I simply wanted to describe the intractability of the partisan divide.
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Theresa May's intractability must be an occasion to demand her impossibility.
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The only things that seem to be guaranteed are intractability and dissent.
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The scale of the effort is illustrative of the sheer intractability of the threat.
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But the random tragedy of the stories he encounters underlines the intractability of the problem.
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The second major issue leading to the intractability of this topic is the conflict strategy employed.
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The intractability of the issue is demonstrated by the (lack of) progress of diversity on Wall Street.
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Can really great art communicate its intention, regardless of context and the potential indifference or intractability of an audience?
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The very intractability of the moral dilemma that's been set up is going to tempt writers to cheap answers.
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In a state Capitol often notorious for inefficiency and intractability, even Mr. Cuomo seemed unfazed by the lack of progress.
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The decades-long intractability of the North Korean problem has sent some aides to past administrations searching for new approaches.
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The Deuce is about intractability and cycles; the vortex of poverty and pain that characterized the city in the bankrupt era.
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The neatness of the pun, its capacity to make things rhyme, exists at the expense, perhaps, of mess, despair, and sheer human intractability.
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And his diplomatic work, trying to bring peace to the Middle East, ran up against the intractability of the conflicts in that region.
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During the government-shutdown negotiations in January, Miller's important role in crafting White House policy was widely acknowledged, but his intractability was criticized.
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In fact, the problem's intractability partly explains why Hawking never received a Nobel Prize—that prestigious award is given to experimentally verified discoveries.
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There is no clear end in sight, given the underlying political dynamics between both sides and the White House's intractability over a proposed wall.
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No wonder some in the GOP, seeing the intractability of their party under the rule of Trump, are hoping Democrats can help save them.
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The intractability of this issue reflects the fact that, as a matter of biology, the development of human life is rarely characterized by clear lines.
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Given the current research about political intractability and our divided electorate, on some days that seems as fantastic and beyond reality to me as Gilead.
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Logue's mixed achievement is a testament either to the inadequacies of his proposals or to the intractability of his problems, and probably to both at once.
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News media reports attributed the gap between Mr. Rosato's arrest and trial to a combination of his intractability and the punitive approach of the Canadian authorities.
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For as long as Afghanistan's war has raged, Pakistan, which plays a double-game with the Taliban, has been at the center of its seeming intractability.
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Perhaps recognizing the intractability and complexity of the fix we are in, Giridharadas sidesteps prescriptions by giving the book's last words to a political scientist, Chiara Cordelli.
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At the end of it, the lesson for viewers was that our divisions are intractable — not surprising, since intractability was what Ms. Winfrey sought to bring out.
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But the size and intractability of her loan balance weighed on her; also, she trusted her husband, and he thought Mr. Morton's bond process was worth checking out.
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And how that intractability of the "no" votes proves one basic fact: There is no repeal and replace bill that can get 50 GOP votes in this Senate. Period.
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They also say Mr. Trump's actions have contributed to a level of intractability in the Security Council, the most powerful United Nations body, not seen since the Cold War.
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The intractability of these decisions has so far produced a weak caretaker government, with Netanyahu hanging on as prime minister but lacking enough legislative support to enact major changes.
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Nathan Thrall does a brilliant job describing the political and geostrategic reasons for this intractability in THE ONLY LANGUAGE THEY UNDERSTAND: Forcing Compromise in Israel and Palestine (Metropolitan/Holt, $28).
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HOLLY MACVE There is a cleareyed intractability in the sustained, haunting songs of Holly Macve, an English singer and songwriter who has absorbed the most eerie strains of country and Appalachia.
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The mysteries of metastasis, the intractability of anxiety disorders and strange new diseases of blood cells kept our brains and souls alive when the hospital was asking us to punch numbers into terminals.
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Over the years, as Newsom has grappled with the intractability of poverty and racism, he has become more progressive on such issues as cash bail, sentencing reform, and California's status as a sanctuary state.
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If Ms. Raine sells short any one character, it would be the working-class Gayle (Heather Craney), whose rape exists to illustrate the intractability of the very institutions that Tim, Edward and their like navigate with ease.
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"Brexit was originally supposed to have occurred two weeks ago but the intractability of the problem coupled with political incompetence on the part of the UK means that it has been postponed yet again," said Peter Dixon, an economist at Commerzbank.
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Given the intractability of Mr. Trump's support and the cruel mathematics of capturing the nomination, it was unclear whether his shakiness in the debate would blunt his momentum, especially with his impressive lead in several key states that will vote over the next few days.
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I used to think Congress and Washington were broken, but this electoral season reveals broader and deeper dysfunctions: the intractability of the two-party system, the dubious role of the media, and the polarized, crass, uncivil, uneducated, sensationalist, shallow and self-absorbed national culture.
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The negative sentiment started to rise in recent months, as several news media reports detailed a rising tide of internal discord, quoting high-ranking insiders who placed the blame for the company's woes on Mr. Rusbridger's policies and what they saw as his intractability.
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But the intractability of the debates before Congress and state legislatures and the alleged valuing of short term economic interest despite the cost to human life, necessitates a need for the courts to evaluate the constitutional parameters of the action or inaction taken by the government.
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" It said the moral issues in Vietnam "are less clear-cut than he suggests" and warned that "to divert the energies of the civil rights movement to the Vietnam issue is both wasteful and self-defeating," given how the movement needed to confront what the paper called "the intractability of slum mores and habits.
