Did Congress explicitly disestablish the Creek reservation at any point?
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What Congress never did, however, was explicitly disestablish the Creek Nation's reservation.
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What's more, Congress passed a law in 1906 that explicitly declined to disestablish the reservations.
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Your work gives a lot of information at once, contradicting itself and working to disestablish hierarchy.
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Is there contemporaneous historical evidence that indicates Congress intended to disestablish the Creek reservation, even if it didn't do so explicitly?
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A slew of reforms to the Pentagon's acquisition program include proposals to reform and improve rapid acquisition authority and rapid prototyping; disestablish the under secretary of Defense for acquisition, technology and logistics and divide duties between a new under secretary of Defense for research and engineering and the under secretary of management and support; and streamline regulation.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads PARIS — The construction of the video "Home Dream" (2016), projected on one of the walls of a stone-lined storefront in Le Marais, reminds the viewer of the techniques of avant-garde filmmakers like Farocki or Godard, not only in the use of soft montage (uncomplicated juxtaposition) to establish a visual code for thinking about something, but also in the attempt to disestablish authorship, featuring characters with limited personalities reducing the field of human action almost to automation.
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After that. A military committee manages to disestablish the Army.
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The action was for damages; it was not a suit to disestablish paternity.
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The great business of the session of 1869 was, of course, the Bill to disestablish and disendow the Irish Church.
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"Liggio, Leonard "Disestablish Public Education", The Libertarian Forum (1971) Yet, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not merely publicly funded schooling, but schools as such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment of schools aimed not to establish a free market in educational services, but to attain a fundamental shift: a deschooled society. In his 1973 book After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we can deschool culture.
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On 15 February 1950, the squadron was re-designated to VF-194. When that happened VF-153 did not disestablish and VF-194 establish, the squadron simply changed its designation and that same squadron continued to exist under that new designation. On 4 May 1955, it was again re-designated, this time to VA-196, meaning that it had transitioned from being a fighter squadron to being an attack squadron. Again, the squadron did not disestablish, it continued its existence under its new designation of VA-196.
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Alvan Lamson (November 18, 1792-July 18, 1864) was a minister at First Church and Parish in Dedham, Massachusetts. His ordination led to a split in the church and eventually a lawsuit, Baker v. Fales, that helped disestablish the church and state in Massachusetts.
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A pair of U.S. Supreme Court cases first originating around 2015 challenged part of the Oklahoma Enabling Act by asserting that the Act failed to actually disestablish the reservation lands for the purposes of determining whether a crime committed on those lands was of the state's jurisdiction (if they had been disestablished) or federal (if they remained reservations), under the Major Crimes Act. In July 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress did in fact fail to disestablish the reservations in the Enabling Act, and thus for purposes of the Major Crimes Act, those lands that were former reservations should be considered "Indian country" and are overseen by federal jurisdiction.
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He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in VirginiaFerling, 2000, p. 158 and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.Mayer, 1994 p. 76 Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton,Hayes, 2008, p.
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On 21 July 1922, the zoo experienced its first financial crisis and there was a plan to disestablish the zoo, but the decision was not agreed by the Surabaya municipality at that time. On 11 May 1923, it was decided to establish a new association for the zoo.
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Norman Mineta. The decision was properly approved through the federal government process to transfer the property to NASA and disestablish the Naval Air Station Moffett Field. The United States Department of Defense decided to retain control of of military housing at Moffett Field. In 1994, the Department of the Navy transferred approximately to NASA.
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However, it was decided to disestablish VF-202 and make their F-14 sister squadron, VF-201, TARPS capable. VF-202 was accordingly disestablished on 31 December 1994 and its aircraft redistributed to active duty F-14 squadrons, primarily the formerly Atlantic Fleet, and now sole F-14 Fleet Replacement Squadron, VF-101 at NAS Oceana, Virginia.
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Jefferson thought that the independent yeoman and agrarian life were ideals of republican virtues. He distrusted cities and financiers, favored decentralized government power, and believed that the tyranny that had plagued the common man in Europe was due to corrupt political establishments and monarchies. He supported efforts to disestablish the Church of EnglandFerling, 2000, p. 158.
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In later years, Pryse was out of touch with the radicalism of Cardiganshire Liberalism. However he remained president of the Cardiganshire Liberal Association at the time of his death in 1888. Pryse opposed Gladstone's proposals to disestablish the Irish Church. In 1886, he opposed Gladstone's Home Rule proposals and supported David Davies who stood as a Liberal Unionist candidate for Cardiganshire in 1886.
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The struggle for religious toleration erupted and played out during the American Revolution, as the Baptists worked to disestablish the Anglican church.Rhys Isaac, "Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 to 1775," William and Mary Quarterly 1974 31(3): 345–368 Baptists, German Lutherans and Presbyterians funded their own ministers, and favored disestablishment of the Anglican church.
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The campaign to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland began in the 18th century. A rich church, with 22 bishops drawing £150,000 a year, and a further £600,000 going annually to the rest of the clergy,G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the 19th Century (London 1922) p. 288 it was wholly disproportionate to the needs of its worshippers, and manned largely by absentee sinecurists.
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The early 19th century saw Radicals like Jeremy Bentham formulating schemes for the disestablishment of the Church, which received new impetus after the success of Catholic emancipation.E. Halévy, The Liberal Awakening (London 1961) p. 31 and pp. 278–279 Following the Great Reform Act, they were increasingly joined by dissenters and nonconformists in a Liberal campaign to disestablish the Church of England – dissenting ministers like Rev.
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The plot centres around ambitious independent politician Henry Trebell, his plans for a bill to disestablish the Church of England and his fall from grace and suicide after his affair with married woman Amy O'Connell, who dies after a botched abortion. The title may refer to the waste of his potential talents due to the scandal, the loss of the disestablishment bill and the termination of Amy's pregnancy.
