.
Horn's first book LISP co-authored with Patrick Winston was published in 1981. It was a textbook written for students with no previous background in the computer language LISP. The book was divided in two parts; one dealt with the theory of the language and the second gave instance of practical use in the area of artificial intelligence. A second version of the book was published in 1984 followed by a third version in 1989.
She has a lisp, which her mother believes she will grow out of. Later in her life, the lisp only comes back when Rilla is nervous. Rilla, in her teens, regrets being called by her silly childhood nicknames - Rilla or Spider - instead of her respectable and "dignified" first name, Bertha. Rilla seems the only of Mrs Doctor Blythe's flock that isn't ambitious, and her only intention is to have a good time.
Later versions had special read conventions for incorporating non-executable comments and also for preserving read macros in unexpanded form. They also allowed special indentation conventions for special functions such as `if`.Ira Goldstein, "Pretty Printing : Converting List to Linear Structure", Artificial Intelligence Memo 279, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 1973. full textRichard C. Waters, "Using the new common Lisp pretty printer", ACM SIGPLAN Lisp Pointers 5:2:27-34, April–June 1992.
Among the other missions that Connecticut Wing currently performs is the Long Island Sound Patrol (LISP) program. LISP flies patrol missions across Long Island Sound during the summer months in coordination with the United States Coast Guard to provide more immediate assistance to vessels in distress. The Wing was credited with numerous finds and saves in the year following its inception in summer 2007, and plans are in effect to continue the program.
Jérôme Chailloux led the Le Lisp team, working with Emmanuel St. James, Matthieu Devin, and Jean-Marie Hullot in 1980. The dialect is historically noteworthy as one of the first Lisp implementations to be available on both the Apple II and the IBM PC. On 2020-01-08, INRIA agreed to migrate the source code to the 2-clause BSD License which allowed few native ports from ILOG and Eligis to adopt this license model.
See the "References" section on the LISP article. The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6 and PDP-10 was influenced by the programming convenience of having 2 LISP pointers, each 18 bits, in one word. Will Crowther created Adventure, the prototypical computer adventure game, for a PDP-10. Don Daglow created the first computer baseball game (1971) and Dungeon (1975), the first role-playing video game on a PDP-10.
Lierse played their home matches at the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion in Lier, which is also known as Het Lisp, because the stadium is located in a neighbourhood named Lisp. They had yellow and black colours. The club was bought by Egyptian businessman Maged Samy, who also owns KV Turnhout and Wadi Degla in Egypt. The most capped player at the club is Bernard Voorhoof with 61 caps for Belgium, all when he was at Lierse.
Thus some dialects of lisp allow an additional parameter for `eval` to specify the context of evaluation (similar to the optional arguments to Python's `eval` function - see below). An example in the Scheme dialect of Lisp (R5RS and later): ;; Define some simple form as in the above example. (define form2 '(+ 5 2)) ;Value: form2 ;; Evaluate the form within the initial context. ;; A context for evaluation is called an "environment" in Scheme slang.
Louis Hodes got his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He got his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1962, under Hartley Rogers with a thesis on computability. With John McCarthy, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he helped produce the earliest implementations of the programming language Lisp, and under Marvin Minsky he did early research on visual pattern recognition in Lisp.
In principle, programs in many languages may be compiled or interpreted, emulated or executed natively, so this designation is applied solely based on common implementation practice, rather than representing an essential property of a language. Many languages have been implemented using both compilers and interpreters, including BASIC, C, Lisp, and Pascal. Java and C# are compiled into bytecode, the virtual-machine- friendly interpreted language. Lisp implementations can freely mix interpreted and compiled code.
SHINE allows embedded software written in other programming languages such as C, C++, and also permits software developed with the system to be part of larger, non-Common LISP applications.
It noted reading of GnuCash files, scriptability, an Emacs interface and automated transactions as strong features as well as the Common Lisp port and the Haskell port of the system.
Early symbolic AI inspired Lisp and Prolog, which dominated early AI programming. Modern AI development often uses mainstream languages such as Python or C++, or niche languages such as Wolfram Language.
Some environments in Lisp are globally pervasive. For instance, if a new type is defined, it is known everywhere thereafter. References to that type look it up in this global environment.
See History of TMP on Wikibooks Some other languages support similar, if not more powerful, compile-time facilities (such as Lisp macros), but those are outside the scope of this article.
Compositions of `car` and `cdr` can be given short and more or less pronounceable names of the same form. In Lisp, `(cadr '(1 2 3))` is the equivalent of `(car (cdr '(1 2 3)))`; its value is `2`. Similarly, `(caar '((1 2) (3 4)))` is the same as `(car (car '((1 2) (3 4))))`; its value is `1`. Most Lisps, for example Common Lisp and Scheme, systematically define all variations of two to four compositions of `car` and `cdr`.
The Common Lisp HyperSpec is a technical standard document written in the hypertext format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It is not the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Common Lisp standard, but is based on it, with permission from ANSI and the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS, X3). Originally developed by Kent Pitman at Harlequin, it is now copyrighted by LispWorks Ltd. It is approximately 15 megabytes (MB) of data in 2,300 files which contain approximately 105,000 hyperlinks.
The Knights of the Lambda Calculus' recursive emblem celebrates LISP's theoretical foundation, the lambda calculus. Y in the emblem refers to the fixed-point combinator and the reappearance of the picture in itself refers to recursion. The Knights of the Lambda Calculus is a semi-fictional organization of expert Lisp and Scheme hackers. The name refers to the lambda calculus, a mathematical formalism invented by Alonzo Church, with which Lisp is intimately connected, and references the Knights Templar.
A distinctive feature of Zmacs, which can also be found in Hemlock and LispWorks, is that commands look like "M-x Compile Buffer" instead of "M-x compile-buffer" as modern Emacsen, like GNU Emacs, generally format commands. Zmacs also supports buffers and modes. Zmacs also uses the window system of the Lisp Machine with support for mouse and windows. Zmacs supports unlimited backup of files, since the file system of the Lisp Machine supports file versions.
LOOP, WHILE and UNTIL keywords were available for program control. Acornsoft also commissioned a book "LISP on the BBC Microcomputer", by Arthur Norman and Gillian Cattell, published in 1983. Arthur Norman was a lecturer in computer science at Cambridge University, and Gillian Cattell did research into LISP at Cambridge. The book was sold separately from the software and contained examples illustrating use of the Acornsoft specific features such as the VDU function allowing for machine-specific graphics capabilities.
New Implementation of LISP (NIL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) during the 1970s, and intended to be the successor to the language Maclisp. It is a 32-bit implementation, and was in part a response to Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) VAX computer. The project was headed by Jon L White, with a stated goal of maintaining compatibility with MacLisp while fixing many of its problems.
First, it brought together Jon L. White, Guy L. Steele Jr., and Richard P. Gabriel, who were later to define Common Lisp. Second, Jonathan Rees worked on part of the NIL project during a year away from Yale University. On returning to Yale, he was hired by the computer science department to write a new Lisp, which became the optimizing, native code Scheme system named T. In part, NIL begat this name, since "T is not NIL".
Experimentation with various extensions to Lisp (such as LOOPS and Flavors introducing multiple inheritance and mixins) eventually led to the Common Lisp Object System, which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a Meta- object protocol. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the Intel iAPX 432 and the Linn Smart Rekursiv.
Scheme In One Defun, or humorously Scheme In One Day (SIOD) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, a small-size implementation of the dialect Scheme, written in C and designed to be embedded inside C programs. It is notable for being perhaps the smallest practical implementation of a Lisp- like language. It was written by George J. Carrette originally. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
CGOL (pronounced "see goll") is an alternative syntax featuring an extensible algebraic notation for the Lisp programming language. It was designed for MACLISP by Vaughan Pratt and subsequently ported to Common Lisp. The notation of CGOL is a traditional infix notation, in the style of ALGOL, rather than Lisp's traditional, uniformly-parenthesized prefix notation syntax. The CGOL parser is based on Pratt's design for top-down operator precedence parsing, sometimes informally referred to as a "Pratt parser".
We advocated the infix syntax and ditching the lisp/prefix syntax. As I recall, we didn't really expect anyone to listen, but that was exactly what happened. In that case, we may have shifted the balance of power internal to Apple on this issue." Bruce Hoult replied: :"Which interestingly enough is the reverse of Lisp itself, where John McCarthy originally intended S- expressions to be just a temporary form until the real syntax was developed/implemented.
MDL (Model Development Language or More Datatypes than Lisp or MIT Design Language) is a programming language, a descendant of the language Lisp. Its initial purpose was to provide high level language support for the Dynamic Modeling Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Project MAC. It was initially developed in 1971 on a PDP-10 computer on a time-sharing operating system named Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS). It later ran on TENEX, TOPS-20, BSD, and AEGIS.
Variables can carry both a local value within a scope, and a global value, for passing data between scopes. Advanced built-in functions supported interactive debugging of MDL programs, incremental development, and reconstruction of source programs from object programs. Although MDL is obsolete, some of its features have been incorporated in later versions of Lisp. Gerald Sussman went on to develop the Scheme language, in collaboration with Guy Steele, who later wrote the specifications for Common Lisp and Java.
The SBCL compiler generates fast native code according to a previous version of The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. ; Ufasoft Common Lisp: port of CLISP for windows platform with core written in C++.
The Jungle Beat The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 2. 2007. Kaa speaks and sings with a subtle, lilting lisp giving the song a humorous dimension that it would not otherwise have.
Maclisp was named for Project MAC, and is unrelated to Apple's Macintosh (Mac) computer, which it predates by decades. The various Lisp systems for the Macintosh have no particular similarity to Maclisp.
Pratt, Vaughan R. CGOL: An Alternative External Representation for LISP Users. AI Working Paper 121. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Cambridge, MA). 1976. Pratt, Vaughan R. CGOL - an Algebraic Notation For MACLISP users.
Snappy distributions include C++ and C bindings. Third party-provided bindings and ports include C#, Common Lisp, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Lua, Java, Node.js, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Rust, Smalltalk, and OpenCL.
ClimacsClimacs, a modern version of the Emacs editor is an open source text editor written in Common Lisp that is similar to GNU Emacs and is released under the GNU LGPL software license.
Many of the early "high-level" languages are now considered relatively low-level in comparison to languages such as Python, Ruby, and Common Lisp, which have some features of fourth-generation programming languages.
Arithmetic operators are treated similarly. The expression (+ 1 2 3 4) evaluates to 10. The equivalent under infix notation would be "". Lisp has no notion of operators as implemented in Algol-derived languages.
It was sold through the Atari Program Exchange. Atari, Inc. published versions of Atari Logo and Atari PILOT on cartridge. Other Atari 8-bit family languages include Extended WSFN and Inter-LISP/65.
The Lisp Kernel, native interpreter and basic libraries are hand coded in the language C, LAP intermediate language produced by the compiler is then translated to C by the C backend code generator.
CGOL is known to work on Armed Bear Common Lisp. The CGOL source code and some text files containing discussions of it are available as freeware from Carnegie-Mellon University's Artificial Intelligence Repository.
Church later developed a weaker system, the simply-typed lambda calculus, which extended the lambda calculus by assigning a type to all terms. This forms the basis for statically-typed functional programming. The first functional programming language, LISP, was developed in the late 1950s for the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers by John McCarthy while at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LISP functions were defined using Church's lambda notation, extended with a label construct to allow recursive functions.
Alice Hartley (1937-2017) was an American computer scientist and business woman. Hartley worked on several dialects of Lisp, implementing multiple parts of Interlisp, maintaining Macintosh Common Lisp, and developing concepts in computer science and programming language design still in use today. Hartley was a hobby gamer, playing and advising on early computer games in the 1970s and 1990s. Hartley was also an antiques collector, importer and dealer, and was the proprietor of Elephant and Castle, an antiques store in Boston.
CLM (originally an acronym for Common Lisp Music) is a music synthesis and signal processing package in the Music V family created by Bill Schottstaedt. It runs in a number of various Lisp implementations or as a part of the Snd audio editor (using Scheme, Ruby and now Forth). There is also a realtime implementation, Snd-rt which is developed by Kjetil S. Matheussen. This software was used to digitally stretch Beethoven's 9th Symphony to create Leif Inge's 9 Beet Stretch.
Designed about a decade earlier than Common Lisp, Scheme is a more minimalist design. It has a much smaller set of standard features but with certain implementation features (such as tail-call optimization and full continuations) not specified in Common Lisp. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient expression in Scheme. Scheme continues to evolve with a series of standards (Revisedn Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme) and a series of Scheme Requests for Implementation.
Levy, S: Hackers. Penguin USA, 1984 Regardless, after a series of internal battles, Symbolics did get off the ground in 1980/1981, selling the CADR as the LM-2, while Lisp Machines, Inc. sold it as the LMI-CADR. Symbolics did not intend to produce many LM-2s, since the 3600 family of Lisp machines was supposed to ship quickly, but the 3600s were repeatedly delayed, and Symbolics ended up producing ~100 LM-2s, each of which sold for $70,000.
A young boy visits a beer garden with his mother and uncle. During the war, his uncle lost one of his legs and part of his tongue due to a gunshot wound, giving him a lisp. Despite his war injuries, he is an impressive and confident man who hasn't lost his vitality - completely different from the nature of the small, humble and assiduous waiter who is serving their table. He also has a lisp due to an innate speech impediment.
Loading screen (BBC Model B) Acornsoft LISP was released on cassette, disk and ROM cartridge. The ROM cartridge version had instantaneous loading as well as a greater amount of available free RAM for user definitions. In contrast with large-scale LISP implementations, Acornsoft's variant only had a modest number of built-in definitions as it had to fit in the limited memory space of the 8-bit Acorn computers. The interpreter was implemented in 6502 machine-code and was 5.5K in size.
Smalltalk became noted for its application of object orientation at the language-level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew. While Smalltalk was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically. In the 1970s, Smalltalk influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object-based techniques that were introduced to developers via the Lisp machine.
The Lisp Algebraic Manipulator (also known as LAM) was created by Ray d'Inverno, who had written Atlas LISP Algebraic Manipulation (ALAM was designed in 1970).Entry at hopl.murdoch.edu.au Computer Algebra: from the Visible to the Invisible, R. A. d'Inverno, General Relativity and Gravitation, Volume 38, Number 6, June 2006 Algebraic computing in general relativity, Raymon A. d'Inverno, General Relativity and Gravitation, Volume 6, Number 6, December, 1975Entry at people.ku.edu LAM later became the basis for the interactive computer package SHEEP.
The main goal of this Lisp version is to implement a fully compliant ISLISP system (when launched with `-islisp` flag, it is strictly restricted to ISO/IEC 13816:2007(E) specification). The secondary goal is to provide a complete embeddable Lisp system linkable to C/C++ or Java (via Java Native Interface (JNI)). A callback mechanism is used to communicate with the external program. Other goals are to be usable as scripting language or glue language and to produce standalone program executables.
The language processing system ensures that this never clashes with another name or location in the execution environment. The responsibility for choosing to use this feature within the body of a macro definition is left to the programmer. This method was used in MacLisp, where a function named `gensym` could be used to generate a new symbol name. Similar functions (usually named `gensym` as well) exist in many Lisp-like languages, including the widely implemented Common Lisp standard and Elisp.
Maclisp, a variant of Lisp developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Richard Greenblatt in the late 1960s, originally ran on the PDP-6 and PDP-10 computers made by Digital Equipment Corporation. In the early 1970s, Moon headed a project at MIT that reimplemented Maclisp on a different kind of computer, the Honeywell 6180 running the Multics operating system. The compiler that he developed, NCOMPLR, became the "standard against which all other Lisp compilers were measured"., p. 10.
In his book Good and Real (2006), Gary Drescher compares qualia with "gensyms" (generated symbols) in Common Lisp. These are objects that Lisp treats as having no properties or components and which can only be identified as equal or not equal to other objects. Drescher explains, "we have no introspective access to whatever internal properties make the red gensym recognizably distinct from the green [...] even though we know the sensation when we experience it."Drescher, Gary, Good and Real, MIT Press, 2006.
GOAL's first use was for the Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy game. The predecessor language, Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL), was also developed by Andy Gavin for Crash Bandicoot. Since Naughty Dog no longer employs GOAL's primary development and maintenance engineer, and they were under pressure from their new parent company, Sony, to share technology between studios, Naughty Dog transitioned away from Lisp: However, they have since resumed using it for scripting on some PlayStation 3 games, including The Last of Us.
Lisp first introduced many paradigmatic features of functional programming, though early Lisps were multi-paradigm languages, and incorporated support for numerous programming styles as new paradigms evolved. Later dialects, such as Scheme and Clojure, and offshoots such as Dylan and Julia, sought to simplify and rationalise Lisp around a cleanly functional core, while Common Lisp was designed to preserve and update the paradigmatic features of the numerous older dialects it replaced. Information Processing Language (IPL), 1956, is sometimes cited as the first computer-based functional programming language.The memoir of Herbert A. Simon (1991), Models of My Life pp.189-190 claims that he, Al Newell, and Cliff Shaw are "...commonly adjudged to be the parents of [the] artificial intelligence [field]," for writing Logic Theorist, a program that proved theorems from Principia Mathematica automatically.
Other systems, such as Intellicorp's KEE, moved from LISP to a C++ (variant) on the PC and helped establish object-oriented technology (including providing major support for the development of UML (see UML Partners).
4, no. 6, pp. 36-45, November/December 1987, doi:10.1109/MS.1987.232087 Mike McMahon co-developed the New Error System from Symbolics, which was the main inspiration for the Common Lisp Condition System.
Although GLFW is written in C, bindings do exist to use the API with other programming languages including Ada, C#, Common Lisp, D, Go, Haskell, Java, Python, Rebol, Red, Ruby and Rust, among others.
As of 2010, he was working on a new statistical programming language based on Lisp. The Department of Statistics at the University of Auckland started a public lecture series in his honour in 2017.
Higher-Order and Symbol Computation (formerly LISP and Symbolic Computation; print: , online: ) is a computer science journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It focusses on programming concepts and abstractions and programming language theory.
A parser for the "AI Memo 8" M-expression is available in Common Lisp, but the author intends it as a case against M-expressions due to its perceived inability to cope with macros.
Grammarly was developed in 2009 by Ukrainians Alex Shevchenko, Max Lytvyn, and Dmytro Lider. The backend grammar engine was written in Common Lisp. The app is owned by Grammarly, Inc., of San Francisco, California.
The first ending song, "Love the Music", is done by Lisp, while the second, "Tan-Kyu- Shin", is done by KREVA, and the third is "Love Go! Courage Go!", which was performed by TAKUYA.
Greenspan was born in New York City. He overcame a lisp in adolescence and went into sports broadcasting after graduating from New York University.Kupper, Mike (December 26, 2010). Bud Greenspan, Olympic documentarian, dies at 84.
The shebang line `#!/usr/bin/emacs --script` allows the creation of standalone scripts in Emacs Lisp. Batch mode is not an Emacs mode per se, but describes an alternate execution mode for the Emacs program.
Most of Flakey's routines were written in Lisp, with some lower- level code written in C. The code maintains a "Local Perceptual Space" that is updated by the sensors and acted on by planning algorithms.
Since then no update to the standard has been published. Various extensions and improvements to Common Lisp (examples are Unicode, Concurrency, CLOS-based IO) have been provided by implementations and libraries (many available via Quicklisp).
NET (VB or C#). Programmers can now create dialogs in VB or C# that have the full range of controls found in the .NET Forms API and can be called and accessed from Visual-LISP.
EusLisp is a Lisp-based programming system. Built on the basis of object orientation, it is designed specifically for developing robotics software. The first version of it ran in 1986 on Unix-System5/Ustation-E20.
Because of these implementational degrees of freedom, the ACT-R community usually refers to the "official", Lisp-based, version of the theory, when adopted in its original form and left unmodified, as "Vanilla ACT-R".
EMMS (Emacs MultiMedia System) is media player software for Emacs. It is written in Emacs Lisp. The name could possibly echo XMMS. It may be derived from an earlier Emacs-based player called mp3-player.
In 1979, Russell Noftsker, being convinced that Lisp machines had a bright commercial future due to the strength of the Lisp language and the enabling factor of hardware acceleration, proposed to Greenblatt that they commercialize the technology. In a counter-intuitive move for an AI Lab hacker, Greenblatt acquiesced, hoping perhaps that he could recreate the informal and productive atmosphere of the Lab in a real business. These ideas and goals were considerably different from those of Noftsker. The two negotiated at length, but neither would compromise.
Nyquist is a programming language for sound synthesis and analysis based on the Lisp programming language. It is an extension of the XLISP dialect of Lisp, and is named after Harry Nyquist. With Nyquist, the programmer designs musical instruments by combining functions, and can call upon these instruments and generate a sound just by typing a simple expression. The programmer can combine simple expressions into complex ones to create a whole composition, and can also generate various other kinds of musical and non- musical sounds.
The two non-Apple collaborators were CMU Gwydion and Harlequin. :"I think our general impression was that our influence at CMU was limited to being able to participate in meetings and email discussions where we could try to convince the Apple people to see things our way. There was actually a great deal of consensus about many issues, mainly because the designers were primarily from the Common Lisp community, and saw similar strengths and failings of Common Lisp." ::Rob MacLachlan, former member of CMU's Dylan project Gwydion.
They went on to start Symbolics Inc. Alexander Jacobson, a consultant from CDC, was trying to put together an AI natural language computer application, came to Greenblatt, seeking a Lisp machine for his group to work with. Eight months after Greenblatt had his disastrous conference with Noftsker, he had yet to produce anything. Alexander Jacobson decided that the only way Greenblatt was going to actually start his company and build the Lisp machines that Jacobson needed, was if he pushed and financially helped Greenblatt launch his company.
Carol enjoys singing in the church choir, and with her daughter Marcia in the high school Family Frolic Talent Show. In the episode "A Fistful of Reasons", in which Cindy is bullied because of her lisp, Carol confesses that she too overcame a lisp while growing up in Swampscott, Massachusetts. Her parents, Henry and Mrs Tyler (J. Pat O'Malley and Joan Tompkins), are depicted only in the pilot "The Honeymoon", and her maternal grandmother, Connie Hutchins (Florence Henderson), appears in "You're Never Too Old".
David A. Moon is a programmer and computer scientist, known for his work on the Lisp programming language, as co-author of the Emacs text editor, as the inventor of ephemeral garbage collection, and as one of the designers of the Dylan programming language. Guy L. Steele Jr. and Richard P. Gabriel (1993) name him as a leader of the Common Lisp movement and describe him as "a seductively powerful thinker, quiet and often insulting, whose arguments are almost impossible to refute"., p. 44.
Paul Wilmott formed Transformer, who recorded a cover of Wire's "Outdoor Miner", which appeared on the Wire tribute album, Whore (1996). He would later play in the short-lived London Records-signed trip hop band Lisp.
Jacobson pulled together business plans, a board, and a partner, F. Stephen Wyle, for Greenblatt. The newfound company was named LISP Machine, Inc. (LMI), and was funded mostly by order flow including CDC orders, via Jacobson.
ICAO is considering Ground-Based LISP as a candidate technology for the next- generation Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN). The solution is under further development in part of the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) FCI activities.
The `loop` macro in ANSI Common Lisp is anaphoric in binding `it` to the result of the test expression in a clause.22\. LOOP for Black Belts from Practical Common LispWhat would be an example of an anaphoric conditional in Lisp? on StackOverflow Here is an example that sums the value of non-`nil` elements, where `it` refers to the values of elements that do not equal `nil`: (loop for element in '(nil 1 nil 2 nil nil 3 4 6) when element sum it) ;; ⇒ 16 Here `it` is bound to the output of `(and (> number 3) number)` when true, collecting numbers larger than 3:6.1.8.1 Examples of clause grouping from the Common Lisp HyperSpec (loop for number from 1 to 6 when (and (> number 3) number) collect it) ; IT refers to (and (> number 3) number).
