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"disjunction" Definitions
  1. disjunction (between A and B) a difference between two things that you would expect to be in agreement with each other

391 Sentences With "disjunction"

How to use disjunction in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "disjunction" and check conjugation/comparative form for "disjunction". Mastering all the usages of "disjunction" from sentence examples published by news publications.

This feeling of disjunction may be a matter of language.
There's also a disjunction between home life and professional connections.
And this makes the possibilities for a Trump disjunction different.
This element of disjunction has become a cliché of postmodern architecture.
How to explain the disjunction between Smuts's global and domestic reputations?
Reconstructive moments often contain the core elements of the eventual disjunction.
This disjunction results in a lot of neuroses and pathologies and psychological disorders.
A key feature of disjunction is the inability to reconcile policy and politics.
The terms of each political era carry the seeds of the eventual disjunction.
This is qualitatively different from the politics of disjunction that have come before.
Pointing up a disjunction between brutal news and unrelated advertising is familiar, even platitudinous.
That scene captures an aspect of the disjunction between black life and American law enforcement.
For the most part, the aural landscape summoned is one of disjunction and internal warfare.
It's a haunting and fitting disjunction for trying to comprehend such severe, man-made devastation.
The disjunction of the gorgeous and the gag-inducing is one of the film's hallmarks.
There was no disjunction, the message seemed to be, between a steak and a cow.
You're aware, on some level, of the disjunction between what you see and what you hear.
This ridiculous contradiction, the disjunction between content and presentation, animates More Songs About Buildings and Food.
The online magazine Clutch and others have noted the disjunction between the march and the meeting.
This has its own comedy, a comedy of mismatching, and in that disjunction, something profound happens.
More than once, the revelations and class disjunction that emerge from the ruse have made me cry.
Is this civil-environmental manager disjunction not similar to civil-military disjunctions that we have witnessed before?
The disjunction of love and reason is the frantic animator of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" at Shakespeare's Globe.
What's funny is the disjunction of what's being seen and what's being said, the mismatch of intentions and actions.
The Virginia governor's race offered the most vivid example of this dynamic, which might be called The Trump Disjunction.
" If this is the case, Azari and Lemieux write, the "politics of the long disjunction are unlikely to be pretty.
But the chaos surrounding health care, like that of the Trump administration, is a sign of further disjunction to come.
A few quibbles: • The show's narrative continuity is always touch and go, but one disjunction in this episode was particularly noticeable.
This is especially crucial when it comes to race and immigration, areas where the two features of disjunction are especially apparent.
Through the disjunction between smoothly functional music and a dorky singer, "You're All I've Got Tonight" typifies a classic new wave dynamic.
This disjunction encouraged Europe's bureaucrats to understand their job in extravagantly idealistic terms, even when it involved the grubbiest of horse-trading.
I actually don't think those numbers are nearly high enough, but the disjunction between popular opinion and policy outcomes is precisely the problem.
In nearly every poem, formal strategies of disjunction and estrangement connect to a representation of physical and historical events outside of the poem.
In his past films, Mr. Fast has often played with elements of fake authenticity for the disturbance and distancing the disjunction can produce.
That shift, along with the inevitable lure the modern world has for their children, has led to major disjunction between generations of Mentawai.
But, this is, of course, is a trick of the eye, engineered by the artist to highlight the disjunction between vision and reality.
Political scientists have been writing about the politics of "disjunction" — per Stephen Skowronek's theory of political time — since Trump won the nomination last May.
We found out a bit about the immediate answer this week, but considering the Trump twist on the usual disjunction story is important too.
It's a messy, uneven exchange, defined most by the disjunction that occurs as the drums, synths, and samples dodge and bump against one another.
A long disjunction is, above all, a period in which neither party can effectively legitimatize its power, but power will continue to be exercised.
A fascinating series of polls from the Pew Research Center offers support for the Theory of Disjunction (originated by the political scientist Stephen Skowronek).
The disjunction between Snap and Wall Street comes in spite of Snap's so-called secret weapon, Khan, a former star analyst and investment banker.
The tension between form and allusion can be felt most acutely in the disjunction between the smaller-scaled photographs and the even smaller videos.
This, too, comes back to conflict, and to a brutal disjunction—individuated, as of course it would be—between values professed and values performed.
One of the key features of disjunction is that presidents in this position can't reconcile the imperatives of their party with the broader national conversation.
Pinder reacts as if a ship were crashing into him and exploding, but there's a disjunction and a distance between him and the projected images.
The average Destroyer song is lit up frequently by disjunction: the little sparks that pop out when one order of logic gets rammed into another.
The video leaves you free to wonder about both the potential contradictions of activist pop and the queasy disjunction between moral concern and capitalist ambition.
While many factors contribute to the President's ratings, the disjunction between the public standing of the two figures appears to reflect distrust of the President.
Like the title says, the movie has more than one tale to tell, and the disjunction in tone and purpose is sometimes jarring or just inexplicable.
Most commemorations look back on the events with greater patience, showing the disjunction between 1968 in theory and in practice while preserving the hope of its promises.
And now that we're used to it, [whenever a situation] occasionally deviates from that expectation... it creates a serious disjunction in that person's emotional and psychological state.
The current disjunction inverts the dilemma of the Democrats in the 1850s, a party with robust "machinery" (to use Skowronek's word) but with no animating political philosophy.
The disjunction continues when you see them live: They can almost seem not to know that a Casper-the-Friendly-Ghost metal band is headbanging behind them.
In the past -- as in the 1850s with slavery or in the 1930s with the New Deal -- that disjunction has proved an explosive combination in American politics.
The Marlon Riggses of the world — black gay men; black gay men with AIDS (Riggs died in 1994, at 37) — embodied this disjunction of the era's taboos.
But the disjunction between hardline rhetoric and aggressive tariff proposals on the one hand and reassurance to investors and businesses on the other has whipsawed the financial markets.
If there is a certain disjunction at the idea of a storied American label choosing the ancient seat of Renaissance power to begin its bicentennial, that is easily explained.
"A lot of things froze" creating "real disjunction," with a surge in technology butting up against the economic and political spheres, forcing regulators to try to keep up, said Friedman.
The market's favorite trick is to act in confounding and counterintuitive ways, but this apparent disjunction has even some seasoned investment professionals scratching their heads and interrogating their financial models.
As a novelist, I just thought the disjunction between who we are internally and who we want the world to think we are, that is the crucial question of the novel.
Since then the universe of collage has expanded exponentially, primarily in the arena of disjunction — the abrupt shifts of context and scale that became synonymous with much Surrealist and Dadaist art.
" Instead, Gorelick writes, "I have endeavored to communicate, in this translation, the profound discontinuity of the text — the relationship it has to its own obsessive revision and refashioning — its internal disjunction.
These are far from the methods of Cubist collages, which made a virtue of their elements' disjunction, or of New York School abstraction, which emphasized the gestural production of painterly marks.
There is a persistent cross-cultural disjunction in their music on record: It can seem like the work of two groups whose studio was double booked yet are somehow performing in sync.
As Thomas Wright, director of the Center on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institution, told Politico, there was a "surreal" disjunction between the explicit strategy and the president's gloss.
"There is a great disjunction between their motives and his, and this has been a theme of this Congress," said Norman J. Ornstein, a scholar on Congress at the conservative American Enterprise Institute.
Tasha: If all the fan theories about time disjunction turn out to be right, I'll be disappointed in the show's direction, because it feels like more effort is going into obfuscation than into storytelling.
The theory ran something like this (and inevitably I'm paraphrasing and simplifying and maybe even misunderstanding) but the essence of his argument was that there was some kind of disjunction between actions and thoughts.
The curators sought to provoke a conversation about the relation — or disjunction — between the upper-class history of the mansion and its current context in the largely working-class and African American district of Harlem.
For me and other working-class queers, the shorthand for participating in this narrative was "selling out" — to cross over the strict line of disjunction between queer culture and corporate capitalist America through personal gain.
The cultural disjunction was exacerbated by a strategic one: While the two nations agreed on the fundamental goal of preserving an independent, non-Communist South Vietnam, the stakes of the war for each were grossly disproportionate.
"Gentrification is not integration but a new form of segregation," he says of Michigan millennials moving from lily-white suburbs to America's blackest city, a conclusion that ignores the complicated disjunction between individual and institutional racism.
The disjunction only got worse with time, as American society continued to change at a frenzied pace, giving rise to a mind-boggling array of vexing problems that weigh heavily upon the nation today. Terrorism. Pollution. Inequality.
The drawings bear essentially no resemblance to any feature of the Moon on view in the sky, a disjunction hardened by the fact that the astronomers may have had no real, physical conception of what they were seeing.
No matter how well-made or well-intentioned they may be, there is a fundamental disconnect with me over the very premise they are working from, perhaps even a philosophical disjunction over the basic ontology of … well, existence.
I am reminded that the West was, among other things, the South's attempt at a second act in American life, with all of the continuity and disjunction, the striving and scheming, the reinvention and self-deception that that implies.
The rather cheap disjunction in the premise is that Neal, for all his interest in other people's data and psychological profiles, didn't foresee the death of his younger daughter, Maya (mainly played by Agneeta Thacker), whose suicide haunts the movie.
Kochai talked a little about it in an interview with Deborah Treisman, The New Yorker's fiction editor, and cites that disjunction between video game subject and object as the reason he chose to write the whole thing in the second person.
What it does convey well is the disjunction between the actuality of Egypt and later interpretations of it: Before hieroglyphics were deciphered by Champollion and other linguists in the 1820s, the reality of ancient Egypt was literally a closed book.
Those masks evolve into more attractive versions of the caller ("stronger chins, smaller eyeballs, airbrushed scars and wrinkles"), eventually replacing the caller's physical form entirely, until the disjunction between our real bodies and online presentation becomes untenable, causing the whole thing to collapse.
The documentary's director, Erik Nelson (a producer on "Grizzly Man"), explores the disjunction between the charismatic filmmaker-to-be with a penchant for both self-promotion and self-documentation and a man who was, it eventually seems clear, descending into mental illness.
While the East-West split is not the only reason for the nationwide surge of the AfD, it illustrates alarmingly well — to quote Bloch again — the "non-simultaneous" disjunction between a growing number of voters and traditional parties like the Christian Democrats.
Martin Scorsese's film is based on a novel from 1966, written by a Japanese Catholic who'd spent much time in Europe and was always grappling with the disjunction between what he believed about God and what he felt in his own suffering.
Still, there are moments of deep self-doubt, and a fear of his personal appetites, expressed through radical disjunction in language: Domination in creation The stars are clear tonight We live in a house we dwell in a cave deep in the dragon's soul.
I won't say that I know how empires collapse, either, at least beyond the fact that I think it starts with people asking questions—reasonable ones, ones that address the disjunction between what we are told and what we see, ones that have difficult answers.
Like Mr. Warhol's "Poor Little Rich Girl," the movie is a fascinating exercise in disjunction, contrasting a tell-all from Ingrid Superstar with Nico's kitchen primping or Brigid Berlin prattling on about God-knows-what with some truly naughty happenings in the other image.
Perhaps reflecting that broader social disjunction, the debate largely falls into two camps: those who believe that Dr. Yi is a spy sent by foreigners to destabilize China's population policies, and those who call that notion ludicrous and say that he's only speaking the truth.
Not so much at the concept—the apocalypse was a very popular subject at that moment, albeit in a more abstract way than it is right now—as at the disjunction between what was visible and what was supposed to be blowing my mind.
Its floor-level rectangular vitrine contains textured foam pads, sprinklings of dirt and minerals, and a plethora of slapdash display labels ("Microclimate Circulation"; "Language Barrier"; "Radical Encyclical"; "The People's International Cooperative Development Center") that evoke taxonomic natural history museum displays but undercut Linnaean certitude through disjunction.
This perceptual disjunction forces us never to lose sight of the fact that we are scrutinizing a painting, which takes as its subject something that we are not likely ever to stop and look at in our daily lives: layers of leaves midway up a maple tree on a summer day.
Other studies have also stated that statins may increase the likelihood of a range of other conditions, including memory loss, cataracts, kidney injury, liver disease, sleep disturbance, aggression, suicidal behavioral, erectile disjunction and neuropathy, which the researchers stress would be extremely rare and that evidence for them is not sufficient.
The shots are tight and the dance choreography sublime, but what has always left the biggest impression on me is how, in attempting to depict the ways in which race and class can introduce disjunction into an individual arc of life, the full-length film also provokes a meditation on in-betweenness: Where is home?
It is writing that questions itself and sometimes gives misleading answers, that conveys meaning and undermines it at the same time, eventually aiming at "total continuity and total disjunction" — which in my book is basically modernism, and all the better for that, though as a creature of his time Glück seems very concerned with its being postmodern.
The disjunction may be over Russia — any movement whose spokesmen once cried "20 years of treason" and who rode to power on the claim that the Democrats were soft on the Soviets may find it difficult, with time, simply to parry or ignore the Democrats' charge that the head of their party may have compromising ties to Russia's leader.
The fun of watching Ball, and of the Lakers' fun and frantic Summer League champions in general, lay in large part in the disjunction between the things that he was doing in these games—dropping pinpoint baseball passes to teammates 40 feet away, coolly fist-bumping a pass to a teammate on the break—and the things that the NBA's form and function permit.
Skowronek argues that there are four types of presidential politics: reconstruction, in which a president has the latitude to break the old order and remake existing governing commitments; disjunction, which involves the end point of the incumbent regime; preemption, where a president from the opposition gets elected but finds himself trapped between both sides; and articulation, in which a successor carries out the legacy of the reconstruction into a new era.
Working at the Directors Bureau, a commercial and music-video production company in L.A., Joseph learned on the job: he shot behind-the-scenes footage and interviews for Sofia Coppola (whose brother Roman had founded the bureau), and filmed B-roll for that artist of disjunction Terrence Malick, while absorbing what McDaniel had to impart: the importance of representing the black world and the female world in ways that were free of ideology.
Klingon has seven conjunctions, and they are different for nouns and for sentences. The noun conjunctions are `je` for a logical conjunction, `joq` for a logical disjunction and `ghap` for an exclusive disjunction. Noun conjunctions go after the nouns they connect. Sentence conjunctions are `ʼej` for a logical conjunction, `qoj` for a logical disjunction and `pagh` for an exclusive disjunction.
There are many patterns of disjunct distributions at many scales: Irano-Turanian disjunction, Europe - East Asia, Europe-South Africa (e.g. genus Erica), Mediterranean- Hoggart disjunction (genus Olea), etc.
Likewise for the assumptions that the omissible is the disjunction of the permissible and the obligatory and that the permissible is the disjunction of the obligatory and the optional.
The mathematical symbol for logical disjunction varies in the literature. In addition to the word "or", and the formula "Apq", the symbol "\lor", deriving from the Latin word vel (“either”, “or”) is commonly used for disjunction. For example: "A \lor B " is read as "A or B ". Such a disjunction is false if both A and B are false.
Some many-valued logics may have incompatible definitions of equivalence and order (entailment). Both conjunction and disjunction are associative, commutative and idempotent in classical logic, most varieties of many-valued logic and intuitionistic logic. The same is true about distributivity of conjunction over disjunction and disjunction over conjunction, as well as for the absorption law. In classical logic and some varieties of many-valued logic, conjunction and disjunction are dual, and negation is self-dual, the latter is also self-dual in intuitionistic logic.
In keeping with the concept of vacuous truth, when disjunction is defined as an operator or function of arbitrary arity, the empty disjunction (OR-ing over an empty set of operands) is generally defined as false.
As the syndrome is due to a chromosomal non-disjunction event, the recurrence risk is not high compared to the general population. There has been no evidence found that indicates non-disjunction occurs more often in a particular family.
OR logic gate Operators corresponding to logical disjunction exist in most programming languages.
The Curry–Howard correspondence relates a constructivist form of disjunction to tagged union types.
If P is true or Q is true and P is false, then Q is true. The reason this is called "disjunctive syllogism" is that, first, it is a syllogism, a three-step argument, and second, it contains a logical disjunction, which simply means an "or" statement. "P or Q" is a disjunction; P and Q are called the statement's disjuncts. The rule makes it possible to eliminate a disjunction from a logical proof.
Neither conjunction, disjunction, nor material conditional has an equivalent form constructed from the other four logical connectives.
While Prolog uses punctuation -- namely `;` -- for disjunction within clauses, Fril instead has a built-in predicate `orr`.
The negation of said disjunction must thus be true, and the result is identical to the first claim.
The principle of the excluded middle P∨¬P, however, remains valid. The same principle is invalid with all three other sorts (choice, sequential and toggling) of disjunction. The choice disjunction ⊔ ("chor") of games A and B, written A⊔B, is a game where, in order to win, the machine has to choose one of the two disjuncts and then win in the chosen component. The sequential disjunction ("sor") AᐁB starts as A; it also ends as A unless the machine makes a "switch" move, in which case A is abandoned and the game restarts and continues as B. In the toggling disjunction ("tor") A⩛B, the machine may switch between A and B any finite number of times.
John Myhill (1973) showed that IZF with the axiom of replacement eliminated in favor of the axiom of collection has the disjunction property, the numerical existence property, and the existence property. Michael Rathjen (2005) proved that CZF has the disjunction property and the numerical existence property. Most classical theories, such as Peano arithmetic and ZFC do not have the existence or disjunction property. Some classical theories, such as ZFC plus the axiom of constructibility, do have a weaker form of the existence property (Rathjen 2005).
Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that has a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false. More generally, a disjunction is a logical formula that can have one or more literals separated only by 'or's. A single literal is often considered to be a degenerate disjunction. The disjunctive identity is false, which is to say that the or of an expression with false has the same value as the original expression.
The key step is to find a bound on the existential quantifier in a formula (∃x)A(x), producing a bounded existential formula (∃xdisjunction A(1)∨A(2)∨...∨A(n). Finally, disjunction elimination may be used to show that one of the disjuncts is provable.