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42–43, 83 Pelivan was critical of the government's decision to disestablish the regional Directorate, which had handled executive power in Bessarabia, noting that "many [Russian] civil servants are now going hungry", and alleging that a spoils system was being set up by Romanian administrators in "Romania's California".Suveică, pp. 205, 255–256 He also pleaded for the reintroduction of the zemstva, and proposed that they be adopted in the Old Kingdom as well.Suveică, p.
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The 1868 United Kingdom general election in Ireland resulted in the Liberals under Gladstone strengthening their control over Ireland, particularly the south. It was the first election following the Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868. A key focus of the Liberal campaign was on their proposal to disestablish the Church of Ireland. The Church of Ireland's official role, as the Protestant national church of a Catholic majority country, had long proved controversial.
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UCP 1956 also disestablished FECOM as a separate unified command. U.S. military deployments to Japan and Korea were decreasing after the end of Japanese reconstruction and the Korean War. The JCS, therefore, believed that the divided command structure in the Pacific should be abolished and FECOM's responsibility reassigned to PACOM. A subsequent outline plan to disestablish FECOM and transfer its responsibilities was approved by SECDEF and the JCS effective 1 July 1957.
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The School of Dentistry shut its doors three years later, graduating its last class in 1990. Students and faculty who were upset that the school did not consult them before making the decision to disestablish filed a lawsuit in D.C. Superior Court. The school's closure also prompted a congressional hearing. At the time of its closure, the school of dentistry was the second largest dental school in the United States behind the New York University College of Dentistry.
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Murphy then appealed to the Tenth Circuit, which reversed the decision of the District Court. The Tenth Circuit found no prior court had reviewed whether Congress disestablished the Muscogee reservation under the tests of Solem v. Bartlett (1984), a prior case that established that only Congress has the power to disestablish native reservations. On its own analysis of all laws passed by Congress related to the tribal reservation and Oklahoma's statehood, found no explicit statement of disestablishment.
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Viereck, Peter (1956, 2006)Conservative Thinkers from John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, p. 40. Arnold vigorously attacked Liberal Party, and its Nonconformist base. He ridiculed William Ewart Gladstone and Liberal efforts to disestablish the Anglican Church in Ireland, establish a Catholic university there, permit burial services to dissenters in Church of England cemeteries, demand temperance, and ignore the need to improve the middle class members rather than impose their unreasonable beliefs on society.
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The eldest son of Henry Draper Reed, he grew up and was educated privately in the south London suburb of Sydenham. Reed was an opponent of any attempts to disestablish the Church of England, and was a leading member of the Church Defence Institute. He moved to northern England, initially to Darlington in County Durham, where he was both a justice of the peace and member of the school board. He married Mary Hannah Atkin of Sheffield.
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Carpenter is backed by attorneys for the state of Oklahoma and the United States Solicitor General. Attorneys for Patrick Dwayne Murphy argued that there is no clear intention of Congress to disestablish the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Reservation. Murphy is backed by the National Congress of American Indians and other American Indian organizations. The Justices raised concerns about the practicality of deciding that much of Oklahoma would be classified as an Indian Reservation, which would potentially affect the livelihood of 1.8 million residents.
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After the end of World War I, Germany was required to disestablish her Air Services. Lieth-Thomsen served in the Aviation Department of the Prussian War Ministry during January and February 1919 and was then assigned to other duties at the War Ministry. However, he resigned his position and retired from military service as a colonel in August 1919. In the 1920s Lieth-Thomsen actively participated in the German efforts to build a secret Air Force in the Soviet Union.
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In an effort to consolidate staffs and resources, MCAG and the Expeditionary Training Command were merged and designated as the Maritime Civil Affairs and Security Training (MCAST) Command in a ceremony October 1, 2009. Captain Risner continued as the Commanding Officer of the new organization until Captain Frank Hughlett, U.S. Navy, assumed command of MCAST Command in September 2010. Captain Marc Gordnier assumed command in August 2012. MCASTCOM was ordered to disestablish in spring 2014 due to Navy Budget decisions.
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He passionately opposed electoral reform, however, and any attempts to disestablish the Church of England or Scotland. Bute had strong views on the necessity of encouraging the poor to work, and was in favour of removing the Irish poor from the mainland back to Ireland. He was a notoriously poor public speaker. In addition to his personal role in Parliament, Bute sought to control the votes of members of the House of Commons, primarily to ensure the passage of legislation affecting his business interests.
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Profeminist men have questioned the cultural ideal of traditional masculinity. They often argue that social expectations and norms have forced men into rigid gender roles, limited men's ability to express themselves, and restricted their choices to behaviors regarded as socially acceptable for men. Moreover, profeminist men have sought to disestablish sexism and reduce discrimination against women. They have campaigned alongside feminists on a variety of issues, including the Equal Rights Amendment, reproductive rights, laws against employment discrimination, affordable child care, and to end sexual violence against women.
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The executive's power was substantially diminished. Religion played a much larger role in the 1778 constitution than in the 1776 one. After a significant debate in the legislature, the support of Christopher Gadsden and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney swayed the members of the body to vote to unanimously disestablish the Church of England as it existed at the time. Even so, a form of religious establishment was created, with all of the preexisting Protestant congregations being amalgamated into a single denomination but denied financial support.
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Carter was a staunch Liberal in his politics and had participated in the Birmingham Political Union in the 1830s. In a by-election in March 1868, he was elected to parliament for Coventry, which triggered his retirement from railway business. His maiden speech in the house was in support of the proposed Irish Church Act to disestablish the (Anglican) Church of Ireland. He had only a very short parliamentary term however as he and his Liberal colleague Henry Jackson were defeated in the general election in November 1868.