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Unlike the perennial inaction on grandiose promises of ethics reform or procurement oversight, the Legislature's failure this year to approve even a collection of modest, apolitical proposals — namely, a reauthorization of speed safety cameras at New York City schools, and an extension of some local governments' tax collection abilities — seemed to signal a new level of partisan intractability and to invite a special incredulity.
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His speech is coming just a week after he announced an executive order on gun control to expand background checks in an effort to curtail what he called an "epidemic of gun violence" in the US. Obama's past week was spent pitching the plan to the American people, making it clear that it was his final, if largely symbolic, effort as president to get something done about guns, despite the intractability of a Republican-controlled Congress.
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Maiese, Michelle. "Causes of Disputes and Conflicts." Beyond Intractability. Ed. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess.
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Garey, Michael R. and David S. Johnson (1979), Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness.
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The intractability of the quadratic residuosity problem is the basis for the security of the Blum Blum Shub pseudorandom number generator and the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem.
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In resolution or analytic Gentzen-style systems, the pigeonhole principle is known to have only exponential size proofs.A. Haken, “The intractability of resolution”. Theoretical Computer Science 39 (1985), pp. 297-308.
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M R Garey, D S. Johnson (1979). Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP–Completeness. W. H. Freeman, New York. Secondly human speakers produce descriptions that are not minimal in many situations.
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In computer science, more specifically computational complexity theory, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness is an influential textbook by Michael Garey and David S. Johnson. It was the first book exclusively on the theory of NP-completeness and computational intractability. The book features an appendix providing a thorough compendium of NP-complete problems (which was updated in later printings of the book). The book is now outdated in some respects as it does not cover more recent development such as the PCP theorem.
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The signature scheme is provably secure (the scheme is existentially unforgeable under adaptive chosen-message attacks) assuming both the existence of random oracles and the intractability of the computational Diffie–Hellman problem in a gap Diffie–Hellman group.
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Habàcek and Yogev. Hardness of Continuous Local Search: Query Complexity and Cryptographic Lower Bounds. SODA 2016.. However, there are no known unconditional intractability results or results showing NP-hardness of TFNP problems. TFNP is not believed to have any complete problems.
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The security of the keystream generation of QUAD is provably reducible to the conjectured intractability of the MQ problem, namely solving a multivariate system of quadratic equations. The first proof was done over field GF(2) for an old-fashioned stream cipher (where the key is the initial state). It was later extended by Berbain and Gilbert in order to take into account the set-up procedure of a modern cipher (with a setup stage deriving the initial state from the key). The security of the whole cipher as a Pseudo Random Function can be related to the conjectured intractability of the MQ problem.
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Rules will require as many sub-rules as there are exceptions, thus many exceptions will make the more-sophisticated rule computationally intractable. Rational agents will then satisfice that intractability by seeking outcomes that produce the maximum utility.Allen Habib (2008), "Promises", in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Since the original results, thousands of other problems have been shown to be NP-complete by reductions from other problems previously shown to be NP-complete; many of these problems are collected in Garey and Johnson's 1979 book Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP- Completeness.
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After childhood onset, one third will "grow out" of TLE, finding a lasting remission up to an average of 20 years. The finding of a lesion such as hippocampal sclerosis (a scar in the hippocampus), tumour, or dysplasia, on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predicts the intractability of seizures.
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Cognitive symptoms often become apparent as developmental milestones are delayed. Cognitive deficits range from subtle learning difficulties to severe intellectual disabilities. Often speech and language are impaired. Behavioral symptoms affect relations with other people and may include short attention span, intractability, and delays in achieving age-appropriate behaviors.
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All these negotiations came to nothing. In September 1942, on account of reports of his brutality and intractability, Nouailhetas was recalled to Vichy and forced to retire without a pension. Following the war, he escaped to Portugal. During the post-war Épuration, he was sentenced to death in absentia.
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Edwards, Bushcrafts 3.The toughness and intractability of Australian hardwoods discouraged attempts at detailed joinery. Fancy, carved bargeboards were never a feature of settlers' dwellings, and whittling never became an Australian pioneer's pastime. in the form of fully-grown trees and saplings, bark, brush or grass, clay, mud and stone.
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Goudey et al. that both 2-way and 3-way interactions between SNPs are able to explain trait variance relative to single SNPs. Goudey et al. also states that the barrier to expansion of higher order interactions has been limited by the intractability of exhaustive search techniques (see NP-complete).
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In the latter area, he studied how socio-psychological infrastructure evolve in times of intractable conflict. This infrastructure was found to consist of shared societal beliefs of the ethos of the conflict, Bar-Tal. D. (2004). Ethos of Conflict, The Beyond Intractability Project, The Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado collective memory, and emotional collective orientations.
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Food webs are extremely complex. Complexity is a measure of an increasing number of permutations and it is also a metaphorical term that conveys the mental intractability or limits concerning unlimited algorithmic possibilities. In food web terminology, complexity is a product of the number of species and connectance. Connectance is "the fraction of all possible links that are realized in a network".
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More general MQN models involve features such as changeover times for changing service from one job class to another (Levy and Sidi, 1990), or multiple processing stations, which provide service to corresponding nonoverlapping subsets of job classes. Due to the intractability of such models, researchers have aimed to design relatively simple heuristic policies which achieve a performance close to optimal.