This unusual distribution of the two-colored bolete and other mushrooms is known as the Grayan disjunction; the phenomenon is characterized by a species living in one continent or island and then also on the other side of the world with no specimens of the species living in between the specific habitats. The Grayan disjunction is not uncommon among fungi.
Evolution 55, No. 11: 2170–2180.Heads, M. 1998. Biogeographic disjunction along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 63:161–176.
In mathematical logic, the disjunction and existence properties are the "hallmarks" of constructive theories such as Heyting arithmetic and constructive set theories (Rathjen 2005).
De Morgan's theorem may be applied to the negation of a disjunction or the negation of a conjunction in all or part of a formula.
The three Venn diagrams in the figure below represent respectively conjunction x∧y, disjunction x∨y, and complement ¬x. Figure 2. Venn diagrams for conjunction, disjunction, and complement For conjunction, the region inside both circles is shaded to indicate that x∧y is 1 when both variables are 1. The other regions are left unshaded to indicate that x∧y is 0 for the other three combinations.
The membership of an element of a union set in set theory is defined in terms of a logical disjunction: x ∈ A ∪ B if and only if (x ∈ A) ∨ (x ∈ B). Because of this, logical disjunction satisfies many of the same identities as set- theoretic union, such as associativity, commutativity, distributivity, and de Morgan's laws, identifying logical conjunction with set intersection, logical negation with set complement.
Any naturalistic, purely causal, non-semantic account of content will have to rely on Darwinian natural selection to build neural states capable of storing unique propositions which is required by folk psychology. Theories that attempt to account for intentionality within materialism face the disjunction problem which results in the indeterminacy of propositional content. If such theories cannot solve the disjunction problem then it will be the case that neurons cannot store unique propositions. The only process that can build neural circuits, evolution by natural selection, cannot solve the disjunction problem. The whole point of Darwin’s theory is that in the creation of adaptations, nature is not active, it’s passive.
Compensatory fuzzy logic (CFL) is a branch of fuzzy logic with modified rules for conjunction and disjunction. When the truth value of one component of a conjunction or disjunction is increased or decreased, the other component is decreased or increased to compensate. This increase or decrease in truth value may be offset by the increase or decrease in another component. An offset may be blocked when certain thresholds are met.
Cdc14 also appears to inhibit RNA polymerase I, which helps allow complete chromosome disjunction by eliminating ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcripts that otherwise would block condensin binding to rDNA.
The disjunction property is satisfied by a theory if, whenever a sentence A ∨ B is a theorem, then either A is a theorem, or B is a theorem.
This is represented in the and-or tree by using disjunction to represent the first player's alternative moves and using conjunction to represent all of the second player's moves.
Each disjunction operator has its dual conjunction, obtained by interchanging the roles of the two players. The corresponding quantifiers can further be defined as infinite conjunctions or disjunctions in the same way as in the case of the parallel quantifiers. Each sort disjunction also induces a corresponding implication operation the same way as this was the case with the parallel implication →. For instance, the choice implication ("chimplication") A⊐B is defined as ¬A⊔B.
By contrast, infinitary logic studies logics that allow infinitely long statements and proofs. In such a logic, one can regard the existential quantifier, for instance, as derived from an infinitary disjunction.
Some have argued that even if the theoretical assumptions of evolutionary psychology turned out to be true, it would nonetheless lead to methodological problems that would compromise its practice. The disjunction and grain problems are argued to create methodological challenges related to the indeterminacy of evolutionary psychology’s adaptive functions. That is, the inability to correctly choose, from a number of possible answers to the question: "what is the function of a given mechanism?" The disjunction problemFodor, Jerry (1991).
An ATA is said to be purely-universal (respectively, purely- exisential) if its transition function does not use disjunction (respectively, conjunction). Purely-existential ATAs are as expressive as non-deterministic timed-automaton.
The room is clean. :C1. Therefore, the room is clean or grass is green. This inference is called disjunction introduction. However, a similar inference does not seem to be valid for imperatives.
In writing a version of the Cinderella fairy tale, Smith highlights the disjunction between the fantasy and the 18th- century reality that women without property had little worth in English society.Fletcher, "Introduction", 15.
There are several relationship between the five properties discussed above. In the setting of arithmetic, the numerical existence property implies the disjunction property. The proof uses the fact that a disjunction can be rewritten as an existential formula quantifying over natural numbers: : A \vee B \equiv (\exists n) [ (n=0 \to A) \wedge (n eq 0 \to B)]. Therefore, if : A \vee B is a theorem of T , so is \exists n\colon (n=0 \to A) \wedge (n eq 0 \to B) .
De Morgan's laws provide a way of distributing negation over disjunction and conjunction: : eg(P \lor Q) \equiv ( eg P \land eg Q), and : eg(P \land Q) \equiv ( eg P \lor eg Q).
N-opposition theory logical hexagon This extension consists in introducing two statements U and Y. Whereas U is the disjunction of A and E, Y is the conjunction of the two traditional particulars I and O.
One of his most significant publications, "The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession", 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34 (1992), has been the source of extensive comment, discussion, and debate among legal scholars and practitioners.
Vertical Roll provided Jonas a means to explore the disjunction between performance and a recording of that performance. She places a heavy emphasis on time, and both physical and mental space in her explanation of the work.
Kurt Gödel (1932) stated without proof that intuitionistic propositional logic (with no additional axioms) has the disjunction property; this result was proven and extended to intuitionistic predicate logic by Gerhard Gentzen (1934, 1935). Stephen Cole Kleene (1945) proved that Heyting arithmetic has the disjunction property and the existence property. Kleene's method introduced the technique of realizability, which is now one of the main methods in the study of constructive theories (Kohlenbach 2008; Troelstra 1973). While the earliest results were for constructive theories of arithmetic, many results are also known for constructive set theories (Rathjen 2005).
Its closest relative is the monotypic genus Atherosperma from Australia.Renner, S. S., D. B. Foreman, and D. Murray. (2000) Timing Transantarctic Disjunction in the Atherospermataceae (Laurales): Evidence from Coding and Non Coding Chloroplast Sequences. Systematic Biology 49: 579–91.
The cause of 48,XXXY can be from non-disjunction in the paternal sperm or non- disjunction in the maternal oocyte. The most likely scenario for the existence of this aneuploidy is that each party (maternal and paternal) equally contributed to it, by the egg giving an XX and the sperm giving an XY. In the case where the sperm is the genetic cause of 48,XXXY syndrome, the sperm would have to contain two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome. This would be caused by two non-disjunction events in spermatogenesis, both meosis I and meiosis II. The duplicated X chromosome in the sperm would have to fail to separate in both meiosis I and meiosis II for a sperm as well as the X and Y chromosomes would have to be in the same sperm. Then the XXY sperm would fertilize a normal oocyte to make a XXXY zygote.
Poetic storytelling; is built up around audio visual poetic associations, films avoid following a specific storyline or conventional narrative logic, utilizes similar structures to poetry such as metaphor and disjunction. Examples: Listen to Britain (1942) - Humphrey Jennings & Rain (1929) - Joris Ivans.
Due to the difficulty in understanding the concept, there is little consistency in how other writers define the term. In the 2000s, the term was taken up by critics in reference to paradoxes found in postmodernity, particularly contemporary culture's persistent recycling of retro aesthetics and incapacity to escape old social forms. Writers such as Mark Fisher and Simon Reynolds used the term to describe a musical aesthetic preoccupied with this temporal disjunction and the nostalgia for "lost futures". So-called "hauntological" musicians are described as exploring ideas related to temporal disjunction, retrofuturism, cultural memory, and the persistence of the past.
Secondary categories contain concepts where there are two dominant kinds of relation. Examples of the latter were given by Heidegger in his two propositions "the house is on the creek" where the two dominant relations are spatial location (Disjunction) and cultural association (Inherence), and "the house is eighteenth century" where the two relations are temporal location (Causality) and cultural quality (Inherence).Op.cit.4 pp.62,187 A third example may be inferred from Kant in the proposition "the house is impressive or sublime" where the two relations are spatial or mathematical disposition (Disjunction) and dynamic or motive power (Causality).
In the case of its application to a disjunction, consider the following claim: "it is false that either of A or B is true", which is written as: : eg(A\lor B). In that it has been established that neither A nor B is true, then it must follow that both A is not true and B is not true, which may be written directly as: :( eg A)\wedge( eg B). If either A or B were true, then the disjunction of A and B would be true, making its negation false. Presented in English, this follows the logic that "since two things are both false, it is also false that either of them is true". Working in the opposite direction, the second expression asserts that A is false and B is false (or equivalently that "not A" and "not B" are true). Knowing this, a disjunction of A and B must be false also.
Quantum probability provides a new way to explain human probability judgment errors including the conjunction and disjunction errors. A conjunction error occurs when a person judges the probability of a likely event L and an unlikely event U to be greater than the unlikely event U; a disjunction error occurs when a person judges the probability of a likely event L to be greater than the probability of the likely event L or an unlikely event U. Quantum probability theory is a generalization of Bayesian probability theory because it is based on a set of von Neumann axioms that relax some of the classic Kolmogorov axioms. The quantum model introduces a new fundamental concept to cognition—the compatibility versus incompatibility of questions and the effect this can have on the sequential order of judgments. Quantum probability provides a simple account of conjunction and disjunction errors as well as many other findings such as order effects on probability judgments.
A spider diagram is a boolean expression involving unitary spider diagrams and the logical symbols \land,\lor,\lnot. For example, it may consist of the conjunction of two spider diagrams, the disjunction of two spider diagrams, or the negation of a spider diagram.
Since evolution cannot solve the disjunction problem, the right conclusion for the materialist is to accept eliminativism by denying that neural states have as their informational content specific, particular, determinate statements which attribute non-disjunctive properties and relations to non-disjunctive subjects.
Other distinctive features of Tosa dialect include its clause-ending particles, such as kendo for disjunction, ga as a question marker and ki to denote reason. Many features of Tosa dialect are shared with neighbouring Hata dialect, spoken in the western part of Kōchi Prefecture.
In Boolean logic, a formula for a Boolean function f is in Blake canonical form (BCF), also called the complete sum of prime implicants, the complete sum, or the disjunctive prime form, when it is a disjunction of all the prime implicants of f.
The disjunction caused by the concluding moments of this video highlights the implications of video presented, or displayed, in the space of the monitor. Jonas claims that Vertical Roll finds a likeness to The Garden of Forking Paths a work by Jorge Luis Borges.
One of the interesting properties of periodic groups is that the definition cannot be formalized in terms of first- order logic. This is because doing so would require an axiom of the form :\forall x.\, ((x=e) \lor (x\circ x=e) \lor ((x\circ x)\circ x=e) \lor \cdots) which contains an infinite disjunction and is therefore inadmissible: First order logic permits quantifiers over one type and can't capture properties or subsets of that type. It is also not possible to get around this infinite disjunction by using an infinite set of axioms: the compactness theorem implies that no set of first-order formulae can characterize the periodic groups.
An example of a clause as a disjunction of literals is: ~wealthy(Y) \/ ~smart(Y) \/ ~beautiful(Y) \/ loves(X, Y) where the symbols \/ and ~ are, respectively, OR and NOT. The above example states that if Y is wealthy AND smart AND beautiful then X loves Y. It does not say who X and Y are though. Note that the above representation comes from the logical statement: For all Y, X belonging to the domain of human beings: wealthy(Y) /\ smart(Y) /\ beautiful(Y) => loves(X,Y) By using some transformation rules of formal logic we produce the disjunction of literals of the example given above. X and Y are variables.
The volume, divided into 20 chapters, includes 18 articles. Of the eighteen authors, seventeen are either Japanese or Nikkei. The book's arguments are presented in the second and third sections. The question of conjunction and disjunction of Nikkei identities is presented in sections two and three.
Proponents claim that CFL allows for better computational semantic behaviors and mimic natural language. Compensatory Fuzzy Logic consists of four continuous operators: conjunction (c); disjunction (d); fuzzy strict order (or); and negation (n). The conjunction is the geometric mean and its dual as conjunctive and disjunctive operators.
In this aspect it is notable that such a breeding-wintering range disjunction is less pronounced in the Canada and cackling geese of North America, where unlike in there was no W-E barrier (the Alpide belt) barring range shifts in response to the advancing ice.
Groupe µ discussed the relation of allotopy to jokes and humor. Salvatore Attardo, despite not using the term allotopy, formulated a theory of humor based on the idea of the "incompatible interpretations", called the isotopy-disjunction model.Salvatore Attardo (2001) Humorous texts: a semantic and pragmatic analysis, sect.5.3.2, p.
In more theoretical terms, it challenges the "natural" presence of a speaker behind the text; and emphasizes the disjunction and the materiality of the signifier.Saroj Koirala (2016), "Linking Words with the World: The Language Poetry Mission", Tribhuvan University Journal, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 175-190; here: p. 179. .
It is also possible to compute interval bounds on the conjunction or disjunction under other assumptions about the dependence between A and B. For instance, one might assume they are positively dependent, in which case the resulting interval is not as tight as the answer assuming independence but tighter than the answer given by the Fréchet inequality. Comparable calculations are used for other logical functions such as negation, exclusive disjunction, etc. When the Boolean expression to be evaluated becomes complex, it may be necessary to evaluate it using the methods of mathematical programming to get best-possible bounds on the expression. A similar problem one presents in the case of probabilistic logic (see for example Gerla 1994).
A translation from propositional logic into propositional logic in which every binary disjunction a \vee b is replaced by ((a \vee n) \wedge ( eg n \vee b)), where n is a new variable (one for each replaced disjunction) is a transformation in which satisfiability is preserved: the original and resulting formulae are equisatisfiable. Note that these two formulae are not equivalent: the first formula has the model in which b is true while a and n are false (the model's truth value for n being irrelevant to the truth value of the formula), but this is not a model of the second formula, in which n has to be true in this case.
There are four rules for implication: two that remove quantifiers from the antecedent and two that remove quantifiers from the consequent. These rules can be derived by rewriting the implication \phi \rightarrow \psi as \lnot \phi \lor \psi and applying the rules for disjunction above. As with the rules for disjunction, these rules require that the variable quantified in one subformula does not appear free in the other subformula. The rules for removing quantifiers from the antecedent are (note the change of quantifiers): :(\forall x \phi ) \rightarrow \psi is equivalent to \exists x (\phi \rightarrow \psi) (under the assumption that \exists x \top), :(\exists x \phi ) \rightarrow \psi is equivalent to \forall x (\phi \rightarrow \psi).
Sometimes the A(horses) are caused by A (horses), but at other times—when, for example, because of the distance or conditions of low visibility, one has confused a cow for a horse—the A (horses) are caused by B (cows). In this case the symbol A doesn't express just the property A, but the disjunction of properties A or B. The crude causal theory is therefore incapable of distinguishing the case in which the content of a symbol is disjunctive from the case in which it isn't. This gives rise to what Fodor calls the "problem of disjunction". Fodor responds to this problem with what he defines as "a slightly less crude causal theory".
The features of the relative are recognizable, but the person's identity is not. And there is also Fregoli delusion, in which a person may mistakenly identify strangers as people he actually knows. In all of these syndromes, there is a disjunction between the appearance and perceived identity of the person.
Infinitary logic allows infinitely long sentences. For example, one may allow a conjunction or disjunction of infinitely many formulas, or quantification over infinitely many variables. Infinitely long sentences arise in areas of mathematics including topology and model theory. Infinitary logic generalizes first-order logic to allow formulas of infinite length.
Propositional logic is closed under truth-functional connectives. That is to say, for any proposition , is also a proposition. Likewise, for any propositions and , is a proposition, and similarly for disjunction, conditional, and biconditional. This implies that, for instance, is a proposition, and so it can be conjoined with another proposition.
Full tetrasomy of an individual occurs due to non-disjunction when the cells are dividing (meiosis I or II) to form egg and sperm cells (gametogenesis). This can result in extra chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell. After fertilization, the resulting fetus has 48 chromosomes instead of the typical 46.
49,XXXXY syndrome is an extremely rare aneuploidic sex chromosomal abnormality. It occurs in approximately 1 out of 85,000 to 100,000 males. This syndrome is the result of maternal non-disjunction during both meiosis I and II. It was first diagnosed in 1960 and was coined Fraccaro syndrome after the researcher.
The wing is estimated to have been by at its widest. The two species are distinguished by two characters. Notably, the geographic and temporal distance between the two fossils suggests they are separate species. Additionally to the temporal disjunction, the wings differ in the fusing of the Radial and Subcostal veins.
The question "Maniitsu-mi Nuum-mi=luunniit najugaqar-pa" ("Does he live in Maniitsoq or Nuuk?") is ambiguous as to whether exclusive or inclusive disjunction is meant. Commonly, this is clarified either by intonation (if the question is spoken) or the inclusion of an explicit question-word such as "sumi" ("where").
He sat with the center left. He voted against the September law and the law of disjunction. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour on 6 June 1835. He was reelected on the same platform on 4 November 1837 and 2 March 1839, holding office until his death.
Some Boolean operations, in particular do not have inverses that may be defined as functions. In particular the disjunction "or" has inverses that allow two values. In natural language "or" represents alternate possibilities. Narrowing is based on value sets that allow multiple values to be packaged and considered as a single value.
Like intuitionistic logic, minimal logic can be formulated in the language using an implication \to, a conjunction \land, a disjunction \lor, and falsum or absurdity \bot as the basic connectives. Negation eg A is treated as an abbreviation for A \to \bot. Minimal logic is axiomatized as the positive fragment of intuitionistic logic.
In mathematics an existentially quantified variable may represent multiple values, but only one at a time. Existential quantification is the disjunction of many instances of an equation. In each equation is one value for the variable. However, in mathematics, an expression with no free variables must have one and only one value.