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The struggle for religious toleration erupted and was played out during the American Revolution, as the Baptists worked to disestablish the Anglican church in the South. Beeman (1978) explores the conflict in one Virginia locality, showing that as its population became more dense, the county court and the Anglican Church were able to increase their authority. The Baptists protested vigorously; the resulting social disorder resulted chiefly from the ruling gentry's disregard for public need. The vitality of the religious opposition made the conflict between 'evangelical' and 'gentry' styles a bitter one.
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The Dyess Colony gained a powerful opponent in the form of Governor Carl E. Bailey, a rival and political opponent of Floyd Sharp. It was the Governor and his allies who persuaded the directors of Dyess Colony Inc. to incorporate under Arkansas rather than Delaware law — an action which later made the colony vulnerable to punitive bureaucratic attack. Multiple attempts were made in the Arkansas legislature to undermine and disestablish the Dyess colony, an effort culminating on March 10, 1939 when the Arkansas Corporation Commission, serving at Gov.
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He claimed that the established Protestant Church of Ireland was the root cause of Irish discontent but because the government was unwilling to disestablish it their "object is to take away the sympathy of the Catholic priests from the people. The object is to make the priests in Ireland as tame as those in Suffolk and Dorsetshire. The object is that when the horizon is brightened every night by incendiary fires, no priest of the paid establishment shall ever tell of the wrongs of the people among whom he is living".Trevelyan, p. 162.
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He is expressing his > 'wonder and distress' (no more) that in a Catholic country (Spain) it should > be proposed to disestablish the Church and to place any and every religion > upon a precisely equal footing.... Disestablishment and toleration were far > from the normal practice of the day, whether in Protestant or in Catholic > states." Newman points out that this item refers to the July 26, 1855 allocution Nemo vestrum. At this time, Spain had been in violation of its Concordat of 1851 with the Holy See (implemented 1855).Kelly, Leo, and Benedetto Ojetti. "Concordat.
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In 2007, the Gendarmerie, in light of mass terrorists events such as the Moscow theater hostage crisis and the Beslan school siege and in order to better integrate its tactical teams under reinforced headquarters, decided to disestablish GSIGN in favor of a "new" GIGN composed of the former GIGN, the former EPIGN and other former components of GSIGN (the Presidential close protection group and the training group). So EPIGN was disestablished and its former members became part of "forces" in the new GIGN (mainly the Security Protection Force and the Observation and Research Force).
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These events have been seen by political scientists as a turning point for the party. Subsequently the libertarians founded a libertarian organisation called the Free Democrats which tried to establish a political party, but without success. Parts of the younger management of the party and the more libertarian youth organisation of the party also broke away, and even tried to disestablish the entire youth organisation. The youth organisation was however soon running again, this time with more "loyal" members, although it remained more libertarian than its mother organisation.
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In April 1922, an executive of IRA officers repudiated the treaty and the authority of the Provisional Government which had been set up to administer it. These republicans held that the Dáil did not have the right to disestablish the Irish Republic. A hardline group of Anti-Treaty IRA men occupied several public buildings in Dublin in an effort to bring down the treaty and restart the war with the British. There were a number of armed confrontations between pro and anti-treaty troops before matters came to a head in late June 1922.
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On June 6, 1835, the academy had its official inauguration on separate premises, with the participation of Prince Sturdza. A dedication liturgy was held in the nearby Talpalari Church, which thenceforth served as the academy's chapel. Although Academia Mihăileană no longer provided faculty courses after 1847, it was not legally abolished, and temporarily suspended its activity (during a time of political turmoil caused by the frequent Ottoman–Russian clashes on Moldavia's soil, and the periods of Russian occupation). In 1860, Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Domnitor of the Principality of Moldavia) decided to disestablish the institution and split its patrimony.
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Following negotiations the troops were allowed to drive their vehicles away, but only after agreeing to surrender the magazines from their assault rifles. These incidents led President Turchynov to disband the 25th Airborne Brigade.UN Ukrainian News Agency, Turchynov Tells Defence Ministry Disestablish 25th Brigade of Air Assault Forces, 17 April 2014. Three members of the Donbass People's Militia were killed, 11 wounded, and 63 were arrested after they attempted and failed to storm a National Guard base in Mariupol.Kyiv Post, Three Russian-backed militants killed in attack on Ukrainian base in Mariupol, by Mark Rachkevych, 17 April 2014.
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On June 29, 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. This referendum has been labelled both "phoney" and "rigged" by some, and a way for the French to let Turks take over the area, hoping that they would turn on Hitler. For the referendum, Turkey crossed tens of thousands of Turks into Alexandretta to register as citizens and vote. Syrian President Hashim al-Atassi resigned in protest at continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936.
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The Social Policy Research and Evaluation Unit, known as Superu, was an autonomous New Zealand Crown entity. It was established as the Families Commission under the Families Commission Act 2003 and the Crown Entities Act 2004 to advocate on behalf of families. In December 2014, it was restructured and renamed Superu under the Families Commission Amendment Act 2014 with a focus on researching and evaluating what worked for family wellbeing. In 2017, the Government announced it would disestablish Superu (Cabinet Minute SOC-17-MIN-0088), and Superu closed on 30 June 2018 under the Families Commission Act Repeal Act.
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La Reforma (the Reform) was a liberal movement led by Benito Juárez in 1857 to disestablish the power of the Catholic Church; establish separation of Church and State; reduce the power of the military; and establish civil registry of births, marriages, and deaths. Conservatives fought back, leading to the War of Reform (1858-1861). The liberals won the war, but the war left the country weak, and it was soon followed by the French intervention, and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire with Maximilian I of Austria as emperor (1864-1867). Juarez and the liberals retook power in 1867.
