Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads LONDON — Unflinchingly Gamboge!
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Come to think of it, isn't Gamboge also the color of a Buddhist's robes?
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Gamboge is far too knock-kneed and effete ever to be boldly unflinching in anybody's company.
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Unflinchingly Gamboge: the Selected Works of Glen Baxter continues Flowers Central (21 Cork Street, London, England) through Febuary 1.
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And those two words taken together, they represent such a clash of personalities: gamboge — a yellow pigment made from gum resin — for the benefit of that sniffy, finicky-fingered mincer of a sliver of a fine art man who cannot for the life of him bear to use the word yellow because it is far too tainted by the degrading fact of its near-universal popularity, and unflinchingly because … well, how could Gamboge ever be chosen Unflinchingly?
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In a palette of chartreuse, ocher, cinnamon and gamboge, Ito overlaid uncommon shapes, such as a rectangle rounded and pinched at the top like a loaf of Wonder Bread, into compositions of preternatural calm.
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A number of these are obscure, such as gamboge — a bright yellow used by artists in Asia for centuries — or heliotrope — a purple named for the blossoms of a plant with a cherry pie-scent.
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Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping resin (sometimes incorrectly referred to as sap) from various species of evergreen trees of the family Clusiaceae (also known as Guttiferae). The tree most commonly used is the gamboge tree (genus Garcinia), including G. hanburyi (Cambodia and Thailand), G. morella (India and Sri Lanka), and G. elliptica and G. heterandra (Myanmar). The orange fruit of Garcinia gummi-gutta (formerly called G. cambogia) is also known as gamboge or gambooge. The trees must be at least ten years old before they are tapped.
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Gamboge ( , )Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed. (1989) is a partially transparent deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment.Other forms and spellings are: cambodia, cambogium, camboge, cambugium, gambaugium, gambogia, gambozia, gamboidea, gambogium, gumbouge, gambouge, gamboge, gambooge, gambugia. (Oxford English Dictionary) It is used to dye Buddhist monks' robes because it resembles the traditional colour used for the robes of Theravada Buddhist monks. It was this pigment that was used to prove Brownian motion by the physicist Jean Perrin in 1908.
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Rong is gamboge tint. The word Rong is from Rong Thong tree (Gracinia Hanbury Hook) which is the tree that can be easily found along the seaside province of the Gulf of Thailand.
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Hooker's green is a dark green color created by mixing Prussian blue and gamboge. It is displayed on the right. Hooker's green takes its name from botanical artist William Hooker (1779–1832) who first created it particularly for illustrating leaves.
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The resin is extracted by making spiral incisions in the bark, and by breaking off leaves and shoots and letting the milky yellow resinous gum drip out. The resulting latex is collected in hollow bamboo canes. After the resin is congealed, the bamboo is broken away and large rods of raw gamboge remain.
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Garcinia hanburyi is a plant species in the genus Garcinia, the gamboge trees. Cytotoxic xanthonoids (gambogin, morellin dimethyl acetal, isomoreollin B, moreollic acid, gambogenic acid, gambogenin, isogambogenin, desoxygambogenin, gambogenin dimethyl acetal, gambogellic acid, gambogic acid, isomorellin, morellic acid, desoxymorellin, hanburin) and isomorellinol can be isolated from the dry latex of G. hanburyi.
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First, he used a gamboge soap-like emulsion, second by doing experimental work on Brownian motion, and third by confirming Einstein's theory of particle rotation in the liquid phase.Perrin, Jean, B. (1926). Discontinuous Structure of Matter, Nobel Lecture, December 11. In 1937, chemist K.L. Wolf introduced the concept of supermolecules (Übermoleküle) to describe hydrogen bonding in acetic acid dimers.
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The pigment first reached Europe in early 17th century, and was used by artists such as Rembrandt, J.M.W. Turner, and Sir Joshua Reynolds. William Hooker mixed it with Prussian blue to create Hooker's Green. By the early 20th century it was replaced by a synthetic, more lightfast pigment, aureolin; however Winsor & Newton continued to sell the resin form until 2005. Gamboge has strong laxative properties.
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Garcinia xanthochymus, the false mangosteen, gamboge, yellow mangosteen, Himalayan Garcinia, or Sour Mangosteen is a species of mangosteens found from India, southern China, and Japan through Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia at elevations of 0 - 1400 meters. Plants are found growing in humid forests of valleys or on hills. It's locally known as Defol (ডেফল) in Bengal; Tepor Tenga (টেপৰ টেঙা) in Assam; and Heirangoi (হৈরাংগোই) in Manipur.
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Gambogic acid is the principal pigment of gambooge resin which, in addition to early traditional medicinal uses in Southeast Asia, is also a sought after dye due to the bright orange color it imparts to cloth. According to traditional Chinese medical documentation, gamboge was described as poisonous and acidic and possessed the ability to detoxify, kill parasites, and stop bleeding as a hemostatic agent. Gambogic acid has also been used in various food preparations in Asian cultures.
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One painting (Saskia van Uylenburgh as Flora)Rembrandt, Saskia as Flora , ColourLex reportedly contains gamboge. Rembrandt very rarely used pure blue or green colors, the most pronounced exception being Belshazzar's FeastBomford, D. et al., Art in the making: Rembrandt, New edition, Yale University Press, 2006Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, Pigment analysis at ColourLex in the National Gallery in London. The book by Bomford describes more recent technical investigations and pigment analyses of Rembrandt's paintings predominantly in the National Gallery in London.