The output is mouse sensitive. The Lisp listener can display forms to input data for the various built-in commands. The user interface provides extensive online help and context sensitive help, completion of choices in various contexts.
Gordon is one of Peter's best friends. He is a member of the Best Boys Club and is friends with Tidy Ted and Spotless Sam. He often speaks with a lisp. He is voiced by Joanna Ruiz.
A Few FORMAT Recipes from Practical Common Lisp (let ((groceries '(eggs bread butter carrots))) (format t "~{~A~^, ~}.~%" groceries) ; Prints in uppercase (format t "~:(~{~A~^, ~}~).~%" groceries)) ; Capitalizes output ;; prints: EGGS, BREAD, BUTTER, CARROTS. ;; prints: Eggs, Bread, Butter, Carrots.
However he reigned in the 14th century and the sound began to develop in the 16th century (see below). Moreover, it is clear that a true lisp would not give rise to the systematic distinction between and that characterizes Standard Peninsular pronunciation. For example, a lisp would lead one to pronounce both ('I feel') and ('hundred') the same (as ) whereas in standard peninsular Spanish they are pronounced and , respectively. For native speakers of seseo varieties of Spanish, in which is absent, the presence of this phoneme in European speakers does not appear strange.
The Prolog subset of Poplog is implemented using the extendable incremental compiler of POP-11, the core language of Poplog, which is a general purpose Lisp-like language with a more conventional syntax. The implementation required the Poplog Virtual Machine to be extended to provide support for Prolog continuations, Prolog variables, the Prolog trail (recording undoable variable bindings), and Prolog terms. The implementation was constrained by the need to allow data-structures to be shared with the other Poplog languages, especially POP-11 and Common Lisp, thereby providing support for a mixture of programming styles.
For example, the Common Lisp Object System can be implemented cleanly as a language extension using macros. This means that if an application needs a different inheritance mechanism, it can use a different object system. This is in stark contrast to most other languages; for example, Java does not support multiple inheritance and there is no reasonable way to add it. In simplistic Lisp implementations, this list structure is directly interpreted to run the program; a function is literally a piece of list structure which is traversed by the interpreter in executing it.
The "-P Convention" or "P Question" refers to the act of making a statement into a question by appending "P." When spoken aloud, the "P" is literally pronounced as a separate syllable "Pee." This practice originated among users of the Lisp programming language, in which there is the convention of appending the letter "P" on elements to denote a predicate (a yes or no question). It is most commonly used at MIT and the University of California, Berkeley, or among computer scientists working in Artificial intelligence (which frequently uses Lisp).
As British and American children begin school at age four and five respectively, this means that many are learning to read and write before they have sorted out these sounds, and the infantile pronunciation is frequently reflected in their spelling errors: ve fing for the thing. Children with a lisp, however, have trouble distinguishing and from and respectively in speech, using a single or pronunciation for both, and may never master the correct sounds without speech therapy. The lisp is a common speech impediment in English. Foreign learners may have parallel problems.
It was based on Owl LISP written by Mike Gardner of Owl Computers, which he published for the Apple II in 1979. Acornsoft licensed it from Owl Computers in 1981 and developed it for the Acorn Atom and BBC Microcomputer. The supplied LISP workspace image containing commonly used built-in functions and constants was 3K in size, although this could be deleted if not needed by the user to free up more memory. Supported datatypes included nested lists, 16-bit signed integers and strings up to 127 characters in length.
Gay male speech, particularly within North American English, has been the focus of numerous modern stereotypes, as well as sociolinguistic studies. Scientific research has uncovered phonetically significant features produced by many gay men and demonstrated that listeners accurately guess speakers' sexual orientation at rates greater than chance. One feature of the speech is sometimes known as the "gay lisp", though researchers acknowledge that it is not technically a lisp. Research does not support the notion that gay speech entirely adopts feminine speech characteristics, but, rather, that it selectively adopts some of those features.
Guy L. Steele, Jr., for a lifetime of contributions to programming languages, tools, and operating systems. Guy Steele did not receive the Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming award for his work on a specific language, tool, or operating system, wrote editor Jonathan Erickson, "but for the breadth of his contributions over the years." These contribution include writing books on Lisp, C, Fortran, and Java; collaborating on the initial specification for Java and Scheme; designing the original Emacs command set; and serving on accredited standards committees for C, Fortran, Common Lisp, and Scheme.Erickson, Jonathan.
Data is loaded into the running Lisp system. The programmer may then dump a system image, containing that pre-compiled and possibly customized code—and also all loaded application data. Often this image is an executable, and can be run on other machines. This system image can be the form in which executable programs are distributed—this method has often been used by programs (such as TeX and Emacs) largely implemented in Lisp, Smalltalk, or idiosyncratic languages to avoid spending time repeating the same initialization work every time they start up.
Mastering symbolic math was a herculean task; but numerical capabilities were critical to get a piece of the much larger engineering and lower-end scientific markets. At MIT Macsyma had a link to the IMSL (now Rogue Wave Software) numerical libraries, but this link was severed when Macsyma moved to Symbolics. Lisp developers at Symbolics generally believed that numerical analysis was an old technology that was not important for Lisp applications, so they declined to invest in it. Double precision arithmetic in Macsyma (on a PC version) was about six times slower than Fortran.
Mutual recursion is very common in the functional programming style, and is often used for programs written in LISP, Scheme, ML, and similar languages. For example, Abelson and Sussman describe how a metacircular evaluator can be used to implement LISP with an eval-apply cycle. In languages such as Prolog, mutual recursion is almost unavoidable. Some programming styles discourage mutual recursion, claiming that it can be confusing to distinguish the conditions which will return an answer from the conditions that would allow the code to run forever without producing an answer.
Dr. Evens completed her Ph.D. in Computer Science from Northwestern University in 1975. Subsequently, she became a member of the Computer Science faculty at Illinois Institute of Technology, where she remained. During her career at IIT, Dr. Evens served as advisor or co-advisor of over 100 PhD students. "I also drove the two boxes of cards containing the first Lisp Interpreter from MIT to Lincoln Lab as a favor to a friend - and only later realized what a big part Lisp was to play in my life and work," Dr. Evens said.
Dylan is a multi-paradigm programming language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming (OOP), and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support generating efficient machine code, including fine-grained control over dynamic and static behaviors. It was created in the early 1990s by a group led by Apple Computer. A concise and thorough overview of the language may be found in the Dylan Reference Manual. Dylan derives from Scheme and Common Lisp and adds an integrated object system derived from the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).
Dylan is not case sensitive. Dylan's lexical syntax allows the use of a naming convention where hyphen-minus signs are used to connect the parts of multiple- word identifiers (sometimes called "lisp-case" or "kebab case"). This convention is common in Lisp languages but cannot be used in programming languages that treat any hyphen-minus that is not part of a numeric literal as a single lexical token, even when not surrounded by whitespace characters. Besides alphanumeric characters and hyphen-minus signs, Dylan allows certain non-alphanumerical characters as part of identifiers.
An appendix includes full documentation of the software. One purpose of the book is to provide usable and efficient open software in an area where previous solutions were largely proprietary, incomplete, and buggy. Author Edward Reingold originally programmed these methods in Emacs Lisp, as part of the text editor GNU Emacs, and the authors expanded an earlier journal publication on this implementation into the book. This code has been converted to Common Lisp for the book, with an open license, and included within the book as a precise and unambiguous way of describing each algorithm.
The appearance of this anti-pattern in programs is usually because few programming languages provide a feature to contractually ensure that a super method is called from a derived class. One language that does have this feature, in a quite radical fashion, is BETA. The feature is found in a limited way in for instance Java and C++, where a child class constructor always calls the parent class constructor. Languages that support before and after methods, such as Common Lisp (specifically the Common Lisp Object System), provide a different way to avoid this anti-pattern.
There is a trade off between using standards such as STEM and vendor- or business- specific proprietary languages. Standardization facilitates knowledge sharing, integration, and re-use. Proprietary formats (such as CATIA) can provide competitive advantage and powerful features beyond current standardization. Genworks GDL, a commercial product whose core is based on the AGPL-licensed Gendl Project, addresses the issue of application longevity by providing a high-level declarative language kernel which is a superset of a standard dialect of the Lisp programming language (ANSI Common Lisp, or CL).
Software exception handling developed in Lisp in the 1960s and 1970s. This originated in LISP 1.5 (1962), where exceptions were caught by the `ERRSET` keyword, which returned `NIL` in case of an error, instead of terminating the program or entering the debugger. Error raising was introduced in MacLisp in the late 1960s via the `ERR` keyword. This was rapidly used not only for error raising, but for non- local control flow, and thus was augmented by two new keywords, `CATCH` and `THROW` (MacLisp June 1972), reserving `ERRSET` and `ERR` for error handling.
This sidestepped the main failure of Lisp machines by, in essence, rewriting the Lisp machine IDE for use on a more cost-effective and less moribund architecture. During this time, Gabriel married his second wife, and had a daughter; he later divorced his second wife in 1993. Eventually Lucid's focus shifted (during the AI Winter) to an IDE for C++. A core component of the IDE was Richard Stallman’s version of Emacs, GNU Emacs. GNU Emacs was not up to Lucid’s needs, however, and several Lucid programmers were assigned to help develop GNU Emacs.
When the unshaded region is entered, a 0 is appended. The thesis continued to be cited for several decades after its submission. He started as ARPA Principal Investigator from 1968 to 1978, and was responsible for the design and development of BBN LISP at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, developing the idea of a programming system for a personal computer. He used the ARPANET to support users of BBN Lisp at Stanford, SRI, USC, and CMU in 1970, and has been named an official ARPANET Pioneer, for his contributions to its development and growth.
Engineering Summer Conferences, 1967 while the term "lexical scoping" dates at least to 1970, where it was used in Project MAC to describe the scope rules of the Lisp dialect MDL (then known as "Muddle"). "lexical scoping", , 1970.
Classes are similar to structures, but offer more dynamic features and multiple-inheritance. (See CLOS). Classes have been added late to Common Lisp and there is some conceptual overlap with structures. Objects created of classes are called Instances.
Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on LISP and functional programming. The idea was popularized by Maurice Herlihy and J. Eliot B. Moss.Maurice Herlihy and J. Eliot B. Moss. Transactional memory: architectural support for lock-free data structures.
So the name was sanitized to MDL. MDL provides several enhancements to classic Lisp. It supports several built-in data types, including lists, strings and arrays, and user-defined data types. It offers multithreaded expression evaluation and coroutines.
He is one of the founders of Symbolics Inc., a company developing and selling Lisp Machines in the 1980s and 1990s.List of Symbolics FoundersJ.H. Walker, D.A. Moon, D.L. Weinreb, M. McMahon, "The Symbolics Genera Programming Environment", IEEE Software, vol.
It is also possible to create circular data structures with conses. Common Lisp supports multidimensional arrays, and can dynamically resize adjustable arrays if required. Multidimensional arrays can be used for matrix mathematics. A vector is a one-dimensional array.
Its extension language, Mocklisp, has a syntax that appears similar to Lisp, but Mocklisp does not have lists or any other structured datatypes. The Mocklisp interpreter, built by Gosling and a collaborator, inspired the interpreter used in GNU Emacs.
Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. OPS5 and Mercury are examples of fifth- generation languages,E. Balagurusamy, Fundamentals of Computers, Mcgraw Hill Education (India), 2009, , p. 340 as is ICAD, which was built upon Lisp.
Like Lisp, LFE is an expression-oriented language. Unlike non-homoiconic programming languages, Lisps make no or little syntactic distinction between expressions and statements: all code and data are written as expressions. LFE brought homoiconicity to the Erlang VM.
Clozure CL was used by ITA Software for the business logic of a new Airline Reservation System.ECLM 2009 talk by Dan Weinreb Clozure CL is also commonly used as an underlying Common Lisp implementation for the ACL2 theorem prover.
Rather than including a custom interpreter for some domain-specific language, Greenspun's rule suggests using a widely accepted, fully featured language like Lisp. Paul Graham also highlights the satiric nature of the concept, albeit based on real issues: The rule was written sometime around 1993 by Philip Greenspun. Although it is known as his tenth rule, there are in fact no preceding rules, only the tenth. The reason for this according to Greenspun: Hacker Robert Morris later declared a corollary, which clarifies the set of "sufficiently complicated" programs to which the rule applies: This corollary jokingly refers to the fact that many Common Lisp implementations (especially those available in the early 1990s) depend upon a low-level core of compiled C, which sidesteps the issue of bootstrapping but may itself be somewhat variable in quality, at least compared to a cleanly self-hosting Common Lisp.
He also wrote the PDP-1 Lisp 1.5 implementation, Basic PDP-1 LISP, "while still in short pants" and finished it in 1963, when he was 17 years old.The LISP Implementation for the PDP-1 Computer, L. Peter Deutsch and Edmund C Berkeley, March 1964 From 1964 to 1967, during his study at the University of California, Berkeley, he worked with Butler Lampson and Charles P. Thacker on the Berkeley Timesharing System, which became the standard operating system for the SDS 940 mainframe that would later be used by Tymshare, NLS, and Community Memory. Deutsch is the author of several Request for Comments (RFCs), The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing, and originated the Deutsch limit adage about visual programming languages. Deutsch received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973, and has previously worked at Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems.
But the programmer, especially if programming in a language supporting large integers (e.g. Lisp or Scheme), may not want wrapping arithmetic. Some architectures (e.g. MIPS), define special addition operations that branch to special locations on overflow, rather than wrapping the result.
The NuBus was later incorporated in Lisp products by Texas Instruments (Explorer), and used as the main expansion bus by Apple Computer and a variant called NeXTBus was developed by NeXT. It is no longer widely used outside the embedded market.
The choice of Lisp provided more extensibility than ever before, and has been followed by most subsequent Emacs implementations. Rather than using TECO's gap buffer representation for the text being edited, it used a doubly linked list of lines of text.
Hop is a Lisp-like programming language by Manuel Serrano for web 2.0 and also the name of the web broker (server and proxy) that implements this language. It is written in Bigloo Scheme. It is a project funded by INRIA.
Lester Piggott had to be subtitled. Boxing characters included Frank Bruno with his trademark laugh and catchphrase "where's 'Arry?", and Chris Eubank, with his lisp. Snooker player Steve Davis was boring, upset because he had no nickname, but thought himself interesting.
CL-HTTP has been used in several applications. ELM-ART is a tutoring system written in Common Lisp using CL-HTTP. It was later commercialized as NetCoach. InterBook is an early adaptive electronic textbook, also written on top of CL-HTTP.
Impromptu is a Mac OS X programming environment for live coding. Impromptu is built around the Scheme language, which is a member of the Lisp family of languages. The source code of its core has been opened as the Extempore project.
GNU Emacs supports the capability to use it as an interpreter for the Emacs Lisp language without displaying the text editor user interface. In batch mode, user configuration is not loaded and the terminal interrupt characters C-c and C-z will have their usual effect of exiting the program or suspending execution instead of invoking Emacs keybindings. GNU Emacs has command line options to specify either a file to load and execute, or an Emacs Lisp function may be passed in from the command line. Emacs will start up, execute the passed-in file or function, print the results, then exit.
GNU Emacs Manual (cover art by Etienne Suvasa; cover design by Matt Lee) Apart from the built-in documentation, GNU Emacs has an unusually long and detailed manual. An electronic copy of the GNU Emacs Manual, written by Richard Stallman, is bundled with GNU Emacs and can be viewed with the built- in info browser. Two additional manuals, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual by Bil Lewis, Richard Stallman, and Dan Laliberte and An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp by Robert Chassell, are included. All three manuals are also published in book form by the Free Software Foundation.
Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and author of GNU Emacs In 1976, Stallman wrote the first Emacs (“Editor MACroS”), and in 1984, began work on GNU Emacs, to produce a free software alternative to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp, also implemented in C, as an extension language.
Common Lisp implementations can be used interactively, even though the code gets fully compiled. The idea of an Interpreted language thus does not apply for interactive Common Lisp. The language makes a distinction between read-time, compile-time, load-time, and run-time, and allows user code to also make this distinction to perform the wanted type of processing at the wanted step. Some special operators are provided to especially suit interactive development; for instance, `defvar` will only assign a value to its provided variable if it wasn't already bound, while `defparameter` will always perform the assignment.
Moreover, the key issue that makes this an objective rather than subjective matter is that Scheme makes specific requirements for the handling of tail calls, and thus the reason that the use of tail recursion is generally encouraged for Scheme is that the practice is expressly supported by the language definition. By contrast, ANSI Common Lisp does not require3.2.2.3 Semantic Constraints in Common Lisp HyperSpec the optimization commonly termed a tail call elimination. Thus, the fact that tail recursive style as a casual replacement for the use of more traditional iteration constructs (such as , or ) is discouraged4.3.
Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I" (Part II was never published). He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for functions, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. The use of s-expressions which characterize the syntax of Lisp was initially intended to be an interim measure pending the development of a language employing what McCarthy called "m-expressions".
In 1971 Sussman, Drew McDermott, and Eugene Charniak had developed a system called Micro-Planner which was a partial and somewhat unsatisfactory implementation of Carl Hewitt's ambitious Planner project. Sussman and Hewitt worked together along with others on Muddle, later renamed MDL, an extended Lisp which formed a component of Hewitt's project. Drew McDermott, and Sussman in 1972 developed the Lisp-based language Conniver, which revised the use of automatic backtracking in Planner which they thought was unproductive. Hewitt was dubious that the "hairy control structure" in Conniver was a solution to the problems with Planner.
The earliest implementation predates Common Lisp and was part of Spice Lisp, around 1980. In 1985 Rob MacLachlan started re-writing the compiler to what would become the Python compiler and CMUCL was ported to Unix workstations such as the IBM PC RT, MIPS and SPARC. Early CMUCL releases did not support Intel's x86 architecture due to a lack of registers. CMUCL strictly separated type-tagged and immediate data types and the garbage collector would rely on knowing that one half of the CPU registers could only hold tagged types and the other half only untagged types.
Dunbar earned a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in Composition at Stanford University, working under composers Chris Chafe, John Chowning, Jonathan Harvey and Wayne Peterson. During the years when Dunbar worked at CCRMA (Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University), the composer produced computer music compositions which integrated traditional instruments, poetic recitations and vocal melodies with algorithmically composed music which was seeded with world music motives. This algorithmic composition and digital synthesis required fluency in computer languages including Common Lisp, Common Lisp Music and Heinrich Taube’s Stella. This work culminated in the production of the CD, Spirit Journey.
Screenshot of Metacat (Copycat successor) in operation, slightly edited with commentary at bottom. Copycat is a model of analogy making and human cognition based on the concept of the parallel terraced scan, developed in 1988 by Douglas Hofstadter, Melanie Mitchell, and others at the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University Bloomington. The original Copycat was written in Common Lisp and is bitrotten (as it relies on now-outdated graphics libraries for Lucid Common Lisp); however, Java and Python ports exist. The latest version in 2018 is a Python3 port by Lucas Saldyt and J. Alan Brogan.
However, one stropping regime was to not strop the keywords, and instead have them simply be reserved words. Some languages, such as PostScript, are extremely liberal in this approach, allowing core keywords to be redefined for specific purposes. In Common Lisp, the term "keyword" (or "keyword symbol") is used for a special sort of symbol, or identifier. Unlike other symbols, which usually stand for variables or functions, keywords are self-quoting and self-evaluatingPeter Norvig: Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp, Morgan Kaufmann, 1991, , Web:98 and are interned in the `KEYWORD` package.
On the positive side, full support for pointers to all data types (including pointers to structures), recursion, multitasking, string handling, and extensive built-in functions meant PL/I was indeed quite a leap forward compared to the programming languages of its time. However, these were not enough to persuade a majority of programmers or shops to switch to PL/I. The PL/I F compiler's compile time preprocessor was unusual (outside the Lisp worldTimothy P. Hart, MACRO Definitions for LISP, October 1963) in using its target language's syntax and semantics (e.g. as compared to the C preprocessor's "#" directives).
The form `_ < pivot` is a declaration of an anonymous function with a placeholder variable; see the section above on anonymous functions. The list operators `::` (which adds an element onto the beginning of a list, similar to `cons` in Lisp and Scheme) and `:::` (which appends two lists together, similar to `append` in Lisp and Scheme) both appear. Despite appearances, there is nothing "built-in" about either of these operators. As specified above, any string of symbols can serve as function name, and a method applied to an object can be written "infix"-style without the period or parentheses.
In some languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme and others of the Lisp language family, macros provide a powerful means of extending the language. Here the lack of hygiene in conventional macros is resolved by several strategies. ;Obfuscation :If temporary storage is needed during the expansion of a macro, unusual variable names can be used in hope that the same names will never be used in a program that uses the macro. ;Temporary symbol creation :In some programming languages, it is possible for a new variable name, or symbol, to be generated and bound to a temporary location.
Multiple-word descriptive identifiers with embedded spaces such as `end of file` or `char table` cannot be used in most programming languages because the spaces between the words would be parsed as delimiters between tokens. The alternative of running the words together as in `endoffile` or `chartable` is difficult to understand and possibly misleading; for example, `chartable` is an English word (able to be charted). Some early programming languages, notably Lisp (1958) and COBOL (1959), addressed this problem by allowing a hyphen ("-") to be used between words of compound identifiers, as in "END-OF- FILE": Lisp because it worked well with prefix notation (a Lisp parser would not treat a hyphen in the middle of a symbol as a subtraction operator) and COBOL because its operators were individual English words. This convention remains in use in these languages, and is also common in program names entered on a command line, as in Unix.
Some languages, such as Perl, LISP, JavaScript and Python, make the stack operations push and pop available on their standard list/array types. Some languages, notably those in the Forth family (including PostScript), are designed around language-defined stacks that are directly visible to and manipulated by the programmer. The following is an example of manipulating a stack in Common Lisp ("" is the Lisp interpreter's prompt; lines not starting with "" are the interpreter's responses to expressions): > (setf stack (list 'a 'b 'c)) ;; set the variable "stack" (A B C) > (pop stack) ;; get top (leftmost) element, should modify the stack A > stack ;; check the value of stack (B C) > (push 'new stack) ;; push a new top onto the stack (NEW B C) Several of the C++ Standard Library container types have and operations with LIFO semantics; additionally, the template class adapts existing containers to provide a restricted API with only push/pop operations. PHP has an SplStack class.
The Racket dialect of Lisp has support for ephemerons in its runtime system. There, ephemerons are used in combination with weak mappings to allow the garbage collector to free key-value pairs even if the value holds a reference to a key.
Symbolics developed new Lisp machines and published the operating system under the name Genera. The latest version is 8.5. Symbolics Genera was developed in the early 1980s and early 1990s. In the final years, development entailed mostly patches, with very little new function.
Common Lisp implementations provide advice functionality (in addition to the standard method combination for CLOS) as extensions. LispWorksLispWorks 7 User Guide and Reference Manual, The Advice Facility supports advising functions, macros and CLOS methods. EmacsLisp added advice-related code in version 19.28, 1994.
A.L.I.C.E. won the Loebner Prize in 2000, 2001, and 2004. In 2002 Wallace began a collaboration with Franz, Inc. which resulted in Pandorabots, an AIML server and interpreter implemented in Common Lisp. Wallace then became the Chief Science Officer of Pandorabots, Inc.
Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high- performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems project. One of the language designers was Guy L. Steele Jr., whose previous work includes Scheme, Common Lisp, and Java.
Lincoln's first name has occasionally been erroneously recorded as Thaddeus.Bayne (2001), p. 13 Lincoln was born with a form of cleft lip and palate, causing him speech problems throughout his life. He had a lisp and delivered his words rapidly and unintelligibly.