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In 2011 the primary mission of HSC-85 was assigned as dedicated special operations support at the request of U.S. Special Operations Command. The squadron still housed remnants of mission experienced personnel from HCS-5 as well as HCS-4, now known as HSC-84. HSC-85 took on the FIREHAWKS name and transitioned from the utility MH-60S to the HH-60H. In 2016 the U.S. Navy again decided to disestablish HSC-85 and HSC-84, even though both were deployed at the time in support of U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Central Command, respectively.
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During the 1950s and early 1960s all the tramway systems were replaced by buses or trolleybuses: Wanganui (1950), Invercargill (1952), Christchurch and New Plymouth (1954), Auckland and Dunedin (1956) and Wellington (1964). This followed a general international trend, especially in North American and British cities. The traditional tram systems of the period were perceived as a slow and outdated means of transport, characterised by inflexible routes and expensive infrastructure maintenance. In Wellington there was significant opposition to the closure of the last tramway system in New Zealand, and the final decision to disestablish the remaining lines followed on a public referendum in 1959.
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Late in 1831, the Californios rose in armed rebellion against the governor, who led a party of soldiers to the Valley to put down the rebellion. The southern ranchers rode into the Valley via the Cahuenga Pass and the two armies faced off in a skirmish (Battle of Cahuenga Pass) that left one man dead on either side. Although the rebels retreated to the pueblo, they were victorious in defeat; the wounded governor resigned and returned to Mexico. Popular pressure increased on the government to disestablish the missions, and laws were passed to secularize the missions on August 17, 1833.
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There was criticism of the Anglican Church in Ireland, which Liberals intended to disestablish in its entirety. A committed Anglican, Hardy opposed the measure on religious grounds: > "I say that the Church of Ireland has made many converts; not, it may be, by > violent controversial proceedings, but by a quiet influence which has > affected the minds of those who have been around her clergy, and who have > gradually become leavened by their sentiments".Hansard, HC Deb 23 March > 1869, vol.194, cc2076, line 6-9 Being an orthodox Anglican he considered fragmentation of the church as contrariwise to Conservative principles.
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Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE. The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the Kalabhra dynasty in south India. The Pandyas revived under Kadungon (r. 590 – 620 CE) towards the end of the 6th century, helped to disestablish the Kalabhras in south India. From 6th century to 9th century CE, the Chalukyas of Badami or Rashtrakutas of the Deccan, the Pallavas of Kanchi, and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India.
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Courtney revived the Richard Price Memorial Lecture, which had last been given in 1981. NGUC now sponsors it annually, to address "a topical or important aspect of liberty, reason and ethics". In September 2003 the first of the new series took place under the auspices of the Stoke Newington Unitarian Conference, where Barbara Taylor, author of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination, spoke on "Radical Dissent and Women's Rights in Eighteenth-Century Britain". In 2005 Will Self addressed the need to disestablish the Church of England "The soggy wafer of meekness is backed up by air strikes" 28 November 2005 The Independent under the title "Why Religion Needs Satire".
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Arms of the See of Canterbury, governing the Church of England Antidisestablishmentarianism (, ) is a position that advocates that a state Church should continue to receive government patronage, rather than be disestablished. In 19th-century Britain, it developed as a political movement in opposition to disestablishmentarianism, the Liberal Party's efforts to disestablish or remove the Church of England as the official state church of England, Ireland, and Wales. The Church's status has been maintained in England, but in Ireland, the Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. In Wales, four Church of England dioceses were disestablished in 1920 and became the Church in Wales.
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Despite overwhelming support from the local community, he took early retirement rather than face charges under the State Services Act. At the time Smith was voicing disagreement with the government's proposals to reduce the Ministry of Works' experienced construction workforce and to disestablish Twizel; all of which may have influenced the official displeasure. The principal access road to the lake was named Max Smith Drive by the local community in his honour while the South Island Rowing Association made him its first life member."Lake creator 'man before his time'", 04/11/2013, TRACY MILES, The Timaru Herald The lake's facilities can accommodate 600 rowing boats and 2000 competitors.
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One of his first acts of political advocacy was to disestablish vast encomiendas of wealthy Spaniards in the Philippines. In 1576, he issued a decree forbidding all officials appointed by the Crown to own encomiendas that were initially for Indios. He also established the city of Nueva Cáceres, province of Camarines Sur, Bicol region, Island of Luzon, the largest of the some 7,107 islands (under Spanish Administration till 1898, for some 350–370 years), Philippine Islands. A few years after, Spanish and Dominican prelate Domingo de Salazar requested to create monasteries for the Dominicans; this was granted by Sande through King Philip II's royal decree.
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The free inhabitants of Missouri in the territorial phase or during statehood, had the right to establish or disestablish slavery without interference from the federal government. As to the Northwest Ordinance, southerners denied that it could serve as a lawful antecedent for the territories of the Louisiana Purchase, as the ordinance had been issued under the Articles of Confederation, rather than the US Constitution.Varon, 2008. p. 40 As a legal precedent, they offered the treaty acquiring the Louisiana lands in 1803, a document that included a provision, Article 3, which extended the rights of US citizens to all inhabitants of the new territory, including the protection of property in slaves.
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The Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed by parliament to disestablish the Church of England in Wales. Section 9 of the Act provided for the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to hold referendums in the nineteen areas defined as "border parishes", parishes whose ecclesiastical boundaries overlapped with the temporal boundary between England and Wales, to decide if the parish wanted to join the disestablished Church in Wales or remain part of the established Church of England. The Welsh Church Act had the provision that the Church in Wales parishes would no longer receive endowments granted to them after 1662 (though this was later compensated for by the Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919).
