Trump's private lawyer Rudy Giuliani was an impelling force behind the desire for such investigations.
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Part of that is the lack of any impelling narrative, which allows you to appreciate the world at your own pace.
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We should expect, therefore, that those in control of society would invent and employ devices for impelling women to maintain [the] birth rate.
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Earlier this month, the Trump administration dubbed Huawei a national security threat, impelling Google and other US tech companies to cut off business ties.
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Industry insiders and lawyers say political populism and social media are impelling calls for a greater share, beginning with the local communities around mines.
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Throughout the set, Mr. Raghavan fed his own chancy energy into the mix, playing lines of lacing beauty and impelling the others to put their weight forward, onto the balls of their feet.
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She does it in all sorts of ways: by getting us to react, by asking us to dance, by impelling us to consider our place in a racial hierarchy, by prompting us to reflect.
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She viewed the prospect of her son's joining the tiny firm of Willkie & Willkie as "a recipe for mediocrity," impelling him toward work as an attorney for Harvey Firestone's giant tire company, in Akron.
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Her powerful vocals in songs like "Respect" (written by Otis Redding), "(You Make Me Feel Like) a Natural Woman," and "Chain of Fools" have been credited with impelling the women's liberation and civil rights movements.
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When you're done with your swim, you turn the digital crown to unlock the screen and the Watch sends pulses of sound through the speaker, impelling the water out of the speaker holes in a spitting motion.
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By impelling customers to log in to their DJI accounts and activate the latest firmware for their drones, the company will be able to sync up each device with the specific regulations of the country where it's being operated.
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But as political tensions have heightened, impelling artists and public figures of all kinds to frequent and direct political messaging, Abney now takes a more oblique approach to social commentary, raising countless questions and answering almost none of them.
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In other words, I wonder whether the photographs in this exhibition are about the artist slowly breaking down, or alternatively, are about the world breaking down around her impelling her to carve out a space of shelter from the devastation.
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This may end up benefiting Republicans in the long run, if it awakens them to the fact that nothing is impelling them to repeal all of Obamacare's taxes and fill the budget hole with millions of people's health care dollars.
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In the rest of the country where employees lack right-to-work protection, workers are likely to be required to pay a significant "agency fee" share of dues if they opt out of full membership, impelling many to remain union members.
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As an FBI agent who served a quarter-century in the business of coercing and impelling cooperation of mobsters and gangbangers and terrorists, reminding someone that they will never see the light of day from their prison cell again unless they cooperate, may be legally defined as "psychological pain," no?
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Historically, Amazon has actually lost money on perks like free two-day shipping, but the company is making up for it not only by impelling Prime customers to buy more stuff but also, increasingly, by encouraging them to buy goods from Amazon's private label brands, which get promoted above other brands in searches on the site.
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I'm speaking of deeper, more subtle problems that are far less acknowledged than fake news or data mining: The core user experience of Facebook and Twitter are broken, rife with subtle visual and interactive cues which exploit and fuel our darker urges on these platforms — subtly impelling many of us to share fake news, engage in trolling, and worse.
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With the opening act by DJ Ravator, Festember witnessed one of its biggest DJ events ever. Sunidhi Chauhan stole the night of Day 3 with her impelling performance and the hall resonated with her powerful voice.
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Marx claimed that this oppression gives the proletariat common economic and political interests that transcend national boundaries, impelling them to unite and take over power from the capitalist class, and eventually to create a communist society free from class distinctions.
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Over the objections of the teachers, Magruder escapes with his children, after assaulting a school employee. Magruder calls Pell, impelling him to find Dixon Doss. Pell informs Magruder there is now a warrant out for his arrest. Magruder takes the children to a motel.
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Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Demons. Trans. Pevear and Volokhonsky. New York: Vintage Classics, 1995. p. xiii However, 'Demons' refers not to individuals who act in various immoral or criminal ways, but rather to the ideas that possess them: non-material but living forces that subordinate the individual (and collective) consciousness, distorting it and impelling it toward catastrophe.
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Established in 2015, Barabás Lőrinc Quartet is an instrumental formation from the popular jazz side with some electronic flavour. Groovy rhythms, impelling bass lines, keyboard and trumpet combined with the taste of seventies jazzrock melt into an exciting and unique combination of music. Members: Lőrinc Barabás (trumpet), Zoltán Cséry (keyboard), Attila Herr (bass), Zsolt Nagy (drums).
