In the early 19th century Silverdale was established as a port for transporting kauri logs to Auckland. Stillwater was also used as a secondary landing to transport logs, kauri gum and later fruit produce from orchards established on cleared land at Stillwater, Silverdale and Dairy Flat. As there was no roading sea was the only form of transport available. The last shipment of kauri gum to leave Stillwater was in 1890.
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A dog digging on a beach. Twelfth century illustration of a man digging. A group of men digging for Kauri gum in New Zealand. Construction equipment being used to dig up rocky ground.
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David Grimaldi, Amber: Window to the Past, 1996, p 16-20, American Museum of Natural History African copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi- fossil condition.
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Prior to widespread European settlement, taewa did not suffer much from pests or disease. The biggest pest were native caterpillars which were controlled through fumigation using kauri gum or dried kawakawa leaves (Piper excelsum).
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Dalmatian migrants were particularly prominent in the kauri gum extraction. Te Houhanga Marae and Rāhiri meeting house is a traditional meeting place for Te Roroa and the Ngāti Whātua hapū of Te Kuihi and Te Roroa.
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From 1855, a small town developed, driven by the kauri gum trade. Today's 'Town Basin' on the Hatea River was the original port and early exports included kauri gum and native timber followed later by coal from Whau Valley, Kamo, and Hikurangi. Coal from the Kiripaka field was exported via the Ngunguru River. By 1864, the nucleus of the present city was established.Pickmere, pp 87–88 View of Whangarei from the foot of Parahaki showing the Hatea River in the foreground and a timber mill across the river.
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Piipi Raumati Cummins (c.1862 - 9 August 1952) was a Māori tribal leader, kauri-gum dealer, storekeeper and land rights activist. She was born in Waihou, Northland, New Zealand on c.1862. She identified with the Te Roroa iwi.
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Kauri gum- diggers were also active in the area.Malcolm, pp. 15-16. The town grew around local coal mines, which opened in 1890. The North Auckland railway line from Whangarei reached Hikurangi in 1894. 4.2 million tons of coal were extracted.
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This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colors in polarized light. Amber has often been imitated by other resins like copal and kauri gum, as well as by celluloid and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially, but also called "true amber".
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'Surville, Jean François Marie de - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Sep-10 Whaling stations operated on the shores of the bay in the nineteenth century. The area was a centre of kauri gum extraction.
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The Mangawara area to the west was a Kauri gum digging area until 1983. It also had a creamery and a post office by 1910. Te Hoe, to the north, had a school between 1912 and 1995. It had a post office and store and still has a hall, which was built in 1957.
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Jackson 1935, p. 22 In the beginning of the 1840s he had purchased at Whangarei. The family moved there in 1842, and lived in a house, he called "Deveron". From this base, Mair continued "active trading in a number of fields – kauri timber, kauri gum, whaling, as well as general trading and his own farming venture".
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The Department had its own court and concentrated on themes similar to those displayed at the St Louis World's Fair. The court included promotion of New Zealand's hunting and fishing through numerous deer heads and stuffed fish, examples of kauri gum and fine timber, and paintings. There was also a working replica of a Rotorua hot pool and geyser.
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After a six-week voyage aboard the Arawa, the family arrived in Wellington in April 1887. They promptly travelled north to settle in Auckland but James Reed struggled to find employment. He eventually found work as a kauri gum digger in Northland while his family remained in Auckland. Elizabeth Reed supplemented the family's income through needlework.
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The Kapiro block was a designated Kauri gum reserve after 1898 to restrict the harvesting of gum. The gum was depleted by 1919, and suggestions were made to use the land for settlement of returning soldiers from World War I, or planting trees on it. The land was covered with a noxious weed, hakea. An experimental farm was established in the late 1920s.
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Una Garlick was born in Mount Eden, Auckland in 1883 under the registered name of Harriett Eunice. Her parents, Richard Knight Garlick and Ellen Green, were both English-born and had ten children (Eunice was the seventh). Her father was a wealthy merchant, earning a living selling kauri-gum. From 1895 to 1900 Garlick attended Wanganui Girls’ College and then proceeded to return home to her family.
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Over a period of sixty years, it is estimated over 500 million feet of kauri was exported from the Whitianga district. The first kauri gum was exported in 1844. It reached its peak in 1899 when over 11,000 long tons of gum was exported at an average of $120 per ton. Today Whitianga serves as a small regional centre for the eastern side of the Coromandel Peninsula and Mercury Bay area.