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At the 1910 General Elections, Vyrnwy Morgan was a visible and vocal Conservative supporter, addressing audiences in England and Wales. While his chief target was the Liberal Government's plans to disestablish the Church of England in Wales, he also attacked the Government's fiscal policy. He was extremely critical of David Lloyd George, a former acquaintance from his days as a Nonconformist minister. He would publish seven more books, A Study in Nationality (1911); The Philopsophy of Welsh History (1914); The War and Wales (1916); The Church in Wales in the Light of HIstory (1918); The Life of Viscount Rhondda (1919); The Bible in the Light of Modern Thought' (1922); and the Welsh Mind in Evolution (1925).
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John A. Ragosta, "Fighting for Freedom: Virginia Dissenters' Struggle for Religious Liberty during the American Revolution," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, (2008) 116#3 pp. 226–261 Historians have debated the implications of the religious rivalries for the American Revolution. The struggle for religious toleration was played out during the American Revolution, as the Baptists, in alliance with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, worked successfully to disestablish the Anglican church.Rhys Isaac, "Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 To 1775," William and Mary Quarterly (1974) 31#3 pp 345–368 in JSTOR After the American victory in the war, the Anglican establishment sought to reintroduce state support for religion.
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Khomeini with people In 1944 Khomeini published his first book, Kashf al-Asrar (“Secrets Unveiled”), attacking secularisation under Reza Shah Pahlavi and advocating for the power of Allah to establish and disestablish governments.Vahdat, Farzin; God and Juggernaut: Iran's Intellectual Encounter With Modernity, p. 182 After the death of Borujerdi in 1961, Khomeini became the leading Marja'. In January 1963, the Shah announced the White Revolution, a six-point program of reform calling for land reform, nationalization of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to enfranchise women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, profit-sharing in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools.
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Sharp was decided per curiam on the basis of McGirt, with both decisions issued on July 9, 2020. From McGirt, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision, with Gorsuch joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan, that Congress had failed to disestablish the former reservation lands, and thus for purposes of the Major Crimes Act, those lands should be treated as "Indian country". The Sharp per curiam opinion upheld that decision, though Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito dissented. The per curiam decision affirmed the Tenth Circuit's decision, which overturned the state's conviction against Murphy and could potentially see him prosecuted anew in the federal courts.
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The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence, championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance—that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress; thus Congress could restrict human bondage, but never establish it. The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846. Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or "popular" sovereignty—which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine.
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The goals of the Commission were the financial weakening of Polish landowners, and ensuring Germanisation of Polish cities as well as rural areas. The destruction of Polish landownership combined with the fight against the Polish clergy (Kulturkampf) was to achieve the elimination of a Polish national identity. Polish landowners were regarded by Bismarck as the principal agitators for Polish nationalism, purchasing their estates and parceling them out to Germans in family-sized farms was intended to both disestablish this group and significantly increase the numbers of Germans in these areas. The focus on land ownership was motived by the German "völkisch" idea that "where the German plough will plow, there German fatherland will arise".
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When the Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed to disestablish the Church in Wales, the responsibility for maintenance of burial grounds and churchyards were transferred from the church to local authorities, though the Church in Wales' Representative Body retained a number of ancient churchyards. Often local authorities did not accept legal responsibility for them, and the burial grounds were vested in the Welsh Church Commissioners. As a result, the Church in Wales continued to look after them despite having no legal obligation to do so. In 1944, the Church in Wales informed the Government of the United Kingdom that they would be prepared to take responsibility for the burial grounds that had not passed to local authorities.
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By openly supporting Gladstone's desire to disestablish the Irish Church Lawson endured the wrath of the Church of England in the form of the Dean of Carlisle, who proclaimed Lawson the greatest radical in all of Europe.Carlisle Journal, 1 September 1868 To those who accused Lawson of "robbing a poor man of his beer". He retorted, "Far from the truth I am trying to rob the rich man of his prey, out of the plunder he makes, from the homes and happiness of the working men of this country." He also supported the need for a national education policy based upon a secular system with the capacity to accommodate the various religious interests.
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Potra, p. 162 Around that time, the fascist National Legionary State resumed the attacks on the "cremationist" movement: by 1941, Education Minister Traian Brăileanu was proposing to disestablish the Bucharest Crematorium, describing it as anti-Christian.Valentin Săndulescu, "Convertiri și reconvertiri: elite academice și culturale și schimbare politică în România anilor 1930–1960", in Cristian Vasile (ed.), "Ne trebuie oameni!". Elite intelectuale și transformări istorice în România modernă și contemporană, p. 161. Târgoviște: Nicolae Iorga Institute of History & Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2017. In 1942, Editura Cugetarea issued a final volume of Rosetti's recollections, Odinioară ("Once"). It features chapters on the more picturesque figures who had crossed the author's path, for instance Macedonski, Claymoor, Nicolae Fleva, Alceu Urechia, and Alexandru Bogdan- Pitești.
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A technician in the metalworking industry, he worked for the Renault factory of Boulogne-Billancourt from 1982, before he was transferred to the Center for Motor Research at Rueil-Malmaison. A union member since 1984, he became the CGT central union delegate at Renault. He left the French Communist Party in 2002 since he disagreed with Robert Hue who wanted to disestablish the Party's sections inside the companies. In 2008, Martinez was elected general secretary of the Metalworkers' Federation (FTM-CGT), the third largest federation within the CGT with 60,000 members.. In this respect, he negotiated with the employers within the scope of the reorganisation of the automotive industry, thus showing his ability to discuss by containing the most radical elements of his union.