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In cryptography, a Schnorr signature is a digital signature produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm that was described by Claus Schnorr. It is a digital signature scheme known for its simplicity, among the first whose security is based on the intractability of certain discrete logarithm problems. It is efficient and generates short signatures. It was covered by which expired in February 2008.
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Boris YeltsinIn 1979, Esalen began the Soviet–American Exchange Program (later renamed: Track Two, an institute for citizen diplomacy)."Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy" at The Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project. This initiative came at a time when Cold War tensions were at their peak. The program was credited with substantial success in fostering peaceful private exchanges between citizens of the "super powers".
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Since the information is partial and contaminated, only approximate solutions can be obtained. IBC studies computational complexity and optimal algorithms for approximate solutions in various settings. Since the worst case setting often leads to negative results such as unsolvability and intractability, settings with weaker assurances such as average, probabilistic and randomized are also studied. A fairly new area of IBC research is continuous quantum computing.
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She had planned to write 22 episodes but was "compelled to desperate compression" to limit the story to 20. North and South was less successful than Hard Times. On 14 October 1854, after six weeks, sales dropped so much that Dickens complained about what he called Gaskell's "intractability" because she resisted his demands for conciseness. He found the story "wearisome to the last degree".
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Even before the negotiation process starts, people in a positive mood have more confidence, and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy. During the negotiation, negotiators who are in a positive mood tend to enjoy the interaction more, show less contentious behavior, use less aggressive tacticsMaiese, Michelle "Emotions" Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder.
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The BG cryptosystem is semantically secure based on the assumed intractability of integer factorization; specifically, factoring a composite value N = pq where p, q are large primes. BG has multiple advantages over earlier probabilistic encryption schemes such as the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem. First, its semantic security reduces solely to integer factorization, without requiring any additional assumptions (e.g., hardness of the quadratic residuosity problem or the RSA problem).
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Garey and Johnson (1975) originally proved 3-Partition to be NP- complete, by a reduction from 3-dimensional matching.Garey, Michael R. and David S. Johnson (1979), Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. . Pages 96–105 and 224. The classic reference by Garey and Johnson (1979) describes an NP-completeness proof, reducing from 3-dimensional matching to 4-partition to 3-partition.
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Stephen Victor Tracy (born 1941) is an American scholar of Classics specializing in ancient Greek Epigraphy. Inscriptions are one of the most important classes of primary evidence that comes down to us from antiquity. Tracy is best known for devising a method for recognizing the work of individual inscribers. It was long thought that the intractability of the medium (hammer and chisel on marble) made this impossible.
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In 1971, Claudio Naranjo noted that "The word 'meditation' has been used to designate a variety of practices that differ enough from one another so that we may find trouble in defining what meditation is."Claudio Naranjo (1972) [1971], in: Naranjo and Orenstein, On the Psychology of Meditation. New York: Viking. A 2009 study noted a "persistent lack of consensus in the literature" and a "seeming intractability of defining meditation".
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Kalai is known for his algorithm for generating random factored numbers (see Bach's algorithm), for efficiently learning learning mixtures of Gaussians, for the Blum-Kalai-Wasserman algorithm for learning parity with noise, and for the intractability of the folk theorem in game theory. More recently, Kalai is known for identifying and reducing gender bias in word embeddings, which are a representation of words commonly used in AI systems.
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All three of his degrees are in mathematics. He was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1995, and as a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2016. He was the coauthor of Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness () along with Michael Garey. As of March 9, 2016, his publications have been cited over 96,000 times, and he has an h-index of 78.
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PPAD is contained in (but not known to be equal to) PPA (the corresponding class of parity arguments for undirected graphs) which is contained in TFNP. PPAD is also contained in (but not known to be equal to) PPP, another subclass of TFNP. It contains CLS. PPAD is a class of problems that are believed to be hard, but obtaining PPAD-completeness is a weaker evidence of intractability than that of obtaining NP-completeness.
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NP-completeness of the 3-partition problem is stated by Garey and Johnson in "Computers and Intractability; A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness", which references to this problem with the code [SP16]. It is done by a reduction from 3-dimensional matching via 4-partition. To prove NP- completeness of the numerical 3-dimensional matching, the proof is similar, but a reduction from 3-dimensional matching via the numerical 4-dimensional matching problem should be used.
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French Sudan joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation for a few months in 1960. However, political intractability led to the dissolution of the Mali Federation in August 1960. Ghana, in contrast, was presented as a success story of the decolonization period in Africa with a booming economy and the recognition from international organizations for its astute fiscal management. Despite these differences, the leaders of the three countries shared a common vision of Africa's future.
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The Karger–Stein variant of Karger's algorithm provides a faster randomized algorithm for determining the connectivity, with expected runtime O(n^2\log^3 n). A related problem: finding the minimum k-edge-connected spanning subgraph of G (that is: select as few as possible edges in G that your selection is k-edge-connected) is NP-hard for k\geq 2.M.R. Garey and D.S. Johnson. Computers and Intractability: a Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness.
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290x290px 290x290px Conflict analysis or conflict assessment is an initial stage of conflict resolution in which parties seek to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics in their relationship.Conflict Assessment, Beyond Intractability. When there is a disagreement in the methods used to achieve an end result, and there is a disparity between a unified vision and direction, opposing sides are subject to conflict. If these sides consistently misinterpret one another, a problematic situation can spiral out of control rapidly.