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Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924 (Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 74. Lord Salisbury believed the PUE "had a good share in impelling the government towards economy".Cowling, p. 75. With the Middle Class Union it "helped create the atmosphere in which Christopher Addison was driven first from the Ministry of Health and then from office".
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The voivodes had power concentrated in their hands, impelling the monarchs to replace them frequently: forty-three voivodes ruled between 1199 and 1288.Kristó 2003, p. 223. Monarchs usually refrained from appointing as voivode noblemen who owned Transylvanian estates.Makkai 1994, p. 200. Michael of the Kacsics clan was the first voivode to receive a land grant in the province, around 1210.
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Kahneman writes of a "pervasive optimistic bias", which "may well be the most significant of the cognitive biases." This bias generates the illusion of control, that we have substantial control of our lives. A natural experiment reveals the prevalence of one kind of unwarranted optimism. The planning fallacy is the tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate costs, impelling people to begin risky projects.
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The anthropomorphizing of trees is another ancient belief found in the texts of laments. Laments are highly improvisatory, yet the improvisations remain within the bounds of established tradition and poetics. "Professional" lamenters, hired to sing at funerals, displayed great skill in impelling their listeners to tears. Their lamentations were performed for pay: cloth, gloves, bacon, a meal or the like.
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Although only fragments of his work have survived, it was a humorous anthology of homosexual advocacy, written with an obvious enthusiasm for its subject. It contains the argument: "Unnatural Desire is a Contradiction in Terms; downright Nonsense. Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts: Are not they, however constructed, and consequently impelling, Nature?" Jeremy Bentham, an early advocate for the decriminalisation of homosexuality.
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Flacius' life was eventful in a turbulent epoch. He represents in some sense a move in the direction of the scientific study of church history in the modern sense and similarly of hermeneutics, though no doubt his impelling motive was not dispassionate but polemical, namely to prove the false premises of Roman Catholicism. His characteristic formula, historia est fundamentum doctrinae, is better understood now than in his own day.
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Adaptation results in changes in the nature of emotion before emotion gives rise to changes in the mind. For example, tense and impelling thoughts, worries and ruminations, and distorted perceptions and memories, all driven by the emotion and therefore part of the syndromes of depression, anxiety, anger or stress. Adaptation Practice teaches daily life practice as fundamental to the training. Studies have shown the effects of this in Adaptation Practice.
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Few people know that before becoming a singer he worked for five years as a boxer and became a professional in the 132 pound weight class. But the pull of music was stronger still, impelling him into a career as professional music artist. His latest release: Asi Soy featured the song Hoy es el Dia. Charlie Cruz, who today divides his time between Puerto Rico and Tampa, grew up in the small town of Naguabo.
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There were no fewer than twenty three Atlantic crossings in nine separate voyages by one or two ships over the next six years. Captain John Smith, in his Adventures and Discourses, speaks of Master John Brereton and his account of his voyage as fairly turning his brains, and impelling him to cast in his lot with Gosnold and Wingfield, and make that subsequent voyage which resulted in the planting and colonisation of Virginia in 1607.
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In the play, the curtain goes down on Harry and Irene as they sing "Onward, Christian Soldiers" while bombs are exploding outside, leaving their survival an open question, but both versions of the film's ending show the couple to be safe and happy after the air raid. The international film version featured the hymn "Abide with Me". The domestic version replaced the impelling "Onward, Christian Soldiers", and its militant imagery, with a more demure supplication.
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The Bradens dedicated their lives to impelling whites into the cause of justice for all people, and especially fought racism. After Carl's death, Anne Braden remained active in networks of anti-racist work. While raising their children, Carl and his wife Anne Braden remained deeply involved in the civil rights cause and the subsequent social movements it prompted from the 1960s to the 1970s, because of this they were frequent targets for attacks from southern white supremacists.
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When their number became too large to speak with individually, Mills began giving lectures.Ibid., p. 220. He defined his spontaneous speaking, which he called Unfoldment, as "an impromptu performance under the impelling of divine ideas. It is a projection from another dimension or plane of consciousness, causing those prepared to hear to awaken to the higher or greater possibilities of living beyond the limits of three dimensions and translating what seems to be the ordinary into another level of consideration."Ibid.