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The Federalist Party had been dominant in Connecticut, holding a near-monopoly on power, since its foundation. The Democratic-Republican Party was established in Connecticut in 1801 but succeeded in winning merely 33 of 200 seats in the Connecticut General Assembly at best. After the War of 1812 (which saw the Hartford Convention and the blue lantern affair in the state), however, Federalist power began to wane. The Federalists were closely aligned with the Congregational church, which was still the established church of Connecticut (Connecticut was one of the last States to disestablish its state church; most States had done so by the 1790s, although the Congregational church effectively remained established in New Hampshire until 1819 and in Massachusetts until 1833).
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Pressure to disestablish the Presbyterian Church of Scotland began in 1832, with dissidents like Thomas Chalmers arguing that a state church tended "to secularize religion, promote hypocrisy, perpetuate error, produce infidelity, [and] destroy the unity and purity of the Church".Quoted in E. Halévy, The Triumph of Reform (London 1961) p. 135–136 However, focus swiftly shifted to the question of lay patronage within the Church, not its separation from the state; and it was only well after the dissident split that created the Free Church of Scotland, on the grounds that "they quitted a vitiated Establishment",Chalmers, quoted in E. Halévy, Victorian Years (London 1961) p. 74 that the Free Church joined William Ewart Gladstone in calling for the disestablishment of the Church of Scotland itself.
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Queen Anne, when instituting "Queen Anne's Bounty" to augment poor Anglican livings, also added another £800 pa to assist Presbyterian clergy in the rest of Ireland (an offer of similar assistance to English Dissenting Ministers was declined). The Irish Church Act 1869, whose main purpose was to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland, also discontinued the Irish Regium Donum (and the grant to the Roman Catholic St Patrick's College, Maynooth) from 1871; existing ministers continued to receive equivalent payment from the Church Temporalities Commission.Irish Church Act 1869 ss. 38–41 The English Regium Donum was instituted in 1723, originally £500 pa to allow the payment of pensions of widows of Dissenting Ministers, but later increased to £1,000 pa to also cover augmentation of income of living ministers.
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Salvany's writing against Liberalism rose to notability after the liberal Revolution of 1868 had led to the First Spanish Republic with its promise and disappointments. This republican form of government in turn had fallen to a military coup led by Arsenio Martínez- Campos y Antón that returned the Spanish monarchy in the Bourbon Restoration of 1874. Sardà y Salvany, 1911. The Catholic Church during the interregnum of 1868-1874 had many of its privileges removed along with its status as the official religion of Spain. The movement to disestablish Catholicism from a place of governmental privilege was especially intense during 1873 when the Spanish Republic embraced the concept of separation between Church and State and moved to have a secular state.
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Meanwhile, events were taking place in Virginia, which would seriously weaken and ultimately disestablish the Mortar Flotilla. In a brilliant series of actions near Richmond, Virginia, – known to history as the Seven Days campaign – General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia turned back General George McClellan's thrust against the Confederate capital and drove the battered Union troops of the Army of the Potomac into a precariously held position on the north bank of the James River called Harrison's Landing. To help protect McClellan's beleaguered army, whose very existence was threatened, U.S. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered a dozen of the schooners to leave the Mississippi River and to sail north to reinforce the James River Flotilla which was protecting McClellan's flanks and keeping Lee's victorious troops at bay.
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In the late 1980s, the Dawkins Revolution moved to convert all Colleges of Advanced Education into universities, which brought another round of forced amalgamations. The Sydney CAE was seen as not large enough to become a university in its own right, and in November 1988 the college council reluctantly agreed to disestablish itself and divest the various institutes. It ceased to exist on 31 December 1989, with the five remaining institutes passing to other universities: the Sydney Institute of Education and Institute of Nursing Studies became part of the University of Sydney, the Institute of Early Childhood Studies became part of Macquarie University, the St George Institute of Education became part of the University of New South Wales, and the Institute of Technical and Adult Teacher Education became part of the University of Technology Sydney.
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In Sharp v. Murphy, Patrick Murphy, a descendant of the Native Americans, admitted to committing murder in the state of Oklahoma, and was subsequently tried by the state courts around 2015. During these trials, Murphy argued that the language of the Oklahoma Enabling Act did not specify that the Native American reservations were disestablished, and because he had committed the murder within the Muscogee reservation territory, that his crime was subject to federal jurisdiction and not state under the Major Crimes Act. This argument was rejected by the state and on its first appeal within the federal courts, but at the Tenth Circuit in 2017, the court found in favor of Murphy's argument that the Enabling Act did fail to disestablish the territories, and thus Murphy should have been prosecuted by the federal courts.
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Yankton Sioux Tribe, the court echoed similar sentiments, stating that Congress used clear statutory language to diminish the boundaries of the Yankton Sioux Reservation and that the agreement to pay for these lands further supported that they had been ceded through the statute. The tests of Solem as to whether Congress has property disestablished the reservation boundary, arose in Sharp v. Murphy, a case involving the reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes that cover most of the eastern half of the state of Oklahoma, as to whether to determine if a person accused of murder should be under jurisdiction of the state if the reservations were disestablished or the federal system otherwise. The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit used Solem to find that Congress did not explicitly disestablish these reservations,.
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During 2006, the Florida statutes changed allowing a DNA test to be considered new evidence to contest a support order after the one year time limit. In its published opinion the Supreme Court Ruling in 2007 noted the change in Florida Statutes, "which provides the circumstances and procedures under which a male may disestablish paternity and terminate a child support obligation"; however, the court decided not to consider the applicability of this new statute to Mr. Parker's circumstances, kicking the question of a retrial under the new law back to the Trial Courts. Because the basic facts are little questioned and the case explores differences between extrinsic and intrinsic fraud, other state Supreme Courts, including Iowa and Tennessee, have cited Parker v. Parker when writing opinions of their own for paternity fraud type cases.