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The Paillier cryptosystem, invented by and named after Pascal Paillier in 1999, is a probabilistic asymmetric algorithm for public key cryptography. The problem of computing n-th residue classes is believed to be computationally difficult. The decisional composite residuosity assumption is the intractability hypothesis upon which this cryptosystem is based. The scheme is an additive homomorphic cryptosystem; this means that, given only the public key and the encryption of m_1 and m_2, one can compute the encryption of m_1+m_2.
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Leonid Anatolievich Levin ( ; ; ; born November 2, 1948) is a Soviet-American computer scientist. He is known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average-case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory. He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972. He and Stephen Cook independently discovered the existence of NP-complete problems.
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With respect to computational resources, asymptotic time complexity and asymptotic space complexity are commonly estimated. Other asymptotically estimated behavior include circuit complexity and various measures of parallel computation, such as the number of (parallel) processors. Since the ground-breaking 1965 paper by Juris Hartmanis and Richard E. Stearns and the 1979 book by Michael Garey and David S. Johnson on NP-completeness,Michael Garey, and David S. Johnson: Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1979.
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The Cramer–Shoup system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm, and was the first efficient scheme proven to be secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack using standard cryptographic assumptions. Its security is based on the computational intractability (widely assumed, but not proved) of the decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption. Developed by Ronald Cramer and Victor Shoup in 1998, it is an extension of the ElGamal cryptosystem. In contrast to ElGamal, which is extremely malleable, Cramer–Shoup adds other elements to ensure non-malleability even against a resourceful attacker.
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Michael Randolph Garey (borm November 19, 1945) is a computer science researcher, and co-author (with David S. Johnson) of Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness. He and Johnson received the 1979 Lanchester Prize from the Operations Research Society of America for the book. Garey earned his PhD in computer science in 1970 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was employed by AT&T; Bell Laboratories in the Mathematical Sciences Research Center from 1970 until his retirement in 1999.
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" Also, he considers the appendix as "unique" and "as a starting point in attempts to show new problems to be NP-complete".Harry R. Lewis, Review: Computers and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 48(2), pp. 498-500, 1983 Twenty-three years after the book appeared, Lance Fortnow, editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Transactions on Computational Theory, states: "I consider Garey and Johnson the single most important book on my office bookshelf.
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Arora has been awarded the Fulkerson Prize for 2012 for his work on improving the approximation ratio for graph separators and related problems (jointly with Satish Rao and Umesh Vazirani). In 2012 he became a Simons Investigator.Simons Investigators Awardees, The Simons Foundation Arora was elected to the National Academy of Sciences on May 2, 2018. He is a coauthor (with Boaz Barak) of the book Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach and is a founder, and on the Executive Board, of Princeton's Center for Computational Intractability.
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She truly seems thankful for what the shipyard has given her. However, after the official ceremony, other women workers confront her for working so hard and they are clearly not even trying to beat the quotas set forth by the Party. At a meeting of Party and union members, Agnieszka tries to argue for a longer lunch break but the officials refuse to budge, especially Sobecki. Agnieszka is clearly frustrated by the intractability of the officials and their lack of compassion for tough working conditions at the shipyard.
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In 1973, professor Sir James Lighthill was asked by the UK Parliament to evaluate the state of AI research in the United Kingdom. His report, now called the Lighthill report, criticized the utter failure of AI to achieve its "grandiose objectives." He concluded that nothing being done in AI couldn't be done in other sciences. He specifically mentioned the problem of "combinatorial explosion" or "intractability", which implied that many of AI's most successful algorithms would grind to a halt on real world problems and were only suitable for solving "toy" versions.
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Can they be themselves misperceived? Do they exist in minds or are they extra-mental, even if not physical? On the basis of the intractability of these questions, it has been argued that the conclusion of the argument from illusion is unacceptable or even unintelligible, even in the absence of a clear diagnosis of exactly where and how it goes wrong. Direct realists can potentially deny the existence of any such thing as a mental image but this is difficult to maintain, since we seem able to visually imagine all sorts of things with ease.
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These pieces of debris are called hairs. A "hair in the gate" will remain in front of the film and create a dark line that sticks into the edge of the film frame as the camera is filming a shot. A hair can ruin the shot and is almost impossible to fix in post production without using modern digital removal techniques. Because of the intractability of this problem the focus puller (or 1st Assistant Camera) will open the camera and examine the gate for hairs at the end of each shot.
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"Al-Qaeda in Iraq May Not Be Threat Here", The Washington Post, March 18, 2007 In 2008, sectarian bombings blamed on al-Qaeda in Iraq killed at least 42 people at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala in March, and at least 51 people at a bus stop in Baghdad in June. In February 2014, after a prolonged dispute with al-Qaeda in Iraq's successor organisation, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), al-Qaeda publicly announced it was cutting all ties with the group, reportedly for its brutality and "notorious intractability".
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Simon used satisficing to explain the behavior of decision makers under circumstances in which an optimal solution cannot be determined. He maintained that many natural problems are characterized by computational intractability or a lack of information, both of which preclude the use of mathematical optimization procedures. He observed in his Nobel Prize in Economics speech that "decision makers can satisfice either by finding optimum solutions for a simplified world, or by finding satisfactory solutions for a more realistic world. Neither approach, in general, dominates the other, and both have continued to co-exist in the world of management science".