Concepts are basic cognitive phenomena, which provide the content for inference, explanation, and language understanding. Cognitive psychology has researched different approaches for understanding concepts including exemplars, prototypes, and neural networks, and different fundamental problems have been identified, such as the experimentally tested non classical behavior for the conjunction and disjunction of concepts, more specifically the Pet-Fish problem or guppy effect, and the overextension and underextension of typicality and membership weight for conjunction and disjunction. By and large, quantum cognition has drawn on quantum theory in three ways to model concepts. # Exploit the contextuality of quantum theory to account for the contextuality of concepts in cognition and language and the phenomenon of emergent properties when concepts combine # Use quantum entanglement to model the semantics of concept combinations in a non-decompositional way, and to account for the emergent properties/associates/inferences in relation to concept combinations #Use quantum superposition to account for the emergence of a new concept when concepts are combined, and as a consequence put forward an explanatory model for the Pet-Fish problem situation, and the overextension and underextension of membership weights for the conjunction and disjunction of concepts.
In mathematics, especially in order theory, a partially ordered set with a unique minimal element 0 has the disjunction property of Wallman when for every pair (a, b) of elements of the poset, either b ≤ a or there exists an element c ≤ b such that c ≠ 0 and c has no nontrivial common predecessor with a. That is, in the latter case, the only x with x ≤ a and x ≤ c is x = 0. A version of this property for lattices was introduced by , in a paper showing that the homology theory of a topological space could be defined in terms of its distributive lattice of closed sets. He observed that the inclusion order on the closed sets of a T1 space has the disjunction property.
Ventricular fibrillation The mechanism responsible for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths is ventricular fibrillation. Structural changes in the diseased heart as a result of inherited factors (mutations in ion-channel coding genes for example) cannot explain the suddenness of SCD. Also, sudden cardiac death could be the consequence of electric-mechanical disjunction and bradyarrhythmias.
Other size and shape characters, including the highly distinctive petiole, are the same as other M. incisus. M. incisus has a range disjunction. It is moderately abundant in Winkler samples from Guatemala and southern Mexico, occurs in Panama and Venezuela, yet has never been collected in Costa Rica, in spite of extensive survey work there.
This is generally used to determine which gates need to be faster and which gates can be slower, optimizing the sizing of devices in the system. Repetitive event-rule systems (RER) add feedback by folding the trace back on itself, marking the fold point with a tick mark. Extended event-rule systems (XER) add disjunction.
The parallel conjunction ∧ ("pand") and parallel disjunction ∨ ("por") combine games in a parallel fashion. A run of A∧B or A∨B is a simultaneous play in the two conjuncts. The machine wins A∧B if it wins both of them. The machine wins A∨B if it wins at least one of them.
In boolean logic, a disjunctive normal form (DNF) is a canonical normal form of a logical formula consisting of a disjunction of conjunctions; it can also be described as an OR of ANDs, a sum of products, or (in philosophical logic) a cluster concept. As a normal form, it is useful in automated theorem proving.
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction: ([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won. ([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won. But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i).
Categories arising from theories via term-model constructions can usually be characterized up to equivalence by a suitable universal property. This has enabled proofs of meta-theoretical properties of some logics by means of an appropriate categorical algebra. For instance, Freyd gave a proof of the existence and disjunction properties of intuitionistic logic this way.
The homozygous mutant allele promotes DNA hypomethylation and meiotic non-disjunction, increasing the risk of down syndrome. This polymorphism correlates to a 2.5 fold risk increase independently and a 4 fold increase in risk when co-expressed with the 677C>T MTHFR mutation. Combination with the MTR2756A>G genetic polymorphism further elevates down syndrome risk.
In mathematics, a unitary spider diagram adds existential points to an Euler or a Venn diagram. The points indicate the existence of an attribute described by the intersection of contours in the Euler diagram. These points may be joined together forming a shape like a spider. Joined points represent an "or" condition, also known as a logical disjunction.
Logical connectives are found in natural languages. In English for example, some examples are "and" (conjunction), "or" (disjunction), "not" (negation) and "if" (but only when used to denote material conditional). The following is an example of a very simple inference within the scope of propositional logic: :Premise 1: If it's raining then it's cloudy. :Premise 2: It's raining.
The term Caledonian Antisyzygy refers to the "idea of dueling polarities within one entity",Martin, Maureen M. (2009). Maureen M. The Mighty Scot, p. 84. thought of as typical for the Scottish psyche and literature. The term, which is derived from the Greek word zygon (yoke) and syzygy (conjunction or alignment), specifically refers to the so-called "Scottish disjunction".
They are remote and can only be accessed by boat. The combined areas of the four islands is only . The two outer islands are connected by a narrow strip of sand. In terms of geology, islands has been shaped into its current form over the Jurassic period, with its disjunction of the mainland due to the water activity.
The method of describing a single structure by means of a first-order sentence can easily be extended for any fixed number of structures. A unique description can be obtained by the disjunction of the descriptions for each structure. For instance, for two structures A and B with defining sentences \varphi_A and \varphi_B this would be :\varphi_A \lor \varphi_B.
It is a member of the small family Atherospermataceae along with several other Australian rainforest trees including yellow sassafras (Doryphora sassafras). . Its closest relative is the monotypic genus Nemuaron, endemic to New Caledonia.Renner, S. S., D. B. Foreman, and D. Murray. (2000) Timing Transantarctic Disjunction in the Atherospermataceae (Laurales): Evidence from Coding and Non Coding Chloroplast Sequences.
Obwegeser developed the modern Le Fort I osteotomy procedure in which he completely immobilized the maxilla. His technique involved the pterygomaxillary disjunction. He was also a proponent of using bone graft between the pterygoid plates and maxillary tuberosities. Obwegeser's surgical technique was confirmed by William Bell's research on animals where the vasculature integrity of maxilla was confirmed.
He co-founded, in 1918, the first psychiatric journal in Latin America, Revista de Psiquiatria y Disciplinas Conexas, the predecessor of the contemporary Revista de Psiquiatria. In 1953, he published a textbook of psychiatry that ultimately produced seven editions. As Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at San Marcos University for almost 30 years, Delgado recruited and mentored a group of very talented academicians and researchers that came to be known across Latin America as the Peruvian School of Psychiatry. One of his most notable contributions to the field of psychopathology was the description of three fundamental concepts in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: the disjunction between the inner and outer world of the patient (autism), the disjunction of the ego with respect to the content of consciousness, and the breakdown of basic categories of knowledge.
By careful examination of the experiences in dreams, we may gain insight into the workings of our mind/brains.The most frequent disjunction is between appearance and identity, such as "I knew it was my mother, even though it didn't look like her." The dreamer recognizes a character's identity, even though the appearance does not match the identity. Character identity relates to facial recognition.
Knowledge base vivification is not necessarily exact. If the reasoner is operating under the open world assumption we may get surprising results. In the previous example, if we replace the disjunction with the vivified concept, we will arrive at a surprising results. First, we find that the reasoner will no longer classify Jill as either a pianist or an organist.
The detection of fake news can also be achieved through predictive modelling based methods. One type would be the logistic regression model. In this model, positive coefficients increase the probability of truth while negative ones increase the probability of deception. “Authors claimed that regression indicators like, Disjunction, Purpose, Restatement, and Solutionhood points to truth, and Condition regression indicator pointed to deception”.
Version space learning is a logical approach to machine learning, specifically binary classification. Version space learning algorithms search a predefined space of hypotheses, viewed as a set of logical sentences. Formally, the hypothesis space is a disjunction :H_1 \lor H_2 \lor ... \lor H_n (i.e., either hypothesis 1 is true, or hypothesis 2, or any subset of the hypotheses 1 through ).
This definition makes arbitration the exact opposite of majority. Postulates for both arbitration and merging have been proposed. An example of an arbitration operator satisfying all postulates is the classical disjunction. An example of a majority operator satisfying all postulates is that selecting all models that have a minimal total Hamming distance to models of the knowledge bases to merge.
But neither of these expressions is a tautology in isolation. It is the disjunction of these two expressions which is a tautology. Similarly, a sequent of the form ' α, β ⊢ ', for logical formulas α and β, means that either α is false or β is false. But it does not mean that either α is a contradiction or β is a contradiction.
A propositional logic formula, also called Boolean expression, is built from variables, operators AND (conjunction, also denoted by ∧), OR (disjunction, ∨), NOT (negation, ¬), and parentheses. A formula is said to be satisfiable if it can be made TRUE by assigning appropriate logical values (i.e. TRUE, FALSE) to its variables. The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is, given a formula, to check whether it is satisfiable.
A literal is either a variable, called positive literal, or the negation of a variable, called negative literal. A clause is a disjunction of literals (or a single literal). A clause is called a Horn clause if it contains at most one positive literal. A formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) if it is a conjunction of clauses (or a single clause).
Using the laws of Boolean algebra, every propositional logic formula can be transformed into an equivalent conjunctive normal form, which may, however, be exponentially longer. For example, transforming the formula (x1∧y1) ∨ (x2∧y2) ∨ ... ∨ (xn∧yn) into conjunctive normal form yields : : : : : : : :; while the former is a disjunction of n conjunctions of 2 variables, the latter consists of 2n clauses of n variables.
Complexity classes have a variety of closure properties. For example, decision classes may be closed under negation, disjunction, conjunction, or even under all Boolean operations. Moreover, they might also be closed under a variety of quantification schemes. P, for instance, is closed under all Boolean operations, and under quantification over polynomially sized domains (though likely not closed over exponential sized domains).
Disjunction introduction or addition (also called or introduction)Moore and Parker is a rule of inference of propositional logic and almost every other deduction system. The rule makes it possible to introduce disjunctions to logical proofs. It is the inference that if P is true, then P or Q must be true. An example in English: :Socrates is a man.
Every sentence must contain formal words to designate what Husserl calls "formal categories". There are two kinds of categories: meaning categories and formal-ontological categories. Meaning categories relate judgments; they include forms of conjunction, disjunction, forms of plural, among others. Formal-ontological categories relate objects and include notions such as set, cardinal number, ordinal number, part and whole, relation, and so on.
Townsend then observes another Aztec Atlantean figure that to him represents disjunction. The figure shows influence of more common Mexica style. Townsend points out greater detail, bold lines, deeper relief, and swelling of the face. By looking closely at specific Aztec Atlantean figures, Townsend proves that the Aztecs imitated Toltec Atlantean figures but also integrated their own style and traditions.
The climate in its range is mediterranean, with annual rainfall from . The species occurs in coastal regions of Southwest Australia, from Gingin and Muchea north of Perth south to Augusta and east along the south coast to Green Range, east of Albany. It also occurs in the Stirling Range, a possible disjunction; and at Narrogin, a certain and substantial disjunction.Nelson (1978): 330.
23 pairs of chromosomes). Human gametes have only 23 chromosomes. If the chromosome pairs fail to separate properly during cell division, the egg or sperm may end up with a second copy of one of the chromosomes. (See non-disjunction.) If such a gamete results in fertilization and an embryo, the resulting embryo may also have an entire copy of the extra chromosome.
The DLV (DataLog with Disjunction, where the logical disjunction symbol V is used) system is a disjunctive logic programming system, implementing the stable model semantics under the Answer set programming paradigm. It extends the datalog language to allow the use of OR in rules. Briefly, disjunctive Datalog is a variant of Datalog where disjunctions may appear in the rule heads; advanced versions also allow for negation in the bodies, which can be handled according to a semantics for negation in disjunctive logic programming. A disjunctive Datalog rule is a clause of the form: :a_1 \vee \dots \vee a_n \leftarrow b_1 \wedge \dots \wedge b_m \quad 1 \leq n, 0 \leq m A disjunctive Datalog constraint is a clause of the form: :\leftarrow b_1 \wedge \dots \wedge b_m \quad 0 \leq m One of the most popular nonmonotonic logics is Reiter’s [1980] default logic.
If the probability of an event A is P(A) = a = 0.7, and the probability of the event B is P(B) = b = 0.8, then the probability of the conjunction, i.e., the joint event A & B, is surely in the interval : P(A & B) ∈ [max(0, a + b − 1), min(a, b)] :::: = [max(0, 0.7 + 0.8−1), min(0.7, 0.8)] :::: = [0.5, 0.7]. Likewise, the probability of the disjunction A ∨ B is surely in the interval : P(A ∨ B) ∈ [max(a, b), min(1, a + b)] :::: = [max(0.7, 0.8), min(1, 0.7 + 0.8)] :::: = [0.8, 1]. These intervals are contrasted with the results obtained from the rules of probability assuming independence, where the probability of the conjunction is P(A & B) = a × b = 0.7 × 0.8 = 0.56, and the probability of the disjunction is P(A ∨ B) = a + b − a × b = 0.94.
Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz worked extensively on logarithms including logarithms with base 2. Thomas Harriot's manuscripts contained a table of binary numbers and their notation, which demonstrated that any number could be written on a base 2 system. Regardless, Leibniz simplified the binary system and articulated logical properties such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated Lagrangian interpolation and algorithmic information theory.
The restriction to formulas in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers does not limit the generality of the theorem, because formulas can be converted to prenex form and their universal quantifiers can be removed by Herbrandization. Conversion to prenex form can be avoided, if structural Herbrandization is performed. Herbrandization can be avoided by imposing additional restrictions on the variable dependencies allowed in the Herbrand disjunction.
Digital logic is the application of the Boolean algebra of 0 and 1 to electronic hardware consisting of logic gates connected to form a circuit diagram. Each gate implements a Boolean operation, and is depicted schematically by a shape indicating the operation. The shapes associated with the gates for conjunction (AND-gates), disjunction (OR-gates), and complement (inverters) are as follows. AND, OR, and NOT gates.
The oral surgeon also performs the midpalatal osteotomy to allow the break in the inter-maxillary suture. The surgeon, while performing the LeFort 1 osteotomy, may separate the pterygoid plates during this procedure. This separation of the plates is termed as Pterygomaxillary disjunction (PMD). Some of the surgeons are cautious in their approach to separate the pterygoid processes due to a risk of injury to pterygoid plexus.
As Synod proceeded, Lusk was assigned to the committee on the Signs of the Times, a committee entrusted with drafting causes of fasting and causes of thanksgiving. This was followed by a call for papers. At this time, two papers were presented from two societies related to the Elk Reformed Presbyterian congregation, near Fayetteville, Tennessee. Immediately following, Lusk petitioned Synod for a disjunction from the Conococheague congregation.
In the entire reproductive age, these follicles undergo atresia and at the time of menopause, the ovaries are left with approximately 1000 follicles. Below this threshold regular ovarian cycles cannot be maintained. The quality of ovarian follicles declines with age due to the increase meiotic non-disjunction. After age 31 years, fecundity decreases and the probability of aneuploidy rate increases in the early embryo.
The disjunction introduction rule may be written in sequent notation: : P \vdash (P \lor Q) where \vdash is a metalogical symbol meaning that P \lor Q is a syntactic consequence of P in some logical system; and expressed as a truth-functional tautology or theorem of propositional logic: :P \to (P \lor Q) where P and Q are propositions expressed in some formal system.
The most closely related species to Hypericum denticulatum is Hypericum rigidum var. sellowianum, a plant native to southeastern Brazil. The large disjunction in the distribution of the two herbs is most likely the result of ancient long distance dispersal. The H. denticulatum complex has typically been treated as comprising two taxa, regarded in the past as separate species, two varieties, and most recently two subspecies.
The rules for converting a formula to prenex form make heavy use of classical logic. In intuitionistic logic, it is not true that every formula is logically equivalent to a prenex formula. The negation connective is one obstacle, but not the only one. The implication operator is also treated differently in intuitionistic logic than classical logic; in intuitionistic logic, it is not definable using disjunction and negation.
Conjunctive grammars are a class of formal grammars studied in formal language theory. They extend the basic type of grammars, the context-free grammars, with a conjunction operation. Besides explicit conjunction, conjunctive grammars allow implicit disjunction represented by multiple rules for a single nonterminal symbol, which is the only logical connective expressible in context-free grammars. Conjunction can be used, in particular, to specify intersection of languages.
Using this method, the canonical disjunctive normal form (a fully expanded disjunctive normal form) is computed first. Then the negations in this expression are replaced by an equivalent expression using the mod 2 sum of the variable and 1. The disjunction signs are changed to addition mod 2, the brackets are opened, and the resulting Boolean expression is simplified. This simplification results in the Zhegalkin polynomial.
An alternative conclusion however began to be formulated in the eighteenth century by Immanuel Kant who realised that we can say nothing about Substance except through the relation of the subject to other things.Op.cit.3 p.87 In the sentence "This is a house" the substantive subject "house" only gains meaning in relation to human use patterns or to other similar houses. The category of Substance disappears from Kant's tables, and under the heading of Relation, Kant lists inter alia the three relationship types of Disjunction, Causality and Inherence.Ibid. pp.107,113 The three older concepts of Quantity, Motion and Quality, as Peirce discovered, could be subsumed under these three broader headings in that Quantity relates to the subject through the relation of Disjunction; Motion relates to the subject through the relation of Causality; and Quality relates to the subject through the relation of Inherence.Op.cit.
Certain resolutions of these paradoxes, particularly Graham Priest's dialetheism as formalised in LP, have the law of excluded middle as a theorem, but resolve out the Liar as both true and false. In this way, the law of excluded middle is true, but because truth itself, and therefore disjunction, is not exclusive, it says next to nothing if one of the disjuncts is paradoxical, or both true and false.
There is a disjunction between the high opinion of education and educational attainment. Increasing a family's income would appear to solve the problem of insufficient family funds to pay for schooling.In reality, though, there are a confluence of systems and actors in Haiti's educational sphere that need to be taken into consideration. Locale needs to be considered – depending on whether or not the community is urban or rural.
One of them consists in micro-deletions of the chromosome region 15q11–q13. 70% of patients present a 5–7-Mb de novo deletion in the proximal region of the paternal chromosome 15. The second frequent genetic abnormality (~ 25–30% of cases) is maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15. The mechanism is due to maternal meiotic non-disjunction followed by mitotic loss of the paternal chromosome 15 after fertilization.
The age of metasediments is attributed to the Cambrian or Superior Precambrian. There are basic intrusive rocks that have been identified as dolerites and which occur in the form of veins 0.5 to 3m thick, with an orientation predominantly N-S and vertical inclination. They are dark grey, fine grain and micro-porphyritic, being altered in the contact with the mineralized veins. They present irregular fractures and polyhedral disjunction.