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Capitalism unmasks itself in the course of development, when its internal contradictions become so great, that they cause collapse – impelling the revolutionary transformation of capitalism by human action into a new social order, amidst all the political conflicts and class struggles.Marx, Capital, Volume I, Penguin, p. 929. Marxists.org The concept of collapse is denied by many Marxists, but in the history of capitalism undeniably many countries have experienced such a collapse. This, however, did not lead automatically to socialism, and it did not prevent business from reviving after a few years.
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Clerical ignorance and the abuses of simony and pluralism (holding several offices at once) were rampant. Some bishops, archbishops, abbots and priors were as ruthless in exploiting their subjects as the regional princes. In addition to the sale of indulgences, they set up prayer houses and directly taxed the people. Increased indignation over church corruption had led the monk Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517, as well as impelling other reformers to radically re-think church doctrine and organization.
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The swell lifted her further on to the reef, impelling her with such force that she lay on the summit of the ridge, with her starboard side high out of the water. In less than 15 minutes Admella broke into three parts and several passengers were washed overboard. A few rockets were found and fired in the hope of attracting the attention of lighthouse-keepers at Cape Northumberland, away, but they were damp and failed to ignite correctly. Meanwhile, those on the wreck turned their eyes to seaward for assistance.
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As described above, impelling losses within the torque converter reduce efficiency and generate waste heat. In modern automotive applications, this problem is commonly avoided by use of a lock-up clutch that physically links the impeller and turbine, effectively changing the converter into a purely mechanical coupling. The result is no slippage, and virtually no power loss. The first automotive application of the lock-up principle was Packard's Ultramatic transmission, introduced in 1949, which locked up the converter at cruising speeds, unlocking when the throttle was floored for quick acceleration or as the vehicle slowed.
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When she impaled her with Cremator's sword, her magic backfired, hurting her and allowing Lady Death to escape. Lady Death plunged Purgatori into the Styx, impelling her to tell her the truth, and Purgatori revealed that Lucifer's soul had never actually been inside Lady Death. He reappeared at that moment to confirm the point: he had been playing her for a fool as one of his games. Annoyed at having his hand shown, he took Purgatori to Dis and tortured her while taking Lady Death and turning her into a creature of evil — Lady Demon.
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"Rooted in the conviction of the School Sisters of Notre Dame that 'the world can be changed through the transformation of persons,' education at the Academy empowers each young woman to reach the fullness of her potential spiritually, morally, intellectually, socially, and physically, so that she, in turn, may share her gifts with others. The vision of a new global community based on gospel values permeates life at the Academy, impelling each young woman to embrace generous leadership."Mission and Goals, Academy of the Holy Angels. Accessed April 10, 2009.
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His mother is a major figure throughout the entire work.) His older brother Elyahu, recently married, tries to lift the family out of poverty through a series of get-rich-quick schemes he learns from a book, to which Motl is a willing accomplice. However, this effort does not have the desired effect. Together with a group of friends, they depart for America. (It is later told that some time after their departure, Kasrilevke was the target of a particularly severe pogrom, impelling many of the family's neighbors to follow them to America).
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Rilke and Klossowska moved there in July 1921 and later in the year Rilke translated writings by Paul Valéry and Michelangelo into German. Affected by the news of the death of his daughter's friend, the dancer Wera Ouckama Knoop (1900–1919), Rilke set to work on Sonnets to Orpheus. The Sonnets frequently refer to Wera, both directly where he addresses her by name and indirectly in allusions to a "dancer" or the mythical Eurydice. Rilke wrote to the young girl's mother stating that Wera's ghost was "commanding and impelling" him to write.
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If it is only the impelling cause, and the substance of the petition is not affected, or if the false statement was made through ignorance, the rescript is not vitiated. As requests for rescripts must come through a person in ecclesiastical authority, it is his duty to inform himself of the truth or falsity of the causes alleged in the petitions, and in case they are granted, to see that the conditions of the rescript are fulfilled. In its effects subreption is equivalent to obreption. Subreption may be intentional and malicious, or attributable solely to ignorance or inadvertence.
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It seems that he divulged nothing about it, suggesting his strictness in taqiya. Halagu however, included him in his forthcoming operations, impelling some scholars to draw a conclusion that he had given up Ismailism. Granted that Nasiruddin Tusi had abandoned, the Mongols must have known the trace of Shamsuddin Muhammad from him, but it cannot be ascertained. It appears almost conclusively that the prime objective of Halagu was to reduce the Ismaili powers, and the family members he had seen with Ruknuddin Khurshah dismounting from Maimundiz was enough for him to understand them as an entire family.