Secondly, accessing variables under dynamic scoping is generally slower than under lexical scoping. Also, the `lexical-let` macro in the "cl" package does provide effective lexical scope to Emacs Lisp programmers, but while "cl" is widely used, `lexical-let` is rarely used.
While many programming languages (such as Common Lisp, Eiffel and Java) that use call by value evaluate function arguments left-to-right, some evaluate functions and their arguments right-to-left, and others (such as Scheme, OCaml and C) do not specify order.
Each magazine had various colour-coded sections which denoted the main subject of the article. These subjects included BASIC Programming, Machine Code, Applications, Games Programming, with occasional sections on Peripherals. Later issues included introductions to other computer languages: Logo, Pascal, Lisp, and Forth.
Homoiconic languages typically include full support of syntactic macros, allowing the programmer to express transformations of programs in a concise way. Examples are the programming languages Clojure (a contemporary dialect of Lisp), Rebol (also its successor Red), Refal, Prolog, and more recently Julia.
Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 27. Enlisting at 18 in the US Navy in 1918, Bogart was recorded as a model sailor. He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint. There are several conflicting stories.
Cosmo (voiced by Ali Lyons) The main character of the series. She is a young astronaut who loves to go explore the planets with Dad. Sol (voiced by Elijah O'Sullivan) A younger astronaut who is Cosmo's little brother. He speaks in a lisp.
The original Interim Mail Access Protocol was implemented as a Xerox Lisp machine client and a TOPS-20 server. No copies of the original interim protocol specification or its software exist.Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry. Iana.org (2013-07-12).
Rubinius follows in the Lisp and Smalltalk traditions, by natively implementing as much of Ruby as possible in Ruby code. It also has a goal of being thread-safe in order to be able to embed more than one interpreter in a single application.
Paul Graham used CLISP to run the software for his Viaweb startup. Viaweb was an early web application; portions of it still exist as Yahoo! Stores, the base for Yahoo Shopping. Conrad Barski's Land of Lisp uses some CLISP-specific functions in the textbook exercises.
CTSS at first had only an assembler FAP and a compiler MAD. Also, Fortran II code could be translated into a MAD code. Later half of the system was written in MAD. Later there were other programming languages like LISP and a version of ALGOL.
The license uses terminology which is mainly intended for applications written in the C programming language or its family. Franz Inc. published its own preamble to the license to clarify terminology in the Lisp context. LGPL with this preamble is sometimes referred as LLGPL.
Kenzo is written in Lisp, and in addition to homology it may also be used to generate presentations of homotopy groups of finite simplicial complexes. Gmsh includes a homology solver for finite element meshes, which can generate Cohomology bases directly usable by finite element software.
Software engineer Stewart Milberger then started a proof of Morris' corollary: This proof jokingly refers to the fact that Common Lisp has a relatively primitive system for partitioning symbols called 'packages' and also that there might be a Greenspun's 11, vis-a-vis C++.
Lisp tree, from a 1985 Master's Thesis. Here: p.15 Except for numbers and variables, every mathematical expression may be viewed as the symbol of an operator followed by a sequence of operands. In computer algebra software, the expressions are usually represented in this way.
Wildcat (voiced by Pat Fraley) is a clueless and gangly lion who typically wears a mechanic's outfit. Although very childlike, he is ultimately a mechanical genius. For example, he can fix a smashed telephone in under ten seconds. He speaks with a slight lisp.
It is possible that the term developed independently in more than one community. , names for other delimiter-separated naming conventions for multiple-word identifiers have not been standardized, although some terms have increasing levels of usage, such as lisp-case, kebab-case, SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE, and more.
It was incorporated into AutoCAD 2000 released in March 1999, as a replacement for AutoLISP. Since then, Autodesk has ceased major enhancements to Visual LISP and focused more effort on VBA and .NET, and C++. , Autodesk no longer supports VBA versions older than 7.1.
This release of LFE was very limited: it did not handle recursive `letrec`s, `binary`s, `receive`, or `try`; it also did not support a Lisp shell. Initial development of LFE was done with version R12B-0 of Erlang on a Dell XPS laptop.
David Michael Ritchie Park (1935 – 29 September 1990) was a British computer scientist. He worked on the first implementation of the programming language Lisp. Accessed 11 May 2010. He became an authority on the topics of fairness, program schemas and bisimulation in concurrent computing.
Following Lisp, other high-level languages which feature linked lists as primitive data structures have adopted an `append`. Haskell uses the `++` operator to append lists. OCaml uses the `@` operator to append lists. Other languages use the `+` or `++` symbols for nondestructive string/list/array concatenation.
TRAC has in common with LISP a syntax that generally involves the presence of many levels of nested parentheses. The main inspiration for TRAC came from three papers by Douglas McIlroy.McIlroy, M.D., Macro Instruction Extensions of Compiler Languages. CACM 3, No. 4 (1960), 214-220.
ABViewer also provides additional functionality for work with drawings: conversion of PDF drawings into editable DWG files,CADUTILS. ABViewer – Review the Redline mode for adding markups, comparison of DWG/DXF drawing revisions, georeferencing, work from the command line, LISP support as well as XML support.
BricsCAD implements many AutoCAD Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). In general, BricsCAD provides a nearly identical subset of AutoCAD-equivalent function names. In the case of non-compiled AutoCAD applications (e.g. LISP, Diesel and DCL), these programs can be loaded and executed directly in BricsCAD.
His brother, Sir John Thomas Pratt, was a British diplomat. Edward John Pratt, Jr. was an Anglo-Indian, from a British father and Indian mother, while Karloff's mother also had some Indian ancestry, thus Karloff had a relatively dark complexion that differed from his peers at the time. His mother's maternal aunt was Anna Leonowens, whose tales about life in the royal court of Siam (now Thailand) were the basis of the musical The King and I. Pratt was bow-legged, had a lisp, and stuttered as a young boy. He learned how to manage his stutter, but not his lisp, which was noticeable throughout his career in the film industry.
Modern trends toward just-in-time compilation and bytecode interpretation at times blur the traditional categorizations of compilers and interpreters even further. Some language specifications spell out that implementations must include a compilation facility; for example, Common Lisp. However, there is nothing inherent in the definition of Common Lisp that stops it from being interpreted. Other languages have features that are very easy to implement in an interpreter, but make writing a compiler much harder; for example, APL, SNOBOL4, and many scripting languages allow programs to construct arbitrary source code at runtime with regular string operations, and then execute that code by passing it to a special evaluation function.
Those researchers who did not join the smaller AI Lab formed the Laboratory for Computer Science and continued their research into operating systems, programming languages, distributed systems, and the theory of computation. Two professors, Hal Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman, chose to remain neutral — their group was referred to variously as Switzerland and Project MAC for the next 30 years. Among much else, the AI Lab led to the invention of Lisp machines and their attempted commercialization by two companies in the 1980s: Symbolics and Lisp Machines Inc. This divided the AI Lab into "camps" which resulted in a hiring away of many of the talented programmers.
In many cases where an explicit loop would be needed in other languages (like a loop in C) in Lisp the same task can be accomplished with a higher-order function. (The same is true of many functional programming languages.) A good example is a function which in Scheme is called and in Common Lisp is called . Given a function and one or more lists, applies the function successively to the lists' elements in order, collecting the results in a new list: (mapcar #'+ '(1 2 3 4 5) '(10 20 30 40 50)) This applies the function to each corresponding pair of list elements, yielding the result .
Standard examples of scripting languages for specific environments include: Bash, for the Unix or Unix-like operating systems; ECMAScript (JavaScript), for web browsers; and Visual Basic for Applications, for Microsoft Office applications. Lua is a language designed and widely used as an extension language. Python is a general-purpose language that is also commonly used as an extension language, while ECMAScript is still primarily a scripting language for web browsers, but is also used as a general-purpose language. The Emacs Lisp dialect of Lisp (for the Emacs editor) and the Visual Basic for Applications dialect of Visual Basic are examples of scripting language dialects of general-purpose languages.
His past involvements include specification and implementation of the languages Gilgul and Lava, and the design and application of the JMangler framework for load- time transformation of Java class files. He has also implemented ContextL, the first programming language extension for Context-oriented Programming based on CLOS, and aspect-oriented extensions for CLOS. He is furthermore the initiator and lead of Closer, an open source project that provides a compatibility layer for the CLOS MOP across multiple Common Lisp implementations. He has also co- organized numerous workshops on Unanticipated Software Evolution, Aspect- Oriented Programming, Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence, Lisp, and redefinition of computing.
The levels proved to be so large that the first test level created could not be loaded into Alias PowerAnimator and had to be cut up into 16 chunks. Each chunk took about 10 minutes to load even on a 256-megabyte machine. To remedy the situation, Baggett created the DLE, a level design tool where component parts of a level were entered into a text file, with a series of Adobe Photoshop layers indicating how the parts were combined. To code the characters and gameplay of the game, Andy Gavin and Dave Baggett created the programming language "Game-Oriented Object LISP" (GOOL) using LISP syntax.
The first metaobject protocol was in the Smalltalk object-oriented programming language developed at Xerox PARC. The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) came later and was influenced by the Smalltalk protocol as well as by Brian C. Smith's original studies on 3-Lisp as an infinite tower of evaluators. The CLOS model, unlike the Smalltalk model, allows a class to have more than one superclass; this raises additional complexity in issues such as resolving the lineage of the class hierarchy on some object instance. CLOS also allows for dynamic multimethod dispatch, which is handled via generic functions rather than message passing like in Smalltalk's single dispatch.
AutoLISP is a small, dynamically scoped, dynamically typed Lisp language dialect with garbage collection, immutable list structure, and settable symbols, lacking in such regular Lisp features as macro system, records definition facilities, arrays, functions with variable number of arguments or let bindings. Aside from the core language, most of the primitive functions are for geometry, accessing AutoCAD's internal DWG database, or manipulation of graphical entities in AutoCAD. The properties of these graphical entities are revealed to AutoLISP as association lists in which values are paired with AutoCAD group codes that indicate properties such as definitional points, radii, colors, layers, linetypes, etc. AutoCAD loads AutoLISP code from .
Many languages, including Java and functional languages, do not provide language constructs for inline functions, but their compilers or interpreters often do perform aggressive inline expansion. Other languages provide constructs for explicit hints, generally as compiler directives (pragmas). In the Ada programming language, there exists a pragma for inline functions. Functions in Common Lisp may be defined as inline by the `inline` declaration as such:Declaration INLINE, NOTINLINE at the Common Lisp HyperSpec (declaim (inline dispatch)) (defun dispatch (x) (funcall (get (car x) 'dispatch) x)) The Haskell compiler GHC tries to inline functions or values that are small enough but inlining may be noted explicitly using a language pragma:7.13.5.1.
Warren Teitelman, "Toward a programming laboratory", in J. N. Buxton and Brian Randell, Software Engineering Techniques, April 1970, a report on a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Rome, Italy, 27–31 October 1969, p. 108ff. The program was developed based upon Teitelman's own writing style and idiosyncrasies in 1972, and then used by other individuals in his office, followed by users across the industry. In 1977, he and Bob Sproull implemented the first client–server window system, D-Lisp. D-Lisp used the Alto as a display device on which ran the window manager and event handler, communicating with Interlisp running on a MAXC (a PDP-10 clone).
It provided a simple command line interpreter, a text editor and access to DFS, ADFS or NFS file systems via the I/O processor. Targeted at the academic and scientific user community, it came bundled with compilers for the FORTRAN 77, C, Pascal and LISP programming languages.
It is released and licensed as proprietary software. Genera is an example of an object-oriented operating system based on the programming language Lisp. Genera supports incremental and interactive development of complex software using a mix of programming styles with extensive support for object-oriented programming.
On his visit to London in 1761, he was extremely popular as a speaker. This high profile made him a target for satire. Samuel Foote took aim at Faulkner in his Orators of 1762. The character of Peter Paragraph is a one- legged publisher with a lisp.
BioBIKE was originally called "BioLingua", and was developed by Jeff Shrager at The Carnegie Inst. of Washington Dept. of Plant Biology, and JP Massar with funding from NASA's Astrobiology Division. Shrager and Massar wanted to create a web-based, multi-user Lisp Machine, specialized for bioinformatics.
Part 3 generalizes parts 1 and 2 to deal with imaginary and complex datatypes and arithmetic and elementary functions on such values. Much of the specifications in LIA-3 are inspired by the specifications for imaginary and complex datatypes and operations in C, Ada and Common Lisp.
Cf. e.g., Fredkin, Edward, (Information International, Inc.), "Techniques Using LISP for Automatically Discovering Interesting Relations in Data", and other articles in the book.Norberg, Arthur, "Paul W. Abrahams Interview: October 15, 16, and 17, 2007, Deerfield, MA", Association for Computing Machinery, Oral History Interviews. Cf. pp.124-125.
It can be used to document any programming artifact, such as: classes, functions, tests, makefile entries, etc. ROBODoc works with C, C++, Fortran, Perl, shell scripts, Assembler, DCL, DB/C, Tcl/Tk, Forth, Lisp, COBOL, Occam, Basic, HTML, Clarion, and any other language that supports comments.
Reflection is common in many dynamic languages, and typically involves analysis of the types and metadata of generic or polymorphic data. It can, however, also include full evaluation and modification of a program's code as data, such as the features that Lisp provides in analyzing S-expressions.
The team subsequently shot for ten further days in late 2015, while completing patchwork. Throughout the production of the film and dubbing purposes, Madhavan wore metal braces inside his teeth, in order to create the effect of having a lisp that most boxers have from sporting injuries.
PicoLisp is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. It runs on operating systems including Linux and others that are Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) compliant. Its most prominent features are simplicity and minimalism. It is built on one internal data type: a cell.
The book contains an explanation of what a metaobject protocol is, why it is desirable, and the de facto standard for the metaobject protocol supported by many Common Lisp implementations as an extension of the Common Lisp Object System, or CLOS.The Art of the Metaobject Protocol, Chapters 5 and 6 in Hypertext A more complete and portable implementation of CLOS and the metaobject protocol, as defined in this book, was provided by Xerox PARC as Portable Common Loops.PCL: Portable implementation of CLOS The book presents a simplified CLOS implementation for Common Lisp called "Closette", which for the sake of pedagogical brevity does not include some of the more complex or exotic CLOS features such as forward- referencing of superclasses, full class and method redefinitions, advanced user-defined method combinations, and complete integration of CLOS classes with Common Lisp's type system. It also lacks support for compilation and most error checking, since the purpose of Closette is not actual use, but simply to demonstrate the fundamental power and expressive flexibility of metaobject protocols as an application of the principles of the metacircular evaluator.
Performance could be especially problematic because early expert systems were built using tools (such as earlier Lisp versions) that interpreted code expressions without first compiling them. This provided a powerful development environment, but with the drawback that it was virtually impossible to match the efficiency of the fastest compiled languages (such as C). System and database integration were difficult for early expert systems because the tools were mostly in languages and platforms that were neither familiar to nor welcome in most corporate IT environments – programming languages such as Lisp and Prolog, and hardware platforms such as Lisp machines and personal computers. As a result, much effort in the later stages of expert system tool development was focused on integrating with legacy environments such as COBOL and large database systems, and on porting to more standard platforms. These issues were resolved mainly by the client-server paradigm shift, as PCs were gradually accepted in the IT environment as a legitimate platform for serious business system development and as affordable minicomputer servers provided the processing power needed for AI applications.
Nonetheless, she shows vulnerability to her weak eyesight, unicorns, cute animals, and stereotypically-feminine interests such as sparkles and glitter. Bessie also has a lisp; this can be noticed whenever she says a sentence that has the letter S. She is voiced by former SNL cast member Amy Poehler.
However, it might be striking for learners of Spanish in North America, where people are more familiar with seseo pronunciation, and indeed gives an impression of "lispiness". The misnomer "Castilian lisp" is used occasionally to refer to this aspect of Peninsular pronunciation (in both distinción and ceceo varieties).
Avoiding another AI Winter, James Hendler, IEEE Intelligent Systems (March/April 2008 (Vol. 23, No. 2) pp. 2–4 These alternatives left consumers with no reason to buy an expensive machine specialized for running LISP. An entire industry worth half a billion dollars was replaced in a single year.
SHINE is an optimizing compiler-based system. When an application is developed using SHINE, it is first translated into Common LISP code and then passed through an extensive optimizer. SHINE generates tailored code for each application. There are no intermediate levels of interpretation for execution unlike many commercial systems.
Lisp was an English trip hop band from East London. Formed in 1995, they were signed to Mind Horizon Recordings, a subsidiary of London Records, on which they released their first and only album, Cycles (2000), which saw radio success from its singles "Flatspin" and "Long Way to Climb".
Eurisko (Gr., I discover) is a discovery system written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics.
Although Yahoo!'s documentation does not mention it, RTML is actually implemented on top of a Lisp-based system. The language is somewhat unusual in that the programmer cannot edit the source code directly as text. Instead, keywords are presented as hyperlinks in a browser-based HTML interface.
McCarthy, 1979 Lisp 2 was a joint project of the System Development Corporation and Information International, Inc., and was intended for the IBM built AN/FSQ-32 military computer. Development later shifted to the IBM 360/67 and the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-6. The project was eventually abandoned.
The stadium in 1999, before the renovation. Herman Vanderpoortenstadion () (also called Het Lisp []) is a multi-use stadium in Lier, Belgium. It is currently used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Lierse between 1925 and 2018. The stadium holds 14,538 Het Herman Vanderpoortenstadion lierse.
It is also the fourth appearance of the prototype rabbit that would later evolve into Bugs Bunny. Apart from making a fool of Elmer Fudd, the usual characteristics are absent; the voice used by Mel Blanc is closer to Daffy Duck (without the lisp) than its mature form.
The leaves of the tree on the left would be written in Lisp as: :(((N O) I J) C D ((P) (Q)) F (M)) which would be implemented in memory as the binary tree on the right, without any letters on those nodes that have a left child.
Languages that support multiple inheritance include: C++, Common Lisp (via Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)), EuLisp (via The EuLisp Object System TELOS), Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Logtalk, Object REXX, Scala (via use of mixin classes), OCaml, Perl, POP-11, Python, R, Raku, and Tcl (built-in from 8.6 or via Incremental Tcl (Incr Tcl) in earlier versions). IBM System Object Model (SOM) runtime supports multiple inheritance, and any programming language targeting SOM can implement new SOM classes inherited from multiple bases. Some object-oriented languages, such as Java, C#, and Ruby implement single inheritance, although protocols, or interfaces, provide some of the functionality of true multiple inheritance. PHP uses traits classes to inherit specific method implementations.
This used an axiomatization of a subset of LISP, together with a representation of an input-output relation, to compute the relation by simulating the execution of the program in LISP. Foster and Elcock's Absys, on the other hand, employed a combination of equations and lambda calculus in an assertional programming language which places no constraints on the order in which operations are performed.J.M. Foster and E.W. Elcock. ABSYS 1: An Incremental Compiler for Assertions: an Introduction, Machine Intelligence 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp. 423–429 Logic programming in its present form can be traced back to debates in the late 1960s and early 1970s about declarative versus procedural representations of knowledge in artificial intelligence.
John McCarthy developed Lisp in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp. McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "M-expressions" that would be translated into S-expressions.
Compiled behavior was the same as interpreted except that local variables were lexical by default in compiled code, unless declared SPECIAL, and no error checking was done for inline operations such as CAR and CDR. The Ncomplr compiler (mid-1970s) introduced fast numeric support to Lisp languages, generating machine code (instructions) for arithmetic rather than calling interpretive routines which dispatched on data type. This made Lisp arithmetic comparable in speed to Fortran for scalar operations (though Fortran array and loop implementation remained much faster). The original version was limited by the 18-bit word memory address of the PDP-10, and considerable effort was expended in keeping the implementation lean and simple.
Lisp introduced the notion of interned strings for its symbols. Historically, the data structure used as a string intern pool was called an oblist (when it was implemented as a linked list) or an obarray (when it was implemented as an array). Modern Lisp dialects typically distinguish symbols from strings; interning a given string returns an existing symbol or creates a new one, whose name is that string. Symbols often have additional properties that strings do not (such as storage for associated values, or namespacing): the distinction is also useful to prevent accidentally comparing an interned string with a not-necessarily- interned string, which could lead to intermittent failures depending on usage patterns.
Tom Knight arrived at MIT when he was fourteen. Even though he only started his undergraduate studies at the regular age of 18, he took classes in computer programming and organic chemistry during high school because he lived close to the university."Adam Bluestein (2012) Tom Knight, Godfather Of Synthetic Biology, On How To Learn Something New", fastcompany.com He built early hardware such as ARPANET interfaces for host #6 on the network, some of the first bitmapped displays, the ITS time sharing system, Lisp machines (he was also instrumental in releasing a version of the operating system for the Lisp machine under a BSD license), the Connection Machine, and parallel symbolic processing computer systems.
Common Lisp uses the member type specifier, e.g., (deftype cardsuit () '(member club diamond heart spade)) that states that object is of type cardsuit if it is `#'eql` to club, diamond, heart or spade. The member type specifier is not valid as a Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) parameter specializer, however. Instead, `(eql atom)`, which is the equivalent to `(member atom)` may be used (that is, only one member of the set may be specified with an eql type specifier, however, it may be used as a CLOS parameter specializer.) In other words, to define methods to cover an enumerated type, a method must be defined for each specific element of that type.
Today, Emacs' mainly textual buffer-based paradigm uses far fewer resources than desktop metaphor GUI IDEs with comparable features such as Eclipse or Netbeans. In a speech at the 2002 International Lisp Conference, Richard Stallman indicated that minimalism was a concern in his development of GNU and Emacs, based on his experiences with Lisp and system specifications of low-end minicomputers at the time. As the capabilities and system requirements of common desktop software and operating systems grew throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and as software development became dominated by teams espousing conflicting, faddish software development methodologies, some developers adopted minimalism as a philosophy and chose to limit their programs to a predetermined size or scope.
This usage follows from design choices embedded in many influential programming languages, including C, Java, and Lisp. In these three, sequence types (C arrays, Java arrays and lists, and Lisp lists and vectors) are indexed beginning with the zero subscript. Particularly in C, where arrays are closely tied to pointer arithmetic, this makes for a simpler implementation: the subscript refers to an offset from the starting position of an array, so the first element has an offset of zero. Referencing memory by an address and an offset is represented directly in computer hardware on virtually all computer architectures, so this design detail in C makes compilation easier, at the cost of some human factors.
A closure is a subprogram together with the values of some of its variables captured from the environment in which it was created. Closures were a notable feature of the Lisp programming language, introduced by John McCarthy. Depending on the implementation, closures can serve as a mechanism for side-effects.
The company also sold the Lattice C compiler for the Sinclair QL and the Atari ST and range of other languages (e.g. Pascal, BCPL) for m68k-based computers. MetaComCo also represented LISP and REDUCE software from the RAND Corporation. Several of the team at MetaComCo went on to found Perihelion Software.
Genera supports fully hyperlinked online documentation. The documentation is read with the Document Examiner, an early hypertext browser. The documentation is based on small reusable documentation records that can also be displayed in various contexts with the Editor and the Lisp Listener. The documentation is organized in books and sections.
Reddit was originally written in Common Lisp but was rewritten in Python in December 2005 for wider access to code libraries and greater development flexibility. The Python web framework that Swartz developed to run the site, web.py, is available as an open source project. , Reddit used Pylons as its web framework.
Richard D. Greenblatt (born December 25, 1944) is an American computer programmer. Along with Bill Gosper, he may be considered to have founded the hacker community,) and holds a place of distinction in the communities of the programming language Lisp and of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
Ralph William Gosper Jr. (born April 26, 1943), known as Bill Gosper, is an American mathematician and programmer.Bill Gosper , Vintage Computer Festival. Accessed January 3, 2007. Along with Richard Greenblatt, he may be considered to have founded the hacker community, and he holds a place of pride in the Lisp community.