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If there is a classical algorithm that can efficiently sample from the output of an arbitrary quantum circuit, the polynomial hierarchy would collapse to the third level, which is considered very unlikely. Boson sampling is a more specific proposal, the classical hardness of which depends upon the intractability of calculating the permanent of a large matrix with complex entries, which is a #P-complete problem. The arguments used to reach this conclusion have also been extended to IQP Sampling, where only the conjecture that the average- and worst-case complexities of the problem are the same is needed.
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Chordal completions can also be used to characterize several other graph classes including AT-free graphs, claw-free AT-free graphs, and cographs. The minimum chordal completion was one of twelve computational problems whose complexity was listed as open in the 1979 book Computers and Intractability. Applications of chordal completion include modeling the problem of minimizing fill-in when performing Gaussian elimination on sparse symmetric matrices, and reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Chordal completions of a graph are sometimes called triangulations, but this term is ambiguous even in the context of graph theory, as it can also refer to maximal planar graphs.
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One way this was done was with multi-prover interactive proof systems (see interactive proof system), which have multiple independent provers instead of only one, allowing the verifier to "cross-examine" the provers in isolation to avoid being misled. It can be shown that, without any intractability assumptions, all languages in NP have zero-knowledge proofs in such a system. It turns out that in an Internet-like setting, where multiple protocols may be executed concurrently, building zero-knowledge proofs is more challenging. The line of research investigating concurrent zero-knowledge proofs was initiated by the work of Dwork, Naor, and Sahai.
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Finding a dominating set of size k plays a central role in the theory of parameterized complexity. It is the most well- known problem complete for the class W[2] and used in many reductions to show intractability of other problems. In particular, the problem is not fixed- parameter tractable in the sense that no algorithm with running time f(k)nO(1) for any function f exists unless the W-hierarchy collapses to FPT=W[2]. On the other hand, if the input graph is planar, the problem remains NP-hard, but a fixed-parameter algorithm is known.
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The Community Relations Service (CRS) was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as a "peacemaker" to respond to potential ethnic or racial disputes that might result from the Act. Among other things, the CRS, "worked with law enforcement, city officials, and community members to establish rumor control mechanisms to prevent the spread of false and inflammatory information." Heidi Burgess and Guy Burgess, directors and founders of the Conflict Information Consortium (CIC) based at the University of Colorado, continue to edit and direct the Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project (BI) website as an extension of the CRInfo website.
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In 1971, Claudio Naranjo noted that "The word 'meditation' has been used to designate a variety of practices that differ enough from one another so that we may find trouble in defining what meditation is."Claudio Naranjo (1972, originally published 1971), in Naranjo and Orenstein, On the Psychology of Meditation. New York: Viking. There remains no definition of necessary and sufficient criteria for meditation that has achieved universal or widespread acceptance within the modern scientific community, as one study recently noted a "persistent lack of consensus in the literature" and a "seeming intractability of defining meditation".
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For small n, say 100, and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012 operations each second, the program would run for about 4 × 1010 years, which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe. Even with a much faster computer, the program would only be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress. However, an exponential-time algorithm that takes 1.0001n operations is practical until n gets relatively large. Similarly, a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical.
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Most commentators who have used it in speeches or books point to it as Mikkelson does, "a lesson in the unimportance of self-importance". Felix Dennis, in whose retelling the story, represented as true, takes place off the coast of British Columbia, calls it his "favorite story about the 'infallibility' of power". He comments: Others, particularly those writing about management for business audiences, see it as demonstrating the need for flexibility. Barry Maher calls the intractability of some listeners the Abraham Lincoln Syndrome after the ship named in his version of the anecdote, which he also represents as true.
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All of his plans were contingent upon financing, however. Despite the fact local banks in Terre Haute were not and could not be convinced that it would work, they had reached the point where they had essentially decided to give a green light to the project, fully expecting that Daske would end up filing bankruptcy and, perhaps, the subsequent operator, before the operation would stabilize. One board member of one of the biggest banks involved, however, insisted that the underwriting requirements be imposed that Daseke would later call “onerous.” Daseke pulled out of the project in January 1997, citing the banks' intractability.
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Identity developers maintained it's fan base for several years by promising progress to their backers and late pledges, despite showing little progress during their infrequent updates. In 2019 they sent out an official newsletter in which they claimed their obligations toward their backers were filled and they were unable to fund anymore development, thus rendering further progress either slow or impossible. The released gameplay footage and play testing of Asylum Entertainment, Inc.'s Identity reveals an empty shell of 3D game assets with bare bones intractability, becoming one of many video game Kickstarter campaigns that failed to release the advertised product.
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But in reality, the description of these states in this manner is intractable, due to the large number of valence particles—and this intractability was even greater in the 1950s, when computing power was extremely rudimentary. For these reasons, Aage Bohr, Ben Mottelson, and Sven Gösta Nilsson constructed models in which the potential was deformed into an ellipsoidal shape. The first successful model of this type is the one now known as the Nilsson model. It is essentially a nuclear shell model using a harmonic oscillator potential, but with anisotropy added, so that the oscillator frequencies along the three Cartesian axes are not all the same.