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In a fishing village in South Ulfland, a fisherman catches a flounder and discovers the green pearl inside. The pearl changes hands a number of times, impelling each new owner to strange excesses of conduct, until the final owner offends a minor magician, who takes him deep into the forest and casts a spell of paralysis on him. His body decomposes and merges with the forest floor; in the Spring, beautiful flowers with strangely evocative odors sprout at the site. Aillas and Dhrun divide their time between Watershade, Aillas' placid castle on the island of Troicinet, and his new capital Doun Darric in South Ulfland.
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He described white magic as "a highly- concentrated form of conventional religious ritual", characterizing it as being "more versatile", "less difficult", and "less dangerous" than black magic. However, he criticized white magic as "fraud and/or self-delusion" which deceives the consciousness into thinking that it has been accepted in the objective universe. Aquino divided black magic into two forms: lesser black magic and greater black magic. He stated that lesser black magic entails "impelling" things that exist in the "objective universe" into doing a desired act by using "obscure physical or behavioral laws" and into this category he placed stage magic, psychodramas, politics, and propaganda.
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Meanwhile, they are joined in New York by many others of their townspeople, and learn that some time after their departure, Kasrilevke was devastated in a terrible pogrom - impelling many others of its inhabitants to follow them to America. The very last page which Sholem Aleichem ever wrote tells of Motl and his brother getting annoyed with a man who every morning passes and looks at the paper but never buys it. The author's death left this episode forever incomplete. Motl is described as having a natural talent for drawing cartoons – sometimes getting into trouble with people feeling insulted by his depiction of them.
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Another communicative goal includes the attention-impelling function, which explores another purpose of hesitation forms as being to dissociate oneself slightly from the harsh reality of what is to follow. With the use of a beat of time filled with a meaningless interjection, uncommitted people who are "into distancing" make use of such formulaic language to create a little distance between themselves and their words, as if it might lessen the impact of their words. However, not all forms of formulaic language are considered appropriate or harmless. There are examples of formulaic language production that lean towards being offensive, for instance, the use of anything considered to be profanity within a given culture.
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At the age of 16, Koh became the youngest sailor to compete in Sydney 2000. There, he and his partner Tan Wearn Haw finished twenty-eighth in the men's 470 class with a net grade of 192, sparing them from the back of the fleet by a twelve-point edge over the Hungarian duo of Marcell Goszleth and Ádám Szőrényi. Switching to a single- handed dinghy, Koh sought to bid in the open Laser for Athens 2004, but he lost the selection to two-time Olympian Stanley Tan. In 2005, Koh had his left hand fractured in a freak motorbike accident, impelling him to sail a boat in the forthcoming regattas with a modified technique.
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Therefore, he theorized that when one mixes one's labor with nature, one gains a relationship with that part of nature with which the labor is mixed, subject to the limitation that there should be "enough, and as good, left in common for others." (see Lockean proviso) From the RERUM NOVARUM, Pope Leo XIII wrote "It is surely undeniable that, when a man engages in remunerative labor, the impelling reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and thereafter to hold it as his very own." Anthropology studies the diverse systems of ownership, rights of use and transfer, and possessionHann, Chris A new double movement? Anthropological perspectives on property in the age of neoliberalism Socio- Economic Review, Volume 5, Number 2, April 2007, pp.
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Kinesin, an example of a molecular motor that uses ATP to "walk" along nanotubules, is now thought to be an example of a Brownian motor. Brownian motors are nanoscale or molecular machines that use chemical reactions to generate directed motion in space. The theory behind Brownian motors relies on the phenomena of Brownian motion, random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid. On the nanoscale (1-100 nm), viscosity dominates inertia, and the extremely high degree of thermal noise in the environment makes conventional directed motion all but impossible, because the forces impelling these motors in the desired direction are minuscule when compared to the random forces exerted by the environment.
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As Secretary of Labor Perón did a remarkable work, approving the labor laws that had been claimed historically by the Argentine labor movement (extending the severance indemnity that existed since 1934 for commerce employees, pensions for commerce employees, a multi-clinic hospital for railway workers, technical schools for workers, the prohibition of employment agencies, the creation of the labor courts, Christmas bonuses), lending efficacy to the existing labor inspectors and impelling for the first time collective bargaining, which grew to become the basic way of regulating the relationship between capital and labor. Moreover, the decree regarding unions associations sanctioned by Ramírez in the first weeks of the revolution, which was criticized by the entire labor movement, was dropped. In addition, Perón, Mercante, and the initial group of unionists who formed the alliance began to organize a new union that would assume a nationalist-labor identity.