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After the war main problem became trying to disestablish and criminalization of police and ministry of interior in way that Ministry of Interior of Republika Srpska and Police of Republika Srpska as its executive agency would be merged into centralized "Ministry of Interior of Bosnia and Herzegovina" and Police of Bosnia and Herzegovina in same way as it was done with Army of Republika Srpska. This plan was actual in 2006 when there were several meetings of High Representative and representatives from Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The biggest pressure was on side of OHR to continue "reforms" of police. After the failure of police reform, the media and political opponents of actual ruling political party and political persons that are against Republika Srpska as sovereign entity that constitutes Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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While the Irish Church Act 1869 did disestablish the Church of Ireland, since there was no express provision in that Act permitting its clergy to sit as MPs and MacManaway was still be subject to the strictures of the House of Commons (Clergy Disqualification) Act 1801, which debarred any person "ordained to the office of priest or deacon" from sitting or voting in the House of Commons. Modern scholars have questioned the rationale of this decision but, nonetheless, the House of Commons resolved on 19 October 1950 that MacManaway was disqualified from sitting. The House did, however, indemnify him (by the Reverend J. G. MacManaway's Indemnity Act 1951) from the £500-a-time fines that he had incurred for voting in parliamentary divisions while ineligible. MacManaway had voted on five occasions.
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"Church of the Intercession (second location)" on the Audubon Park website However, dissension within the congregation suppressed financial support for the parish, which became insolvent; the church was attached by the sheriff, and services proceeded only on the sufferance of the authorities. Eventually, the congregation was able to recover the church, but by 1906 it was overcrowded, and the parish was still in debt. To alleviate these problems, a deal was struck with Trinity Church, which had intended to build a chapel on the grounds of its cemetery, to disestablish the Church of the Intercession as an independent parish, to become a Trinity Chapel, the Chapel of the Intercession."Church of the Intercession" on the Audubon Park website The cornerstone of a new sanctuary was laid in 1912, and the building was consecrated in 1915.
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In 1995, Fields became Director of the Commissioned Personnel Center (CPC), which is responsible for all aspects of a uniformed service personnel system in support of the NOAA Corps officers. Now at the rank of captain, she entered this new leadership role as the CPC was in the midst of a government-wide Presidential initiative to reduce the size of government, being told to reduce the office staff by half from around 25 to 12 and the NOAA Corps from 401 to 299. Eight months into her role, the Administration announced a plan to disestablish the NOAA Corps, converting the work of the NOAA Corp to civilian jobs. In 1997, Fields became the acting Deputy Director of NOAA's National Ocean Service, where she improved and streamlined the nautical chart making process.
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The word construction is as follows (succeeded by the number of letters in the word): ;establish (9): to set up, put in place, or institute (originally from the Latin stare, to stand) ;dis-establish (12): to end the established status of a body, in particular a church, given such status by law, such as the Church of England ;disestablish-ment (16): the separation of church and state (specifically in this context it is the political movement of the 1860s in Britain) ;anti-disestablishment (20): opposition to disestablishment ;antidisestablishment-ary (23): of or pertaining to opposition to disestablishment ;antidisestablishmentar(y)i-an (25): an opponent of disestablishment ;antidisestablishmentarian-ism (28): the movement or ideology that opposes disestablishment The word construction could be lengthened further in many ways, for example: ;antidisestablishmentarian- istically (34): doing something with antidisestablishmentarian intentions.
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For several years he was also chairman of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. He was unsuccessful on the first two occasions when he stood for Parliament, firstly at a by- election in July 1867 in the Liberal Party stronghold of Birmingham, and then at the 1868 general election in Birmingham. In his election address in 1868 Lloyd took a strong antidisestablishmentarian stance on proposals to disestablish the (Anglican) Church of Ireland, warning that such a move would undermine the Protestant basis of the British constitution, and fearing that it would lead to "a great increase in the political power of the hierarchy established in that country by the Court of Rome". At the 1874 general election he was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for Plymouth, winning a seat that had been held since 1865 by the Liberals.
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He was a Tariff Reformer who admired Joseph Chamberlain because he became a very influential Conservative even though he was not from an aristocratic background. He carved out a niche for himself as a parliamentary Churchman and strongly opposed moves to disestablish the Welsh Church; following its disestablishment and the end of his parliamentary career, he chaired the Welsh Church Commissioners from 1923 to 1945. Griffith-Boscawen was commissioned into the West Kent Militia, later to become the 3rd Special Reserve Battalion of the Royal West Kent Regiment, with whom he was embodied in Malta during the time of the Second Boer War in 1899–1900, and which he later commanded as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1910. In the First World War he commanded a garrison battalion of the Hampshire Regiment at Saint-Omer in France from 1914 to 1916 and was mentioned in dispatches.
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Although the Irish Republican Brotherhood condemned the Clerkenwell Outrage as a "dreadful and deplorable event", the organisation returned to bombings in Britain in 1881 to 1885, with the Fenian dynamite campaign, beginning one of the first modern terror campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern, timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains – (Prime minister William Ewart Gladstone was partly influenced to disestablish the Anglican Church in Ireland as a gesture by the Clerkenwell bombing). The campaign also took advantage of the greater global integration of the times, and the bombing was largely funded and organised by the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States. The first police unit to combat terrorism was established in 1883 by the Metropolitan Police, initially as a small section of the Criminal Investigation Department.