NuBus (pron. 'New Bus') is a 32-bit parallel computer bus, originally developed at MIT and standardized in 1987 as a part of the NuMachine workstation project. The first complete implementation of the NuBus was done by Western Digital for their NuMachine, and for the Lisp Machines Inc. LMI Lambda.
XL is the only programming language known to date to be explicitly created for concept programming, but concept programming can be done in nearly any language, with varying degrees of success. Lisp and Forth (and their derivatives) are examples of pre-existing languages which lend themselves well to concept programming.
He also contributed to developing the languages ALGOL 68 and LISP for the ZEBRA. In 1971, Van der Poel was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1960, he received, together with H. Mol, the Visser-Neerlandia prize for the construction of a Braille translator.
Pascal and C were published circa 1970–1972. Computer processors provide hardware support for procedural programming through a stack register and instructions for calling procedures and returning from them. Hardware support for other types of programming is possible, but no attempt was commercially successful (for example Lisp machines or Java processors).
XPCE is a platform-independent object-orientedProgramming in XPCE/Prolog. GUI toolkit for SWI-Prolog, Lisp and other interactive and dynamically typed languages. Although XPCE was designed to be language-independent, it has gained popularity mostly with Prolog. The development XPCE graphic toolkit started in 1987, together with SWI-Prolog.
Ronald Alain Janssen was born on February 6, 1971 in Boorsem, the third child in a family of four. His father was a miner and his mother was a housekeeper. From early childhood Janssen was teased at school for his lisp. His father was depressed and severe at the "tyrannical limit".
Chalmers, French, and Hofstadter [1992] criticize SME for its reliance on manually constructed LISP representations as input. They argue that too much human creativity is required to construct these representations; the intelligence comes from the design of the input, not from SME. Forbus et al. [1998] attempted to rebut this criticism.
A closely related technique is incremental compilation. An incremental compiler is used in POP-2, POP-11, Forth, some versions of Lisp, e.g. Maclisp and at least one version of the ML programming language (Poplog ML). This requires the compiler for the programming language to be part of the runtime system.
However, because errors in C code can easily lead to segmentation violations or to more subtle bugs, which crash the editor, and because writing C code that interacts correctly with the Emacs Lisp garbage collector is error-prone, the number of functions implemented as primitives is kept to a necessary minimum.
Predicate subtypes and dependent types can be used to introduce constraints; these constrained types may incur proof obligations (called type-correctness conditions or TCCs) during typechecking. PVS specifications are organized into parameterized theories. The system is implemented in Common Lisp, and is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
CakeML project developed a formally proven compiler for ML. Previously, HOL was used to developed a formally proven LISP implementation running on ARM, x86 and PowerPC. HOL was also used to develop formal semantics for x86 multiprocessors, as well as semantics of machine code for Power ISA and ARM architectures.
Prolog has a syntax with a typical amount of punctuation, whereas Fril has an extremely simple syntax similar to that of Lisp. A (propositional) clause is a list consisting of a predicate followed by its arguments (if any). Among the types of top-level constructs are rules and direct-mode commands.
There are also facilities for output device independence. It is descended from the GUI system Dynamic Windows of Symbolics' Lisp machines between 1988 and 1993. The main development was CLIM 2.0, released in 1993. It is free and open source software released under a GNU Library General Public License (LGPL).
Lisp machines originally developed at MIT and later commercialized by Symbolics and other manufacturers, were early high-end single user computer workstations with advanced graphical user interfaces, windowing, and mouse as an input device. First workstations from Symbolics came to market in 1981, with more advanced designs in the subsequent years.
In most dialects, the list of the first three prime numbers could be written as `(list 2 3 5)`. In several dialects of Lisp, including Scheme, a list is a collection of pairs, consisting of a value and a pointer to the next pair (or null value), making a singly linked list.
Gay men are often associated with a lisp or a feminine speaking tone. Fashion and effeminacy have long been seen as stereotypes of homosexuality. They are often based on the visibility of the reciprocal relationship between gay men and fashion. Designers, including Dolce & Gabbana, have made use of homoerotic imagery in their advertising.
The Conkeror browser can be customized in many ways using JavaScript as the scripting language, much in the way that Emacs uses Emacs Lisp. Customizations can be as simple as rebinding keys, but can be more involved; for instance, writing new interactive commands. By default, Conkeror looks for these customizations in ~/.conkerorrc. If ~/.
Sawfish uses a Lisp-like scripting language, rep, for all of its code and configuration, making it particularly easy to customize, or program many kinds of behavior, responding to window creation, deletion, or any other changes. There is a GUI configuration utility for users who do not wish to edit configuration files directly.
Both the Mitra 15 and CAB500 were commercial successes in France. She led the Bull Group at CII. In 1985 the Bull Group focused on the research on highly parallel machines and artificial intelligence. During that period she helped develop the language KOOL (knowledge representation object-oriented language) with its implementation in LISP.
Stefan Weinzierl, op. cit. : pgs 3-5. Already in this first period, the program REDUCE had some special features for the application to high energy physics. An exception to the LISP-based programs was SCHOONSHIP, written in assembler language by Martinus J. G. Veltman and specially designed for applications in particle physics.
He speaks with a lateral lisp. When Samy hosts an event he wears a black wig, red suit and uses his ventriloquist puppet Humphrey von Sidekick. It is shown on multiple occasions that he actively dreams of stardom. It is also shown in "Misery Hearts", that he is a best-selling writer.
At the end of this time, Hickey sent an email announcing the language to some friends in the Common Lisp community. The development process is community-driven and is managed at the Clojure JIRA project page. General development discussion occurs at the Clojure Google Group. Anyone can submit issues and ideas at ask.clojure.
AutoLISP is a dialect of the programming language Lisp built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include AutoCAD Map 3D, AutoCAD Architecture and AutoCAD Mechanical. Neither the application programming interface (API) nor the interpreter to execute AutoLISP code are included in the AutoCAD LT product line.
In this sense, they provide the same functionality as constructors and destructors described above. But in some languages such as the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) the meta-model allows the developer to dynamically alter the object model at run time: e.g., to create new classes, redefine the class hierarchy, modify properties, etc.
MCC was part of the Artificial Intelligence boom of the 1980s, reportedly the single largest customer of both Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (and like Symbolics, was one of the first companies to register a .com domain). In the 1980s its major programs were Packaging, Software Engineering, CAD, and Advanced Computer Architectures.
ACM Trans. Database Syst.. 1. 97-137. 10.1145/320455.320457. She had taken a leave without pay to make the solo attempt on Aconcagua, and then again for the expedition to Annapurna. She was married to John McCarthy, a pioneer in the discipline of artificial intelligence and creator of the Lisp programming language.
In the early development of Lisp, association lists were used to resolve references to free variables in procedures. See in particular p. 12 for functions that search an association list and use it to substitute symbols in another expression, and p. 103 for the application of association lists in maintaining variable bindings.
Zawinski's early career included stints with Scott Fahlman's Lisp research group at Carnegie Mellon University, Expert Technologies, Inc. and Robert Wilensky and Peter Norvig's group at Berkeley. In the early 1990s, he was hired by Richard P. Gabriel's Lucid Inc. where he was eventually put to work on Lucid's Energize C++ IDE.
The core representation for the knowledge base was meant to utilize the same framework although various layers could be added to support specific presentations and implementations. These early knowledge-base frameworks were developed primarily by ISI and Kestrel building on top of Lisp and Lisp machine environments. The Kestrel environment was eventually turned into a commercial product called Refine which was developed and supported by a spin-off company from Kestrel called Reasoning Systems Incorporated. The Refine language and environment also proved to be applicable to the problem of software reverse engineering: taking legacy code that is critical to the business but that lacks proper documentation and using tools to analyze it and transform it to a more maintainable form.
The work for this was done with Carl Gerberich at IBM, to this end producing the Fortran list processing language (FLPL).LISP prehistory John McCarthy Jul 26th 22:37 PDT 1996 retrieved 17:48(GMT) October 26, 2011 [see also: Lisp (programming language) and John McCarthy His most ambitious project during his tenure at Stony Brook University was the SYNCHEM expert problem-solving system for the discovery of potential routes to the total synthesis of organic molecules through a self-guided intelligent search and application of its large knowledge base of graph transforms, rules and sophisticated heuristics representing generalized organic reactions organized around recognized functional groups. Prof. Gelernter died on May 28, 2015. In 1952,American Men and Women of Science, 21st edition, vol.
For many types, there are corresponding system classes. When a generic function is called, multiple-dispatch will determine the effective method to use. (defgeneric add (a b)) (defmethod add ((a number) (b number)) (+ a b)) (defmethod add ((a vector) (b number)) (map 'vector (lambda (n) (+ n b)) a)) (defmethod add ((a vector) (b vector)) (map 'vector #'+ a b)) (defmethod add ((a string) (b string)) (concatenate 'string a b)) (add 2 3) ; returns 5 (add #(1 2 3 4) 7) ; returns #(8 9 10 11) (add #(1 2 3 4) #(4 3 2 1)) ; returns #(5 5 5 5) (add "COMMON " "LISP") ; returns "COMMON LISP" Generic Functions are also a first class data type. There are many more features to Generic Functions and Methods than described above.
In some programming language environments (at least one proprietary Lisp implementation, for example), the value used as the null pointer (called `nil` in Lisp) may actually be a pointer to a block of internal data useful to the implementation (but not explicitly reachable from user programs), thus allowing the same register to be used as a useful constant and a quick way of accessing implementation internals. This is known as the `nil` vector. In languages with a tagged architecture, a possibly null pointer can be replaced with a tagged union which enforces explicit handling of the exceptional case; in fact, a possibly null pointer can be seen as a tagged pointer with a computed tag. Programming languages use different literals for the null pointer.
As an example, the m-expression `car[cons[A,B ` is equivalent to the s-expression ``. S-expressions proved popular, however, and the many attempts to implement m-expressions failed to catch on. The first implementation of Lisp was on an IBM 704 by Steve Russell, who read McCarthy's paper and coded the eval function he described in machine code. The familiar (but puzzling to newcomers) names CAR and CDR used in Lisp to describe the head element of a list and its tail, evolved from two IBM 704 assembly language commands: Contents of Address Register and Contents of Decrement Register, each of which returned the contents of a 15-bit register corresponding to segments of a 36-bit IBM 704 instruction word.
T's purpose is to test the thesis developed by Guy L. Steele, Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman in their series of papers about Scheme: that Scheme may be used as the basis for a practical programming language of exceptional expressive power, and that implementations of Scheme could perform better than other Lisp systems, and competitively with implementations of programming languages, such as C and BLISS, which are usually considered to be inherently more efficient than Lisp on conventional machine architectures. Much of this occurs via an optimizing compiler named Orbit. T contains some features that modern Scheme lacks. For example, T is object-oriented, and it has first-class environments, called locales, which can be modified non-locally and used as a module system.
Normally, when the new window appears, it displays the same buffer as the previous one. Suppose we wish to make it display the next available buffer. In order to do this, the user writes the following Emacs Lisp code, in either an existing Emacs Lisp source file or an empty Emacs buffer: (defun my-split-window-func () (interactive) (split-window-below) (set-window-buffer (next-window) (other- buffer))) (global-set-key "\C-x2" 'my-split-window-func ) The first statement, `(defun ...)`, defines a new function, `my-split-window-func`, which calls `split-window-below` (the old window-splitting function), then tells the new window to display another (new) buffer. The second statement, `(global-set-key ...)` re-binds the key sequence "C-x 2" to the new function.
Mike McMahon was a programmer at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory during the 1970s who worked with Richard Stallman on Emacs. He also wrote EINE, the first implementation of Emacs for Lisp machines with Daniel Weinreb. EINE stands for "EINE Is Not Emacs". EINE later became ZWEI (meaning, "ZWEI Was EINE, Initially").
Hope is a small functional programming language developed in the 1970s at the University of Edinburgh.Burstall R.M, MacQueen D.B, Sannella D.T. (1980) Hope: An Experimental Applicative Language. Conference Record of the 1980 LISP Conference, Stanford University, pp. 136-143. It predates Miranda and Haskell and is contemporaneous with ML, also developed at the University.
It so happens that this list is also a valid piece of Lisp code; that is, it can be evaluated. This is because the car of the list names a function—the addition operation. Note that a will be read as a single symbol. will be read as the number one hundred and twenty- three.
For other formulas, see the polar coordinate article. Many modern programming languages provide a function that will compute the correct azimuth , in the range , given x and y, without the need to perform a case analysis as above. For example, this function is called by in the C programming language, and in Common Lisp.
If is called, then changes itself into an . For example, in Common Lisp, this can be done via the method. This may be dangerous, however, if some other function is expecting it to be a . Some languages preclude this type of change, and others impose restrictions on the class to be an acceptable replacement for .
A related facility, expression substitution, is found in the languages Common Lisp and Scheme, invoked by using the comma-at operator in an expression marked with the backquote (or "quasiquote") operator, and in ABC, by using an expression enclosed between backquotes inside a text display (string literal). For example, the ABC command produces the output .
Maclisp also employed reader macros to make more readable input and output, termed input/output (I/O). Instead of entering `(QUOTE A)`, one could enter `'A` to get the same s-expression. Although both implementations put functions on the property list, Maclisp uses different syntax to define functions.Maclisp uses `defun`; Lisp 1.5 uses `define`.
Experimental implementations have been created for Common LISP, and for Java (JPred). It allows open extension of previously declared methods at a fine-grained level, but multiple extensions with identical or overlapping predicates created by different developers may interfere with each other in unanticipated ways. In this respect it is similar to aspect-oriented programming.
Pandorabots provides API access to its chatbot hosting platform, and offers the following SDKs on Github: Java, Ruby, Go, PHP, Python, and Node.js. The platform is written in Allegro Common LISP. Notable chatbots include A.L.I.C.E. (Alicebot): a three time Loebner-winner, open-source base personality bot, and inspiration for the movie Her; and Mitsuku.
The MP3 standard did not include a method for storing file metadata. In 1996 Eric Kemp had the idea to add a small chunk of data to the audio file, thus solving the problem. The method, now known as ID3v1, quickly became the de facto standard for storing metadata in MP3s.Practical Common Lisp, p. 335.
Lisp, Scheme, and Smalltalk are among the languages with a symbol type that are basically interned strings. The library of the Standard ML of New Jersey contains an `atom` type that does the same thing. Objective-C's selectors, which are mainly used as method names, are interned strings. Objects other than strings can be interned.
Gradgrind – the wife of Mr. Gradgrind, is an invalid who constantly complains. Tom Sr.'s apparent attraction to her is because she totally lacks 'fancy,' though she also appears to be unintelligent and without empathy for her children. Mr. Sleary - the owner of the circus which employs Sissy's father. He speaks with a lisp.
The ACL2 programming language is an applicative (side-effect free) variant of Common Lisp. ACL2 is untyped. All ACL2 functions are total — that is, every function maps each object in the ACL2 universe to another object in its universe. ACL2's base theory axiomatizes the semantics of its programming language and its built-in functions.
April 1992: The first Dylan Language Specification is released. It proposes a Lisp- like syntax for the new language. September 1992: Andrew L. M. Shalit, a member of the Apple Cambridge Research Laboratory, announces the creation of an electronic mailing list for discussion of the Dylan programming language. January 1993: Jonathan Bachrach writes to comp.lang.
He works for the Japanese open source company, netlab.jp. Matsumoto is known as one of the open source evangelists in Japan. He has released several open source products, including cmail, the Emacs-based mail user agent, written entirely in Emacs Lisp. Ruby is his first piece of software that has become known outside Japan.
It was incorporated into GNU Emacs from the earliest versions, and re- implemented in C and C++ on other operating systems. When run in Emacs, dired displays an ls-like file listing in an Emacs buffer. The list can be navigated using standard navigation commands. Several Emacs Lisp scripts have been developed to extend Dired in Emacs.
That is, the system could be used to develop completely different development environments tailored to different tasks. The first version of the SK8 graphics system was designed to extend HyperCard, allowing cards to have multiple layers rather than a single "background" template. The SK8 system was initially programmed in Lisp. This was considered too arcane for general use.
Director Musices is computer software produced by the Department of Speech, Music and Hearing at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. It aims to give an expressive, human-like performance to a musical score by varying the volume and timing of the notes. Director Musices is written in CMU Common Lisp and distributed as free software. It processes MIDI files.
The goal was to create a mathematical land where children could play with words and sentences. Modeled on LISP, the design goals of Logo included accessible power and informative error messages. The use of virtual Turtles allowed for immediate visual feedback and debugging of graphic programming. The first working Logo turtle robot was created in 1969.
The JMP Scripting Language (JSL) is an interpreted language for recreating analytic results and for automating or extending the functionality of JMP software. JSL was first introduced in JMP version 4 in 2000. JSL has a LISP-like syntax, structured as a series of expressions. All programming elements, including if- then statements and loops, are implemented as JSL functions.
The 'tail' of a list may refer either to the rest of the list after the head, or to the last node in the list. In Lisp and some derived languages, the next node may be called the 'cdr' (pronounced could-er) of the list, while the payload of the head node may be called the 'car'.
MIT/GNU Scheme is a programming language, a dialect and implementation of the language Scheme, which is a type of Lisp. It can produce native binary files for the x86 (IA-32, x86-64) processor architecture. It supports the standard R7RS mostly. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU General Public License (GPL).
Pascal Costanza. Pascal Costanza is a research scientist at the ExaScience Lab at Intel Belgium. He is known in the field of functional programming in LISP as well as in the aspect-oriented programming (AOP) community for contributions to this field by applying AOP through Lisp1. More recently, he has developed Context-oriented programming, with Robert Hirschfeld.
The series premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. The same year, he also served as a writer for Sanjay Gupta's anthology film, Dus Kahaniyaan. In 2009, Bhardwaj came up with the Caper thriller Kaminey, starring Shahid Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra. The film follows the rivalry between identical twins, one with a lisp and one with a stammer.
Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program OS X through its Cocoa application programming interface (API). Implementations also exist for iPhone and Linux. The language was first announced at C4, a conference for indie Mac developers held in August 2007.
De Roure grew up in West Sussex and studied for an undergraduate degree in Mathematics with Physics at the University of Southampton, completing his studies in 1984. He stayed on to do a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1990 initially under the supervision of David W. Barron and Peter Henderson on a Lisp environment for modelling distributed computing.
Citrine uses dynamic scoping instead of lexical scoping. Thus, there is no need for dependency injection or global variables, but it might be harder to reason about than lexical scope. This is similar in programming languages like Emacs Lisp and BASIC. In code blocks the var keyword needs to be used to declare a local variable.
The most extreme example of such a keyboard, the so-called "Space-cadet keyboard" found on MIT LISP machines, had no fewer than seven modifier keys: four control keys, , , , and , along with three shift keys, , , and . This allowed the user to type over 8000 possible characters by playing suitable "chords" with many modifier keys pressed simultaneously.
Shauna Macdonald was born in Malaysia while her father was working in the country. At the age of three, she moved back to her family's native Edinburgh in Scotland. As a child, Macdonald was very shy and had a lisp and went to speech therapy. Her mother made her join a choir group that did musical theatre.
Maxima () is a computer algebra system (CAS) based on a 1982 version of Macsyma. It is written in Common Lisp and runs on all POSIX platforms such as macOS, Unix, BSD, and Linux, as well as under Microsoft Windows and Android. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
It has been chosen by SDF Public Access Unix System nonprofit public access Unix systems on the Internet as one of its programming languages available online. Bricsys uses OpenLisp to implement AutoLISP in its Bricscad computer-aided design (CAD) system. MEVA is entirely written with OpenLisp. Università degli Studi di Palermo uses OpenLisp to teach Lisp.
Bradley Adam "Brad" Rubinstein (born 24 August 1972 in Ilford; Hebrew name: Binyamin Adam) is an English-Israeli Orthodox Jewish guitarist, songwriter, and producer based in Beit Shemesh, Israel. Initially gaining fame with the short-lived London trip hop band Lisp, he moved to Israel after becoming a baal teshuvah and co-founded the Jewish hip hop group Shtar.
When Polish notation is used as a syntax for mathematical expressions by programming language interpreters, it is readily parsed into abstract syntax trees and can, in fact, define a one-to-one representation for the same. Because of this, Lisp (see below) and related programming languages define their entire syntax in prefix notation (and others use postfix notation).
The impact of this paper comes from the graphic representations of the original transportation problem in the stepping stone and simplex method formulations. The corresponding IBM program, released in 1959, used efficient list processing (tree tracing) techniques combined with a book-keeping system for managing the loops. (At the time LISP was being developed at MIT by John McCarthy).
For example, user-interface driven applications that did standard atomic transactions to a relational database. Examples are Informix 4GL, and Focus. #Language-centered. Environments based on a single often object-oriented language such as the Symbolics Lisp Genera environment or VisualWorks Smalltalk from Parcplace. In these environments all the operating system resources were objects in the object-oriented language.
An anaphoric macro is a type of programming macro that deliberately captures some form supplied to the macro which may be referred to by an anaphor (an expression referring to another). Anaphoric macros first appeared in Paul Graham's On Lisp and their name is a reference to linguistic anaphora—the use of words as a substitute for preceding words.
W.B. Ackerman defines an applicative language as one which does all of its processing by means of operators applied to values.W.B. Ackerman, Data Flow Languages, Proceedings National Computer Conference, pp. 1087-1095, 1979 The earliest known applicative language was LISP. An FBP component can be regarded as a function transforming its input stream(s) into its output stream(s).
Nikki Payne (also credited as Nikkie Payne), is a Canadian comedian and actress, from Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Born with a cleft palate, she is well known for incorporating her lisp into her comedy act. She has won three Canadian Comedy Awards for Best Stand-up Newcomer and Best Female Stand- up in 2003, 2005 & 2008\.
It is unknown where he came from. He is always sleeping, but often utters some helpful advice when the Ham-Hams are in need of it. In the English version, he talks with a lisp. His Japanese name is based on the word "neru" (寝る to sleep), while his English name is based on the word "snooze".
October 1995: It is announced that the Cambridge Dylan project will be terminated and its staff laid off. December 1995: Russ Daniels, the interim Apple engineering manager for Dylan in Cupertino, announces that Digitool, Inc. will port Apple's Dylan Technology Release to PowerPC Macintosh Common Lisp (MCL). January 1996: Apple shuts down the Cambridge R&D; Group permanently.
Nelson was hired by Ed Fredkin's Information International Inc. at the urging of Marvin Minsky to work on PDP-7 programs at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Nelson was known as a brilliant software programmer. He was influential in LISP, the assembly instructions for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP, and a number of other systems.
In Visual Basic (and earlier Microsoft BASIC dialects such as QuickBASIC) an apostrophe is used to denote the start of a comment. In the Lisp family of programming languages, an apostrophe is shorthand for the `quote` operator. In Rust, in addition to being used to delimit a character literal, an apostrophe can start an explicit lifetime.
Linguistic Knowledge Builder (LKB) is a free and open source grammar engineering environment for creating grammars and lexicons of natural languages. Any unification-based grammar can be implemented, but LKB is typically used for grammars with typed feature structures such as HPSG. It is implemented in Common Lisp, and constitutes one core component of the DELPH-IN collaboration.
Gerald Joseph Duggan (10 July 191027 March 1992) was an Irish-born Australian character actor who appeared in many well-known films. He was also a stage and television actor. He never achieved stardom, but was a familiar face in small roles in film and television. His trademarks were his Irish brogue, pronounced lisp and prominent jaw.