Given the huge disjunction between the amount of mental illness compared with the paucity of skilled resources, new ways have been sought to provide therapy other than drugs. In the more advanced societies pressure for cost-effective treatments, supported by evidence-based results, has come from both insurance companies and government agencies. Hence the decline in long term intensive psychoanalysis and the rise of much briefer forms, such as cognitive therapy.
In the above presentation of the syntax of dependence logic, conjunction and universal quantification are not treated as primitive operators; rather, they are defined in terms of disjunction and negation and existential quantification respectively, by means of De Morgan's Laws. Therefore, \phi \wedge \psi is taken as a shorthand for \lnot (\lnot \phi \vee \lnot \psi), and \forall x \phi is taken as a shorthand for \lnot(\exists x (\lnot \phi)).
Boole and Jevons struggled over just this issue in 1863, in the form of the correct evaluation of x + x. Jevons argued for the result x, which is correct for + as disjunction. Boole kept the result as something undefined. He argued against the result 0, which is correct for exclusive or, because he saw the equation x + x = 0 as implying x = 0, a false analogy with ordinary algebra.
However, Mary Shelley does not simply accept these gender-genre distinctions. As Richardson explains, "soliloquy is resisted in the first act and exposed in the second act as a questionable and implicitly masculine mode". Furthermore, the disjunction between Percy Shelley's poems, spoken by Apollo and Pan in the first act, and Mary Shelley's verse drama has often bothered critics. Yet, Richardson argues that this was intended, to highlight the difference in poetic mode.
Takenaka argued that concluded that "most of the chapters seem to address some aspects of conjunction and disjunction of identities in one way or another" and that the chapters should have been organized by topic or geographic region. Igarashi wrote that the book had organized its nomenclature along country-based boundaries. There are four chapters that discuss Peru. One chapter chronicle Japanese Peruvian history, covering from the year 1899 to the rule of Alberto Fujimori.
The term 'snapshot aesthetic' arose with a trend within fine art photography in the USA from around 1963 . The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing. Subject matter is often presented without apparent link from image- to-image and relying instead on juxtaposition and disjunction between individual photographs. The originator of the American trend was Robert Frank, with his book of photographs, The Americans, published in 1958.
In the case where the oocyte is the genetic cause of 48,XXXY syndrome the oocyte would contain three X chromosome. This would be caused by two non-disjunction events during oogenesis. In meiosis I both sets of duplicated X chromosomes would have to be not separated. Then in meiosis II one set of X chromosomes would have to not separate and the other set would separate resulting in one oocyte with three X chromosomes.
In conjunction with the formula, each of the cubes forms a new formula. These formulas can be solved independently and concurrently by conflict-driven solvers. As the disjunction of these formulas is equivalent to the original formula, the problem is reported to be satisfiable, if one of the formulas is satisfiable. The look-ahead solver is favorable for small but hard problems, so it is used to gradually divide the problem into multiple sub-problems.
In formal semantics, truth-value semantics is an alternative to Tarskian semantics. It has been primarily championed by Ruth Barcan Marcus, H. Leblanc, and M. Dunn and N. Belnap. It is also called the substitution interpretation (of the quantifiers) or substitutional quantification. The idea of these semantics is that universal (existential) quantifier may be read as a conjunction (disjunction) of formulas in which constants replace the variables in the scope of the quantifier. E.g.
There are 24 characters, all but the Black Pierrot being named after a tarot card (although the Strength card has been represented by two characters throughout the series). Different characters have different attack patterns. The columns of the opponent's stack will descend at different rates relative to each other depending on the character chosen. This causes a disjunction of colors that may make it more difficult for the other player to clear their stack.
In 1950 he was elected as a foreign member to the Swedish Royal Academy.; . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1960 and of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1970. The disjunction property of Wallman is named after Wallman, as is the Wallman compactification, and he co-authored an important monograph on dimension theory with Witold Hurewicz.. Reviews: ; (reviewed by Hassler Whitney); .
Jellyby, who neglects her children for the natives of a fictional African country. The disjunction between Dickens' criticism of slavery and his crude caricatures of other races has also been a topic considered by Patrick Brantlinger in his 2002 A Companion to the Victorian Novel. He cites Dickens' description of an Irish colony in America's Catskill mountains as a mess of pigs, pots, and dunghills. Dickens views them as a "racially repellent" group.
Many commentators have noted the disjunction between the experimental works before the 1936 denunciation and the more conservative ones that followed; the composer told Flora Litvinova, "without 'Party guidance' ... I would have displayed more brilliance, used more sarcasm, I could have revealed my ideas openly instead of having to resort to camouflage."Wilson (1994), p. 426. Articles Shostakovich published in 1934 and 1935 cited Berg, Schoenberg, Krenek, Hindemith, "and especially Stravinsky" among his influences.
Boolean grammars, introduced by , are a class of formal grammars studied in formal language theory. They extend the basic type of grammars, the context- free grammars, with conjunction and negation operations. Besides these explicit operations, Boolean grammars allow implicit disjunction represented by multiple rules for a single nonterminal symbol, which is the only logical connective expressible in context-free grammars. Conjunction and negation can be used, in particular, to specify intersection and complement of languages.
The operations in a Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra A are inherited from those in the underlying theory T. These typically include conjunction and disjunction, which are well-defined on the equivalence classes. When negation is also present in T, then A is a Boolean algebra, provided the logic is classical. If the theory T consists of the propositional tautologies, the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra is the free Boolean algebra generated by the propositional variables.
Formally, they present an exclusive disjunction, a pair of alternatives of which only one is acceptable. In English, such questions can be formed in both positive and negative forms (e.g. "Will you be here tomorrow?" and "Won't you be here tomorrow?"). Yes–no questions are in contrast with non-polar wh-questions, with the five Ws, which do not necessarily present a range of alternative answers, or necessarily restrict that range to two alternatives.
See Algorithms for solving SAT below. SAT is trivial if the formulas are restricted to those in disjunctive normal form, that is, they are disjunction of conjunctions of literals. Such a formula is indeed satisfiable if and only if at least one of its conjunctions is satisfiable, and a conjunction is satisfiable if and only if it does not contain both x and NOT x for some variable x. This can be checked in linear time.
For example, an oocyte or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of the X chromosome as a result of the non-disjunction. If one of these cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra X chromosome in each of her cells. In some cases, trisomy X occurs during cell division in early embryonic development. Some females with triple X syndrome have an extra X chromosome in only some of their cells.
Rules, and even disjunctive rules, have a rather special syntactic form, in comparison with arbitrary propositional formulas. Each disjunctive rule is essentially an implication such that its antecedent (the body of the rule) is a conjunction of literals, and its consequent (head) is a disjunction of atoms. David Pearce [1997] and Paolo Ferraris [2005] showed how to extend the definition of a stable model to sets of arbitrary propositional formulas. This generalization has applications to answer set programming.
He served in the majority but voted against the law of disjunction and was part of the coalition against the Louis Mathieu Molé Ministry. He voted for funding the Duke of Nemours and for the census. Appointed Minister of War in the second government of Jean de Dieu Soult on 12 May 1839, he had to stand again before his electors, who confirmed his mandate on 8 June 1839. He kept his ministry until 1 March 1840.
We can express this situation as . The constant 0 represents a product that cannot be made, and thus serves as the unit of ⊕ (a machine that might produce or is as good as a machine that always produces because it will never succeed in producing a 0). So unlike above, we cannot deduce from this. Multiplicative disjunction is more difficult to gloss in terms of the resource interpretation, although we can encode back into linear implication, either as or .
Mathematical programs involving binary variables and disjunction definitions for modeling discrete choices are called disjunctive programs. Disjunctive programs have many applications, including ordering of tasks in a production process, organizing complex projects in a time saving manner and choosing the optimal route in a circuit. Procedures for linear and nonlinear disjunctive programming extensions are implemented within EMP. Linear disjunctive programs are reformulated as mixed integer programs (MIPs) and nonlinear disjunctive programs are reformulated as mixed integer nonlinear programs (MINLPs).
One model dubbed DINOMIT (Disjunction, Initiation, Natural selection, Overgrowth, Metastasis, Involution, Transition), proposed by researchers at the Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego, has vitamin D and calcium in adequate levels playing a crucial role in potentially preventing the onset of cancer (Disjunction) as well as allowing a developed cancer to enter and stay in a weak or fully dormant state (Involution and Transition stages). "It is projected that raising the minimum year-around serum 25(OH)D level to 40 to 60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) would prevent approximately 58,000 new cases of breast cancer and 49,000 new cases of colorectal cancer each year, and three fourths of deaths from these diseases in the United States and Canada, based on observational studies combined with a randomized trial." July 2009 Volume 19, Issue 7, Pages 468–483; Vitamin D for Cancer Prevention: Global Perspective; Cedric F. Garland, Dr PH, FACE, Edward D. Gorham, MPH, Sharif B. Mohr, MPH, Frank C. Garland, PhD.
Disjunctive cognition is a common phenomenon in dreams, first identified by psychoanalyst Mark Blechner,Blechner, M. J. (2001) 'The Dream Frontier'. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press in which two aspects of cognition do not match each other. The dreamer is aware of the disjunction, yet that does not prevent it from remaining. From Dr. Mark Blechner's The Dream Frontier, it states "The specifics of bizarre dream experiences may be a source of data about the different levels of perceptual processing".
In propositional logic, disjunctive syllogism (also known as disjunction elimination and or elimination, or abbreviated ∨E),Sanford, David Hawley. 2003. If P, Then Q: Conditionals and the Foundations of Reasoning. London, UK: Routledge: 39HurleyCopi and CohenMoore and Parker is a valid rule of inference. If we are told that at least one of two statements is true; and also told that it is not the former that is true; we can infer that it has to be the latter that is true.
With a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 13 and often the physical signs of the syndrome differ from the typical Patau syndrome. Most cases of Patau syndrome are not inherited, but occur as random events during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called non-disjunction can result in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of the chromosome.
If Folding exemplifies a curious but protective individual displaced from home, then The Youngest and the Oldest represents a harmonic disjunction in form and substance that maps out his anxiety about the present. The gulf between these two bodies of work indicates Lam Tung-pang's transformation from a conceptual artist to a cultural translator who visualizes today's Hong Kong in a post-1997 and pre-2047 era, the latter year marking fifty years after the handover of Hong Kong to China.
In theoretical computer science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this kind provide a generalization of Boolean circuits and a mathematical model for digital logic circuits. Circuits are defined by the gates they contain and the values the gates can produce. For example, the values in a Boolean circuit are boolean values, and the circuit includes conjunction, disjunction, and negation gates.
For example, if P is the proposition: :Socrates is mortal. then the law of excluded middle holds that the logical disjunction: :Either Socrates is mortal, or it is not the case that Socrates is mortal. is true by virtue of its form alone. That is, the "middle" position, that Socrates is neither mortal nor not-mortal, is excluded by logic, and therefore either the first possibility (Socrates is mortal) or its negation (it is not the case that Socrates is mortal) must be true.
Disjunctivism is a position in the philosophy of perception that rejects the existence of sense data in certain cases. The disjunction is between appearance and the reality behind the appearance "making itself perceptually manifest to someone." Veridical perceptions and hallucinations are not members of a common class of mental states or events. According to this theory, the only thing common to veridical perceptions and hallucinations is that in both cases, the subject cannot tell, via introspection, whether he is having a veridical perception or not.
On the following day, August 6, 1823, Synod granted Lusk's request. On August 7, the committee on Presbyterial Reports, upon examining the written documents pertaining to the "protests" in the Lusk case, in the Conococheague session books and papers of the Philadelphia Presbytery, recommended obliterating all minutes mentioning the controversies, saving only those minutes pertaining to his actual removal. Furthermore, they confirmed granting the disjunction. The same day, the Synod received a second call for Lusk from the Walnut Ridge congregation, Washington County, Indiana.
Decision-making by government agencies, including public schools, policing and courts, have been found to be driven by the fear of youth.Giroux, H. (2003) The Abandoned Generation: Democracy beyond the culture of fear. New York: Palgrave. The fear of adolescents has been said to cause a disjunction between what is said about the value of young people and what is done to them in education and social services, and causes them to be seen, "primarily as threats—to persons, to institutions, to status quo".
Since the formula represented by a tableau is the disjunction of the formulae represented by its branches, contradiction is obtained when every branch contains a pair of opposite literals. Once a branch contains a literal and its negation, its corresponding formula is unsatisfiable. As a result, this branch can be now "closed", as there is no need to further expand it. If all branches of a tableau are closed, the formula represented by the tableau is unsatisfiable; therefore, the original set is unsatisfiable as well.
Caryodaphnopsis is a genus of 16 species belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae, distributed in tropical areas in southern North America, northern South America, and East and Southeast Asia. They vary from 50-m-high trees to small trees or shrubs in lowland evergreen forest and rainforest. The genus is distributed across the Pacific, with a marked geographical disjunction between Southeast Asia (South China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and tropical America (Costa Rica to Brazil, crossing Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela).
Youth engagement faces a variety of obstacles. They include a "disjunction in what adults believe is important to do with young people, and what they actually do," as well as social norms that encourage youth engagement, and the presence of strong norms the discourage youth/adult partnerships.Rhodes, J.E. and Clary, E.G. (2004) Mobilizing Adults for Positive Youth Development: Strategies for Closing Gap between Beliefs and Behaviors. Springer. p. 43. A historical disconnect between Positive Youth Development and civic engagement has also been cited as a leading barrier.
The term "Boolean algebra" honors George Boole (1815–1864), a self-educated English mathematician. He introduced the algebraic system initially in a small pamphlet, The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, published in 1847 in response to an ongoing public controversy between Augustus De Morgan and William Hamilton, and later as a more substantial book, The Laws of Thought, published in 1854. Boole's formulation differs from that described above in some important respects. For example, conjunction and disjunction in Boole were not a dual pair of operations.
The disjunction elimination rule may be written in sequent notation: : (P \to Q), (R \to Q), (P \lor R) \vdash Q where \vdash is a metalogical symbol meaning that Q is a syntactic consequence of P \to Q, and R \to Q and P \lor R in some logical system; and expressed as a truth-functional tautology or theorem of propositional logic: :(((P \to Q) \land (R \to Q)) \land (P \lor R)) \to Q where P, Q, and R are propositions expressed in some formal system.
The stalking nature of the shots reveals the inhumanity of the camera. The film does not make a claim to realism or objective expertise regarding the collapse of Communism but instead examines the individual stories of characters in intimate ways, surveying their fear of the surrounding political opacity. Akerman presents a continuous, nonsynchronous montage of images and sounds, provoking unfiltered optical and auditory impressions. The smoothness of the visual continuity is used as a tactic to accentuate the effects of narrative disjunction and discontinuity.
It is an endonuclease that makes single-strand breaks in supercoiled double-stranded DNA, and promotes the formation of CO recombinants. Double mutants deleted for both MLH3 (major pathway) and MMS4 (which is necessary for a minor Holliday junction resolution pathway) showed dramatically reduced crossing over compared to wild-type (6- to 17-fold reduction); however spore viability was reasonably high (62%) and chromosomal disjunction appeared mostly functional. The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero-oligomeric structure (heterodimer) in S. cerevisiae and humans.
Our stories inform us who we are, who we can become, and who we cannot become. Additionally, these narratives transform who we are: narrators act when they tell, creating new selves and transforming the existing self. Not only do our memories of self shape and are in turn shaped by personal narrative, but narrators shape their narratives in order to overcome disjunction between reality and memory. Narrators authenticate their memories, in spite of the imperfect, malleable nature of memories by creating credible-sounding accounts.
In propositional logic, material implication is a valid rule of replacement that allows for a conditional statement to be replaced by a disjunction in which the antecedent is negated. The rule states that P implies Q is logically equivalent to not-P or Q and that either form can replace the other in logical proofs. :P \to Q \Leftrightarrow eg P \lor Q Where "\Leftrightarrow" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a proof with," and P and Q are any given statements.
If they are not independent, we can still bound the conjunction using the classical Fréchet inequality. In this case, we can infer at least that the probability of the joint event A & B is surely within the interval : P(A & B) = env(max(0, a+b−1), min(a, b)) :::: = env(max(0, [0.2, 0.25]+[0.1, 0.3]−1), min([0.2, 0.25], [0.1, 0.3])) :::: = env([max(0, 0.2+0.1–1), max(0, 0.25+0.3–1)], [min(0.2,0.1), min(0.25, 0.3)]) :::: = env([0,0], [0.1, 0.25]) :::: = [0, 0.25] where env([x1,x2], [y1,y2]) is [min(x1,y1), max(x2,y2)]. Likewise, the probability of the disjunction is surely in the interval : P(A v B) = a + b − a × b = 1 − (1 − a) × (1 − b) :::: = 1 − (1 − [0.2, 0.25]) × (1 − [0.1, 0.3]) :::: = 1 − [0.75, 0.8] × [0.7, 0.9] :::: = 1 − [0.525, 0.72] :::: = [0.28, 0.475] if A and B are independent events. If they are not independent, the Fréchet inequality bounds the disjunction : P(A v B) = env(max(a, b), min(1, a + b)) :::: = env(max([0.2, 0.25], [0.1, 0.3]), min(1, [0.2, 0.25] + [0.1, 0.3])) :::: = env([0.2, 0.3], [0.3, 0.55]) :::: = [0.2, 0.55].
Chalmers has published works on the "theory of reference" concerning how words secure their referents. He, together with others such as Frank Jackson, proposes a kind of theory called two dimensionalism arguing against Saul Kripke. Before Kripke delivered the famous lecture series Naming and Necessity in 1970, the descriptivism advocated by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell was the orthodoxy. Descriptivism suggests that a name is indeed an abbreviation of a description, which is a set of properties or, as later modified by John Searle, a disjunction of properties.