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The student training compartment was equipped with avionics gear as used in contemporary operational aircraft. This included search and weather radar; VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and Tactical air navigation system (TACAN) avionics systems; Long Range Navigation System (LORAN-C); inertial navigation system; radar altimeter; and all required VHF, UHF and HF communications equipment. Five periscopic sextant stations spaced along the length of the training compartment were used for celestial navigation training. However, with the advent of GPS, student navigators were no longer taught celestial navigation or LORAN. The aircraft had considerably more training capability than the aircraft it replaced, the T-29. Introduction of the T-43 into Air Force Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) in 1974 also enabled the United States Navy to disestablish Training Squadron TWENTY-NINE (VT-29) and its T-29 aircraft at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas in 1975.
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The former reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes in dispute in this case Prior to its statehood in 1907, about half of the land in Oklahoma in the east, including the Tulsa metro area today, had belonged to the Five Civilized Tribes. There had been several decades of warfare and conflict during the 19th century over these lands between the Native Americans and the United States, including the Trail of Tears. By 1906, the United States Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which had been taken to disestablish the reservations, and enabling Oklahoma's statehood. The former reservation lands, those of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as the other tribes in the state, were allocated into areas by tribe that were given suzerainty governing rights to the tribe to handle internal matters for Native Americans within the boundaries, but otherwise the state retained jurisdiction for non-Native Americans and for all other purposes such as law enforcement and prosecution.
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In a subsequent unfair labor practice proceeding the Board found that the company had engaged in unfair labor practices in two respects: :(1) the company union had been set up, maintained, and used by the company to frustrate the threatened unionization of its plant by the C. I. O. (i.e. it was a "company union"); and :(2) the union shop contract was made by the company with knowledge that the company union intended to use the contract as a means of bringing about the discharge of former C. I. O. employees by denying them membership in the company union. Accordingly, the NLRB entered an order requiring petitioner to disestablish the company union; to cease and desist from giving effect to the union shop contract between it and the company union; and to reinstate forty-three employees, whom it found to have been discharged, according to the terms of the union shop contract, because of their affiliation with the C. I. O. and their failure to belong to the company union.50 N.L.R.B. 138.
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This remains the governing body of the association, each of the eight clubs sending an equal number of representatives, together with delegates of various amalgamated committees around the UK. In 1865, the local Conservative MP, Lord Claud John Hamilton, won control of the Apprentice Boys and rallied the organisation against the campaign to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland, much to the dismay of many Presbyterian members (see also Irish Church Act 1869). The celebrations continued in the usual form with the firing of the siege cannons (today a small replica is used), the ringing of the cathedral bells, the hoisting of the Crimson Flags, and the laying of wreaths in memory of those who sacrificed their lives. In December they continue with the burning of an effigy of Robert Lundy (the Governor of Derry who had wished to negotiate with King James during the siege) and the service of thanksgiving in St Columb's Cathedral. In 1969, the Apprentice Boys' parade around the walls of Derry sparked three days of intensive rioting in the city, known as the Battle of the Bogside.
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Voivodeships between 1975 and 1998 superimposed over the current borders of the Opole Voivodeship Opole Voivodeship was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Opole Voivodeship and parts of Częstochowa Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Originally, the government, advised by prominent historians, had wanted to disestablish Opolskie and partition its territory between the more historically Polish regions of Lower Silesia and Silesian Voivodeship (eastern Upper Silesia and western Malopolska. The plan was that Brzeg and Namysłów, as the Western part of the region, were to be transferred to Lower Silesia, while the rest was to become, along with a part of the Częstochowa Voivodeship, an integral part of the new 'Silesian' region. However, the plans resulted in an outcry from the German minority population of Opole Voivodeship, who feared that should their region be abolished, they would lose all hope of regional representation (in the proposed Silesian Region, they would have formed a very small minority among a great number of ethnic Poles).
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An A3D-2 from VAH-9 suffers a nose wheel collapse while landing on , c. 1959 Prior to the initial operational capability of the U.S. Navy's Polaris-armed Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, the A-3 was the Navy's critical element in the U.S. nuclear deterrent. Squadrons were established in two Heavy Attack Wings (HATWINGs), with one wing initially established at Naval Air Station North Island, California before relocating to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington in December 1957 while the other wing was initially established at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida before relocating to Naval Air Station Sanford, Florida. The wing at NAS Whidbey Island would disestablish in 1959 but the squadrons which had made up the wing would later transition to the EKA-3B variant, eventually forming the nucleus for the Navy's Grumman EA-6B Prowler community, while the wing at NAS Sanford would convert to the A3J Vigilante (later A-5A) in the nuclear heavy attack mission, followed by conversion to the RA-5C and transition to the reconnaissance attack mission.
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Goumba and Pierre Maleombho, the former president of the National Assembly who was ousted by Dacko, left the MESAN party and organized their own opposition party, Democratic Evolution Movement of Central Africa (MEDAC), on 25 June 1960.. Meanwhile, on August 13, 1960, Boganda's dream was realized when the Central African Republic (CAR) attained formal independence from France.. MEDAC became moderately popular, was approved by Etienne Ngounio (the Dacko-appointed president of MESAN),. and received significant support in by-elections on 20 September.. Dacko viewed MEDAC as a dissident party and sought to disestablish it--he soon received power from the National Assembly to deal with his opponents in any way he saw fit. In December 1960, Dacko dissolved MEDAC and Goumba was arrested for "fomenting disorder by questioning Dacko's assumption of power". Goumba was eventually given a moderate sentence and subsequently permitted to move to France to complete his education.. On 1 January 1962, Dacko's cousin, Jean-Bédel Bokassa, left the French Army and joined the military forces of the CAR with the rank of battalion commandant.. Over a year later, Bokassa became commander-in-chief of the 500 soldiers in the Central African army.
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