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He became a patron of the arts, and an influential friend of the artist John Linnell. In 1840, after resigning his curacy and leaving England for the Middle East, he toured Egypt, Palestine and Syria, met the explorer Sir Charles Fellows and joined his archaeological expedition in Lycia as an illustrator. He contracted malaria there and reached Adalia (now known as Antalya) to recuperate, but died from a second attack of the disease. He normally used a small number of colours for his watercolour paintings, mainly sepia, ultramarine, and gamboge.
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The orange coloured fruits can be eaten fresh; they contain a sour, juicy pulp, which can be preserved into jam. Green dye can be obtained from the bark, when mixed with indigo it gives a brown colour which is used to dye mats. From the unripe fruits a yellow dye, called gamboge, can be extracted, but is considered inferior to other dyes from members of the same genus like Garcinia xanthochymus. Garcinia dulcis also has medicanal purposes; it can be used for the treatment of wounds or scurvy.
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Most species in Garcinia are known for their gum resin, brownish-yellow from xanthonoids such as mangostin, and used as purgative or cathartic, but most frequently – at least in former times – as a pigment. The colour term gamboge refers to this pigment. Extracts of the exocarp of certain species – typically G. gummi- gutta, but also G. mangostana – are often contained in appetite suppressants, but their effectiveness at normal consumption levels is unproven, while at least one case of severe acidosis caused by long-term consumption of such products has been documented. Furthermore, they may contain significant amounts of hydroxycitric acid, which is somewhat toxic and might even destroy the testicles after prolonged use.
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As with the original film, The Wizard of Oz video game depicts Dorthy, the Cowardly Lion, the Tin-Man, and the Scarecrow traveling to the Emerald City to bring the Ruby Slippers and Glinda's magic to the titular Wizard of Oz. Dorthy finds herself traveling in never-before-seen locations. These include Shy Village, Gamboge Gorge, Maize Meadow, Saffron Fields, Xanthin Farms, Citron City, The Red Country, and Cinnabar City. It also includes many of the stages set in the 1990 Wizard of Oz animated series by DIC Entertainment, with the exception of the Emerald City and the poppy fields. At the end of the game, after defeating the Wicked Witch of the West, they confront the Wizard.
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Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine). Native Americans have used various plants as ways of treating illness or disease for thousands of years. This knowledge Native Americans have on plants has been recorded by enthnobotanists and then in turn has been used by pharmaceutical companies as a way of drug discovery. Plants can synthesise useful coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce Lincoln green, indoxyl, source of the blue dye indigo traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments gamboge and rose madder.
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After studying at Aberdeen University and Hanau in Germany, he established himself at Riga as a merchant, and subsequently in the West Indies, where he acquired property. Ill-health obliged him to return to Europe, and about 1814 he settled at Bordeaux. After "thirty-five years' inexpressible suffering", and experimenting with every imaginable course of medical treatment, he accomplished "his own extraordinary cure" about 1822 by the simple expedient of swallowing a few vegetable pills of his own compounding at bed-time and a glass of lemonade in the morning. His success led him to set up in 1825 as the vendor of what he called "vegetable universal medicines", commonly known as "Morison's Pills", of which the principal ingredient was said to be gamboge.
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Plant resins are valued for the production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents. They are also prized as raw materials for the synthesis of other organic compounds and provide constituents of incense and perfume. The oldest known use of plant resin comes from the late Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa where it was used as an adhesive for hafting stone tools. Lumps of dried frankincense resin Protium Sp. - MHNT The hard transparent resins, such as the copals, dammars, mastic, and sandarac, are principally used for varnishes and adhesives, while the softer odoriferous oleo-resins (frankincense, elemi, turpentine, copaiba), and gum resins containing essential oils (ammoniacum, asafoetida, gamboge, myrrh, and scammony) are more used for therapeutic purposes, food and incense.
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This comes in a standard grade made from Chinese lacquer, which is generally used for ground layers by mixing with a powder, and a high quality grade made from Japanese lacquer called kijomi- urushi (生正味漆) which is used for the last finishing layers. The processed form (in which the lacquer is stirred continuously until much of the water content has evaporated) is called guangqi (光漆) in Chinese but comes under many different Japanese names depending on the variation, for example, kijiro- urushi (木地呂漆) is standard transparent lacquer sometimes used with pigments and roiro-urushi (黒呂色漆) is the same but pre-mixed with iron hydroxide to produce a black coloured lacquer. Nashiji-urushi (梨子地漆) is the transparent lacquer but mixed with gamboge to create a yellow-tinged lacquer and is especially used for the sprinkled-gold technique. These lacquers are generally used for the middle layers.
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The upperside of the males has a pure white ground colour. The forewing has the base and costa speckled with black scales near the base; has a broad apical orange-yellow patch, with the inner edge straight and margined with gamboge yellow; the patch is sometimes without speckles, but often bears a black diffuse spot on its lower inner edge which may or may not extend to the termen below the orange; costa, apex and termen, the latter nearly up to the tornus, edged and festooned beyond the orange area with black. Hindwing of the male has black spots at the apices of the veins that vary in size and end on the termen, also a diffuse preapical black spot on the costa. Underside is pure white in most specimens, suffused, except on the disc of the forewing, with pinkish yellow, and at base of the same wing with pure sulphur yellow; apical orange patch and black terminal markings on the upperside of the forewing show through by transparency, the former crossed by a sinuous fuscous band that ends in a black diffuse spot.
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