Therefore, the whole logical disjunction indicates that the sentence is true. The second logical operand "donkeys are donkeys" is true because donkeys are donkeys. In accordance with step 1, in order to prove that the sophisma "All men are donkeys or men and donkeys are donkeys" is false then it should be looked at as a logical disjunctions sentence. In this case the sophisma could be interpreted as This presents "All men are donkeys" as the first logical operand and "men and donkeys are donkeys" as the second one.
He thanked her as "Miss Stevens" without stating what her contribution was nor referring to her Ph.D. Bridges wrote a masterful PhD thesis on "Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity.", which appeared as the first paper in the first issue of the journal Genetics in 1916. In this paper, he also established that the Y chromosome does not determine gender in Drosophila. Bridges' best-known contribution among Drosophila researchers is his observation and documentation of the polytene chromosomes found in larval salivary gland cells.
These registers operate on voltages, where zero volts represents Boolean 0, and a reference voltage (often +5V, +3.3V, +1.8V) represents Boolean 1. Such languages support both numeric operations and logical operations. In this context, "numeric" means that the computer treats sequences of bits as binary numbers (base two numbers) and executes arithmetic operations like add, subtract, multiply, or divide. "Logical" refers to the Boolean logical operations of disjunction, conjunction, and negation between two sequences of bits, in which each bit in one sequence is simply compared to its counterpart in the other sequence.
The original application for Boolean operations was mathematical logic, where it combines the truth values, true or false, of individual formulas. Natural languages such as English have words for several Boolean operations, in particular conjunction (and), disjunction (or), negation (not), and implication (implies). But not is synonymous with and not. When used to combine situational assertions such as "the block is on the table" and "cats drink milk," which naively are either true or false, the meanings of these logical connectives often have the meaning of their logical counterparts.
Jean-Luc Moulène (born 1955) is a French contemporary artist based in Paris, France. Spanning a wide variety of media, such as photography, drawings, and sculptures, Moulène's practice examines the relationship between systems and orders. Moulène has stated that he subscribes to the notion of a 'disjunction,' whereby he follows a principle of discrepancies as a way to "find new dialectical knowledge." His interests include the "symbolic position of the author" and authorship; processes of production, repetition, and accumulation; labor and social space; and the intersection of advanced technology and contemporary material culture, among others.
Some systems of logic have different but analogous laws. For some finite n-valued logics, there is an analogous law called the law of excluded n+1th. If negation is cyclic and "∨" is a "max operator", then the law can be expressed in the object language by (P ∨ ~P ∨ ~~P ∨ ... ∨ ~...~P), where "~...~" represents n−1 negation signs and "∨ ... ∨" n−1 disjunction signs. It is easy to check that the sentence must receive at least one of the n truth values (and not a value that is not one of the n).
A sequent is a formalized statement of provability that is frequently used when specifying calculi for deduction. In the sequent calculus, the name sequent is used for the construct, which can be regarded as a specific kind of judgment, characteristic to this deduction system. The intuitive meaning of the sequent \Gamma\vdash\Sigma is that under the assumption of Γ the conclusion of Σ is provable. Classically, the formulae on the left of the turnstile can be interpreted conjunctively while the formulae on the right can be considered as a disjunction.
Such a logical connective as converse implication "←" is actually the same as material conditional with swapped arguments; thus, the symbol for converse implication is redundant. In some logical calculi (notably, in classical logic), certain essentially different compound statements are logically equivalent. A less trivial example of a redundancy is the classical equivalence between and . Therefore, a classical-based logical system does not need the conditional operator "→" if "¬" (not) and "∨" (or) are already in use, or may use the "→" only as a syntactic sugar for a compound having one negation and one disjunction.
Two dual canonical forms of any Boolean function are a "sum of minterms" and a "product of maxterms." The term "Sum of Products" (SoP or SOP) is widely used for the canonical form that is a disjunction (OR) of minterms. Its De Morgan dual is a "Product of Sums" (PoS or POS) for the canonical form that is a conjunction (AND) of maxterms. These forms can be useful for the simplification of these functions, which is of great importance in the optimization of Boolean formulas in general and digital circuits in particular.
In Nyaya (Generality or common features) school of Hinduism, there is extensive debate on what Guna means, and whether quality is innate, subjective or describable. Early scholars of this school identified 17 qualities, which later scholars expanded to 24 . Different scholars of this school list the 24 differently; for example, Bhasarvajna disallows 6 of the 24 commonly accepted by the ancient scholars. The most commonly accepted list is: color, taste, smell, touch, number, contact, disjunction, farness, nearness, dimension, separateness, knowledge, pleasure, frustration, desire, hatred, effort, weight, fluidity, viscosity, dispositional tendency, merit, demerit, and sound.
Cain at the Eden Mills Writers' Festival in 2013 Stephen Cain (born 1970) is a Canadian poet and academic. In his three books of poetry Cain demonstrates an interest in various poetic forms including sound poetry and concrete poetry, as well as constraint-based writing and procedural poetics. Avant-garde movements, such as Language Poetry and Oulipo, appear to be influences on his writing and his work is marked by frequent use of alliteration, pun, and disjunction. In content, his poetry often mixes pop culture with literary theory and political concerns.
Although the use of "syllable" is inaccurate, it sometimes happens that the syllable count and the on count match in Japanese-language haiku. The disjunction between syllables and on becomes clearer when counting sounds in English-language versions of Japanese poetic forms, such as haiku in English. An English syllable may contain one, two or three morae and, because English word sounds are not readily representable in hiragana, a single syllable may require many more ji to be transliterated into hiragana. There is disagreement among linguists as to the definitions of "syllable" and "mora".
Event- rule systems (ER) use a similar notation to implement a restricted subset of petri net functionality in which there are transitions and arcs, but no places. This means that the baseline ER system lacks choice as implemented by conditional splits and merges in a petri net and disjunction implemented by conditional merges. The baseline ER system also doesn't allow feedback. While petri nets are used to model the circuit logic, an ER system models the timing and execution trace of the circuit, recording the delays and dependencies of each transition.
Prior to arriving on Earth, the Solomons had some sort of contest to determine who would be male or female (their species makes no such differentiation). Sally, a highly trained, decorated, combined combat specialist/military tactician, became the woman, something she found to her disliking, at least at first. Being in a body that was driven by stereotypical sitcom-female archetypes, Sally's innate penchant for violence was often at odds with the prejudices and natural tendencies associated with her sex. From this disjunction, most of the humor with her character is derived.
From probability theory the disjunction of two events is at least as likely as either of the events individually. For example, the probability of being either a physics or biology major is at least as likely as being a physics major, if not more likely. However, when a personality description (data) seems to be very representative of a physics major (e.g., pocket protector) over a biology major, people judge that it is more likely for this person to be a physics major than a natural sciences major (which is a superset of physics).
Binary union is an associative operation; that is, for any sets A, B, and C, :A \cup (B \cup C) = (A \cup B) \cup C. The operations can be performed in any order, and the parentheses may be omitted without ambiguity (i.e., either of the above can be expressed equivalently as A ∪ B ∪ C). Similarly, union is commutative, so the sets can be written in any order. The empty set is an identity element for the operation of union. That is, A ∪ ∅ = A, for any set A. This follows from analogous facts about logical disjunction.
The Brandberg lies within the Karroo-Namib floristic region and few members of the Cape flora are represented. A checklist of 357 species was published in 1974 by Bertil Nordenstam stating that 11 taxa are endemic to the Brandberg, with a further 28 species endemic to the Kaoko element. A large and significant group of species has a disjunction between the Karroo-Namib region in the south, and the arid parts of north-east Africa. These appear to be remnants of a hypothesised arid-track joining the two areas.
The subfamily Betoideae is regarded as a monophyletic taxon, if Acroglochin is excluded. The age of the subfamily seems to be relatively old, originating during the Early Oligocene Glacial Maximum, estimated 48.6-35.4 million years ago They early diversified into genera about 32.5 million years ago. The extant genera show narrow distributions in distant geographic regions, which may have resulted from speciation by isolation and following extinction events. The areals of Aphanisma in California and Oreobliton in North-Africa are interpreted als remnants from a Beringian ancestor, the disjunction circa 15.4-9.2 million years ago.
The unit ⊤ of additive conjunction can be seen as a wastebasket for unneeded resources. For example, we can write to express that with three dollars you can get a candy bar and some other stuff, without being more specific (for example, chips and a drink, or $2, or $1 and chips, etc.). Additive disjunction represents alternative occurrence of resources, the choice of which the machine controls. For example, suppose the vending machine permits gambling: insert a dollar and the machine may dispense a candy bar, a packet of chips, or a soft drink.
From this, Eddington inferred that a materialistic metaphysics was outmoded and that, in consequence, since the disjunction of materialism or idealism are assumed to be exhaustive, an idealistic metaphysics is required. The second, and more interesting argument, was based on Eddington's epistemology, and may be regarded as consisting of two parts. First, all we know of the objective world is its structure, and the structure of the objective world is precisely mirrored in our own consciousness. We therefore have no reason to doubt that the objective world too is "mind-stuff".
Venn diagrams for the Boolean operations of conjunction, disjunction, and complement Since the join operation ∨ in a Boolean algebra is often written additively, it makes sense in this context to denote ring addition by ⊕, a symbol that is often used to denote exclusive or. Given a Boolean ring R, for x and y in R we can define :x ∧ y = xy, :x ∨ y = x ⊕ y ⊕ xy, :¬x = 1 ⊕ x. These operations then satisfy all of the axioms for meets, joins, and complements in a Boolean algebra. Thus every Boolean ring becomes a Boolean algebra.
Dorsetensia is similar in general form to the genus Witchellia, to the point that it had been regarded as a subgenus of the latter or as subgenera of Soninnia along with Witchellia. The prevailing consensus is these are three distinct genera with Dorsetensia and Witchellia distinguished by shell morphology and stratigraphic disjunction. Witchellia is from the middle Lower Bajocian Laeviuscula subzone, Sowebvyi Zone and has a distinct tabulate venter even in smooth involute forms. Dorsetensia is from the middle Bajocian Humphriesianum Zone and has a narrow fastigate (pitched roof) venter.
Attempts of formal treatment of mathematics had started with Leibniz and Lambert (1728–1777), and continued with works by algebraists such as George Peacock (1791–1858). Systematic mathematical treatments of logic came with the British mathematician George Boole (1847) who devised an algebra that soon evolved into what is now called Boolean algebra, in which the only numbers were 0 and 1 and logical combinations (conjunction, disjunction, implication and negation) are operations similar to the addition and multiplication of integers. Additionally, De Morgan published his laws in 1847. Logic thus became a branch of mathematics.
In biblical studies, paradiastole is a type of anaphora (the repetition of one word at the beginning of successive sentences). Paradiastole uses a few words—either, or, neither, not, and nor—used as disjunctions.Figures of Speech used in the Bible , page 2 A disjunction differs from a conjunction because it separates things, whereas a conjunction joins them. An example of this technique can be found in the Gospel of John, clarifying the meaning of τέκνα θεοῦ (God's children): :οἳ [πιστεύοντες] :οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων :οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς :οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς :ἀλλ' ἐκ θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν.
Later authors changed the interpretation, commonly reading it as exclusive or, or in set theory terms symmetric difference; this step means that addition is always defined. In fact, there is the other possibility, that + should be read as disjunction. This other possibility extends from the disjoint union case, where exclusive or and non-exclusive or both give the same answer. Handling this ambiguity was an early problem of the theory, reflecting the modern use of both Boolean rings and Boolean algebras (which are simply different aspects of one type of structure).
In universal algebra, a quasi-identity is an implication of the form :s1 = t1 ∧ … ∧ sn = tn → s = t where s1, ..., sn, t1, ..., tn, s, and t are terms built up from variables using the operation symbols of the specified signature. A quasi-identity amount to a conditional equation for which the conditions themselves are equations. Alternatively, it can be seen as a disjunction of equations s1 = t1 ∨ ... ∨ sn = tn ∨ s = t. A quasi-identity for which n = 0 is an ordinary identity or equation, whence quasi-identities are a generalization of identities.
There are two main kinds of movement: conjugate movement (the eyes move in the same direction) and disjunctive (opposite directions). The former is typical when shifting gaze right or left, the latter is convergence of the two eyes on a near object. Disjunction can be performed voluntarily, but is usually triggered by the nearness of the target object. A "see-saw" movement, namely, one eye looking up and the other down, is possible, but not voluntarily; this effect is brought on by putting a prism in front of one eye, so the relevant image is apparently displaced.
Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, set inclusion, and the empty set. The principles of Leibniz's logic and, arguably, of his whole philosophy, reduce to two: # All our ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas, which form the alphabet of human thought. # Complex ideas proceed from these simple ideas by a uniform and symmetrical combination, analogous to arithmetical multiplication. The formal logic that emerged early in the 20th century also requires, at minimum, unary negation and quantified variables ranging over some universe of discourse.
Whereas expressions denote mainly numbers in elementary algebra, in Boolean algebra, they denote the truth values false and true. These values are represented with the bits (or binary digits), namely 0 and 1. They do not behave like the integers 0 and 1, for which 1 + 1 = 2, but may be identified with the elements of the two-element field GF(2), that is, integer arithmetic modulo 2, for which 1 + 1 = 0. Addition and multiplication then play the Boolean roles of XOR (exclusive-or) and AND (conjunction), respectively, with disjunction x∨y (inclusive-or) definable as x + y - xy.
The second diagram represents disjunction x∨y by shading those regions that lie inside either or both circles. The third diagram represents complement ¬x by shading the region not inside the circle. While we have not shown the Venn diagrams for the constants 0 and 1, they are trivial, being respectively a white box and a dark box, neither one containing a circle. However we could put a circle for x in those boxes, in which case each would denote a function of one argument, x, which returns the same value independently of x, called a constant function.
PDP's direct roots were the perceptron theories of researchers such as Frank Rosenblatt from the 1950s and 1960s. But perceptron models were made very unpopular by the book Perceptrons by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, published in 1969. It demonstrated the limits on the sorts of functions that single-layered (no hidden layer) perceptrons can calculate, showing that even simple functions like the exclusive disjunction (XOR) could not be handled properly. The PDP books overcame this limitation by showing that multi-level, non-linear neural networks were far more robust and could be used for a vast array of functions.
Thus, swapping left for right in a sequent corresponds to negating all of the constituent formulae. This means that a symmetry such as De Morgan's laws, which manifests itself as logical negation on the semantic level, translates directly into a left-right symmetry of sequents — and indeed, the inference rules in sequent calculus for dealing with conjunction (∧) are mirror images of those dealing with disjunction (∨). Many logicians feel that this symmetric presentation offers a deeper insight in the structure of the logic than other styles of proof system, where the classical duality of negation is not as apparent in the rules.
Alexander Laing (13 June 1752 – 10 September 1823)Alexander Laing at ScottishArchirects.org.uk was a Scottish architect who was mainly involved in house and castle design. Peterhead's Old Parish Church, one of Laing's designs It is believed Laing trained as a stonemason, but later worked as an architect, based in Edinburgh;A Treatise on the Law of Scotland, respecting the Erection, Union, and Disjunction of Parishes; the Manses and Glebes of the Parochial Clergy, and the Patronage of Churches - Sir John Connell (1818) his work is first listed as a mason in the Edinburgh directories of 1774.
Resurrection of Jesus, Matthias Grünewald McGinn's emphasis on the transformation that occurs through mystical activity relates to this idea of "presence" instead of "experience": Other critics point out that the stress on "experience" is accompanied by favoring the atomic individual, instead of the shared life on the community. It also fails to distinguish between episodic experience, and mysticism as a process that is embedded in a total religious matrix of liturgy, scripture, worship, virtues, theology, rituals and practices. Richard King also points to disjunction between "mystical experience" and social justice: Transformation has particular importance in the theology of Origen.
Evidence that the representativeness heuristic may cause the disjunction fallacy comes from Bar-Hillel and Neter (1993). They found that people judge a person who is highly representative of being a statistics major (e.g., highly intelligent, does math competitions) as being more likely to be a statistics major than a social sciences major (superset of statistics), but they do not think that he is more likely to be a Hebrew language major than a humanities major (superset of Hebrew language). Thus, only when the person seems highly representative of a category is that category judged as more probable than its superordinate category.
A karyotype is the set of chromosomes in an organism and the suffix -somy is used to name aneuploid karyotypes. This is not to be confused with the suffix -ploidy, referring to the number of complete sets of chromosomes. Polysomy is usually caused by non-disjunction (the failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate) during meiosis, but may also be due to a translocation mutation (a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes). Polysomy is found in many diseases, including Down syndrome in humans where affected individuals possess three copies (trisomy) of chromosome 21.
This installation uses computer codes to create endless flows of random images which will never be accessible for viewing. Interactive installation/CIM series (computer, audience cell phones, video projector), Art Palace, Cairo, 2008. — the possibility of delegating his artistic action to the infinite time of the machine, such as in his Programmed Machines. From the beginning (1988), this series introduced the concept of infinity into his work,. and focused on "the experience of the disproportion (and disjunction) between artist and the artwork, which is made possible by computer-based technologies";Maurizio Bolognini (2008), Postdigitale, Rome: Carocci Editore, p. 24.
This has been interpreted as disjunction and reassembly of an originally contiguous ribbon of nickel sulfide ore by structure. Mariners is renowned for its extremely high arsenic contents, with common arsenopyrite, nickeline, gersdorffite and other arseno-sulfide minerals common in the ore during the earlier years of mining. This has, at times, restricted the output from the Mariners mine due to the need to blend Mariners ore with lower arsenic feedstock to avoid penalties for excessive arsenic. Similar to the Miitel orebody, Mariners is hosted in a strongly talc-carbonated komatiite, though magnesium contents are higher favoring a more talc-magnesite assemblage.
In 1971, Knudson published the 2-hit hypothesis for mutation and cancer based on statistical analysis of inherited and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma. He postulated that retinoblastoma developed as a consequence of two mutations; one of which could be inherited or somatic followed by a second somatic mutation. Cytogenetic studies localized the region to the long arm of chromosome 13, and molecular genetic studies demonstrated that tumorigenesis was associated with chromosomal mechanisms, such as mitotic recombination or non-disjunction, that could lead to homozygosity of the mutation. The retinoblastoma gene was the first tumor suppressor gene to be cloned in 1986.