Computer programming languages having notions of either functions as the core module (see Functional programming) or functions as objects provide excellent examples of loosely coupled programming. Functional languages have patterns of Continuations, Closure, or generators. See Clojure and Lisp as examples of function programming languages. Object-oriented languages like Smalltalk and Ruby have code blocks, whereas Eiffel has agents.
Secret Squirrel (voiced with a slight lisp by Mel Blanc) serves as a secret agent, taking orders from his superior, Double-Q (voiced by Paul Frees), of the International Sneaky Service. His designation is Agent 000.Mansour, David. From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Dictionary of the Late 20th Century, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2005, p.423.
He developed a Programmer's Assistant as part of BBN-LISP, which was one of the first with an "Undo" function, by 1971. He developed a program on the SDS 940 for Bob Kahn that allowed experimentation with various routing policies in order to see the effect on network traffic and real time monitoring of the packets.
Notable early examples of runtime systems are the interpreters for BASIC and Lisp. These environments also included a garbage collector. Forth is an early example of a language designed to be compiled into intermediate representation code; its runtime system was a virtual machine that interpreted that code. Another popular, if theoretical, example is Donald Knuth's MIX computer.
Johanna Reyes was born in Candor but later transfers to Amity. She serves as Amity's representative, since they do not believe in having a formal leader. She is described as having a long scar from her eye to her chin, causing blindness in one eye and also a lisp. She appears to be fond of Marcus Eaton.
The Sun Type 6 keyboard came in two variants, one with Mini-DIN, one with USB connectors. The top edge of the keyboard is rounded. The keyboard has a special "diamond" key (called Meta key) placed next to the space key. This key comes from Lisp machines and is meant to be used with the Emacs editor.
The system was developed by Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore, professors of computer science at the University of Texas, Austin. They began work on the system in 1971 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Their goal was to make a fully automatic, logic-based theorem prover. They used a variant of Pure LISP as the working logic.
He began his programming life as a corporate analyst at Thermo Electron Corporation, where he worked to develop an enterprise-wide multi-user multidimensional hierarchical spreadsheet program in the APL programming language. In 1982, Smith went to work for Richard Greenblatt and Lucia Vaina as a programmer for Softrobotics, an affiliate of Lisp Machines, Inc. where he worked to develop an expert system for the diagnosis of brain damage using an Apple II as the front end to a Lisp Machine. In 1984, he moved back to the Special Projects Laboratory at Thermo Electron to work for Stelianos Pezaris (Sutherland-Pezaris headmount and Pezaris Array Multiplier), where he designed a process control application and helped to design a multiprocessor distributed controller architecture for a robotic PC plating system.
Spacecraft Health Inference Engine (SHINE) is a software-development tool for knowledge-based systems and has been created as a product for research and development by the Artificial intelligence Group, Information Systems Technology Section at NASA/JPL to meet many of their demanding and rigorous AI goals for current and future needs. The system is now in regular use in basic and applied AI research at JPL. SHINE was developed as a system that was designed to be efficient enough to operate in a real-time environment and to be utilized by non-LISP applications written in conventional programming languages such as C and C++. These non-LISP applications can be running in a distributed computing environment on remote computers or on a computer that supports multiple programming languages.
Ultimately, the United States Department of Energy imposed on MIT the requirement that they release a copy into the National Energy Software Center (NESC) library in 1982, while allowing MIT to assert restrictions in terms of high price and no redistribution. This was intended to protect the technology transfer to Symbolics. (Such restrictions have been since lifted, 2002 or so.) This so-called DOE Macsyma had been rewritten at MIT in a pre-Common Lisp dialect called NIL lisp, incompletely implemented on VAX/VMS, an unpopular system in academia, where Berkeley VAX Unix was common. DOE Macsyma formed the basis for the much-later open source Maxima system. In 1981, Moses and Richard Pavelle, an MIT staff member and proponent of applying Macsyma to engineering and science, attempted to form a company to commercialize Macsyma.
If resource acquisition can fail without throwing an exception, such as by returning a form of `null`, it must also be checked before release, such as: f = open(filename) try: ... finally: if f: f.close() While this ensures correct resource management, it fails to provide adjacency or encapsulation. In many languages there are mechanisms that provide encapsulation, such as the `with` statement in Python: with open(filename) as f: ... The above techniques – unwind protection (`finally`) and some form of encapsulation – are the most common approach to resource management, found in various forms in C#, Common Lisp, Java, Python, Ruby, Scheme, and Smalltalk, among others; they date to the late 1970s in the NIL dialect of Lisp; see . There are many variations in the implementation, and there are also significantly different approaches.
In a homoiconic language, the primary representation of programs is also a data structure in a primitive type of the language itself. This makes metaprogramming easier than in a language without this property: reflection in the language (examining the program's entities at runtime) depends on a single, homogeneous structure, and it does not have to handle several different structures that would appear in a complex syntax. As noted above, a commonly cited example is Lisp, which was created to allow for easy list manipulations and where the structure is given by S-expressions that take the form of nested lists. Lisp programs are written in the form of lists; the result is that the program can access its own functions and procedures while running, and programmatically alter itself on the fly.
MultiLisp is a functional programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, and of its dialect Scheme, extended with constructs for parallel computing execution and shared memory. These extensions involve side effects, rendering MultiLisp nondeterministic. Along with its parallel-programming extensions, MultiLisp also had some unusual garbage collection and task scheduling algorithms. Like Scheme, MultiLisp was optimized for symbolic computing.
Unlike most programming languages, Lisp supports parse-time execution of programs, called "read macros" or "reader macros". These are used to extend the syntax either in universal or program-specific ways. For example, the quoted form `(quote x)` operator can be abbreviated as `x`. The `'` operator can be defined as a read macro which reads the following list and wraps it with `quote`.
Some languages do not offer a list data structure, but offer the use of associative arrays or some kind of table to emulate lists. For example, Lua provides tables. Although Lua stores lists that have numerical indices as arrays internally, they still appear as dictionaries. In Lisp, lists are the fundamental data type and can represent both program code and data.
A superscript is defined as lateral release. Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. This is well-known from speech pathology with a lateral lisp. However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern Arabic dialects and possibly some Modern South Arabian languages, which have pharyngealized nonsibilant and (simultaneous and ) and possibly a sibilant (simultaneous ).
The site enables the user to identify typefaces by walking through a series of questions. The principle of identification is to use distinctive features of given letters, and the site returns the designer and manufacturer of the font, as well as the name. Technically it is an application of the Common Lisp Hypermedia Server. The service is used as licensed technology on Fonts.
Her speech pattern is often accompanied with a lisp and her catch phrases "megas" and "nyoro". She has a cheerful and friendly disposition. She is prone to long fits of unrestrained and intense laughter at things she considers even the slightest bit humorous. She is the heir of the wealthy and venerable Tsuruya family, which purportedly collaborates with Itsuki's Agency.
STUDENT is an early artificial intelligence program that solves algebra word problems. It is written in Lisp by Daniel G. Bobrow as his PhD thesis in 1964 (Bobrow 1964). It was designed to read and solve the kind of word problems found in high school algebra books. The program is often cited as an early accomplishment of AI in natural language processing.
Of these, value cell and function cell are the most important. Symbols in Lisp are often used similarly to identifiers in other languages: to hold the value of a variable; however there are many other uses. Normally, when a symbol is evaluated, its value is returned. Some symbols evaluate to themselves, for example, all symbols in the keyword package are self-evaluating.
Python reached version 1.0 in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were the functional programming tools `lambda`, `map`, `filter` and `reduce`. Van Rossum stated that "Python acquired lambda, reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of a Lisp hacker who missed them and submitted working patches". The last version released while Van Rossum was at CWI was Python 1.2.
For creating more general GUIs and other extensions within CAD, AutoDesk provides several other choices. The ObjectARX API for C++ allows extensions to be built as within Microsoft Visual Studio. VBA allows drag-and-drop programming for AutoCAD as for Microsoft Office and other applications. As of AutoCAD 2007 and later, AutoLISP or Visual-LISP programs can call routines written in Visual Studio .
The collector uses generations and the virtual memory is divided into areas. Areas can contain objects of certain types (strings, bitmaps, pathnames, ...), and each area can use different memory management mechanisms. Genera implements two file systems: the FEP file system for large files and the Lisp Machine File System (LMFS) optimized for many small files. These systems also maintain different versions of files.
This is also known as the blackboard metaphor. Tuple space may be thought as a form of distributed shared memory. Tuple spaces were the theoretical underpinning of the Linda language developed by David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University in 1986. Implementations of tuple spaces have also been developed for Java (JavaSpaces), Lisp, Lua, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, and the .
This is the only entity in Lisp which is both an atom and a list. Expressions are written as lists, using prefix notation. The first element in the list is the name of a function, the name of a macro, a lambda expression or the name of a "special operator" (see below). The remainder of the list are the arguments.
Arithmetic operators in Lisp are variadic functions (or n-ary), able to take any number of arguments. A C-style '++' increment operator is sometimes implemented under the name `incf` giving syntax (incf x) equivalent to `(setq x (+ x 1))`, returning the new value of `x`. "Special operators" (sometimes called "special forms") provide Lisp's control structure. For example, the special operator takes three arguments.
If the first argument is non-nil, it evaluates to the second argument; otherwise, it evaluates to the third argument. Thus, the expression (if nil (list 1 2 "foo") (list 3 4 "bar")) evaluates to . Of course, this would be more useful if a non-trivial expression had been substituted in place of . Lisp also provides logical operators and, or and not.
Domains using the Lisp machines were mostly in the wide field of artificial intelligence applications, but also in computer graphics, medical image processing, and many others. The main commercial expert systems of the 80s were available: Intellicorp's Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE), Knowledge Craft, from The Carnegie Group Inc., and ART (Automated Reasoning Tool) from Inference Corporation.Richter, Mark: AI Tools and Techniques.
A function object solves those problems since the function is really a façade for a full object, carrying its own state. Many modern (and some older) languages, e.g. C++, Eiffel, Groovy, Lisp, Smalltalk, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, and many others, support first-class function objects and may even make significant use of them. Functional programming languages additionally support closures, i.e.
The two major paradigms for constructing semantic software systems were procedural and logical. The procedural paradigm was epitomized by Lisp [McCarthy et al. 1962] which featured recursive procedures that operated on list structures. The logical paradigm was epitomized by uniform proof procedure resolution theorem provers [Robinson 1965]. According to the logical paradigm it was “cheating” to incorporate procedural knowledge [Green 1969].
However, following a routine background check for security clearance, he was advised that he would no longer be in the program. Sarria assumed that it was because investigators discovered his homosexuality. "I mean I had no lisp, but I wasn't the most masculine guy in town ... So I think that they figured that I was a little bit gay."Gorman p.
FriCAS (optionally) allows running Aldor programs. Both languages share a similar syntax and a sophisticated (dependent) type system. FriCAS is comprehensively documented and available as source code and as a binary distribution for the most common platforms. Compiling the sources requires besides other prerequisites a Common Lisp environment (whereby many of the major implementations are supported and freely available as open source).
However, at the last moment, Floop is able to reprogram the robots to change sides. The 500 super-strong robots quickly overpower Minion, Lisp, and Gradenko. With advice from Juni, Floop introduces the robot versions of Carmen and Juni on his show. The family's breakfast is interrupted by Devlin, the director of the OSS, who has a mission for Carmen and Juni.
Mac Hack played by teletype, was ported to the PDP-10 and was the first computer chess program to be widely distributed. Mac Hack was the first chess computer to use a transposition table, which is a vital optimization in game tree search. Greenblatt and Tom Knight went on to advance artificial intelligence and build the Lisp machine in 1973.
A study of over 300 Flemish Dutch-speaking Belgian participants, men and women, found a "significantly higher prevalence" of a "lisp"-like feature in gay men than in other demographics. Several studies have also examined and confirmed gay speech characteristics in Puerto Rican Spanish and other dialects of Caribbean Spanish.Mack, Sara (2011). "A sociophonetic analysis of /s/ variation in Puerto Rican Spanish".
Java CAPS was originally a product of Software Technologies Corporation, which later became SeeBeyond Technology Corporation. Initially, the product was named DataGate, renamed to eGate in the late 1990s with a new distributed architecture. Monk, a LISP variant, was used for message translation. eGate 4.5 was released in 2001 with enhanced support of Java, including introduction of Java Message Service.
In 2014, Andrew Binstock (editor-in-chief of Dr. Dobb's Journal) said: > "Nimrod [former name] ... presents a most original design that straddles > Pascal and Python and compiles to C code or JavaScript." Today, Nim compiles to C, C++, JavaScript, and Objective-C. The goal for Nim is to be as fast as C, as expressive as Python, and as extensible as Lisp.
The explicit metaclass support in ObjVlisp influenced the provision of the same capability in the Common Lisp Object System. The ObjVlisp object model was later implemented in Prolog to produce ObjVProlog."ObjVProlog: Metaclasses in Logic", J. Malenfant, ECOOP '89, Cambridge U Press 1989, pp. 257–269 Both Python and Converge implement a meta-class system that is equivalent of that of ObjVLisp.
Internally, OpenLisp uses virtual memory to allocate and extend objects automatically. Small objects of the same type are allocated using a Bibop (BIg Bag Of Pages) memory organization. Large objects use a proxy which point to the real object in Lisp heap. The conservative garbage collection is a mark and sweep with coalescing heap (sweep phase can be configured to use threads).
Euler was based on ALGOL's syntax and many concepts but was not a derivative. Its primary goal was to add dynamic lists and types, allowing it to be used in roles similar to Lisp. The language was published in 1965. By this time, a number of problems in ALGOL had been identified, notably the lack of a standardized string system.
The project began at the end of 1978, soon after UC Berkeley took delivery of their first VAX 11/780 (named Ernie CoVax, after Ernie Kovacs, the first of many systems with pun names at UCB). Franz Lisp was available free of charge to educational sites, and was also distributed on Eunice, a Berkeley Unix emulator that ran on VAX VMS.
This is formalized by gradual typing. The programming environment DrRacket, a pedagogic environment based on Lisp, and a precursor of the language Racket is also soft-typed. Conversely, as of version 4.0, the C# language provides a way to indicate that a variable should not be statically type-checked. A variable whose type is `dynamic` will not be subject to static type checking.
In computer programming, M-expressions (or meta-expressions) were an early proposed syntax for the Lisp programming language, inspired by contemporary languages such as Fortran and ALGOL. The notation was never implemented into the language and, as such, it was never finalized. Compared to S-expressions, M-expressions introduce function notation, infix operators (including a operator), and shorthands for and into the language.
George Springer (September 3, 1924 – February 18, 2019) was an American mathematician and computer scientist. He was professor emeritus of computer science at Indiana University Bloomington.George Springer's Hyplan Springer is perhaps best known as the coauthor with Daniel P. Friedman of the widely used textbook Scheme and the Art of Computer Programming. Scheme is one of the two main dialects of LISP.
The general format of EDIF involves using parentheses to delimit data definitions, and in this way it superficially resembles Lisp. The basic tokens of EDIF 2.0.0 were keywords (like library, cell, instance, etc.), strings (delimited with double quotes), integer numbers, symbolic constants (e.g. GENERIC, TIE, RIPPER for cell types) and "Identifiers", which are reference labels formed from a very restricted set of characters.
"I asked RMS when he was implementing emacs lisp why it was dynamically scoped and his exact reply was that lexical scope was too inefficient." Dynamic scoping was also meant to provide greater flexibility for user customizations. However, dynamic scoping has several disadvantages. Firstly, it can easily lead to bugs in large programs, due to unintended interactions between variables in different functions.
Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many programming languages. Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the Method/Function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in LISP, parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and for arrays.
MIT research summary report, ch.XVI: Artificial Intelligence, p.166"Artificial Intelligence Project – RLE and MIT Computation Center Memo 18 – Some results from a pattern recognition program using LISP", undated memo, Hodes, L. "Machine Processing of Line Drawings", M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory Report, 54G-0028 March 1961 He is also credited by some with the idea, and an initial implementation, of logic programming.
This is achieved by tagging each fact or deduction with its logical history. Multi- agent truth maintenance systems perform truth maintenance across multiple memories, often located on different machines. de Kleer's assumption-based truth maintenance system (ATMS, 1986) was utilized in systems based upon KEE on the Lisp Machine. The first multi-agent TMS was created by Mason and Johnson.
Previous PLUS, COBOL and FORTRAN compilers are also still supported. An even earlier FORTRAN compiler (FORTRAN V), while no longer supported, is still in use for an application developed in the 1960s in that language. Compilers previously existed for ALGOL, Simula, BASIC, Lisp, NELIAC, JOVIAL, and other programming languages that are no longer in use on the ClearPath OS 2200 systems.
He was invited to Stanford University in California by John McCarthy, the inventor of LISP, to work in his Artificial Intelligence Laboratory there. Gordon worked at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory from 1981, initially as a lecturer, promoted to Reader in 1988 and Professor in 1996. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1994,Paulson, Lawrence C (2018).
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF which has a LISP-like syntax. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined.
Allen was a robot introduced by Rodney Brooks and his team in the late 1980s, and was their first robot based on subsumption architecture. It had sonar distance and odometry on board, and used an offboard lisp machine to simulate subsumption architecture. It resembled a footstool on wheels. Allen used three layers of control which are implemented in subsumption architecture.
Rich Hickey in San Francisco Rich Hickey is a computer programmer and speaker, known as the creator of the Clojure programming language. Clojure is a Lisp dialect built on top of the Java Virtual Machine. He also created or designed ClojureScript, the Extensible Data Notation (EDN) data format, and the Datomic distributed database. He is the chief technology officer at Cognitect.
Terry "Machine Gun" Druggan (1903 – March 4, 1954) was an Irish-American mobster and leader of the Chicago based mob - the Valley Gang during prohibition. Druggan was well known throughout the Chicago area as a tough street fighter. In 1919, Terry Druggan took over the Valley Gang. Druggan was a dwarf-like little man with a hair trigger temper and a lisp.
Retrieved on November 25, 2011. Throughout his childhood, Tyson lived in and around neighborhoods with a high rate of crime. According to an interview in Details, his first fight was with a bigger youth who had pulled the head off one of Tyson's pigeons. Tyson was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp.
Artificial intelligence (AI) computer programs of the 1960s and 1970s intrinsically required what was then considered a huge amount of computer power, as measured in processor time and memory space. The power requirements of AI research were exacerbated by the Lisp symbolic programming language, when commercial hardware was designed and optimized for assembly- and Fortran-like programming languages. At first, the cost of such computer hardware meant that it had to be shared among many users. As integrated circuit technology shrank the size and cost of computers in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the memory needs of AI programs began to exceed the address space of the most common research computer, the DEC PDP-10, researchers considered a new approach: a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs, and tailored to the semantics of the Lisp language.
On television, he is always seen wearing the same outfit, short bicycle shorts and a far too short T-shirt showing off his protruding belly. He speaks with a very strong lisp (much less so when not in character) and is prone to treating mundane objects (such as his microphone) as wrestling opponents. As an acting pro wrestler, he uses appropriately strong language, though it is never taken seriously due to his strong lisp. More recently, he has added Para Para (a Japanese dancing style) to his comedy routine, always to the tune of "Night of Fire", a popular Eurobeat track by Bratt Sinclaire. In 2005, riding the popularity of his act, Koriki was featured in a cover version of Niko's track with Para Para oriented Japanese idol group Hinoi Team, accompanying a video and CD release.
In computer science CDR coding is a compressed data representation for Lisp linked lists. It was developed and patented by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and implemented in computer hardware in a number of Lisp machines derived from the MIT CADR. CDR coding is in fact a fairly general idea; whenever a data object A ends in a reference to another data structure B, we can instead place the structure B itself there, overlapping and running off the end of A. By doing this we free the space required by the reference, which can add up if done many times, and also improve locality of reference, enhancing performance on modern machines. The transformation is especially effective for the cons-based lists it was created for; we free about half of the space for each node we perform this transformation on.
In Larkin, J. & Chabay, R. (Eds.) Computer assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems: shared goals and complementary approaches (pp.73-110) Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. The LISP Tutor could identify mistakes and provide constructive feedback to students while they were performing the exercise. The system was found to decrease the time required to complete the exercises while improving student test scores (Corbett & Anderson, 1992).
This information can be provided along with every valid pointer. In contrast, null pointers/sentinels provide only a finite number of tagged values distinct from valid pointers. In a tagged architecture, a number of bits in every word of memory are reserved to act as a tag. Tagged architectures, such as the Lisp machines, often have hardware support for interpreting and processing tagged pointers.
Chaosnet was first developed by Thomas Knight and Jack Holloway at MIT's AI Lab in 1975 and thereafter. It refers to two separate, but closely related, technologies. The more widespread was a set of computer communication packet- based protocols intended to connect the then-recently developed and very popular (within MIT) Lisp machines; the second was one of the earliest local area network (LAN) hardware implementations.
The programming language for MUSH, usually referred to as "MUSHcode" or "softcode" (to distinguish it from "hardcode"the language in which the MUSH server itself is written) was developed by Larry Foard. TinyMUSH started life as a set of enhancements to the original TinyMUD code. "MUSHcode" is similar in syntax to Lisp. Most customization is done in "softcode" rather than by directly modifying the hardcode.
"I NEED MORE SPACE!" Hugh yelled, his lisp raining on Africa for six hours. Eventually, he went to sleep with his feet in Australia, his bottom in India and his head on the Arctic, but he woke up bigger than the Solar System and the Milky Way. A satellite floats around his nose and asks him not to speak anymore because he would drown the Earth.
In computer programming, apply applies a function to a list of arguments. Eval and apply are the two interdependent components of the eval-apply cycle, which is the essence of evaluating Lisp, described in SICP.Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman, Julie Sussman, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, (1996) MIT Press, . See Section 4.1, The Metacircular Evaluator Function application corresponds to beta reduction in lambda calculus.
R.M. Burstall, D.B. MacQueen and D.T. Sannella. HOPE: an experimental applicative language. Proc. 1980 LISP Conference, Stanford, 136–143 (1980). ML eventually developed into several dialects, the most common of which are now OCaml and Standard ML. In the 1970s, Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman developed Scheme, as described in the Lambda Papers and the 1985 textbook Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs.
Logo was created in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), a Cambridge, Massachusetts research firm, by Wally Feurzeig, Cynthia Solomon, and Seymour Papert. Its intellectual roots are in artificial intelligence, mathematical logic and developmental psychology. The first four years of Logo research, development and teaching work was done at BBN. The first implementation of Logo, called Ghost, was written in LISP on a PDP-1.
Bauer was an advocate of imperative programming with ALGOL, while Bibel relied on logical programming with PROLOG. It was not until later that Bauer recognized functional and object-oriented programming with LISP, which was represented by Wahlster. Bauer, in particular, did not believe in the future of the field. At that time, the rejection of artificial intelligence was not only based in Munich, but extended beyond it.
Thus traditionally GP favors the use of programming languages that naturally embody tree structures (for example, Lisp; other functional programming languages are also suitable). Non-tree representations have been suggested and successfully implemented, such as linear genetic programming which suits the more traditional imperative languages [see, for example, Banzhaf et al. (1998)].Garnett Wilson and Wolfgang Banzhaf. "A Comparison of Cartesian Genetic Programming and Linear Genetic Programming".
Chez Scheme is a programming language, a dialect and implementation of the language Scheme which is a type of Lisp. It uses an incremental native-code compiler to produce native binary files for the x86 (IA-32, x86-64), PowerPC, and SPARC processor architectures. It has supported the R6RS standard since version 7.9.1. It is free and open-source software released under an Apache License, version 2.0.
Like programs in many other programming languages, Common Lisp programs make use of names to refer to variables, functions, and many other kinds of entities. Named references are subject to scope. The association between a name and the entity which the name refers to is called a binding. Scope refers to the set of circumstances in which a name is determined to have a particular binding.