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The area was popular with kauri gum-diggers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Ahipara Gumfields Historic Reserve is to the south of the town. Shipwreck Bay (Te Kōhanga in Māori), at the southern point of Ahipara Bay, contains a number of wrecks visible at low tide. Ahipara Bay was once well known for its toheroa shellfish, but gathering these is restricted due to their near-extinction.
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Its extended from Te Hoe to Tauwhare and Tamahere. In 1876 Whitikahu was described as a deep swamp, but a condition of the sale was that NZLMA should build drains and roads. Kauri gum was being dug in 1893, when about half the area had been drained. Kauri stumps of up to diameter and long are thought to have died due to flooding after the Waikato changed its course.
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Originally ' ( specialists) used a range of ' (chisels) made from albatross bone which were hafted onto a handle, and struck with a mallet. The pigments were made from the for the body colour, and ' (burnt timbers) for the blacker face colour. The soot from burnt kauri gum was also mixed with fat to make pigment. The pigment was stored in ornate vessels named ', which were often buried when not in use.
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He extended the exhibit to ensure that New Zealand products were featured including examples of wood and kauri gum, grains, wool and flax hemp. From 1906 Donne served as the Vice-President and Executive Commissioner for the New Zealand International Exhibition. He traveled to the United States to encourage participation of overseas industry representatives at this Exhibition. He ensured that the Department of Tourist and Health Spa was well represented.
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Many different kinds of resins may be used to create a varnish. Natural resins used for varnish include amber, kauri gum, dammar, copal, rosin (colophony or pine resin), sandarac, balsam, elemi, mastic, and shellac. Varnish may also be created from synthetic resins such as acrylic, alkyd, or polyurethane. A varnish formula might not contain any added resins at all since drying oils can produce a varnish effect by themselves.
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Kauri gum at the Kauri Museum, Northland, New Zealand Although today its use is far more restricted, in the past the size and strength of kauri timber made it a popular wood for construction and ship building, particularly for masts of sailing ships because of its parallel grain and the absence of branches for much of its height. Kauri crown and stump wood was much appreciated for its beauty, and was sought after for ornamental wood panelling as well as high-end furniture. Although not as highly prized, the light colour of kauri trunk wood made it also well-suited for more utilitarian furniture construction, as well as for use in the fabrication of cisterns, barrels, bridges construction material, fences, moulds for metal forges, large rollers for the textile industry, railway sleepers and braces for mines and tunnels. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Kauri gum (semi-fossilised kauri resin) was a valuable commodity, particularly for varnish, spurring the development of a gum-digger industry.
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The clubhouse itself was destroyed by fire in 2014. Whangateau was a centre for trade during the 1800s as there were no roads and all traffic was by sea. The recently restored Big Omaha wharf was used to berth coastal shipping taking apples and kauri gum (resin) to the Auckland markets. It was adjacent to two important ship building facilities owned by the Darrochs and Meiklejohns where many of the early coastal vessels were built.
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Significant industries in the first 150 years of European settlement after about 1850 included brick and pottery manufacturing, timber milling, kauri gum digging, orchards, farming, viticulture, water supply, railways, and the twin Royal New Zealand Air Force bases of Whenuapai and Hobsonville. Waitakere City developed retail and service sectors and light manufacturing. The two commercial centres were Henderson and New Lynn. Notable niche industries included boat-building, winemaking, and film and television production.
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Maunganui Bluff and the Tasman Sea are to the west, with the small settlement of Aranga Beach lying at the northern end of Ripiro Beach. Trounson Kauri Park is a 450 ha forest reserve a few kilometres south of Aranga. Aranga was a centre of the kauri gum industry from 1887 until the late 1940s, one of the last gum extraction areas in New Zealand.Ryburn, p 203 A flax mill operated at Aranga from 1890 to 1900.
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Her next two novels, The Passionate Puritan (1921) and the less popular The Strange Attraction (1922) were both based around her childhood experiences in New Zealand. In 1923 Mander moved to London and worked for the Harrison Press of Paris. She wrote numerous essays and short stories, and acted as a London correspondent for multiple New Zealand newspapers. Her next novel, Allen Adair (1925), was the last set in New Zealand, based around the kauri gum-digging industry.