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Instead, the Senate appointed Manius Valerius Maximus, brother of Publius, whose laws had granted the right of appeal to the Roman people. Valerius, already a trusted figure, reiterated the promises of liberty and relief from the harsh penalties of debt that the consul Servilius had made the previous year, and was able to raise ten legions, with which he and the two consuls defeated the Aequi, Volsci, and Sabines. On his triumphant return, Valerius proceeded to the Senate to fulfill the promises he had made to the people. But the Senate rejected his entreaty, and Valerius resigned his office, rebuking the senators for their intractability.
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Public-key cryptography is based on the intractability of certain mathematical problems. Early public-key systems based their security on the assumption that it is difficult to factor a large integer composed of two or more large prime factors. For later elliptic-curve- based protocols, the base assumption is that finding the discrete logarithm of a random elliptic curve element with respect to a publicly known base point is infeasible: this is the "elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem" (ECDLP). The security of elliptic curve cryptography depends on the ability to compute a point multiplication and the inability to compute the multiplicand given the original and product points.
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Pile, Jonathan, "Chapter 11 Plan Z and Munich", from Churchill's Secret Enemy, pp. 180–181 What finally led to Chamberlain making his offer to fly to Germany on 13 September 1938 was erroneous information, which had been supplied by the German opposition, of the invasion of Czechoslovakia starting anytime after 18 September.Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II p. 428 Hitler was not happy with Chamberlain's offer but agreed to see him, most probably because to refuse Chamberlain's offer would give the lie to his repeated claims that he was a man of peace who had been reluctantly driven to war by Beneš's intractability.
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Due to this interpretation, Sadak is drawn to a much smaller scale than the landscape that surrounds him, revealing that he stands no chance against the power of nature. Also, romanticism arose during the industrial revolution, a time when engineers and scientists were exploring nature's secret gifts, analogous to the act of Prometheus stealing the secret gift of fire. Romantics portray the unknown of nature with its unpredictability, intractability, and barbaric capabilities as an opposite of the Enlightenment thought. This can be seen in the background of Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion with an erupting volcano taking place in an other worldly dimension.
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In 1953, the first experimental examples were found of rotational bands in nuclei, with their energy levels following the same J(J+1) pattern of energies as in rotating molecules. Quantum mechanically, it is impossible to have a collective rotation of a sphere, so this implied that the shape of these nuclei was nonspherical. In principle, these rotational states could have been described as coherent superpositions of particle-hole excitations in the basis consisting of single-particle states of the spherical potential. But in reality, the description of these states in this manner is intractable, due to the large number of valence particles—and this intractability was even greater in the 1950s, when computing power was extremely rudimentary.
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William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, the Queen's Secretary of State and de Vere's father-in-law, c. 1571\. While living at the Cecil House, Oxford’s daily studies consisted of dancing instruction, French, Latin, cosmography, writing exercises, drawing, and common prayers. During his first year at Cecil House, he was briefly tutored by Laurence Nowell, the antiquarian and Anglo-Saxon scholar. In a letter to Cecil, Nowell explains: "I clearly see that my work for the Earl of Oxford cannot be much longer required", and his departure after eight months has been interpreted as either a sign of the thirteen-year-old Oxford’s intractability as a pupil, or an indication that his precocity surpassed Nowell's ability to instruct him.
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Also in the 1970s, beginning with the work of and , researchers began using the theory of NP- completeness and related intractability results to provide a mathematical explanation for the perceived difficulty of the clique problem. In the 1990s, a breakthrough series of papers beginning with and reported in The New York Times, showed that (assuming P ≠ NP) it is not even possible to approximate the problem accurately and efficiently. Clique-finding algorithms have been used in chemistry, to find chemicals that match a target structure and to model molecular docking and the binding sites of chemical reactions. They can also be used to find similar structures within different molecules.. See in particular pp. 35–36.
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Then he was taken to jail for refusing to pay in a street cafe, where during registration through a system of identification using simplified Bertillon method he was mistakenly identified as the famous gangster Pretty Boy (Красавчик), as a result the police were extorting a bribe, and Dunno's refusal and complete misunderstanding of the situation were regarded as intractability and he was placed into a prison cell. There he met unemployed shorty Kozlik and small crook Miga. Miga believed the story of Dunno about the seeds of giant plants, helped him to avoid a scuffle in the cell, and before the release of Dunno from prison gave him a letter to his friend, arms dealer Zhulio. After leaving the jail Dunno and Kozlik come to Zhulio.
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The quantification of prediction and novelty to drive behaviour is generally enabled through the application of information-theoretic models, where agent state and strategy (policy) over time are represented by probability distributions describing a markov decision process and the cycle of perception and action treated as an information channel. These approaches claim biological feasibility as part of a family of bayesian approaches to brain function. The main criticism and difficulty of these models is the intractability of computing probability distributions over large discrete or continuous state spaces. Nonetheless a considerable body of work has built up modelling the flow of information around the sensorimotor cycle, leading to de-facto reward functions derived from the reduction of uncertainty, including most notably active inference, but also infotaxis, predictive information, empowerment.