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A serranilla is a genre of short poem in Spanish literature which focus on commonplace subjects, the best known authors of which were Juan Ruiz also known as the Arcipreste de Hita (Por la ruta serrana del Arcipreste) and Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana. La Corónica -1996 Volume 25 - Page ".. rival Anton in the very organization of the poetic space. Structured around an estribillo, the serranilla is composed of an opening three lines, ABA, built into three ensuing stanzas of seven lines: ABA, CDDCABA, EFFEABA, and GHHGABA.Abraham Quintanar -From the Occitan Pastorella to the Castilian Serranilla 2002 The Marqués de Santillana David William Foster - 1971 - Volume 154 - Page 121 "Again, the Serranilla is single-minded in its attention to one impelling motif, although the concluding stanza in the case of the IVth poem serves for a fuller characterization of that motif.
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In general, the loss of freedom of speech aggravated Titus Labienus impelling him to voice his disapproval even more of the new monarchy. As even more time progressed, Augustus became even stricter until he finally created a new type of punishment for this “new crime” of voicing one's opinion. With this new type of punishment, depending on how guilty one was or how serious the crime one committed against the state was, either one or all of one's life works were to be burned at the stake. When the new law was first declared, even members of the Senate thought that was “an unusual way of inflicting punishment upon scholarship.” It was the professors, like Titus Labienus, who began to feel the effects of the new law first because it was also illegal to even own, carry, or read any of the restricted material that was to be burned at the stake.
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From these sources have been developed the opinions, generally prevalent among scholars, that the Hasideans were strongly religious ascetics, who held strictly to halachah and loved quiet; who founded a society or sect that exercised considerable power and authority among the people; who began the war against the Syrian Greeks after being provoked into rebellion by Antiochus IV, and carried it to a triumphant conclusion. The Hasideans thus became the chief impelling force in the Jewish struggle for independence.II Maccabees 14:6 Concerning the political role of the Hasideans in this war, Wellhausen has endeavored to prove that it was almost insignificant.Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer, Greifswald, 1874 According to him they formed an independent association existing apart from the teachers of the Law,compare I Maccabees 7:12 which attached itself to the Maccabeans after the latter had won their first success,I Maccabees 2:42 but which seized the first opportunity to make peace with Alcimus and thus left the Maccabeans in the lurch.
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While the creation of the built environment can act as a form of crisis displacement, it can also constitute a limit in its own right, as it tends to freeze productive forces into a fixed spatial form. As capital cannot abide a limit to profitability, ever more frantic forms of "time-space compression" (increased speed of turnover, innovation of ever faster transport and communications' infrastructure, "flexible accumulation") ensue, often impelling technological innovation. Such innovation, however, is a double-edged sword: Globalization can be viewed as some ultimate form of time-space compression, allowing capital investment to move almost instantaneously from one corner of the globe to another, devaluing fixed assets and laying off labour in one urban conglomeration while opening up new centres of manufacture in more profitable sites for production operations. Hence, in this continual process of creative destruction, capitalism does not resolve its contradictions and crises, but merely "moves them around geographically".
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In 1913, Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Evaluation of Tagore as a great poet was based mainly on the evaluation of Song Offerings, in addition to the recommendations that put his name on the short list. In awarding the prize to Rabindranth, the Nobel committee stated: "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"Literature 1913 The Nobel committee recognized him as "an author who, in conformity with the express wording of Alfred Nobel's last will and testament, had during the current year, written the finest poems «of an idealistic tendency."Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 - Presentation Speech The Nobel Committee finally quoted from Song Offering and stated that Rabindranath in thought-impelling pictures, has shown how all things temporal are swallowed up in the eternal: > Time is endless in thy hands, my lord.
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Difference feminism was developed by feminists in the 1980s, in part as a reaction to popular liberal feminism (also known as "equality feminism"), which emphasized the similarities between women and men in order to argue for equal treatment for women. Difference feminism, although it still aimed at equality between men and women, emphasized the differences between men and women and argued that identicality or sameness are not necessary in order for men and women, and masculine and feminine values, to be treated equally. Liberal feminism aimed to make society and law gender-neutral, since it saw recognition of gender difference as a barrier to rights and participation within liberal democracy, while difference feminism held that gender-neutrality harmed women "whether by impelling them to imitate men, by depriving society of their distinctive contributions, or by letting them participate in society only on terms that favor men". Difference feminism drew on earlier nineteenth-century strains of thought, for example the work of German writer Elise Oelsner, which held that not only should women be allowed into formerly male-only spheres and institutions (e.g.