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The Mapping of Sculpture website. He left Mill Hill School at the age of 15 and travelled to New Zealand, spending the next three years in New Zealand and Australia. He was "in turn kauri-gum digger, coal and gold miner, stock-rider, circus performer and sail-maker".Tony Gould: In Limbo He then spent a year as a cadet with the British North Borneo Company, but a bout of malaria forced him to return to England.
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Examples of plant resins include amber, Balm of Gilead, balsam, Canada balsam, Boswellia, copal from trees of Protium copal and Hymenaea courbaril, dammar gum from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae, Dragon's blood from the dragon trees (Dracaena species), elemi, frankincense from Boswellia sacra, galbanum from Ferula gummosa, gum guaiacum from the lignum vitae trees of the genus Guaiacum, kauri gum from trees of Agathis australis, hashish (Cannabis resin) from Cannabis indica, labdanum from mediterranean species of Cistus, mastic (plant resin) from the mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus, myrrh from shrubs of Commiphora, sandarac resin from Tetraclinis articulata, the national tree of Malta, styrax (a Benzoin resin from various Styrax species), spinifex resin from Australian grasses, and turpentine, distilled from pine resin. Amber is fossil resin (also called resinite) from coniferous and other tree species. Copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it.
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He named the bay Mercury Bay. A granite monument later set up to honour him was washed into the sea by a storm and erosion in 2018, but replaced in time for the 250th anniversary the following year. In 1837, Ranulph Dacre and Gordon Browne purchased almost all the land of Cooks Beach, which became known as Dacre's Grant. A timber mill and a flax mill were established, and up to 30 families settled to farm, collect kauri gum, and fish.
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Kauri logs and loggers near Piha Various species of kauri give diverse resins such as kauri gum, Manila copal and dammar gum. The timber is generally straight-grained and of fine quality with an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and rot resistance, making it ideal for yacht hull construction. The wood is commonly used in the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles due to its low density and relatively low price of production. It is also used for some Go boards (goban).
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Pigments were made from the for the body colour, and (burnt timbers) for the blacker face colour. The soot from burnt kauri gum was also mixed with fat to make pigment. In the late 19th century were gradually replaced with needles, and became smooth tattoos instead of textured scars. Since 1990 there has been a resurgence in the practice of for both men and women, as a sign of cultural identity and a reflection of the general revival of Māori language and culture.
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New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber. During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand. Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census, although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector. The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people.
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After the cessation of hostilities in 1845, the stone store was leased to become the centre of Kauri gum trading operation, and then in 1863 it was used to house a boys' school. The building was sold to the Kemp family in 1874, and was used as a general store, although it increasingly became a tourist attraction. The Stone Store was purchased from the Kemps by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now Heritage New Zealand) in 1975. Conservation work was done in the 1990s.
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He was eventually discharged in July 1890. Returning to live with his parents, Reed was conscious of the burden that the expense of his medical care had caused his parents and in light of this, he decided to start working on the kauri gum fields alongside his father rather than finish his schooling. The work was hard, involving the extraction of gum from the ground and packing it. He also worked on the family's farmlet and would take occasional jobs cutting scrub or working on road construction.
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Great Barrier Island was the site of New Zealand's last whaling station, at Whangaparapara, which opened in 1956, over a century after the whaling industry peaked in New Zealand, and closed due to depletion of whaling stocks and increasing protection of whales by 1962. Some remains can be visited. Another small-scale industry was kauri gum digging, while dairy farming and sheep farming have tended to play a small role compared to the usual New Zealand practice. A fishing industry collapsed when international fish prices dropped.
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Dick Goudie later ran a taxi service from the town, being the first to drive a motor vehicle across the new bridge at Papa Aroha which opened up the northern peninsula from Coromandel. Fossicking for semi-precious stones such as carnelian and for kauri gum are popular activities among tourists visiting the town. Another member of the Goudie family, John, developed a motor camp a few kilometres north of the town some years later. The Motukawao Islands lie five kilometres off the coast to the southwest of Colville, in the Hauraki Gulf.