As a dynamic object system, CLOS allows changes at runtime to generic functions and classes. Methods can be added and removed, classes can be added and redefined, objects can be updated for class changes and the class of objects can be changed. CLOS has been integrated into ANSI Common Lisp. Generic functions can be used like normal functions and are a first-class data type.
A computer program in execution is normally treated as being different from the data the program operates on. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self-modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog.
Computer mice built between 1986 and 2007 Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its Xerox Star, based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC. Sun Microsystems, Symbolics, Lisp Machines Inc., and Tektronix also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, Apple Computer released the Apple Lisa, which also used a mouse.
A group that evolved from or is similar to them, called The Knights of Eastern Calculus, make a major appearance in the anime series Serial Experiments Lain. References to MIT professors and other American computer scientists are prominent in Episode 11 of the series. At one point in the anime, Lain is seen with code displayed on her handheld device that appears to be Lisp.
The early versions of Symbolics Genera were built with the original graphical user interface (GUI) windowing system of the Lisp machine operating system. Symbolics then developed a radically new windowing system named Dynamic Windows with a presentation-based user interface. This window system was introduced with Genera 7 in 1986. Many of the applications of Genera have then been using Dynamic Windows for their user interface.
This is the role of the special operator, or its abbreviation (one quotation mark). For instance, usually if entering the symbol , it returns the value of the corresponding variable (or an error, if there is no such variable). To refer to the literal symbol, enter or, usually, . Both Common Lisp and Scheme also support the backquote operator (termed quasiquote in Scheme), entered with the character (grave accent).
Emacs Web Wowser (a backronym of "eww") is a web browser written entirely in Emacs Lisp. It became part of GNU Emacs starting with version 24.4. If Emacs is compiled with the suitable image libraries, and is used in a graphical environment (such as under the X Window System), it can render images inline directly into Emacs's display buffer. It requires an Emacs built with libxml2 support.
One role for ICAD may be serving as the defining prototype for KBE which would require that we know more about what occurred the past 15 years (much information is tied up behind corporate firewalls and under proprietary walls). With the rise of functional programming languages (an example is Haskell) in the markets, perhaps some of the power attributable to Lisp may be replicated.
At Thinking Machines Corporation, Cliff Lasser and Steve Omohundro developed Star Lisp, the first programming language for the Connection Machine. Omohundro joined the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) in Berkeley, California, where he led the development of the open source programming language Sather.Stephen M. Omohundro, "[Sather Provides Nonproprietary Access to Object-Oriented Programming]", Computers in Physics, Vol.6, No. 5, September, 1992, p. 444-449.
Several languages besides IS-BASIC, including Forth, Lisp, Pascal and assembly, were available on either ROM cartridge or tape. Basic-to-Basic converters could convert BASIC programs written for other home computers. Some 40 games, from IS and other publishers, were listed in the catalog. IS-DOS, the CP/M compatible operating system, opened access to the wide range of CP/M programs available at that time.
In 2002, he co- founded Intentional Software with Charles Simonyi, but then left the company in 2003 in order to return to UBC. In 2012, he won the Senior AITO Dahl- Nygaard Prize for his work on the Common Lisp Object System, and was named an ACM Fellow for his contributions to aspect-oriented programming. In July 2017, he was appointed Executive Director of UBC Extended Learning.
One could think of expressions in the function bodies as function "calls" in Lisp-like syntax. For example, the Hello function appears to call the built-in Prout function with the string 'Hello world' as the argument. The meaning and the mechanism of the call, however, is quite different. To illustrate the difference, consider the following function that determines whether a string is a palindrome.
The ACT-R software has also been subsequently updated to include a remote interface based on JSON RPC 1.0. That interface was added to make it easier to build tasks for models and work with ACT-R from languages other than Lisp, and the tutorial included with the software has been updated to provide Python implementations for all of the example tasks performed by the tutorial models.
Languages vary as to what is provided as a keyword and what is a predefined. Some languages, for instance, provide keywords for input/output operations whereas in others these are library routines. In Python (versions earlier than 3.0) and many BASIC dialects, `print` is a keyword. In contrast, the C, Lisp, and Python 3.0 equivalents `printf`, `format`, and `print` are functions in the standard library.
Using Levien seminal works, many other implementations of the Metamath design principles have been implemented for a broad variety of languages. Juha Arpiainen has implemented his own proof checker in Common Lisp called Bourbaki and Marnix Klooster has coded a proof checker in Haskell called Hmm. Although they all use the overall Metamath approach to formal system checker coding, they also implement new concepts of their own.
In the opening track ("Bullets") John Bramwell sings with a slight lisp. It's the result of an accident that occurred during the time the album was recorded and in which the singer lost some of his lower teeth. In some interviews, Bramwell says that it was a speed-boating accident somewhere in Southern France, while in others he calls this version of events a myth.
Clever Trevor is Oddsburg's token Nerd, and the second-in-command in Pipsquawk's gang. With big cokebottle glasses, and sporting a lisp, Trevor is the custodian of the inaugural Big Boy's Book of Big Boy Stuff, and is always ready to quote from it whenever the need arises—something which comes at no surprise, as he writes most of the book's entries! Voice provided by Keith Wickham.
For example, there is a library for highlighting keywords in program source code, and a library for playing the game of Tetris. Each library is implemented using one or more Emacs Lisp source files. Libraries can define one or more major modes to activate and control their function. Emacs developers write certain functions in C. These are primitives, also termed built-in functions or subrs.
In Emacs, the editing area can be split into separate areas called windows, each displaying a different buffer. A buffer is a region of text loaded into Emacs' memory (possibly from a file) which can be saved into a text document. Users can press the default `C-x 2` key binding to open a new window. This runs the Emacs Lisp function `split-window-below`.
Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems. It was designed and authored by Aneil Mallavarapu. Little b is being developed in the Virtual Cell Program at Harvard Medical School, headed by mathematician Jeremy Gunawardena. This language is based on Lisp and is meant to allow modular programming to model biological systems.
The software components were initially developed in the LISP programming language, and transitioned to C++ in 1992 in order to follow the technical evolution of the software industry. ILOG introduced two new products in 1993: ILOG Views and ILOG Solver. ILOG customers use them to make visualization interfaces (Views) and resources allocation applications (Solver). Until 1995, ILOG sales were concentrated in Europe, particularly in France.
David Luckham is an emeritus professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University."David Luckham", Stanford University Electrical Engineering website As a graduate student at MIT he was one of the implementers of the first LISP system. Accessed May 11, 2010. He is best known as the originator of Complex Event Processing (CEP) as proposed in his book, "The Power of Events" published in 2002.
Willy tries to usher him out of the room, but Biff imitates his math teacher's lisp, which elicits laughter from Willy and The Woman. Willy tries to cover up his indiscretion, but Biff refuses to believe his stories and storms out, dejected, calling Willy a "phony little fake." Back in the restaurant, Stanley helps Willy up. Willy asks him where he can find a seed store.
Matsumoto has said that Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the ruby-talk mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions, and practical utility like that of Perl.
Interlisp became a popular Lisp development tool for artificial intelligence (AI) researchers at Stanford University and elsewhere in the community of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Interlisp was notable for integrating interactive development tools into an integrated development environment (IDE), such as a debugger, an automatic correction tool for simple errors (via do what I mean (DWIM) software design, and analysis tools.
Syntactically operators usually contrast to functions. In most languages, functions may be seen as a special form of prefix operator with fixed precedence level and associativity, often with compulsory parentheses e.g. `Func(a)` (or `(Func a)` in Lisp). Most languages support programmer-defined functions, but cannot really claim to support programmer- defined operators, unless they have more than prefix notation and more than a single precedence level.
In 1961, DEC donated a PDP-1 to MIT. The PDP-1 had a Type 30 precision CRT display and you could see code run while you were working. Students from TMRC worked as support staff and used this new look at programming as a way to change the way computers were used, working the Lisp programming language and a number of other innovations at the time.
The most popular variants of the trim function strip only the beginning or end of the string. Typically named ltrim and rtrim respectively, or in the case of Python: lstrip and rstrip. C# uses TrimStart and TrimEnd, and Common Lisp string-left-trim and string-right-trim. Pascal and Java do not have these variants built-in, although Object Pascal (Delphi) has TrimLeft and TrimRight functions.
Kawa is a language framework written in the programming language Java that implements the programming language Scheme, a dialect of Lisp, and can be used to implement other languages to run on the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is a part of the GNU Project. The name Kawa comes from the Polish word for coffee; a play on words, since Java is another familiar name for coffee.
For instance, a client called ERC, written entirely in Emacs Lisp, is included in v.22.3 of Emacs. Therefore, any platform that can run Emacs can run ERC. A number of web browsers have built-in IRC clients, such as Opera (version 12.18 and earlier) and the ChatZilla add-on for Mozilla Firefox (for Firefox 56 and earlier; included as a built-in component of SeaMonkey).
Terminology invoking "objects" and "oriented" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes); Alan Kay was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966. Another early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960–61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, established a direct link between data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions".
Many seminal programs from the early days of AI research have suffered from irreparable software rot. For example, the original SHRDLU program (an early natural language understanding program) cannot be run on any modern day computer or computer simulator, as it was developed during the days when LISP and PLANNER were still in development stage, and thus uses non-standard macros and software libraries which do not exist anymore.
Emacs keeps text in data structures known as buffers. Buffers may or may not be displayed onscreen, and all buffer features are accessible to both an Emacs Lisp program and to the user interface. The user can create new buffers and dismiss unwanted ones, and many buffers can exist at the same time. There is no upper limit on the number of buffers Emacs allows, other than hardware memory limits.
One approach is to delimit separate words with a nonalphanumeric character. The two characters commonly used for this purpose are the hyphen ("-") and the underscore ("_"); e.g., the two-word name "`two words`" would be represented as "`two-words`" or "`two_words`". The hyphen is used by nearly all programmers writing COBOL (1959), Forth (1970), and Lisp (1958); it is also common in Unix for commands and packages, and is used in CSS.
Schnell began programming in 1975 (age nine), on the IBM 360 mainframe. In 1981, he tested and spoke about SETL (for VAX minicomputers) at NYU's Courant Institute. In 1982, Schnell wrote a chat program for Telenet called NET-TALK, while at the Maryland timesharing company Dialcom; this led to helping test the BBC Micro. Schnell wrote the text adventure game DUNNET in 1983 for MacLisp and 1992 for Emacs Lisp.
As that history implies, CCL was written for the Macintosh, but Clozure CL now runs on macOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris and Windows. 32 and 64 bit x86 ports are supported on each platform. Additionally there are Power PC ports for Mac OS and Linux. CCL was previously known as OpenMCL, but that name is no longer used, to avoid confusion with the open source version of Macintosh Common Lisp.
On Linux, MKCL features a fully POSIX compliant runtime system. ; Movitz: Implements a Lisp environment for x86 computers without relying on any underlying OS. ; Poplog: Poplog implements a version of CL, with POP-11, and optionally Prolog, and Standard ML (SML), allowing mixed language programming. For all, the implementation language is POP-11, which is compiled incrementally. It also has an integrated Emacs-like editor that communicates with the compiler.
Etoys development was inspired and directed by Alan Kay and his work to advance and support constructionist learning. Primary influences include Seymour Papert and the Logo programming language, a dialect of Lisp optimized for educational use; work done at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, PARC; Smalltalk, HyperCard, StarLogo and NetLogo. The drag and drop tile-based approach is very similar to AgentSheets. Scott Wallace is the main author.
Interpreters were used as early as 1952 to ease programming within the limitations of computers at the time (e.g. a shortage of program storage space, or no native support for floating point numbers). Interpreters were also used to translate between low- level machine languages, allowing code to be written for machines that were still under construction and tested on computers that already existed. The first interpreted high-level language was Lisp.
The Genera operating system was only available for Symbolics Lisp machines and the Open Genera virtual machine. Symbolics Genera has many features and supports all the versions of various hardware that Symbolics built over its life. Its source code is more than a million lines; the number depends on the release and what amount of software is installed. Symbolics Genera was published on magnetic tape and CD- ROM.
This is almost the same as the plain quote, except it allows expressions to be evaluated and their values interpolated into a quoted list with the comma unquote and comma-at splice operators. If the variable has the value then evaluates to , while evaluates to . The backquote is most often used in defining macro expansions.Quasiquotation in Lisp , Alan Bawden Self-evaluating forms and quoted forms are Lisp's equivalent of literals.
The basic operation of the REPL is as follows. This is a simplistic description which omits many elements of a real Lisp, such as quoting and macros. The function accepts textual S-expressions as input, and parses them into an internal data structure. For instance, if you type the text at the prompt, translates this into a linked list with three elements: the symbol , the number 1, and the number 2.
During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For this idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005.
Horst Brustmeier differentiates foreground and background story. The former describes the meeting between the uncle and the waiter, marked by situation comedy, while the latter is characterised by the tragic conflict of the human longing for understanding and connection. The lisp functions as a Leitmotif which propels the plot. The dialogue between the waiter and the uncle, which constitutes the main narrative, is characterised by a presentation of counterpoints.
Church refers to both a family of LISP-like probabilistic programming languages for specifying arbitrary probabilistic programs, as well as a set of algorithms for performing probabilistic inference in the generative models those programs define. Church was originally developed at MIT, primarily in the computational cognitive science group, run by Joshua Tenenbaum. Several different inference algorithms and concrete languages are in existence, including Bher, MIT-Church, Cosh, Venture, and Anglican.
However, in some such languages, situations are still possible where an integer overflow can occur. An example is explicit optimization of a code path which is considered a bottleneck by the profiler. In the case of Common Lisp, this is possible by using an explicit declaration to type-annotate a variable to a machine-size word (fixnum) and lower the type safety level to zero for a particular code block.
Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Java, Python, etc.) are multi-paradigm and they support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative, procedural programming. Significant object-oriented languages include: (list order based on TIOBE index) Java, C++, C#, Python, R, PHP, Visual Basic.NET, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala, Kotlin, Common Lisp, MATLAB, and Smalltalk.
Dunnet is a surreal, cyberpunk text adventure written by Ron Schnell, based on a game he wrote in 1982. The name is derived from the first three letters of dungeon and the last three letters of Arpanet. It was first written in Maclisp for the DECSYSTEM-20, then ported to Emacs Lisp in 1992. Since 1994 the game has shipped with GNU Emacs; it also has been included with XEmacs.
After taking over the school trip, Monokuma refits Usami with a pink monochrome appearance and forcefully changes her name to Monomi. She speaks with a lisp and her favorite phrase is "love, love." Despite being usurped by Monokuma, she still does what she can to help the students. It is later revealed that her true purpose was to serve as a monitor for the students' rehabilitation, working alongside Chiaki.
The Common Lisp GO operator also has this stack unwinding property, despite the construct being lexically scoped, as the label to be jumped to can be referenced from a closure. In Scheme, continuations can even move control from an outer context to an inner one if desired. This almost limitless control over what code is executed next makes complex control structures such as coroutines and cooperative multitasking relatively easy to write.
The OPS5 forward chaining process makes it extremely parallelizeable during the matching phase, and several automatic parallelizing compilers were created. OPS4 was an early version, while OPS83 came later. The first implementation of OPS5 was written in Lisp, and later rewritten in BLISS for speed. DEC OPS5 is an extended implementation of the OPS5 language definition, developed for use with the VMS, RISC ULTRIX, and DEC OSF/1 operating systems.
StumpWM can be run in both Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL) and GNU CLISP, with SBCL generally being preferred for better performance. The SLIME environment is commonly used for applying real-time updates and customizations to StumpWM. There is also another program called stumpish ("StumpWM Interactive Shell") that provides a standard way to interface with the window manager from a terminal. Window manager customizations are stored in a .
He looks over and sees a pale white-haired lady. He notices a lisp in the lady’s speech as she starts speaking to him. The elderly woman tells him that all five of them have been assigned to be in one bed by Social Security. She goes on to explain to him that, with the current situation, no one can afford a private beds anymore because they are now luxury items.
There was no doubt his presentation lacked impact as "his manner was low key and he was a poor public speaker with the cusp of a lisp".Kinvig, General Percival and the Fall of Singapore, p. 241. Lieutenant-General Yamashita (seated, centre) thumps the table with his fist to emphasise his demand for unconditional surrender. Lieutenant-General Percival sits between his officers, his clenched hand to his mouth.
Through the Hidden Door is a young adult novel by Rosemary Wells. This book was a runner-up for a 1988 Edgar Allan Poe Award. The book details the story of Barney Penniman, an awkward eighth-grader with a lisp who is attending a boarding school. Barney deals with bullies and a headmaster who dislikes him, but finds friendship with a younger, also socially awkward student named Snowy Cobb.
For instance the expression `(if if case or)` is possible, when `if` is a local variable. The leftmost `if` refers to the `if` operator; the remaining symbols are interpreted as variable names. Since there is a separate namespace for functions and variables, `if` could be a local variable. In Common Lisp, however, there are two special symbols which are not in the keyword package: the symbols `t` and `nil`.
In linguistics, syntax is the study of the structure of grammatical utterances, and accordingly syntax- directed editor is a synonym for structure editor. Language-based editor and language-sensitive editor are also synonyms. A language-based editor's features may be implemented by ad hoc code or by a formal grammar. For example, language sensitivity in Emacs is implemented in the Lisp definition of the edit mode for the given language.
Examples of documentation generators include the programs Javadoc for use with Java, Ddoc for D, Doxygen for C, C++, Java, IDL, Visual Expert for PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, PowerBuilder and PHPDoc for PHP. Forms of docstring are supported by Python, Lisp, Elixir, and Clojure.Function definition with docstring in Clojure C#, F# and Visual Basic .NET implement a similar feature called "XML Comments" which are read by IntelliSense from the compiled .
In Python, the `int` type has a `bit_count()` method to count the number of bits set. This functionality is new in Python 3.10, scheduled for release in 2021. In Common Lisp, the function logcount, given a non-negative integer, returns the number of 1 bits. (For negative integers it returns the number of 0 bits in 2's complement notation.) In either case the integer can be a BIGNUM.
Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property, conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.
The server also contains support for wildcard verb matching, so the same code can easily be used to handle multiple commands with similar names and functions. Available sequence types in MOO are lists and strings. Both support random access, as well as head and tail operations similar to those available in Lisp. All operations on lists and strings are non-destructive, and all non-object datatypes are immutable.
Symbolics was reluctant to license the VAX product, since VAX constituted competitive hardware to their own Lisp Machines and therefore suppressed the VAX software for five years. UC Berkeley also brought up copies of Macsyma on Motorola 68000-based systems, most notably Sun workstations. Symbolics suppressed those as well. At the same time Fateman worked to change the (now revoked) temporary license for Macsyma into something more permanent.
Starting with Are You My Neighbor?, that range was limited in scope to the upper range and included a slight lisp, giving Larry a more youthful and sillier sound. Gradually, Larry's speech became more normal, at about the time of the making of the video King George and the Ducky. Larry is one of the only Veggies to have spoken about, and to have been seen with his family.
A Symbolics Lisp Machine: an early platform for expert systems. In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s.
The encrypted text is then stored in a string variable as part of the program. To shroud the would-be visible and noticeable text it is compressed with the simple Lzw before final storage. As the Macintosh Common Lisp compiler compresses the main program code into the executable, this was not that necessary. In order to prevent a second running of the program it corrupts itself when run.
A macro is a piece of code that executes at compile time and either performs textual manipulation of code to-be compiled (e.g. C++ macros) or manipulates the abstract syntax tree being produced by the compiler (e.g. Rust or Lisp macros). Textual macros are notably more independent of the syntax of the language being manipulated, as they merely change the in-memory text of the source code right before compilation.
Initial work on LFE began in 2007, when Robert Virding started creating a prototype of Lisp running on Erlang. This work was focused primarily on parsing and exploring what an implementation might look like. No version control system was being used at the time, so tracking exact initial dates is somewhat problematic. Virding announced the first release of LFE on the Erlang Questions mail list in March 2008.
A CGOL (1977) was implemented in MacLisp and follows a similar goal of introducing Algol-like syntax with infix operators. It is known to work on Armed Bear Common Lisp.CGOL on ABCL Development of the Armed Bear Common Lisp implementation blog. A more recent (circa 2003) variant is the I-expression, which use indentation to indicate parentheses implicitly, and are thus in some ways intermediate between S-expressions and M-expressions.
She experienced the first symptoms of her illness shortly after her father's death and her involvement in the family business. In 1996, she suffered aphonia. The next year, her hands began to fall asleep, and one year later, she began to lisp. She was diagnosed in the Houston Methodist Hospital with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a specific disease that causes the death of neurons which control voluntary muscles.
Bytecode still runs more slowly than primitives, but functions loaded as bytecode can be easily modified and re-loaded. In addition, bytecode files are platform- independent. The standard Emacs Lisp code distributed with Emacs is loaded as bytecode, although the matching source files are usually provided for the user's reference as well. User-supplied extensions are typically not byte- compiled, as they are neither as large nor as computationally intensive.
Like MacLisp, Emacs Lisp uses dynamic scope, offering static (or lexical) as an option starting from version 24. It can be activated by setting the file local variable `lexical-binding`. In dynamic scoping, if a programmer declares a variable within the scope of a function, it is available to subroutines called from within that function. Originally, this was intended as an optimization; lexical scoping was still uncommon and of uncertain performance.
395-403 ACM abstract The initial implementation of PAL, in Lisp, was written by Peter Landin and James H. Morris, Jr. It was later redesigned by Martin Richards, Thomas J. Barkalow, Arthur Evans, Jr., Robert M. Graham, James Morris, and John Wozencraft. It was implemented by Richards and Barkalow in BCPL as an intermediate-code interpreter and ran on the IBM System/360; this was called PAL/360.
ORBit is a CORBA 2.4 compliant Object Request Broker (ORB). It features mature C, C++ and Python bindings, and less developed bindings for Perl, Lisp, Pascal, Ruby, and Tcl. Most of the code is distributed under the LGPL license, although the IDL compiler and utilities use the GPL. ORBit was originally written to serve as middleware for the GNOME project, but has seen use outside of the project.
A Unix operating system for the DEC VAX-11/780 computer. Bell Labs internal memo 78-1353-4. UNIX/32V was released without paging virtual memory, retaining only the swapping architecture of Seventh Edition. A virtual memory system was added at Berkeley by Bill Joy and Özalp Babaoğlu in order to support Franz Lisp; this was released to other Unix licensees as the Third Berkeley Software Distribution (3BSD) in 1979.
Creating a minimal Lisp interpreter is a common learning task set before computer science students. The Lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church is a minimal programming language that uses only function definitions and function applications. Scheme, Forth, and Go are cited as examples of practical, minimal programming languages. The programming hobby of code golf results in minimalist software, but these are typically exercises or code poetry, not usable applications software.
Illustratively, it may be rendered snake_case, pothole_case, etc. When all- upper-case, it may be referred to as screaming snake case (or SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE). ; Kebab case :"the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy- dog" Similar to snake case, above, except hyphens rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It is also known as spinal case, param case, Lisp case, and dash case (or illustratively as kebab-case).
Emacspeak is a free computer application, a speech interface, and an audio desktop (as opposed to a screen reader). It employs Emacs (which is written in C), Emacs Lisp, and Tcl. Developed principally by T. V. Raman (himself blind since childhood, and who has worked on voice software with Adobe Software and later IBM), it was first released in April 1995. It is portable to all POSIX- compatible OSs.
The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software; the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System.
This may involve meta-programming (specifying the operators in a separate language), or within the language itself. Definition of new operators, particularly runtime definition, often makes correct static analysis of programs impossible, since the syntax of the language may be Turing-complete, so even constructing the syntax tree may require solving the halting problem, which is impossible. This occurs for Perl, for example, and some dialects of Lisp.