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But as the Pierrots of the Foires began to multiply—among dancers, tumblers, and actors—and to accommodate themselves to the disparate Foire genres—puppet shows, comic operas, and every imaginable permutation of both mute and spoken theater—his character began inevitably to coarsen.Storey (1978), pp. 53–54. It is therefore not surprising that Colombine should call Pierrot a "Gille" in Alexis Piron's L'Ane d'Or (The Golden Ass, 1725) or that a police report detailing the suspicious goings-on in Lesage's prologue to Arlequin, valet de Merlin (Harlequin, Merlin's Valet, 1718) should refer to Pierrot indiscriminately as "Pierrot" or as "Gilles".Storey (1978), p. 77, n. 15 (It should also not be surprising that, when the illustrious Pierrot Hamoche was forbidden, in 1721, to play opéras- comiques, impelling Lesage and Dorneval to lay his Pierrot to rest in Les Funérailles de la Foire [The Foire's Funeral, 1718], Gilles came bustling in in their subsequent play, Le Rappel de la Foire à la Vie [The Recall of the Foire to Life, 1721], to take his double's place.Storey (1978), p. 41.
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The western part of present- day Colombia was affected by a series of large-scale tectonic movements from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic. The tectonic history of the Romeral Fault System is determined by several phases of plate tectonic movements:Ramírez et al., 2012, p.125 # Subduction of the Farallones Plate during the Jurassic to Cretaceous # East- and northeastward movement of the Caribbean Plate relative to South America since the Cretaceous to Miocene # Break-up of the Farallones Plate into the Cocos and Nazca Plates in the Late Oligocene (around 25 Ma) # Eastward subduction of the Coiba and Malpelo Plates, formerly considered the northern portion of the Nazca Plate since the Miocene # Accretion of allochtonous geologic terranes Western Ranges and Serranía del Baudó in the Late Cretaceous and Miocene to Pliocene respectively The fault system reached its "actual" configuration when the trans-American plate boundary (the fundamental pre-Aptian east-dipping subduction zone located to the west of the American margin) underwent a major transformation to a southwest dipping subduction zone beneath the future Caribbean Arc, impelling the closure of the Quebradagrande oceanic arc-back arc system.
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Thus, the commons metaphor is applied to social practice around knowledge. It is in this context that the present work proceeds, discussing the creation of depositories of knowledge through the organised, voluntary contributions of scholars (the research community, itself a social common), the problems that such knowledge commons might face (such as free-riding or disappearing assets), and the protection of knowledge commons from enclosure and commodification (in the form of intellectual property legislation, patenting, licensing and overpricing). At this point, it is important to note the nature of knowledge and its complex and multi-layered qualities of non- rivalry and non-excludability. Unlike natural commons – which are both rival and excludable (only one person can use any one item or portion at a time and in so doing they use it up, it is consumed) and characterised by scarcity (they can be replenished but there are limits to this, such that consumption/destruction may overtake production/creation) – knowledge commons are characterised by abundance (they are non-rival and non-excludable and thus, in principle, not scarce, so not impelling competition and compelling governance).
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After emerging on Casablanca Records as the foremost female star of the disco era of the 1970s, Summer in 1980 had sued for release from Casablanca to sign with David Geffen as the inaugural artist for his Geffen label where her recordings were a comparatively modest success: also Summer and David Geffen developed a contentious relationship evidenced by Summer's 1981 album I'm a Rainbow being shelved and the singer being forced by Geffen to leave her longtime producer Giorgio Moroder to record the 1982 album Donna Summer with Quincy Jones. Recent litigation had determined that Summer still owed Casablanca Records an album. Donna decided to go with Michael Omartian as producer to fulfill the contract. PolyGram issued these tracks on the Mercury label as She Works Hard for the Money with the title cut issued as advance single on May 10, 1983: the "She Works Hard for the Money" single became Summer's biggest hit since 1979 with a #3 peak on the Hot 100 in Billboard where it also spent three weeks at #1 on the R&B; chart with this success impelling its parent album, released June 13, 1983, to #9.
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