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Gumdigger statue at Dargaville The town was named after timber merchant and politician Joseph Dargaville (1837–1896). Founded during the 19th-century kauri gum and timber trade, it briefly had New Zealand's largest population. The area became known for a thriving industry that included gum digging and kauri logging, which was based mainly at Te Kōpuru, several kilometres south of Dargaville on the banks of the Northern Wairoa river. The river was used to transport the huge logs downstream to shipbuilders and as a primary means of transport to Auckland.
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This one small craft spawned a fleet of sailing scows that became associated with the gum trade and the flax and kauri industries of northern New Zealand. Scows came in all manner of shape and sizes and all manner of sailing rigs, but the "true" sailing scow displayed no fine lines or fancy rigging. They were designed for hard work and heavy haulage and they did their job remarkably well. They took cattle north from the stockyards of Auckland and returned with a cargo of kauri logs, sacks of kauri gum, shingle, firewood, flax or sand.
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The Geographical Indication of Kumeu is a small sub- region west of Auckland City, surrounding the towns of Huapai and Kumeu, as far west as Waimauku, and east to the southern edge of the town of Riverhead. The area is most notable for its excellent Chardonnay, with well reviewed examples especially from Kumeu River and Soljans Estate Winery. Chardonnay makes up 85% of the vineyard area in Kumeu, with Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir making up most of the remainder. Some of New Zealand's oldest wineries are in Kumeu, established in the late 1800s by Croatian settlers working the Kauri gum fields.
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Little is known of Don Buck's early life. He tried various business, all of which failed, before moving out to Henderson, New Zealand, in 1911, when he started gum-digging at the recommendation of some locals; Kauri gum was at that time experiencing considerable prospecting attention in New Zealand, of which it became an important product for a short time. From there, he moved out near Swanson Stream and built his abode on some likely prospecting land. There, he found an abundance of gum, but was not able to do the work to remove it himself, due to a heart condition.
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A weekly (initially monthly) ferry service brought mail, and a road was constructed to Paparoa. In 1881, the longest wharf in the Kaipara— long—was built at Matakohe to accommodate the steamers. Minnie Casey served Matakohe in the 1880s, and the S.S. Ethel, then the S.S. Tangihua in the 1890s.Ryburn, pp 75-76, 79-80 The kauri gum industry became established around Matakohe in 1867-70, possibly the first place in the Kaipara District that the industry developed amongst settlers. A flax mill was built in 1870, but it was not profitable and was soon converted to a timber mill.
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Before being settled by Europeans, the Māori iwi Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngāti Whātua had already settled in the Waitakere area. In the 1830s, European settlers started to arrive, concentrating on timber milling, kauri gum digging and flax milling, with brickworks and pottery industries following later. In the 20th century, industry and service trades started to grow, with population taking off after World War II, partly due to improved transport links with Auckland City, such as the Northwestern Motorway, whose first section opened in 1952. Suburbs like New Lynn, Glen Eden and Henderson grew to prominence in the following decades.
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Looking across Whangārei Harbour from One Tree Point One Tree Point was called "Single Tree Point" by Captain Lort Stokes of the Acheron in 1849. The town of Marsden, situated where Marsden Point is now, was originally intended to be the commercial centre for the district, due to the access to deep water, and because it was closer to Auckland than the area which is now Whangārei. The government purchased on the point in the mid-1850s and laid it out in quarter-acre sections. The development of the kauri gum industry changed the focus of settlement to Whangarei.
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William Robert Williams (1832–1890) was born at Gravesend, Kent, England 5 March 1832 and died at his house on Wellington's The Terrace on 17 March 1890. He started out to be a sailor at the age of 12 in vessels trading on the English coast. Moving to Australia in 1856 he involved himself in trade between Melbourne and ports in South Australia then became chief officer on a vessel running to Otago. He acquired an interest in the barque Anne Melhuish in which he brought coal to New Zealand from Newcastle taking timber, kauri gum, and, at the end of the Maori wars, troops the other way.
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The American Civil War and the creation of the Suez Canal led to Germany, India and Hong Kong taking the majority by the end of that century.Thaddeus Sunseri, Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820-2000, 2009, p 10-12 East Africa apparently had a higher amount of subfossil copal, which is found one or two meters below living copal trees, from roots of trees that may have lived thousands of years earlier. This subfossil copal produces a harder varnish. Subfossil copal is also well known from New Zealand (kauri gum from Agathis australis (Araucariaceae)), Japan, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Madagascar.
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