Seattle Central Library by Rem Koolhaas and OMA The term Deconstructivism in contemporary architecture is opposed to the ordered rationality of Modernism and Postmodernism. Though postmodernist and nascent deconstructivist architects both published in the journal Oppositions (published between 1973 and 1984), that journal's contents mark a decisive break between the two movements. Deconstructivism took a confrontational stance to architectural history, wanting to "disassemble" architecture.Tschumi, Architecture and Disjunction While postmodernism returned to embrace the historical references that modernism had shunned, possibly ironically, deconstructivism rejected the postmodern acceptance of such references, as well as the idea of ornament as an after-thought or decoration.
The genus has traditionally been considered as divided into a number of sections, but molecular phylogenetic studies reveals that these morphologically defined subdivisions are not monophyletic. Subdivision is best considered in terms of clades (A–D), corresponding to biogeography, with the main divisions being Old World (clades C, D) and New World (clade B) with the exception of S. aspera, that appears to be sister to all other species (clade A) and has a tri-continental disjunction. Section Smilax includes "woody", prickly vines of temperate North America, for example cat greenbrier (S. glauca) and common greenbrier (S. rotundifolia).
Prior to 1927 Boolean algebra had been considered a calculus of logical values with logical operations of conjunction, disjunction, negation, etc. Zhegalkin showed that all Boolean operations could be written as ordinary numeric polynomials, thinking of the logical constants 0 and 1 as integers mod 2. The logical operation of conjunction is realized as the arithmetic operation of multiplication xy, and logical exclusive-or as arithmetic addition mod 2, (written here as x⊕y to avoid confusion with the common use of + as a synonym for inclusive-or ∨). Logical complement ¬x is then derived from 1 and ⊕ as x⊕1.
Thus rule 2' (unlike rule 2) entails, e.g., that if 'p' is a well-formed formula (wff) of L, then '~p' is a well-formed formula (wff) of L. Similarly, we could not define a language with disjunction by adding this rule: :2.5. If φ and ψ are well- formed formulas (wffs) of L, then '(φ v ψ)' is a well-formed formula (wff) of L. But instead: :2.5'. If φ and ψ are well-formed formulas (wffs) of L, then ⌜(φ v ψ)⌝ is a well-formed formula (wff) of L. The quasi-quotation marks here are interpreted just the same.
As Richard Townsend states, "the Aztecs drew on ancient artistic themes to associate themselves with the great traditions of Mesoamerican antiquary." In "State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan", Townsend explores whether Aztec sculpture maintains continuity with or diverges from sculpture of the past. Townsend states, > "The Mexica formed an art that would help to integrate their realm > ideologically, and that would simultaneously serve to affirm the Mexica as > legitimate successors to the great nations of the past." Townsend explores the dichotomy between continuity and disjunction by comparing Aztec warrior figures to Toltec Atlantean figures.
Robert A. Segal writes, "It is the disjunction between Bettelheim's up-to-date approach to fairy tales and his old-fashioned approach to myths that is striking."Theorizing About Myth, Robert Alan Segal, University of Massachusetts Press, 1999, page 61. The Uses of Enchantment has been cited as an influence in many subsequent works that utilise fairy tales in adult terms, including the 2011 Catherine Hardwicke film Red Riding Hood and the 2014 fantasy horror film Red Kingdom Rising. It was claimed by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine as the inspiration for their 1986 musical Into the Woods.
Converse and composition distribute over disjunction: :B8: (A∨B)˘ = A˘∨B˘ :B9: (A∨B)•C = (A•C)∨(B•C) B10 is Tarski's equational form of the fact, discovered by Augustus De Morgan, that A•B ≤ C− A˘•C ≤ B− C•B˘ ≤ A−. :B10: (A˘•(A•B)−)∨B− = B− These axioms are ZFC theorems; for the purely Boolean B1-B3, this fact is trivial. After each of the following axioms is shown the number of the corresponding theorem in Chapter 3 of Suppes (1960), an exposition of ZFC: B4 27, B5 45, B6 14, B7 26, B8 16, B9 23.
Specifically, Storing challenged "the radical disjunction between deciding what to do (politics determining the end) and actually carrying it out (administration fixing the means)."Toward a More Perfect Union, p. 11 In respect to the American constitutional order in particular, Storing argued (contrary to many scholars of constitutional law and the American founding) that founders such as Hamilton and Madison had a developed sense of robust administration and that the constitutive choices they made in framing the architecture of the American regime prefigured and set in motion what many today call "big government."Toward a More Perfect Union, pp.
Bykert Gallery, in New York, which also represented Chuck Close and Brice Marden, began showing her work in 1970. Rockburne’s series of installations, Set Theories, included works such as Intersection, which attempted to merge two of her other pieces of art (Group and Disjunction) to illustrate the mathematical concept of intersection. The series later led to her experimentation with new concepts and materials, such as Gold Section and carbon paper. In 2011, a retrospective exhibition of her work was shown at the Parrish Art Museum in Water Mill, N.Y., and in 2013, the Museum of Modern Art hosted a solo show of her drawings.
The prototypical apartness relation is that of the real numbers: two real numbers are said to be apart if there exists (one can construct) a rational number between them. In other words, real numbers x and y are apart if there exists a rational number z such that x < z < y or y < z < x. The natural apartness relation of the real numbers is then the disjunction of its natural pseudo-order. The complex numbers, real vector spaces, and indeed any metric space then naturally inherit the apartness relation of the real numbers, even though they do not come equipped with any natural ordering.
It has been hypothesized that this species is migratory within its range, either travelling from its native stream to headwaters for spawning, or existing in metapopulations with the springs serving as both sources for the stream localities and as refugia. It has also been observed that adult flame chubs may aggregate in flooded fields and pastures for spawning. Due to the fragile nature of springs and their tributaries, human expansion has caused further disjunction in the range of this already narrow endemic species. As of 2014, IUCN considers this species to be Near Threatened due to ongoing threats from introduced non-native fish species and human habitat alteration.
In the two-valued logic, the conjunction and the disjunction operations satisfy the De Morgan's law: p∧q≡¬(¬p∨¬q), and its dual: p∨q≡¬(¬p∧¬q)). For the two-valued vector logic this Law is also verified: ::C(u\otimes v)=ND(Nu\otimes Nv), where u and v are two logic vectors. The Kronecker product implies the following factorization: ::C(u\otimes v)=ND(N\otimes N)(u\otimes v). Then it can be proved that in the two–dimensional vector logic the De Morgan's law is a law involving operators, and not only a law concerning operations:Mizraji, E. (1996) The operators of vector logic.
In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles: :A \oplus 0 = A, :A \oplus A = 0, :(A \oplus B) \oplus C = A \oplus (B \oplus C), :(B \oplus A) \oplus A = B \oplus 0 = B, where \oplus denotes the exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation. This operation is sometimes called modulus 2 addition (or subtraction, which is identical). With this logic, a string of text can be encrypted by applying the bitwise XOR operator to every character using a given key. To decrypt the output, merely reapplying the XOR function with the key will remove the cipher.
Klinefelter Syndrome One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter Syndrome, affecting 1 out of 500–1000 newborn males Klinefelter Syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. This extra chromosome directly affects sexual development before birth and during puberty (links to learning disabilities and speech development have also been shown to be affected).
Acropolis Museum Tschumi's critical understanding of architecture remains at the core of his practice today. By arguing that there is no space without event, he designs conditions for a reinvention of living, rather than repeating established aesthetic or symbolic conditions of design. Through these means architecture becomes a frame for "constructed situations," a notion informed by the theory, city mappings and urban designs of the Situationist International. Responding to the absence of ethical structure and the disjunction between use, form, and social values by which he characterizes the postmodern condition, Tschumi's design research encourages a wide range of narratives and ambiences to emerge and to self organize.
While the other three pathways, involving proteins MUS81-MMS4, SLX1 and YEN1, respectively, can promote Holliday junction resolution in vivo, absence of all three nucleases has only a modest impact on formation of crossover products. Double mutants deleted for both MLH3 (major pathway) and MMS4 (minor pathway) showed dramatically reduced crossing over compared to wild-type (6- to 17-fold); however spore viability was reasonably high (62%) and chromosomal disjunction appeared mostly functional. Although MUS81 is a component of a minor crossover pathway in the meiosis of budding yeast, plants and vertebrates, in the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, MUS81 appears to be part of an essential, if not the predominant crossover pathway.
See Chapter 3, "The First Myth of 'Or'": The exclusive disjunction of a pair of propositions, (p, q), is supposed to mean that p is true or q is true, but not both. For example, it might be argued that the normal intention of a statement like "You may have coffee, or you may have tea" is to stipulate that exactly one of the conditions can be true. Certainly under some circumstances a sentence like this example should be taken as forbidding the possibility of one's accepting both options. In English, the construct "either ... or" is usually used to indicate exclusive or and "or" generally used for inclusive.
One application of Boolean algebra is digital circuit design. The goal may be to minimize the number of gates, to minimize the settling time, etc. There are sixteen possible functions of two variables, but in digital logic hardware, the simplest gate circuits implement only four of them: conjunction (AND), disjunction (inclusive OR), and the respective complements of those (NAND and NOR). Most gate circuits accept more than 2 input variables; for example, the spaceborne Apollo Guidance Computer, which pioneered the application of integrated circuits in the 1960s, was built with only one type of gate, a 3-input NOR, whose output is true only when all 3 inputs are false.
Menodora longiflora has occasionally been treated as the monotypic genus Menodoropsis (Small, 1903) due to the extraordinary length of its corolla tube (to nearly 6 cm, as opposed to typical lengths of 0.3 to 0.7 cm in most other species), but based on both morphological and molecular data it plainly belongs within Menodora. Small took the name for the genus from one of the sections of the Menodora recognized by Asa Gray (1852). Neither the sectional classification of Gray (1852) nor Steyermark (1932) have been upheld by recent molecular studies. One of the more distinctive things about this genus is the pattern of disjunction or non-continuous distribution.
Subjectivity is in part a particular experience or organization of reality, which includes how one views and interacts with humanity, objects, consciousness, and nature, so the difference between different cultures brings about an alternate experience of existence that forms life in a different manner. A common effect on an individual of this disjunction between subjectivities is culture shock, where the subjectivity of the other culture is considered alien and possibly incomprehensible or even hostile. Political subjectivity is an emerging concept in social sciences and humanities. Political subjectivity is a reference to the deep embeddedness of subjectivity in the socially intertwined systems of power and meaning.
Although most of the people involved in the informal sector are aware of their subordinate economic roles in a larger global system, handicraft vendors continue to 'perform' for Western tourists in order to make their cultural commodities and 'goods' appear to be more 'authentic' and receive tourist capital. This disjunction between public performance and daily life is a perpetual reality for many Maya people living and working in Central America. Heritage tourism excursions tend to be associated with one ethnic group in a given locality. In this context, topic and place becomes the defining characteristic of a people to the exclusion of other perspectives.
Of Gray's many works on botany, the most popular was his Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and South to Ohio and Pennsylvania Inclusive, known today simply as Gray's Manual. Gray was the sole author of the first five editions of the book and co-author of the sixth, with botanical illustrations by Isaac Sprague. Further editions have been published, and it remains a standard in the field. Gray also worked extensively on a phenomenon that is now called the "Asa Gray disjunction", namely, the surprising morphological similarities between many eastern Asian and eastern North American plants.
Cao's second novel, The Lotus and the Storm, was published by Viking Press in August 2014. Viking describes the novel as "the first in-depth portrait of the Vietnam War from a Vietnamese-American point of view; it is an intimate, universally human story, epic in scope, about the entwined paths of Americans and Vietnamese. It explores the ways in which love and connection heal trauma; and how the deeper story of war is always one of relationships." As in Monkey Bridge, The Lotus and the Storm deals with disjunction, war, trauma, loss, lives exiled, and the continuing weight of the past on the present.
The Stargate device sets apart SG-1 from other science fiction shows by allowing modern-day people to travel to other planets in an instant, although scholar Dave Hipple argued that SG-1 "also deploys [science fiction] stereotypes both to acknowledge forebears and to position itself as a deserving heir". With the help of the central Stargate device, the premise of Stargate SG-1 combines ancient cultures, present-day political and social concerns, aliens and advanced technologies. Near- instantaneous interplanetary travel allows a fundamental difference in plot structure and set design from other series. There is a disjunction between politics on Earth and the realities of fighting an interstellar war.
In mathematics, a read-once function is a special type of Boolean function that can be described by a Boolean expression in which each variable appears only once. More precisely, the expression is required to use only the operations of logical conjunction, logical disjunction, and negation. By applying De Morgan's laws, such an expression can be transformed into one in which negation is used only on individual variables (still with each variable appearing only once). By replacing each negated variable with a new positive variable representing its negation, such a function can be transformed into an equivalent positive read-once Boolean function, represented by a read-once expression without negations.
Either the CNF formula Φ is found to comprise a consistent set of literals--that is, there is no `l` and `¬l` for any literal `l` in the formula. If this is the case, the variables can be trivially satisfied by setting them to the respective polarity of the encompassing literal in the valuation. Otherwise, when the formula contains an empty clause, the clause is vacuously false because a disjunction requires at least one member that is true for the overall set to be true. In this case, the existence of such a clause implies that the formula (evaluated as a conjunction of all clauses) cannot evaluate to true and must be unsatisfiable.
In the classical propositional calculus, the Law of Contraposition p → q ≡ ¬q → ¬p is proved because the equivalence holds for all the possible combinations of truth-values of p and q.Suppes, P. (1957) Introduction to Logic, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Instead, in vector logic, the law of contraposition emerges from a chain of equalities within the rules of matrix algebra and Kronecker products, as shown in what follows: ::L(u\otimes v)=D(N\otimes I)(u\otimes v)=D(Nu\otimes v)=D(Nu\otimes NNv)= :: D(NNv\otimes Nu)=D(N\otimes I)(Nv\otimes Nu)=L(Nv\otimes Nu) This result is based in the fact that D, the disjunction matrix, represents a commutative operation.
But the conclusion, considered by itself and with the possible authors not limited to just Shakespeare and Hobbes, is dubious, because if Shakespeare is ruled out as _Hamlet_ 's author, there are many more plausible alternatives than Hobbes. The general form of McGee-type counterexamples to modus ponens is simply P, P \rightarrow (Q \rightarrow R), therefore Q \rightarrow R; it is not essential that P be a disjunction, as in the example given. That these kinds of cases constitute failures of modus ponens remains a minority view among logicians, but opinions vary on how the cases should be disposed of.Sinnott-Armstrong, Moor, and Fogelin (1986). "A Defense of Modus Ponens", The Journal of Philosophy 83, 296–300.
Some Muslim scholars have tried to reconcile and resolve the "disjunction between Quranic egalitarianism and Indian Muslim social practice" through theorizing it in different ways and interpreting the Quran and Sharia to justify casteism. While some scholars theorize that Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as that among Hindus, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar argued otherwise, arguing the social evils in Muslim society were "worse than those seen in Hindu society". He was critical of Ashraf antipathy towards the Ajlaf and Arzal and attempts to palliate sectarian divisions. He condemned the Indian Muslim community of being unable to reform like Muslims in other countries such as Turkey did during the early decades of the twentieth century.
The Boolean domain {0, 1} can be replaced by the unit interval , in which case rather than only taking values 0 or 1, any value between and including 0 and 1 can be assumed. Algebraically, negation (NOT) is replaced with 1-x, conjunction (AND) is replaced with multiplication (xy), and disjunction (OR) is defined via De Morgan's law to be 1-(1-x)(1-y). Interpreting these values as logical truth values yields a multi-valued logic, which forms the basis for fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic. In these interpretations, a value is interpreted as the "degree" of truth – to what extent a proposition is true, or the probability that the proposition is true.
In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs. As a canonical normal form, it is useful in automated theorem proving and circuit theory. All conjunctions of literals and all disjunctions of literals are in CNF, as they can be seen as conjunctions of one-literal clauses and conjunctions of a single clause, respectively. As in the disjunctive normal form (DNF), the only propositional connectives a formula in CNF can contain are and, or, and not.
In logic, the unit interval [0,1] can be interpreted as a generalization of the Boolean domain {0,1}, in which case rather than only taking values 0 or 1, any value between and including 0 and 1 can be assumed. Algebraically, negation (NOT) is replaced with 1-x ; conjunction (AND) is replaced with multiplication (xy); and disjunction (OR) is defined, per De Morgan's laws, as 1-(1-x)(1-y) . Interpreting these values as logical truth values yields a multi-valued logic, which forms the basis for fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic. In these interpretations, a value is interpreted as the "degree" of truth – to what extent a proposition is true, or the probability that the proposition is true.
In mathematical logic, a formula is in negation normal form if the negation operator (\lnot, ) is only applied to variables and the only other allowed Boolean operators are conjunction (\land, ) and disjunction (\lor, ). Negation normal form is not a canonical form: for example, a \land (b\lor \lnot c) and (a \land b) \lor (a \land \lnot c) are equivalent, and are both in negation normal form. In classical logic and many modal logics, every formula can be brought into this form by replacing implications and equivalences by their definitions, using De Morgan's laws to push negation inwards, and eliminating double negations. This process can be represented using the following rewrite rules (Handbook of Automated Reasoning 1, p.
Zellweger’s contribution to the field of logic is best demonstrated through his development of the X-stem Logic Alphabet (XLA). The XLA notation is a highly advanced extension of both Charles Sanders Peirce’s box-X notation (1902) and Warren Sturgis McCulloch’s dot-X notation (1942). It could be said that XLA (1961–62) is the evolutionary product of the comprehensive work of Peirce, McCulloch, and Zellweger, or PMZ as an acronym. The standard notation used today (dot Logical conjunction, vee Logical disjunction, horseshoe Material conditional representing and, or, if) is a lingering, overly abstract, unsystematically selected set of symbols that was primarily developed and used by Peano, Whitehead, and Russell, or by common acronym PWR.