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The Turks signed a treaty in London on 29 July 1913 concerning Royal Navy patrols in the Persian Gulf littoral, when Cox met then at the Port of Uqair on 15 December 1913. Cox noted their "intractability" and also warned the Foreign and Commonwealth Office about Ibn Saud; the "increased authority of the Wahhabi Chief". Captain Shakespear's letter had passed via Riyadh to the Suez Canal in which his secret War-camp negotiations with Ibn Sa'ud, had revealed the latter's deep hatred of the Turks, who brutalised his people and threatened his ancestral rights. Shortly after his return to India, Sir Percy was sent back to the Persian Gulf as Chief Political Officer with the Indian Expeditionary Force when World War I broke out in August 1914, still with a brief to prevent Turkish entry on the German side.
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The original application of chordal completion described in Computers and Intractability involves Gaussian elimination for sparse matrices. During the process of Gaussian elimination, one wishes to minimize fill-in, coefficients of the matrix that were initially zero but later become nonzero, because the need to calculate the values of these coefficients slows down the algorithm. The pattern of nonzeros in a sparse symmetric matrix can be described by an undirected graph (having the matrix as its adjacency matrix); the pattern of nonzeros in the filled-in matrix is always a chordal graph, any minimal chordal completion corresponds to a fill-in pattern in this way. If a chordal completion of a graph is given, a sequence of steps in which to perform Gaussian elimination to achieve this fill-in pattern can be found by computing an elimination ordering of the resulting chordal graph.
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They tend to be complex, long- lasting, and difficult to work with, and thus are relatively understudied by contemporary social scientists. Coleman's approach has been to develop conceptual models that address gaps in existing theory, often through eliciting insights from informed participants (local stakeholders and practitioners), and then to empirically test the models using a variety of methods. His scholarship aims to bridge the theory-practice gap in the field of conflict resolution and peace studies by bringing new insights from research to bear on important technical and social problems, and by honoring practical expertise in the development of new theory. In the area of conflict intractability, Coleman's work focuses on the dynamics involved in seemingly unsolvable conflicts; both generally as whole systems as well as specifically through the investigation of key components of these problems.
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Uchionnye Zapiski Penzenskogo Pedinstituta (Transactions of the Penza Pedagogoical Institute) 4, 75–87 (1956) (in Russian) As he remembers: In 1967, Manuel Blum formulated a set of axioms (now known as Blum axioms) specifying desirable properties of complexity measures on the set of computable functions and proved an important result, the so-called speed-up theorem. The field began to flourish in 1971 when the Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin proved the existence of practically relevant problems that are NP-complete. In 1972, Richard Karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its computational intractability, are NP-complete. In the 1980s, much work was done on the average difficulty of solving NP-complete problems—both exactly and approximately.
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Formally, a one-in-three 3-SAT problem is given as a generalized conjunctive normal form with all generalized clauses using a ternary operator R that is TRUE just if exactly one of its arguments is. When all literals of a one-in-three 3-SAT formula are positive, the satisfiability problem is called one-in-three positive 3-SAT. One-in-three 3-SAT, together with its positive case, is listed as NP-complete problem "LO4" in the standard reference, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness by Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson. One-in-three 3-SAT was proved to be NP-complete by Thomas Jerome Schaefer as a special case of Schaefer's dichotomy theorem, which asserts that any problem generalizing Boolean satisfiability in a certain way is either in the class P or is NP-complete.
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Given a curve, E, defined along some equation in a finite field (such as E: ), point multiplication is defined as the repeated addition of a point along that curve. Denote as for some scalar (integer) n and a point that lies on the curve, E. This type of curve is known as a Weierstrass curve. The security of modern ECC depends on the intractability of determining n from given known values of Q and P if n is large (known as the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem by analogy to other cryptographic systems). This is because the addition of two points on an elliptic curve (or the addition of one point to itself) yields a third point on the elliptic curve whose location has no immediately obvious relationship to the locations of the first two, and repeating this many times over yields a point nP that may be essentially anywhere.
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He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972.Levin's curriculum vitae1971 Dissertation (in Russian); English translation at arXiv After researching in algorithmic problems of information theory at the Moscow Institute of Information Transmission of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972-1973, and a position as Senior Research Scientist at the Moscow National Research Institute of Integrated Automation for the Oil/Gas Industry in 1973–1977, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1978 and also earned a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1979. His advisor at MIT was Albert R. Meyer. He is well known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average- case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory.
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Simon used the analogy of a pair of scissors, where one blade represents "cognitive limitations" of actual humans and the other the "structures of the environment", illustrating how minds compensate for limited resources by exploiting known structural regularity in the environment. Many economics models assume that people are on average rational, and can in large enough quantities be approximated to act according to their preferences. With bounded rationality, Simon's goal was "to replace the global rationality of economic man with a kind of rational behavior that is compatible with the access to information and the computational capacities that are actually possessed by organisms, including man, in the kinds of environments in which such organisms exist." In short, the concept of bounded rationality revises notions of "perfect" rationality to account for the fact that perfectly rational decisions are often not feasible in practice because of the intractability of natural decision problems and the finite computational resources available for making them.
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Chris Rice , quoted in Munayer Salim J, Loden Lisa, Through My Enemy's Eyes: Envisioning Reconciliation in Israel-Palestine, quote: "The Palestinian-Israeli divide may be the most intractable conflict of our time."Virginia Page Fortna , Peace Time: Cease- fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace, page 67, "Britain's contradictory promises to Arabs and Jews during World War I sowed the seeds of what would become the international community's most intractable conflict later in the century."Avner Falk, Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, Chapter 1, page 8, "Most experts agree that the Arab–Israeli conflict is the most intractable conflict in our world, yet very few scholars have produced any psychological explanation—let alone a satisfactory one—of this conflict's intractability" Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan, Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement.