The development of d3web originates from the research work of Prof. Dr. Frank Puppe (University Würzburg, Germany) going back to the 1980s, starting with the medical expert systems MED1 and MED2 . Whereas the original systems were focussed on medical diagnosis the applicability of the approach was generalized by the successor D3 . As the predecessors were implemented in the LISP programming language, d3web is a full Java re-implementation.
Since version 2.6, Redis features server-side scripting in the language Lua. Many programming languages have Redis language bindings on the client side, including: ActionScript, C, C++, C#, Chicken, Clojure, Common Lisp, Crystal, D, Dart, Elixir, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Haxe, Io, Java, JavaScript (Node.js), Julia, Lua, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Pure Data, Python, R, Racket, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk, Swift, and Tcl. Several client software programs exist in these languages.
Some programming languages provide a built-in (primitive) rational data type to represent rational numbers like 1/3 and -11/17 without rounding, and to do arithmetic on them. Examples are the type of Common Lisp, and analogous types provided by most languages for algebraic computation, such as Mathematica and Maple. Many languages that do not have a built-in rational type still provide it as a library-defined type.
It offers limited facilities for garbage collection, relying extensively on runtime support. It offers dynamic memory allocation primitives designed to make it well-suited to running in constant memory on a video game console. GOAL has extensive support for inlined assembly language code using a special `rlet` form, allowing programs to freely mix assembly and higher-level constructs within one function. The GOAL compiler is implemented in Allegro Common Lisp.
The most common approach to resource management across languages is to use unwind protection, which is called when execution exits a scope – by execution running off the end of the block, returning from within the block, or an exception being thrown. This works for stack-managed resources, and is implemented in many languages, including C#, Common Lisp, Java, Python, Ruby, and Scheme. The main problems with this approach is that the release code (most commonly in a `finally` clause) may be very distant from the acquisition code (it lacks adjacency), and that the acquisition and release code must always be paired by the caller (it lacks encapsulation). These can be remedied either functionally, by using closures/callbacks/coroutines (Common Lisp, Ruby, Scheme), or by using an object that handles both the acquisition and release, and adding a language construct to call these methods when control enters and exits a scope (C# `using`, Java `try`-with-resources, Python `with`); see below.
An expression-oriented programming language is a programming language where every (or nearly every) construction is an expression and thus yields a value. The typical exceptions are macro definitions, preprocessor commands, and declarations, which expression-oriented languages often treat as statements rather than expressions. Some expression-oriented languages introduce a void return type to be yielded by expressions that merely cause side-effects. ALGOL 68 and Lisp are examples of expression-oriented languages.
Between 1994 and 1998, Xerox formed its Rights Management Group to continue the work represented in the patent. In November 1998, Xerox issued the first XML version of the Digital Property Rights Language (DPRL), labelled Version 2.0. Prior to that time, DPRL had been written in the LISP programming language. The DPRL 2.0 documentation makes it clear that DPRL was designed for machine-to-machine interaction, with rights expressed as machine actionable functions.
Two branches of the dynasty came into conflict in 1226. Canute the Tall, allegedly the adult heir of Filip, younger son of Eric IX, deposed the underage Eric XI, the Lisp and Lame (läspe och halte), who resumed the kingship in 1234. Conflict continued between the royal senior branch and Canute's two sons until the sons were executed in 1248 and 1251. Eric XI was the last king of the agnatic line of this dynasty.
At 14:57, "The Ministry of Lost Souls" is the album's second longest track. Throughout the song's lyrics, Petrucci tells of a person who dies in the process of saving a woman from drowning. However, the woman who is saved is filled with "regret and sorrow" until she is able to re-unite with her rescuer. The title for the track during recording was, "Schindler's Lisp" and it was the fourth song to be written.
Examples of languages that use dynamic scope include Logo, Emacs Lisp, LaTeX and the shell languages bash, dash, and PowerShell. Dynamic scope is fairly easy to implement. To find an name's value, the program could traverse the runtime stack, checking each activation record (each function's stack frame) for a value for the name. In practice, this is made more efficient via the use of an association list, which is a stack of name/value pairs.
Oberon (Oberon-07) has a return clause instead of a return statement. The return clause is placed after the last statement of the procedure body. This enables compile-time checking of proper return and return value from the procedure. Some expression-oriented programming language, such as Lisp, Perl and Ruby, allow the programmer to omit an explicit return statement, specifying instead that the last evaluated expression is the return value of the subroutine.
StarLogo is an agent-based simulation language developed by Mitchel Resnick, Eric Klopfer, and others at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab and Scheller Teacher Education Program in Massachusetts. It is an extension of the Logo programming language, a dialect of Lisp. Designed for education, StarLogo can be used by students to model or simulate the behavior of decentralized systems. The first StarLogo ran on a Connection Machine 2 parallel computer.
The protagonist of Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Gordon Comstock, conducts an internal critique of his customers when working in a bookshop, and there is an extended passage of several pages in which he concentrates on a homosexual male customer, and sneers at him for his "nancy" characteristics, including a lisp, which he identifies in detail, with some disgust. Stephen Spender "thought Orwell's occasional homophobic outbursts were part of his rebellion against the public school".
Workbench 2.0 introduced AmigaGuide, a simple text-only hypertext markup scheme and browser, for providing online help inside applications. It also introduced Installer, a standard software installation program, driven by a LISP-like scripting language. Finally, Workbench 2.0 rectified the problem of applications hooking directly into the input-events stream to capture keyboard and mouse movements, sometimes locking up the whole system. Workbench 2.0 provided Commodities, a standard interface for modifying or scanning input events.
Poplog is an Open Source, reflective, incrementally compiled software development environment for the programming languages POP-11, Common Lisp, Prolog, and Standard ML, originally created in the UK for teaching and research in Artificial Intelligence at the University of Sussex, and later marketed as a commercial package for software development as well as for teaching and research. It was one of the initiatives supported for a while by the UK government-funded Alvey Programme.
DCL allows interactions with the dialog at run- time by Lisp code. Certain widgets can have actions associated with them by naming an AutoLISP function to be run, and values to be passed to it. Unlike other types of GUIs, DCL dialogs cannot be changed substantially at run time. The contents of certain widgets such as text boxes and list boxes can be changed, but widgets cannot be removed from or added to the dialog.
It tells the story of the encounter of two decidedly different characters from the perspective of a young boy. Their single commonality is their lisp. The speech impediment initially leads to misunderstandings, later on, however, it becomes a means of communication and basis for the friendship of the fellow sufferers. The title refers to Sisyphus, a figure of Greek mythology, which inspires a waiter's nickname as well as it symbolises his fate.
Levidolche has been seduced by Adurni; Benatzi seeks to catch her in the act by wooing her in disguise — but Levidolche recognizes him and decides to reform. But she tries to manipulate Benatzi into taking revenge on Adurni — an attempt that fails comically. The third level, the comic subplot, deals with the Amoretta, a comical young lady with a lisp who has an obsession with horses. She is pursued by two ridiculous suitors.
RCS specific KAs were written by space shuttle mission controllers. It was implemented on the Symbolics 3600 Series LISP machine and used multiple communicating instances of PRS. The system maintained over 1000 facts about the RCS, over 650 facts for the forward RCS alone and half of which are updated continuously during the mission. A version of the PRS was used to monitor the reaction control system on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery.
Some sported large monocles. They frequently affected a lisp, allegedly to avoid the letter R as in revolution - and sometimes a stooped hunchbacked posture or slouch, as caricatured in numerous cartoons of the time. In addition to Madame Tallien, famous Merveilleuses included Mademoiselle Lange, Juliette Récamier, and two very popular Créoles: Fortunée Hamelin and Hortense de Beauharnais. Hortense, a daughter of the Empress Josephine, married Louis Bonaparte and became the mother of Napoleon III.
Lisping Lily is New Nick's younger sister; a toddler, who is largely infatuated with Henry (pronouncing his name "Henwy") and is known for her noticeable lisp. Her common catchphrases in the book are "I love you, Henwy." and "Will you mawwy with me, Henwy?". She wears a blue tunic with a ribbon, and dark blue overalls and she also has a doll that squirts Henry in the face from its mouth/nose.
CLSQL is an SQL database interface for Common Lisp. It was created in 2001 by Kevin M. Rosenberg, and initially based substantially on the MaiSQL package by Pierre R. Mai. After being orphaned by onShore Development, Marcus Pearce ported the UnCommonSQL package to CLSQL, which provides a CommonSQL-compatible API for CLSQL. CLSQL can be used to query and interface with MySQL, PostgreSQL, ODBC, AODBC, SQLite version 2 and 3, and Oracle OCI.
While their children storm the castle, Gregorio reveals to Ingrid that Minion used to work for the OSS but was fired after Gregorio reported him tampering with the Third Brain project. Juni rescues Floop who helps him and Carmen release their parents. Together they trap Minion and, confronting Lisp and Gradenko, the family is beset by all 500 robot children. Machete busts through the window, reconciling with Gregorio and joining the family to fight.
Anonymous functions originate in the work of Alonzo Church in his invention of the lambda calculus, in which all functions are anonymous, in 1936, before electronic computers. In several programming languages, anonymous functions are introduced using the keyword lambda, and anonymous functions are often referred to as lambdas or lambda abstractions. Anonymous functions have been a feature of programming languages since Lisp in 1958, and a growing number of modern programming languages support anonymous functions.
Andrew Scott Gavin (born June 11, 1970) is an American video game programmer, designer, entrepreneur, and novelist. In the video game industry, he is known for co-founding the video game company Naughty Dog with childhood friend Jason Rubin in 1986, where games such as Crash Bandicoot and Jak & Daxter were released to critical acclaim. The sophistication of Naughty Dog technology is often credited to Gavin's background in LISP at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
The most influential book describing the semantics and implementation of the metaobject protocol in Common Lisp is The Art of the Metaobject Protocol by Gregor Kiczales et al. Metaobject protocols are also extensively used in software engineering applications. In virtually all commercial CASE, re-engineering, and Integrated Development Environments there is some form of metaobject protocol to represent and manipulate the design artifacts. A metaobject protocol is one way to implement aspect-oriented programming.
This was developed by ICL at Bracknell, Dalkeith Palace and later Kidsgrove (Staffordshire) for the UK research community. PNX used its own microcode, more appropriate for the C programming language, called C-Code. ;FLEX: Developed by the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, FLEX was implemented in microcode and similar to other early workstation systems such as Lisp machines, UCSD Pascal or Modula-2, except that the language of choice was ALGOL 68.
He invented the continuation to solve a double recursion problem for one of the users of his Lisp implementation. In 1962, Russell created and designed Spacewar!, with the fellow members of the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 minicomputer. Spacewar! is widely considered to be the first digital video game and served as a foundation for the entire video game industry.
In scripting languages, such as PHP and Lisp, the usual approach is to return "false", "none" or "null" when the function call fails. This works by returning a different type to the normal return type (thus expanding the type). It is a dynamically-typed equivalent to returning a null pointer. For example, a numeric function normally returns a number (int or float), and while zero might be a valid response; false is not.
Their mentorship greatly inspired Kay's evolving views on objects and programming. As he grew busier with research for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), he ended his musical career. In 1968, he met Seymour Papert and learned of the programming language Logo, a dialect of Lisp optimized for educational purposes. This led him to learn of the work of Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky, and of constructionist learning, further influencing his professional orientation.
While at MIT, Steele published more than two dozen papers with Gerald Jay Sussman on the subject of the language Lisp and its implementation (the Lambda Papers). One of their most notable contributions was the design of the language Scheme. Steele also designed the original command set of Emacs and was the first to port TeX (from WAITS to ITS). He has published papers on other subjects, including compilers, parallel processing, and constraint languages.
SNARK offers many strategic controls for adjusting its search behavior and thus tune its performance to particular applications. This, together with its use of multi-sorted logic and facilities for integrating special-purpose reasoning procedures with general- purpose inference make it particularly suited as reasoner for large sets of assertions. SNARK is used as reasoning component in the NASA Intelligent Systems Project. It is written in Common Lisp and available under the Mozilla Public License.
In effect, most of the editor is made of macros. Emacs was originally devised as a set of macros in the editing language TECO; it was later ported to dialects of Lisp. Another programmers' text editor, Vim (a descendant of vi), also has full implementation of macros. It can record into a register (macro) what a person types on the keyboard and it can be replayed or edited just like VBA macros for Microsoft Office.
Moses was forced out of the picture by ADL and Pavelle became the head of the Macsyma division at Symbolics. It was evident that Symbolics was not so much interested in the code as in keeping Macsyma out of the software catalog of its competitor in the Lisp Machine business, LMI. The business arrangement between Symbolics and Arthur D. Little required a royalty payment to ADL of 15% of Macsyma gross sales.
This concept is also known as subsumption or subtype polymorphism. In some languages subtypes may also possess covariant or contravariant return types and argument types respectively. Certain languages, for example Clojure, Common Lisp, or Cython are dynamically type-checked by default, but allow programs to opt into static type checking by providing optional annotations. One reason to use such hints would be to optimize the performance of critical sections of a program.
In LFE, the list data type is written with its elements separated by whitespace, and surrounded by parentheses. For example, is a list whose elements are the integers and , and the atom . These values are implicitly typed: they are respectively two integers and a Lisp-specific data type called a symbolic atom, and need not be declared as such. As seen in the example above, LFE expressions are written as lists, using prefix notation.
David is escorted to a hotel after his wife has left him for another man. The hotel manager reveals that single people have 45 days to find a partner, or they will be transformed into an animal of their choice; the dog accompanying David is his brother. David chooses to become a lobster. David makes acquaintances with Robert, a man with a lisp, and John, a man with a limp, who become his quasi-friends.
The ensuing discussions of the choice rent the lab into two factions. In February, 1979, matters came to a head. Greenblatt believed that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the funding of the company. Most sided with Noftsker, believing that a commercial venture fund-backed company had a better chance of surviving and commercializing Lisp Machines than Greenblatt's proposed self- sustaining start-up.
Shakey in 1972 The robot's programming was primarily done in LISP. The Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) planner it used was conceived as the main planning component for the software it utilized. As the first robot that was a logical, goal-based agent, Shakey experienced a limited world. A version of Shakey's world could contain a number of rooms connected by corridors, with doors and light switches available for the robot to interact with.
Two years after the end of Zoey 101, Stacey made two appearances in Season 4 of iCarly. In the episode "iStart a Fan War," it is shown that Stacey lisps again; she explains that she suffered a relapse after being briefly cured. She reappeared in "iHire an Idiot," being interviewed for the position as an intern working for iCarly. She was quickly kicked out by Carly, who is annoyed by the lisp.
While some more recent languages support non-error exceptions, their use is not common. Originally, software exception handling included both resumable exceptions (resumption semantics), like most hardware exceptions, and non- resumable exceptions (termination semantics). However, resumption semantics were considered ineffective in practice in the 1970s and 1980s (see C++ standardization discussion, quoted below) and are no longer in common use, though provided by programming languages like Common Lisp,Dylan and PL/I.
Throughout her research studies in education, Dr. Solomon worked full-time as a computer teacher in elementary and secondary schools. Her work has mainly focused on research on human- computer interaction and children as designers. While working at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, she worked with Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert, to create the first programming language for children, named Logo. The language was created to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp.
The language was created to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp, a functional programming language. Later, Logo also enabled what Papert called "body-syntonic reasoning", where students could understand, predict and reason about the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle. There are substantial differences among the many dialects of Logo, and the situation is confused by the regular appearance of turtle graphics programs that call themselves Logo.
Mr. Slave (voiced by John Hansen) is the homosexual lover of Mr. Garrison up until the episode "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina" when he breaks up with Garrison after Mr. Garrison had a sex change. Mr. Slave, as his name suggests, is a masochist and is permanently dressed in a leather bondage outfit. He has a tooth gap and his catchphrase is an excited exclamation of "Jesus Christ!" spoken with a gay lisp.
In his early years Torrès had aspired to become a comedian, but his style was encumbered by a pronounced lisp. Nonetheless, in his later years he was famed for his booming voice and flamboyant personality. Torrès was involved in several criminal trials, before the Schwartzbard trial, not only in Paris but in Moscow and in Rumania. Upon returning to Paris he initiated a protest campaign denouncing the barbaric treatment of Jews in Bessarabia.
Physically, Junior is basically a miniature version of his father, having a large head in proportion to a small body. Aside from Goldimouse and the Three Cats, his mother is never seen nor mentioned in the Warner Bros. shorts, and the only apparent trait Junior got from his mother is his ability to speak without his father's characteristic lisp. Junior has been noted saying that he is three and a half years old.
No performer I've > ever known had the ability to 'work' an audience as Mo could. He'd come on > centre stage with no support and just leer at the audience without saying a > word for minutes on end and have them rocking with laughter. And when the > laughs began to die, he'd lisp in his inimitable way a completely trite line > like, 'Will you be quiet, pleath!' – and that would send them off for > minutes more.
According to Geezel, the dragon was struck in the head by lightning during a powerful storm, and forgot who or what he was. Suthaze cursed the dragon into believing that he was a duck. Thus, Suthaze gained a powerful servant that could be easily controlled. In his "Willie" personality, the dragon spoke with a pronounced lisp, was afraid of snakes, played in an oversize water bowl, was quite gullible, and was friendly—even good-natured.
E. Balagurusamy, Fundamentals of Computers, Mcgraw Hill Education (India), 2009, , p. 340 as is ICAD, which was built upon Lisp. KL-ONE is an example of a related idea, a frame language. In the 1980s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the way of the future, and some predicted that they would replace procedural programming with constraint based programming for all tasks that could be framed as a series of logical constraints.
Eric was the son of Eric X of Sweden and Richeza of Denmark. According to the chronicle Erikskrönikan written in the early 1320s, Eric is said to have been partly lame; "King Eric was lisping in his talk / Limping was, as well, his walk".Pipping, Erikskrönikan, pp. 4-5. For this reason, later historians referred to him as "Erik the Lisp and Lame" which was apparently not used in his own time.
The most widely used modifier keys include the Control key, Shift key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On Sun Microsystems and Lisp machine keyboards, the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key.
His slight lisp, according to Mendelson, gave him a "youthful sweetness," while his emotional script reading "gave him power and authority as well." Tracy Stratford played the role of Lucy, with the creators being impressed by her attitude and professionalism. Kathy Steinberg was the youngest of the performers, just six years old at the time of recording. Too young to read, the producers had to give her one line at a time to recite.
In 1989 the very first commercially available off the shelf instrument procedure design software conforming to ICAO document 8168 Pans-Ops was programmed. This software was first demonstrated at Bailbrook College in Bath, England in 1992 to a procedure design course. Prior to this all procedure design was done with pencil, tracing paper and a calculator. The software was programmed on a 386 IBM laptop computer and written in the “LISP” programming language.
An early add-on for Digitalk Smalltalk was a logic browser for Prolog rules encapsulated as clauses within classes. More recent logic browsers have appeared as BackTalk and SOUL (Smalltalk Open Unification Language with LiCor, or library for code reasoning) for Squeak and VisualWorks Smalltalk. A logic browser provides an interface to Prolog implemented in Smalltalk (Lisp engines have often been implemented in Smalltalk). A comparable browser can be found in ILog rules and some OPS production systems.
Interface Builder first made its appearance in 1986 written in Lisp (for the ExperLisp product by ExperTelligence). It was invented and developed by Jean-Marie Hullot using the object-oriented features in ExperLisp, and deeply integrated with the Macintosh toolbox. Denison Bollay took Jean-Marie Hullot to NeXT later that year to demonstrate it to Steve Jobs. Jobs immediately recognized its value, and started incorporating it into NeXTSTEP, and by 1988 it was part of NeXTSTEP 0.8.
Written in the C programming language, libxml2 provides bindings to C++, Ch, XSH, C#, Python, Kylix/Delphi and other Pascals, Ruby, Perl, Common Lisp, and PHP. It was originally developed for the GNOME project, but can be used outside it. libxml2's code is highly portable, since it depends on standard ANSI C libraries only, and it is released under the MIT license. This library was written by Daniel Veillard and receives active feedback from its users.
Many languages (particularly functional languages and languages influenced by the functional paradigm) use a singly linked list as a basic data structure, and provide primitives or functions similar to `car` and `cdr`. These are named variously `first` and `rest`, `head` and `tail`, etc. In Lisp, however, the cons cell is not used only to build linked lists but also to build pair and nested pair structures, i.e. the `cdr` of a cons cell need not be a list.
Henry Givens Baker Jr. is an American computer scientist who has made contributions in garbage collection, functional programming languages, and linear logic. He was also one of the founders of Symbolics, a company that designed and manufactured a line of Lisp machines. In 2006 he was recognized as a Distinguished Scientist by the Association for Computing Machinery. He is notable for his research in garbage collection, particularly Baker's real-time copying collector, and on the Actor model.
The file compiler is invoked using the function compile-file. The generated file with compiled code is called a fasl (from fast load) file. These fasl files and also source code files can be loaded with the function load into a running Common Lisp system. Depending on the implementation, the file compiler generates byte-code (for example for the Java Virtual Machine), C language code (which then is compiled with a C compiler) or, directly, native code.
However, in CL it is necessary to explicitly refer to the function namespace when passing a function as an argument—which is also a common occurrence, as in the `sort` example above. CL also differs from Scheme in its handling of boolean values. Scheme uses the special values #t and #f to represent truth and falsity. CL follows the older Lisp convention of using the symbols T and NIL, with NIL standing also for the empty list.
CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects present to the outer world. CORBA then specifies a mapping from IDL to a specific implementation language like C++ or Java. Standard mappings exist for Ada, C, C++, C++11, COBOL, Java, Lisp, PL/I, Object Pascal, Python, Ruby and Smalltalk. Non-standard mappings exist for C#, Erlang, Perl, Tcl and Visual Basic implemented by object request brokers (ORBs) written for those languages.
Generally speaking, higher- level programming languages are more likely to have garbage collection as a standard feature. In some languages that do not have built in garbage collection, it can be added through a library, as with the Boehm garbage collector for C and C++. Most functional programming languages, such as ML, Haskell, and APL, have garbage collection built in. Lisp is especially notable as both the first functional programming language and the first language to introduce garbage collection.
The newfound firm was named LISP Machine, Inc. (LMI), and was funded by CDC orders, via Jacobson. Around this time Symbolics (Noftsker's firm) began operating. It had been hindered by Noftsker's promise to give Greenblatt a year's head start, and by severe delays in procuring venture capital. Symbolics still had the major advantage that while 3 or 4 of the AI Lab hackers had gone to work for Greenblatt, a solid 14 other hackers had signed onto Symbolics.
A form of advices were part of C with Classes in the late 1970s and early 1980s, namely functions called `call` and `return` defined in a class, which were called before (respectively, after) member functions of the class. However, these were dropped from C++.The Design and Evolution of C++, p. 57 Advices are part of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS), as `:before`, `:after`, and `:around` methods, which are combined with the primary method under "standard method combination".
Serpentina is a Gorgon monster with a mirror-coated shield (similar to the Aegis of Athena) for a weapon, which can deflect almost any attack. She is one of the two female terrors, and the slyest of the ten. She speaks in a hissing lisp. She has the ability to morph her lower body in a more serpentine shape (similar to a Nāga) and can shoot purple electricity from her mouth, a technique she calls the "Snake Strike".
Its pattern matching works in conjunction with term rewriting. The basic data structure of Lisp and Prolog is a linear list built by cons operation in a sequential manner, thus with O(n) access to list's nth element. Refal's lists are built and scanned from both ends, with pattern matching working for nested lists as well as the top-level one. In effect, the basic data structure of Refal is a tree rather than a list.