Moreover, the search can be carried out sequentially, one node at a time, or in parallel, many nodes simultaneously. SLD resolution is also non-deterministic in the sense, mentioned earlier, that the selection rule is not determined by the inference rule, but is determined by a separate decision procedure, which can be sensitive to the dynamics of the program execution process. The SLD resolution search space is an or-tree, in which different branches represent alternative computations. In the case of propositional logic programs, SLD can be generalised so that the search space is an and-or tree, whose nodes are labelled by single literals, representing subgoals, and nodes are joined either by conjunction or by disjunction.
The woody plants of the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom include conifers in the families Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and the subfamily Callitroideae of Cupressaceae, and angiosperms such as the families Proteaceae, Griseliniaceae, Cunoniaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Winteraceae, and genera like southern beech (Nothofagus) and fuchsia (Fuchsia). Many other families of flowering plants and ferns, including the tree fern Dicksonia, are characteristic of the Antarctic flora. In the past Tasmania was omitted since its plant species are more closely related to those found in the Australian Floristic Kingdom. Good noted, as had Joseph Dalton Hooker much earlier, that many plant species of Antarctica, temperate South America and New Zealand were very closely related, despite their disjunction by the vast Southern Ocean.
Since ∧ and ¬ form a sufficient basis for the whole of Boolean algebra, meaning that all other logical operations are obtainable as composites of these basic operations, it follows that the polynomials of ordinary algebra can represent all Boolean operations, allowing Boolean reasoning to be performed reliably by appealing to the familiar laws of elementary algebra without the distraction of the differences from high school algebra that arise with disjunction in place of addition mod 2. An example application is the representation of the Boolean 2-out-of-3 threshold or median operation as the Zhegalkin polynomial xy⊕yz⊕zx, which is 1 when at least two of the variables are 1 and 0 otherwise.
Distribution of Banksia rosserae Banksia rosserae is known only from an area south-south-east of Mount Magnet in inland Western Australia. There are 27 plants known, all occurring within a radius of about 20 kilometres (12 mi). The area is around 200 kilometres (125 mi) from where other Banksia species are known to occur, representing "a significant extension of range into the arid zone and a significant geographic disjunction for the genus." Although most of the land around Mount Magnet has the heavy clay soil and Acacia aneura (Mulga) scrub common throughout semi-arid Western Australia, the area on which B. rosserae occurs is unusual in having deep yellow sand and laterite.
Acromion-clavicle disjunction (left shoulder) — note that the shoulder is lower and the "piano key"; the scar on the photograph and the screws on the radiography are ostheosynthesis material from a former trauma repair, without any connection with the present trauma. Separated shoulders often occur in people who participate in sports such as football, soccer, horseback riding, hockey, lacrosse, parkour, combat sports, rowing, rugby, snowboarding, skateboarding, crack the whip, cycling, roller derby and wrestling. The separation is classified into 6 types, with 1 through 3 increasing in severity, and 4 through 6 being the most severe. The most common mechanism of injury is a fall on the tip of the shoulder or also a fall on an outstretched hand.
These, in turn, open the way for the enhancement of working memory capacity, which subsequently opens the way for development in inferential processes, and the development of the various specialized domains through the reorganization of domain-specific skills, strategies, and knowledge and the acquisition of new ones. There are top-down effects as well. That is, general inference patterns, such as implication (if ... then inferences), or disjunction (either ... or inferences), are constructed by mapping domain-specific inference patterns onto each other through the hypercognitive process of metarepresentation. Metarepresentation is the primary top-down mechanism of cognitive change which looks for, codifies, and typifies similarities between mental experiences (past or present) to enhance understanding and problem-solving efficiency.
Othello,"Othello: The Erring Barbarian among the Supersubtle Venetians," Southwest Review, Summer 1990 King Lear,"King Lear: The Tragic Disjunction of Wisdom and Power," in Shakespeare's Political Pageant, ed. Joseph Alulis and Vickie Sullivan (1996); "Nature and Convention in King Lear," in Poets, Princes, & Private Citizens: Literary Alternatives to Postmodern Politics, eds. Joseph Knippenberg and Peter Lawler, Rowman & Littlefield, 1996; "On Sitting Down to Read King Lears Once Again: The Textual Deconstruction of Shakespeare," in The Flight From Science and Reason, eds. Paul Gross, Norman Levitt, and Martin Lewis, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997 Timon of Athens,"Timon of Athens: The Corrupt City and the Origins of Philosophy," IN-BETWEEN: Essays and Studies in Literary Criticism, 4.1.
In most logical systems, one proves a statement of the form "P iff Q" by proving either "if P, then Q" and "if Q, then P", or "if P, then Q" and "if not-P, then not-Q". Proving these pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in which one would infer a biconditional directly. An alternative is to prove the disjunction "(P and Q) or (not-P and not-Q)", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts—that is, because "iff" is truth-functional, "P iff Q" follows if P and Q have been shown to be both true, or both false.
Catullus 2 is addressed directly to the bird ("with you") and describes its loving, playful relationship with the poet's girlfriend. By contrast, Catullus 2b mentions neither bird nor girlfriend, introducing a simile to the story of Atalanta, and seems to be written in the third person ("it is as welcome to me"), although some scholars have suggested that the text was corrupted from the second person ("you are as welcome to me"). The disjunction between Catullus 2 and 2b was first noted by Aquiles Estaço (Achilles Statius) in 1566; however, the first printed edition to show a lacuna between poems 2 and 2b (by the editor Karl Lachmann) appeared quite late, in 1829. Lachmann's separation of 2 and 2b has been followed by most subsequent editors.
Algebra being a fundamental tool in any area amenable to mathematical treatment, these considerations combine to make the algebra of two values of fundamental importance to computer hardware, mathematical logic, and set theory. Two-valued logic can be extended to multi- valued logic, notably by replacing the Boolean domain {0, 1} with the unit interval [0,1], in which case rather than only taking values 0 or 1, any value between and including 0 and 1 can be assumed. Algebraically, negation (NOT) is replaced with 1 − x, conjunction (AND) is replaced with multiplication (xy), and disjunction (OR) is defined via De Morgan's law. Interpreting these values as logical truth values yields a multi-valued logic, which forms the basis for fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic.
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. Instead of elementary algebra, where the values of the variables are numbers and the prime operations are addition and multiplication, the main operations of Boolean algebra are the conjunction (and) denoted as ∧, the disjunction (or) denoted as ∨, and the negation (not) denoted as ¬. It is thus a formalism for describing logical operations, in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations. Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847), and set forth more fully in his An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854).
76; , p. 74. This may be seen from the connection, described above, between median graphs and 2-satisfiability: let G be the graph of solutions to a 2-satisfiability instance; without loss of generality this instance can be formulated in such a way that no two variables are always equal or always unequal in every solution. Then the space of all truth assignments to the variables of this instance forms a hypercube. For each clause, formed as the disjunction of two variables or their complements, in the 2-satisfiability instance, one can form a retraction of the hypercube in which truth assignments violating this clause are mapped to truth assignments in which both variables satisfy the clause, without changing the other variables in the truth assignment.
Diane Johnson summarizes the apparent hypocrisies of California culture that Didion discusses in the book: > Like all California children, Didion had been fed the old stories of > California history, but when she eventually came to think about them, she > could see they didn't 'add up.' The disjunction between myth and reality was > too large, the basic paradoxes of the California psyche too obvious: > mistrust of government while feeding at the troughs of public works and > agricultural subsidies; unchecked commercial exploitation of natural > resources in the very footsteps of John Muir; the decline of education from > a place near the top of the nation to somewhere near that of Mississippi; > apathy, increasing rates of crime, and crime's related social > problems.Johnson, Diane. "False Promises".
In the second half of the last century, Paul K. Benedict raised a vocal critique of the Austric proposal, eventually calling it an 'extinct' proto-language. Hayes' lexical comparisons, which were presented as supporting evidence for Austric between 1992 and 2001, were criticized for the greater part as methodologically unsound by several reviewers. Robert Blust, a leading scholar in the field of Austronesian comparative linguistics, pointed out "the radical disjunction of morphological and lexical evidence" which characterizes the Austric proposal; while he accepts the morphological correspondences between Austronesian and Austroasiatic as possible evidence for a remote genetic relationship, he considers the lexical evidence unconvincing. A 2015 analysis using the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP) did not support the Austric hypothesis.
Apart from the more or less tightly integrated verb sequences from the previous section, there also exist a number of ways of combining full clauses into complex sentences. For example, a number of conjunctions can be used for joining clauses referring to events in a sequence: mati, na, mnan, or o: : Disjunction ('either, or') can be expressed with the negator fe. Subordinate clauses for purpose or cause are introduced with re 'in order to', mi 'so that', or ke 'because': : A relative clause is introduced by the relativiser ro: this is the same particle as the one used in possessive constructions (see above), and it may be related to the demonstrative re-. : Similar constructions are available for several kinds of subordinate adverbial clauses.
Associativity is a property of some logical connectives of truth-functional propositional logic. The following logical equivalences demonstrate that associativity is a property of particular connectives. The following are truth-functional tautologies. Associativity of disjunction: :((P \lor Q) \lor R) \leftrightarrow (P \lor (Q \lor R)) :(P \lor (Q \lor R)) \leftrightarrow ((P \lor Q) \lor R) Associativity of conjunction: :((P \land Q) \land R) \leftrightarrow (P \land (Q \land R)) :(P \land (Q \land R)) \leftrightarrow ((P \land Q) \land R) Associativity of equivalence: :((P \leftrightarrow Q) \leftrightarrow R) \leftrightarrow (P \leftrightarrow (Q \leftrightarrow R)) :(P \leftrightarrow (Q \leftrightarrow R)) \leftrightarrow ((P \leftrightarrow Q) \leftrightarrow R) Joint denial is an example of a truth functional connective that is not associative.
Some studies conducted at this regard, have been administrated by Cleghorn and Albert (1990), who strived to understand schizophrenia from multiple angles, such as neurobiology, neuropsychology, and cognitive science. They found that despite “individual modules of cognitive and emotional function may be intact in schizophrenia, messages are inappropriately sent to parts of the brain not specialized for the required information […]thus, “modular disjunction” of widely distributed neural systems develops, causing the signs and symptoms of schizophrenic psychosis.” Furthermore, Frith has predicted that the extent of mind-blindness depends on whether the objective/behavioural or subjective symptoms of ToM abilities prevail. Patients with the behavioural symptoms perform the poorest in ToM tasks, similar to autistic subjects, while patients displaying subjective/experiential symptoms have a ToM.
As a result, if a constraint satisfaction problem has the table on the left as its set of solutions, every relation can be expressed by projecting over a suitable set of variables. A way for trying to obtain this table as the set of solution is to place every possible constraint that is not violated by the required solutions. As an example, if the language contains the binary relation representing the Boolean disjunction (a relation containing all tuples of two elements that contains at least a 1), this relation is placed as a constraint on a and b, because their values in the table above are (1,1), (1,1) again, and (1,0). Since all these values satisfy the constraint, the constraint is placed.
In view of the highly idiosyncratic usage of conjunctions in natural languages, Boolean algebra cannot be considered a reliable framework for interpreting them. Boolean operations are used in digital logic to combine the bits carried on individual wires, thereby interpreting them over {0,1}. When a vector of n identical binary gates are used to combine two bit vectors each of n bits, the individual bit operations can be understood collectively as a single operation on values from a Boolean algebra with 2n elements. Naive set theory interprets Boolean operations as acting on subsets of a given set X. As we saw earlier this behavior exactly parallels the coordinate-wise combinations of bit vectors, with the union of two sets corresponding to the disjunction of two bit vectors and so on.
The translation between modal logics and algebraic logics concerns classical and intuitionistic logics but with the introduction of a unary operator on Boolean or Heyting algebras, different from the Boolean operations, interpreting the possibility modality, and in the case of Heyting algebra a second operator interpreting necessity (for Boolean algebra this is redundant since necessity is the De Morgan dual of possibility). The first operator preserves 0 and disjunction while the second preserves 1 and conjunction. Many-valued logics are those allowing sentences to have values other than true and false. (For example, neither and both are standard "extra values"; "continuum logic" allows each sentence to have any of an infinite number of "degrees of truth" between true and false.) These logics often require calculational devices quite distinct from propositional calculus.
All coffee cups are cups does not imply All coffee cups are this cup, or all coffee cups are that cup, or ..., but still less does it imply All coffee cups are this cup, and all coffee cups are that cup, and .... On the other hand, if it happened to be the case that there was only one coffee cup left in the world, it would be true that All coffee cups are that cup, so I can validly infer from All coffee cups are that cup, to All coffee cups are cups. Here descent to disjunction fails, and descent to conjunction fails, but "ascent from particulars" is valid. This is called "merely confused supposition." That is basically how the theory works, a much thornier problem is exactly what the theory is for.
It is difficult to prove otherwise because it would take a large amount of resources to investigate the source of antiquities. “I have a license in my window dated to 2001, no one has ever said anything and I am not changing it until the inspector makes me” (Dealer 28). Dealers speak of a disjunction between the renewal of a license, the backlog of processing at the IAA, and the opening of antiquities shops in the Old City. “I try to capitalize on the Christmas rush of tourists. If I have to shut because the IAA hasn’t renewed my license I can lose valuable revenue. I stay open, even if I haven’t received the official license, I know it will be months before an inspector checks and by that time I will have my license.
Creek chubsuckers are one of about sixty-two species of in the family Catostomidae. All but two species are endemic to North America, and creek chubsuckers can be found in many of the freshwater tributaries of the Atlantic slope streams from Maine to Altamaha drainage of Georgia; Gulf slope streams east to Escambia River drainage, Alabama (single population), west to San Jacinto system Texas, Mississippi Valley in Louisiana, Arkansas, southeast Oklahoma, upland Missouri, Mississippi, west Tennessee, West Kentucky, and south of the Great Lakes drainage in southern tributaries to lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario.Wall, B.R. Jr. and Gilbert, C.R., "Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill), Creek Chubsucker." Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (1980): 397 There is a disjunction between the eastern and western populations with no records of the species being present in the waterways from Florida northward along the Appalachian Mountain corridor.
The flora of the Antarctic Kingdom dates back to the time of Gondwana, the southern supercontinent which once included most of the landmasses of the present-day Southern Hemisphere, though it has been influenced by the flora of the Holarctic Kingdom since the Tertiary period. Ronald Good noted, as had Joseph Dalton Hooker much earlier, that many plant species of Antarctica, temperate South America and New Zealand were very closely related, despite their disjunction by the vast Southern Ocean. According to Ronald Good, about 50 genera of vascular plants are common in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, including Nothofagus and Dicksonia. Takhtajan also made note of hundreds of other vascular plant genera scattered and isolated on islands of the Southern Ocean, including Calandrinia feltonii of the Falkland Islands, Pringlea antiscorbutica of the Kerguelen Islands, and the megaherb genera of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands.
The original uses an Old High German symbol in place of Φ cf in As there is no universal set — sets originate by way of Axiom II from elements of (non-set) domain B – "...this disposes of the Russell antinomy so far as we are concerned". in But Zermelo's "definite criterion" is imprecise, and is fixed by Weyl, Fraenkel, Skolem, and von Neumann.cf van Heijenoort's commentary before Zermelo 1908 Investigations in the foundations of set theory I in In fact Skolem in his 1922 referred to this "definite criterion" or "property" as a "definite proposition": :"... a finite expression constructed from elementary propositions of the form a ε b or a = b by means of the five operations [logical conjunction, disjunction, negation, universal quantification, and existential quantification]. in van Heijenoort summarizes: :"A property is definite in Skolem's sense if it is expressed . . .
Throughout his career, Bitters has steadfastly expressed the important role of sculpture in urban environment. He believes in integration of art and architecture – a notion foreign to contemporary urban development. (The union of these two fields was never in question in the early days of Greece and Rome and through the Middle Ages.) This disjunction is attributed to a lack of trust. In the book Walls: Enrichment and Ornamenation, which features Bitters’ ceramic wall murals, David Van Dommelen says that “the architect had a tendency to be afraid of the artist and the craftsman. The architect wanted to remain an entity to himself; he feared a lack of understanding on the part of the craftsman and artist; and he suspected that they would not wish to remain anonymous as they had in past years” (Van Dommelen 1965, p. 41).
Plaks' 1987 book Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel, which won the Joseph Levenson Book Prize is an analysis of a group of Ming dynasty novels which Plaks argues changed the genre: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Jin Ping Mei, and Journey to the West. Ellen Widmer, writing in the Journal of Asian Studies, says that the book creates "a far-reaching hypothesis about the consolidation of the novel form in China", namely that the four novels can be taken as a milestone. He identifies a "figural density" and establishes that the key to understanding the novels is the use of irony, by which he means "every possible disjunction between what is said and what is meant". According to Plaks the novels ask serious questions about sexuality, selfhood, heroism, power, reality, and they offer serious Neo-Confucian answers.
Gray worked extensively on a phenomenon that is now called the "Asa Gray disjunction", namely, the surprising morphological similarities between many eastern Asian and eastern North American plants. In fact, Gray felt the flora of eastern North America is more similar to the flora of Japan than it is to the flora of western North America, but more recent studies have shown this is not so. While Gray was not the first botanist to notice this (it was first noticed in the early 18thcentury), beginning in the early 1840s he brought scientific focus to the issue. He was the first scientist in the world to possess the requisite knowledge set to do so as he had intimate knowledge of the northeast and southeast United States as well as eastern Asiadue to several contacts he had there.
In 2013, the American critic Richard Brody wrote The Birth of a Nation was : > ...a seminal commercial spectacle but also a decisively original work of > art—in effect, the founding work of cinematic realism, albeit a work that > was developed to pass lies off as reality. It's tempting to think of the > film's influence as evidence of the inherent corruption of realism as a > cinematic mode—but it's even more revealing to acknowledge the disjunction > between its beauty, on the one hand, and, on the other, its injustice and > falsehood. The movie's fabricated events shouldn't lead any viewer to deny > the historical facts of slavery and Reconstruction. But they also shouldn't > lead to a denial of the peculiar, disturbingly exalted beauty of Birth of a > Nation, even in its depiction of immoral actions and its realization of > blatant propaganda.