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" Indiewire said, "As Dredd, Urban either has a better character to play than [Sylvester Stallone] did, or simply has a better grasp on what makes him tick, but the actor continues to distinguish himself as a versatile performer who turns mimicry into emotional meaning." Empires Chris Hewitt scored the film three out of five stars, and said it gets the lead character "absolutely, incontrovertibly right" and that Urban's Dredd is "a deadpan delight—he doesn't grow as a person and he doesn't crack wise ... the movie generates its few laughs from his sheer intractability". Hewitt also called Thirlby's Anderson engaging and wrote that the film is "a solid, occasionally excellent take on [Judge Dredd], with Urban's chin particularly impressive." Varietys Geoff Berkshire said the film is "Grim, gritty and ultra-violent", called Dredd a "badass of few words", and wrote that Urban "does a fine job embodying the more mythic qualities of Dredd as an upright law enforcer no lowlife would want to confront.
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In practice, the choice of members usually lay with the country squires, with matters generally settled more or less amicably by a test of strength at the county meeting with no need for the expense of a formal poll; when there was a contest, in 1784 (when three candidates stood for two seats), the weakest of the three quickly withdrew when it was clear after the first day of voting that he could not win. Nevertheless, the freeholders were not necessarily entirely deferential and manipulable by the gentry: Cannon cites the work of Professor J H Plumb, who showed in his study of Suffolk pollbooks from the reign of Queen Anne that the voters could act independently in a seriously contested election, while their humiliating rejection of their long- standing MP Thomas Sherlock Gooch in favour of a Reform Bill supporter at the tumultuous election of 1830 demonstrates similar intractability more than a century later.
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The effectiveness of public key cryptosystems depends on the intractability (computational and theoretical) of certain mathematical problems such as integer factorization. These problems are time-consuming to solve, but usually faster than trying all possible keys by brute force. Thus, asymmetric keys must be longer for equivalent resistance to attack than symmetric algorithm keys. The most common methods are assumed to be weak against sufficiently powerful quantum computers in the future. Since 2015, NIST recommends a minimum of 2048-bit keys for RSA, an update to the widely-accepted recommendation of a 1024-bit minimum since at least 2002. 1024-bit RSA keys are equivalent in strength to 80-bit symmetric keys, 2048-bit RSA keys to 112-bit symmetric keys, 3072-bit RSA keys to 128-bit symmetric keys, and 15360-bit RSA keys to 256-bit symmetric keys. In 2003, RSA Security claimed that 1024-bit keys were likely to become crackable some time between 2006 and 2010, while 2048-bit keys are sufficient until 2030. the largest RSA key publicly known to be cracked is RSA-250 with 829 bits.
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8, "Most experts agree that the Arab-Israeli conflict is the most intractable conflict in our world, yet very few scholars have produced any psychological explanation—let alone a satisfactory one—of this conflict's intractability." The "dual obligation" to the two communities quickly proved to be untenable; the British subsequently concluded that it was impossible for them to pacify the two communities in Palestine by using different messages for different audiences. The Palestine Royal Commission – in making the first official proposal for partition of the region – referred to the requirements as "contradictory obligations", and that the "disease is so deep-rooted that, in our firm conviction, the only hope of a cure lies in a surgical operation". Following the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, and as worldwide tensions rose in the buildup to the Second World War, the British Parliament approved the White Paper of 1939 – their last formal statement of governing policy in Mandatory Palestine – declaring that Palestine should not become a Jewish State and placing restrictions on Jewish immigration.
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Although listed as an open problem in the 1979 book Computers and Intractability,, [OPEN4], p. 286; update, p. 339. the computational complexity of the minimum chordal completion problem (also called the minimum fill-in problem) was quickly resolved: showed it to be NP-complete.. If the minimum chordal completion adds edges to a graph , then it is possible to find a chordal completion using at most added edges, in polynomial time.. The problem of finding the optimal set of edges to add can also be solved by a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm, in time polynomial in the graph size and subexponential in .. The treewidth (minimum clique size of a chordal completion) and related parameters including pathwidth and tree-depth are also NP-complete to compute, and (unless P=NP) cannot be approximated in polynomial time to within a constant factor of their optimum values; however, approximation algorithms with logarithmic approximation ratios are known for them.. Both the minimum fill-in and treewidth problems can be solved in exponential time. More precisely, for an -vertex graph, the time is ..
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The proof shows that any problem in NP can be reduced in polynomial time (in fact, logarithmic space suffices) to an instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem. This means that if the Boolean satisfiability problem could be solved in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine, then all problems in NP could be solved in polynomial time, and so the complexity class NP would be equal to the complexity class P. The significance of NP-completeness was made clear by the publication in 1972 of Richard Karp's landmark paper, "Reducibility among combinatorial problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its intractability, are NP-complete. Karp showed each of his problems to be NP-complete by reducing another problem (already shown to be NP-complete) to that problem. For example, he showed the problem 3SAT (the Boolean satisfiability problem for expressions in conjunctive normal form with exactly three variables or negations of variables per clause) to be NP- complete by showing how to reduce (in polynomial time) any instance of SAT to an equivalent instance of 3SAT.
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