Common data structures such as arrays and linked lists were implemented as collection classes in the library. ScriptX was an object oriented scripting language, which used design elements from "Smalltalk, Dylan, Hypertalk, Lisp, Object Logo, C++, and Pascal". With Smalltalk, it shared the concept of classes, objects, and inheritance, but also featured multiple inheritance in both classes and objects, and dynamic binding of objects at runtime. ScriptX had no primitive data types; even integers were defined as objects.
The panellists must suggest alternative definitions for existing English words. For example, "lymph" has been redefined as "to walk with a lisp", or crackerjack has been said to be "a device for lifting biscuits". During one round of the game, Stephen Fry suggested that 'countryside' should mean 'to kill Piers Morgan'. The game has recently been renamed Uxbridge English Dictionary to tie in with a book of that title collecting the definitions made in the round.
Some programming languages allow the symbol table to be manipulated at run-time, so that symbols can be added at any time. Racket is an example of such a languageSymbols - Racket Documentation. Both the LISP and the Scheme programming languages allow arbitrary, generic properties to be associated with each symbol.Symbols - Guile Documentation The Prolog programming language is essentially a symbol-table manipulation language; symbols are called atoms, and the relationships between symbols can be reasoned over.
Collison entered the 40th Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition with his project on artificial intelligence (nicknamed 'Isaac' after Isaac Newton, whom Patrick admired), finishing as individual runner-up. He re-entered the following year, and won first place at the age of sixteen on 14 January 2005. His project involved the creation of Croma, a LISP-type programming language. His prize of a €3,000 cheque and a trophy of Waterford Crystal was presented to him by President Mary McAleese.
Locke's first publications in print were introductory articles on Lisp and natural language processing. He has since written for Wired, Release 1.0, The Industry Standard, Harvard Business Review and many other publications. Since 2005, he has been writing the Mystic Bourgeoisie blog. In 1996, he launched Entropy Gradient Reversals, a "strange webzine" that specialized in "dissecting transparently clueless corporate Internet strategies" and introduced RageBoy, Locke's intemperate alter ego who has a penchant for ranting against business orthodoxy.
Example dialog Installer is a scripting language developed by Commodore International for AmigaOS, first released for version 2.1 in 1992. Its grammar is based on the LISP programming language. A compatible re-implementation named InstallerLG is actively developed as of October 2018. Example from the developer guide: (makedir "T:fred" (prompt "I will now create the directory \"T:Fred\"") (help @makedir-help) (infos) (confirm) ) The InstallerGen tool can be used as an alternative for writing scripts by hand.
After completing a basic seven-year education in 1930 in Saratov, he went into the factory workshop school (Fabrichno-Zavodskoe Uchilishche-FZU) to become a lathe-turner. In 1931 his family moved to Moscow. After completing his precision-engineering course, Simonov went to work in a factory, where he remained until 1935. During these years he changed his given name from Kirill to Konstantin because he could not pronounce the sound "r" without an aristocratic lisp.
A computer programmer, sometimes called a software developer, a programmer or more recently a coder (especially in more informal contexts), is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computers, or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. A programmer's most oft-used computer language (e.g., Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python) may be prefixed to the term programmer.
The first Caml implementation was written in Lisp by Ascánder Suárez in 1987 at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA)."A History of Caml", inria.fr Its successor, Caml Light, was implemented in C by Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez, and the original was nicknamed "Heavy Caml" because of its higher memory and CPU requirements. Caml Special Light was a further complete rewrite that added a powerful module system to the core language.
Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Raku, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another. The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C, shell script (sh), AWK, and sed; Wall also alludes to BASIC and Lisp in the introduction to Learning Perl (Schwartz & Christiansen) and so on.
Strings and regular expressions have different standard delimiters. This approach can be contrasted with a language such as Lisp, where the same basic syntax, composed of simple and universal symbolic expressions, is used for all purposes. Perl does not enforce any particular programming paradigm (procedural, object-oriented, functional, or others) or even require the programmer to choose among them. There is a broad practical bent to both the Perl language and the community and culture that surround it.
He was thankfully swiftly rescued by the Star Tugs Ten Cents, Big Mac, O.J., and Top Hat. On the same day, he was bought by Captain Star and joined the Star Fleet as their first Star submarine. He speaks with a Central English accent (with a noticeable lisp). Grampus also has a tendency to squirt water in the tug's faces, most prominently at Bluenose in "Regatta" and at Top Hat while he was sleeping in the episode "Ghosts".
Macro systems—such as the C preprocessor described earlier—that work at the level of lexical tokens cannot preserve the lexical structure reliably. Syntactic macro systems work instead at the level of abstract syntax trees, and preserve the lexical structure of the original program. The most widely used implementations of syntactic macro systems are found in Lisp-like languages. These languages are especially suited for this style of macro due to their uniform, parenthesized syntax (known as S-expressions).
Kapoor's sole film release in 2008 was opposite Vidya Balan in the romantic comedy Kismat Konnection. In 2009, Kapoor portrayed twin brothers, one with a lisp and the other with a stutter, in Vishal Bhardwaj's critically acclaimed caper thriller Kaminey. He then appeared in a series of films which performed poorly at the box-office, including Mausam (2011) and Teri Meri Kahaani (2012). The 2013 action-drama R... Rajkumar proved to be his first commercial success in four years.
VPI can cause hypernasality (excessive nasal resonance), hyponasality (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously. In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion.
The link grammar syntax parser is a library for natural language processing written in C. It is available under the LGPL license. The parserAbiWord — Link Grammar Parser is an ongoing project. Recent versions include improved sentence coverage, Russian, Persian and Arabic language support, prototypes for German, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Vietnamese and Turkish, and programming API's for Python, Java, Common LISP, AutoIt and OCaml, with 3rd-party bindings for Perl,Lingua-LinkParser (Perl interfaces) Ruby and JavaScript node.js.javaScript node.
Malbolge was so difficult to understand when it arrived that it took two years for the first Malbolge program to appear. Indeed, the author himself has never written a single Malbolge program. The first program was not written by a human being: it was generated by a beam search algorithm designed by Andrew Cooke and implemented in Lisp. Later, Lou Scheffer posted a cryptanalysis of Malbolge and provided a program to copy its input to its output.
During the period following BibTeX's implementation in 1985, several reimplementations have been published: ;BibTeXu :A reimplementation of bibtex (by Yannis Haralambous and his students) that supports the UTF-8 character set. Taco Hoekwater of the LuaTeX team criticized it in 2010 for poor documentation and for generating errors that are difficult to debug. ;bibtex8 :A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets. ;CL-BibTeX :A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in Common Lisp, capable of using bibtex .
As with type-inferred languages, dynamically typed languages do not require the programmer to write explicit type annotations on expressions. Among other things, this may permit a single variable to refer to values of different types at different points in the program execution. However, type errors cannot be automatically detected until a piece of code is actually executed, potentially making debugging more difficult. Lisp, Smalltalk, Perl, Python, JavaScript, and Ruby are all examples of dynamically typed languages.
They drifted apart however and eventually separated (without an official divorce), after which Pasha took custody of the child. At that same time, Pasha auditioned for The Stage Singers School for the Bulgarian National Radio. She was accepted for her remarkable voice and despite a strong lisp that was subsequently treated surgically. With the help of her teacher, she found work as a soloist (after being denied a position in the Sofia Orchestra) in the Labour Corps Ensemble.
She dresses in a dirty, pink- coloured Kappa tracksuit. Her place of residence throughout the series was a fictitious town called Darkley Noone, which is shown to be in Bristol. For instance, she refers to places within the Bristol area, such as Fishponds, the Broadmead Shopping Centre and Wookey Hole (which is actually just outside Wells, but is a short drive from Bristol). She also speaks with a lisp pronouncing "borstal" as "borthtal" and a West Country accent.
The ability to undo an operation on a computer was independently invented multiple times, in response to how people used computers. The File Retrieval and Editing System, developed starting in 1968 at Brown University, is reported to be the first computer-based system to have had an "undo" feature. Warren Teitelman developed a Programmer's Assistant as part of BBN-LISP with an Undo function, by 1971. The Xerox PARC Bravo text editor had an Undo command in 1974.
This was done using a somewhat verbose natural language style description, but apart from notation amounts exactly to the algebraic data types found in modern functional languages. ISWIM variables did not have explicit type declarations and it seems likely (although not explicitly stated in the 1966 paper) that Landin intended the language to be dynamically typed, like LISP and unlike ALGOL; but it is also possible that he intended to develop some form of type inference.
Linux distributions support shell scripts, awk, sed and make. Many programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or programming themselves. For example, regular expressions are supported in programs like grep and locate, the traditional Unix MTA Sendmail contains its own Turing complete scripting system, and the advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose Lisp interpreter. Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages.
No SPARC CPU implements quad-precision operations in hardware as of 2004. Tagged add and subtract instructions perform adds and subtracts on values checking that the bottom two bits of both operands are 0 and reporting overflow if they are not. This can be useful in the implementation of the run time for ML, Lisp, and similar languages that might use a tagged integer format. The endianness of the 32-bit SPARC V8 architecture is purely big-endian.
The FGCS Project did not meet with commercial success for reasons similar to the Lisp machine companies and Thinking Machines. The highly parallel computer architecture was eventually surpassed in speed by less specialized hardware (for example, Sun workstations and Intel x86 machines). The project did produce a new generation of promising Japanese researchers. But after the FGCS Project, MITI stopped funding large-scale computer research projects, and the research momentum developed by the FGCS Project dissipated.
The last release supported the programming languages C++ (Corba2 mapping), ANSI C, Python, Java, and Common Lisp. Contributed support was also available for Modula-3, Guile Scheme, and Perl 5. ILU has been installed on most flavors of UNIX (SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, OSF, IRIX, FreeBSD, Linux, LynxOS, SCO Unix, etc.) and MS-Windows (3.1, 95, NT). It supported both threaded (POSIX, Solaris, NT, Franz ACL, PPCR, Modula-3) and event-loop (Xt, Tk, XView) operation.
Bigloo is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, an implementation of the language Scheme. It is developed at the French IT research institute French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA). It is oriented toward providing tools for effective and diverse code generation that can match the performance of hand-written C or C++. The Bigloo system contains a Scheme compiler that can generate C code and Java virtual machine (JVM) or .
Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for "Hello, World!", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of printing "Hello, World!" (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent.
BioBIKE is an integrated symbolic biocomputing and bioinformatics platform, built from the start as an entirely (what is now called) cloud-based architecture where all computing is done in remote servers, and all user access is accomplished through web browsers. BioBIKE has a built-in frame system in which all objects, data, and knowledge are represented. This enables code written either in the native Lisp, in the visual programming language, or systems of rules expressed in the SNARK theorem prover to access the whole of biological knowledge in an integrated manner. For its time (released in 2002) it was unique in permitting users to create fully functional biocomputing programs that run on the back-end servers entirely through the web browser UI. (In modern terms it was one of the first PaaS (Platform as a Service) systems, predating even Salesforce in this capability.) Initially this programming was carried out in raw Lisp, but Jeff Elhai's team at VCU, with NSF funding, created an entirely graphical programming environment on top of BioBIKE based upon the Boxer-style programming environments.
Simple transactions could be completed by a single "RFC" packet containing a contact name, answered by a single "ANS" packet with the relevant information. For example, an RFC to contact name "TIME" would result in a single ANS packet containing a 32-bit number indicating the time. The original GNU Manifesto mentioned that it aimed to, among other things, support the Chaosnet protocol. Symbolics, a maker of the Lisp machines, licensed the MIT Chaosnet hardware and software implementation from the CADR computer design.
A persistent urban legend claims that the prevalence of the sound in Spanish can be traced back to a Spanish king who spoke with a lisp, and whose pronunciation spread by prestige borrowing to the rest of the population. This myth has been discredited by scholars for lack of evidence.See for instance Linguist List and About.com. traces the origins of the legend back to a chronicle of Pero López de Ayala stating that Peter of Castile "lisped a little" ("ceceaba un poco").
Another problem dealt with the computational hardness of truth maintenance efforts for general knowledge. KEE used an assumption-based approach (see NASA, TEXSYS) supporting multiple-world scenarios that was difficult to understand and apply. The few remaining expert system shell companies were eventually forced to downsize and search for new markets and software paradigms, like case-based reasoning or universal database access. The maturation of Common Lisp saved many systems such as ICAD which found application in knowledge-based engineering.
David Beckham is childlike and Victoria acts as his mother. In one scene, a journalist asks David if he might be going to Milan, David replied saying: "No, I go to my nan's on Sunday, you silly!" he speaks with a slight lisp and is always asking when it's time for his dinner. Victoria is often grouchy and makes a pig sound while speaking. They only usually appear in either "The Week In Bits" or in the intros and outros.
A singly linked list structure, implementing a list with three integer elements. The name list is also used for several concrete data structures that can be used to implement abstract lists, especially linked lists and arrays. In some contexts, such as in Lisp programming, the term list may refer specifically to a linked list rather than an array. In class-based programming, lists are usually provided as instances of subclasses of a generic "list" class, and traversed via separate iterators.
ITA was known for using programming puzzles to attract and evaluate potential employees since 2001. Some of these puzzles have appeared in ads on Boston's MBTA subway system. ITA is also one of the highest-profile companies to base their software on Common Lisp. In January 2006, ITA received $100 million in venture capital money from a syndicate of five investment firms led by Battery Ventures, marking the largest investment in a software firm in New England in five years.
Thomas Dale Rapp (March 8, 1947 – February 11, 2018) was an American singer and songwriter who led Pearls Before Swine, an influential psychedelic folk rock group of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Described as having "a slight lisp, gentle voice and apocalyptic vision",Harrison Smith, "Tom Rapp, frontman of ’60s psychedelic band Pearls Before Swine, dies at 70", Washington Post, February 13, 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018 he also released four albums under his own name. He later practiced as a lawyer.
That version can then be used to transfer any CP/M application or data. See "Figure 1-1: Bootstrap program for Kermit-80 and CP/M Version 2.2" Newer versions of Kermit included scripting language and automation of commands.columbia.edu Kermit 95 The Kermit scripting language evolved from its TOPS-20 EXEC-inspired command language and was influenced syntactically and semantically by ALGOL 60, C, BLISS-10, PL/I, SNOBOL, and LISP. The correctness of the Kermit protocol has been verified with formal methods.
Unanimously, they urged us not to—they already knew how > frequently subscript errors occur on production runs where failure to detect > them could be disastrous. I note with fear and horror that even in 1980, > language designers and users have not learned this lesson. In any > respectable branch of engineering, failure to observe such elementary > precautions would have long been against the law. Mainstream languages that enforce run time checking include Ada, C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lisp, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Visual Basic.
Plutarch asserts that "Alcibiades was a most able speaker in addition to his other gifts", while Theophrastus argues that Alcibiades was the most capable of discovering and understanding what was required in a given case. Nevertheless, he would often stumble in the midst of his speech, but then he would resume and proceed with all the caution in the world.Plutarch, Alcibiades, 10. Even the lisp he had, which was noticed by Aristophanes, made his talk persuasive and full of charm.
As noted above, Scheme tends to favor the functional style, using tail recursion and continuations to express control flow. However, imperative style is still quite possible. The style preferred by many Common Lisp programmers may seem more familiar to programmers used to structured languages such as C, while that preferred by Schemers more closely resembles pure-functional languages such as Haskell. Because of Lisp's early heritage in list processing, it has a wide array of higher-order functions relating to iteration over sequences.
When the waiter repeats the uncle's order, both think that their opposite is mocking them. While the hurt waiter refuses to tolerate the abuse, the amused uncle loudly asks to speak to the innkeeper. By now, all the guests are observing the dispute which, growing more violent, mortifies the boy and his mother. Only when the waiter proves his lisp with a note in his passport, the tension resolves in the uncle's loud, pitying laughter, and he shows his veteran passport in return.
Karl Migner finds that the possibility of short, concise characterisations of figures or happenings in Schischyphusch are pushing to an extreme. Similarly, Brinkmann describes the use of sibilants, that is, these for the protagonists unpronounceable sounds, grotesquely exaggerated as the lisp contrasts the Borchert's Hamburg dialect. Borchert uses stylistic climaxes to reflect the characters' growing excitement, and anti-climaxes for the continually shrinking waiter. Helmut Gumtau describes the language as characterised by an 'Arno Holzsche motor coordination of word cascades' and onomatopoeia.
FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level language to have a functional implementation, came out in 1957 and many other languages were soon developed – in particular, COBOL aimed at commercial data processing, and Lisp for computer research. Programs were mostly still entered using punched cards or paper tape. See computer programming in the punch card era. By the late 1960s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough that programs could be created by typing directly into the computers.
On the Yahoo! "Cult of Safran" web group a stormy discussion started on whether John was actually faking - Safran's lisp is absent while allegedly possessed. Safran appeared in several radio and television plug spots for the show post-production/pre- screening and only briefly commented on the exorcism episode as a very intense segment to film. After the screening of the episode Safran appeared in an interview on ABC radio and said he didn't remember a lot of the experience.
Fluxus is a live coding environment for 3D graphics, music and games. It uses the programming language Racket (a dialect of Scheme/Lisp) to work with a games engine with built-in 3D graphics, physics simulation and sound synthesis. All programming is done on-the-fly, where the code editor appears on top of the graphics that the code is generating.Wakefield, Graham, Charlie Roberts, Matthew Wright, Timothy Wood and Karl Yerkes. “Collaborative Live- Coding with an Immersive Instrument.” NIME (2014).
TNT is an open source instant messaging client which is designed to use AIM and uses AOLs TOC Protocol. The client is run within Emacs or XEmacs and is written in Emacs Lisp. The client was originally written by AOL, but AOL abandoned the project around 1999, along with its other TOC clients, TiK and TAC, but since then independent developers have continued to add features and make new releases. TNT has been revised to work with the TOC2 Protocol.
Alphard is a Pascal-like programming language for data abstraction and verification, proposed and designed by William A. Wulf, Ralph L. London, and Mary Shaw. The language was the subject of several research publications in the late 1970s, but was never implemented. Its main innovative feature was the introduction of the 'form' datatype, which combines a specification and a procedural (executable) implementation. It also took the generator from IPL-V, as well as the mapping functions from Lisp and made it general case.
Procedural parameters were invented before the age of electronic computers, by mathematician Alonzo Church, as part of his lambda calculus model of computation. Procedural parameters as a programming language feature were introduced by ALGOL 60. In fact, ALGOL 60 had a powerful "call by name" parameter-passing mechanism that could simplify some uses of procedural parameters; see Jensen's Device. Procedural parameters were an essential feature of the LISP programming language, which also introduced the concept of function closure or funarg.
This system was able to play a number of chess-like games, given game rules definition in a special language called Game Description Language, without any human interaction once the games were generated. In 1998, the commercial system Zillions of Games was developed by Jeff Mallett and Mark Lefler. The system used a LISP-like language to define the game rules. Zillions of Games derived the evaluation function automatically from the game rules based on piece mobility, board structure and game goals.
Sharon (KATHY) flirts with MICHAEL as she suggestively takes his details for his flight to Nome, Alaska. She has almost completed the reservation when she begins to repeat herself over and over and MICHAEL is unsure of whether she was a real person or not. JAMES sings about the joys of flying in "Aging Planes". A shy and unassuming man with a lisp (MICHAEL) sings about his perfect match; a woman he met on his vacation to Spain in "She Spoke Spanish".
Bollay is the author of ExperLogo and ExperLisp, the first incrementally compiled object-oriented programming languages for a personal computer, the Apple Macintosh. He introduced the world to the first Interface Builder in 1986, and the first dynamic interface building tool Action! in 1988. He was also the creator of DynamicDocuments in 1988, the first object-oriented, multimedia hypertext system (built in the language Lisp), WebBase, the first dynamic web server in 1995, and WebData (a database of databases web portal).
Several famous languages have self-compiling compilers, including Burroughs B5000 Algol, PL/I, C, LISP, and Java. Creating such compilers is a chicken-and-egg conundrum. The language is first implemented by a temporary compiler written in some other language, or even by an interpreter (often an interpreter for an intermediate code, as BCPL can do with intcode or O-code). XCOM began as an Algol program running on Burroughs machines, translating XPL source code into System/360 machine code.
All objects were instances of a class, and classes themselves were instances of a MetaClass object. As in LISP, there were no statements, and every line in a ScriptX program was an expression that returned a value. ScriptX used garbage collection running in a separate thread to handle memory, and featured an object store for permanent collections. ScriptX supported multi-threading but not multiprocessing, and offered scripting control of lower level operating system features such as events and concurrently running threads.
Metaprogramming enables developers to write programs and develop code that falls under the generic programming paradigm. Having the programming language itself as a first-class data type (as in Lisp, Prolog, SNOBOL, or Rebol) is also very useful; this is known as homoiconicity. Generic programming invokes a metaprogramming facility within a language by allowing one to write code without the concern of specifying data types since they can be supplied as parameters when used. Metaprogramming usually works in one of three ways.
Kaa is based on earlier characters from Disney films who comically and unsuccessfully attempt to eat the protagonist, including Tick-Tock the crocodile from Peter Pan and the wolf from The Sword in the Stone. Holloway provided Kaa with a hissing lisp while voicing him, which the Sherman Brothers incorporated into Kaa's song "Trust in Me".Sherman, Robert B. The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book - Platinum Edition Kaa returns in The Jungle Book 2, now voiced by Jim Cummings.
In terms of perception, the "gay sound" in North American English is popularly presumed to involve the pronunciation of sibilants (, , ) with noticeable assibilation, sibilation, hissing, or stridency. Frontal, dentalized and negatively skewed articulations of (the aforementioned "gay lisp") are indeed found to be the most powerful perceptual indicators to a listener of a male speaker's sexual orientation,Mack & Munson, 2011, p. 209-210. with experiments revealing that such articulations are perceived as "gayer-sounding" and "younger-sounding".Mack & Munson, 2011, abstract.
Lisp languages are free-form, although they do not descend from ALGOL. Rexx is mostly free-form, though in some cases whitespace characters are concatenation operators. SQL, though not a full programming language, is also free-form. Most free-form languages are also structured programming languages, which is sometimes thought to go along with the free- form syntax: Earlier imperative programming languages such as Fortran 77 used particular columns for line numbers, which many structured languages do not use or need.
There are many mathematical and logical operations that come across naturally as variadic functions. For instance, the summing of numbers or the concatenation of strings or other sequences are operations that can be thought of as applicable to any number of operands (even though formally in these cases the associative property is applied). Another operation that has been implemented as a variadic function in many languages is output formatting. The C function and the Common Lisp function are two such examples.
Originally a straightforward clone of Empire, later versions included the ability to define rulesets for different kinds of games, first using a Forth-like syntax, then a more powerful version based on Lisp syntax. It was also ported to other computer systems, including Macintosh, Amiga, and Windows. Xconq is designed to be portable and re- definable. The default rule set is similar to Empire, but the rule set, graphics and maps can be altered to represent different time periods and strategic scales.
They are predominantly male, often with protruding sexual characteristics. Many Greeks have imagined them as tall, black and hairy, with burning red eyes, goats' or donkeys' ears, monkeys' arms, tongues that hang out and heads that are huge. Nonetheless, the most common belief is that they are small, black creatures, humanoid apart from their long black tails, and said to resemble little black devils. They are also mostly blind, speak with a lisp and love to eat frogs, worms, and other small creatures.
This first edition was the original specification of Common Lisp (CLtL1) and served as the basis for the ANSI standard. Steele released a greatly expanded second edition in 1990, (1029 pages) which documented a near-final version of the ANSI standard. Steele, along with Charles H. Koelbel, David B. Loveman, Robert S. Schreiber, and Mary E. Zosel wrote The High Performance Fortran Handbook (MIT Press, 1994; ). Steele also coauthored all three editions of The Java Language Specification (Addison-Wesley, third ed.

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