Propositional logic begins with propositional variables, atomic units that represent concrete propositions. A formula consists of propositional variables connected by logical connectives, built up in such a way that the truth of the overall formula can be deduced from the truth or falsity of each variable. A valuation is a function that assigns each propositional variable to either T (for truth) or F (for falsity). So by using the propositional variables A and B, the binary connectives \lor and \land representing disjunction and conjunction respectively, and the unary connective \lnot representing negation, the following formula can be obtained:(A \land B) \lor (\lnot A) \lor (\lnot B). A valuation here must assign to each of A and B either T or F. But no matter how this assignment is made, the overall formula will come out true.
If V is a set of n Boolean variables, an antichain A of subsets of V defines a monotone Boolean function f, where the value of f is true for a given set of inputs if some subset of the true inputs to f belongs to A and false otherwise. Conversely every monotone Boolean function defines in this way an antichain, of the minimal subsets of Boolean variables that can force the function value to be true. Therefore, the Dedekind number M(n) equals the number of different antichains of subsets of an n-element set.. A third, equivalent way of describing the same class of objects uses lattice theory. From any two monotone Boolean functions f and g we can find two other monotone Boolean functions f ∧ g and f ∨ g, their logical conjunction and logical disjunction respectively.
The final evolution of the system did not end with the octave as such but with Systema teleion (above), a set of five tetrachords linked by conjunction and disjunction into arrays of tones spanning two octaves . After elaborating the Systema teleion in light of empirical studies of the division of the tetrachord (arithmetical, geometrical and harmonious means) and composition of tonoi/harmoniai, we examine the most significant individual system, that of Aristoxenos, which influenced much classification well into the Middle Ages. The empirical research of scholars like Richard (also ), C. André and , and John has made it possible to look at the ancient Greek systems as a whole without regard to the tastes of any one ancient theorist. The primary genera they examine are those of Pythagoras (school), Archytas, Aristoxenos, and Ptolemy (including his versions of the Didymos and Eratosthenes genera) .
The application of De Morgan's theorem to a conjunction is very similar to its application to a disjunction both in form and rationale. Consider the following claim: "it is false that A and B are both true", which is written as: : eg(A\land B). In order for this claim to be true, either or both of A or B must be false, for if they both were true, then the conjunction of A and B would be true, making its negation false. Thus, one (at least) or more of A and B must be false (or equivalently, one or more of "not A" and "not B" must be true). This may be written directly as, :( eg A)\lor( eg B). Presented in English, this follows the logic that "since it is false that two things are both true, at least one of them must be false".
In Robinson's own words: "the development, organization, and expansion of capitalist society pursued essentially racial directions," and "it could be expected that racialism would inevitably permeate the social structures emergent from capitalism." The term was coined by Cedric J. Robinson in his book Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition, published in 1983. Robinson's articulations of racial capitalism were imperative in the emerging field of Black and diasporic African studies, wherein new lines were drawn between capitalism, racial identity, and the development of the disconnected social consciousness—the disjunction or discontinuity of interhuman relations—in the 20th-century. Building upon earlier examinations of racial discrimination in and inherent to various political ideologies and societal structures, Robinson challenged the Marxist notion of capitalism's negation of the basic discriminatory tenets of European feudalism, namely its rigid caste system and reliance upon multi-generational serfdom.
The dual-process assumption of FTT has also been used to explain common biases of probability judgment, including the conjunction and disjunction fallacies. The conjunction fallacy occurs when people mistakenly judge a specific set of circumstances to be more probable than a more general set that includes the specific set. This fallacy is famously demonstrated by the Linda problem: that given a description of a woman named Linda who is an outspoken philosophy major who is concerned about discrimination and social justice, people will judge "Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement" to be more probable than "Linda is a bank teller", despite the fact that the latter statement is entirely inclusive of the former. FTT explains this phenomenon to not be a matter of encoding, given that priming participants to understand the inclusive nature of the categories tends not to reduce the bias.
An important set of problems in computational complexity involves finding assignments to the variables of a boolean formula expressed in Conjunctive Normal Form, such that the formula is true. The k-SAT problem is the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a boolean formula expressed in CNF in which each disjunction contains at most k variables. 3-SAT is NP- complete (like any other k-SAT problem with k>2) while 2-SAT is known to have solutions in polynomial time. As a consequence,since one way to check a CNF for satisfiability is to convert it into a DNF, the satisfiability of which can be checked in linear time the task of converting a formula into a DNF, preserving satisfiability, is NP-hard; dually, converting into CNF, preserving validity, is also NP-hard; hence equivalence-preserving conversion into DNF or CNF is again NP-hard.
Writing in 1945, while the poet W. H. Auden was arguably the dominant figure of English literature worldwide, the American critic Edmund Wilson could still note how his "Birmingham background" meant that "in fundamental ways ... he doesn't belong in that London literary world – he's more vigorous and more advanced". However the same characteristic that sets Birmingham apart can also make it difficult to characterise and understand from outside. Disjunction and incongruity lie at the heart of the city's identity, and Birmingham often lacks the superficial unifying aesthetic of more homogenous cities. Writers, artists or musicians cooperating in socially close-knit groups but producing work with little stylistic unity have been a characteristic of Birmingham's culture from the Lunar Society of the 1750s, through the Birmingham Group of the 1890s and the Highfield writers of the 1930s to the B-Town music scene of 2013.
NP-completeness reduction from 3-satisfiability to graph 3-coloring. The gadgets for variables and clauses are shown on the upper and lower left, respectively; on the right is an example of the entire reduction for the 3-CNF formula with three variables and two clauses. Many NP- completeness proofs are based on many-one reductions from 3-satisfiability, the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a Boolean formula that is a conjunction (Boolean and) of clauses, each clause being the disjunction (Boolean or) of three terms, and each term being a Boolean variable or its negation. A reduction from this problem to a hard problem on undirected graphs, such as the Hamiltonian cycle problem or graph coloring, would typically be based on gadgets in the form of subgraphs that simulate the behavior of the variables and clauses of a given 3-satisfiability instance.
An-My Lê's photographs and films examine the impact, consequences, and representation of war. Whether in color or black-and-white, her pictures frame a tension between the natural landscape and its violent transformation into battlefields. Projects include "Viêt Nam" (1994–98), in which Lê’s memories of a war-torn countryside are reconciled with the contemporary landscape; "Small Wars" (1999–2002), in which Lê photographed and participated in Vietnam War reenactments in Virginia and North Carolina; and "29 Palms" (2003–04), in which United States Marines preparing for deployment play-act scenarios in a virtual Middle East in the California desert. These three projects were brought together in a monograph titled "Small Wars," published by Aperture. Suspended between the formal traditions of documentary and staged photography, Lê’s work explores the disjunction between wars as historical events and the ubiquitous representation of war in contemporary entertainment, politics, and collective consciousness.
Propositional calculus is commonly organized as a Hilbert system, whose operations are just those of Boolean algebra and whose theorems are Boolean tautologies, those Boolean terms equal to the Boolean constant 1. Another form is sequent calculus, which has two sorts, propositions as in ordinary propositional calculus, and pairs of lists of propositions called sequents, such as A∨B, A∧C,... \vdash A, B→C,.... The two halves of a sequent are called the antecedent and the succedent respectively. The customary metavariable denoting an antecedent or part thereof is Γ, and for a succedent Δ; thus Γ,A \vdash Δ would denote a sequent whose succedent is a list Δ and whose antecedent is a list Γ with an additional proposition A appended after it. The antecedent is interpreted as the conjunction of its propositions, the succedent as the disjunction of its propositions, and the sequent itself as the entailment of the succedent by the antecedent.
Grzegorczyk's undecidability of Alfred Tarski's concatenation theory is based on the philosophical motivation claiming that investigation of formal systems should be done with a help of operations on visually comprehensible objects, and the most natural element of this approach is the notion of text. On his research, Tarski's simple theory is undecidable although seems to be weaker than the weak arithmetic, whereas, instead of computability, he applies more epistemological notion of the effective recognizability of properties of a text and relationships between different texts. In 2011, Grzegorczyk introduced yet one more logical system, which today is known as the Grzegorczyk non-Fregean logic or the logic of descriptions (LD), to cover the basic features of descriptive equivalence of sentences, wherein he assumed that a human language is applied primarily to form descriptions of reality represented formally by logical connectives. According to this system, the logical language is equipped in at least four logical connectives negation (¬), conjunction (∧), disjunction (∨), and equivalence (≡).
Presented by the Cucaracha Theater, and originally made for NYU Students, Bremen Freedom, by the west- German playwright Rainer Fassbinder, told the story of Geesche, a woman so sick of being controlled by the men in her life that she methodically poisoned them, and ultimately herself. The Village Voice wrote that the production included “a little cabaret shtick, some cross-dressing, a few dollops of disjunction, plenty of stylized tableau-making, a pinch of Catholic imagery, several actresses playing the same role, a bit of lovely/creepy choral singing, and heaps of that unmotivated goofy dancing that made Brace Up such a hoot.” Although the reviews referenced some of the performative similarities to Cabaret, (Stacy Dawson as the Master of Ceremonies recalled Joel Grey), the Village Voice insisted that “these kids come on like innovators, not imitators, and they know how to deliver a spectacle piping hot.” Though highly choreographic, this work was the first “play” that Big Dance, a largely dance based company, had staged.
However, adjustments to the value of within the loop will not change the number of iterations executed. Still another possibility is that the code generated may employ an auxiliary variable as the loop variable, possibly held in a machine register, whose value may or may not be copied to on each iteration. Again, modifications of would not affect the control of the loop, but now a disjunction is possible: within the loop, references to the value of might be to the (possibly altered) current value of or to the auxiliary variable (held safe from improper modification) and confusing results are guaranteed. For instance, within the loop a reference to element of an array would likely employ the auxiliary variable (especially if it were held in a machine register), but if is a parameter to some routine (for instance, a print-statement to reveal its value), it would likely be a reference to the proper variable instead.
The first European-Australians to recognise the trees were timber cutters south of Cairns in the late 1800s. It was thought to have become extinct, but was later brought to the attention of the German botanist Ludwig Diels, who in 1902 described the species in the genus Calycanthus as C. australiense, a remarkable disjunction for this otherwise North American genus. It was later believed to be extinct again, because when Diels finally returned to the location where this tree was found, the natural vegetation had been destroyed for a sugar cane farm. In 1971, John Nicholas, a Daintree grazier, believing someone to be poisoning his cattle, called in the police. A government veterinarian, Doug Clague, discovered in the cows’ stomachs relatively intact Idiospermum seeds that had been swallowed whole. Curious about this seed’s ability to completely knock cattle dead—after first causing spasms and paralysing the nerves—he sent specimens off to the Queensland Herbarium saying he had made the botanical discovery of the century.
As Darwin realized, no process producing variants in nature picks up on future usefulness, convenience, need, or adaptational value of anything at all. The only thing evolution (natural selection-against) can do about the free-riding maladaptive or neutral trait, whose genes are riding along close to the genes for an adaptive trait, is wait around for the genetic material to be broken at just the right place between their respective genes. Once this happens, then Darwinian processes can begin to tell the difference between them. But only when environmental vicissitudes break up the DNA on which the two adjacent genes sit, can selection-against get started—if one of the two proteins is harmful. Here is Darwinian theory’s disjunction problem: the process Darwin discovered can’t tell the difference between these two genes or their traits until cross-over breaks the linkage between one gene, that is going to increase its frequency, and the other one, that is going to decrease its frequency.
A relation algebra (L, ∧, ∨, −, 0, 1, •, I, ˘) is an algebraic structure equipped with the Boolean operations of conjunction x∧y, disjunction x∨y, and negation x−, the Boolean constants 0 and 1, the relational operations of composition x•y and converse x˘, and the relational constant I, such that these operations and constants satisfy certain equations constituting an axiomatization of a calculus of relations. Roughly, a relation algebra is to a system of binary relations on a set containing the empty (0), complete (1), and identity (I) relations and closed under these five operations as a group is to a system of permutations of a set containing the identity permutation and closed under composition and inverse. However, the first order theory of relation algebras is not complete for such systems of binary relations. Following Jónsson and Tsinakis (1993) it is convenient to define additional operations x◁y = x•y˘, and, dually, x▷y = x˘•y .
The axioms B1-B10 below are adapted from Givant (2006: 283), and were first set out by Tarski in 1948.Alfred Tarski (1948) "Abstract: Representation Problems for Relation Algebras," Bulletin of the AMS 54: 80. L is a Boolean algebra under binary disjunction, ∨, and unary complementation ()−: :B1: A ∨ B = B ∨ A :B2: A ∨ (B ∨ C) = (A ∨ B) ∨ C :B3: (A− ∨ B)− ∨ (A− ∨ B−)− = A This axiomatization of Boolean algebra is due to Huntington (1933). Note that the meet of the implied Boolean algebra is not the • operator (even though it distributes over \vee like a meet does), nor is the 1 of the Boolean algebra the I constant. L is a monoid under binary composition (•) and nullary identity I: :B4: A•(B•C) = (A•B)•C :B5: A•I = A Unary converse ()˘ is an involution with respect to composition: :B6: A˘˘ = A :B7: (A•B)˘ = B˘•A˘ Axiom B6 defines conversion as an involution, whereas B7 expresses the antidistributive property of conversion relative to composition.
An intermediate class of grammars known as conjunctive grammars allows conjunction and disjunction, but not negation. The rules of a Boolean grammar are of the form A \to \alpha_1 \And \ldots \And \alpha_m \And \lnot\beta_1 \And \ldots \And \lnot\beta_n where A is a nonterminal, m+n \ge 1 and \alpha_1, ..., \alpha_m, \beta_1, ..., \beta_n are strings formed of symbols in \Sigma and N. Informally, such a rule asserts that every string w over \Sigma that satisfies each of the syntactical conditions represented by \alpha_1, ..., \alpha_m and none of the syntactical conditions represented by \beta_1, ..., \beta_n therefore satisfies the condition defined by A. There exist several formal definitions of the language generated by a Boolean grammar. They have one thing in common: if the grammar is represented as a system of language equations with union, intersection, complementation and concatenation, the languages generated by the grammar must be the solution of this system. The semantics differ in details, some define the languages using language equations, some draw upon ideas from the field of logic programming.
Informally, ACC0 models the class of computations realised by Boolean circuits of constant depth and polynomial size, where the circuit gates includes "modular counting gates" that compute the number of true inputs modulo some fixed constant. More formally, a language belongs to AC0[m] if it can be computed by a family of circuits C1, C2, ..., where Cn takes n inputs, the depth of every circuit is constant, the size of Cn is a polynomial function of n, and the circuit uses the following gates: AND gates and OR gates of unbounded fan-in, computing the conjunction and disjunction of their inputs; NOT gates computing the negation of their single input; and unbounded fan-in MOD-m gates, which compute 1 if the number of input 1s is a multiple of m. A language belongs to ACC0 if it belongs to AC0[m] for some m. In some texts, ACCi refers to a hierarchy of circuit classes with ACC0 at its lowest level, where the circuits in ACCi have depth O(login) and polynomial size.
The American historian John Leopold wrote that "Hugenberg debated political issues in terms of a simplistic, philosophic disjunction—a man was either for the nation or he was against it".Leopold, John Alfred Hugenberg The Radical Nationalist Campaign against the Weimar Republic, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977 page 55. This was especially the case because the "Grand Coalition" government of the Social Democratic Chancellor Hermann Müller was composed of the left-wing SPD, the right of center Catholic Zentrum, the liberal DDP and the moderate conservative DVP—in short all of the parties that Hugenberg was seeking to destroy by forcing them to defend the Young Plan, and therefore making it seem they were in favor of paying reparations and the Treaty of Versailles. In fact, the parties of the "Grand Coalition" were in favor of a gradualist, step-by-step approach of doing away with Versailles by negotiation instead of the confrontational Katastrophenpolitik (catastrophe politics) of the early 1920s that led to the disastrous Ruhrkampf and hyper-inflation of 1923, a nuance that did not interest Hugenberg in the slightest.
Every tableau can be considered as a graphical representation of a formula, which is equivalent to the set the tableau is built from. This formula is as follows: each branch of the tableau represents the conjunction of its formulae; the tableau represents the disjunction of its branches. The expansion rules transforms a tableau into one having an equivalent represented formula. Since the tableau is initialized as a single branch containing the formulae of the input set, all subsequent tableaux obtained from it represent formulae which are equivalent to that set (in the variant where the initial tableau is the single node labeled true, the formulae represented by tableaux are consequences of the original set.) A tableau for the satisfiable set {a⋀c,¬a⋁b}: all rules have been applied to every formula on every branch, but the tableau is not closed (only the left branch is closed), as expected for satisfiable sets The method of tableaux works by starting with the initial set of formulae and then adding to the tableau simpler and simpler formulae until contradiction is shown in the simple form of opposite literals.
According to Jacobs, the male narrator represents the public world, and the framed structure serves several functions that are strongly gender-related: it illustrates the process of going behind the official version of reality in order to approach the truth that the culture prefers to deny; it exemplifies the ways in which domestic reality is obscured by layers of conventional ideology; and it replicates the cultural split between male and female spheres that is shown to be one of the sources of the tragedy in the novel. Jacobs concludes that both Emily and Anne seemed to find it necessary, in approaching subjects that were considered to be controversial, to use the voice of a male narrator, appropriating, delegitimizing and even ridiculing his power, before telling anti-patriarchal truth. Carol A. Senf believes that the "unique narrative structure, the wife's story framed by that of her husband... encourages the reader to focus on questions of gender". According to Tess O'Toole, the architecture of Brontë's narrative stresses and calls attention to the disjunction of two different forms of domestic containment, one deriving from marriage, the other from the natal family.

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